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The
FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST
Volume 44, No. 4
December, 1961
CONTENTS
Page
Berner, Lewis, and Richard K. Allen-Southeastern Species
of the Mayfly Subgenus Serratella (Ephemerella:
Ephem erellidae) --------- .....................
Muma, Martin H., and D. W. Clancy-Parasitism of Purple
Scale in Florida Citrus Groves -----------..
De Leon, Donald-New False Spider Mites with Notes on
Some Previously Described Species (Acarina:
Tenuipalpidae) --------------......----------------------------
Lambers, D. Hille Ris-Notes on Three North American
Aphididae -------- ---------.-- ...............-.........
LaBrecque, G. C., J. B. Gahan, and H. G. Wilson-Relative
Susceptibility of Four Species of Mosquitoes to
Insecticide Residues ------------- -------- ...............
Tombes, Averett S., and Bobby C. Pass-Notes on the Dis-
tribution and Economic Importance of Tomaspis
Bicincta (Say) ------------------........................ 189
Published by The Florida Entomological Society
149
159
167
181
185
THE FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OFFICERS FOR 1960-1961
President ............................................. .... ....Lewis Berner
Vice-President ....--....-......-.......................................... W. C. Rhoades
Secretary.-... ----------......... ---------.. ... -------.. Lawrence A. Hetrick
Treasurer .--.......-...............--...........-------.. Robert E. Waites
John R. King
Other Members of Executive Committee R. W. Baranowski
Andrew J. Rogers
Editorial Board
Lewis Berner..-...-................-.... ------- ......Editor
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SOUTHEASTERN SPECIES OF THE MAYFLY SUBGENUS
SERRATELLA (EPHEMERELLA: EPHEMERELLIDAE)1
LEWIS BERNER 2 AND RICHARD K. ALLEN "
Presently three species of the subgenus Serratella of the genus Epheme-
rella are known to occur in the southeastern United States. We are
describing two new species, reporting two additional ones from this region,
and discussing the other three. Ephemerella serrata Morgan, a boreal
species, ranges southward into the Appalachian highlands of North Caro-
lina, while the range of E. deficiens Morgan, reported as Ephemerella sp.
A by Berner (1950, 1958), continues as far south as northern Florida.
The range of E. serratoides McDunnough is also greatly increased as a
result of our findings. To these records, we now add the occurrence of
E. sordida McDunnough and E. frisoni McDunnough in the southeast. Both
of the new species, described below, have been collected in North Carolina
and Tennessee.
The subgenus Serratella is widely distributed in North America, occur-
ring from coast to coast over most of the continent. Records from the
central area are still scarce, probably due to unsatisfactory ecological
situations for the nymphs, a stage which is dependent on flowing water.
The ranges of six of the seven species reported here overlap in the south-
east with the Appalachians being the common meeting ground. Ephemerella
deficiens, the most adaptable of the species, is most widely dispersed.
The nymphs of all the species require essentially similar habitats and
their behaviors are alike. All require swiftly-flowing streams, generally
where there are rocks, and the nymphs live either in rock crevices or in
dense mats of vegetation where they are well protected from the force of
the current.
We are indebted to Jay R. Traver, University of Massachusetts, Stanley
and Dorothea Mulaik, University of Utah, and Jerome G. Rosen and Willis
J. Gertsch, American Museum of Natural History, for the loan of speci-
mens. We also wish to thank Steve L. Jensen for preparing the illustrations
under the direction of the junior author.
Ephemerella (Serratella) carolina n. sp.
Traver. 1932. Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 47(2): 178 (Ephemerella
sp?, No. 2).
MATURE NYMPH. Length: body 4.5-5.0 mm.; caudal filaments 1.5-2.0
mm. Head brown with variable darker brown markings, well-developed
occipital tubercles covered with fine spicules in both male (Fig. 2) and
female, maxillary palpi reduced and unsegmented (Fig. 10). Thorax brown
1 This investigation was supported by grants from the National Institutes
of Health (RG4058) and the Margaret Cannon Howell Fellowship Fund,
Highlands Biological Station, N. C., to Berner and the University of Utah
Research Fund and the National Science Foundation (NSF-G13329) to
Allen.
2 Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville.
SDepartment of Zoology and Entomology, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City.
3 4 9 /10
Fig. 1. Ephemerella spiculosa, vertex of nymphal head. Fig. 2. E.
carolina, vertex of nymphal head. Fig. 3. E. spiculosa, half of abdominal
terga of mature nymph. Fig. 4. E. carolina, half of abdominal terga of
mature nymph. Figs. 5-6. E. spiculosa, fig. 5. right nymphal foreleg, fig.
6. tarsal claw. Figs. 7-8. E. carolina, fig. 7. right nymphal foreleg, fig. 8.
tarsal claw. Fig. 9. E. spiculosa, maxillary palp. Fig. 10. E. carolina,
maxillary palp.
Berner: Southeastern Species of Ephemerella
with variable dark-brown and pale markings. Pronotum usually brown
with a dark-brown, submedian macula, antero-lateral portion pale, enclosing
a dark-brown mark; paired, submedian tubercles covered with fine spicules.
Mesonotum brown with variable dark-brown and pale markings; paired,
submedian tubercles, and a single posterior median tubercle all covered with
fine spicules. Legs pale with brown markings; forefemora as in Fig. 7;
middle and hind femora with an entire or interrupted brown, transverse
band in basal third; tibiae with a variable dark-brown band near the middle;
tarsi with proximal and distal bands; tarsal claws with 5-7 denticles
(Fig. 8). Abdominal terga brown with dark-brown and pale markings;
terga 4-6 usually pale while terga 7-9 are usually dark-brown to black;
paired, dorsal, submedian tubercles on segments 3-9, tubercles on segments
4-8 well developed, those on segments 3 and 9 often reduced (Fig. 4);
posterior margins of terga 8 and 9 only with numerous fine spicules;
abdominal sterna reddish-brown, with darker, reddish-brown, lateral mar-
gins, or abdominal sterna unicolorous dark-brown. Caudal filaments pale
with variable dark-brown, transverse bands.
HOLOTYPE: S nymph, Buck Creek, Macon Co., N. C., Aug. 6, 1948,
Lewis Berner, No. 3184.5, U. of Fla. collections.
PARATYPES: North Carolina: 7 8 and 3 nymphs, Great Smoky
National Park, Oconaluftee River, July 25, 1957, L. B., 2 $ and 1 9 nymphs
in collection of U. of Utah, 5 & and 2 9 nymphs, No. 3983.0, in collection
of U. of Fla; 1 9 nymph, 1 mile west of Wayah Gap, Macon Co., July 29,
1957, L. B., No. 3987.3, in collection of U. of Fla.; 5 9 nymphs, Wayah
Creek, Macon Co., Aug. 21, 1955, L. B., 2 nymphs in collection of U. of Utah,
3 nymphs, No. 3674.1, in collection of U. of Fla.; 5 S and 4 nymphs,
Wayah Creek, Macon Co., Aug. 17, 1960, L. B., 1 & and 1 9 nymph in
collection of U. of Utah, 4 8 and 3 9 nymphs, No. 4261.0, in collection
of U. of Fla.; 1 9 nymph, 0.9 mi. from Hq., Coweeta Exp. Forest, Macon
Co., July 30, 1957, S. and D. Mulaik, in collection of U. of Utah; 3 &
nymphs, Buck Creek, Macon Co., Aug. 19, 1948, L. B., No. 3187.19, in col-
lection of U. of Fla.; 1 nymph, Paceolet River, Polk Co., July 27, 1955,
L. B., No. 3764.6, in collection of U. of Fla.; 1 9 nymph, Indian Creek,
Swain Co., Aug. 20, 1954, L. B., No. 3621.3, in collection of U. of Fla.;
1 9 nymph, Davidson River, June 30, 1930, in private collection of J. R.
Traver, Amherst, Mass.; 3 9 nymphs, Smokemont, Aug. 2, 1930, H. T.
Spieth, in collection of Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.; 1 S nymph, Smokemont,
Aug. 3, 1930, H. T. Spieth, in collection of Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Tennessee:
1 $ nymph, Elkmont, Aug. 11, 1930, H. T. Spieth, in collection of Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist.
TAXONOMY
The nymphs of Ephemerella carolina appear to be most closely related
to those of E. serrata Morgan and E. spiculosa n. sp. as they all possess
paired, submedian, prothoracic tubercles. The nymphs of E. carolina may
be readily distinguished from the nymphs of E. serrata and E. spiculosa
and all other known species of the Serratella as they possess well-developed,
paired, occipital tubercles (Fig. 2). The nymphs of E. carolina may be
further distinguished from all other species of the subgenus by the number
and development of the paired, submedian abdominal tubercles (Fig. 4),
the development and shape of the maxillary palpi (Fig. 10), the shape,
The Florida Entomologist
coloration, and armature of the foreleg (Fig. 7), and the dentition of the
tarsal claws (Fig. 8).
BIOLOGY
The nymphs of E. carolina seem to be restricted to streams at an altitude
of not less than 2500 feet elevation. The range of the species is evidently
limited as all collections are confined to North Carolina, except that of
Spieth from Elkmont in the Great Smokies National Park. The rarity of
the nymphs is attested by the scarcity of specimens in numerous collections
from the mountainous regions of North Carolina and Tennessee, and their
absence from those of South Carolina and Alabama.
Nine nymphs were collected in August, 1960, from Wayah Creek, and at
this time it was a rocky-bottomed stream varying from 8-12 inches in depth
and about 20 feet in width. Coarse sand was interspersed among the rocks
and part of the bed was made up of this coarse material. Vegetation was
sparse except for algae growing in small masses in the slowly flowing
parts of the stream. Stream flow was moderate to swift, as in most moun-
tain streams of this region, and the water was clear, colorless, and about
72F.
Nymphs of E. carolina were taken from the rocks in the stream bed by
use of a net held downstream while the rocks were vigorously disturbed.
Nymphs probably rest on the downstream side of the rocks or in crevices
where they are well protected from the current. Their movements were
slow and deliberate when taken from the water and resemble those of E.
deficiens, a closely related species. Because of the mature state of the
nymphs taken at Wayah Creek, we estimate emergence of adults occurs
in late August or early September.
Ephemerella (Serratella) spiculosa n. sp.
MATURE NYMPH: Length: body 4.0-4.6 mm.; caudal filaments 1.7-2.0
mm. Head brown with a dark-brown mark near each lateral ocellus; with-
out occipital tubercles; top of head with numerous, fine spicules (Fig. 1);
labrum dark-brown; maxillary palpi reduced, unsegmented, and with fine
apical spicules (Fig. 9). Thorax with brown markings, covered with fine
spicules. Prothorax with two small, submedian tubercles covered with fine
spicules, suture between pronotum and mesonotum dark-brown. Mesonotum
pale with brown markings, covered with fine spicules, two submedian, brown
marks, two sublateral, dark-brown dots, and a dark-brown, V-shaped mark
which follows the mesal margin of each wing pad. Legs pale with brown
markings; forefemora marked as in Fig. 5; middle and hind femora with
a brown band in basal third; tibiae with a proximal, brown mark and a
median, brown band; tarsi with a proximal, brown band and a distal, brown
mark; tarsal claws with 6-8 denticles (Fig. 6). Abdominal terga light-
brown with dark-brown, nerve-like lines; terga 1-3 with two wide, sub-
median, dark-brown stripes; paired, dorsal, submedian tubercles on seg-
ments 3-7 covered with fine spicules; segments 2, 8, and 9 with slight un-
dulations (Fig. 3); posterior margins of segments 8-10 with numerous,
fine spicules. Abdominal sterna pale with brown, posterior margins; sterna
3-7 with darker-brown, sublateral marks; sternum 9 with a few, fine
spicules. Caudal filaments pale with dark-brown, transverse bands.
