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The
FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST
Volume 39, No. 4 December, 1956
CONTENTS
Page
Wilson, John W.-Advancing the Profession of
Entomology ....-----..........------------------.................. 147
Morse, Roger A.-The Scope of the Beekeeping
Industry in Florida- --..... ------... --.-----------................. 151
Wirth, Willis W., and Franklin S. Blanton.-A New
Species of Salt-Marsh Sand Fly from Florida, the
Bahamas, Panama and Ecuador ..------.. ---... .................... 157
De Leon, Donald-Some Mites from Lychee ..-...----.........---- 163
Minutes of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Florida
Entomological Society ..--...---... ------... ...... ........... 174
Denmark, Harold A.-The Mediterranean Fruit Fly
Infests Florida Again: Second Report -.. -. ............ 175
Published by The Florida Entomological Society
THE FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OFFICERS FOR 1955-1956
President -..---- -------------.-.. ---... Milledge Murphey, Jr.
Vice-President ......--------..----- ....----- --Irwin H. Gilbert
Secretary .........-.........-.....-- -------- Robert Kirkland
Treasurer --.....-.....-- ............................. ---Harold A. Denmark
William P. Hunter
Members of Executive Committee.......... W. B. Gresham, Jr.
Herman Mayeux
EDITORIAL BOARD
LEWIS BERNER ....--............-- ....--- .------...Editor
NORMAN C. HAYSLIP .------....- .-------Associate Editor
HAROLD A. DENMARK..-..........-......Business Manager
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ADVANCING THE PROFESSION OF ENTOMOLOGY 1
JOHN W. WILSON
Central Florida Experiment Station
It is indeed a pleasure to meet with you, and I consider it a great
honor to be asked to address the Subtropical Entomological Society. I
want to congratulate you on your enthusiasm for and devotion to the pro-
fession of entomology, which has enabled you to successfully organize
this thriving Entomological Society. I understand that you have made
overtures to the Florida Entomological Society looking toward affiliation.
The Florida Entomological Society will certainly be strengthened by your
joining with us, and it is my earnest hope that the relationship will be
mutually beneficial to the two organizations.
When the invitation to be your speaker for this evening was received,
the first reaction was one of pleasure in honor thus bestowed. This re-
action quickly turned to one of bafflement when the search for a subject
began. Because of the somewhat brief interval between the receipt of
the invitation and the time of the meeting, the duration of the first re-
action was very short. Therefore, with some misgivings about its accepta-
bility, I have chosen "Advancing the Profession of Entomology" as my
title.
Some of us here tonight are students with all of the vigor and im-
patient thirst for knowledge of those just being initiated. Some are
teachers with a broad knowledge and deep understanding of the whole
field. Some are systematists, morphologists, ecologists, biologists or
other specialists who have acquired a scholarly knowledge of their
chosen field of activity. Others are economic entomologists. Economic
entomology has recently been described as "a heterogenous mixture of
entomology, business, economics, education, law, medicine, agriculture,
engineering, physics, chemistry, biology, and statistics, all applied in
various proportions and combinations to the control of insect pests".2 No
matter what the relative standing the various branches of entomology
may occupy in our own eyes or in the eyes of others, the most im-
portant fact is that we are all entomologists. Each of the various branches
of the science of entomology is intricately interwoven with all of the
other branches so that there can be no placing of one branch above another
or discredit to one branch without injury to the whole. Then let us ask,
why should we who represent these various branches of the profession
be concerned with the advancement of the profession as a whole?
The answer to that question is that as individuals we make our con-
tribution to the reputation of the entire profession. Perhaps the state-
ment just made sounds trite, but I think this idea should be given con-
sideration occasionally by such groups as this. Only as individuals
acting in concert in this and similar groups can anything be done about
advancing the profession. 'One thing can be said with certainty. If our
An address delivered to the Subtropical Entomological Society, Miami,
Florida, on June 13, 1956.
2 Frank L. Campbell. 1956. Our society as seem from a distance. Jour.
Econ. Ent. 49(2): 284.
148 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 39, No. 4
profession is to advance, promising young people must be attracted into
it. It follows that those of us who are members of the profession must
act in such a manner that young people will be attracted to entomology.
The recent celebration of the 100th anniversary of economic entomology
centered attention on the attainments of the past. The acceptance ac-
corded that celebration by the general public is testimony to the glory
of the past. That the profession of entomology has such a glorious past
is due in large part to the unity of action of the students, teachers,
scholars and applied branches all working together. Now that the period
of celebration is past, it is time to consider the future. Then we ask,
how can we as individuals advance the profession of entomology?
Many of you have seen the pamphlet, which was prepared by the
Entomological Society of America, designed to direct the attention of
high school students to entomology as a profession. The Florida Ento-
mological Society, through the efforts of a special committee, is prepar-
ing an exhibit on the subject "Entomology in Action" for use at fairs
and other such places where it will attract the attention of the general
public and particularly young people about to enter college. Another
committee of the Florida Entomological Society is assembling a set of
color slides and is preparing an accompanying talk for presentation to
high school seniors on the same subject, "Entomology in Action." Another
method of attracting young entomologists is to encourage the estab-
lishment of apprenticeships or fellowships in entomology. Another ex-
cellent means of acquainting, young people with entomology is through
the Girl Scout and Boy Scout organizations. Almost all of us could
volunteer as counselors for the entomology merit badge. Incidentally,
the boy or girl who completes the requirements for this merit badge
has had a good introductory course in entomology. These are some
of the things that are being done or can be done to attract young people
into the profession of entomology.
The present day trend toward greater specialization in narrower fields
of most human activities is also evident in the profession of entomology.
This specialization is responsible for the fact that the isolationist or
the worker who can not or will not work closely and in harmony with
others is rapidly disappearing. Dr. Herbert Ross, in his presidential
address to the Entomological Society of America in 1954, discussed at
length methods of avoiding the harmful effects of specialization. He
pointed out the danger of stagnation if there is not a free exchange of
ideas between entomology and other branches of science. Dr. Ross also
suggested "that we increase the exchange of ideas between the various
specialized fields of entomology, that we develop a more extensive system
for bringing information from other branches of science into entomology
and that many more entomologists integrate the findings of entomology
into the pertinent basic and synthesizing branches of science.""
Because of this unavoidable trend toward specialization, there is a
greater need for closer cooperation between the specialized branches of
entomology and between the entomologists and workers in other sciences
such as ecology, physiology, chemistry, biology, and genetics. That
SHerbert H. Ross. 1955. Free Trade. Bull. Ent. Soc. Amer. 1(1): 6-7
and 15.
Wilson: Advancing the Profession of Entomology
this need for cooperation between scientists in differing fields has been
recognized and is being met is illustrated by regional and state projects
on insecticide residues. These projects involve economic entomologists,
chemists, toxicologists, physiologists, and nutritionists. The joint publi-
cation by Lousiana and Arkansas of the bulletin entitled "Bollworm and
Tobacco Budworm as Cotton Pests in Louisiana and Arkansas" is an
excellent illustration of the advances made possible by the cooperation
of two state experiment stations. An illustration of voluntary coopera-
tion among widely scattered entomologists is provided by the regional
project on the control of the corn earworm on sweet corn. In fact, this
cooperative effort is not a formally outlined project. For the past five
years entmologists representing the Entomological Research Branch,
U.S.D.A., State Experiment Stations of Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Vir-
ginia, Pennsylvania, Texas, Illinois, Maryland, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Kentucky, Ohio, and California have gotten together at the
Cotton States Branch meetings and have agreed upon the experimental
plan to be followed for a particular year. Mr. J. W. Ingram of the
Entomological Research Branch is acting as coordinator, and Dr. W. G.
Eden has compiled the data. Each year a different phase of the corn
earworm problem has been selected for study. With such coordinated
planning, the results from one year's study can be relied upon with
complete confidence; whereas, if one worker alone conducted the same
experiment, he would have to repeat the experiment several years to
obtain data that could be relied upon with the same degree of confidence.
With this kind of cooperation, a great deal more can be accomplished
in a short period of time.
The administrative leaders of research organizations are keenly aware
of the handicaps of this movement toward specialization and will en-
courage more of the cooperative types of projects. For example, 100
per cent of the projects reported upon in the 1924 Annual Report of the
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station were conducted by individuals
working alone. By contrast, in the 1954 report 39 per cent of the
projects were conducted by individuals, 50 per cent of the projects were
conducted by two or more cooperating workers in the same department
and 11 per cent of the projects were conducted by workers in different
departments. Of course, the staff of the Experiment Station has increased
tremendously in this thirty year period. However, these figures emphasize
the statement made earlier that the isolationist is rapidly disappearing.
In a talk made about a year ago to the Sanford Kiwanis Club on the
increasing complexity of the work of the Experiment Station, Dr. Becken-
bach stated that the solution of present day problems requires the efforts
of a team of scientific workers trained in different fields. He said also
that in the selection of staff personnel the personality and ability of the
applicant to work with others are given very careful consideration. All
of this means that we as entomologists must place ourselves in the van-
guard of this cooperative movement if the profession of entomology is
to maintain its rightful position along with the other sciences.
Therefore, it is a waste of valuable time and somewhat childish to
be concerned about the fact that recent presidents of the Entomological
Society of America have been workers in the field of applied entomology.
149
The Florida Entomologist
Wigglesworth in a paper entitled "Contributions of Pure Science to Applied
Biology" published in the Jubilee Number of the "Annals of Applied
Biology" develops the thesis that it has more often been the applied
branches of science which have accumulated new knowledge. The pure
sciences then have been forced to develop new theories in explanation
of existing knowledge. Each of you can suggest several instances in
which this has happened. Instead of the illustrations Wigglesworth used,
I have chosen two from our own experience here in Florida. The first
is in the field of taxonomy. Only after the economic entomologist had
pointed out the differences in habitat, biology and reaction to insecticides,
two specific entities for the chinch bug were established. The second
example is an unsolved problem in physiology. Those working with
insects that attack citrus know that before parathion came into general
use the phenomenon known as greasy spot was not a factor in citrus
culture. They have found if oil is used in the spray schedule alone or
in combination with parathion, greasy spot will not become serious.
Wigglesworth goes on to state that in the solution of practical problems
the applied scientist is in the forefront of the search for knowledge,
that the processes of thought are the tools used by the applied scientist
and that the function of pure science is to furnish applied science with
adequate tools.
