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The
FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST
Volume 49, No. 4 December, 1966
CONTENTS
Page
ROBINSON, F. A.-Foraging Range of Houcy Bees in Citrus
Groves --------------------------................................................................. 219
JOHNSON, ROGER B.-Control of Citrus Rust Mite, Citrus
Red Mite, and Texas Citrus Mite with Morestan------........... 225
MUMA, MARTIN H.-The Life Cycle of Eremobates durango-
nus (Arachnida: Solpugida) ..............................----------------------.............. 233
FROST, S. W.-Additions to Florida Insects Taken in Light
Traps ........-------------------..........---------------...............------................................. 243
DENMARK, H. A., AND MARTIN H. MUMA-Revision of the
Genus Proprioseius Chant, 1957 (Acarina: Phytoseii-
dae) ........................................................................-----------------------------------................ 253
WALKER, THOMAS J.-Annotated Checklist of Oecanthinae
(Orthoptera: Gryllidae) of the World..........................------------.... 265
WIRTH, WILLIS W., AND FRANKLIN S. BLANTON-A New
Day-Biting Sand Fly from the Southeastern States
(Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) ........-....................................-------------------... 279
OBITUARY-Donald De Leon....................-----------------.................................... 283
Notices ............................................................-----------------------------------.................... 242, 281
Minutes of the 49th Annual Meeting of
The Florida Entomological Society.................................. 285
Index to Volum e 49, 1966 ............................................................ 291
Published by The Florida Entomological Society
THE FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OFFICERS FOR 1966-67
President-................-........-------..-----........-------..............--------...... E. Brogdon
Vice-President .....-----------....--------.. ...--------..................--L. A. Hetrick
Secretary --------..........................................---------------------.....H. A. Denmark
Treasurer --------------------.......... ................. --------................. D. H. Habeck
J. B. Gahan
W. G. Genung
Other Members of Executive Committee ...... J. R. King
J. E. Porter
W. A. Simanton
Publications Committee
Thomas J. Walker .......--.---..-----...................---------...... Editor
Stratton H. Kerr....-----------.......................Associate Editor
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When preparing manuscripts, authors should consult Style Manual for
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issues of THE FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST. Further, authors are re-
ferred to "Suggestions for preparation of manuscripts for THE FLORIDA
ENTOMOLOGIST." Fla. Ent. 48 (2): 145-146. 1965.
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FORAGING RANGE OF HONEY BEES IN
CITRUS GROVES1
F. A. ROBINSON
Assistant Apiculturist, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences,
University of Florida, Gainesville
Since Krezdorn and Robinson (1958) reported that cross pollination
of the Orlando tangelo flowers usually resulted in greatly increased yields,
many of these groves have been interplanted with a suitable pollinizing
variety. Managers of interplanted groves usually arrange to have colonies
of honey bees placed in their groves since citrus pollen is heavy and sticky
and, like that of most fruit-bearing crops, is not transferred by wind. In
some instances, a beekeeper's desire for additional apiary sites in the
citrus area will induce him to furnish the colonies without a charge, how-
ever, as the demand increases, most beekeepers will insist upon receiving
some payment for the use of their colonies. This is particularly true in
cases where groves are remote or difficult to reach. In the interest of
economy, the grower should not pay for more colonies than necessary, and
the beekeeper should try to locate his colonies so as to facilitate the un-
loading, loading, and routine management operations as much as possible.
There are no exact rules to follow that will assure the most effective use
of honey bees in fruit pollination, but these two suggestions usually are
made: (1) Use at least one colony per acre. (2) Scatter the colonies
singly throughout the grove. However, there is reason to believe that
following these suggestions may not produce the best results in all cases.
A "colony of bees" is not a standardized unit, and as reported by Rob-
inson (1964) one colony can contain two or three times as many bees as
another colony. Therefore, it is meaningless to make a recommendation
in terms of colonies per acre without detailing what is meant by a colony.
In a personal communication, Dr. Adlerz of the Watermelon and Grape
Investigations Laboratory in Leesburg, Florida, reported that the popu-
lation of bees in watermelon fields seems to be regulated more by the
number of open flowers than by the number of colonies placed in the field.
When the concentration of foraging bees reaches the limit imposed by
the number of open flowers in a field, moving additional colonies into that
field does not result in an increase in the number of foraging bees. It is
reasonable to assume that the response of bees in citrus groves would be
similar, and if so, nothing would be accomplished by moving in more
colonies than necessary.
Butler, Jeffree, and Kalmus (1943) suggested that instead of distrib-
uting colonies singly, they should be placed in small groups in several
parts of a grove. They believed that by grouping colonies the concen-
tration of foraging bees would result in such competition that the field
bees would range for greater distances thus giving more uniform coverage
of a grove. Grouping colonies makes them much less of a hindrance to
grove operations, and it also facilitates the moving and routine mainte-
nance operations performed by the beekeeper. It would simplify the bee-
keeper's problems even more if his colonies could be concentrated in fewer
1 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series No. 2375.
The Florida Entomologist
Vol. 49, No. 4
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but larger groups located outside of a grove, and this paper is a report
of the results of tests made to determine the foraging range and distri-
bution of honey bees in citrus groves.
Six colonies of honey bees were placed in a 27-acre block of mature
Orlando tangelos when the trees were in full bloom in the spring of 1959.
As it was necessary to determine which foraging bees were from the
experimental colonies, a cordovan (genetically marked) strain of bees
was used. This stock was obtained from Dr. 0. B. Mackenson, Bee Breed-
ing Investigations Laboratory, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The colonies were
placed side-by-side between the rows, 200 feet in from the south border
and equidistant from the east and west borders. Sampling stations were
established at 100 foot intervals for distances up to 400 feet from the
colonies, in each of eight compass directions. The sampling technique
consisted of counting the number of foraging bees while the observer
circled one tree at each sampling station. Observations were made four
times a day on March 17, 19, and 23. The total number of both normal
and cordovan bees observed is listed in Table 1.
In the spring of 1961 a similar series of tests were made in the same
Orlando tangelo grove. However, this time the colonies were located
along the southern edge of the grove and 27 sampling stations were es-
tablished in five directions from the colonies at distances of up to 800
feet. Instead of using the genetically marked bees, colonies were marked
with fluorescent powders of different colors. The experimental colonies
were oriented so that there was one colony facing in each of the four
cardinal compass points, and each was marked with a different colored
powder. A different color of powder was used each day on which obser-
vations were made. Different marking techniques were tried, and best
results were obtained by removing the hive cover and blowing a small
amount of the powder in the entrance with a small rotary duster (Fig. 1).
The bees were dusted at 7:00 a.m. and again at 1:00 p.m. The effective-
ness of this method of marking is shown by the fact that fluorescent pow-
der was found on 92 percent of the bees in samples taken from the colonies
six hours after they were treated. Ten bees were collected at each sam-
pling station four times a day on March 13 and 17. These bees were
examined with an ultra-violet light, and both the total number of bees
and the number of marked bees collected at each sampling station is listed
in Table 2.
In both 1959 and 1961, foraging bees from the experimental colonies
were observed or captured at all sampling stations regardless of the dis-
tance or direction from the experimental colonies. Approximately 12%
of the bees observed during the 1959 tests and 4% of those captured in
1961 were from the experimental colonies. Under the conditions of these
tests, there was no indication that the distance from the colony had any
effect on the number of foraging bees. In 1959 an average of 11.8%
of the bees observed foraging on trees 400 feet from the colony and
11.7% of those 20 feet from the colony were marked. In the 1961 tests,
3.0% of the bees captured within 50 feet of the hive were marked,
and 4.4% at stations 800 feet from the hives.
Parris and Haynie (1950) reported that in watermelon fields, foraging
bees concentrated their activities in the direction in which the colonies
faced. They reported that the yields of melons were considerably higher
222
The Florida Entomologist
Fig. 1. Mass marking a colony
Vol. 49, No. 4
of honey bees with fluorescent powder.
in front of the hive than to the sides or to the rear. In these tests the
orientation of the entrance of the experimental colonies in citrus groves
had no apparent effect on the direction in which foraging bees from these
colonies ranged. In the 1959 tests, all of the colonies faced south yet
workers from these colonies were observed foraging in all parts of the
grove. In 1961 the colonies were oriented so that there was one colony
facing each of the four cardinal compass points, and again workers from
each colony were recovered in all parts of the grove.
TABLE 2.-TOTAL NUMBER OF BEES AND NUMBER OF MARKED BEES
CAPTURED AT DIFFERENT DISTANCES FROM THE EXPERIMENTAL COLONIES
IN 1961.
Direction From Apiary
Distance %
(In Feet) W NW N NE E Total Marked
50 80-3* 80-1 80-4 80-3 80-1 400-12 3.0
150 80-5 80-3 80-3 80-1 80-4 400-16 4.0
300 80-2 80-5 80-3 80-3 80-3 400-16 4.0
450 80-4 80-3 80-4 80-3 80-4 400-18 4.5
600 80-3 80-4 80-5 80-3 80-3 400-18 4.5
800 ** 80-3 ** 80-4 ** 160-7 4.4
Total 400-17 480-19 400-19 480-17 400-15 2160-87
% Marked 4.3% 4.0% 4.8% 4% 4% 4%
*First number is total number of bees captured and the second is the number of marked
bees.
**Placement of colonies in grove made it impossible to establish sampling stations in
these locations.
Robinson: Foraging Range of Honey Bees 223
The results obtained in these tests indicate that the foraging area of
bees in a citrus grove is quite extensive. There is no indication that
they concentrated their foraging in the immediate vicinity of the hive,
thus it is unlikely that there is any advantage in scattering the colonies
singly throughout the grove, instead of concentrating them in larger
groups. If the distance is no more than one-fourth to one-third mile be-
tween apiaries, the foraging areas should overlap; and if the bee popu-
lation is sufficient, they will cover the intervening distance adequately.
LITERATURE CITED
Butler, C. G., E. P. J -w;,. and H. Kalmus. 1943. The behavior of a pop-
ulation of honey bees on an artificial and on a natural crop. J. Exp.
Biol. 20(1): 65-73.
Krezdorn, A. H., and F. A. Robinson. 1958. Unfruitfulness in the Or-
lando Tangelo. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 71: 29-31.
Robinson, F. A. 1964. It takes bees to produce honey. Glean. Bee Cult.
92(11): 664-667.
Parris, G. K., and J. D. Haynie. 1950. The effect of honey bees in water-
melon fields on set melons: A preliminary report. Fla. Dep. Agr.
Bull. 135: 45-49.
The Florida Entomologist 49(4) December 1966
ENTOMOLOGICAL LITERATURE
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JACKSONVILLE 1, FLORIDA
CONTROL OF CITRUS RUST MITE, CITRUS RED MITE,
AND TEXAS CITRUS MITE WITH MORESTAN 1
ROGER B. JOHNSON
University of Florida Citrus Experiment Station, Lake Alfred
In August of 1962, Morestan (formerly Bayer 36205) was included in
a routine initial trial of six new compounds against citrus rust mite,
Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead). The performance of Morestan in this
test was excellent (Table 1) and led to other tests, not only against citrus
rust mite, but also against citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor),
and Texas citrus mite, Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor), as well. This
paper summarizes what has been learned about the value of Morestan for
control of some of the mites that feed on Florida citrus.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
All tests were replicated grove trials in which acaricides were applied
with a high-pressure sprayer equipped with double Boyce guns. Applica-
tion was made at pump pressures between 500 and 600 psi.
The density of populations of citrus rust mite on leaves was determined
by one or the other of two methods. In the first method, one lens field
on the upper surface and a similar field on the lower surface of 25 leaves
per tree were examined with a 10X hand lens. A leaf was considered
infested if one or more live rust mites occurred in a lens field. In the
second method, used on small trees and trees with little foliage, citrus
rust mites were counted on samples of one square centimeter on the lower
surface of 10 leaves per plot.
The density of citrus red mite and Texas citrus mite populations was
determined from samples of 25 leaves per tree. These samples were picked
at random and transported in cylindrical cardboard containers to the lab-
oratory where a Henderson mite brushing machine was used to brush
the mites onto glue-coated glass plates. The mites on the glass plates
were then counted with the aid of a binocular microscope.
Dosages of acaricides are expressed in ounces of active ingredient per
100 gallons of spray.
The chemical definitions of the proprietary compounds used in these
tests are as follows:
Chloropropylate-isopropyl 4,4'-dichlorobenzilate
Isolan-l-isopropyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolyl dimethylcarbamate
Morestan-6-methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedithiol cyclic S,S-dithiocarbonate
Nabac-2,2'-methylene-bis (3,4,6-trichlorophenol)
Pentac-bis (pentachloro-2,4-cyclopentadien-l-yl)
Pyramat-6-methyl-2-propyl-4-pyrimidinyl dimethylcarbamate
TPTH-triphenyl tin hydroxide
UC-19786-2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenyl isopropyl carbonate
UC-20047-isometric mixture of chlorocyanonorboranone O-(methyl=
carbamoyl) oximes.
1 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series No. 2378.
The Florida Entomologist
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The Florida Entomologist
Vol. 49, No. 4
RESULTS-CONTROL OF CITRUS MITE RUST
The first trial of Morestan against citrus rust mite was conducted dur-
ing August and September of 1962. Plots in this test were individual
trees randomized in six replicates. Morestan at 8.0 oz was the only
material to produce as effective control of citrus rust mite as the stand-
ard 2.0 oz of chlorobenzilate (Table 1). These results prompted the in-
clusion of Morestan in three similar screening tests in 1963. In each
of these tests, 2.0 or 4.0 oz of Morestan were as effective as equivalent
amounts of chlorobenzilate or azinphosmethyl.
Tests in 1962 and 1963 showed a range of 2.0 to 8.0 oz of Morestan
to be effective against citrus rust mite. An additional test in 1963 and
1964 was designed to determine the optimum dosage. Results of this
test are given in Table 2. Plots in this test were arranged in a split-plot
design with acaricides for main treatments and dosages for subtreatments.
There were seven replicates. The acaricides were applied at high, medium,
and low dosages, as follows: azinphosmethyl-4.0, 3.2, and 2.4 oz; Nabac-
3.4, 2.2, and 1.1 oz; Morestan-5.6, 4.0, and 2.4 oz; and chlorobenzilate-
2.0, 1.6, and 1.2 oz. Each acaricide was applied in a complete program
of four sprays. The high dosage of all of the acaricides was superior to
the low dosage and although there were differences between acaricides,
these differences were not modified by dosage. The number of mites in
Table 2 are therefore averages of post-spray mite counts for all dosages.
Morestan was slightly less effective than azinphosmethyl, slightly more
effective than chlorobenzilate, and similar to Nabac.
One additional test showed that 4.0 oz of Morestan was superior to
4.0 oz of chlorobenzilate or ethion and equal to 4.0 oz of dicofol or Chloro-
propylate after 61 days. There were no differences between these acari-
cides at 8.0 oz.
RESULTS-CONTROL OF CITRUS RED MITE
Morestan and three other experimental materials were compared with
ethion against citrus red mite in a test conducted from late December 1963
to early February 1964. In this test, plots of two trees were randomly
located in five replicates. Morestan and ethion produced good control of
citrus red mite at 4.0 oz, but the other materials in Table 3 were of little
or no value.
RESULT-CONTROL OF TEXAS CITRUS MITE
Morestan and Chloropropylate were compared with dicofol, ethion, and
azinphosmethyl against Texas citrus mite during February and March of
1965. These materials were applied at the dosage of 4.0 oz when there
were 7.2 mites per leaf. Although data from this test are not included
here, the data showed that trees sprayed with dicofol had very few mites
after 49 days. Azinphosmethyl also produced good control, but trees
sprayed with Morestan, ethion, or Chloropropylate were infested with more
mites than before spraying. These results prompted an additional test to
determine whether increased amounts of Morestan, ethion, and Chloropro-
pylate would increase control. Results of this test are presented in
Table 4. A double dosage improved mite control with Chloropropylate and
chlorobenzilate, but did not improve the satisfactory control obtained
with the lower dosages of Morestan and ethion.
228
Control of Mites with Morestan
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RESULTS-SCALE INSECTS
Scale insects were not unusually numerous after single applications of
Morestan, but after the last application in a program of four successive
sprays, there were more scale insects on trees sprayed with Morestan,
Nabac, and chlorobenzilate than on trees sprayed with azinphosmethyl
(Table 5). These differences could be expected since only azinphosmethyl
is a recognized scalicide, but the exceptionally dense populations of scale
insects on trees sprayed with Morestan was unexpected. These trees were
infested with exceptionally dense populations of Glover scale, Lepidosaphes
gloverii (Packard).