Vol. 44, No. 4
152
Berner: Southeastern Species of Ephemerella 153
HOLOTYPE: & nymph, Horse Creek Recreation Area, Green Co., Ten-
nessee, Aug. 3, 1956, C. D. Hynes, No. 3829.6, in collection of U. of Fla.
PARATYPES: North Carolina: 2 9 nymphs, Macon Co., Skittles Creek,
July 16, 1957, C. D. Hynes, No. 3974.0, in collection of U. of Fla.
TAXONOMY
Ephemerella spiculosa is most closely related to E. icarolina and E.
serrata Morgan. The nymphs of all of these species have paired, submedian,
prothoracic tubercles and fine spicules on the body segments. These nymphs
may be readily separated as E. carolina has well developed occipital tubercles,
E. serrata has small suboccipital tubercles, while the head of E. spiculosa
lacks them. The nymphal heads of E. carolina and E. serrata have only
a few scattered spicules, while the nymphal head of E. spiculosa is clothed
with numerous fine spicules (Fig. 1). Ephemerella spiculosa may further
be distinguished from these species and all others of the subgenus Serratella
by the dentition of the tarsal claws (Fig. 6), the development and shape
of the maxillary palpi (Fig. 9), the number and development of the paired,
submedian, abdominal tubercles (Fig. 3), and the shape, coloration, and
armature of the foreleg (Fig. 5).
BIOLOGY
A single nymph of E. spiculosa was taken from Horse Creek, a small
stream near Greenville, Tennessee. At the time the collection was made,
the stream varied from 6-12 inches in depth and 3-6 feet in width and is
fairly typical of those found in the mountains of eastern Tennessee. The
bottom was composed of bedrock covered with sand and contained numerous
loose rocks and large boulders. During the fall of the year, the creek
dries up to a series of pools, leaving the stream bed completely dry in some
places (Wright and Berner, 1949). Although Dr. Mike Wright and his
students collected extensively in the mountain streams of eastern Tennessee,
they apparently took no specimens of E. spiculosa as all of their nymphs
were sent to one of us (Berner) for identification and none of this species
appeared in their collections.
It is likely that the nymphs of E. spiculosa hide in rock crevices or
protected places in the stream much as do other members of the subgenus
Serratella. Confirmation of this type of habitat is provided by the site of
the second collection from North Carolina. Here the rocks from which the
nymphs were collected had much moss and silt on them, yet the water was
swiftly flowing.
This species, as is the case with E. carolina, has been found only in the
mountainous areas of the Southeast. It probably requires cold, swiftly-
flowing water for development.
Ephemerella (Serratella) sordida McDunnough
This species, described from Quebec by McDunnough (1925), was sub-
sequently reported from Ontario by Ide (1930). The collections listed
below extend the range of E. sordida through the Appalachians into Vir-
ginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and southward into the northern Coastal
Plain of Alabama.
The Florida Entomologist
The nymphs of E. sordid occurred in swiftly flowing streams varying
in size from 15 feet in width and rather shallow to large rivers such as
the Cahaba in Alabama. The nymphs lived in crevices or in protected
places on loose rocks in the stream bed. Although generally there was
moss growing on the surface of the stones, nymphs of this species apparently
did not live in it.
LOCALITY RECORDS: (all specimens in University of Florida collections)
Alabama: Perry Co., Cahaba River, May 10, 1955, C. D. Hynes, 1 nymph,
No. 3710.0; Walker Co., Black Water Creek, June 14, 1954, C. D. Hynes,
25 nymphs, No. 3492.15, 10 $, 10 9 adults, No. 3492.6. North Carolina:
Macon Co., Highlands, July 19, 1957, C. D. Hynes, 1 5 adult, No. 3979.0.
Tennessee: Cumberland Co., 10.5 miles N.W. of Rhea-Cumberland Co. line,
Tenn. Hwy. 68, July 27, 1956, C. D. Hynes, 1 nymph, No. 3810.6. Virginia:
Montgomery Co., Radford Arsenal, June 3-7, 1957, R. L. Hoffman, 3 3, 3
adults, No. 4001.0; same data, mid-August, 1951, R. L. H., 3 $, 1 9 adults,
No. 3998.2.
Ephemerella (Serratella) frisoni McDunnough
Ephemerella frisoni, previously known only from Illinois and Missouri
(Burks, 1953), has been taken in the northwestern corner of Alabama. The
nymphs occurred in a swiftly-flowing, large stream, varying from rather
shallow to quite deep. The creek bottom was composed of bedrock with
loose stones scattered over it. There was a heavy deposit of silt over the
stones and many of them had vegetation attached. It was in the vegetation
that the nymphs of E. frisoni occurred commonly. The plants grew most
profusely not more than six inches below the surface, although they could
Sbe found growing well as far down as one foot. The single adult male was
taken at light shortly after dark.
LOCALITY RECORDS: (all specimens in U. of Fla. collections) Alabama:
Lauderdale Co., Cypress Creek at northern city limits of Florence, June 10,
1956, L. B. and C. D. Hynes, 1 & adult, No. 3879.6, 30 nymphs, Nos. 3878.8
and 3878.13.
Ephemerella (Serratella) serrata Morgan
During our years of collecting in the streams of the Southeastern United
States, we have not encountered Ephemerella serrata, although the closely
related E. carolina has been found in many places in the Appalachian
highlands. E. serrata is widely distributed through the eastern part of
North America, having been reported by Morgan (1911) from New York
and Massachusetts, Quebec by McDunnough (1931), and from Maryland,
West Virginia, and three stations in the Appalachian region of North Caro-
lina by Traver (1935).
Presently, we have adult males and females which may be either E.
serrata or E. carolina but we will not be able to name them with certainty
until we have an opportunity to obtain reared specimens for comparison.
We are, therefore, not including these records in this paper.
Ephemerella (Serratella) serratoides McDunnough
Ephemerella serratoides is a widely distributed species ranging from
Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick southwards as far as
154
Vol. 44, No. 4
Berner: Southeastern Species of Ephemerella 155
southern Georgia. In the southeast, the species was found in the mountains,
the piedmont, and the coastal plain.
Periods of emergence of adults show a considerable degree of variation
as we have mature nymphs from Tennessee taken in April which would
have emerged late that month or in early May, while specimens from north-
ern Georgia collected in mid-August included many which would not have
emerged until September. In addition, the northern Georgia collection
includes half-grown nymphs which likely would have emerged the following
spring. McDunnough's (1931) adult specimens were collected from mid-
July to mid-August. Our earlier as well as later emergence dates are
probably a reflection of the higher water temperatures in the southern
streams.
The nymphs of E. serratoides were generally found in swiftly-flowing,
rocky-bottomed streams. Many of the rocks in these streams were moss-
covered on their upper surfaces and nymphs of Ephemerella occurred buried
in these masses of vegetation. When the rocks were removed from the
stream and the water allowed to drain away, the nymphs began to crawl
upward and were easily detected. The mosses grew in shallow water and
the nymphs, therefore, were only a few inches below the water surface.
Because of the denseness of the plants, the nymphs were protected from the
force of the current and could move about freely near the base of the plants
where they fed. Movements were slow and deliberate as is true of all
members of the subgenus Serratella.
The Ichawaynochaway Creek, a tributary of the Flint River in southern
Georgia, is a swiftly-flowing, deep stream coursing over a limestone bed.
Rocks are strewn over the bottom which is overlaid with coarse sand.
Cypress trees formerly grew at the banks where collections were made
but they have now been cut with only the stumps remaining. Mosses grow
profusely on the upper surfaces of the rocks as well as on the submerged
parts of the tree stumps and it was in these habitats that the nymphs of
E. serratoides were found.
At the Etowah River, also in Georgia, the nymphs were found in num-
bers living near the bases of the riverweed, Podostemum ceratophyllum
Michx. These specimens were collected by removing rocks to which the
plant was attached, allowing the water to drain away, and watching the
nymphs as they climbed about in the drying plant. The Etowah, in the
region where the collections were made, is a swiftly-flowing stream, ap-
proximately 150 feet wide and shallow. The bottom is sandy with rocks
scattered over it.
LOCALITY RECORDS: (all specimens in University of Florida collections)
Alabama: Coosa Co., 11.8 miles s. of Coosa-Talladega County line, Hwy. 231,
June 19, 1954, C. D. Hynes, 15 nymphs, No. 3504.0; Shelby Co., Davis Creek
west of Montevallo, June 18, 1954, CDH, 8 nymphs, No. 3502.1 Georgia:
Baker Co., Ichawaynochaway Creek at Hwy. 91, May 15, 1954, L. Berner,
6 nymphs, No. 3471.0; Cherokee Co., Etowah River near Gober, June 20,
1956, CDH, 8 nymphs, No. 3902.21, June 23, 1955, CDH and LB, 50 nymphs,
No. 3716.11, July 30, 1954, CDH, 6 nymphs, No. 3609.5, Aug. 18, 1956, CDH,
3 nymphs, No. 3823.3; Lumpkin Co., Chestatee River at Hwy. 52, Aug. 13,
1955, CDH and LB, 30 nymphs, No. 3714.10, Yahoola Creek near Dahlonga,
July 20, 1955, CDH, 7 nymphs, No. 3762.4, Aug. 19, 1956, CDH, 2 nymphs,
156 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 44, No. 4
No. 3824.4. Pickens Co., Hwy. 5, 1.7 miles s. of junction with Hwy. 136,
June 21, 1956, CDH, nymphs, No. 3903.5. North Carolina: Graham Co.,
Santeetlah Creek, Joyce Kilmer Forest road, Aug. 18, 1954, LB, 2 nymphs,
No. 3618.0; Macon Co., Franklin, July 9, 1957, CDH, 1 S, 8 9 adults, No.
3972.1, Big Creek near Highlands, Aug. 2, 1948, LB, 3 nymphs, No.
3178.1, Buck Creek, Aug. 9, 1948, LB, 1 nymph, No. 3187.18, Nantahala
River, Aug. 16, 1954, LB, 25 nymphs, No. 3615.3, Aug. 21, 1954, LB, 15
nymphs, No. 3623.3, Ellijay Creek at Hwy. 90, Aug. 21, 1955, CDH and LB,
1 nymph, No. 3673.7; Polk Co., Paceolet River, July 27, 1955, CDH and LB,
15 nymphs, No. 3764.7; Randolph Co., 3.5 miles s. of Coleridge at Hwy. 22,
July 5, 1955, CDH, 2 nymphs, No. 3733.9; Swain Co., Smokemont, June 25,
1957, CDH, 1 9 adult, No. 3961.7, Deep Creek at Bryson City, Aug. 15, 1954,
LB, 25 nymphs, No. 3613.14, Cherokee, July 8, 1957, CDH, 1 & adult, No.
3969.3; Transylvania Co., Hwy. 276 s. of Brevard, June 17, 1955, CDH,
2 nymphs, No. 3581.4; Union Co., Richardson Creek at Hwy. 218, July 7,
1955, CDH, 1 nymph. South Carolina: Greenville Co., North Saluda River
at Hwy. 11, Aug. 5, 1955, CDH, 3 nymphs, No. 3856.6; Laurens Co., South
Rabon Creek at Hwy. 76, June 9, 1955, CDH, 50 nymphs, 1 & subimago,
No. 3562.0. Tennessee: Franklin Co., 11.4 miles w. of Winchester, Hwy.