We should all exhibit the spirit of the British urchin who was ac-
customed to play in the streets near Buckingham Palace. The two boys
being reared in the Palace had- watched the snowball battles which often
took place among the boys playing in the street. The two princes had
attempted to put on similar battles inside the Palace fence. But they
could never achieve the thrill and the reality of the battles outside the
fence. So the two princes would watch the battles outside; and as they
watched, they developed an intense longing to join in one of these snow-
ball battles. One day as they watched, their guardian's attention was
distracted for a moment. Immediately George said: "This is our chance,
Philip", and they slipped through the gate. After only a few moments
all signs of Royalty were thoroughly erased. Then the police arrived
upon the scene and bundled the entire group into the paddy wagon. The
boys were lined up before the judge in his wig and gown, on his high
seat, representing the majesty and authority of British law. The judge
said to the first boy: "Who are you, my lad." The boy drew himself
up and replied: "My Lord, I am the Prince of Wales." The judge sat
a little straighter, but he decided to go on with the questioning; so he
turned to the second boy and asked: "Who are you, my lad." The second
boy replied: "My Lord, I am the Duke of Gloucester." This startled the
judge, but he proceeded with the questioning and turning to the third
boy asked: "Who are you, my lad." The third boy shuffled his feet, brushed
his trousers, lifted his head and replied with a limehouse accent: "My
Lord, I stand with my buddies, I am the Archbishop of Canterbury."
150
Vol. 39, No. 4
THE SCOPE OF THE BEEKEEPING INDUSTRY IN FLORIDA
ROGER A. MORSE
State Plant Board of Florida, Gainesville
According to J. J. Wilder (1928) one of the first apiaries of any size
in Florida was established in 1872 where the city of Daytona now stands.
A company from New York City settled in the Daytona area and at-
tracted considerable attention by coming to Florida in the fall and re-
turning to New York in the spring with a cargo of oranges and honey.
HONEY PRODUCTION IN FLORIDA
Florida beekeepers produced their first million pounds of honey in
the late 1920's, and during the 1930's consistently produced over a million
pounds each year. Honey production in Florida has gradually increased
and in 1954 Florida ranked third among the states. In 1955 Florida
dropped to fifth place. Florida honey production for the past twenty
years is given in graph 1 and table 1.
While honey production has increased appreciably, the number of
colonies of honey bees in Florida has only a little more than doubled
during the past twenty years. The increased honey production can be
GRAPH 1.-FLORIDA HONEY PRODUCTION 1935-55.
20
18
16
14
1% IR
10
8
6N
4-
2 3
0 z
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
152 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 39, No. 4
traced in part to the increased citrus plantings. At the same time a
part of this gain is proof of the value of improved methods and equip-
ment used in the industry today. A few decades ago many colonies
were kept in skeps, hollow logs and boxes without movable combs. Today
only a few hundred colonies are maintained under such conditions. Modern
beekeepers are moving their colonies in and around the State, taking ad-
vantages of several honeyflows. An example of this mass movement
of colonies is found in the over twenty thousand colonies which are moved
to Florida each year, largely from other southern states, mostly for the
orange honeyflow.
TABLE 1.-FLORIDA HONEY PRODUCTION 1935-55.
Year Pounds of Honey Produced
1935* ..........--- .............. --.... -------- 1,000,000
1936 ....--........................ ---------- 3,125,000
1937 ............-- .......................---------.................. No data available
1938 ..--...................-......... ...... ..............-No data available
1939** ---------.. ............. .................. 5,760,000
1940 ..............--..--------. ---- ---.................. 6,750,000
1941 ...............- ..................... 7,738,000
1942 --..............------........---- ........ 8,250,000
1943 .......-- .. -.... .............. .................. 8,586,000
1944 --........... ............. ...---- ..--....10,324,000
1945 ....... .. .-------..... ..--- ................ 9,100,000
1946 ...-- -------................................--15,280,000
1947 .--- ---.-.......... ..-........................ 8,190,000
1948 .................. ....------ ---.................. .. 8,159,000
1949 --... -----..... -- ------..............................11,340,000
1950 ---................... ......--.....--- -.....16,224,000
1951 ..............---.................--------17,876,000
1952 .....------- ---- ....................................17,025,000
1953 --..............- .... ------..... ---............. 18,088,000
1954 ........-....... ---. ..-..---. .................-....... 17,612,000
1955 .....---- ..............----...................13,090,000
Data for 1935-36 from Fruit & Vegetable Market News Service, USDA.
** Data for 1939-55 from Crop Reporting Board & Bureau of Agricultural Economics,
USDA.
APIARY INSPECTION IN FLORIDA
The State Plant Board of Florida began American foulbrood inspec-
tion in 1920. Until the fiscal year of 1954 the State Plant Board checked,
on an average, about fifty per cent of the colonies in the State. By con-
centrating their efforts in the heavy honey-producing areas, State Plant
Board inspectors were able to keep the incidence of the disease below
levels of one per cent. As migratory operations have increased, disease
Morse: Scope of Beekeeping Industry in Florida
control has become more difficult, and during the past few years the
incidence of American foulbrood has increased.
Approximately 57 per cent of the colonies in Florida were inspected
during the fiscal year of 1954, while in 1955 approximately 66 per cent
were inspected. The incidence of disease dropped from 1.597 per cent
in 1954 to 0.903 per cent in 1955. Data concerning the number of colonies
in the State and the number inspected are given in graph 2 and table 2.
Migratory operations will continue to increase, especially as more
citrus trees come into bearing and more colonies are attracted into the
State each year. Increased inspection will be necessary to keep the disease
level below one per cent.
Beekeepers in the State recently requested the rescinding of a State
Plant Board regulation which permitted the treatment of American foul-
brood with sulfathiazole. Treatment of infected colonies had been used,
in lieu of destruction by fire. Chemotherapy has proved to be impractical
for the control of bee diseases in the field, and in the best interests of
the industry the Plant Board rescinded its regulation.
GRAPH 2.-NUMBER OF HONEYBEE COLONIES IN FLORIDA AND NUMBER OF
COLONIES INSPECTED 1935-55. (DARKENED PORTIONS INDICATE
NUMBER OF COLONIES INSPECTED.)
240 -
220
200 -
180 -
160 -
a 140 -
X0 L
4 R 2m-\
a-*C"8
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
Year
No data on total number of colonies available
153
154 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 39, No. 4
TABLE 2.-NUMBER OF HONEYBEE COLONIES IN FLORIDA AND NUMBER OF
COLONIES INSPECTED 1935-55.
Year No. of Colonies No. of Colonies Inspected
1935 100,000 49,379 t
1936 125,000 73,415
1937 No data available 72,795
1938 No data available 64,668
1939 144,000 ** 70,655
1940 150,000 76,851
1941 146,000 81,950
1942 150,000 83,354
1943 162,000 80,823
1944 178,000 73,649
1945 182,000 69,262
1946 191,000 71,161
1947 195,000 87,674
1948 199,000 98,147
1949 189,000 105,678
1950 208,000 105,296
1951 218,000 95,405
1952 227,000 88,206
1953 238,000 92,267
1954 238,000 135,168
1955 238,000 157,388
Data for 1935-36 from Fruit & Vegetable Market News Service, USDA.
** Data for 1939-55 from Crop Reporting Board & Bureau of Agricultural Economics,
USDA.
j Data for Number of Colonies Inspected from Apiary Inspection Department of the
State Plant Board of Florida. These figures refer to the fiscal year, whereas the USDA
figures refer to the calendar year.
THE VALUE OF HONEY BEES AS POLLINATORS
The protection of the beekeeping industry by the State Plant Board
is not based solely on the value of the honey and beeswax produced. With-
out honey bees for pollination, the production of some crops would be
nearly impossible in Florida. During the past three years entomologists
from the State Plant Board have been collecting and studying the wild
bee populations in Florida. Some wild bees, such as the bumble bee, are
helpful in the production of various crops, but 90-95 per cent of the polli-
nation of the crops listed is accomplished by honey bees. In tables 3-5
are some of the crops where the honey bee plays an important role.
In addition to the crops listed in tables 3 and 4, several plants require
insect pollination to produce seed. Some of the seed crops are of major
importance in Florida, while others, especially the production of clover
seed, are just now gaining importance here. Pollination of clover is not
only important where the crop is produced for seed, but also in pastures
where re-seeding is desired. In 1942 (with a revision in 1946) the Bee
Culture Laboratory of the USDA prepared a mimeographed list of the
Morse: Scope of Beekeeping Industry in Florida
crops where the honey bee played a major role in pollination. Some of
the crops listed and found in Florida are noted in table 5. No attempt
has been made to assign a rank or relative value to these crops.
TABLE 3.-FLORIDA
CROPS WHOLLY DEPENDENT
POLLINATION.*
UPON INSECT
Value of
Crop Size of Marketable Crop 1954-55 Season
Watermelons
Cucumbers
Squash (all)
Cantaloupes
29,000,000 melons
3,089,000 bushels
1,219,000 bushels
124,000 crates
TABLE 4.-FLORIDA CROPS PARTIALLY DEPENDENT UPON INSECT
POLLINATION.*
Size of Marketable Crop
Value of
1954-55 Season
Strawberries
Avocado
Lychee
306,000 crates
472,000 bushels
No data available
$2,889,000
1,345,000 (1954 season)
Data for Tables 3 and 4 from Florida Vegetable Crop, Annual Statistical Summary,
1955, Volume XI. Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA and Agricultural Experiment
Station, University of Florida, Gainesville.
TABLE 5.-FLORIDA
CROPS OF UNCERTAIN VALUE WHICH
BY INSECT POLLINATION.*
ARE BENEFITED
Alfalfa
Asparagus
Beans
Broccoli
Brussel sprouts
Cabbage
Carrots
Cauliflower
Celery
Clovers
Alsike
Crimson
Red
White
White Sweet
Ladino
Data for Table 5 from The Dependence of Agriculture on the Beekeeping Industry-
A Review, mimeographed series E584, USDA, July, 1946.
$14,500,000
9,239,000
2,953,000
527,000
Crop
Collards
Cotton
Onion
Parsnip
Pear
Peach
Pepper
Pumpkin
Radish
Rutabaga
Squash
Sunflower
Turnip
Vetch
155
The Florida Entomologist
THE VALUE OF HONEY BEES IN CITRUS POLLINATION
Citrus blossoms produce a copious supply of nectar and attract a large
number of insects, including honey bees and other pollinators. Orange
honey is, and has been for a long time, the major honey crop in Florida.
Colonies of honey bees may be found in abundance in the groves during
the flowering period. Since there is always an abundance of honey bees,
their value or effectiveness is often overlooked.
Citrus, to a large extent, is self-pollinated. There is some indication,
however, that during years when there is a drought, or there has been
a freeze, cross pollination may be of considerable value in setting fruit.
Recently Van Horn and Todd (1954), researchers in Arizona, worked
on the pollination of Clementine (Algerian) tangerines. Four experiments
were set up: first, a caged tree from which insects were excluded; second,
a caged tree with a colony of honey bees inside; third, a caged tree with
honey bees and bouquets of Hamlin orange, and later Meyer lemon blos-
soms; fourth, trees left to chance pollination. Trees in experiment three
gave sixteen times more fruit than those in experiment number one;
twice as much fruit as trees in experiment number two, and sixteen per
cent more fruit than trees in experiment number four. Fruit produced
under conditions in experiment number three was of better quality.