CONCLUSIONS
Morestan was tested against citrus rust mite at dosages ranging from
2.0 to 8.0 oz of active ingredient per 100 gallons. These amounts were
compared with similar amounts of chlorobenzilate, azinphosmethyl, ethion,
and dicofol. Although the tests did not reveal an optimum dosage of
Morestan, 4.0 oz of active ingredient was as satisfactory as the same
dosage of the acaricides mentioned above. This dosage was also satis-
factory against citrus red mite and Texas citrus mite.
Scale insects were not numerous after single applications of Morestan,
but Glover scale was exceptionally numerous after four successive appli-
cations. The significance of these data are not entirely clear, but they
indicate that continuous use of Morestan could have undesirable effects.
The Florida Entomologist 49(4) December 1966
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232
THE LIFE CYCLE OF EREMOBATES DURANGONUS
(ARACHNIDA: SOLPUGIDA)1, 2
MARTIN H. MUMA
University of Florida Citrus Experiment Station, Lake Alfred
Our knowledge of solpugid growth and development is fragmentary.
Croneberg (1887), Birula (1893-1894), Heymons (1904), Hingston (1925),
Lawrence (1947 and 1949), Junqua (1962), and Muma (1966a) have ob-
served egg deposition, incubation, and hatching and have also studied late
embryos and newly hatched solpugids. Only Hingston (1925), Cloudsley-
Thompson (1961), and Junqua (1962) have reported on the early instars.
Junqua (1958) stated that under optimum conditions Othoes sp. moulted
once a month for 10 moults, but under natural conditions it would probably
not moult more than three or four times a year to live about three years.
Cloudsley-Thompson (1961), on the basis of collected specimens of Gale-
odes arabs Koch (Galeodes granti Pocock according to Cloudesley-Thomp-
son, 1962) claimed that solpugids lived only about a year. Lawrence
(1963) stated that worn, blunt cheliceral teeth of old female solpugids
(Solpuga monteiroi Pocock, figured) suggested that they had lived for
several years. Muma (1963), on the basis of systematically collected
specimens, suggested that North American solpugids have a one-year life
cycle. The exact life cycle and growth stages are not known for any
species.
The present report is the result of a three-year study (1963-1965) of
Eremobates durangonous Roewer from the San Simone Valley of south-
eastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico.
I gratefully acknowledge the assistance and encouragement of Mr.
Vincent A. Roth, Director of the American Museum of Natural History's
Southwestern Research Station, Portal, Arizona, the technical assistance
of Mrs. Thelma G. Kanavel, my laboratory technician during most of the
project, and the photography of Mr. Allen G. Selhime, ARS, Ent. Res.
Div., Orlando, Florida.
METHODS
Males, females, immatures, and eggs were collected in the field and
studied primarily under controlled laboratory conditions. Most of the
eggs that produced experimental specimens were deposited in the lab-
oratory.
Eggs were incubated at 60, 70, 80, and 900 F and 70% relative hu-
midity. Immature instars were held primarily at 800 F and 70% relative
humidity, but some specimens, for comparative purposes, were held at
900 F and 70% relative humidity, and a few were held at 40, 50, and 60'
F and an undetermined relative humidity. Adults were held at 800 F
and 70% relative humidity.
The staple diet of most specimens was the termites, Reticulitermes
hageni Banks, R. tibialis Banks, and Gnathamitermes perplexus (Banks).
Comparable specimens also received larvae, pupae, and adults of a meal
1Partial report on studies supported by National Science Foundation
Grant GB-496.
2 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series No. 2435.
The Florida Entomologist
worm, Tenebrio sp., and miscellaneous insects and spiders. Some were
also fed termites dusted with yeast hydrolysate. A few specimens in
their early instars were fed miscellaneous arthropods sifted from soil
debris.
Laboratory data were supplemented by and collated with field collec-
tions and observations. Field temperature data for the collection area
were obtained from summary reports of the U. S. Weather Bureau.
Solpugids maintained under laboratory conditions for an extended
length of time lost their highly energetic, ferocious behavior and became
"tame." Taming involved a lassitude concerning feeding, burrowing, and
fighting and usually preceded death. Few specimens could be reared
through more than three moults. Therefore, the data on early stadia of
specimens reared from incubated eggs were obtained from direct experi-
mental evidence. Data on late stadia were obtained in two ways. First,
laboratory-reared and partly grown field-collected specimens were reared
through as many moults as possible to produce temporal data on late
stadia. Then, the chelicerae and propeltidia of all immature preserved
specimens were measured for length and width, and the data were plotted
on a scattergram so that the stadia could be identified by the resultant
groupings.
RESULTS
Field data obtained during June, July, August, and September in 1963,
1964, and 1965 produced the following information. Males appeared in
late July, became abundant during August, and disappeared in early Sep-
tember. Females appeared in early August, became numerous in late
August or early September, and disappeared in late September or early
October. An egg mass was found in early September. Late nymphs were
active in June, July, and August.
Laboratory observations, hearings, and experiments enabled positive
identification and determination of duration of eggs, post-embryos, and
the first five nymphal instars. The processes of egg hatching and moult-
ing, the duration of late nymphal instars, and the longevity of adults were
also observed under laboratory conditions.
A combination of field and laboratory data properly related to the
ambient temperatures recorded by the U. S. Weather Bureau at four sta-
tions in the San Simone Valley (Table 1) have indicated the following
annual life cycle.
Eggs.-This is a summary of egg data published by Muma. (1966a),
supplemented by later, unpublished data.
E. durangonus laid one to five egg masses that varied in egg num-
ber from 20 to 164 with a mean of 64 (Fig. 1). Fertile eggs were a
grainy off-white color with microscopic truncate papillae on the chorion.
They were subspherical in shape with mean diameters of 1.57 and 1.65
mm. Sterile eggs were similar in size and shape but developed a yellow
cast and usually collapsed or shriveled within a day or two of deposition.
First egg masses contained nearly 100% fertile or 100% sterile eggs
with a mean hatch of 46%. Second and third egg masses usually con-
tained a high percentage of sterile eggs with a mean hatch of 16%, and
the fourth and fifth masses were totally sterile. Variation of incubation
temperature produced variation in mean per cent hatch and period of
234
Vol. 49, No. 4
Muma: Life Cycle of E. durangonus
235
incubation. At 900 F 34.7% hatched in 21 days, at 80 F .55.7 in 28
days, at 70 F 34.0 % in 40 days, and at 600 F only 0.3% (1 egg) in
28 days. The latter temperature was apparently near the critical low for
development because a 16.1% hatch was obtained in one to nine additional
days when the temperature was raised to 900 F. The incubation figure
given in Table 2 represents an average of those obtained at 80 and 90 F.
TABLE 1.-MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURES FOR 1963 AND 1964 AT Two
ARIZONA AND Two NEW MEXICO WEATHER STATIONS THAT ENCOMPASS
THE SAN SIMONE VALLEY.
Mean Temperature (F)
Arizona New Mexico
Year Month Bowie Douglas Animas Rodeo Average
1963
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
1964
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
42.0
50.2
53.8
61.4
72.2
76.8
83.5
76.9
75.2
65.6
52.4
43.0
39.8
42.3
50.5
59.4
68.3
76.0
81.5
78.0
71.0
64.3
48.4
44.2
45.9
52.6
56.1
62.6
72.0
77.0
82.7
78.3
76.3
67.0
53.8
46.5
42.1
42.9
52.2
60.1
69.6
77.6
82.1
78.4
72.9
65.2
51.4
48.0
40.3
46.5
52.4
59.4
69.7
74.5
80.3
74.2
71.5
62.8
50.4
40.8
39.9
40.0
49.6
57.4
68.4
75.4
80.7
77.5
70.9
62.8
48.0
44.2
43.4
49.6
53.1
59.4
70.5
78.0
81.8
75.1
73.3
64.2
52.0
42.2
38.0
39.5
49.6
57.8
67.1
74.8
79.9
76.4
69.4
61.4
48.3
42.3
42.9
49.7
53.8
60.7
71.1
76.6
82.1
76.1
74.1
64.9
52.1
43.1
39.9
42.2
50.5
58.7
68.4
75.7
81.1
77.6
71.1
63.4
49.0
44.7
Ten to 14 days prior to hatching, the eggs collapsed on one or both
sides and developed a pair of poorly defined, brown-lined, convergent ridges
and two dark spots. Two or three days prior to hatching, the lines be-
came identifiable as long peltidial and abdominal setae, and the dark
spots, as embryonic eye-spots.
Egg masses were deposited in burrows under both field and laboratory
conditions. Many females were dug out of shallow burrows in the field
236 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 49, No. 4
but only one, at a depth of 11/2", was associated with eggs. Several gravid
females were dug out of deep burrows, but no eggs were found. In the
laboratory, several females deposited eggs on the bottom of terraria at
depths of 2" to 3". The egg-burrows are probably much deeper under
natural conditions.
TABLE 2.-EXPERIMENTAL AND ESTIMATED LIFE CYCLE OF
Eremobates durangonus.
Develop- No. of Days to Develop* Estimated
mental No. months
stage indiv. Range Mean** Estimatedt active
Egg 914 18-33 25 28 Aug. Sept.
Post-embryo 204 5-12 8 14 Sept. Oct.
Nymph, 1st 295 5-12 8 14 Sept. Oct.
2nd 37 12-42 25 35 Nov. Dec.
3rd 3 18-118 51 56 Dec. Jan.
4th 2 19-27 23 28 Jan. Feb.
5th 1 26 26 35 Feb. March
6th 19-61 34 42 March Apr.
7th 19-61 34 42 April May
22
8th 19-61 34 35 May June
9th 19-61 34 35 June July
Total 200-574 302 364
Adult 9 71 1-73 33 35 Aug. Oct.
S 56 2-36 11 14 July Sept.
*Days longevity in the laboratory for adults.
**At 80 F. except for eggs, post-embryos, first nymphs, and second nymphs which
were held at 80 F. and 90 F.
tBased on weeks to complete development at ambient San Simone Valley temperatures.
Post-embryos.-Newly hatched E. durangonus were translucent white,
except for pale yellow abdomens, and appeared to be still in an embry-
onic state, Fig. 2. Both fingers of the chelicerae were immovable and
possessed poorly defined teeth. There was a spine-like egg burster on
the upper margin of the upper cheliceral finger. The eye-spots were not
associated with an eye tubercle. The legs lacked tarsi and tarsal claws.
There were no malleoli, racquet organs, on the trochanters of the fourth
legs. Long, slender curved setae occurred on the lateral margin of the
propeltidium and anterior seven abdominal segments.
Hatching lasted from 20 to 30 minutes. A V-shaped opening in the
chorion above the chelicerae widened into a split about half the width
of the egg as the post-embryo alternately stretched and coiled dorso-
ventrally. This action resulted in an alternate erection and deflection
of the long peltidial and abdominal setae and emergence of the chelicerae,
peltidia, and palpi from the egg before the legs and abdomen. Although
the chorion ridges, and the erection and deflection of the long setae sug-
gest that Lawrence's (1947) deduction concerning the egg-bursting func-
tion of the setae may be correct, this could not be positively determined
Muma: Life Cycle of E. durangonus 237
from observations of hatching. It is also possible that the setae merely
facilitated emergence from the egg.
When the post-embryos are free of the eggs, they squirm and wiggle
a few millimeters from the mass. Movement is spasmodic and clumsy
and is associated with long periods of quiescence. Such movement recurs
at infrequent intervals during the entire stadium. Some post-embryos
fail to entirely free themselves from the eggs or fall from the eggs on
their backs and cannot move away. Such action may not be necessary
or even possible in the natural subterranean egg chambers. Movement
apparently is not necessary to development, as trapped or immobile post-
embryos moulted to the first nymphal instar in the same period of time as
motile post-embryos.
Post-embryo development in the laboratory was completed in 7 to 12
days with a mode of 9 and a mean of 10 at 80 F and in 5 to 12 days with
a mode of 6 and a mean of 6 at 90 F. The figures given in Table 2
represent an average. Mortalities during this stadium varied from 0 to
58% for 12 egg masses. Since the ambient mean temperature of the San
Simone Valley during September is 73 F, it is likely that post-embryos
complete development in about two weeks under natural conditions.
Post-embryo ecdysis is preceded by deflection of the chelicerae, palpi,
and legs below the plane of the body. A swelling of the body in the pel-
tidial region results in a transverse rupture of the body wall in the region
of the eyes. Further deflection of the chelicerae, swelling of the peltidia,
and squirming frees the peltidia and forces the exuvium downward and
backward off the chelicerae, palpi, and the first three pair of legs. The
exuvium is forced backward along the abdomen by an upward and down-
ward bending of the abdomen and a lifting and twisting of the trapped
fourth legs. When the fourth legs are freed, a swelling and contracting
of the abdomen forces the exuvium backward off the body. Some speci-
mens carry the exuvium on the terminal segments of the abdomen for
several days until it shatters free or falls off. Post-embryo ecdysis was
completed in 20 to 40 minutes.
Nymphal Instars.-E. durangonus nymphs resembled adults in form
and color. Laboratory hearings indicated the existence of at least eight
nymphal instars. Furthermore, the cheliceral and propeltidial scatter-
grams demonstrated 9 or 10 instars. Table 2 presents the life cycle as
including nine instars, which adequately fit an annual term when ambient
temperatures are considered. Further, this number agrees with the pub-
lished findings of Junqua (1958) for Othoes sp. It should be stressed,
however, that the exact number of nymphal instars is not known and
may be 8, 9, or 10.
First-instar nymphs were reared at laboratory temperatures of 80
and 90 F. The figures given in Table 2 represent an average. At 80 F,
developmental time varied from 6 to 12 days with a mode of 9 and a mean
of 8.8. Mortalities of individuals from different egg masses ranged from
10.5 to 51.7%. At 90 F, developmental time varied from 5 to 8 days
with a mode of 6 and a mean of 6.2. Mortalities of individuals from
different egg masses ranged from 0 to 25.0%. Although first-instar
nymphs were offered a wide variety of small soft-bodied arthropods as
food, they refused to eat.
Several egg masses laid in egg chambers in laboratory terraria were
238 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 49, No. 4
incubated in situ. Solpugids reared from such masses appeared on the
surface of the substrate in the second-nymphal instar which indicated that
first-instar nymphs do not burrow. First-instar nymphs held separately
in petri dishes usually huddled in small cavities in the substrate but were
always visible for observation. However, they moved readily when dis-
turbed and exhibited defense reactions.
Second-instar nymphs were reared at laboratory temperatures of 80
and 90 F. Experimental mortality was exceptionally high in this sta-
dium. Only 37 of nearly 200 were successfully reared to the third instar.
Seventeen completed development at 80 F in a minimum of 24 days, a
maximum of 42, a mode of 41, and a mean of 33.5. Twenty completed
development at 90 F in a minimum of 12 days, a maximum of 41, a mode
of 13, and a mean of 16.8. The figures given in Table 2 are an average.
Due to high second instar mortality during routine rearing studies,
special tests were conducted to determine the cause for mortality and to
circumvent it.
First- and early second-instar sibling nymphs exhibited a peculiar re-
current clustering behavior. Therefore, an attempt was made to rear
second-instar sibling nymphs in groups of three and five. Survival and
development were not appreciably improved over that obtained with iso-
lated specimens, but they were observed to cannibalize each other and to
practice communal feeding on termites as reported by Muma (1966b).
Several feeding tests were conducted. Survival and development were
comparable when second-instar nymphs were fed one, two, or three ter-
mites a day. Specimens fed termites dusted with yeast hydrolysate did
not survive or develop appreciably better than those fed termites alone.
Specimens fed minute insects and arachnids screened from leaf mold sur-
vived and developed, but not better than those fed termites. Second-instar
nymphs reared at 80 and 90 F frequently lost terminal palpal and leg
segments in combats with termites. Such injuries decreased greatly at
60 and 70 F and disappeared entirely at 40 and 50 F. The lower tempera-
tures did not, however, improve survival and development.
Two temperature tests were conducted. Five specimens frozen for
three days and four specimens frozen at 20 to 30 F for five days all sur-
vived but failed to develop to the third instar. Three second-instar nymphs
subjected 11 times to a temperature gradient indicated a preference for
83 to 94 F, much higher than the ambient San Simone Valley temper-
atures during September and October, but near laboratory-rearing tem-
peratures.
Substrate tests on 41 specimens demonstrated that although this instar
burrows readily to depths varying from 1A to 1", burrowing is not essen-
tial as such to survival. Survival and development were comparable
whether the substrate was /s, 'A, %, or 1" deep.
The apical third of the right palpus of 11 second-instar nymphs was
surgically removed to test the effect on survival and development. The
specimens walked, fed, and burrowed, but were much more susceptible to
injury by termites and did not complete development to the third nymphal
instar.