64, April 13, 1954, Jean Pugh, 5 nymphs, No. 3421.0; Robertson Co., 7 miles
e. of Clarkesville at Hwy. 76, June 16, 1956, CDH, 1 nymph, No. 3885.7;
Sevier Co., Pigeon Forge, July 24, 1957, CDH, 2 9 adults, No. 3981.8, Little
Pigeon River, Aug. 5, 1956, CDH, 2 nymphs, No. 3833.10, Hwy. 411, 21
miles w. of junction with 25 EL, Aug. 5, 1956. CDH, 1 nymph, No. 3834.7;
Unicoi Co., Washington-Unicoi County line at Hwy. 107, Aug. 6, 1956,
CDH, 15 nymphs, No. 3835.5.
Ephemerella (Serratella) deficiens Morgan
Berner. 1950. Univ. Fla. Studies, Biol. Sci. Ser., 4(4): 160 (Ephemerella
sp. A).
The widely distributed Ephemerella deficiens was reported as Epheme-
rella sp. A by Berner (1950, 1958) from northwestern Florida, Georgia, and
Alabama. The species ranges over a vast territory, having been reported
from New York, Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, New
Hampshire, North Carolina, Massachusetts, Michigan, West Virginia, Vir-
ginia, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. There appears to be no correlation
between the distribution of the species and the physiographic regions of
eastern North America in which it occurs. Those factors limiting the
distribution of E. deficiens, are probably temperature and rate of stream
flow, the nymphs requiring moderately to swiftly-flowing water.
The biology of the nymphs of this species was discussed by Berner
(1950). Supplementary data confirm earlier findings. In the streams of
the piedmont and the mountains, the nymphs live side by side with those of
E. serratoides sharing identical habitats.
LOCALITY RECORDS: (all specimens in University of Florida collections
unless otherwise stated) Alabama: Bibb Co., Cahaba River north of Center-
ville, May 12, 1955, C. D. Hynes, 25 nymphs, No. 3712.6, June 16, 1954, CDH,
4 nymphs, No. 3496.9, June 22, 1956, CDH, 8 nymphs, 5 9 adults, No. 3905.8,
Shultze's Creek north of Centerville, June 17, 1954, CDH, 4 nymphs, No.
3497.0; Coosa Co., 11.8 miles s. of Coosa-Talladega Co. line, June 19, 1954,
Berner: Southeastern Species of Ephemerella
CDH, 10 nymphs, No. 3504.10; Covington Co., 11.4 miles e. of Brooklyn,
July 13, 1954, CDH, 4 nymphs, No. 3515.1; Dallas Co., 2.9 miles s. of junc-
tion of Hwy. 100 and Hwy. 43, on Hwy. 43, June 23, 1956, CDH, 1 nymph;
Elmore Co., Martin Dam road, 1.9 miles s. of Red Hill, June 10, 1954,
CDH and L. Berner, nymphs, No. 3477.5; Lauderdale Co., Cypress Creek
at Florence, June 10, 1956, CDH and LB, 35 nymphs, No. 3878.7, July 18,
1956, CDH, 1 nymph, No. 3826.5, 5.2 miles west of turnoff to lock four,
Wilson Dam, July 27, 1954, CDH, 4 nymphs, No. 3603.0; Macon Co.,
Uphappee Creek north of Tuskagee, June 9, 1954, CDH and LB, nymphs,
No. 3475.16; Mobile Co., 2.1 miles s. of Kushla, June 3, 1940, LB, 13 nymphs,
No. 1481.4, Seabury Creek s. of Kushla, June 3, 1940, LB, 2 nymphs, No.
1482.6; Shelby Co., Davis Creek w. of Montavallo, June 18, 1954, CDH,
15 nymphs, No. 3502.0; Tusaloosa Co., Creek on Hwy. 43, 5.8 miles n. of
intersection with Hwy. 171, April 15, 1956, CDH and LB, 4 nymphs, No.
3788.4, Gin Creek 12 miles n. of Tuscaloosa, May 11, 1955, 1 nymph, No.
3711.5, 15.6 miles s. of Tuscaloosa-Fayette Co. line on Hwy. 43, June 16,
1954, 6 nymphs, No. 3495.3. Florida: (all records prior to 1951 listed by
Berner, 1950, and not repeated here) Gadsden Co., 41 miles s. River Junc-
tion, April 4, 1953, LB, nymphs, No. 3301.5; Liberty Co., Crooked Creek
10 miles s. River Junction, March 27, 1954, LB, 1 nymph, No. 3402.2, Sweet-
water Creek, May 14, 1951, LB, 6 nymphs, 3 9 adults, No. 3336.3. Georgia:
Cherokee Co., Etowah River near Gober, June 23, 1955, CDH and LB, 3
nymphs, No. 3716.10, Aug. 18, 1956, CDH, 4 nymphs, No. 3823.4, Etowah
River at Canton, July 30, 1954, CDH, 6 nymphs, No. 3609.4; Decatur Co.,
Mosquito Creek at Hwy. 97, April 5, 1953, LB, nymphs, No. 3317.2; Early
Co., 1.9 miles e. of Saffold, Feb. 2, 1949, I. J. Cantrall and LB, nymphs;
Fulton Co., 10 miles n. of Atlanta, April 28, 1938, LB, 1 nymph, No. 1187.1;
Lumpkin Co., Chestatee River at Hwy. 52, Aug. 13, 1955, CDH and LB,
6 nymphs, No. 3714.7; Peach Co., Mossy Creek, 4 miles n. Perry, April 10,
1954, CDH and LB, 10 nymphs, No. 3406.0; Pickens Co., Hwy. 5, 1.7 miles s.
of junction with Hwy. 136, June 21, 1956, CDH, nymphs, No. 3903.3; Pike
Co., Flat Shoals, 6 miles w. Concord, April 21, 1933, P. W. Fattig, 2
nymphs (Emory University collections); Wilkes Co., 5 miles e. Tignall,
July 14, 1955, CDH, 2 nymphs, No. 3754.6. Mississippi: Lauderdale Co.,
Don's Falls s. of Meridian, July 14, 1954, CDH, 5 nymphs, No. 3519.3;
Pike Co., Tangipahoa River at Hwy. 51, Aug. 19, 1954, CDH, 2 nymphs,
No. 3646.6. North Carolina: Davidson Co., South Fork Creek at Hwy.
150, July 6, 1955, CDH, 1 nymph; Jackson Co., Hurricane Creek, June
13, 1955, LB, 2 nymphs, No. 3538.2; Macon Co., Middle Creek, 8 miles s.
of Highlands, Aug. 11, 1948, LB, 1 nymph, No. 3192.6; Swain Co., Ocono-
luftee River at Smokemont, May 28, 1934, T. H. Frison (Illinois Natural
History Survey), June 25, 1957, CDH, 2 & adults, No. 3961.6; Transylvania
Co., Hwy. 276 s. of Brevard, June 17, 1955, CDH, 35 nymphs, No. 3581.6,
Pisgah National Forest at Hwy. 276, July 30, 1957, CDH, 4 9 adults,
No. 3988.0. South Carolina: Aiken Co., Dikes above Ellenton, no date,
T. Dolan and S. S. Roback, nymphs (identified by J. R. Traver and in
collection of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia); Anderson
Co., Hwy. 76 n. of Anderson, June 8, 1955, CDH, 1 nymph, No. 3560.3;
Edgefield Co., 6.1 miles n. of North Augusta at Hwy. 230, July 13, 1955,
CDH, 1 nymph, No. 3752.6; Fairfield Co., Parr, April 19, 1955, CDH and
LB, 4 nymphs, No. 3704.1; Greenville Co., Hwy. 14, 1.5 miles n. of junction
157
The Florida Entomologist
with Hwy. 29, Aug. 3, 1955, CDH, 1 nymph, North Saluda River at Hwy.
11, Aug. 5, 1955, CDH, 50 nymphs, No. 3856.4, Aug. 20, 1955, CDH, 10
nymphs No. 3865.3. Tennessee: Hawkins Co., 9 miles w. of Church Hill,
Aug. 2, 1956, CDH, 15 nymphs, No. 3828.1; Polk Co., Hwy. 30, 1.7 miles n.
of Junction with Hwy. 64, Aug. 11, 1956, CDH, 4 nymphs, No. 3817.0;
Sevier Co., Gatlinburg, Fighting Creek, May 27, 1934, T. H. Frison, nymphs
(in collection of Illinois Natural History Survey), Pigeon Forge, July 24,
1957, CDH, 1 & adult, No. 3981.9, Little Pigeon River, Aug. 5, 1956, CDH,
2 nymphs, No. 3833.9, Hwy. 411, 21 miles w. of junction with Hwy. 25 E,
Aug. 5, 1956, CDH, 3 nymphs, No. 3834.8; Unicoi Co., Hwy. 107 at Wash-
ington-Unicoi county line, Aug. 6, 1956, 1 nymph, CDH, No. 3835.6.
LITERATURE CITED
Berner, Lewis. 1950. The mayflies of Florida. Univ. Fla. Studies, Biol.
Sci. Ser. 4(4) :xii + 267, 24 pls., 88 figs., 19 maps.
Berner, Lewis. 1958. A list of mayflies from the lower Apalachicola River
drainage. Quart. Jour. Fla. Acad. Sci., 21(1) : 25-31, 1 fig.
Burks, B. D. 1953. The mayflies, or Ephemeroptera, of Illinois. Bull. 111.
Nat. Hist. Surv. 26(Art. 1): 1-216, 395 figs.
Ide, F. P. 1930. Contributions to the biology of Ontario mayflies with
descriptions of new species. Canad. Ent. 62: 204-212, pl. 17.
McDunnough, J. 1925. New Ephemerella species (Ephemeroptera). Canad.
Ent. 57: 41-43.
McDunnough, J. 1931. The eastern North American species of the genus
Ephemerella and their nymphs (Ephemeroptera). Canad. Ent. 63:
201-216, pls. xii-xiv.
McDunnough, J. 1931. New species of North American Ephemeroptera.
Canad. Ent. 63: 82-93.
Morgan, Ann H. 1911. May-flies of Fall Creek. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.
4:93-119, pls. vi-xii.
Traver, J. R. 1932. Mayflies of North Carolina. Jour. Elisha Mitchell
Sci. Soc., 47(2): 163-236.
Traver, J. R. 1935. The biology of mayflies. Part II. Systematic (in
Needham, Traver, and Hsu). pp. 237-739. Comstock, Publ. Co., Inc.,
Ithaca, N. Y.
Wright, M., and Lewis Berner. 1949. Notes on the mayflies of eastern
Tennessee. Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 24(4) : 287-298.
158
Vol. 44, No. 4
PARASITISM OF PURPLE SCALE IN FLORIDA
CITRUS GROVES 1
MARTIN H. MUMA 2 AND D. W. CLANCY 3
Early studies on natural control of purple scale, Lepidosaphes beckii
(Newman), in Florida stressed the importance of the so-called "friendly
fungi," Sphaerostilbe aurantiicola (Berk and Br.), Nectria diploac Berk and
Curt., Podonectria coccicola (Ell. and Ev.), Myriangium floridanum Hoehm,
and Verticillium cinnamomeum Petch. However, the results of later in-
vestigations by Holloway and Young (1943), Fisher, Thompson, and Grif-
fiths (1949), Ziegler (1949), and Fisher (1950a) (1950b) indicated that these
fungi were saprophytic. Concurrently, Fisher (1948), Fisher et al. (1949),
and Fisher (1950a) reported two species of endoparasitic fungi, Myiophagus
sp. and Hirsutella bess.eyi Fisher, attacking purple scale in Florida. The
former causes a disease of mature and immature scales known as chytri-
diosus. The latter is associated with a yeast-like disease of scale crawlers.