More data concerning other varieties of citrus are needed to determine
the relative value of honey bees to the citrus grower. The role the
honey bee plays is probably more important than most people realize.
Unlike growers in the northern apple producing areas, citrus growers
probably will not need to rent bees for pollination inasmuch as citrus
honey provides the bulk of the beekeepers' income in Florida. Growers
who assist bee-keepers in locating bees in groves undoubtedly are being
well paid.
LITERATURE CITED
Van Horn, C. W., and F. E. Todd. 1954. Bees, bouquets and better
tangerines. Progr. Agric. 6 (1):11, Arizona Agr. Exp. Sta.
Wilder, J. J. 1928. Beekeeping in Florida, State of Florida, Department
of Agriculture Bull. No. 5. New Series. Ref. on p. 5. October.
1.
(( fR IO ND RCO
FERTILIZERS AND INSECTICIDES THAT ARE SUPERIOR
Factories and Offices: TAMPA and FORT PIERCE, FLORIDA
156
Vol. 39, No. 4
A NEW SPECIES OF SALT-MARSH SAND FLY
FROM FLORIDA, THE BAHAMAS, PANAMA
AND ECUADOR:
ITS DISTRIBUTION AND
TAXONOMIC DIFFERENTIATION FROM CULICOIDES FURENS
(POEY) (DIPTERA, HELEIDAE)
WILLIS W. WIRTH1 AND FRANKLIN S. BLANTON2
The common salt-marsh sand fly of the eastern United States has been
known since the work of Hoffman3 as Culicoides furens (Poey) 1851 and the
extensive literature on biology and control of salt-marsh sand flies has
dealt with it under this name or that of its synonym, dovei Hall 1932.
Only one species of this complex has previously been recognized on the
Atlantic Coast. The purpose of this paper is to report the presence
of a second and undescribed species of sand fly closely related to furens,
with which it has been confused in the United States and in Panama,
to discuss characters for the separation of the two species, and to out-
line their relative distribution and abundance as based on a study of
material in the U. S. National Museum.
We are greatly indebted to John E. Porter of the U. S. Public Health
Service Quarantine Station at Miami Beach, to R. L. Goulding and Robert
F. Curran of the Cooperatiive Sandfly Laboratory at Dania, Florida, and
to Mr. Elisabeth C. Beck of the Florida State Board of Health at Jack-
sonville for their interest in this problem and for sending Florida collec-
tions from which the new species was determined.
In revising the Panama species of Culicoides we have utilized certain
quantitative characters of the females which, when compared, have been
extremely helpful in separating some closely related species that at first
seemed identical in color characters. These quantitative characters con-
sist primarily of: 1) wing length, measured from the basal arculus to
the wing tip; 2) the costal ratio, which is the value obtained by dividing
the wing length by the costal length; 3) the relative lengths of the flagel-
lar segments of the antenna; 4) the antennal ratio, which is the value
obtained by dividing the combined lengths of the last five segments by
combined lengths of the preceding eight; 5) the number and location
of the antennal segments bearing small distal sensory areas each ringed
by a tuft of short setulae; 6) the palpal ratio, which is the value obtained
by dividing the length of the third segment by its greatest breadth; 7)
the number of teeth on the mandible; 8) the number of spines in the
comb at the apex of the hind tibia; and 9) the relative size and propor-
tions of each of the spermathecae.
Using these characters as well as the fairly obvious differences of
the male genitalia when the male sex could be associated, we found that
SEntomologist, Entomology Research Branch, Agricultural Research
Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
2 Lieutenant Colonel, MSC, Department of Entomology, Walter Reed
Army Institute of Research, Washington, D. C.
Hoffman, 1925, Amer. Jour. Hyg. 5:274-301.
158 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 39, No. 4
there is in Panama a group of four closely related species: the wide-
spread furens (Poey); alahialinus Barbosa, known only from Ecuador
and Panama; gorgasi Wirth and Blanton, from Panama; and the species
we are describing below as barbosai n. sp. from Florida, the Bahamas,
Panama and Ecuador. All of these species have a mesonotal pattern of
punctiform brown dots, female antennae with sensoria present only on
segments III and VII or VIII to X; four tibial spines; two spermathecae;
male genitalia with the ventral root of the basistyle foot-shaped, the
paramere with the basal knob not prolonged anteriorly nor directed
laterad, and the paramere with fringing distal spines. The mean values
of the important quantitative characters of these species may be com-
pared in the following table:
TABLE 1.-QUANTITATIVE COMPARISON OF STRUCTURES IN FOUR SPECIES
OF CULICOIDES.
Wing Coastal Antennal Sensoria Mandible Palpal
Species Length Ratio Ratio on Teeth Ratio
(mm.) Segments
alahialinus ..-.......... 0.96 0.64 1.01 3,8-10 15 2.2
barbosai .................... 0.88 0.58 0.93 3,7-10 16 2.2
furens ...................... 0.91 0.58 1.28 3,7-10 15 2.4
gorgasi ................. 1.04 0.64 0.99 3,7(8)-10 17 2.4
Furens is the only species in this group with a distinct, small, round
pale spot between the post-stigmatic pale spots and the distal pale spot
in cell R5 (this spot is easily seen in Poey's original figures), with pale
halter, with the last five antennal segments greatly elongated and with
a well developed ventral lobe on the male paramere.
Alahialinus has a very poorly marked wing and the mesonotum is
slightly shining with very poorly marked punctures, the hind femur lacks
the subapical pale ring and the male paramere is slender and twisted
distally without ventral lobe.
Gorgasi has the anterior or median area of the mesonotum distinctly
yellowish, antennal segments III-X decrease slightly in length distally,
segment XI is equal to XII in length, XIII is equal to XIV but slightly
exceeds XII in length, the male paramere is distinctively bowed ventrally
in the portion bearing the low ventral lobe and bent and twisted distally.
Barbosai has the mesonotum uniformly grayish pruinose with brown
punctures as in furens, the antennal segments III to X are of subequal
lengths and segments XI and XIV gradually increase in length distally,
and the male paramere is stout distally with a low ventral lobe and
the apex not markedly twisted.
Because barbosai is not rare in Florida and Panama it is probable
that some of the information on biology and control reported for furens'
Fox, 1955, Jour. Agr. Univ. Puerto Rico 39:214-285.
Wirth. and Blanton: A New Species of Sand Fly
apply indeterminably to either one or the other of these species or to
mixtures of the two, with possible confusion of results and conclusions.
Since the important differences between barbosai and furens are fairly
easy to check, once their nature is understood, we offer the following
descriptions and figures and summarize the known distribution of the
two species as a guide to future workers.
Culicoides furens (Poey)
(Figure 1)
FEMALE.-Length of wing 0.91 (0.88-0.99, n 16)" mm.
Head: Eyes narrowly separated, bare. Antenna with flagellar seg-
ments in proportion of 16:12:12:12:12:12:12:12:20:22:24:25:35, antennal
ratio 1.28 (1.09-1.51, n = 7); distal sensory tufts present on segments III,
VII-X. Palpal segments in proportion of 11:24:28:10:13, third segment
slightly swollen, with a small, shallow sensory pit, palpal ratio 2.4 (2.1-2.9,
n = 16). Mandible with 15 (12-17, n = 16) teeth.
Thorax: Mesonotum pollinose grayish, with a prominent pattern con-
sisting of numerous, evenly scattered, punctiform brown dots at the
seta bases. Scutellum brown in middle, grayish pruinose on sides; post-
scutellum and pleuron dark brown. Legs brown, knee spots blackish;
femora pale at bases; femora with subapical, tibiae with sub-basal and
hind tibia with apical, narrow pale rings; hind tibial comb with 4 (n = 15)
spines, the one next to the spur longest.
Wing: Pattern as figured; second radial cell blackish; pale spot over
r-m crossvein quite broad; cell R5 with three small round post-stigmatic
spots in a triangle, the two next to the second radial cell more or less
fused, a large, oblique, double spot broadly meeting wing margin in
distal part of cell; vein M1 pale margined from apex nearly to its base,
veins M2 and Msa+ pale margined on distal halves; cell M1 with three pale
spots, the distal one located at the wing margin; cell M2 with two pale
spots in distal part, the distal one broadly meeting wing margin; cell M,
with a large pale spot; two small round pale spots in distal part of anal
cell; pale area at base of anal cell narrowly connected to the large pale
area over wing base; pale spot present in cell M2 behind medical fork.
Macrotrichia fairly numerous on distal half of wing and in anal cell;
costal ratio 0.58 (0.56-0.61, n = 16). Halter pale.
Abdomen: Dark brown, cerci yellowish. Spermathecae two, pyriform,
subequal, measuring 0.057 by 0.037 mm., the bases of the ducts sclerotized
a considerable distance.
MALE GENITALIA.-Ninth sternum with broad, deep caudomedian excava-
tion; ninth tergum markedly tapering with very long, slender, pointed
apicolateral processes. Basistyle with ventral root foot-shaped, dorsal
root slender; dististyle slender, slightly curved, with bent, pointed tip.
Aedeagus with very broad, rounded, basal arch extending to about half
of total length, the basal arms evenly curved; distal portion with two
variations, in one the slender, median, distally striate tip is flanked by
"Our measurements are presented as follows: mean (minimum -maxi-
mum, n = number of measurements).
159
The Florida Entomologist
a prominent pair of lateral points of about the same length as the median
tip; in the other the lateral points are apparently lacking and the striated
median tip is broader. Parameres each with basal knob large, stem
moderately stout and curved, bearing an extremely large ventral lobe;
distal portion tapering to a fine point and bearing about five strong lateral
barbs.
a
I. FURENS
21:9
N., -~.
2. BARBOSAI
Figure 1. Culicoides furens
Figure 2. Culicoides barbosai
a, female wing; b, female palpus; c, hind tibial comb; d, female
spermathecae; e, male genitalia, parameres removed; f, male para-
meres; g, dorsal thoracic pattern; h, male aedeagus.
DISTRIBUTION.-We have examined specimens from all of the follow-
ing localities except the one in brackets: Outside the United States, -
Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Brazil, British Honduras, Colombia, Cuba,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guadaloupe, Guatemala,
Vol. 39, No. 4
Wirth and Blanton: A New Species of Sand Fly
Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Pureto Rico, St.
Croix, St. John, [St. Vincent], Trinidad, Venezuela. United States, -
Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, .Massachusetts, Mississippi, New
Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas.
DIscussIoN.-Males of furens from Florida, Georgia, Bahamas and
Louisiana, and about half of our males from Panama, have the prominent
lateral sclerotized points at the tip of the aedeagus lacking, although in
some a pair of sclerotized points in the proximal part of the membranous
covering near the juncture with the basal arch are more or less developed.