A summary of the laboratory data indicated that second-instar nymph
fight, feed, and burrow in the same manner as adults. They prefer temper-
atures between 80 and 90 F but remain active at temperatures as low as
Muma: Life Cycle of E. durangonus
'~
F
,~Th-
7* p' ^ ^ tC ti v *-' f*''1
* ,' "1 .; ^ o** ,^ .- ,_ .. \ r
.- ,. .,. ..,
.' .. -V 47 .r. ". I
-At
3 4
Fig. 1-6. Eremobates durangonus. Fig.
cently hatched post-embryos, 4.3X. Fig. 3.
Fig. 4. Same nymph, post-ecdysis, 2.5X. Fig.
female, 1.9X.
1. Eggs, 2.7X. Fig. 2. Re-
Late nymph premoult, 2..5X
5. Male, 2.5X Fig. 6. Gravid
239
240 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 49, No. 4
40 F and can survive freezing. They are, however, quite susceptible to
injury and mortality by predation and cannibalism.
Since few specimens were reared beyond the second nymphal instar,
little biological information is available on the third, fourth, fifth, and
later instars. Direct data from three laboratory-reared specimens and
22 field-collected specimens indicated a 20 to 50-day developmental period
for late instars. The mean duration of second, third, fourth, and fifth
nymphal instars given in Table 2 was obtained at 80 F. Duration of these
instars would probably be lengthened by the much lower ambient tempera-
tures that existed in the San Simone Valley from December to March in
1963 and 1964, Table 1. Such is indicated in Table 2 by the mean total
of 302 days to complete a life cycle. These instars probably take one
to two months longer to complete development under field conditions.
Scattergrams based on the length and width of the chelicerare and
length and width of the propeltidia indicated eight well-defined and one
poorly defined instar. Instars one through eight were indicated by com-
pact, easily identified linear groupings on both scattergrams. The ninth
grouping, however, was broad and loose, with a tendency to be bimodal
on both scattergrams. Although a tenth nymphal instar may exist, it
seems more likely that variation in this, the penultimate instar, is indica-
tive of the sexual dimorphism of adults. Morphologic study of nymphs
did not produce any further evidence of dimorphism except that nymphs
one through four exhibited three pairs of malleoli, and nymphs five
through nine, five pairs, the normal adult number.
From 5 to 14 days (mean, 9 days) prior to ecdysis, an immature sol-
pugid digs a burrow and becomes quiescent. Such solpugids have never
been excavated in the field, which suggests that moulting burrows are
deep. At this time, the body becomes recurved, and the palpi and legs
are held above the body and angled posteriorly (Fig. 3). This condition
has been reported by Hingston (1925), Junqua (1958), and Cloudsley-
Thompson (1961), although Hingston misinterpreted it as a hibernation
state. In this position, all parts of the body and appendages are held
rigidly except for the abdomen, which is capable of a rotary waving
motion. Just prior to ecdysis the chelicerae, palpi, and legs are deflected
below the body plane and moulting then proceeds as indicated above for
post-embryos. Following a moult, the solpugid lies helplessly for 12
to 24 hours before the body wall again becomes hardened (Fig. 4).
Adults.-Male solpugids complete development to the adult stage one
to several weeks earlier than the females. This was demonstrated
numerically by Muma (1963) and has been corroborated in the present
study.
E. durangonus males (Fig. 5) appeared in the field in late July and
early August and persisted until early September. Females (Fig. 6)
appeared during August and were found as late as October. Specimens
reared in the laboratory exhibited the same relationship; males matured
one to three weeks earlier than females.
Within 12 to 24 hours after moulting to maturity, adult solpugids were
capable of walking, running, burrowing, and mating. They did not, how-
ever, show any inclination to use the palpal organs in climbing for a
day or two, and they did not feed for two or three days. Males did not
feed or burrow as extensively as females (Muma 1966b and 1967). Under
Muma: Life Cycle of E. durangonus 241
laboratory conditions, males were induced to mate several times but
females only one or two times (Muma 1966c).
The earlier collection and disappearance of males in the field indicated
a shorter longevity for males than for females. Laboratory longevity
data obtained with 56 males and 71 females are presented in Table 2.
Most of these specimens were field-collected and of an unknown age, but
some were laboratory-reared, and adults from both sources exhibited the
same longevity. Males lived an average of slightly less than two weeks,
females from four to five weeks. Because of the earlier emergence and
shorter life of males, several laboratory-reared males and females ma-
tured when the other sex was not available for mating. These few un-
mated males and females lived much longer than mated specimens, males
up to 7 weeks and females up to 10 weeks.
SUMMARY
A three-year study of Eremobates durangonus from the San Simone
Valley of southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico has resulted
in the determination of its life cycle.
Females deposit one to five egg masses that average 64 eggs per mass
during the months of August and September. The white subspherical
eggs hatch in three to four weeks into an embryo-like, morphologically
incomplete, inactive stadium. These post-embryos moult in about one
week to non-feeding, adult-like, first-instar nymphs. The first nymphs
also complete development in about one week and moult to a burrowing,
feeding, adult-like, second-instar nymph. The second and all succeeding
instars complete development in an average of three to seven weeks. The
species overwinters during the second through the fifth nymphal instars.
Winter temperatures probably decrease, but do not arrest, rates of de-
velopment of these instars since solpugids remain active and feed at
temperatures as low as 40 F. Existence of eight nymphal instars has
been determined by laboratory rearing, but time and morphologic features
indicate a ninth instar that completes development during late June and
July and moults to the adult stage. Adult males are active during late
July, August, and early September, females during August, September,
and early October. Males mature early and live an average of only two
weeks; females mature late and live an average of five weeks. When
allowances are made for reduced rates of development during the winter
months and for the time required for mate-searching, mating, and ovi-
position, the life cycle can be computed to be annual.
LITERATURE CITED
Birula, A. 1893-94. Untersuchungen ueber den bauder geschlectsorgane
bie den Galeodiden. Horae Soc. Ent. Rossicae 28: 289-326.
Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. 1961. Observations on the natural history of
the "camel-spider," Galeodes arabs C. L. Koch (Solifugae:Galeodi-
dae) in the Sudan. Ent. Monthly Mag. 97: 145-152.
Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. 1962. Some aspects of the fauna of the Red
Sea hills and coastal plain. Ent. Monthly Mag. 98: 159-161.
Croneberg, A. 1887. Ueber ein entwicklungsstadium von Galeodes. Zool.
Anzeiger. Bd. X: 163.
242 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 49, No. 4
Heymons, R. 1904. Ueber die entwicklungsgeschichte und morphologie
der Solifugen. Proc. 6th Int. Congr. Zool. p. 429-436.
Hingston, R. W. G. 1925. Nature at the desert's edge, studies and ob-
servations in the Bagdad oasis. Witherby, London. p. 192-261.
Junqua, Claude. 1958. Observations preliminaries sur la mue et la
croissance chez les solifuges. Bull. Soc. Zool. France 83(2-3): 262-
264.
Junqua, Claude. 1962. Donndes sur la reproduction d'un solifuge: Othoes
saharae Panouse. Compt. rend. seances Acad. Sci. 255: 2673-2675.
Lawrence, R. F. 1947. Some observations on the eggs and newly hatched
embryos of Solpaga hostilis White (Arachnida). Proc. Zool. Soc.
London 117(2-3): 429-434.
Lawrence, R. F. 1949. Observations on the habits of a female solifuge,
Solpaga ,,uff,, Pocock. Ann. Transvall Mus. 21(2): 197-200.
Lawrence, R. F. 1963. The Solifugae of South West Africa. Cimbebasia,
South West Africa State Museum. No. 8: 1-28.
Muma, M. H. 1963. Solpugida of the Nevada test site. Brigham Young
Univ., Sci. Bull. Biol. Ser. 3(2): 1-15.
Muma, M. H. 1966a. Egg deposition and incubation for Eremobates du-
rangonus with notes on the eggs of other species of Eremobatidae
(Arachnida:Solpugida). Fla. Ent. 49(1): 23-31.
Muma, M. H. 1966b. Feeding behavior of North American Solpugida
(Arachnida). Fla. Ent. 49(3): 199-216.
Muma, M. H. 1966c. Mating behavior in the solpugid genus Eremobates
Banks. Animal Behaviour 14(2): 346-350.
Muma, M. H. 1967. Burrowing habits of North American Solpugida
(Arachnida). Psyche (in press).
The Florida Entomologist 49(4) December 1966
NOTICE
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida,
is sponsoring the First Annual Pest Control Conference, to be held 14-16
February 1967, University of Florida, Gainesville. This conference will
deal primarily with the pests of crops and livestock. It is open to the pub-
lic and is directed primarily toward persons making pest control recom-
mendations. Dr. W. G. Eden, Chairman of the Department of Entomology,
is Coordinator for the conference.
I. ~.j
ADDITIONS TO FLORIDA INSECTS TAKEN
IN LIGHT TRAPS 1
S. W. FROST
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
Since the publication of "Insects taken in light traps at The Arch-
bold Biological Station, Highlands County, Florida" (Frost 1964), many
additional records have been obtained. Methods of entry and abbrevia-
tions are the same as those used in 1964. A few additional abbreviations
are added: BM, British Museum; BBM, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Hon-
olulu; CDA, Canada Department of Agriculture; CSC, California State
College; ISU, Iowa State University; KSU, Kansas State University; MCZ,
Museum Comparative Zoology; SJSC, San Jose State College; UMO, Uni-
versity of Missouri; UNM, University of New Mexico; UU, University of
Utah. The details of operation of the traps are given in previous papers
(Frost 1962, 1963). An asterisk (*) indicates a species identified by the
author.
LIST OF SPECIES
ORTHOPTERA
BLATTIDAE (A. B. Gurney, USDA)
Latiblatella rehni Hebard 4/12
Parcoblatta fulvescens (S.&Z.) 3/27
NEUROPTERA
SISYRIDAE (0. S. Flint, USNM)
Nallachius americanus Mcl. 4/6,5/8
TRICHOPTERA,
USNM)
PHILOPOTAMIDAE
Chimarra florida
8/, 149
(0. S. Flint,
Ross 1,2,3,4;
PSYCHOMYIIDAE
Cernotina truncona Ross 3/20,3/20,
4/10; 3 359
Cyrnellus fraternus (Banks) 4/7;
1
Neureclipsis crepuscularis (W.)
3/20,3/30,4/10; 2 S, 4 9
Polycentropus nascotius Ross
2/7,2/26,3/30,4/7,4/10; 5 8, 10 9
HYDROPSYCHIDAE
Cheumatopsyche burksi Ross 1/24,
1/31,2/26,3/20; 2 99
Cheumatopsyche sordida (Hager)
2/8,2/26; 3 9
HYDROPTILIDAE
Hydroptila strepha Ross 1/4,3/6,
3/29; 5 219
Orthotrichia americana Banks 1/4,
1/28,3/6,3/29,4/6; 20 9
Orthotrichia baldufi Ross 3/6,3/29;
.5 49
Oxyethira lumosa Ross 1/4,3/6,
3/29; 4 219
Oxyethira janella Denn. 1/4,1/28,
3/6,3/29; 8 9
LEPTOCERIDAE
Leptocella near albida (W.) 1,2,3,4;
18 66
Leptocella pavida (Hag.) 1/4,1/24,
2/26,3/20; 6 9
Oecetis inconspicua (W.) 1,2,3,4;
35/, 739
Oecetis osteni Milne 1,2,3,4; 58,
23 9
Triaenodes florida Ross 3/30; 1 8
Authorized 2 December 1965 for publication as paper No. 3097 in the
journal series of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station.
244
The Florida Entomologist
EPHEMEROPTERA (Lewis Berner,
FDA)
BAETIDAE
Stenonema interpunctatum (Say)
3/6,3/7
ODONATA (G. H. Beatty, Lemont,
Pa.)
Anax junius Drury 3/27
Ischnura prognatha Hagen 4/7
Tetragoneuria cynosura Say delete
from 1964 list
Tetragoneuria sepia Gloyd 3/28,
4/5
HOMOPTERA
MEMBRACIDAE (R. C. Froeschner,
USNM)
Stictocephala near brevis (Walker)
retained 3/24
CICADELLIDAE (J. P. Kramer,
USNM, except where noted
otherwise)
Atanus species 12/22,1,22,1/23
Balclutha flavescens (Baker) 11/22
(H. D. Blocker, KSU)
Cantura albonotata (Van D.) 4/4
Carneocephala flaviceps (Riley)
3/11
Chlorotettix capensis Sand. &
DeLong 2/23
Chlorotettix rugicollis Ball
3/16, 3/30
Draeculacephala inscripta Van D.
3/14,3/19,3/26
Draeculacephala septemguttata
(Walker) 4/7
Eupteryx nigra Osborn 2/24
Gyponana palma DeLong 1/16,3/12
a new record for Florida
Gyponana tenella (SpAngb.)
12,1,2,3 (D. M. DeLong, OSU)
Homalodisca insolita (Walker) 2/16
Idiocerus taxodium DeLong
3/30,4/2 (D. M. DeLong, OSU)
Menosoma cincta (Osb. & Ball)
3/2,4/6
Neocoelidia tuberculata (Baker 3/18
Vol. 49, No. 4
Oncometopia nigricans (Walker)
3/14
Osbornellus clarus Beamer 1/14
Parabolocratus flavidus Signoret
3/16,3/19
Paraphlepsius fuscipennis (Van D.)
3/19
Ponana scarlatina (Fitch) 2/7
Scaphytopius elegans (Van D.)
2/27
Spangbergiella vulnerata (Uhler)
3/10
Texananus excultus (Uhler) 3/20
APHIDAE (J. 0. Pepper, PSU)
Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) 4/8
Aphis craccivora Koch 3/23,4/8
Aphis nasturtii Kltb. 4/8
Aphis nerii Fonsc. 3/23
Capitophorus elaeagni (Del G.)
1/22
Hyadaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis)
3/9
Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy) 4/18
Myzus lythri (Schrank) 1/4
Prociphilus n. sp. 104 specimens
taken 1/4, also taken 3/2,3/23
Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch)
3/23,3/31
Rhopalosiphum nymphacae (Linn.)
3/27,4/7
Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis
(Sasakai) 4/5
FULGORIDAE (J. P. Kramer, USNM)
Bostaera balli Penner
Haplaxius sp. 3/11,3/13 retained
for study
HEMIPTERA (R. C. Froeschner,
USNM)
ENICOCEPHALIDAE
Systelloderes biceps (Say) 4/8 S.C.
REDUVIIDAE
Empicoris armatus (Champ.) delete
from 1964 list
Empicoris barberi (McA. & Mall.)
1/22,1/31,2/2,2/23
Stenolemus longicornis (Blatchley)
1/28
Frost: Insects Taken in Light Traps
MIRIDAE (R. C. Froeschner, USNM)
Ceratocapsus sp. 1/8
Clivinema villosa Reuter 1/9,3/11
Dagbertus, olivaceus (Reuter) 3/20
Dagbertus sp. 4/8
Eustictus mundus (Uhler) 4/8
Hyalochloria caviceps Reuter 3/30
Lygocoris (Neolygus) sp. 4/7
Orthotylus ramus Knight 3/20,2/25,
3/30,4/7,4/8
Psallus albatus (Van D.) 4/6,4/7
Reuteroscopus sulphureus (Reuter)
4/2
Rhinacloa sp. 1/4
Spanagonicus albofasciatus
(Reuter) 3/4
, .,,,.tu l,,- dohertyi (Dist.) 1/9
HYDROMETRIDAE (R. C. Froeschner,
USNM)
Hydrometra australis Say 1/3,1/9,
3/1
Hydrometra martini Kirk. delete
from 1964 list
COLEOPTERA
CARABIDAE (H. Dietrich, CU)
Anchomenus decorus (Say)
2/9,2/18,2/19,3/4
Calleida decora (Fab.) 4/5,4/9,4/12
Dromius atriceps Lee. 4/8
PTILIDAE (H. Dybas, CNHM)
4 new species retained for de-
scription
LYCIDAE
Caenia dimidiata (Fab.) 2/11
(C. M. F. von Hayek, BM)
Celetes basalis Lee. (J. W. Green,
CAS)
CANTHARIDAE (H. Dietrich, CU)
Cantharis costipennis Lec. 2/3,4/6
Cantharis longula Lee. 4/6
CORYNETIDAE (H. Dietrich, CU)
Orthopleura damicornis (Fab.)