Three species of parasitic Hymenoptera, Aspidiotiphagus lounsburyi
(B. and P.), A. citrinus (Craw) and Prospaltella aurantii (How.), were
previously recorded from immature scales by Thompson and Griffiths
(1949), Muma (1955), and Griffiths and Thompson (1957). In rare in-
stances A. citrinus appeared to be a factor in reducing scale infestations
(Muma,1958, and unpublished data). However, these parasites and several
predators studied by the-same workers were generally unable to prevent
scale increase, and insecticides were usually required for the control of this
pest.
In June, 1958, a new parasitic wasp, Aphytis lepidosaphes Compere, was
discovered attacking purple scale near Fort Pierce and was soon found to
occur throughout peninsular Florida (Muma and Clancy, 1959; Clancy and
Muma, 1959). This discovery prompted an extensive survey of the main
citrus-growing areas to evaluate parasitism as a factor in the natural
control of purple scale. The data presented herein are the result of this
suvey.
METHODS
Eight essentially unsprayed groves were selected in each of the five
major citrus-growing areas, and leaf samples were collected in January,
April, July, and October for a two-year period. Ten purple scale-infested
leaves were collected from each of the 40 groves at each visit for mass
rearing of parasites to determine comparative parasite abundance. An-
other ten infested leaves were collected from 20 of these groves for micro-
scopic examination to determine rates of parasitism.
Mass-rearing samples were examined under a dissecting microscope and
other species of scale insects were removed insofar as possible. These
samples were then placed in ice cream cartons fitted with plastic funnels
and test tubes and maintained at 80"F. until the adult parasites had
SFlorida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series No. 1292.
SUniversity of Florida Citrus Experiment Station, Lake Alfred.
3 Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S.D.A.,
formerly at Lake Alfred, Florida.
The Florida Entomologist
emerged and died. Each species was then counted and its relative abun-
dance calculated.
The remaining samples were examined under a dissecting microscope
and each parasitized, healthy or previously parasitized scale was recorded.
Individual records were taken for each stage and sex of the host and for
each recognizable species of parasite. Parasitism rates were calculated
from these data, and were based on healthy scales and scales containing
some stage of the parasites.
Original determinations of the hymenopterous parasites were made by
B. D. Burks of the U.S.N.M. and Harold Compere of the University of
California. Parasitic fungi were identified by the criteria cited by Fisher
et al. (1949 and Fisher 1950b).
RESULTS
PARASITIC FUNGI.-Only the endoparasitic chytrid, Myiophagus sp., was
recorded because the crawler disease associated with H. besseyi is con-
sidered of minor importance. The mortality of adult female scales caused
by Myiophagus is shown in Figure 1. Disease incidence during the first
six months of study approached the pattern previously recorded (Fisher
et al., 1949) with peak infection occurring in the summer and fall during
warm, wet weather and high host density. Since the spring of 1959, how-
ever, chytridiosus has steadily declined with no seasonal fluctuations. This
condition has existed throughout the state.
FIG.I-PARASITISM OF ADULT FEMALE PURPLE SCALES BY
APHYTIS LEPIDOSAPHES COMPERE 8 MYIOPHAGUS SR,
FALL 1958 TO SUMMER 1960
APHYTIS
30-
S -----MY
Ch
NLI
S20
10
z
FALL WINTER SPRING
1958
IOPHAGUS
>
-r
I
I I '" -T- --
SUMMER FALL
1959
WINTER
I
SPRING SUMMER
1960
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA.-Although all four primary parasites and
the hyperparasite, Thysanus flavopalliatus (Ashmead), were reared, only
| I I | l_
160
Vol. 44, No. 4
-A-Y __.
Muma: Parasitism of Purple Scale in Florida
A. lepidosaphes, A. lounsburyi, and A. citrinus were sufficiently abundant
to study. P. aurantii comprised 2.0 percent of the parasite population
(Table 1) but was never reared from individually isolated scales nor recog-
nized during microscopic examinations. T. flavopalliatus represented 3.1
percent of the parasite population (Table 1), but was seen only twice,
attacking A. lepidosaphes.
TABLE 1.-RELATIVE ABUNDANCE BY AREA AND SEASON OF HYMENOPTEROUS
PARASITES REARED FROM PURPLE SCALE, FALL 1958 TO SUMMER 1960.
Area and Percent of Parasite Population for Each Species Number
Season Aphytis Aspidiotiphagus Prospaltella Thysanus Samples
North 69.1 22.0 2.1 6.6 64
Central 60.9 30.9 3.9 4.1 62
South 42.3 53.1 0.5 3.9 63
East Coast 39.8 56.0 2.4 1.6 65
West Coast 44.7 53.2 1.2 0.7 66
Winter 73.7 21.8 3.0 1.4 80
Spring 64.5 31.1 2.6 1.8 81
Summer 27.4 67.5 1.3 3.6 78
Fall 39.2 55.4 1.0 4.3 81
Mean 51.3 43.4 2.0 3.1
The newly discovered golden eulophid, A. lepidosaphes, comprised 51.3
percent of the parasite population, and was relatively more abundant in
the northern and central areas, and during the winter and spring (Table 1
and Figure 2). The scales which produced this species were 96.4 percent
adult females, 3.5 percent prepupal males and 0.1 percent second instar
females. Although parasitism of adult female scales by A. lepidosaphes
ranged from 0.0 to 100.0 percent, the seasonal means varied from 12.5 to
28.7 percent with parasitism highest in the winter and spring and lowest
in the summer and fall (Figure 1). Figure 1 also shows that parasitism
by A. lepidosaphes increased markedly during the study period. Parasitism
counts did not reveal a geographic difference such as that indicated by
the relative abundance of emerged adults.
The previously recorded brown and yellow eulophids, A. lounsburyi and
A. citrinus, were recorded as a unit because species identification was de-
pendent on microscopic examination. Aspidiotiphagus spp. represented 43.4
percent of the total parasite population and were relatively more abundant
in the south, east coast, and west coast areas, and during the summer and
fall (Table 1 and Figure 2). The scales from which these parasites emerged
were 0.4 percent adult females, 10.2 percent second instar females and
89.4 percent prepupal males. Although parasitism of prepupal males by
Aspidiotiphagus spp. ranged from 0.0 to 32.0 percent, the seasonal means
162 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 44, No. 4
varied from 1.7 to 8.7 percent with parasitism highest in the summer and
fall, and in the south and west coast areas.
FIG.2-RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES
REARED FROM PURPLE SCALE SAMPLES,-
FALL 1958 TO SUMMER 1960
APHYTIS LEPIDOSAPHES
----- ASPIDIOTIPHAGUS SPP
80 -- -- PROSPALTELLA AURANTII
S. .... THYSANUS FLAVOPALLIATUS
70 I
/ \ I
60- / I
z
J 50 \
o
a.
\ I
S40 -
30- \ /
0
I0 -
FALL WINTER SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER SPRING SUMMER
1958 1959 1960
About 10 percent of the reared adult Aspidiotiphagus were mounted and
examined microscopically to determine the relative abundance of the two
species involved. As shown in Figure 3, A. citrinus represented about 85.5
percent of the original population, but was almost replaced by A. lounsburyi.
This species reversal occurred during the first three months of the survey.
Muma: Parasitism of Purple Scale in Florida
DISCUSSION
This study of purple scale parasitism has been complicated by the
biological natures of the several species of parasites. Aphytis lepidosaphes
was the only external parasite found attacking purple scale. For this
reason parasitism counts of A. lepidosaphes, are believed to be reasonably
accurate, whereas counts of the internal parasites, Aspidiotiphagus spp. and
Myiophagus sp. are considered low because early stages could not be recog-
nized. Furthermore, A. lepidosaphes, except for a single rearing from
Glover scale, Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard) has been taken only from
purple scale, whereas the other hymenopterous parasites are known to
attack several scale species. Adult hearings, therefore, may have been
contaminated by Aspidiotiphagus spp. from other scales known to occur
within purple scale clumps. Also, no comparable data were obtained for
the fungus Myiophagus sp. Despite these limitations, the results indicate
several facts concerning parasitism of purple scale.
FIG.3-RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF ASPIDIOTIPHAGUS LOUNSBURYI
(B.8P.) AND A. CITRINUS CRAW IN SAMPLES OF REARED
PARASITES, SUMMER 1958 TO SUMMER 1960
-- LOUNSBURYI
----- CJTRINUS
FALL WINTER
1958
SUMME
1959
WINTER SPRING SUMMER
I 19'0
The rapid decline and subsequent scarcity of purple scale in Florida
citrus groves since 1958 (Simanton, 1960 and 1961) coincides with the
discovery and increase of its parasite, A. lepidosaphes. Although present
evidence is circumstantial, this parasite is believed to be responsible for
the unprecedented recent reduction in purple scale infestations.
There are several reasons for this belief. First, the parasite attacks
the critical adult female stage of the scale which was previously almost
SUMMER
163
The Florida Entomologist
free of parasitism, except by the fungus Myiophagus sp., during periods
of high host density, temperature and moisture. Second, chytridiosus has
been markedly reduced and shows no indication of recovering its previous
sharp seasonal fluctuations. Third, A. lepidosaphes seems to have a highly
developed host-finding capacity as it presently maintains high rates of
parasitism despite extremely low scale populations. Four, A. citrinus, the
only hymenopterous parasite previously known to be associated with scale
decreases, has been largely replaced by A. lounsburyi which primarily
"wastes" its attack on male scales. Fifth, although several predators are
known to attack purple scale (Muma, 1955), little evidence of predation
has been observed in scale infestations. In essence, the rate of attack by
A. lepidosaphes has increased as purple scale infestation declined while
attack by other known natural control agents has decreased.
Other possible reasons for the success of A. lepidosaphes include a short
life cycle, which results in several generations of the parasite to each
generation of the host, and adult feeding on non-parasitized scales, which
results in additional scale mortality (Clausen, 1956), and its relative
abundance in sprayed groves, which indicates tolerance to many pesticides
(Simanton, 1961 and unpublished data).
LITERATURE CITED
Clancy, D. W., and Martin M. Muma. 1959. Purple scale parasite found
in Florida. Jour. Econ. Ent. 52(5): 1025-1026.
Clausen, C. P. 1956. Biological control of insect pests in the continental
United States. U. S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 1139: 151 pp.
Fisher, F E. 1948. Insect disease studies. Fla. Agric. Exp. Sta. Ann.
Rept. 1947: 162.
Fisher, F. E. 1950a. Two new species of Hirsutella Patouillard, Mycologia
42: 290-297.
Fisher, F. E. 1950b. Entomogenous fungi attacking scale insects and rust
mites on citrus in Florida. Jour. Econ. Ent. 43(3): 305-309.
Fisher, F. E., W. L. Thompson and J. T. Griffiths, Jr. 1949. Progress
report on the fungus diseases of scale insects attacking citrus in
Florida. Fla. Ent. 32(1): 1-10.