Males from Trinidad, and from the Panama localities-Aguadulce, Gara-
chin6, Puerto Mensab6 and Tocumen and part of a series from Rio Hato-
have these lateral points well developed. No correlated differences have
been found in structural or color characters of the females from these
localities, so this character is not an especially strong one. At most, if
an extensive study could be made of males from all possible circum-
Caribbean points, this character might be of use in separating the south-
erly form from the northern furens as a subspecies under the name of
maculithorax (Williston), but we do not have material available for such
a study.
Culicoides barbosai n. sp.
(Figure 2)
FEMALE..-Length of wing 0.88 (0.83-0.92, n = 5) mm.
Head: Eyes nearly contiguous, bare. Antenna with flagellar segments
in proportion of 18:13:13:13:13:13:13:13:15:18:20:20:28, antennal ratio
0.93 (0.92-0.95, n = 3); distal sensory tufts present on segments III,
VII-X, rarely absent on VII. Palpal segments in proportion of 9:17:21:8:8,
third segment moderately swollen, with a small, deep sensory pit, palpal
ratio 2.2 (1.8-2.3, n = 3). Mandible with 16 (15-16, n = 3) teeth.
Thorax: Mesonotum pruinose gray with pattern of dark brown puncti-
form dots at bases of mesonotal hairs, these dots irregularly fused in
some areas, principally in two sublateral longitudinal bands. Scutellum
narrowly dark in middle, yellowish on sides. Postscutellum and pleuron
dark brown. Legs dark brown; knee spots blackish, all femora with
subapical, all tibiae with sub-basal and hind tibia with apical, narrow
pale rings; hind tibial comb with 4 (n = 5) spines, the one nearest the
spur longest.
Wing: Pattern as figured; large yellowish anterior spots present at
wing base and over r-m crossvein; two longitudinally elongate post-
stigmatic pale spots present in cell R5, narrowly fused to form an hour-
glass shaped spot; distal pale spot in cell R. large, rounded and broadly
meeting anterior wing margin; two pale spots in cell M1, the proximal one
streak-like and lying adjacent to vein M2, the distal one usually connected
by a narrow pale line to wing margin; veins M1 and M2 faintly pale-
margined on distal halves; a pale line running through cell M2 to
the pale spot at apex of cell; large pale spot present in cell M4; two pale
spots, more or less coalesced, in distal part of anal cell. Macrotrichia
numerous on distal half of wing and a few in anal cell; costal ratio 0.58
(0.57-0.59, n = 5). Halter dark.
The Florida Entomologist
Abdomen: Dark brown, cerci pale. Spermathecae two, subequal, ovoid,
measuring 0.045 by 0.030 mm., the bases of the ducts sclerotized a short
distance.
MALE GENITALIA.-Ninth sternum with broad caudomedian excavation;
ninth tergum long, the apicolateral processes only moderately long and
pointed. Basistyle with slender, foot-shaped ventral root and slender
dorsal root; dististyle long and very slender, with bent apex. Aedeagus
with basal arch extending to about 0.6 of total length of aedeagus, basal
arms moderately slender and slightly curved, distal portion tapered to
slender, rounded point with an indistinct lateral pair of pointed hyaline
processes near juncture with the arch. Parameres each with strongly
sclerotized basal knob, stem slender and curved near base, distal portion
gradually more swollen until there is an appearance of a distinct low
ventral lobed area beyond which the distal portion is quite slender, taper-
ing to fine point with two or three minute lateral barbs.
DISTRIBUTION.-Panama; Florida, Bahamas, Ecuador.
Holotype: Female, Mojinga Swamp, Canal Zone, January, 1953,
F. S. Blanton, light trap (type No. 63157, U.S.N.M.). Allotype male,
same data, except date 13 January, 1953. Paratypes, 15 males, 50 females:
Canal Zones 2 females, Fort Randolph, 14 July, 1954, G. Field (horse
trap); 13 females, Fort Sherman, April, September, October, 1953; 2 males,
8 females, Galeta Point, 28 August, 1952; 1 female, Loma Boracho, 22 April,
1953; 13 males, 15 females, Mojinga Swamp, January, 1953; 11 females,
Balboa, 28 April, 1942, P. A. Woke (including 3 paratypes of wokei Barbosa
not Fox). Other material examined, -BAHAMAS, B. W. I.: 30 females,
Nassau (Bishop No. 14902); 1 male, 3 females, South Bimini Island, June,
July, 1951, Cazier, C. & P. Vaurie, Berlese trap. FLORIDA: Collier Co.,
6 females, Marco, 15 November, 1925, W. E. Dove; 8 females, Caxambus,
14 November, 1925, W. E. Dove; 1 female, Gordon Pass, March, 1950, light
trap. Dade Co., 1 female, Biscayne Key, 17 April, 1949, light trap; 1 male,
31 females, Miami Beach, April, 1952, J. E. Porter, sticky trap; 1 male,
4 females, North Miami Beach, 18 April, 1951, J. E. Porter, light trap.
Lee Co., Sanibel Island, 23 March, 1954, light trap. Monroe Co., 3 females,
3 January, 1951, F. W. Mead, sta. 325; 1 female, Rock Harbor, 3 Decem-
ber, 1948, Brown, light trap. Palm Beach Co., 1 female, October, 1951,
R. Curran, light trap. ECUADOR: Esmeraldas Prov., 8 females, Limones,
1953, L. A. Leon.
DIscussioN.-With our limited material from the U. S. National
Museum collection we can only state that barbosai is common in southern
Florida and the Bahamas, where at times it may outnumber furens in
biting collections. From the long Panama and Bimini series of the two
species it seems probable, however, that furens is generally by far the
more abundant species, even in the optimum part of the range of barbosai.
It will be necessary to make additional surveys throughout the range of
furens, especially on the Atlantic Coast of the United States, to determine
how far the range of barbosai extends as a rare or occasional species.
Vol. 39, No. 4
162
SOME MITES FROM LYCHEE
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW GENERA AND FIVE NEW SPECIES
OF TARSONEMIDAE
DONALD DE LEON
Coral Gables, Florida
The increasing commercial importance of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)
has increased the interest in the organisms found on it and in the role
they play in its economy. Dekle' has discussed the insect and tetranychid
mites found on lychee. This paper deals with some mites not discussed
in that paper; a second paper also dealing with mites on lychee will follow.
Measurements used in the descriptions are in microns and are averages;
where measurements differed more than ten per cent from the average
the range is given.
Daidalotarsonemus, new genus
Tarsonemidae with dorsum of female marked off into plates and
with some of the dorsal setae enlarged apically; male with dorsal body
setae rather long, some of them coarse and spiculate, and with tibia IV
much longer than wide; palpi of both sexes long.
The long tibia IV of the male may indicate that this group of mites
is related to Hemitarsonemus Ewing, but the long, spiculate setae of the
male and the dorsal plates and enlarged setae of the female distinguish
this group from Hemitarsonemus as well as from the other genera.
Type of genus: Daidalotarsonemus tessellatus, n. sp.
Daidalotarsionemus tessellatus, n. sp.
(Figure 1)
FEMALE:-Body broadly oval, black, hysterosoma centrally somewhat
flattened. Propodosoma produced anteriorly forming a hood over capitulum
and laterally over coxae; lateral margin of hood with a broad notch
slightly anterior of middle; dorsum marked off into irregularly shaped
plates. Hysterosoma with anterior part of dorsum marked off into more
or less rectangularly to hexagonally shaped plates arranged in four
ranks (first rank sometimes partly covered by base of propodosoma);
caudal part of hysterosoma marked off into less uniformly shaped plates.
Capitulum, not including palpi, about 25 long and 25 wide; palpi 15 long
each with a seta on outer margin near distal end of terminal segment
and two sensillae on apex. Expanded apex of pseudostigmatic organ
oval. Length of body 190, width 103.
Dorsal chaetotaxy: First propodosomal coarse, scabrous in appearance,
25 long, situated near anterior margin of hood, distance to opposite mem-
ber 24; second propodosomal coarser than first, scabrous in appearance,
28 long, situated about 11 behind marginal notch of hood. First hystero-
somal at side of body near main body suture, 16 long; second coarser than
the first, scabrous in appearance, 15 long; third elliptic with a pro-
'Dekle, G. W. 1954. Some lychee insects of Florida. Fla. State Hort.
Soc. 67:226-228.
The Florida Entomologist
nounced "mid-rib" extending nearly its full length, edges serrulate, 36
long, 6 wide, distance to opposite member 41; fourth sub-triangular to
broadly oval in outline, practically transparent, 18 long, 10 wide, distance
to opposite member 36; fifth similar to third, but usually somewhat
smaller, distance to opposite member 10; sixth narrowly elliptic, 12 long.
Ventral chaetotaxy: First propodosomal about 4 long, 3 behind apodeme
I, distance to opposite member 11; second 7 long, 1 behind apodeme II,
distance to opposite member 24. First hysterosomal 12 long, situated
2 anteromedially of anterior end of apodeme III; second 7 long, situated
usually against outer margin at posterior end of apodeme IV, but some-
times about half way between posterior end of apodeme IV and coxa III;
a caudal seta 13 long.
Apodemes: Anterior median apodeme mostly indistinct, extending from
apodemes I to transverse apodemes, widening caudal of apodemes II;
apodeme II may or may not unite with median apodeme; transverse
apodemes meeting, together nearly as wide as body, curved forward
medially and more strongly laterally; apodeme III extending antero-
medially; apodeme IV mostly indistinct, it may or may not unite with
posterior median apodeme which extends from a point about even with
posterior ends of apodemes IV to a point about even with the first ventral
hysterosomals.
Legs: Leg I from base of femur to end of claw about 52 long; tibiotarsus
18 long, 6 wide, with a set of three small sense organs (one clavate, one
rod-like, the third tapering and about twice as long as the other two)
situated dorsad about a quarter the length of segment from its base,
and five setae ringing the segment in this area, a clavate, annulated
sense organ 6 long, 1.4 wide and three setae at about a third the length
of segment from its distal end, three stout setae and two ventral spurs
at distal end, caruncle small, claw robust; genu I with four setae, the
proximal one coarse and longer than the segment; femur I with three
setae, one coarse, scabrous in appearance and about as long as genu I.
Tarsus II with three normal setae and an annulated, clavate sense organ
5 long, 2 wide; tibia II with four setae all longer than the segment;
genu II with three setae, one a coarse, scabrous, proximal seta slightly
longer than the segment; leg IV about 32 long, preapical seta of segment
IV about 24 long, apical seta about 35 long.