4/12
ANTHICIDAE (F. G. Werner, UA)
Notoxus talpa Laf. 4/5
MELOIDAE (F. G. Werner)
Pseudozonitis longicornis Horn 4/11
ELATERIDAE (J. N. Knull, OSU)
Conoderus suturalis (Lee.) 3/27
Ocolus sp. 2/17
BUPRESTIDAE (J. N. Knull, OSU)
Agrilus ruficollis (Fab.) 4/5
HELODIDAE (R. Tetrault, PSU)
Cyphon variabilis Thunb. delete
from 1964 list
Scirtes orbiculatus (Fab.) 2/18,
3/20,4/12
Two new species being described
NITIDULIDAE (H. F. Howden, CDA)
Cychramus quadrifrons castaneus
Blatch. 3/16, a rare species, only
8 specimens known, all from
Florida
Epuraea corticina Er. 1/24
Thalycra carolina Wickh. 1/16
ORTHOPERIDAE (H. Dietrich, CU)
Molambus sp. 2/28
LANGURIIDAE (W. Boyle, PSU)
Acropteroxys lecontei (Crotch) 1/22
TENEBRIONIDAE (C. A. Triplehorn,
OSU)
Doliema sp. 1/9,3/2,3/8,3/9,3/10
ANOBIIDAE (H. Dietrich, CU)
Caenocara oculata (Say) 1/13,3/1
LYCTIDAE (H. Dietrich, CU)
Lyctus planicollis Lee. 3/13
SCARABAEIDAE (0. L. Cartwright,
USNM)
Ateuchus histeroides (Web.)
1/9,2/6,3/24
Pelidnota lutea pallidipes Casey
4/6,4/9,4/12
Strategus antaeus Drury 11/14
CERAMBYCIDAE (J. N. Knull, OSU)
Obrium maculatum (Oliv.) 4/8
Tylocerina nodosa (Fab.) 2/16
245
The Florida Entomologist
CHRYSOMELIDAE
Acalymma vincta (Lee.)
(R.F. Smith, UC) 1/26,1/28
*Blepharida rhois Forst. 3/31,4/2
*Chalepus bicolor (Oliv.) 2/16
*Chalepus scapularis (Oliv.) 4/2,
4/23
*Cryptocephalus guttulatus Oliv.
4/12
*Disonycha pennsylvanica Ill.
a common species but seldom
taken in light traps.
*Phyllotreta vittata (Fab.) 4/8
BRENTIDAE (H. Dietrich, CU)
Eupsalis minute Drury 3/20
PLATYSTOMIDAE (B. D. Valentine,
OSU)
Euparius marmoreus (Oliv.)
2/9,2/19,2/25,3/4,3/16,3/24,
3/29, SC
Phoenicobiella trituberculata
chamaeropis (Lee.) 3/4
Toxonotus cornutus Say 1/24,3/16,
3/19,3/20
Trigonorhinus sticticus (Boh.)
3/19
CURCULIONIDAE (E. L. Sleeper,
CSC, except where otherwise
noted)
Anthonomus near musculuss Say
2/13
Bagous planatus Lee. 2/15
Conotrachelus obesulus Hust.
Conotrachelus histrio Gyll. 2/15,
2/25
Conotrachelus near aratus
(Germ.) 3/3
Conotrachelus n. sp. 3/16,4/8
Cryptorhynchus fallax Lee. 3/21
(Henry Dietrich, CU)
Eugnamptus collaris (Fab.) 4/12
(Henry Dietrich, CU)
Gerstaeckeria hubbardi (Lee.)
4/2 (Henry Dietrich, CU)
Himatinum errans (Lee.) 3/8
Hormops abducens Lee.
3,/9,3/11,3/26; rare, lives in
squirrel nests
Hyperodes cryptops (Dietz)
3/16,3/18,3/26
Hyperodes delumbis (Gyll.)
3/6,3/20
Hyperodes humilis (Gyll.) 3/4
Listronotus appendiculatus (Boh.)
3/3,3/10,3/18,4/1
Listrovotus blandus Haderson
3/27
Listronotus oregonensis Lee.
2/9,3/19,3/20
Myrmex dichrous Lee. 4/8
(Henry Dietrich, CU)
Phyrdenis divergens (Germ.)
3/3,3/4
Plocetes ulmi Lec. 3/9
Smicronyx corniculatus Fahr.
3/25,4/2
Smicronyx sculpticollis Casey 4/8
Tanysphyrus lemnae (Fab.) 3/13
Tyloderma near rufescens Casey
4/16
PSELAPHIDAE (0. Park, NWU)
Batriasym modes frosti Park
11/25,12/28,2/10,2/18,2/27
LEPIDOPTERA (C. P. Kimball,
Sarasota, Fla.)
SPHINGIDAE
Ce)atomia undulosa (Walk.) 2/15
AMATIDAE
Eucereon carolina (H. Edw.) 4/4
NOLIDAE
Meganola minuscula (Zell.)
2/7,3/2,3/30
Meganola phylla Dyar 2/4,2/6,
2/11,2/15,2/22,2/26
ARCTIIDAE
Crambidia pallida Pack.
1/2,1/23,2/9,2/17
AGARISTIDAE
Alypia wittfeld H. Edw. 3/9
PHALAENIDAE (= Noctuidae)
Pantheinae
Panthea furcilla (Pack.) 3/15
246
Vol. 49, No. 4
Frost: Insects Taken in Light Traps
Acronictinae
Harrisimemna trisignata (Wlk.)
3/2,3/4
Agrotinae
Agrotis sp. near ypsilon Rott.
11/3,1/5
Peridroma margaritosa (Haw.)
1/31
Acontiinae
Cobubatha numa (Druce) 3/15
Lithacodia bellicula Hubner 2/3
Phobolosia sp. 1/14,3/15
Sigela basipanctaria (Walker)
4/6
Heliothiinae
Heliothis subflexa (Gn.) 3/16
Rhodophora gaurae (A.&S.)
3/20,4/11
Hadeninae
Leucania solita Walker 2/2
Morrison-ca mucens sectilis (Gn.)
2/20,2/22,3/9,3/20,4/5
Trichoclea vindemialis (Gn.)
2/15,3/18,4/6
Cuculliinae
Psaphida resumenes Walker 2/25
Amphipyrinae
Arzama brehmei B. & McD.
1/24,3/1
Condica confederate (Grote) 1/16
Dipterygia patina (Harvey)
February
Micrathetis triplex (Walker) 1/10
Phuphena obliqua (Smith) 2/7
Platysenta concisa (Walker)
12/2,1/10,2/21,2/22
Euteliinae
Paectes abrostoloides (Gn.) 1/12
Paectes burserae (Dyar) 3/16
Plusiinae
Rachiplusia ou (Gn.) 1/21
Catocalinae
Parallelia similis (Gn.) 1/28
Hypeninae
Glympis concors (Hubner) 2/16
Metalectra discalis (Grote) 4/5
Plathypena scabra (Fab.) 12/21,
2/7
Scolecocampa liburna (Geyer)
3/2,4/11
Herminiinae
Dercetis vitrea Grote 2/25
Epizeuxis gopheri Smith 1/3,4/5
Lascoria alucitalis (Gn.)
1/14,1/20,3/11
Lascoria orneodalis (Gn.) 1/20
Zanclognatha obscuripennis
(Grote) 2/15,2/25,3/10,3/11,
3/29
Erebiinae
Panopoda rufimargo (Hubner)
3/2-,4/3,4/6,4/9
LIPARIDAE
Olene leucophaea (A.&S.) 1/15
GEOMETRIDAE
Geometrinae
Chloropteryx tepperaria (Hulst)
1/20,2/9
Racheospila extremaria Walker
4/7
Sterrhinae
Cosymbia culicaria (Gn.)
November
Scopula aemulata Hulst, 1/30,2/11
Sterrha lacteola Lintner 1/4
Ennominae
Euchlaena madusaria (Walker)
1/5,3/18,3/20
Lycia ypsilon (S. A. Forbes)
February
Priocycla decoloraria (Hulst) 2/19
Prochoerodes transversata (Drury)
3/29
Stenaspilates antidiscaria (Walk-
er) 1/23
Larentiinae
Eubaphe meridiana (Slosson)
1/7,2/25
Lychnosea intermicata (Walker)
1/5
LIMACODIDAE
Euclea delphinii (Bdv.) 1/11,
1/23,4/6
Limacodes rectilinea (G.&R.) 3/24
PYRALIDAE
Glaphyriinae
Dicymolomia pegasalis (Walker)
3/5
247
248
The Florida Entomologist
Lipocosma fuliginosalis Fernald
3/27
Pyraustinae
Agathodes designalis Gn. 4/8
Antiercta ornatalis (Dup.) 2/5
Conchylodes concinnalis Hamp.
4/5,4/10,4/12
Daulia magdalena (Fernald) 1/18
Diaphania indica (Saunders)
December
Lineodes fontella Walshm. 4/1
Lineodes integra (Zeller) 2/14
Marasmia conchrusalis (Walker)
1/18,2/19
Phylyctaenia coronata tertialis
(Gn.) previously recorded, re-
cently reared as a leaf roller on
Sambucus simpsonii
Pachyzancla ipomoealis Capps.
12/27
Pachyzancla phaeopteralis (Gn.)
1/15
Pyralinae
Herculia olinalis (Gn.) 12/27
Schoenobiinae
Rupela sejuncta Heinrich 3/18,
3/28
Schoenobius near clemensellus
Rob. 4/2
Schoenobius unipunctellus Rob. 4/8
Scirpophaga perstrialis (Hubner)
11/11,11/16,3/21,4/13
Crambinae
Crambus decorellus (Zincken) 2/25
Diatraenopsis differentialis
(Fernald) 4/5
lesta lisetta Dyar 12/20
Ancylomiinae
Prionapteryx serpentella Kft. 2/23
Epipaschiinae
Tetralopha melanogrammos Zeller
3/28
PHYCITIDAE
Acrobasis grossbecki (B. & McD.)
2/3,3/12,4/14
Acrobasis myricella B. & McD. 4/7
Acrobasis peplifera Dyar
3/21,3/27,4/11
Ephestiodes infimella Rag. 2/26
Vol. 49, No. 4
Etiella zinckenella (Treit.)
Previously recorded, also reared
from seeds of Crotalaria.
Eulogia ochrifrontella (Zeller)
Previously recorded, also reared
from acorns.
Laetilia coccidivora (Comstock)
1/25
Ocala dryadella Hulst 2/26
PTEROPHORIDAE
Oidaematophorus balanotes
(Meyrick) 3/26
Oidaematophorus monodactylus
(Linn.) 2/1
Oidaematophorus unicolor (B. &
McD.) 2/19
Pselnophorus belfragi (Fish) 4/1
Trichoptilus californicus (Wlshm.)
3/24,4/11
OLETHREUTIDAE
Epiblema otiosana (Clem.) 3/24
Eucosma gomonana Kft. 2/1,2/15,
3/2
Gretchena concurbitana Heinrich
4/3
Laspeyresia anaranjada Miller
4/2
Rhyacionia buoliana (Dennis &
Schiff.) Delete from 1964 list.
Rhyacionia subtropica Miller
1,2,3, V.C.
Sonia constrictana (Zeller)
1/12,2/18,4/9,4/12
Thiodia dorsiatomana Kft. delete
from 1964 list
PHALONIIDAE
Phalonia ziscana Kft. 1/11
WALSHIIDAE
Walshia miscecolorella Chamb.
1/9,3/1
MOMPHIDAE
Mompha eloisella (Clem.) 4/8
GELECHIIDAE
Aristotelia corallina Wlshm.
1/6,4/1
Fascista quinella (Zeller) 4/8
Stegasta bosqueella (Chamb.)
1/1,1/23,3/12,3/21,12/23
Frost: Insects Taken in Light Traps
COSMOPTERIGIDAE
Sathrobrota badia Hodges 1/1
OECOPHORIDAE
Decantha boreasella (Chamb.) 3/1
Epicallima argenticinctella (Clem.)
4/5
GLYPHIPTERYGIDAE
Choreutis carduiella Kft. 3/29
HYPONOMEUTIDAE
Podiasa chiococcella Busck 3/5
GRACILLARIDAE
Phyllocnistis erechtiisella Chamb.
2/24 Also reared from linear
mines on the leaves of Erechtites
hieracifolia.
TINEIDAE
Amydria margorieella (Dietz)
3/12,3/28,4/5
PRODOXIDAE
Tegeticula alba Zeller 4/7
HESPERIIDAE
Erynnis horatius (Schud. & Burg.)
2/22
Panoquina ocola (Edw.) 1/3,1/15
NYMPHALIDAE
Vanessa atalanta (Linn.) 1/25
DIPTERA
TIPULIDAE (C. P. Alexander,
Amherst, Mass.)
Gonomyia puer Alex. 2/16,2/17,
2/23,3/5
CULICIDAE (L. Logan, FSBH)
Aedes vexans (Meigen) 4/20
CHIRONOMIDAE (E. C. Beck, FSBH)
Ablabesmyia aspera (Roback) 3/1
Ablabesmyia peleensis (Walley)
2/17
Ablabesmyia sp. 1/18
Clinotanypus pinguis (Loew) 2/26
Coelotanypus concinnus (Coq.)
3/11,3/30,4/7
Glyptotendipes paripes (Edw.)
1/31
Microtendipes pedellus (DeGeer)
1/31,2/17
Polypedilum scalaenum (Schrank)
2/3
Palpomyia sp. 12/2
Pseudochironomus sp. 1/17
Tanypus carinatus Subl. 2/27
Tanypus parastellatus Subl. 3/1
Tanytarsus dendyi Subl. 1/27
PSYCHODIDAE (L. W. Quate, BBM)
Philosepedon interdicta (Dyar)
1 9
Psychoda alternate Say 1/23, 1 9
Psychoda alternicula Quate 1/23,
1 9
Psychoda lativentris Berden
1/23,3/29,4/1
Psychoda savaiiensis Edw. 1/23
Psychoda thrinax Quate 12/27,
1/23, 2 9
Psychoda tothastica Quate 12/21,
12/24,12/27,1/5,1/23; 35 9
Psychoda setigera Tonnoir
1/23,12/21; 2 &, 5 9
Telmatoscopus furcatus (Banks)
1/23,3/29
STRATIOMYIDAE (W. J. Hanson,
UU)
Nemotelus glaber Loew. 3/4
EMPIDAE (G. Steyskal, USNM)
Drapetis vittata Mel. 3/30
Platypalpus coquilletti Mel. 3/4
DOLICHOPODIDAE (F. C. Harmston,
Greely, Colorado)
Asyndetus ammophilus Loew 2/28
Asyndetus syntormoides Wheeler
3/11
Campsicnemus hirtipes Loew
2/12,2/23
Condylostylus caudatus (Wied.)
2/4
Condylostylus mundus (Wied.) 1/16
Diaphorus sp. 3/8
Gymnopternus parvicornis Loew
3/6
Gymnopternus vockerothi (Rob.)
2/23
Hydrophorus praecox (Lehm.) 3/4
Pelastoneurus various (Wlk.) 4/9
249
250
The Florida Entomologist
PIPUNCULIDAE (D. E. Hardy, UH)
Pipunculus brevis Cresson 2/7
CONOPIDAE (S. Camras, Chicago)
Zodion americanum Wied. 3/27
Zodion intermedium Banks 3/21
TEPHRITIDAE (G. Steyskal, USNM)
Acinia picturata (Snow) 1/3
LONCHAEIDAE (J. F. McAlpine,
CDA)
Lonchaea auranticornis McAlpine
2/6
LAUXANIIDAE (G. E. Shewell, CDA)
Camptoprosopella verticalis (Loew)
118, 172, 2,3,4, SC
Homoneura ungiculata (Kert)
1/31; oriental, new Florida
record
Physoclypeus coquilletti (Hendel)
1/6
Poecilominettia valida (Wlk.)
1,2,3,4, (C. W. Sabrosky, USNM)
Xenochaetina sp. 4/7
DROSOPHILIDAE (M. R. Wheeler,
UT)
Clastopteromyia inversa (Wlk.)
1/16,1/24
Drosophila deflecta Mall. 12/27,
2/20,3/6
MILICHIIDAE
*Pholeomyia myopa Mel. 2/16
CHLOROPIDAE (C. W. Sabrosky),
USNM)
Conioscinella melancholic (Becker)
1/4,1/14
Hippelates dorsalis Loew 1/25
Hippelates plebejus Loew 1/25,
2/10
Olcella cinerea (Loew) 12/27
AGROMYZIDAE
*Agromyza inaequalis Mall. 1/28,
also reared as leaf miner on
Vicia
CHAMAEMYIIDAE
*Leucopis griseola (Fallen) of
authors 1/7
Vol. 49, No. 4
CLUSIIDAE
Chaetoclusia sp. 2/1
MUSCIDAE (H. C. Huckett, River-
head, L. L.)