Griffiths, James T., and W. L. Thompson. 1957. Insects and mites found
on Florida citrus. Univ. of Fla. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 591: 1-96.
Holloway, J. K., and T. R. Young. 1943. Influence of fungicidal sprays
on entomogenous fungi and on the purple scale in Florida. Jour.
Econ. Ent. 36: 453-457.
Muma, Martin H. 1955. Factors contributing to the natural control of
citrus insects and mites in Florida. Jour. Econ. Ent. 48(4) : 432-438.
Muma, Martin H. 1958. Insect parasitism and related biological factors
as concerned with citrus insect and mite control. Fla. Agric. Exp.
Sta. Ann. Rept. 1957: 193-194.
Muma, Martin H., and D. W. Clancy. 1959. A purple scale parasite new
to Florida citrus. Citrus Mag., April: 18.
Simanton, William A. 1960. Seasonal populations of citrus insects and
mites in commercial groves. Fla. Ent. 43(1): 49-57.
164
Vol. 44, No. 4
Muma: Parasitism of Purple Scale in Florida 165
Simanton, William A. 1961. The reduced status of purple scale as a
citrus pest. The Citrus Industry 42(4): 5-7, 9.
Thompson, W. L., and J. T. Griffiths, Jr. 1949. Purple scale and Florida
red scale as insect pests of citrus in Florida. Univ. of Fla. Agric.
Exp. Sta. Bull. 462: 1-40.
Ziegler, L. W. 1949. The possible truer status of the red-headed scale
fungus. Fla. Ent. 32: 151-157.
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When used as recommended it
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To insure thorough coverage
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NEW FALSE SPIDER MITES WITH NOTES ON SOME'
PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED SPECIES (ACARINA:
TENUIPALPIDAE)1
DONALD DE LEON
Erwin, Tennessee
Sixteen new species of false spider mites are described from Tennessee,
North Carolina, Georgia, and Florida; the notes deal primarily with new
host and distribution records for species collected chiefly in these states;
one name, Brevipalpus deleoni, is synonymized.
All measurements are given in microns and body length includes the
rostrum.
Brevipalpus dipholisi, n. sp.
(Figure 1, A and B)
Brevipalpus dipholisi belongs to the species group having five pairs of
dorsolateral hysterosomal setae, palpus with 1 seta and a sensory rod at
distal end of last segment, and tarsus II of the female with 1 sensory rod.
Although it appears to be allied to the lochmius-salviella sub-group in
having the rostrum reaching slightly beyond the distal end of femur I, it
differs from these two species in having but the single seta at end of palp
and all dorsal body setae short.
FEMALE: Body reddish pink, length 283, width 155; markings of dorsum
and shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 1, A. Hysterosomal pores
faint. Venter medially practically smooth anterior of posterior medio-
ventral metapodosomals; area posterior of these two setae to genital plate
transversely striate, ventral plate lacking anterior part of frame; genital
plate with areolae wider than long. Posterior medioventrals much longer
than anterior pair. Third segment (as well as fourth) of palp with 1
seta; seta of second segment short (7 microns). Rod of tarsus II slender,
straight-sided, 7.7 long. Claws of tarsi with large hooks.
MALE: Resembles female, but tarsus II with 2 rods.
NYMPH: Shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 1, B.
Holotype: Female, Key Largo, Florida, October 16, 1958 (D. De Leon),
on Dipholis salicifolia. Paratypes: 8 males, 4 nymphs, other data same as
for holotype.
Brevipalpus obovoides, n. sp.
(Figure 2, A, B, and C)
The female Brevipalpus obovoides resembles B. obovatus Donn. (Pritch-
ard and Baker, 1952) in number of dorsolateral setae, in having 1 rod on
tarsus II and in the markings of the dorsum, but the palpus bears only
1 seta and a rod terminally and the markings of the venter are distinctive.
FEMALE: Length 292, width 155; markings of dorsum and shapes of
dorsal setae as shown in figure 2, A. Hysterosomal pores faint in some
specimens, not observed in others. Venter anterior of ventral plate, except
SCost of engravings borne by a grant from the Pinellas Foundation,
Inc., St. Petersburg, Florida.
The Florida Entomologist
coxal bases II, III, and IV, fully areolate, the areolae mostly in clusters
of 2 to 8, spaces between clusters forming an irregular reticulate pattern;
ventral plate with areolae similar to those anterior of it, but areolae
arranged in nearly transverse rows; anterior part of frame composed of
two bands; genital plate with areolae much wider than long, most of the
areolae extending nearly the width of the plate. Posterior medioventrals
much longer than the anterior pair. Rod of tarsus II slightly club-shaped,
about 7 long; tarsal claws with large hooks. Seta of palp segment 2 short
(10 microns), coarse, serrate.
MALE: Resembles female, especially in markings of venter and in having
1 rod on tarsus II. Seta of palp segment 2 slender and about 7 long.
NYMPH: Shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 1, B.
Holotype: Female, Key Largo, Fla., June 7, 1956 (D. De Leon), on
Forestiera porulosa. Paratypes: 2 females, 1 male, 2 nymphs, other data
same as for holotype; 2 females, 1 male, 1 nymph, Key Largo, Fla., Novem-
ber 22, 1958, on Eugenia buxifolia.
The following three species (bumeliae, conocarpi, and pycnanthemi)
belong to the species group having six pairs of dorsolateral hysterosomals,
1 seta and a sensory rod at end of palp, the posterior medioventrals very
much longer than the anterior pair, and tarsus II of the female with 1
sensory rod.
Brevipalpus bumeliae, n. sp.
(Figure 3, A and B)
Brevipalpus bumeliae is readily distinguished from other members of
this group that have the dorsum with somewhat irregular reticulations as
it lacks the anterior part of the frame of the ventral plate.
FEMALE: Body greyish with a tinge of red, length 242, width 143;
markings of dorsum and shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 3, A;
hysterosoma without observable pores. Venter smooth medially anterior
of posterior medioventrals, area between these setae and genital plate with
widely spaced, more or less transverse striae; genital plate with areolae
much wider than long. Tarsus II with sensory rod 7 long, almost straight-
sided; all claws with large hooks.
MALE: Resembles female, but tarsus II with 2 rods, the outer rod very
long (11-14 microns), straight-sided.
NYMPH: Dorsal setae of shapes shown in figure 3, B. Dorsocentrals 3,
if present, not found.
Holotype: Female, Key Largo, Fla., November 22, 1958 (D. De Leon),
on Bumelia sp. Paratypes: 1 female, 2 males, 1 nymph, other data same
as for holotype.
Brevipalpus conocarpi, n. sp.
(Figure 4, A and B)
Brevipalpus conocarpi is distinct from other members of this group in
having the dorsum covered with mostly small (8-11 per 30 microns), rounded
areolae; the female, like bumeliae, lacks the anterior part of the frame of
the ventral plate.
FEMALE: Anterior part of propodosoma and legs whitish, rest of body
red; length of body 266, width 149; markings of dorsum and shapes of
dorsal setae as shown in figure 4, A; hysterosoma apparently without pores.
168
Vol. 44, No. 4
De Leon: New False Spider Mites 169
Venter smooth medially anterior of posterior medioventrals, area between
these setae and genital plate more or less transversely striate, the areolae
very much wider than long; genital plate with areolae mostly angular and
somewhat wider than long. Rod of tarsus II 12.6 to 15 long, straight-sided;
claws with large hooks.
MALE: Resembles'female, but tarsus II with 2 rods.
NYMPH: Shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 4, B.
Holotype: Female, Coral Gables, Fla., July 19, 1955 (D. De Leon), on
Conocarpus erecta. Paratypes: 6 females, 1 male, 2 nymphs, Coral Gables,
Fla., July 22, 1955; 1 female, Key Largo, Fla., October 3, 1958.
Brevipalpus pycnanthemi, n. sp.
(Figure 5, A and B)
The female Brevipalpus pycnanthemi resembles B. selas P. and B. 1952.
It differs most noticeably from that species in the markings of the venter,
the male in having a single sensory rod and the nymph in having propo-
dosonal 1 long and hysterosomal 5 minute.
FEMALE: Body bright red, length 304, width 176. Markings of dorsum
and shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 5, A; areolae medially very
closely placed, the lines of demarcation barely visible in some specimens;
hysterosoma without distinct pores. Venter areolate medially, the areolae
mostly small and rounded and mostly in clusters, the clusters irregular in
shape; in some specimens areolae indistinct between anterior and posterior
medioventrals. Ventral plate with small, rounded areolae, mostly in
clusters; genital plate with areolae wider than long. Rod of tarsus II
about 7 long, nearly straight-sided. Claws with moderate sized hooks.
MALE: Resembles female, including length of rod of tarsus II.
NYMPH: Shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 5, B. Of 10 nymphs,
3 have one member of dorsocentrals 2 nearly as long as dorsocentrals 3.
LARVA: Resembles nymph, but dorsolateral 7 minute. Dorsolateral 9
is not flagelliform, but minute. Of 4 larvae, 1 has one member of dorso-
centrals 2 nearly as long dorsocentrals 3.
Holotype: Female, Pensacola, North Carolina, August 22, 1958 (D. De
Leon), on Pycnanthemum pycnanthemoides. Paratypes: 4 females, 3 males,
10 nymphs, other data same as for holotype. Specimens which apparently
are a variety of pycnanthemi were collected from Eupatorium serotinum at
Columbus, Georgia, August, 1956. The adults differ from those taken on
Pyenanthemum in having the venter practically smooth and a shorter (4.9
long) and more club-shaped rod on tarsus II; the nymphs (figure 6) differ
in having dorsolateral 7 minute and dorsocentrals 2 do not appear to be as
variable since of 9 specimens all have both members of the pair minute,
also the long dorsolaterals are somewhat shorter. It is proposed that
specimens with these variations be called variety georgianus.
The following six species (janeae, psychotriae, tiliae, lysilomae, styxus,
and ocoteae) have six pairs of dorsolateral hysterosomals, 2 setae and a
sensory rod at the end of the palpus, the posterior medioventrals very much
longer than the anterior pair (except psychotriae), and the female with 1
sensory rod on tarsus II.
A B B
AA
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B
A -, B AK R
v^^ 'ty *f i~yix h
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De Leon: New False Spider Mites 171
Brevipalpus janeae, n. sp.
(Figure 7, A and B)
Brevipalpus janeae resembles B. essigi Baker 1949 in the markings of
the dorsum, but the rostrum is much shorter and the male and nymph
differ.
FEMALE: Body rather bright red, length 293, width 165; markings of
dorsum and shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 7, A; propodosoma
and hysterosoma each with a pair of faint pores in some specimens, in
others pores not seen; areolae medially very close together, the lines of
demarcation faint in places. Venter medially with small rounded areolae,
areolae mostly clustered in small groups; areolae faint in area between
anterior and posterior medioventrals; ventral plate with rather large,
regularly polygonal areolae; areolae of genital plate much wider than long.
Rod of tarsus II about 5.6 long, straight-sided. Claws with large hooks.
MALE: Resembles female, but tarsus II with 2 rods.
NYMPHS: Shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 7, B.
Holotype: Female, Columbus, Georgia, August 29, 1956 (D. De Leon),
on Aureolaria flava subsp. reticulata. Paratypes: 10 females, 2 males, 14
nymphs, other data same as for holotype; 7 females, 8 males, 4 nymphs,
Columbus, Ohio, September 6, 1957, on Weigela sp. The specimens from
Georgia were taken in association with B. obovatus Donn. The areolae on
the venter of the adults from Ohio are somewhat less distinct than those
on the specimens from Georgia. The species is named for Miss Jane Ellen
Tyrrell of Columbus, Ohio, who was a little mite herself when she helped
mount specimens of it.