MALE:-Body oval, widest at about coxae III, depressed; propodosoma
and legs brownish, anterior part of hysterosoma shiny black, caudal part
whitish to brownish. Capitulum 22 long (not including palpi), 25 wide;
palpi 13 long, 4 wide, segmentation indistinct, two short setae on outer
margin near distal end and apparently three short sensillae on end. Genital
papilla 27 long, 26 wide, apical third narrowed, expanded at apex, base
emarginate. Body 147 long, width 83.
Dorsal chaetotaxy: Propodosomals 25, 15, 41 and 21 long respectively,
scabrous in appearance, second situated slightly nearer third than first
(4 from third) and barely lateral of a line drawn between first and
third; fourth caudolateral of third, about 4 distant. First hysterosomal
at side of body less than its length from hysterosomal suture, smooth,
thin, 27 long; the remaining three pairs of hysterosomals coarse, scarcely
tapering, spiculate, all about 30 long, the second over coxa III, the third
Vol. 39, No. 4
164
De Leon: Some Mites from Lychee
slightly anterior to secondary body suture and about 14 caudolateral of
second, the fourth over lateral basal part of genital papilla.
Ventral chaetotaxy and apodemes: First propodosomal 4 long, about
4 behind apodeme I, distance to opposite member 9; second 9 long, 4 be-
hind apodeme II, distance to opposite member 16; medial end of apodeme
II curved slightly forward uniting with anterior median apodeme which
is distinct between apodemes I and II and indistinct or absent between
transverse apodemes and its union with apodemes II; transverse apodemes
faint, united at mid-line; area for a short distance anterior to transverse
apodemes densely covered with minute black spots; an inverted T-shaped
apodemee" near dorsal surface at mid-line above transverse apodemes,
11 wide, the lateral ends curved slightly forward, the stem about half
the length of an arm. First and second hysterosomals about 15 long,
apodeme III faint, apodeme IV distinct to where it turns caudomedially
to join anterior end of posterior median apodeme, posterior median
apodeme distinct.
Legs: Leg I, measured from base of femur to end of claw, 55 long;
length of tarsus I 13, width 4, with a clavate, annulated sense organ about
3.7 long, 1.4 wide situated about its length from base of segment, a short
dorsal seta and two ventral setae at about mid-section, a stout preapical
seta, and three stout setae at distal margin; caruncle and claw moderate
in size. Tibia I with five setae and a set of three sense organs, the
middle one enlarged distally and about half the length of its seta-like
second member, the third elavate, about a third longer and somewhat
wider than the middle member; genu I with four setae, femur I with
three setae. Tarsus II with a proximal, clavate, annulated sense organ
about 4.2 long and 2 wide and three setae; tibia II with four setae; genu
II with three setae; femur II with three setae, the two dorsal ones
close together. Coxa III with numerous minute black dots. Coxa IV
sub-rectangular, about one and a half times as wide as long, dorsal
surface with numerous minute black dots; femur IV 37 long, about 19
wide near base, tapering rapidly beyond proximal seta, dorsal seta 15
long, proximal seta 5 long, distal seta 23 long; tibia IV 20 long, 5.6 to 7
wide, dorsal sense organ rod-like, 8 long, ventral seta 73 long; tarsus IV
about as long as wide with one ventral and two dorsal setae; claw 13
long, stout.
Holotype: Female; U. S. Plant Introduction Garden, four miles south
of South Miami, Florida, 6 April, 1955, (D. De Leon) from Litchi chinensis.
Allotype: same data as for holotype. Paratypes: one female, 1 December,
1955; four females and two males, 7 June, 1956, other data same as for
holotype. Found at bases and between elements of dormant leaf buds;
it appears to be a plant feeder.
Daidalotarsonemus fossae, n. sp.
(Figure 2)
D. fossae may be distinguished from D. tessellatus by the shape of
hysterosomals three, four, and five which are obovate and without longi-
tudinal ridges; in D. tessellatus seta three and five are elliptic and with
a longitudinal ridge, seta four is broadly oval to sub-triangular in shape.
The Florida Entomologist
FEMALE:-Body oval, mostly black. Capitulum, including palpi, 38
long, 24 wide; palpi 15 long, 3 wide. Propodosoma expanded to form a
hood over basal half of capitulum and laterally over coxae, a notch on
lateral margin about even with base of capitulum; spiracle at base of
notch; expanded apex of pseudostigmatic organ oval; dorsal plates usually
indistinct. Hysterosoma four-segmented dorsad; dorsal plates of first
segment with longitudinal grooves demarking them faint, but usually
more distinct than transverse grooves, forming eight longitudinal plates
between second hysterosomals, the plates extending from about hystero-
somal suture to somewhat caudal of second hysterosomals, the rank
of plates behind these indistinct, dorsal plates of segment two and three
somewhat indistinct, but caudal edges between fourth and fifth
hysterosomals forming a distinct scalloped line. Length of body 175 to
199, width 70 to 117.
Dorsal chaetotaxy: First propodosomal coarse, with fine spicules, taper-
ing, 22 long, situated on a raised base near lateral edge of hood and
just anterior to spiracle, distance to opposite member 24; second obovate,
smooth, 26 long, 2 wide, situated 19 caudal and slightly lateral of first.
First hysterosomal obovate, with fine spicules, 19 long situated slightly
behind hysterosomal suture, distance to opposite member 57; the second
to fifth hysterosomals similar to first; second 21 long, 27 caudal of first,
distance to opposite member 47; third 20 to 25 long, on second segment
about half its length from caudal edge, distance to opposite member 35;
fourth and fifth forming nearly a transverse row on third segment, fourth
10 to 15 long, distance to opposite member 37, fifth 21 long, distance to
opposite member 10; sixth on terminal segment, barbulate, narrowly elliptic,
about 12 long.
Ventral chaetotaxy and apodemes: Apodeme I short, rather thick, an-
terolateral end a sharp spur, medial end united with opposite member
to form a bowl shaped curve; first propodosomal 4 long, 2 behind apodeme
I, distance to opposite member 10; apodeme II short, indistinct except
for a knot at medial end and one at about mid-length; second propodosomal
7 long, against or nearly against rear edge of mid-length knot, distance
to opposite member 26; anterior median apodeme extending to transverse
apodemes, mostly indistinct, scarcely visible near its juncture with
apodomes I, widening somewhat caudal of medial ends of apodemes II,
distinct for two short distances beginning at about 5 and 14 from apodemes
I. Transverse apodemes thick, united at mid-line, together about 70 wide
forming a shallow curve nearly the width of the body. First hysterosomal
8 long, situated just medial of anterior end of apodeme III, distance to
opposite member 14; second 8 long, on caudal end of apodeme IV; apodeme
IV indistinct, short, united with posterior median apodeme at about mid-
point of latter apodeme; what appears to be a secondary apodeme extend-
ing from base of coxa IV to and then along caudal side of apodeme IV
almost to juncture of apodeme IV with posterior median apodeme; posterior
median apodeme about 29 long, fairly distinct, less so at its union with
apodeme IV and at anterior end which ends as a V-shaped fork at a point
about even with first hysterosomals.
Legs: Slender, leg I about 51 long. Tibiotarsus 20 long, about 5.6
wide at base; proximal half with a dorsal seta longer than segment, a
Vol. 39, No. 4
De Leon: Some Mites from Lychee
set of two sense organs (one clavate, the other seta-like) lateral to it,
and two ventral and two lateral setae distal to them; distal half with a
clavate, annulated sense organ about 4.2 long and 1.4 wide, a seta disto-
lateral of it, a ventral seta near end of segment, and four stout setae (one
preapical, the others at distal margin); genu I with a coarse, proximal
seta and three distal setae. Tarsus II with a proximal, annulated, clavate
sense organ about 3.9 long by 1.5 wide and three distal setae; tibia II with
one dorsal and three distoventral setae; genu II with a coarse, proximal
seta and two distal setae. Segment III of leg IV, 18 long with a basal
and a preapical seta; segment IV, 10 long, preapical seta 16 long, apical
seta about 25 long.
MALE:-Not known.
Type: Female; U. S. Plant Introduction Garden, four miles south of
South Miami, Florida, 26 June, 1956, (D. De Leon) from Litchi chinensis.
Paratypes: six females, other data same as for type.
Ceratotarsonemus, new genus
Tarsonemidae with dorsal hysterosomal setae barbulate and long, some
nearly as long as or longer than width of body at hysterosomal suture;
palpi moderately long. The female with secretions of wax or wax-like
substance on dorsum; the male with femur IV elongated, tibia IV about
as wide as long.
Type of genus: Ceratotarsonemus scitus, n. sp.
Ceratotarsonemus scitus, n. sp.
(Figures 3 & 4)
FEMALE:-Body somewhat compressed, dorsum strongly convex length-
wise. In life, propodosoma yellowish brown and bearing dorsad a central
mound of whitish wax or wax-like substance and one or two pairs of smaller
mounds lateral to it; hysterosoma except for a dorsocentral white area
on opisthosoma, shiny black, the dorsum at anterior mid-area bearing
a large spool-like body of whitish wax or wax-like substance, a small
pair of tufts of similar material lateral to it, and behind it a small mound
of similar substance broad at the base and tapering caudally to a blunt
end. Propodosoma scarcely produced anteriorly. Capitulum 22 long not
including palpi, 23 wide; palpus apparently 2-segmented, 14 long, 4 wide,
basal segment with a seta nearly as long as following segment which
bears two setae, each about 4 long on outer margin near distal end, two
rod-shaped sensillae each about 3 long and 1 wide on end of segment.
Expanded apex of pseudostigmatic organ oval. Hysterosoma with a pair
of crescent-shaped markings*between first pair of setae and a reticulated
area between second pair. Length of body 140 to 180, width 85 to 105.
Dorsal chaetotaxy: All dorsal body setae barbulate and coarse; first
propodosomal 57 to 75 long, second 84 to 115 long; hysterosomals 47 to
65, 70 to 108, 57 to 77, 120, to 140, 44 to 56, and 30 to 45 long respectively.
Caudal seta 20 long, scabrous in appearance.
Ventral chaetotaxy and apodemes: First propodosomal 4 long, 3 be-
hind apodeme I, distance to opposite member 7; second 7 long, on rear
167
The Florida Entomologist
margin of apodeme II, distance to opposite member 23; apodeme II slightly
incurved at medial end, not reaching anterior median apodeme by 3;
anterior median apodeme distinct, except sometimes for a short distance
at each end, extending from apodemes I to transverse apodemes which
are united at mid-line together forming a distinct and fairly straight line
for about half the width of body, their lateral halves then curving rapidly
anterolaterally. First hysterosomal 8 long, distance to opposite member 10,
Fig. 1. Dorsal half of Daidalotarsonemus tessellatus, n. sp.
Fig. 2. Dorsal hysterosomal seta of D. fossae, n. sp.
Fig. 3. Dorsal half of Ceratotarsonemus scitus, n. sp.
Fig. 4. Ventral view of leg IV of male C. scitus, n. sp.