Ariciella rubripalpis (VdW.) 11/7,
1/3,4/11
Coenosia ovata Stein 1/15, 1/23, 4/6
Fannia snyderi Seago 2/4
Hebecnema vespertina (Fallen)
Pegomya n. sp. 1/11,1/13,1/18,2/26,
also reared as a miner on the
leaves of Chenopodium
TACHINIDAE (H. J. Reinhard,
TAMC)
Aplomyiopsis sp. 2/24
Archytas aterrimus (R.-Desv.)
1/22,11/19,3/12
Chaetophlepsis townsendi (Smith)
2/1
Crocinosoma cornule Reinhard 3/16
Cylindromyia carolinae (R.-Desv.)
11/9,12/11,3/1
Drino rhoeo (Walker) 1/9
Elfia melissopodis (Coq.) 2/18
Eucelatoria armigera (Coq.) 2/25
Euphorocera floridensis Towns. 1/7
Eusisyropa virilis (A. & W.)
1/2,1/27
Eutheresia monohammi Towns.
3/17
Myiophasia globosa (Towns.) 3/20
Paradmontia brevis Coq. 3/4
Paradidyma apicalis Reinhard 1/1
Prophryno parviteres (A. & W.)
2/17
Pseudochaeta perdecora Reinhard
3/17
Sitophaga sp. 1/17
Trichopoda pennipes (Fab.)
1/4,1/31,3/18,3/21,3/23,4/9, SC
Trichopoda plumipes (Fab.)
12/12,3/17,3/28
SARCOPHAGIDAE (H. J. Reinhard,
TAMC)
Chaetoravinia assidua (Walker)
11/7,1/25,2/12
Chaetoravinia derelicta (Walker)
1/4,1/9,1/25,1/28, C.
Oxysarcodexia ventricosa (VdW.)
1/17
Frost: Insects Taken in Light Traps
Ravinia lherminieri (R.-Desv.)
1/18
HYMENOPTERA
ICHNEUMONIDAE (L. M. Walkley,
USNM)
Eiphosoma sp. 2/2
Exochus sp. 3/8, Retained for study
Netelia sp. 1/1,1/8,2/17
Tersilochini sp. 1/22,3/20
Zaglyptus n. sp. 3/8, Retained
for study
BRACONIDAE (C. F. W. Muesebeck,
USNM)
Apanteles forbesi Vier. 3/11
Apanteles herbertii Ashm. 3/3,4/6
Apanteles paranthrenidis Mues.
1/25,3/1
Atanycolimorpha sp. 2/7
('iii.... t* t, mellipes (Ashm.) 3/4
Clinocentrus sp. 2/17
Dendrosoter sulcatus Mues. 3/20
Heterospilus languriae (Ashm.)
2/28
Macrocentrus instabilis Mues. 3/27
Macrocentrus near delicatus
Cresson 4/2, Retained for study
Meteorus tetralophae Mues. 2/8
Microplitis near striatus Mues.
3/13, Retained for study
Opius dimidiatus (Ashm.) 1/21
Rogas simillimus Ashm. 2/4,3/7,
3/10,3/20
Telenomus sp. 3/27
CHALCIDIDAE
Brachymeria incerta (Cresson)
2/24
PLATYGASTERIDAE (C. F. W. Muese-
beck, USNM)
Leptacis sp. 2/9
VESPIDAE (K. V. Krombein,
USNM)
Vespula squamosa (Drury) 1/5
MUTILLIDAE (H. Dietrich, CU)
Photomorphus paula (Bradley)
2/1,5/6
BETHYLIDAE (H. Evans, HU)
Holepyris sp. 3/27
Laelius sp. 4/3
Pseudisobrachium arenarium Evans
12/10
Pseudisobrachium carolinianum
Evans 3/10,3/26
Pseudisobrachium flaviventre
(Kieffer) 1/26
APIDAE
Bombus americanorum (Fab.)
11/11,4/2,4/5,4/8
PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA (Clayton
Hoff, UNM)
Dendrochernes sp. 11/23,3/17,3/26,
Retained for description
Parachernes sp. 1/30,3/2, Retained
for study
ARACHNIDA (R. Snetsinger,
PSU)
SALTICIDAE
Hentzia ambigua (Walck.) 1/20
MIMETIDAE
Mimetus puritans Chamb. 12/2
CLUBIONIDAE
Chiracanthium inclusum (Hentz)
12/12,1/1
TETRAGNATHIDAE
Tetragnatha tversicolor Walck.
12/21
LITERATURE CITED
Frost, S. W. 1962, 1963. Winter insect light-trapping at The Archbold
Biological Station, Florida. Fla. Ent. 45(4): 175-190, 46(1): 23-43.
Frost, S. W. 1964. Insects taken in light traps at The Archbold Biologi-
cal Station, Highlands County, Florida. Fla. Ent. 47(2): 129-161.
The Florida Entomologist 49(4) December 1966
251
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reports of new tests conducted against many other pests with
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REVISION OF THE GENUS PROPRIOSEIUS CHANT, 1957
(ACARINA: PHYTOSEIIDAE)1
H. A. DENMARK AND MARTIN H. MUMA !
The genus Proprioseius was described by Chant (1957) for amblyseiine
species with a single dorsal shield bearing 14 pairs of setae, many of which
are slightly club-shaped and strongly serrate, seta D4 (D5 of authors)
absent, seven lateral setae, and two median setae. The female has three
pairs of setae on the sternal shield and three pairs of preanal setae on
the ventrianal shield, in addition to the para- and postanal setae. The
male has four pairs of preanal setae and a spur-shaped spermatodactyl.
Chant (1957) stated that Proprioseius resembled the phytoseiid genera
Amblyseius Berlese, 1914, Phytoseiulus Evans, 1952, Phytoseius Ribaga,
1902, and Typhlodromus Scheuten, 1857. It is considered here to be most
closely related to Phytoseiulus.
Proprioseius meridionalis Chant and Proprioseius clancyi Chant were
first described in the genus, and P. meridionalis Chant was designated as
the type of the genus (1957). De Leon (1959) described Proprioseius
mirandai. Muma (1961) placed Typhlodromus oudemansi Chant in the
genus Proprioseius. Chant (1965) placed Proprioseius in the genus Am-
blyseius. Chant and Baker (1965) included Proprioseius in the genus
Amblyseius. We consider Proprioseius distinct from Amblyseius as Am-
blyseins does not have club-shaped setae; D4 (D5 of authors) is always
present; legs I, II, III, and IV are provided with macrosetae; and the fe-
male ventrianal scutum is pentagonal. Amblyseius has leg I longer than
leg IV. The chaetotactic nomenclature followed here is a modified Garman
system (1948). The authors agree with Muma's setal designation (1961),
with the exception of referring to the scapular setae (Sl and S,) as sub-
laterals, and D1 and D(; as verticals and clunals, respectively, after Pritch-
ard and Baker (1962), and except in the case of median setae. That pair
of setae forming the ectal angles of the so-called "dorsal hexagonal area"
is designated as M1. If a pair of setae on the posterior third of the body
(M., of authors) lies mesad to marginal lateral setae, it is considered
median; if a marginal lateral is not present, it is considered lateral.
The genus Proprioseius is recognized here for those amblyseiine species
with a single dorsal shield bearing 14 pairs of setae, many of which may
be slightly club-shaped and strongly serrate, seta D4 (D5 of authors)
absent, eight lateral setae, and one median seta. The female has three
pairs of setae on the ventrianal shield, in addition to the para- and post-
anal setae. There are no macrosetae on legs I-IV. Evans (1963) observed
the chaetotaxy of the legs in the free-living Gamasina. The genual setal
2, 2 2, 2
pattern on leg II reads 2 - 1 and leg III reads 1 - 1. The
1 1 0
Contribution No. 68, Entomology Section.
2 Chief Entomologist, Florida Department of Ag-riculture, Division of
Plant Industry, Entomology Section, Gainesville, Florida 32601.
3 Entomologist, University of Florida, Citrus Experiment Station, Lake
Alfred, Florida 33850.
The Florida Entomologist
Vol. 49, No. 4
position of the ventral setae on genu II is not constant but is indicated
in the formula as occurring. Leg I, as in Phytoseiulus, is shorter than
leg IV (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Female of Proprioseius meridionalis Chant showing compara-
tive lengths of legs.
Although phytoseiids are usually considered to be predaceous on small
arthropods, very little is known about the food habits of the species that
belong to the genus Proprioseins. De Leon (1959) reported two specimens
of P. mirandai were apparently taking sap from the leaf of a composite.
Chant (1959), Chant and Fleschner (1960), Dosse (1961), McMurtry and
Scriven (1964), and McMurtry and Johnson (1965) showed that species in
other genera of phytoseiids can utilize pollen, honey dew, and plant juices
as part of their diet.
P. anthurus was taken on post oak, Quercus stellata, with Phytoseius
n. spp. and Phytoseiulus macropilis Banks. The mites were collected with
a modified Berlese funnel and the feeding habits were not observed. An
unidentified tetranychid mite was also taken with the phytoseiids on post
oak. Since some phytoseiids are known to feed on tetranychids, it is pos-
sible that one or all of the phytoseiids were feeding on the unidentified
tetranychid.
254
Denmark: Revision of Proprioseius
Repeated laboratory attempts to rear P. meridionalis on leaf hairs on a
legume, a mullen, and a composite failed. The species also failed to
reproduce or survive more than nine days on six-spotted mite, Eotetrany-
chus sexmaculatus (Riley), citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ash-
mead), and the tumid mite, Tetranychus tumidus Banks. In the field it is
frequently found alone on hairy plant leaves and has been collected from
tetranychid colonies on croton.
The five known species were described and illustrated with the aid of
a phase-contrast microscope at 800 magnifications for the dorsal and ven-
tral shields and 1200 magnifications for the spermatheca. All measure-
ments are in microns.
Key to females of Proprioseius Chant
1. L4, L6 and L8 serrate but not clavate; S2 simple..---.....................------------- 2
L4, L6 and L. serrate and clavate; S2 serrate--...............-----................--------------...... 3
2. L4, L6 and L. 1/3 to 1/4 scutal width; northeastern USA (Fig. 2)....
..-.-----------..---- ------------------------------...oudemansi (Chant)
L4, L6 and Lg more than 1/2 scutal width; Mexican (Fig. 3)....-------
..----------------------------------....mirandai De Leon
3. L4 1/3 scutal width; Lg sometimes simple; Florida (Fig. 4)-...---
------ ------ ---------------------------....meridionalis Chant
L4 less than 1/4 scutal width; L3 always serrate...........--------...............-----------... 4
4. L, much longer than L4 and slightly shorter than Lg; West Virginia
(Fig. 6)...---............ -------------- --------------..clancyi Chant
L6 slightly longer than L4 but much shorter than Lg; Florida (Fig. 5)
-. ---------------------- ----------.-----------------------. anthurus n. sp.
Proprioseius oudemansi (Chant)
(Fig. 2)
Tpl 1.1,..,.,.v." (Amblyseius) oudemansi Chant, 1959: 100-101; Fig. 238-239.
Proprioseius oudemansi (Chant), Muma, 1961: 277.
Phytoseiulus (Proprioseius) oudemansi (Chant), Wainstein, 1962: 5-30;
Fig. 12.
Amblyseius oudemansi (Chant), Chant, 1965: 371-372.
Diagnosis: Proprioseius oudemansi (Chant) differs from all species
except P. mirandai in having S1 smooth most of the time and S2 smooth.
It also resembles P. mirandai in lacking clavate setae. L4, L;, and L,
are much shorter than those on P. mirandai.
Female: Length 286,; width at L4 165,. Dorsal shield sclerotized,
rugose, with 14 pairs of setae; eight pairs of lateral setae, one pair of
median setae, three pairs of dorsal setae, verticals, and clunals. Setae D1,
D,, Dj, M1, L3, L5, posterior and anterior sublaterals, and clunals smooth;
all other setae serrate. Measurements of setae are: verticals 25b, Di 16,
D, 13A, D3 15,, Mi 11A, clunals 11A, L1 22g, L2 24g, L3 19g, L4 36A, L5
20g, L6 39g, L7 191, L8 57[, anterior sublaterals 29[, and posterior sublat-
erals 21u. Peritremes extend to verticals. Sternal plate wider than long,
smooth, with three pairs of setae. Genital shield broad, truncate, and
one pair of setae. Ventrianal shield longer than wide, smooth, with three
255
The Florida Entomologist
pairs of preanal setae. Four pairs of setae on the posteroventral integu-
ment surround the ventrianal shield; ventrocaudal pair 47/ long, thick, and
serrate. One pair of elongate metapodal plates. Spermatheca saucer-
shaped with short atrium; major duct broad.
A4I /
$,/D
Fig. 2. Female holotype, Proprioseius oudemansi Chant.
scutum. B. Ventrianal scutum. C. Spermatheca. D. Male
scutum. E. Spermatodactyl.
A. Dorsal
ventrianal
Male: The male is similar to the female, but the setae are correspond-
ingly shorter. The foot of the spermatodactyl is about half as long as the
shaft. The ventrianal shield is smooth and has four pairs of preanal setae.
The illustration is of the holotype borrowed from Dr. D. A. Chant,
Department of Biological Control, University of California, Riverside, Cali-
fornia.
256
Vol. 49, No. 4
04
Denmark: Revision of Proprioseius
Localities and Type Material: Holotype female (no. 6862, Canadian
National Collection) and two additional females were collected at the Field
Station of the Belleville Laboratory, Ontario, Canada, 27 August 1956
(D. A. Chant and N. H. Anderson), on Rubus sp.; three females with the
same collection data as the above are on an extended loan to Dr. D. A.
Chant; seven females were collected from grass at Cabin John, Maryland,
7 May 1951 (E. W. Baker), on grass and are in the U. S. National Mu-
seum; two males and two females were collected at Deep Creek Lake,
Maryland, 7 July 1962 (M. H. Muma), from butternut; five males, six
females, and one nymph were collected at Deep Creek Lake, Maryland,
20 July 1962 (M. H. Muma), from butternut; three males and one female
were collected at Erwin, Tennessee, 30 August 1960 (D. De Leon), from
Rubus sp.
This mite was named in honor of the late Dr. A. C. Oudemans, the
Dutch acarologist, who was an early worker with the family Phytoseiidae.
Proprioseius mirandai De Leon
(Fig. 3)
Proprioseius mirandai De Leon, 1959: 149-150; Fig. 1-2.
Proprioseius mirandai De Leon, Muma, 1961: 277.
Phytoseiulus (Proprioseius) mirandai (De Leon), Wainstein, 1962: 17.
Amblyseius (Proprioseius) mirandai (De Leon), Pritchard and Baker,
1962: 295.
Amblyseius mirandai (De Leon), Chant and Baker, 1965: 20; Fig. 112-114.
Amblyseius mirandai (De Leon), Chant, 1965: 371-372.
Diagnosis: Proprioseius mirandai De Leon differs from the other four
known species in having L4, L6, and L. much longer. It resembles P. oude-
mansi in lacking clavate setae and in having S2 simple.
Female: Length 283,; width at L4 142A. Dorsal shield well sclero-
tized, rugose, with 14 pairs of setae: eight pairs of lateral setae, one pair
of median setae, three pairs of dorsal setae, verticals, and clunals. Setae
D1, D2, D3, M1, L3, L5, verticals, and clunals smooth; all other setae ser-
rate. Measurements of setae are: verticals 25p, D1 6,, D2 7/, D3 8,,
M1 6p, clunals 6p, L, 17k, L2 181, L3 20M, L4 86/A, L5 17t/, L6 91p, L7 20[, Lg
110A, anterior sublaterals 31 /, and posterior sublaterals 15,. Peritremes
extend to verticals. Sternal plate wider than long, smooth, with three
pairs of setae. Genital shield broad, truncate, and one pair of setae.
Ventrianal shield longer than wide, smooth, with three pairs of preanal
setae. Four pairs of setae on the posteroventral integument surround the
ventrianal shield; ventrocaudal pair 68u long, thick, and serrate. One pair
of elongate metapodal plates. Spermatheca saucer-shaped with short
atrium; major duct indistinct.
Male: Resembles female with the same setal pattern, but correspond-
ingly shorter. The foot of the spermatodactyl is approximately as long
as the shaft. The ventrianal shield is slightly creased and has four pairs
of preanal setae.
The illustration is of a paratype borrowed from Dr. Donald De Leon,
Erwin, Tennessee, with the following data: Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico, 25
Mar. 1957 (Don De Leon), on Lippia umbellata.