Brevipalpus psychotriae, n. sp.
(Figure 8)
The female Brevipalpus psychotriae closely resembles B. oncidii Baker
1949, but differs from that species in being much smaller and in having
most of the venter of the podosoma covered medially with small, rounded
areolae. The male and nymph are unknown.
FEMALE: Body reddish yellow, length 304, width 175; markings of
dorsum and shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 8; hysterosomal pores
faint. Venter of propodosoma between apodemes 2 and posterior of medio-
ventrals covered with very small, rounded areolae; metapodosoma medially
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
Plate 1
Figure 1. Brevipalpus dipholisi, n. sp. A, female; B, nymph.
Figure 2. Brevipalpusj obovoides, n. sp. A, female; B, nymph; C, ventral
areolae of female.
Figure 3. Brevipalpus bumeliae, n. sp. A, female; B, nymph.
Figure 4. Brevipalpus conocarpi, n. sp. A, female; B, nymph.
Figure 5. Brevipalpus pycnanthemi, n. sp. A, female; B, nymph.
Figure 6. Brevipalpus pycnanthemi, n. sp. Variety georgianus, nymph.
Figure 7. Brevipalpus janeae, n. sp. A, female; B, nymph.
Figure 8. Brevipalpus psychotriae, n. sp., female.
Figure 9. Brevipalpus tiliae, n. sp. A, female; B, nymph.
The Florida Entomologist
with small, rounded areolae; ventral plate with mostly small, rounded
areolae arranged in more or less transverse rows, anterior part of frame
of ventral plate composed of 2 to 3 bands; genital plate with areolae wider
than long. Anterior and posterior medioventral metapodosomals short.
Rod of tarsus II 7.7 long, straight-sided; genu IV with 1 seta. Claws with
large hooks.
Holotype: Female, Key Largo, Fla., January 27, 1959 (D. De Leon), on
Psychotria sp. Paratype: 1 female, other data same as for holotype.
Brevipalpus tiliae, n. sp.
(Figure 9, A and B)
The female Brevipalpus tiliae resembles B. sayedi Baker 1949 in mark-
ings of dorsum, but is larger, the rostrum is shorter, and the venter lacks
the marked transverse striations. The nymph is also distinctive.
FEMALE: Body yellowish brown to pale apricot, length 298, width 165.
Markings of dorsum and shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 9, A;
hysterosomal pores very prominent. Venter practically smooth between
anterior and posterior medioventrals, area posterior of these latter setae
areolate, the areolae wider than long and arranged in more or less trans-
verse rows; ventral plate with areolae similarly arranged; genital plate
with aerolae wider than long. Rod of tarsus II 5.6 long, slightly club-
shaped. Claws with large hooks.
MALE: Resembles female, but tarsus II with 2 rods; the outer rod
appears to be slightly spiralled.
NYMPH: Shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 9, B.
Holotype: Female, Erwin, Tenn., August 31, 1960 (D. De Leon), on
Tilia heterophylla. Paratypes: 13 females, 6 males, 4 nymphs, other data
same as for holotype.
Brevipalpus lysilomae, n. sp.
(Figure 10, A and B)
The female Brevipalpus lysilomae resembles B. xystus P. and B. 1958
in having a rather long rostrum, but the dorsum lacks the striate pattern
and the hysterosoma has a deep, narrow mediolateral groove; the nymph is
also different. The male is unknown.
FEMALE: Body dark red, length 262, width 145. Markings of dorsum
and shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 10, A; hysterosoma with very
prominent pores. Rostrum in some specimens reaching about to, in others
to slightly beyond distal end of femur I. Venter with area anterior of
posterior medioventrals smooth, area between these setae and anterior
part of frame of ventral plate with rather small, rounded areolae; ventral
plate with rather small, rounded areolae; genital plate with irregularly
shaped narrow areolae much wider than long. Rod of tarsus II distinctly
club-shaped, about 4.9 long. Claws with large hooks.
NYMPH: Shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 10, B.
Holotype: Female, Key Largo, Florida, February 9, 1959 (D. De Leon),
on Lysiloma bahamensis. Paratypes: 4 females, 3 nymphs, other data same
as for holotype.
172
Vol. 44, No. 4
De Leon: New False Spider Mites
Brevipalpus styxus, n. sp.
(Figure 11, A and B)
Brevipalpus styxus resembles B. lysilomae in dorsal markings, but differs
most noticeably in having a shorter rostrum and in the markings of the
venter; the nymph also differs. The male is unknown.
FEMALE: Body dark brownish red, length 284, width 145-173. Mark-
ings of dorsum and shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 11, A; hystero-
soma with distinct pores. Venter smooth or nearly so in a narrow area
extending from ventral plate to a point about even with posterior medio-
ventrals and then widening to an area somewhat wider than distance be-
tween anterior medioventral metapodosomals and extending forward to
beyond medioventral propodosomals; lateral of the smooth area of the meta-
podosoma areolae distinct, moderately large and arranged mostly in longi-
tudinal rows; ventral plate with areolae of about the same size as those
at sides of smooth area, but arranged medially in transverse rows; genital
plate with narrow areolae very much wider than long. Rod of tarsus II
slightly club-shaped 5.6-6.3 long. Claws with moderate sized hooks.
NYMPH: Shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 11, B.
Holotype: Female, Delray Beach, Fla., September 9, 1956 (D. De Leon),
on Solanum bahamense. Paratypes: 10 females, 1 nymph, other data same
as for holotype.
Brevipalpus ocoteae, n. sp.
(Figure 12, A, B, and C)
Brevipalpus ocoteae resembles B. formosus De Leon 1960. The seta of
the second segment of the palp is elliptic and the markings of the dorsum
have the same general pattern; it differs most noticeably from formosus
in being larger and more elongate, less strongly tuberculate, and in having
the pitted mediodorsal area of the propodosoma much wider. The male is
unknown.
FEMALE: Length 279, width 161. Markings of dorsum and shapes of
dorsal setae as shown in figure 12, A; hysterosomal pores faint. Venter
of metapodosoma, except for a small smooth, oval area between anterior
medioventrals, medially with small, rounded areolae; ventral plate with
small rounded areolae arranged in more or less transverse row; frame of
ventral plate at sides unusually wide; genital plate with areolae much
wider than long. Seta of second segment of palp elliptic, serrate. Rod of
tarsus II about 7 long, straight-sided. Claws with large hooks.
NYMPH: Shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 12, B. Dorsolateral
idiosomals 9 and 10 are minute, and 9 is ventral rather than dorsal.
LARVA: Shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 12, C.
Holotype: Female, Key Largo, Fla., February 18, 1959 (D. De Leon),
on Ocotea coriacea. Paratypes: 2 females, 4 nymphs, other data as for
holotype; 1 female, 1 nymph, 1 larva, Everglades National Park, Fla.,
March 19, 1959.
Brevipalpus fraxini, n. sp.
(Figure 13, A and B)
Brevipalpus fraxini belongs to the species group having 6 pairs of dorso-
lateral hysterosomals, 2 setae and a sensory rod on end of palpus, the
173
17 18
De Leon: New False Spider Mites
posterior medioventral metapodosomals much longer than the anterior pair,
and tarsus II of the female with 2 rods. The female is distinct from
other members of this group in having the rostrum reaching to the distal
end of femur I and the hysterosoma with a deep mediolateral groove. The
male is unknown.
FEMALE: Body varying in color from dark grey to yellowish white;
length 257, width 137. Markings of dorsum and shapes of dorsal setae as
shown in figure 13, A; the narrow, convoluted areolae of the mediolateral
area of the propodosoma in some specimens have many pits or hollows
between them, in others the areolae adjoin each other more closely leaving
no or only a few pits between them; in some specimens the propodosoma
bears a pair of faint pores; the hysterosomal pores are prominent. Venter
smooth in a narrow area between anterior and posterior medioventral meta-
podosomals, the area between these latter setae and frame of ventral plate
with small oval and rounded areolae; ventral plate with similar areolae;
genital plate with areolae much wider than long. Outer rod of tarsus II
club-shaped, about 4.5 long. Claws with large hooks.
NYMPH: Shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 13, B. Propodosomal
1 and dorsocentral 2 not found, if present.
Holotype: Female, Columbus, Georgia, August 29, 1956 (D. De Leon),
on Fraxinus profunda. Paratypes: 13 females, 5 nymphs, other data same
as for holotype. The mites were numerous and appeared to be causing a
bronzing of the leaves along the midrib and secondary veins; eggs were
very common, salmon colored and were laid in among the hairs bordering
the veins. Five female Brevipalpus collected on Fraxinus sp. at Fayette-
ville, Arkansas, July, 1957, and 6 females, 4 males, and 1 nymph collected
on Fraxinus sp. at Harrisonburg, Illinois, August, 1957, resemble very
closely the specimens from Georgia, but tarsus II of the female has only 1
rod and the areolae of the dorsum are on the whole somewhat smaller and
more regular; the male has 2 sensory rods on tarsus II, the nymph re-
sembles those from Georgia. Although further study may show otherwise,
the difference in the number of rods on tarsus II of the females appears
to be a non-specific variation as seems to be the case with californicus
(Banks) (De Leon, 1961).
Tenuipalpus jussiaeae, n. sp.
(Figure 14, A and B)
Tenuipalpus jussiaeae resembles T. punicae P. & B. 1958, but differs
from that species in having a single seta at end of palp, the dorsolateral
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
Plate 2
Figure 10. Brevipalpus lysilomae, n. sp. A, female; B, nymph.
Figure 11. Brevipalpus styxus, n. sp. A, female; B, nymph.
Figure 12. Brevipalpus ocoteae, n. sp. A, female; B, nymph; C. larva.
Figure 13. Brevipalpus fraxini, n. sp. A, female; B, nymph.
Figure 14. Tenuipalpus jussiaeae, n. sp. A, female; B, nymph.
Figure 15. Tenuipalpus guettardae, n. sp. A, female; B. nymph.
Figure 16. Tenuipalpus gumbolimbonis, n. sp., A, female; B, nymph.
Figure 17. Pentamerismus judiciarius, n. sp., female.
Figure 18. Brevipalpus colpodes Pritchard and Baker, nymph.
The Florida Entomologist
setae shorter, and the dorsum of the propodosoma without a median ridge;
the dorsolateral setae of the nymph are also shorter. The male is unknown.
FEMALE: Body bright red, length 279, width 158; markings of dorsum
and shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 14, A. Venter with anterior
medioventrals short, posterior pair long, both pairs nude; other ventral
setae also nude. Palpus 3-segmented, the terminal segment with a single
nude seta about 7 long, the second segment with a serrate seta about 7 long.
Genua I and II each with 3 setae, 2 on the inner margin (a coarse seta
dorsal of a thin seta) and 1 on the outer margin; genua III and IV bare.
NYMPH: Shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 14, B.
Holotype: Female, Everglades National Park, Fla., March 19, 1959 (D.
De Leon), on Jussiaeae sp. Paratypes: 8 females, 13 nymphs, other data
same as for holotype.
Tenuipalpus guettardae, n. sp.
(Figure 15, A and B)
Tenuipalpus guettardae resembles T. japonicus Nishio as redescribed
by Ehara (1956); it differs most noticeably from that species by being
much smaller and in having the propodosoma strongly ridged and rugose
medially.