Fig. 5. Ventral view of leg IV of male Rhynchotarsonemus filifer, n. sp.
Fig. 6. Ventral view of leg IV of male Tarsonemus gravis, n. sp.
Vol. 39, No. 4
De Leon: Some Mites from Lychee
situated in front of medial end of apodeme III. Second hysterosomal 7
long, on caudal end of apodeme IV, the anterior end of apodeme IV
uniting with posterior median apodeme caudal of mid-point; posterior
median apodeme 26 long, ending anteriorly in an indistinct "V", the
anterior ends of the "V" directed toward and almost reaching hysterosomals
one.
Legs: Relatively short; tibiotarsus 19 long, 6 wide at base with a pair
of rod-like sense organs, the dorsal member about half as long as and
somewhat wider than the other, situated at proximal third, a long dorsal,
barbulate seta situated dorsolateral to them, a clavate, annulated sense
organ 6 long and about 1.5 wide situated slightly distal of middle of seg-
ment, ten other setae and a distal spine; genu I with four setae; femur
I with three setae. Tarsus II with a proximal, clavate, annulated sense
organ 4 long, 13 wide, and three setae; tibia II with four setae; genu II
with three setae, two being barbulate and one of these being narrowly
elliptic; femur II with three setae. Third segment of leg IV with a basal
seta reaching nearly to base of preapical seta of this segment, preapical
seta 12 long; fourth segment 8 long, about half as long as third, preapical
seta coarse, 25 long, apical seta, thin 23 to 35 long.
MALE:-Body black, usually with a whitish area in region of gential
papilla, legs brownish. Capitulum 21 long not including palpi, 23 wide,
base truncate; Palpus about 13 long, 4 wide, apparently 2-segmented,
basal segment with a seta somewhat shorter than terminal segment,
terminal segment with two spines on outer margin near distal end and
two small sensillae on end. Genital papilla 25 long, 23 wide, apical quarter
to third strongly constricted in form of a neck with end flared giving
papilla a vase-like outline, base emarginate. Length of body including genital
papilla 126 to 143, width 91.
Dorsal chaetotaxy: Propodosomals 27, 26, 73, and 34 long respectively,
all scabrous in appearance; second about 5 from one and three and
slightly lateral of a line drawn between them; fourth about 4 lateral
of three. Hysterosomals coarse, barbulate, 40, 63, 58, and 65 long re-
spectively; first situated on side of body about half way between hystero-
somal suture and second which is over coxa III, third anteromedial of
two and slightly anterior of secondary body suture, the fourth situated
laterally over genital papilla near basal margin.
Ventral chaetotaxy and apodemes: First propodosomal about 3 long,
situated about 5 behind apodeme I, distance to opposite member 8, a ring
resembling a setal basal ring 7 lateral and slightly anterior of first pro-
podosomal; second propodosomal about 5 behind apodeme II, distance
to opposite member 21, a ring resembling a setal basal ring about 8 lateral
and slightly posterior of second propodosomal. Apodeme II not reach-
ing anterior median apodeme by about 2, medial end curved posteriorly,
short; anterior median apodeme extending from apodemes I to transverse
apodemes and indistinct in places; transverse apodemes faint, extending
in practically a straight line nearly full width of body, but medial ends
bent slightly forward just before uniting; area for a short distance an-
terior to transverse apodemes with numerous minute black dots.
Hysterosomals both about 8 long; anterior end of apodeme III some-
times faint, forming an obtuse angle with its main part and extending
169
170 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 39, No. 4
slightly caudomedially to its juncture with apodeme IV, anterior end of
apodeme IV sometimes faint, forming an obtuse angle with its main
part at juncture with medial end of apodeme III and extending nearly
horizontally to its union with anterior end of posterior median apodeme.
Legs: Tarsus I 13 long, 4.5 wide, with an annulated, clavate sense
organ 4 long, 1.5 wide and two ventral setae situated at about a third
the length of segment from base, a stout preapical seta and three stout
distal setae; caruncle and claw moderate in size; tibia I with five setae,
one of the two dorsal ones scabrous in appearance and extending almost
to end of tarsus, and a set of sense organs (one clavate, the other rod-like
and about twice as long as clavate organ); genu I with four setae;
femur I with three setae. Tarsus II with a clavate, annulated sense
organ 6 long, 1.5 wide and three setae; tibia II with four setae and genu
II with three setae, each segment with the proximal seta longer than
the others, both of these setae scabrous in appearance; femur II with
three setae. Coxa III marked with numerous black dots. Coxa IV similarly
marked dorsad; femur IV 43 to 60 long with dorsal seta 29 to 42 long,
proximal seta about 2 long (in one specimen on one side 7 long), distal
seta 21 to 34 long, weakly scabrous in appearance; tibia IV with dorsal
sense rod about 9 long, ventral seta 34 long, weakly scabrous in appearance;
tarsus IV with one ventral and two dorsal setae, claw about 10 long.
Holotype: Female; U. S. Plant Introduction Garden, four miles south
of South Miami, Florida, 1 December, 1955, (D. De Leon) from Litchi
chinensis. Allotype: 7 June, 1956, other data same as for holotype. Para-
types: six females, 1 December, 1955, one male, 23 December, 1955, one
female and four males, 7 June, 1956, all from U. S. Plant Introduction
Garden.
This mite was found on the twigs and appears to be a fungus feeder,
'though further work may show that it feeds on sap, piercing the bark
where it is thin.
Rhynchotarsonemus filifer, n. sp.
(Figure 5)
The female of R. filifer may be distinguished from R. niger Beer,2
the only other member of the genus, by the sixth dorsal hysterosomal
being about twice as long as the first, by the long dorsal seta of the
tibiotarsus being situated about one third the length of the segment from
the base, by the anterior median apodeme having a small V-shaped structure
a short distance anterior to transverse apodemes, and by other characters;
the male by the dorsal seta of femur IV being about as long as or longer
than the body and by other characters. The male is so distinctive that some
day the species will probably be placed in a new genus.
MALE:-Body oval, depressed. Propodosoma and legs brownish, hystero-
soma black with a small white area anterior to genital papilla. Capitulum,
including palpi, 33 long, 25 wide, base truncate; palpus 17 long, 2.8 wide.
Genital papilla 21 long, 21 wide, anterior margin emarginate, sides an-
terior to constriction parallel. Length of body 126, width 74 to 115.
2 Beer, R. E. 1954. A revision of the Tarsonemidae of the Western
Hemisphere (Order, Acarina) Univ. Kansas Sci. Bul. Vol. 36, Pt II, No.
16: 1091-1387.
De Leon: Some Mites from Lychee 171
Dorsal chaetotaxy: Propodosomals 25, 17, 67, and 24 long respectively,
fourth about 2 lateral of third; hysterosomals 29, 28, 29, and 15 long re-
spectively, the first at side of body near hysterosomal suture; second
about over coxa III, third just anterior to secondary body suture, distance
to opposite member 30, fourth near end of body at edge of genital papilla.
Ventral chaetotaxy and apodemes: First propodosomal about 3 long,
4 behind apodeme I, distance to opposite member 5 to 11; a ring re-
sembling a setal basal ring 6 lateral and slightly anterior of first pro-
podosomal; second propodosomal 10 long, 5 behind apodeme II, distance
to opposite member 24; a ring resembling a setal basal ring 8 lateral and
slightly posterior of second propodosomal; anterior median apodeme ex-
tending from apodemes I to transverse apodemes, interrupted for a short
distance at about one third and two thirds its length, medial end of
apodeme II curved posteriorly, not uniting with anterior median apodeme;
transverse apodemes faint, nearly meeting at mid-line. First hysterosomal
8 long, second 13 long; anterior (transverse) part of apodeme III faint,
uniting with apodeme IV just posterior of anterior part of apodeme IV
which is faint and extends to mid-line; posterior median apodeme distinct,
anterior end uniting with apodeme IV.
Legs: Short; tarsus I about 11 long, 5 wide at base with a clavate,
annulated sense organ 5 long, 1 wide situated near base of segment,
a short, tapered seta anterior to it, a lateral and two ventral setae at
about mid-length, a stout preapical seta and three stout distal setae;
tibia I about 10 long, 7 wide with a set of three sense organs at about
mid-length (the middle one small, enlarged apically, the second one clavate
about 3.5 long, 0.7 wide, the third seta-like, longer than clavate organ)
and four setae; genu I with a long, rather coarse, proximal seta and
three other setae; femur I with three setae. Tarsus II with a short,
rapidly tapering sense organ at base and four setae at about mid-length;
tibia II with four setae at about mid-length, and near distal end of
segment, a gradually tapering, annulated sense organ longer than tibia
and tarsus combined; genu II with three setae. Leg IV relatively short;
femur IV 41 to 51 long, 17 to 21 wide at base, dorsal seta 115 to 140 long,
proximal seta 8 long, distal seta 20 long; tibia and tarsus fused, about
7 long, 7 wide, dorsal rod-like seta 7 long, ventral seta 32 long, one
ventral and two dorsal setae shorter than the claw; claw 13 long.
FEMALE:-Oval; legs and propodosoma brownish, hysterosoma shiny
black with a narrow white area at caudal end. Propodosoma expanded,
forming a hood over capitulum to base of palpi and laterally over coxae;
spiracle on margin of hood a short distance behind first propodosomal.
Capitulum, including palpi 42 long, 26 wide. Expanded apex of pseudo-
stigmatic organ oval. Length of body 173, width 102.
Dorsal chaetotaxy: First propodosomal situated near anterolateral
margin of hood, 16 long, distance to opposite member 22; second 31 long,
situated near margin of hood about 17 behind first. Six pairs of hystero-
somals; the first 15 long, second and third 8 long, fourth and fifth 10
long, sixth 30 long.
Ventral chaetotaxy and apodemes: First propodosomal 7 long, 1 behind
apodeme I, distance to opposite member 5; second 10 long, on rear margin
of apodeme II, distance to its opposite member 27. Apodeme II slightly
172 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 39, No. 4
bowed posteriorly, medial end not reaching mid-line by about 7. Anterior
median apodeme mostly indistinct, extending from apodemes I to trans-
verse apodemes with thickenings at about 14 and 22 from its union with
apodemes I, and a V-shaped structure about 6 from transverse apodemes,
distinct caudal of "V". Transverse apodemes meeting at mid-line each
curving anterolaterally to a point caudal of coxa II, direction of curve
lessening slightly at about one third the length of apodeme from mid-line
and increasing at about two thirds the length of apodeme from mid-
line. First hysterosomal 9 long, situated slightly medial of expanded
anterior end of apodeme III, distance to opposite member 21; second 7
long, on caudal end of apodeme IV which is indistinct except for a knot
at about mid-length; posterior median apodeme 28 long, distinct except
for the short V-shaped anterior end and for a short distance behind point
of union with apodeme IV; caudal seta 10 long.