257
The Florida Entomologist
Vol. 49, No. 4
0 00j C 0
0 0
Fig. 3. Female paratype, Proprioseius mirandai De Leon. A. Dorsal
scutum. B. Ventrianal scutum. C. Spermatheca.
Localities and Type Material: Holotype female was collected at Tepic,
Nayarit, Mexico, 25 Mar. 1957 (D. De Leon), from Lippia umbellata. Para-
types: One female, same data as holotype; one male, San Blas, Nayarit,
Mexico, 6 Apr. 1957 (D. De Leon), from agualama; one male and one
female, Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico, 25 Dec. 1956 (D. De Leon), from
Guazuma tomentosa; two females, Cordoba, Veracruz, Mexico, 25 Dec.
1956 (D. De Leon), from Croton draco. Additional specimens were col-
lected by De Leon at Cordoba, Mexico, from Hamelia patens; at Matias
Romero, Oaxaca, Mexico, from composite, 30 Jan. 1957; and at San Blas,
Nayarit, Mexico, 31 Mar. 1957, from Polygonum sp. Chant and Baker
(1965) report this species from the following localities: "Leaf," Lake
Yojoa, Honduras, 6 Mar. 1959 (J. G. Matthysse); "bush," Quemado, Hon-
duras, 28 Dec. 1958 (J. G. Matthysse); leaves of Gauzuma ulmifolia, La
Calera, Managua, Nicaragua, 8 Apr. 1959 (E. W. Baker); Compositae,
Mico Quemado, Honduras, 7 Dec. 1958 (J. G. Matthysse); and Terminalia
catapa leaf, San Marco, Nicaragua, 9 Apr. 1959 (E. W. Baker).
Discussion: De Leon (1959) stated that two specimens appeared to
be sucking sap from a composite leaf and may not be predaceous.
258
Denmark: Revision of Proprioseius 259
The mite is named for Dr. Faustino Miranda of the Instituto de Bio-
logia, Mexico, Distrito Federal.
Proprioseius meridionalis Chant
(Fig. 1, 4)
Proprioseius meridionalis Chant, 1957: 358; Fig. 1-3.
Proprioseius meridionalis Chant, De Leon, 1959: 149.
Proprioseius meridionalis Chant, Chant, 1959: 111; Fig. 267-268.
Proprioseius meridionalis Chant, Muma, 1961: 277; Fig. 11, 19, and 20.
Phytoseiulus (Pt,.p, b.. ;,,) meridionalis (Chant), Wainstein, 1962: 5-30;
Fig. 9.
Amblyseius meridionalis (Chant), Chant, 1965: 371-372.
Diagnosis: Proprioseius meridionalis Chant seems to be more closely
related to Proprioseius mirandai De Leon but differs by the shorter and
more club-shaped L4, L6, and L8. S, and S, are both serrate on this spe-
cies. L3 may be serrate or simple.
Female: Length 2751A; width at L4 141M. Dorsal shield well sclerotized,
rugose, with 14 pairs of setae: eight pairs of lateral setae, one pair of
median setae, three pairs of dorsal setae, verticals, and clunals. Setae D1,
D2, D3, M1, L3, L5 short and smooth; all other setae serrate. Measure-
ments of setae are: verticals 20A, D1 13A, D2 8A, D3 13tt, M1 8,, clunals
114, LI 24g, L2 22,, L3 17A, L4 50tL, L5 17>, L6 64M, L7 14t, Lg 691, anterior
sublaterals 241, and posterior sublaterals 19/,. Peritremes extend to the
verticals. Sternal plate wider than long, smooth, with three pairs of
setae. Genital shield broad, truncate, with one pair of setae. Ventri-
anal shield longer than wide, slightly creased, with three pairs of preanal
setae. Four pairs of setae on the posteroventral integument surround the
ventrianal shield; ventrocaudal pair 55/ long, thick, and serrate. One pair
of elongate metapodal plates. Spermatheca saucer-shaped with short
atrium; major duct indistinct.
Male: Dorsal shield rugose with same setal pattern as female, but
correspondingly shorter. Spermatodactyl with stout shaft about twice as
long as foot. Ventrianal plate creased with four pairs of preanal setae.
The illustration is of the holotype borrowed from Dr. D. A. Chant,
University of California, Riverside, California.
Localities and Type Material: Holotype female collected at Homestead,
Florida, 20 Oct. 1948 (0. D. Link), from Psychotria bahamensis; one fe-
male and two males were collected with the holotype; one female at Bron-
son, Fla., 21 Sep. 1954 (H. M. Van Pelt), from Rhododendron sp.; Gilchrist
County, Fla., 8 Sep. 1954 (H. M. Van Pelt), from Callicarpa americana;
De Leon Springs, Fla., 21 May 19,59 (C. 0. Youtsey), from Vitis sp.;
Alachua County, Fla., 6 Aug. 1961 (H. A. Denmark), from Aronia arbuti-
folia; Gold Head Branch State Park, Clay County, Fla., 9 Aug. 1962 (H. A.
Denmark), from Quercus virginiana; Holly Hill, Fla., 17 July 1963 (J. N.
Pott), from Diospyros virginiana; Lake County, Fla., 26 Aug. 1961 (H. A.
Denmark), from Mikania batatifolia; Welaka, Fla., 26 Apr. 1961 (H. A.
Denmark), from Quercus virginiana; De Land, Fla., 3 Feb. 1965 (C. R.
Roberts), from Eriobotrya japonica; Land O'Lakes, Pasco County, Fla.,
20 Apr. 1961 (M. H. Muma), from Virginia creeper, Parthenocissus quin-
The Florida Entomologist
Vol. 49, No. 4
quefolia, and blackberry, Rubus sp.; two miles south of Otter Creek, Fla.,
3 Aug. 1960 (M. H. Muma), from chestnut oak; Lake Alfred Citrus Experi-
ment Station, Univ. Fla., Lake Alfred, Fla., 18 Feb. 1963 (M. H. Muma),
from cover crop; Polk City, Fla., 29 Dec. 1961 (H. L. Green), from pitcher
plant, Sarracenia sp.; Oviedo, Fla., 25 Oct. 196.5 (M. H. Muma), from pea
vine; Lake Alfred Citrus Experiment Station, Univ. Fla., Lake Alfred,
Fla., 9 Sep. 1965 (H. L. Green), on weed and on chrysanthemum.
Fig.
scutum.
scutum.
4. Female holotype, Proprioseius meridionalis Chant. A. Dorsal
B. Ventrianal scutum. C. Spermatheca. D. Male ventrianal
E. Spermatodactyl.
260
tQ'
)rE
Denmark: Revision of Proprioseius
Proprioseius anthurus, new species
(Fig. 5)
Diagnosis: Proprioseius anthurus new species is closely related to
Proprioseius clancyi Chant, but differs by having L, as long or longer
than L2. and L6 much shorter than L8.
Female: Length 294/; width at L4 152A. Dorsal shield well sclero-
tized, rugose, with 14 pairs of setae: eight pairs of lateral setae, one pair
r
D
\^Q"
iA O
Fig. 5. Female holotype, Proprioseius anthurus n. sp. A. Dorsal scu-
tum. B. Ventrianal scutum. C. Spermatheca. D. Male ventrianal scu-
tum. E. Spermatodactyl.
261
The Florida Entomologist
of median setae, three pairs of dorsal setae, verticals, and clunals. Setae
D1, DD, D3, M1, and L1 smooth; all other setae serrate. Measurements
of setae are: verticals 24U, D1 11k, D2 8, Dg 14,u, clunals 131, M1 9[, L1
20f, L2 201, L3 17g, L4 271, L5 19/, L6 33/, L7 24t, Ls 60u, anterior sub-
laterals 221, and posterior sublaterals 22u. Peritremes extend to the verti-
cals. Sternal plate wider than long, smooth, with three pairs of setae.
Genital shield broad, truncate, with one pair of setae. Ventrianal shield
longer than wide, slightly creased, with three pairs of preanal setae. Four
pairs of setae on the posteroventral integument surround the ventrianal
shield; ventrocaudal pair 44g long, thick, and serrate. One pair of elon-
gate metapodal plates. Spermatheca cup-shaped with short atrium; major
duct indistinct.
Male: Dorsal shield rugose with same setal pattern as female but
correspondingly shorter. Spermatodactyl with stout shaft approximately
one and one-half times longer than foot. Ventrianal plate slightly creased
with four pairs of preanal setae.
The illustration is of the holotype.
Localities and Type Material: Holotype female collected in Levy
County, Fla. (2 miles south of Junction US 19 and State 121), 30 Apr.
1965 (H. A. Denmark), on Quercus stellata; Type no. 3155 U.S. National
Museum. Paratypes: A second female was collected with the holotype;
three females and three males were collected from the same location on
10 Apr. 1965; two females were collected in Marion County, Fla., 18 Oct.
1965 (H. A. Denmark), on Quercus stellata margaretta.
Proprioseius clancyi Chant
(Fig. 6)
Proprioseius clancyi Chant, 1957: 358, 360; Fig. 4-5.
Proprioseius clancyi Chant, De Leon, 1959: 149.
Proprioseius clancyi Chant, Chant, 1959: 112; Fig. 269, 279.
Proprioseius clancyi Chant, Muma, 1961: 277.
Phytoseiulus (Proprioseius) clancyi (Chant), Wainstein, 1962: 5-30; Fig. 7.
Amblyseius clancyi (Chant), Chant, 1965: 371-372.
Diagnosis: Proprioseius clancyi Chant is closely related to Proprio-
seius anthurus new species but differs in having L1 shorter than L2 and
L6 only slightly smaller than Lg.
Female: Length 294A; width at L4 142g. Dorsal shield well sclero-
tized with 14 pairs of setae: eight pairs of lateral setae, one pair of median
setae, three pairs of dorsal setae, verticals, and clunals. Setae DI, D,, D3,
M1, and L5 smooth; all other setae serrate. Measurements of setae are:
verticals 19A, DI 13, D2 13/, D3 131, M1 9/, clunals 13k/, L1 111t, L2 16/,A
L3 17, L4 25A, L5 24u, L6 541, L7 201, L8 581, anterior sublaterals 19/,
and posterior sublaterals 13P. Peritremes extend to the verticals. Sternal
plate wider than long, smooth, with three pairs of setae. Genital shield
broad, truncate, with one pair of setae. Ventrianal shield longer than
wide, smooth, with three pairs of preanal setae. Four pairs of setae on
the posteroventral integument surround the ventrianal shield; ventrocau-
dal pair 331 long, thick, and serrate. Spermatheca tumbler-shaped with
short atrium; major duct indistinct.
262
Vol. 49, No. 4
Denmark: Revision of Proprioseius
_r/ o o P(, c
,' 0 -,C no cl
j r)
ttw 0 0/0h0---i
Fig. 6. Female holotype, Proprioseius clancyi Chant. A. Dorsal scu-
tumrn. B. Ventrianal scutum. C. Spermatheca.
Male: Dorsal shield rugose with same setal pattern as female, but
correspondingly shorter. The foot of the spermatodactyl is about two-
thirds as long as the shaft. The ventrianal shield is slightly creased and
has four pairs of preanal setae.
The illustration is of the holotype borrowed from Dr. D. A. Chant,
University of California, Riverside, California.
Locality and Type Material: Holotype female was collected at Kear-
neysville, West Virginia, 7 Aug. 1953 (D. W. Clancy), from Rubus sp.;
five females and one male were collected with the holotype.
This species was named in honor of Dr. D. W. Clancy, the collector.
LITERATURE CITED
Chant, D. A. 1957. Descriptions of two new phytoseiid genera (Acarina:
Phytoseiidae) with a note on the genus Phytoseius Ribaga, 1902.
Can. Ent. 89: 357-363.
Chant, D. A. 1959. Phytoseiid mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Part I.
Bionomics of seven species in southeastern England. Part II. A
taxonomic review of the family Phytoseiidae, with descriptions of
38 new species. Can. Ent. 91(Suppl. 12). 166 p.
263
The Florida Entomologist
Chant, D. A. 1965. Generic concepts in the family Phytoseiidae (Acarina:
Mesostigmata). Can. Ent. 97(4): 352-374.
Chant, D. A., and E. W. Baker. 1965. The Phytoseiidae (Acarina) of
Central America. Mem. Ent. Soc. Can. 41: 1-56.
Chant, D. A., and C. A. Fleschner. 1960. Some observations on the
ecology of phytoseiid mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in California.
Entomophaga 5: 132-139.
De Leon, Donald. 1959. A new genus and three new species of phyto-
seiid mites from Mexico with collection records on Phytoseius plumi-
fer (C. & F.) and P. macropilis (Banks). Ent. News 70: 147-152.
Dosse, G. 1961. Uber die Bedeutung der Pollennahrung fur Typhlodro-
mus (T.) pyri Scheuten (=-tiliae Oud.) (Acari, Phytoseiidae). Ent.
Exp. Appl. 4: 191-195.
Evans, G. 0. 1963. Observations on the chaetotaxy of the legs in the
free-living Gamasina (Acari: Mesostigmata). Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat.
Hist.) Zool. 10(5): 277-303.
Garman, P. 1948. Mite species from apple trees in Connecticut. Bull.
Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. 520. 27 p.
McMurtry, J. A., and H. G. Johnson. 1965. Some factors influencing the
abundance of the predaceous mite Amblyseius hibisci in southern
California (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 58(1):
49-56; Fig. 1-4, 2 tabl.
McMurtry, J. A., and G. T. Scriven. 1964. Biology of the predaceous
mite Typhlodromus rickeri (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Ann. Ent. Soc.
Amer. 57: 362-367.
Muma, Martin H. 1961. Subfamilies, genera and species of Phytoseiidae
(Acarina: Mesostigmata). Fla. State Mus. Bull. Biol. Sci. 5: 267-
302.
Pritchard, A. E., and E. W. Baker. 1962. Mites of the family Phytoseii-
dae from central Africa, with remarks on the genera of the world.
Hilgardia 33(7): 205-309.
Wainstein, B. A. 1962. Revision du genre Typhlodromus Scheuten, 1857
et systematique de la famille des Phytoseiidae (Berlese, 1916) (Aca-
rina: Parasitiformes). Acarologia 4: 5-30.
The Florida Entomologist 49(4) December 1966
264
Vol. 49, No. 4
ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF OECANTHINAE
(ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE) OF THE WORLD
THOMAS J. WALKER
Department of Entomology, University of Florida, Gainesville
The most recent listing of the Oecanthinae of the world is in Volume
2 of Kirby's Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera (1906, p. 72-76). Since
then the number of described species has doubled and studies of the spe-
cies in Africa (Chopard 1932), the United States (T. Walker 1962a, 1963),
and Latin America (T. Walker 1967) have revealed new synonymies. The
list below summarizes present knowledge of oecanthine taxonomy, nomen-
clature, and geographic distribution. Keys to the species of Oecanthinae
in specific areas are in the studies listed above and in Tarbinsky (1932,
USSR), Chopard (1936, Ceylon), and Chopard (1951, Australia). Little
has been published on the biology of Oecanthinae with the exception of
Oecanthus pellucens of Europe (Chopard 1938, M.-C. Busnel 1954, M.-C.
and R.-G. Busnel 1954) and various U. S. species (Fulton 1915, 1925, 1926a,
1926b; T. Walker 19.57, 1962a, 1962b, 1963).
The following conventions are used in the checklist: After the word
Type, a single asterisk (*) means that the condition and place of deposit
of the type specimen were confirmed by correspondence. A double asterisk
(**) means that I have examined the type specimen. Data concerning the
present status of the type specimen are separated by a semi-colon from
data on the place and date of collection and the collector. Abbreviations
are used for the following museums: Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (ANSP); British Museum (Nat. Hist.), Lon-
don, England (BM); Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Den-
mark (Copenhagen); Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneve, Switzerland
(Geneve); Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (Paris);
Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden (Stockholm); Universi-
ty of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Michigan (UMMZ);
United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. (USNM).
Immediately after each synonym and its reference, a reference to sub-
stantiate the synonymy is given.
ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF OECANTHINAE
OECANTHUS Serville, 1831: 134. Type-species Acheta italica Fabricius,
1781: 355 (= Gryllus pellucens Scopoli, 1763: 109), selected by Rehn
1904: 547.
Synonymy: Aecanthus Brull, in Audouin and Brull 1835: 174 (un-
justified emendation); type-species Gryllus pellucens Scopoli, 1763:
109, by original designation. Gryllomyia Seidl 1837: 212; type-
species Acheta italica Fabricius, 1781: 355, by original designation.
1. pellucens (Scopoli), 1763: 109.
Type: S, probably destroyed (Horn and Kahle 1936); Goritz,
Carniola, Austria, Cl. P. Wulfen.