FEMALE: Body greenish to light yellow, length 240, width 134. Mark-
ings of dorsum and shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 15, A; rostrum
reaching about to middle of femur I. Venter with a pair of short, nude
anterior medioventrals and a pair of long, nude posterior medioventrals;
inner pair of setae of genital plate very short (4.5 long), less than half
as long as distance between their bases; outer pair about 3.5 long and
about as long as distance to bases of inner pair. Palp apparently 3-seg-
mented, the last segment with a terminal rod about 6 long; penultimate
segment with a coarse, serrate seta about 10 long. Genua I and II each
with a single seta (on inner margin), genua III and IV bare. Tarsi I
and II each with a single sensory rod.
MALE: Length 226, width 121; body strongly constricted behind coxae
IV and opisthosoma slightly narrowed behind dorsolateral I.
NYMPH: Shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 15, B. Dorsolateral
opisthosomals, except DL 4, all less than 5 long. No hysterosomal pores
observed.
Holotype: Female, Key Largo, Florida, October 16, 1958 (D. De Leon),
on Guettarda scabra. Paratypes: 3 females, 2 males, 1 nymph, other data
same as for holotype; 4 females, 2 nymphs, Everglades N. P., Fla., March
7, 1959, same host species.
Tenuipalpus gumbolimbonis, n. sp.
(Figure 16, A and B)
Tenuipalpus gumbolimbonis resembles T. anoplus B. and P. 1953 in
general appearance, but differs from that species in having a seta on the
outer margin of genua I and II, a seta on the anterior margin of coxa III,
and in other characters; it differs most noticeably from T. burserae De L.
1957 in having the dorsum nearly smooth and a seta on genu III. The male
is unknown.
176
Vol. 44, No. 4
De Leon: New False Spider Mites 177
FEMALE: Body reddish, length 260, width 177. Markings of dorsum
and shapes of dorsal setae as shown in figure 16, A; dorsolateral hystero-
somal 1 not found, if present. Venter with a single pair of short anterior
medioventrals and a single pair of long posterior medioventrals; all ventral
setae smooth and of normal lengths. Palpus 3-segmented, with a terminal
rod; second segment with a coarse, serrate seta. Tarsi I and II each with
a sensory rod and a short, coarse overlying guard seta; genua I and II
each with 2 setae on inner margin (a short, coarse seta dorsal of a long,
slender seta) and 1 seta on outer margin; coxa III and genua III each
with a serrate seta on anterior margin.
NYMPH: Markings of dorsum and shapes of dorsal setae as shown in
figure 16, B. Propodosomal 1 and hysterosomal 1 not found, if present.
Holotype: Female, Coral Gables, Fla., November 5, 1954 (D. De Leon),
on Bursera simaruba. Paratypes: 14 females, November 5, 1954 and 4
females, 10 nymphs August 30, 1955, Coral Gables, on B. simaruba; 4
females Sept. 19, 1956, Coral Gables, on Eugenia sp. This is a very com-
mon species on B. simaruba.
Pentamerismus judiciarius, n. sp.
(Figure 17)
Pentamerismus judiciarius resembles P. canadensis McGregor 1949, but
differs from that species in having propodosomals 1 and 2 large, the dorsal
seta of femur I palmate-serrate, and in other characters. The male is
unknown.
FEMALE: Length 305, width 182. Rostrum extending slightly beyond
distal end of femur I; markings of dorsum and shapes of dorsal setae as
shown in figure 17. The area between and slightly anterior of the third
pair of dorsocentrals and extending to the posterior margin of the body
practically smooth in some specimens. Ventral and genital plates smooth.
Second segment of palp with a very slender seta; fourth segment with 2
setae, fifth with 2 setae and a sensory rod, other segments bare; femur I
with a palmate-serrate dorsal seta, genua I and II each with a setiform
seta dorsad and a similar seta on inner margin; tarsi I and II each with 1
sensory rod; claws with large hooks.
NYMPH: Similar to female, but propodosomals 1 and 2 much more
slender.
Holotype: Female, Burnsville, North Carolina, October 16, 1957 (D.
De Leon), on Thuja occidentalis. Paratypes: 3 females, 1 nymph, other
data same as for holotype.
Types of the above species are in the author's collection.
The list below deals for the most part with new host and/or locality
records. Old records are enclosed in parentheses.
Aegyptobia nothus P. and B. 1958: (Taxodium distichum), Everglades
N. P., Fla., Jan., 1956; Paducah, Kentucky, Aug., 1957. (Juniperus vir-
giniana), Norfolk Lake, Ark.; Harrisonburg, Ill. Aug., 1957.
Pentamerismus oregonensis McGregor, 1949: Thuja orientalis, Coral
Gables, Fla., July, 1955.
Brevipalpus alternatus De L. 1961: (Conocarpus erecta), Coral Gables,
Fla., July, 1955.
The Florida Entomologist
B. colpodes P. and B. 1958: Iva imbricata, (Miami, Fla.), April, 1955;
Solidago sp., Florida City, Fla., Feb., 1959. The male and nymph were
previously unknown; the male resembles the female, but has two rods on
tarsus II; the dorsum of the nymph is shown in figure 18.
B. deleoni P. and B. 1958: Dr. E. W. Baker kindly examined the type
series of mites under this name; he states (in litt.) that all the adults have
two rods on tarsus II and are in other respects the same as phoenicis, and
that the nymphs also are within the range of variation of phoenicis nymphs.
Brevipalpus deleoni Pritchard and Baker is therefore a synonym of Brevi-
palpus phoenicis (Geijskes).
B. garmani Baker 1949: Helianthus tuberosus, Solidago sp., and Con-
volvulus sp., Columbus, Ohio, Aug., 1957; Verbesina sp., Veronia sp., and
Eupatorium sp., Erwin, Tenn., Aug., 1960. The male has 2 rods on tarsus II.
B. glomeratus P. and B. 1958: Quercus velutina, Ostrya virginiana, and
Hamamelis virginiana, Erwin, Tenn., Aug., 1960.
B. ogmellus P. and B. 1958: Quercus velutina, Fayetteville, Ark., July,
1957; Q. marilandica, Poplar Bluff, Missouri, Aug., 1957.
B. sayedi Baker 1949: (Carya sp.), Columbus, Ohio, Aug., 1957; (Carya
illinoensis), Columbus, Georgia, Aug. 1956. The male has 2 rods on
tarsus II.
Tenuipalpus anoplus B. and P. 1953: Cedrela odorata, Nov., 1954 and
Rhizophorus mangle, April, 1955, (Coral Gables, Fla.).
T. bakeri McG. 1949: Psychotria undata, Key Largo, Fla., Dec., 1958.
T. carolinensis Baker 1945: Smilax bonanox, Fayetteville, Ark., July,
1957. This mite had not been collected since the original specimen was
taken in South Carolina. Females and nymphs, which occurred in numbers,
are pearly white; the dorsal setae of the deutonymph resemble those of
the female in size and shape. No males were seen.
T. celtidis P. and B. 1958: (Celtis sp.), Paducah, Kentucky, Aug., 1957.
T. dasples B. and P. 1953: Serenoa repens, Everglades N. P. Fla., Feb.
1959; Paurotis wrightii, (Coral Gables, Fla.), Sept., 1956; (Sabal sp.)
Boutte, La., Dec., 1956.
T. meekeri De L. 1957: (Fern), Everglades N. P., Fla., March, 1959.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to thank the following botanists for the identification of many
of the host plants: Dr. Harry Muegel, University of Cincinnati; Dr. A. J.
Sharp, University of Tennessee; Dr. J. W. Hardin, North Carolina State
College, and Prof. Erdman West, University of Florida.
LITERATURE CITED
Baker, E. W. 1945. Mites of the genus Tenuipalpus. Ent. Soc. Wash.,
Proc. 47(2) : 33-38.
Baker, E. W. 1949. The genus Brevipalpus. Amer. Mid. Nat. 42(2):
350-402.
Baker, E. W., and A. E. Pritchard. 1953. A review of the false spider
mite genus Tenuipalpus Donnadieu. Ent. Soc. Amer., Annals, 46(3):
317-336.
Vol. 44, No. 4
De Leon: New False Spider Mites 179
De Leon, D. 1957. The genus Tenuipalpus in Mexico. Fla. Ent. 40(3):
81-93.
De Leon, D. 1960. The genus Brevipalpus in Mexico, Part I. Fla. Ent.
43(4): 175-187.
De Leon, D. 1961. The genus Brevipalpus in Mexico, Part II. Fla. Ent.
44(1): 41-52.
Ehara, S. 1956. Two false spider mites from Japanese orchards. Annot.
Zool. Jap. 29(4) : 234-238.
McGregor, E. A. 1949. Nearctic mites of the family Pseudoleptidae. Mem.
So. Calif. Acad. Sc. 3(2) : 1-45.
Pritchard, A. E., and E. W. Baker. 1952. The false spider mites of Cali-
fornia. Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent. 9(1) : 1-93.
Pritchard, A. E., and E. W. Baker. 1958. The false spider mites. Univ.
Calif. Publ. Ent. 14(3): 175-274.
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NOTES ON THREE NORTH AMERICAN APHIDIDAE
D. HILL RIS LAMBERS
Bladluisonderzoek T.N.O., Bennekom, Holland
As aphids have frequently been transported to other continents with
cultivated plants, and therefore may be known in different continents under
different names, the author while working on European aphids, was obliged
to give attention to material from the North American continent. The
following notes are the results of such studies.
Xenopterygus ipomoiae Smith, 1948 Geopemphigus surinamensis
H.R.L., 1933
C. F. Smith (1948) described the genus Xenopterygus with Xenopterygus
ipomoiae as the type. He stated that the genus was most closely related
to the Fordini but that many of the characters resemble those of the
Prociphilini. Only the alate morphs are described. Through the kindness
of Professor Smith I was able to examine paratype material and Professor
A. N. Tissot most kindly gave me two more slides from the type collected
at the type locality on June 11, 1945. In one of the type slides I detected
an aptera vivipara and after remounting a number of alatae it was also
possible to study their embryones.
It is clear from this material that Xenopterygus ipomoiae Smith, 1948 is
identical with Geopemphigus" surinamensis H.R.L., 1933, described from
apterae and larvae found by Dr. Buntschli in Surinam on the roots of
weeds. The typical structure of the anal portion resembles that in exules
of Baizongia Rond., which is figured in the original description for an
aptera. It is quite the same in the alatae found in Florida and no differ-
ence can be found between apterae from Surinam and the aptera from
Florida. Xenopterygus ipomoiae Smith becomes a synonym of Geopemphigus
surinamensis H.R.L.
The position of the genus Geopemphigus H.R.L., 1933, was obscure but
after studying the alate Florida material it is possible to place it correctly.
The wax glands have no central hair but stand near a hair, which is
quite typical for the Fordini but not for the Prociphilini. The structure
of the underside of the head, the presence of rhinaria with a hairy fringe
in alatae, and the occurrence of two hairs on the first tarsal joints of first
instar larvae clearly define the genus as nearly related to Baizongia Rond.
Of Baizongia only alate migrants from galls on Pistacia and the very
different sexuparae were known, but a viviparous alate exul was reared
which differs from sexuparae only in the rostrate embryones in its body.