Legs: Leg I about 50 long. Tibiotarsus 17 long, 7 wide at base, with
a set of three sense organs (two clavate, one seta-like), a seta about as
long as segment and three other setae situated at basal third of segment,
an annulated, clavate sense organ about 5.5 by 1.4 and two ventral setae
at middle third, a stout preapical and three stout distal setae; genu I
about 10 long, 10 wide, with four setae. Tarsus II with a short, rapidly
tapering sense organ at base, an annulated, clavate sense organ 6 long, 1.4
wide immediately in front of it and four setae at apical half; tibia II with
three setae; genu II with a coarse, spiculate, proximal seta and two distal
setae. Segment III of leg IV, 11 long; segment IV, 8 long; preapical seta
31 long, apical seta about 50 long.
Holotype: Male; U. S. Plant Introduction Garden, four miles south of
South Miami, Florida, 26 June, 1956, (D. De Leon) from Litchi chinensis.
Allotype: on same slide as holotype. Paratypes: four males, nine females
same collection data as for holotype.
Tarsonemus gravis, n. sp.
(Figure 6)
T. gravis runs to T. cryptocephalus (Ewing) in Beer's key (op. cit.),
but it differs from this species by the third propodosomal being only
slightly longer than the fourth, by femur IV being relatively short and
broad, and by other characters.
MALE:-Body oval, widest at about first hysterosomal seta, shiny, light
brown. Capitulum truncate at base and widest near base, length including
palpi 21, width 20 (in type specimen 18 long, 19 wide); palpi short, ap-
parently 3-segmented, directed anteromedially. Genital papilla 21 long,
23 wide, cordate. Length of body including capitulum 125, width 67.
Dorsal chaetotaxy: Propodosomals 15, 8, 17 to 26, and 17 long re-
spectively; second about 8 from first and 4 from third, fourth about 4
caudolateral of third. First hysterosomal at side of body about its length
from hysterosomal suture; second 10 long situated over base of coxa III;
third 9 long situated about four-fifths its length anterior of secondary
body suture and about 10 medial of second; fourth 8 long at outer margin
of genital papilla.
Ventral chaetotaxy and apodemes: First propodosomal about 6 long,
situated against posterior margin of apodeme'I, distance to opposite mem-
__
De Leon: Some Mites from Lychee
ber 6; second propodosomal about 7 long, 3 behind apodeme II, distance
to opposite member 12. Anterior median apodeme distinct, stopping just
short of inner ends of apodemes II, but in one specimen indistinctly
uniting with them; inner ends of apodemes II not quite reaching mid-line.
Transverse apodemes uniting at mid-line, together forming a smooth,
shallow arc about 40 across. Anterior part of apodeme III usually in-
distinct, directed medially, uniting with apodeme IV behind or at its
anterolateral angle; anterior part of apodeme IV usually indistinct,
sometimes curving and meeting its opposite member at mid-line, at others
obsolete beyond point of juncture with apodeme III; posterior median
apodeme distinct, anterior end not uniting with anterior end of apodeme
IV. First hysterosomal 8 long, against apodeme III at anterolateral
curve; second hysterosomal 7 long.
Legs: Leg I from base of femur to end of claw 39 long; tarsus I 9 long,
5 wide at base, basal half with a proximal, clavate sense organ about 3.5
long, 1.5 wide and a short seta distal of it, distal half with a stout dorsal
seta, two to three ventral setae, and with three stout setae and two spurs
at apex of segment, caruncle and claw small; tibia I 7 long, 7 wide with
a clavate sense organ about 2.5 long, 1.5 wide, a set of three sense organs
shorter than the segment lateral to it, a long dorsal seta, and three
shorter setae; genu I about 6 long, 8.4 wide with four setae; femur I about
10.5 long, 11 wide with four setae. Leg II 38 long; tarsus II tapering
rapidly, 8.5 long, 5 wide at base with a proximal, annulated, clavate
sense organ 5.6 long, 2.8 wide and four setae; tibia II 5.5 long, 7.2 wide
with one dorsal and three ventral setae; genu II 5.5 long, 8.6 wide with
three setae; femur II 10.5 long, 11 wide with two short dorsal setae and
a long ventral seta. Leg IV from base of coxa to end of claw 34 long;
femur IV 14 long (anterior margin), 11 wide at base, dorsal seta fine,
about 10 long, proximal ventral seta coarse, about 7 long, distal ventral
seta coarse, 14 long, tibia IV 4.2 long, 6.5 wide with a short dorsal
sensilla and a ventral seta 58 long; tarsus IV about 3 long, 4 wide with a
ventral and two dorsal setae; claw 6 long.
FEMALE:-Not known.
Holotype: Male; U. S. Plant Introduction Garden, four miles south of
South Miami, Florida, 1 December, 1955 (D. De Leon) from Litchi chinensis.
Paratypes: Two males, same collection data as for holotype. An additional
male was collected from the fruit of Ficus roxburghi, South Miami, Flordia,
30 December, 1955.
The holotypes of the five species described above will be deposited in
the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C., paratypes in the University
of Florida Collections, Gainesville. Acknowledgment is made to Dr. E. W.
Baker, U. S. Department of Agriculture for advice.
The following notes are on some described mites not previously re-
ported from lychee:
TENUIPALPIDAE
Brevipalpus spp.
B. australis (Tucker), B. lilium Baker,. and B. phoenicis (Geijskes)
have been found feeding on the fruit. I have not found them on the leaves
or twigs. These species, especially phoenicis, are common on other hosts
173
174 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 39, No. 4
in this area sometimes causing appreciable injury; with the increased
planting of lychee in recent years it is likely one or more of these species
will become better adapted to this host and become a pest in the future.
TUCKERELLIDAE
Tuckerella ornata (Tucker)
T. ornata has been found feeding on the fruit, but is more commonly
found on the twigs. Another species, T. pavoniformis (Ewing), earlier
reported from lychee" has been collected from the twigs only. I have found
neither species common on this host.
BDELLIDAE
Bdella distinct Baker and Balock
B. distinct is a large, red, predacious mite which occurs rather fre-
quently on the twigs, but what it feeds on has not been determined.
SDe Leon, D. 1955. Hosts of Tuckerella pavoniformis (Ewing) and
T. ornata (Tucker) in Florida. Fla. Ent. 38: 80-90.
MINUTES OF THE 39TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE
FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
The 39th Annual Meeting of the Florida Entomological Society was
held in the Floridan Hotel at Tallahassee, Florida, during August 30
and 31, 1956. The meeting opened at 9:30 A.M. August 30th.
Mr. Herman Mayeux gave the Presidential Address.
Twenty papers were given before the Society including two invitational
papers. The Invitational Papers were "Forest Entomology in the South,
its Past, Present and Future", by E. P. Merkle, and "Insect Problems
and Practices on Shade Grown Tobacco in North Florida", by W. B. Tappan.
On Thursday August 30th, a most enjoyable hospitality hour was pro-
vided by industry, which was followed by an excellent banquet in the
hotel.
The first business meeting was called to order by President Mayeux
at 1:45 P.M. President Mayeux complimented the Program Committee
and the Local Arrangements Committee on the excellent job they had done
arranging for the 39th Annual Meeting.
The President asked for a report on the Membership Committee. H. A.
Denmark reported that at present the Society had only 116 paid up mem-
bers and suggested more active membership drives should be made. Den-
mark reported that with loss of so many members the financial condition
of the Society was serious. Dr. Jim Griffiths asked for suggestions on
getting more money. President Mayeux suggested advertising rates should
be adjusted upward and that raising dues should be considered. He
suggested the new President could name a committee to study raising
of dues. H. V. Weems spoke in favor of raising dues of the Society to
$5.00. President Mayeux mentioned $4.00 dues can be charged legally;
however, higher dues would conflict with existing postal laws. Dr. Griffiths
made a motion that the new President appoint a committee to examine
the financial situation and make recommendations to alleviate the situa-
(Continued on Page 176)
174 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 39, No. 4
in this area sometimes causing appreciable injury; with the increased
planting of lychee in recent years it is likely one or more of these species
will become better adapted to this host and become a pest in the future.
TUCKERELLIDAE
Tuckerella ornata (Tucker)
T. ornata has been found feeding on the fruit, but is more commonly
found on the twigs. Another species, T. pavoniformis (Ewing), earlier
reported from lychee" has been collected from the twigs only. I have found
neither species common on this host.
BDELLIDAE
Bdella distinct Baker and Balock
B. distinct is a large, red, predacious mite which occurs rather fre-
quently on the twigs, but what it feeds on has not been determined.
SDe Leon, D. 1955. Hosts of Tuckerella pavoniformis (Ewing) and
T. ornata (Tucker) in Florida. Fla. Ent. 38: 80-90.
MINUTES OF THE 39TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE
FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
The 39th Annual Meeting of the Florida Entomological Society was
held in the Floridan Hotel at Tallahassee, Florida, during August 30
and 31, 1956. The meeting opened at 9:30 A.M. August 30th.
Mr. Herman Mayeux gave the Presidential Address.
Twenty papers were given before the Society including two invitational
papers. The Invitational Papers were "Forest Entomology in the South,
its Past, Present and Future", by E. P. Merkle, and "Insect Problems
and Practices on Shade Grown Tobacco in North Florida", by W. B. Tappan.
On Thursday August 30th, a most enjoyable hospitality hour was pro-
vided by industry, which was followed by an excellent banquet in the
hotel.
The first business meeting was called to order by President Mayeux
at 1:45 P.M. President Mayeux complimented the Program Committee
and the Local Arrangements Committee on the excellent job they had done
arranging for the 39th Annual Meeting.
The President asked for a report on the Membership Committee. H. A.
Denmark reported that at present the Society had only 116 paid up mem-
bers and suggested more active membership drives should be made. Den-
mark reported that with loss of so many members the financial condition
of the Society was serious. Dr. Jim Griffiths asked for suggestions on
getting more money. President Mayeux suggested advertising rates should
be adjusted upward and that raising dues should be considered. He
suggested the new President could name a committee to study raising
of dues. H. V. Weems spoke in favor of raising dues of the Society to
$5.00. President Mayeux mentioned $4.00 dues can be charged legally;
however, higher dues would conflict with existing postal laws. Dr. Griffiths
made a motion that the new President appoint a committee to examine
the financial situation and make recommendations to alleviate the situa-
(Continued on Page 176)
176 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 39, No. 4
county. July 24, an adult was found in Glades county. August 10, adults
were found in Seminole county. August 24 adults were collected in Osceola
county. There were 1384 infested properties reported from the above 27
counties on August 24.
The cooperative eradication program is being financed on a 50-50
basis between the state and federal governments with the funds being
administered separately. A special session of the Florida Legislature
appropriated $5,00,000 in July 1956. Approximately $1,250,000 worth of
insecticides have been purchased through August 15, 1956.