Distribution: s. and cen. Europe, n. Africa, Asia adjacent to the
Mediterranean (Schreiner 1915).
The Florida Entomologist
Synonymy: italicus (Fabricius), 1781: 355; Serville 1839: 360.
Type: 4, lost (personal communication, S. L. Tuxen, 1965);
Italy.
aqueus (Fabricius), 1798: 192; Kirby 1906:73. Type*: S,
Copenhagen; southern Russia.
Subspecies: pellucens calinensis Jannone, 1936: 131, Fig. 20.
Type*: S, Istituto di Entomologia Agraria "F. Silvestri,"
Portici, Italy; Calino, Aegean Islands, 17 Sep. 1934, Jannone.
See note under burmeisteri Saussure, 1878.
2. niveus (De Geer), 1773: 522, Pl. 43, Fig. 6.
Type**: 2 (selected from three syntypes by T. Walker 1962a:
308), Stockholm; Pennsylvania.
Distribution: e. United States (T. Walker 1962a).
Synonymy: angustipennis Fitch, 1856: 413; T. Walker and Gurney
1960: 10. Type: J, destroyed (Beutenmuller 1894b: 251);
New York.
3. rufescens Serville, 1839: 361.
Type*: 2 syntypes ( Y,9), 2 only, Paris ( missing); Bombay,
India.
Distribution: Indo-Australian region (Chopard 1951).
Synonymy: gracilis (Haan), 1842: 236, Pl. 20, Fig. 8; Saussure
1878: 456. Type: 9, lost or destroyed, not at Rijksmuseum
van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, Netherlands; Java and Man-
dawey, Borneo.
4. nigricornis F. Walker, 1869: 93.
Type**: 2, BM; Illinois, E. Doubleday.
Distribution: n.e. and n. cen. United States, s. Canada (T. Walker
1963).
Synonymy: forbesi Titus, 1903: 260; T. Walker 1963: 772. Type**:
S, Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana; Urbana, Illinois,
6 Sep. 1891, C. A. Hart (Frison 1927: 142).
Note: A pair of cryptic species share the name nigricornis, but
it is uncertain which is nigricornis and which is forbesi or
an undescribed species (T. Walker 1963).
5. varicornis F. Walker, 1869: 94.
Type: 4, lost or destroyed (T. Walker 1962a: 317); Mexico.
Distribution: s.e. Texas (T. Walker 1962a); Mexico, Central
America, Venezuela (T. Walker 1967).
Synonymy: marcosensis Baker, 1905: 81; T. Walker 1962a: 317.
Type**: 4 without head or thorax, USNM (on indefinite
loan from Pomona College); San Marcos, Nicaragua.
6. peruvianus F. Walker, 1869: 95.
Type: 3, lost or destroyed (not in BM); Peru.
Distribution: Peru (T. Walker 1967).
7. tennis F. Walker, 1869: 95.
Type**: 2 2 syntypes, BM; Santarem, Brazil, Bates.
Distribution: n. Brazil, Venezuela, Surinam (T. Walker 1967).
266
Vol. 49, No. 4
Walker: Checklist of Oecanthinae
8. sinensis F. Walker, 1869: 95.
Type**: Y nymph, BM; China.
Note: Saussure (1878: 456) states that the type of sinensis is
possibly a nymph of indicus; if he is right, indicus is a junior
synonym of sinensis.
9. lineatus F. Walker, 1869: 96.
Type: 3, lost or destroyed (not in BM); Moreton Bay, Fiji Isles.
Distribution: Fiji Islands (Saussure 1878).
10. filiger F. Walker, 1871: 14.
Type**: general 9, BM; Natal, Union of South Africa.
Note: Chopard (1932: 244) placed filiger and capensis as syn-
onyms of pellucens; later (1955: 300) he placed capensis as
a distinct species but neglected to mention filiger, which
would have priority over capensis. Chopard (personal com-
munication, 1963) says the description of filiger is inadequate
but that the synonymy of filiger and capensis is probable.
11. argentinus Saussure, 1874: 460.
Type**: Y, Geneve; data uncertain (T. Walker 1963: 773).
Distribution: s.w. Canada; w. and cen. United States; Mexico
(T. Walker 1963).
Synonymy: rehnii Baker, 1905: 82; T. Walker 1963: 773. Type**:
S, USNM (on indefinite loan from Pomona College); Stan-
ford University, Santa Clara County, California.
12. californicus Saussure, 1874: 462.
Type**: 3, Geneve; California.
Distribution: w. United States (T. Walker 1962a), n. Mexico (T.
Walker 1967).
Synonymy: pictipennis Hebard, 1935: 78; T. Walker 1962a: 317
(infrasubspecific form described as subspecies). Type**: 8,
ANSP, type no. 1276; Rancho del Monte, Sante Fe County,
New Mexico (7000 ft.), 11 Aug. 1934, M. Hebard.
13. burmeisteri Saussure, 1878: 454.
Type*: 9 without head, Martin-Luther-Universithit, Halle-Wit-
tenberg, E. Germany; Lagoa Santa, east Africa.
Distribution: Africa south of the Saraha (Chopard 1955).
Note: Chopard 1955: 66 states that burmeisteri is an African
form of pellucens.
14. minutus Saussure, 1878: 454.
Type: &, lost or destroyed; Pernambuco, Brazil.
Distribution: s. Brazil, n. Argentina (T. Walker 1967).
Note: Saussure (1878) lists "Mus. de Bruxelles" for the type.
The type was not found at Institut Royal des Sciences
Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, nor at the museums that
hold other Saussure types.
Synonymy: brasiliensis Bruner, 1916: 397; new synonymy. Type**:
9, ANSP; CorumbA, Brazil, March.
15. brevicauda Saussure, 1878: 454.
Type: 2, lost? (not in Paris); the Cape, South Africa.
267
268 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 49, No. 4
Distribution: Africa south of the Sahara (Chopard 1955).
Synonymy: parvulus Saussure, 1899: 613; Chopard 1932: 245.
Type*: 2 9 syntypes; Nossi-B6, Voeltzkow. (3 syntype,
from Aldabra?, lost)
16. indicus Saussure, 1878: 454.
Type*: 5 9 syntypes, Geneve; Celebes, Madras (India), Java.
Distribution: India, Java; Sumatra (Chopard 1931).
Note: See sinensis F. Walker, 1869.
17. capensis Saussure, 1878: 456.
Type*: 2 syntypes ( 9), Staatliches Museum fir Naturkunde,
Stuttgart, West Germany; Cape of Good Hope, South Africa,
1837, Von Ludwig.
Distribution: s. Africa (Chopard 1955).
Note: See filiger F. Walker, 1871.
18. latipennis Riley, 1881: 61.
Type**: &, USNM, type no. 1113; Missouri or Alabama, 7 Oct.
1877.
Distribution: e. United States (T. Walker 1962a).
19. macer Karsch, 1893a: 161.
Typi ,: 8 (lectotype here designated from 2 & and 4 2 syn-
types), Institut ffir Spezielle Zoologie und Zoologisches Mu-
seum, Berlin, E. Germany, Orth.-Kat.-Nr. 6477; Bismarck-
burg, Togo (now in Ghana), 1 Nov.-15 Dec. 1890, R. Bittner.
Distribution: tropical Africa south of the Sahara (Chopard 1932,
1948, 1961).
Note: Karsch (1893b: 203) described macer n. sp. again, this
time with the type from Barombi-Station, Cameroons. Chop-
ard (1932: 247) referred only to the 1893b description, but
the 1893a description has priority since it is dated 1 July
1893 and the 1893b description is dated merely as July 1893
(see Article 21, International Code of Zoological Nomencla-
ture). Furthermore, the Togo specimens were labeled as types
and the Cameroons specimen was not (K. K. Giinther, per-
sonal communication).
20. comptulus Karsch, 1893a: 161.
Type*: J (lectotype here designated from 5 S and 4 9 syn-
types), Institut fUr Spezielle Zoologie und Zoologisches Mu-
seum, Berlin, E. Germany, Orth.-Kat.-Nr. 6478; Bismarck-
burg, Togo (now in Ghana), 15-31 Dec. 1890, R. Buttner.
Distribution: Uganda, Central African Republic, Ghana (Chop-
ard 1932).
21. pini Beutenmuller, 1894a: 56.
Type**: & (selected from ten syntypes by T. Walker 1963: 774),
USNM, type no. 65925; Woodstock, Windham County, Con-
necticut, Sep. 1893.
Distribution: e. United States (T. Walker 1963).
22. quadripunctatus Beutenmuller, 1894b: 250.
Type**: & (selected from three syntypes by T. Walker 1963:
Walker: Checklist of Oecanthinae
269
773), USNM, type no. 65924; Ellenville, New York.
Distribution: s. Canada, U. S. (T. Walker 1963).
23. lineolatus Saussure, 1897: 254.
Type**: 3, Genbve; Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Dr. Ihering.
Distribution: e. and s. Brazil, n. Argentina (T. Walker 1967).
24. longicaudus Matsumura, 1904: 136, Pl. 6, Fig. 10.
Type*: 3 S and 3 9 syntypes, Hokkaido University, Sapporo,
Japan; Jozankei, Hokkaido, Japan, 28 Aug. to 9 Oct., S. Mat-
sumura.
Distribution: Japan, extreme s. e. USSR (Tarbinsky 1932).
25. rileyi Baker, 1905: 81.
Type**: t, USNM (on indefinite loan from Pomona College);
mountains near Claremont, California.
Distribution: California, Oregon, Washington (T. Walker 1962a);
Mexico? (T. Walker 1967).
26. immaculatus Bruner, 1906: 184.
Type**: 9, University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, Ne-
braska; Trinidad, West Indies, H. D. Chipman.
Distribution: Trinidad, Colombia (T. Walker 1967).
27. exclamationis Davis, 1907: 173.
Type**: 9 (lectotype here designated from 4 9 syntypes),
Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences, Staten Island,
New York; Staten Island, 2 Nov.
Distribution: e. United States, Arizona (T. Walker 1962a).
28. turanicus Uvarov, 1912: 38.
Type*: 17 syntypes (5 12 9 ), Zoological Institute, Academy
of Sciences of USSR, Leningrad; nine localities in Turkestan.
Distribution: Turkestan, Caucasia (Rodionov 1928).
Note: Described as subspecies of pellucens; raised to species
rank by Semenov-Tian-Shanskii 1915: 451.
29. pictipes Rehn, 1917: 131, Pl. 3, Fig. 19, 20, 21.
T7y",**: 3, ANSP, type no. 5330; Natal, State of Rio Grande
do Norte, Brazil, W. M. Mann.
Distribution: Brazil, n. Argentina, Paraguay (Walker 1967).
30. angustus Chopard, 1925a: 32, Fig. 65.
Type*: 9, Stockholm; Herberton, Queensland, Australia, E.
Mj6berg.
Distribution: western, central, and south Australia (Chopard
1951).
31. decorsei Chopard, 1932: 245.
Type*: 2 syntypes (&, 9), Paris; south and central Chad,
French Equatorial Africa, 1904, Dr. J. Decorse.
32. rufopictus Chopard, 1932: 246, Fig. 5.
Type**: S without head or prothorax, BM; Port St. John,
Pondoland, Union of South Africa, 5-30 Apr. 1923, R. E.
Turner.
Distribution: s. and e. Africa (Chopard 1932).
The Florida Entomologist
Vol. 49, No. 4
33. similis Chopard, 1932: 246, Fig. 6, 13.
Type**: 2 syntypes (S, 9), BM; Mulu, above Muger Valley
(ca. 8000 ft.), Ethiopia, 18-23 Dec. 1926, Dr. H. Scott.
Distribution: Africa south of the Sahara (Chopard 1961).
34. karschi Chopard, 1932: 246, Fig. 8.
Type**: 3 without abdomen, BM; Port St. John, Pondoland,
Union of South Africa, 1-15 Apr. 1924, R. E. Turner.
Distribution: Pondoland, Uganda (Chopard 1932).
35. rectinervis Chopard, 1932: 247.
Type*: 9, Paris; Haute-Sangha, French Congo, 1897, P. A.
Ferribre.
Note: Chopard (1932: 247) suggests rectinervis may be made the
type-species of a new genus when the male is known.
36. henryi Chopard, 1936: 65.
T.,, : Reg. No. 5514, Colombo Museum, Colombo, Ceylon;
Wellawaya, Ceylon, July 1930.
Distribution: Ceylon (Chopard 1936).
37. bilineatus Chopard, in Chopard and Chatterjee 1937: 26.
Type: 2 syntypes (S, 9 ), lost (neither Forest Research Insti-
tute, Dehra Dun, India, nor Paris has the types; Paris has
paratypes from the type-locality); Aiyur, Madras, India, Aug.
1930.
Note: bilineatus Chopard, 1948: 117, is a junior homonym of
this name.
38. chopardi Uvarov, in Uvarov and Popov 1957: 364.
Type**: 3, BM; Deneghan (3000 ft.), Socotra, 14 March 1953,
G. B. Popov.
Distribution: Socotra (Uvarov and Popov 1957).
39. allardi T. Walker and Gurney, 1960: 9, Fig. 1.
Type**: S, USNM, type no. 64826; Christiansted, St. Croix,
Virgin Islands, Oct. 1940, Harry A. Beatty.
Distribution: Leeward Islands and Greater Antilles, West Indies
(T. Walker and Gurney 1960).
40. leptogrammus T. Walker, 1962a: 309, Fig. 7C.
Type**: o, ANSP, type no. 5830; Brownsville, Texas, 23 May
1913.
Distribution: s. Texas, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Ven-
ezuela (T. Walker 1967).
41. fultoni T. Walker, 1962a: 309, Fig. 7D.
Type**: 8, UMMZ; Franklin County, Ohio, 21 July 1955, T. J.
Walker.
Distribution: U. S. (except se.), s. Canada, Mexico (T. Walker
1962a).
42. celerinictus T. Walker, 1963: 773, Fig. 18F.
Type**: 3, USNM, type no. 63590; Gainesville, Florida, 5 July
1960, T. J. Walker.
Distribution: se. United States, Mexico (T. Walker 1963).
270
Walker: Checklist of Oecanthinae
43. laricis T. Walker, 1963: 773.
Type**: 8, UMMZ; E. S. George Reserve, Livingston County,
Michigan, 7 Aug. 1939, I. J. Cantrall.
Distribution: Michigan, n. Ohio (T. Walker 1963).
44. n. sp. No. 6 T. Walker, 1967: in press.
Type**: 8, UMMZ; 1 mi. w. Mil Cumbres, Michoacan, Mexico
(9100 ft.), 29 Aug. 1948, P. P. Dowling, Coll. No. 35.
Distribution: w. cen. and s. Mexico, Guatemala (T. Walker 1967).
45. n. sp. No. 7 T. Walker, 1967: in press.
Type**: ?, USNM; Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Panama,
June 1940; Jas Zetek, No. 4669.
Distribution: Panama, Costa Rica (T. Walker 1967).
46. n. sp. No. 8 T. Walker, 1967: in press.
Type**: 3, UMMZ; 37 mi. se. Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico (100
ft.), 28 Oct. 1958, T. J. Cohn, Coll. No. 233.
47. n. sp. No. 9 T. Walker, 1967: in press.
Type**: S, UMMZ; Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador, 20 Apr. 1963,
T. H. Hubbell, L. E. Pefia G., Coll. No. 140.
XABEA F. Walker, 1869: 109. Type-species Xabea decora F. Walker, 1869:
109, by monotypy.
1. decora F. Walker, 1869: 109.
Type**: S, BM; Sumatra.
2. furcata Chopard, 1927: 172, Fig. 31, 32.
Type*: S, Paris; Soekaboemi, Java, Chopard.
3. inermis Chopard, 1930: 24, Fig. 37, 38, 39, 41.
Type: S, lost (not in Sarawak Museum, Kuching; Paris has a
? paratype from Pajan River, Borneo); Mt. Penrissen (4500
ft.), Borneo.
4. maculata Chopard, 1930: 25, Fig. 40.
Type: 9, lost (not in Sarawak Museum, Kuching); Mt. Poi
(4350 ft.), Borneo.
5. leai Chopard, 1951: 463.
Type*: 2 syntypes (1 o, 1 Y ), Paris; Cairns District, Australia,
A. M. Lea.
6. podoscirtoides Chopard, 1951: 521.
Type*: 9, South Australian Museum, Adelaide; Mt. Lamington
(1300-1500 ft.), ne. Papua, New Guinea, C. T. McNamara.
Distribution: Murray Island, Torres Straits (Chopard 1951).
NEOXABEA Kirby, 1906: 76. Type-species Gryllus bipunctatus De Geer,
1773: 523, by original designation.