The alate Xenopterygus are also virginoparous exules: the embryones in
their body have developed mouthparts. In other Fordini alate exules, as
far as they are known also are indistinguishable in morphology from sexu-
parae. A paper by Dr. A. Davatchi (1958) contains an excellent treatment
of Fordini, but if one tries to find out where our genus belongs with
Davatchi's keys, he gets confusing results. The key to sexuparae leads to
Baizongia Rond. The abdominal tergites have very distinct sclerotic bands
and the cauda has about six hairs. But according to the first instar larvae
present in the colonies from Surinam and from the embryones in the
The Florida Entomologist
Florida alatae one comes to the conclusion that the larvae belong to Asipho-
nella Theob., because their antennae have five segments and on the abdomen
each tergite has two pairs of marginal hairs. In all alate Baizongia Rond.
the primary rhinaria are only partly fringed: the one on the last and the
penultimate antennal segment have only a lateral fringe over not more
than about half the circumference of the rhinaria; the secondary rhinaria
are quite nude. In Geopemphigus, however, both the primary and secondary
rhinaria have a very distinct hairy fringe and in this respect agree per-
fectly with Asiphonella Theobald. Summing up we can state that Geo-
pemphigus H.R.L. is very nearly related to Asiphonella Theob. and Bai-
zongia Rond. but that it differs from both in several important characters.
As all the relatives of Ba'zongia, Rond. hibernate as eggs on Pistacia
spp. one may reasonably conclude that Geopemphigus H.R.L. is also asso-
ciated with a gallforming aphid on Pistacia. Although members of the
genus Pistacia are indigenous to America n- aphids or aphid galls seem
to have been recorded from these hosts, and on the other hand no aphid on
Pistacia from the Palaearctic region is known that might be associated
with the species under discussion.
Amphorophora minima Mason, 1925
This species was described from a single alate specimen. Through the
kindness of Professor G. W. Simpson I was permitted to study and remount
the type. The slide showed a terribly shrunken and twisted aphid which
could hardly be studied, but after clearing and remounting it regained its
original shape and appeared to be Capitophorus hippophaes (Wlk., 1852),
of which Amphorophora minima Mason, 1925, becomes a synonym.
Adactynus tutigula Hottes, 1933
During an aphid hunt in Colorado with Dr. F. C. Hottes, it was found
that the autumn population of this species on Corydalis sp. consisted of
very few, old, apterae viviparae, great numbers of alatae, alatoid nymphs
and alate males, besides one rather abnormal ovipara. Such a composition
of an aphid population in the autumn clearly indicates that the species has
host alternation. As the species, which Gillette and Palmer (1934), Hottes
(1949), and Palmer (1952) placed in Kakimia Hottes and Frison, 1931,
has five hairs on the first tarsal joints, it should be easy to recognize it on
its primary host plant if morphs from that host plant had been found.
In the same area, some ten miles away, alate gynoparae, adult oviparae
and large numbers of immature apterous larvae were found on the under-
sides of leaves of a wild Rosa sp. The alate gynoparae and the oviparae
agree perfectly with the alatae and the ovipara taken on Corydalis. A
search on roses in Utah by Professor Knowlton provided us with one
aptera from a wild rose taken in spring. Therefore it is clear that the
species shows host alternation between Rosa as primary host plant and
Corydalis as secondary host plant. I transfer the species from Kakimia
to Acyrthosiphon Mordvilko, 1914.
LITERATURE CITED
Davatchi, G. A. 1958. Etude biologique de la faune entomologique des
Pistacia sauvages et cultivhs. Thesis Paris: 1-166.
182
Vol. 44, No. 4
Lambers: Notes on Three North American Aphididae 183
Gillette, C. P., and M. A. Palmer. 1934. The Aphidae of Colorado. Part
III. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 27: 133-255.
Hille Ris Lambers, D. 1933. A new genus and some new species of aphids.
Stylops 2: 197-201.
Hottes, Frederick C., and Theodore H. Frison. 1931. The plant lice, or
Aphiidae, of Illinois. Ill. St. Nat. Hist. Surv. Div. Bul. 19: Art.
3: 344.
Hottes, F. C. 1933. Descriptions of Aphiidae from western Colorado.
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 46: 1-24.
Hottes, F. C. 1949. Descriptions of the sexual forms of some species of
Aphididae. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 62: 53-56.
Mason, Preston W. 1925. A revision of the insects of the aphid genus
Amphorophora. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 67: Art. 20: 1-92.
Palmer, Miriam A. 1952. Aphids of the Rocky Mountain Region. The
Thomas Say Foundation 5: 284.
Smith, Clyde F. 1948. A new aphid on sweet potato. Florida Ent. 31:
24-26.
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RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF FOUR SPECIES OF
MOSQUITOES TO INSECTICIDE RESIDUES
G. C. LABRECQUE, J. B. GAHAN, and H. G. WILSON
Entomology Research Division, Agric. Res. Serv., U.S.D.A.
Strains of mosquitoes resistant to chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides
have been discovered in many areas where intensive control programs have
been conducted (Brown, 1958). In most instances organophosphorus in-
secticides have satisfactorily re-established control. Some vigor tolerance
to the organophosphorus compounds by the resistant mosquitoes has been
noted, but to date no cross-resistance has been reported. Often a toxicant
effective against one species may be less effective against another. Residual
tests were made with four species of mosquitoes to determine their relative
susceptibility to Bayer 29493 (Baytex; O,O-dimethyl O-[4-(methylthio)-
m-tolyl] phosphorothioate), DDT, and malathion.
The mosquitoes were reared in laboratory colonies and included a strain
of Aedes aegypti (L.) that had no previous exposure to insecticides, a strain
of Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say known to be resistant to dieldrin, but
not to DDT, a strain of Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wied.) that was resistant
to DDT (Davis et al., 1959), and a strain of Anopheles albimanus Wied.
that exhibited resistance to DDT and dieldrin when collected in El Salvador,
but has not been subjected recently to insecticide pressure. The first three
colonies were reared at Orlando, Florida; the albimanus were generously
provided by L. E. Roseboom and J. H. Hobbs from a colony maintained at
Johns Hopkins University.
The three insecticides were tested against one- to two-day-old adults of
the four species in duplicate tests. Acetone solutions were sprayed on
plywood panels at the rate of 100 and 10 mg. of the toxicant per square
foot. Enough panels were sprayed to avoid the necessity of using the same
surface twice. In each test 20 to 40 mosquitoes under half sections of
Petri dishes were exposed to the treated panels for periods ranging from
1 to 120 minutes. The insects were then transferred to cylindrical screen
cages and provided with a 10% honey solution in cotton pads and mortality
counts were made after 24 hours. Thirty-minute knockdown counts were
also taken after each exposure up to 30 minutes. Evaluation of species
susceptibility was based on a comparison of the exposure times needed to
obtain 90 to 100% mortality in 24 hours. The results are given in Table 1.
Aedes aegypti was the most susceptible species to these three compounds.
The ten-mg. deposits of Bayer 29493 and malathion produced 90 to 100%
mortality of aegypti after exposures as short as one minute, but a 15-minute
exposure was required to obtain the same result with DDT. Against
taeniorhynchus, quadrimaculatus, and albimanus, Bayer 29493 was the most
toxic compound and malathion was superior to DDT. Differences between
the susceptibilities of these three species were minor but taeniorhynchus
was slightly more susceptible than the others to Bayer 29493 and quadri-
maculatus to DDT.
The 100-mg. deposits of all three compounds and the ten-mg. deposits of
malathion and DDT produced 100% knockdown of aegypti within 30 minutes
following one or more of the exposures. Complete knockdown of taenior-
hynchus was also obtained with the 100-mg. deposit of malathion. None
The Florida Entomologist
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The Florida Entomologist
of the compounds caused more than 54% knockdown of the two Anopheles
species in 30 minutes.
Some vigor tolerance to the organophosphorus insecticides was indicated
by the three resistant strains, but not to such a degree as to indicate cross-
resistance or to reduce the effectiveness of the insecticides.
SUMMARY
Residual tests were made with four species of mosquitoes to determine
their comparative susceptibility to DDT, malathion, and Bayer 29493
(Baytex; O,0-dimethyl 0-[4- (methylthio) -m-tolyl] phosphorothioate).
Aedes aegypti was the most susceptible species. Differences between the
susceptibilities of Aedes taeniorhynchus, Anopheles albimanus, and Ano-
pheles quadrimaculatus were slight.
LITERATURE CITED
Brown, A. W. A. 1958. Insecticide resistance in arthropods. Monograph
series No. 38, World Health Organization. 240 pp.
Davis, A. N., D. E. Weidhaas, and H. R. Ford. 1959. Relative susceptibility
of salt-marsh mosquitoes from Georgia and Florida to insecticides.
Fla. Ent. 42(3): 109-11.
Vol. 44, No. 4
NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE OF TOMASPIS BICINCTA (Say)1
AVERETT S. TOMBES AND BOBBY C. PASS 2
Several authors have recorded that Tomaspis bicincta (Say) is dis-
tributed in the southeastern states, except in Mississippi and South Caro-
lina; along the Atlantic Coast states to Massachusetts; and into the mid-
west to Kansas and Oklahoma (Doering, 1930, and personal correspond-
ence; Osborn, 1921). Only a few references concerning its economic im-
portance have been made in the literature. Halloway and Loften (1919)
observed it as a rare pest on sugar cane, and this conclusion was again
confirmed 30 years later by Ingram et al. (1951). Fifield and Genung
(1955) reported that this species was observed injuring Pangola grass in
the Everglades in Florida and had also been found on most of the common
pasture and weed grasses in southern Florida. The purpose of this note
is to record the presence of this species in South Carolina and to mention
briefly its economic importance.
State records indicate that this insect has been collected from several
locations in South Carolina since 1926. In the last decade its distribution
has become almost statewide; however, not until 1957 was there any record
of its being of economic importance. At that time it was observed in large
populations on coastal bermuda grass and it was suspected of causing
considerable damage to the stand. This observation was substantiated by
Swift (1958) following experimentation under greenhouse conditions. At
that time sufficient evidence was obtained to question whether the plant's
injury was a result of insect feeding or whether it was a condition result-
ing from the introduction of an insect product into the plant.
Biological investigations of Tomaspis bicincta (Say) are presently
underway as well as studies on the development of a control program using
inseticides with short residual properties. A program is also planned to
evaluate physiologically the effect of the insect on the host plant.
LITERATURE CITED
Doering, K. C. 1930. Synopsis of the family Cercopidae in North America.
Jour. Kans. Ent. Soc. 3: 53-64; 81-108.
Fennah, R. G. 1953. Revisionary notes on neotropical Monecphorine
Cercopoidea (Homoptera). Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. Series 12.
6: 337-60.
Fifield, W. M., and W. G. Genung. 1955. Control of insects and related
pests of pastures. Florida Annual Report 1955: 235-236.
Halloway, T. E., and U. C. Loften, 1919. Insects attacking sugar cane in
the United States. Jour. Econ. Ent. 12: 448-50.
Ingram, J. W., E. K. Bynum, R. Matches, W. E. Haley and L. J. Charpentier.
1951. Pests of sugarcane and their control. U. S. Dept. Agric. Cir.
878. 38 pp.
Osborn, H. 1921. Homoptera of Florida. Fla. Ent. 5: 1-19.
Swift, F. C. 1958. Annual Report, Dept. of Entomology, Clemson College.
1 Considered by R. G. Fennah (1953) to be Prosapia bicincta (Say).
2Assistant Entomologist and Graduate Assistant respectively, Depart-
ment of Entomology and Zoology, Clemson College, Clemson, South Carolina.
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