Fumigation stations or chambers have been set up or are in the
process of being established to serve all the quarantined areas. These
are operated by private concerns under the authority of State and Federal
personnel.
Road blocks have been discontinued on the East Coast and the central
part of the state. However, there are still ten road blocks surrounding
the Tampa and the St. Petersburg areas on September 15.
HAROLD A. DENMARK
State Plant Board
Gainesville, Florida
(Cofntinued from Page 174)
tion; also, to consider sustaining memberships. The motion was carried.
R. A. Morse moved that it be recommended to the new President he
call a special meeting to consider the Society's financial condition and
the possibility of raising dues. Motion was carried.
President Mayeux asked for the Auditing Committee Report, which
is given below:
FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE AS OF
AUGUST 15, 1956.
The Auditing Committee is composed this year of Dr. Simanton, Dr.
Weems and W. B. Greshman, Jr. The period covered is from 8/15/55 -
8/15/56.
The Committee wishes to report, as follows:
1. It has checked the amounts received from members for dues. All
members are paid for 1956. Those who have not paid dues in the
last two years we understand have been dropped after three notifica-
tions 116 members paid 1956 dues.
2. Three full members and 1 student member have paid in advance for
1957. This total is $10.50.
3. We have checked receipts and disbursements in the journal against
the check book and bank statements, and find all in good order and
balancing.
4. The Committee notes that the bank balance has decreased from
$910.00 on August 15, 1955 to $467.54 on August 15, 1956, a drop of
$442.46. At this rate, the Society will be in financial distress at
this time next year, unless action is taken to lower expenses by not
carrying delinquent members (who continue to receive the Bulletin),
and/or by increasing income.
Minutes of the 39th Annual Meeting
The Committee wishes to compliment the Treasurer on a difficult
job well and faithfully done.
This constitutes the report of the Auditing Committee.
Respectfully submitted,
Howard V. Weems, Jr.
W. A. Simanton
W. B. Gresham, Jr.
The Auditing Committee Report was accepted by a vote of the mem-
bership.
Meeting adjourned at approximately 2:30 P.M.
The Second and final business meeting of the Society was called to
order by President Mayeux at 12:30 P.M. August 31st.
President Mayeux asked for a report on the committee studying possi-
bility of the Society joining the Florida Agricultural Council. Dr. Griffiths
gave the report with the following recommendation:
"It is believed that membership in the Florida Agricultural Council
should not be undertaken unless the Society is completely sold on the
idea. This may be interpreted to mean that membership should be
undertaken only after at least a two-thirds majority of the members
voting are in agreement and if a majority of those individuals employed
by State Agencies do not feel that it is desirable, they should have a
veto power.
"It would be the recommendation of this Committee that a straw
vote should be cast upon which members would state whether or not
they are employed by State Agencies and whether or not they are in
favor of joining the Agricultural Council. If the vote by employees
of State Agencies does' not carry a majority in favor of joining, no
further consideration should be given a measure at this time. If a
majority is in favor then the entire matter should be submitted by
mail to the membership and carried only if a majority of the member-
ship votes and if two-thirds of the voting group are in favor."
The vote of the State Employees was against joining the Florida Ag-
ricultural Council.
President Mayeux asked for a committee report on the possibility of
the Sub-Tropical Entomologists becoming a branch of the Society. The
following motion by Dr. Wilson was given in its entirety:
"Proposed Motion for Establishment of Sub-Tropical Entomologists
of Florida as the Sub-Tropical Branch of The Florida Entomological
Society.
"I would like to make the motion that the Society approve the
recent petition of the Sub-Tropical Entomologists of Florida that this
new Society become a Branch of the Florida Entomological Society.
It is further moved that the Sub-Tropical Entomologists of Florida
becomes a Branch of our Society immediately upon acceptance of the
following provisions:
1. That the name of the Branch will be The Sub-Tropical Branch of
the Florida Entomological Society.
2. That the area of the Branch consist of the following counties of the
State of Florida: Broward, Collier, Dade and Monroe.
3. That membership in the Branch shall be restricted to members of
the Florida Entomological Society residing in the area covered by
the Branch.
4. That officers of the Branch shall be a Chairman, a Vice-Chairman,
and a Secretary-Treasurer.
5. That the Branch shall hold meetings or conferences at appropriate
times and places and shall elect officers once each year.
177
178 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 39, No. 4
6. That the Branch shall not charge dues, but may charge registra-
tion fees for those in attendance at meetings in an amount to be
determined by the Branch.
It is further moved that this motion be voted on in its two parts;
second that the Branch be established and first, the provisions of
establishment."
A motion was also made by Dr. Wilson and unanimously carried by
the membership that a committee be appointed to make necessary re-
visions in the Constitution and By-Laws for establishing the Branch
and to be presented at the next meeting of the Society.
Dr. Butcher made the motion that Palm Beach County be added in
the area covered by the Branch. Unanimously carried.
President Mayeux asked for a Publicity Committee Report by Chair-
man Charlie Brain. The President made a proposal that the Publicity
Committee be made a permanent committee and that the committee be on
equal basis with arrangements and program committees. The proposal
was passed by unanimous vote.
President Mayeux asked for a report on the Exhibit Committee. Dr.
Murphey exhibited a proposed picture panel to be used in the project.
Henry True made the motion that the incoming Executive Committee
be authorized to construct the exhibit on the subject "Entomology in
Action" and to have it ready for display at the next annual meeting, and
that the residue from the Entertainment Fund be used toward defraying
the cost. The motion was carried unanimously.
President Mayeux called for the "Entomology in Action" Committee
Report. Louis M. Wright showed slides and gave the sample talk that
is to be used. The membership voted in favor of continuing in making
use of the slides and talk.
President Mayeux called for the Board of Managers Report.
Dr. Lewis Berner made a motion that for future meetings authors of
papers to be given at the meeting be required to send in an abstract of
approximately 100 words that can be published in the following issue of
The Entomologist. Motion was carried by unanimous vote.
President Mayeux called for old or new business and suggested that
the membership contact members of the Executive Committee on any
ideas they have for having sustaining members to the Society.
Dr. Rhodes moved that the incoming President get a list of duties
of various committees as a guide to be sent to future committee members.
Unanimously passed.
The President called for a report of the Nominating Committee,
which follows:
President ..................................... ...............-.......---- M M urphey
Vice-President ...............------------------------I. H. Gilbert
Editor .....................-....................------- -..................-------Lewis Berner
Assistant Editor --..-...................------------ Norman Hayslip
Executive Committee ................. ..---------............. W. B. Gresham, Jr.
Secretary .. ...................................------------R. Kirkland
Respectfully submitted,
Charles R. Stearns, Jr., Chairman
The slate of officers was elected by unanimous vote.
The President called for a report of the Resolutions Committee, which
follows:
RESOLUTIONS
"Whereas extremely toxic insecticides are being applied by inex-
perienced operators to lawns in residential areas of the State; and this
type of operation could lead to serious consequences, be it resolved:
1. That the Florida Entomological Society hereby recommend that
the incoming President appoint a committee for the purpose of study-
Minutes of the 39th Annual Meeting 179
ing the problem and drafting remedial measures for its solution.
Furthermore, that this committee be composed of one member each
from the State Board of Health, the Structural Pest Control Associa-
tion and the Agricultural Experiment Station.
"Be it further resolved:
2. That the Society endorse the Presidential Address to the effect
that entomological education be advanced in all ways possible.
3. That a vote of thanks be extended to the officers, individuals
and committees of our Society, to the Management and Employees of
the Floridan Hotel and to the Tallahassee Chamber of Commerce
which contributed to the success of the 39th Annual Meeting.
4. That in appreciation for the splendid and patient editing done
by Dr. Lewis Berner an especial expression of thanks be made. We
recommend that a letter be sent from the Society to the Department
and to the Dean, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Florida,
expressing our appreciation.
5. That appreciation be expressed to the local arrangements com-
mittee, W. C. Rhodes, W. B. Tappan, R. R. Reed and A. N. Phillips.
6. That a vote of thanks be extended to Industry for a most en-
joyable social hour.
7. In appreciation of the splendid field trip to North Florida Station,
that an early meeting of the Society be held again in Tallahassee with
the understanding that a beef barbecue or steak fry be given by the
North Florida Station.
R. E. Waites
G. H. Beames
D. O. Wolfenbarger, Chairman"
The Resolutions Committee Report was accepted by unanimous vote.
President Murphey was escorted to the speakers stand where he thanked
the Society for the honor bestowed upon him.
The meeting adjourned at approximately 2:30 P.M.
Respectfully submitted,
R. 0. KIRKLAND
Secretary
REPORT OF TREASURER-BUSINESS MANAGER FOR THE YEAR ENDING
AUGUST 15, 1956
RECEIPTS
From Membership Dues* ..............------.....----------------$ 653.25
From Subscriptions .......---------- ------------------------ 136.00
From Reprints -.----.... ---... --------------------------- 93.79
From Back Numbers --------- -------------------------- 74.08
From Advertisers, Florida Entomologist .............................----------................ 620.00
From Transfer of Savings Account to Checking ............. ....------- 27.50
$1,604.62
Balance on Hand 8/15/55 910.00
$2,514.62
The Florida Entomologist
DISBURSEMENTS
R. B. Thomas (1955 Banquet entertainment) ................-................$ 25.00
Gainesville Letter Shop (tickets) ..----.--- ----------.......... 11.59
Parker Office Machine Company .-.....------... --.........---- -...... ......... 5.15
Pepper Printing Company ..--------.--................. .............. ..... 1,788.12
Florida Film Service .......... ..------------........-................. .-......- 15.00
G. W Dekle (misc. meeting exp.) ----........................................ 3.97
Jax Coach (charter bus 1955 meeting) ------................ .........-..-...... 56.00
Lewis Wright, Jr. (misc. exp. meeting) ....---..............- .............-.. 10.60
R. H. Nelson (brochures) ...... .............................. ............ .... .. 60.00
Jax Tourist Convention .........------..--- ----------------------.........................--... 8.26
Lewis Berner (misc. exp.) .................-----.--.-... .................... .. 5.00
Postage ..................................... -........... ----- -- ............. 5.00
Mrs. H. A. Denmark (secretarial help) ------..................- ......-.....-... 10.00
National Library Bindery ..........--- .----- --------------............. .... 9.95
Maxwell (postage for announcements) ...........................--.....-......... 25.00
Postage for request titles .....- -----.-- ----................................. 7.65
Bank Service Charge ....................... -----------... .--..............- .79
$2,047.08
Balance on hand 8/15/56 467.54
$2,514.62
Respectfully submitted,
H. A. DENMARK
Treasurer
This includes $10.50 for 1957 dues.
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180
Vol. 39, No. 4
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