1. bipunctata (De Geer), 1773: 523, Pl. 43, Fig. 7.
Type**: 9, Stockholm; Pennsylvania.
Distribution: e. United States (T. Walker 1962a); Central Amer-
ica and s. Mexico (T. Walker 1967).
271
272 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 49, No. 4
2. formosa (F. Walker), 1869: 94.
Type: 9, lost (not in BM); Mexico.
Distribution: s. Texas, e. Mexico (T. Walker 1967).
Note: Kirby (1906) and others have treated formosa as a syn-
onym of bipunctata but more recent studies (Walker 1967)
show formosa to be a distinct species.
3. brevipes Rehn, 1913: 377, Fig. 34, 35, 36.
Type**: 9, ANSP, type no. 5229; Misiones, Argentina, 6 Nov.
1910, P. Jorgensen.
Distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela (T. Walker 1967).
4. obscurifrons Bruner, 1916: 399.
Type**: 9 (lectotype here designated from 2 9 syntypes),
ANSP; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Oct., H. H. Smith.
Distribution: Brazil (T. Walker 1967).
5. meridionalis Bruner, 1916: 400.
Type**: 8 (selected from six syntypes by Hebard 1933: 63),
ANSP; Valparaiso (4500 ft.), Department of Magdalena, Co-
lombia, April, H. H. Smith.
Distribution: Colombia, Bolivia (T. Walker 1967).
Synonymy: intricate Hebard, 1928: 99, Pl. 15, Fig. 3; Hebard
1933: 63. Type**: 3, ANSP, type no. 5439; summit of Sierra
San Lorenzo, Magdalena, Colombia (8500 ft.), 28 July 1920,
J. A. G. Rehn.
6. trinodosa Hebard, 1928: 98, P1. 15, Fig. 2.
Type**: S, ANSP, type no. 1108; San Antonio, Cauca, Colombia
(6500 ft.), Dec. 1908.
7. n. sp. No. 1 T. Walker, 1967: in press.
T,,p. : 8, ANSP; Colombia.
8. n. sp. No. 2 T. Walker, 1967: in press.
Type**: UMMZ; Dos Rios, 2 km. ne. Terra, Napo-Pastaza Prov-
ince, Ecuador (800 m), 9 May 1963, T. H. Hubbell, L. E. Pefia
G., Coll. No. 164.
9. n. sp. No. 3 T. Walker, 1967: in press.
Type**: S, UMMZ; Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela, 21 July
1956, F. H. Test, Coll. No. 81.
Distribution: Venezuela (T. Walker 1967).
10. n. sp. No. 4 T. Walker, 1967: in press.
Type**: 8, ANSP; Chanchamayo, Peru.
Distribution: Peru (T. Walker 1967).
11. n. sp. No. 5 T. Walker, 1967: in press.
Type**: S, UMMZ; Hacienda Cincinnati, Sierra San Lorenzo,
Magdalena, Colombia (4500 ft.), 16-25 July 1920, Hebard.
INCORRECTLY USED NAMES AND NOMINA DUBIA
bilineatus Chopard, 1948: 117.
Oecanthus bilineatus Chopard, 1948: 117. Type*: 9, Koninklijk Mu-
Walker: Checklist of Oecanthinae 273
seum voor Midden-Afrika, Tervuren, Belgium; Kapanga, Congo,
6 Sep. 1933, F. G. Overlaet.
Junior homonyn of bilineatus Chopard, in Chopard and Chatterjee
1937: 26.
binotata Kirby, 1906: 76.
Acheta binotata listed by Kirby 1906:76 as unjustified emendation (by
Gmelin 1788: 2062) of bipunctatus De Geer, 1773: 523 (now in Neox-
abea).
confluens Hart and Hood.
Oecanthus confluens Folsom, 1909: 145.
Nomen nudum: discussed by T. Walker 1963: 773.
crucis Fabricius, 1787: 232.
Acheta crucis Fabricius, 1787: 232. Type*: 9, Copenhagen.
Oecanthus (?) crucis (Fabricius) Kirby, 1906: 75.
Belongs in Eneopterinae: personal communication, S. L. Tuxen, 1965.
discoloratus Fitch, 1856: 413.
Oecanthus niveus var. e. discoloratus Fitch, 1856: 413.
Oecanthus discoloratus Fitch, F. Walker 1869: 116.
Designated nomen dubium: T. Walker 1962a: 308.
fasciatus De Geer, 1773: 522.
Gryllus fasciatus De Geer, 1773: 522.
Oecanthus fasciatus (De Geer) Fitch, 1856: 414.
Nemobius fasciatus (De Geer) Beutenmuller, 1894b: 250.
flavipes Fabricius, 1793: 30.
Acheta flavipes Fabricius, 1793: 30. Type*: 9, Copenhagen.
Oecanthus (?) flavipes (Fabricius) Kirby,. 1906: 75.
Belongs in Eneopterinae: personal communication, S. L. Tuxen, 1965.
fuscipes Fitch, 1856: 413.
Oecanthus niveus var. f. fuscipes Fitch, 1856: 413.
Oecanthus fuscipes Fitch, F. Walker 1869: 116.
Designated nomen dubium: T. Walker 1962a: 308.
necydaloides F. Walker, 1871: 15.
Oecanthus necydaloides F. Walker, 1871: 15.
Euscyrtus necydaloides (F. Walker) Chopard, 1925b: 535.
pallidocinctus Kirby, 1890: 533.
Oecanthus pallidocinctus Kirby, 1890: 533.
Tafalisca pallidocincta (Kirby) Kirby, 1906: 108.
punctulatus Gmelin, 1788: 2063.
Acheta punctulatus Gmelin, 1788: 2063.
Oecanthus punctulatus (Gmelin?) Fitch, 1856: 415.
Erroneous subsequent spelling of bipunctatus De Geer, 1773: 523 (now
in Neoxabea).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In preparing this checklist I received invaluable help from A. B.
Gurney (U. S. Department of Agriculture), Harold Grant (Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia), R. D. Alexander and T. H. Hubbell
(University of Michigan Museum of Zoology), and L. Chopard (Museum
National d'Histoire Naturelle). Furthermore, I am indebted to the many
274 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 49, No. 4
curators who furnished detailed information about the oecanthine types
in their museums.
SUMMARY
The type-locality, identity and location of the type-specimen, and dis-
tribution are given for the 47 species of Oecanthus, 6 of Xabea, and 11 of
Neoxabea. Synonyms and subspecies are listed, and unresolved nomen-
clatural problems are noted. Eleven incorrectly used names and nomina
dubia are treated. Lectotypes are designated for Oecanthus macer, 0.
comptulus, 0. exclamationis, and Neoxabea obscurifrons. 0. brasiliensis
is placed as a synonym of 0. minutus (new synonymy), and N. formosa is
treated as distinct from N. bipunctata.
LITERATURE CITED
Audouin, M. V., and M. A. Brullg. 1835. Histoire naturelle des Insectes.
Vol. 9. Orthoptbres et HImiptbres. Pillot, Paris. 415 p.
Baker, C. F. 1905. Second report on Pacific slope Orthoptera. Invert.
Pacifica 1: 71-83.
Beutenmuller, W. 1894a. Description of a new tree-cricket. J. New York
Ent. Soc. 2(2): 56.
Beutenmuller, W. 1894b. Notes on some species of North American Or-
thoptera, with descriptions of new species. Bull. Amer. Mus. Natur.
Hist. 6(11): 249-252.
Bruner, L. 1906. Report on the Orthoptera of Trinidad, West Indies.
J. New York Ent. Soc. 14: 135-165.
Bruner, L. 1916. South American crickets, Gryllotalpoidea and Achetoi-
dea. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 10: 344-428.
Busnel, M.-C. 1954. Ittude des chants et du comportement acoustique
d'Oecanthus pellucens male. Ann. Epiphyties, fasicule special consa-
cr6 au colloque sur l'acoustique des Orthopt6res, p. 175-202.
Busnel, M.-C., and R.-G. Busnel. 1954. La directivit6 acoustique des
d6placements de la femmelle d'Oecanthus pellucens Scop. Ann.
Epiphyties, fasicule special consacr6 au colloque sur l'acoustique
des Orthoptbres, p. 356-364.
Chopard, L. 1925a. Results of Dr. E. Mj6berg's Swedish scientific expe-
ditions to Australia 1910-1913. 46. Gryllidae. Arkiv f5r Zoologi
18A(6): 1-57.
Chopard, L. 1925b. The Gryllidae of Ceylon in the British Museum col-
lections. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 9th Series 15(89): 505-536.
Chopard, L. 1927. Descriptions de Gryllides nouveaux. Ann. Soc. Ent.
France 96(2): 147-174.
Chopard, L. 1930. The Gryllidae of Sarawak. Sarawak Mus. J. 4(1):
1-42.
Chopard, L. 1931. Dr. E. Mjdberg's zoological collections from Sumatra.
12. Gryllidae. Arkiv fdr Zoologi 23(9): 1-17.
Chopard, L. 1932. The African species of the genus Oecanthus, Serv.
(Orth. Gryllidae). Stylops 1(11): 242-247.
Chopard, L. 1936. The Tridactylidae and Gryllidae of Ceylon. Spolia
Zeylanica (Bull. Nat. Mus. Ceylon) Sec. B. 20(1): 9-87.
Walker: Checklist of Oecanthinae 275
Chopard, L. 1938. La biologie des Orthopteres. S6rie A, Vol. 20, Ency-
clopedie Entomologique [Paul Lechevalier, ed.]. Jouve and Co.,
Paris. 541 p.
Chopard, L. 1948. Contribution k l'tudes des Gryllides du Congo belge.
Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 41(2-3): 109-121.
Chopard, L. 1951. A revision of the Australian Grylloidea. South Aus-
tralian Mus. 9(4): 397-533.
Chopard, L. 1955. Orthoptera Ensifera et Tridactyloidea. South Afr.
Animal Life, Results Lund Univ. Exped. 1950-1951. 2: 266-301.
Chopard, L. 1961. Orthopt&res Gryllidae et Gryllacrididae of l'Angola.
Publ. Cult. Diamantes Angola. 56: 13-70.
Chopard, L., and N. C. Chatterjee. 1937. Entomological investigations on
the spike disease of sandal (31). Dermaptera and Orthoptera. In-
dian Forest Rec. (N. S.), Ent. 3(1): 1-30.
Davis, W. T. 1907. A new tree cricket from Staten Island and New Jer-
sey. Can. Ent. 39(5): 173-174.
De Geer, C. 1773. M6moires pour servir 1l'histoire des insects, Vol. 3.
Stockholm. 696 p.
Fabricius, J. C. 1781. Species insectorum exhibentes eorum differentias
specifics, synonyma autorum, loca natalia, metamorphosin, Vol. 1.
Hamburgi et Kilonii. 552 p.
Fabricius, J. C. 1787. Mantissa insectorum sistens eorum species nuper
detectas, Vol. 1. Hafniae. 348 p.
Fabricius, J. C. 1793. Entomologia systematic emendata et aucta, Vol.
2. Hafniae. .519 p.
Fabricius, J. C. 1798. Supplementum entomologiae systematicae. Haf-
niae. 572 p.
Fitch, A. 1856. Third report on the noxious and other insects of the state
of New York. Trans. New York State Agr. Soc. 16: 315-490.
Folsom, J. W. 1909. The insect pests of clover and alfalfa. Univ. Illinois
Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 134: 111-197.
Frison, T. H. 1927. A list of the insect types in the collections of the
Illinois State Natura1 History Survey and the University of Illinois.
Bull. Illinois Nat. Hist. Surv. 16: 137-309.
Fulton, B. B. 1915. The tree crickets of New York: life history and bio-
nomics. New York Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 42: 1-47.
Fulton, B. B. 1925. Physiological variation in the snowy tree-cricket
Oecanthus niveus De Geer. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 18(3): 363-383.
Fulton, B. B. 1926a. Geographical variation in the nigricornis group of
Oecanthus (Orthoptera). Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 1(1): 43-61.
Fulton, B. B. 1926b. The tree crickets of Oregon. Oregon Agr. Exp.
Sta. Bull. 223: 1-20.
Gmelin, J. 1788. Orthoptera. Caroli a Linnd Systema naturae per regna
tria naturae, . . Ed. 13. 1(4): 2038-2088.
Hann, W. 1842. Bijdragen tot de Kennis der Orthoptera. p. 45-248, P1.
10-23. In C. J. Temminck, Verhandelingen over de naturlijke Ge-
schiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche Bezittingen. Leyden.
276 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 49, No. 4
Hebard, M. 1928. Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Colom-
bia. 5. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 54(2): 79-124.
Hebard, M. 1933. Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Colom-
bia. Supplement to papers one to five. Material received since pre-
vious publications. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 59(1): 13-67.
Hebard, M. 1935. Orthoptera of the Upper Rio Grande valley and the
adjacent mountains in northern New Mexico. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia 87: 45-82.
Horn, W., and I. Kahle. 1936. Ober entomologische Sammlungen, En-
tomologen and Entomo-Museologie. Pt. 2. Ent. Beih. Berlin-Dahlem
3: 161-296.
Jannone, G. 1936. Nuovi contribute alla concoscenze della fauna delle
isole italiane dell'Egeo, V. Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agr., Portici 29:
47-248.
Karsch, F. 1893a. Die Insecten der Berglandschaft Adeli im Hinterlande
von Togo ... I. Berliner Ent. Z. 38: 1-266.
Karsch, F. 1893b. Verzeichniss der von Herrn Dr. Paul Preuss in Kame-
run gesammelten Grillen. Ent. Nachrichten 19(13): 199-204.
Kirby, W. F. 1890. Insecta, excepting Coleoptera, of Fernando Noronha.
J. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 20: 530-548.
Kirby, W. F. 1906. A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera. Vol. 2. Brit-
ish Museum, London. 562 p.
Matsumura, S. 1904. A thousand insects of Japan. [in Japanese] Keisei
Sha, Tokyo. 213 p.
Rehn, J. A. G. 1904. Notes on Orthoptera from northern and central
Mexico. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 56: 513-549.
Rehn, J. A. G. 1913. A contribution to the knowledge of the Orthoptera
of Argentina. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 65: 273-379.
Rehn, J. A. G. 1917. The Stanford expedition to Brazil 1911, Orthoptera
ii. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 43: 89-154.
Riley, C. V. 1881. Notes and additions, p. 52-63, In Dept. Interior, U. S.
Entomological Commission, Bull. 6, General Index and Supplement
to the 9 reports on the insects of Missouri. GPO, Washington, D. C.
177 p.
Rodionov, Z. S. 1928. Pests of cotton. Part II. Beetles, aphids, and flies.
[In Russian] Ddfense de plants. 4(6): 933-951.
Saussure, H. de. 1874. Recherches zoologiques pour servir a I'histoire
de la faune de l'Am6rique central et du Mexique. 6th part. Im-
:primerie Imp6riale, Paris. 3: 293-516.
Saussure, H. de. 1878. M6langes Orthopt6rologiques, 6th fasicule. Mem.
Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve 25: 369-702.
Saussure, H. de. 1897. Oecanthinae. Biologia centrali-Americana. In-
secta. Orthoptera. 1: 251-255.
Saussure, H. de. 1899. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Reisen in Mad-
agaskar und Ost-Afrika in den Jahren 1889-1895 von Dr. A. Voeltz-
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Walker: Checklist of Oecanthinae
277
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15: 449-455.
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Orthopteres. Ann. Sci. Natur. 22: 28-65, 134-167, 262-292.
Serville, J. G. A. 1839. Histoire naturelle des insects. Orthopteres.
Roret, Paris. 776 p.
Tarbinskii, S. P. 1932. A contribution to our knowledge of the orthop-
terous insects of USSR [In Russian with English descriptions].
Bull. Leningrad Inst. for Controlling Farm and Forest Pests 2:
181-205.
Titus, E. S. G. 1903. A new Oecanthus from Illinois. Can. Ent. 35(9):
260-261.
Uvarov, B. P. 1912. Ueber die Orthopterenfauna Transcaspiens. Horae
Soc. Ent. Rossicae 40(3): 1-54.
Uvarov, B. P., and G. B. Popov. 1957. The saltatorial Orthoptera of Soc-
otra. J. Linn. Soc. London (Zool.) 43: 359-389.
Walker, F. 1869. Catalogue of the specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria
and supplement to the Blattariae in the collection of the British
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Walker, F. 1871. Catalogue of the specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria
in the collection of the British Museum. Supplement. British Mu-
seum, London. 116 p.
Walker, T. J. 1957. Specificity in the response of female tree crickets
(Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Oecanthinae) to calling songs of the males.
Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 50(6): 626-636.
Walker, T. J. 1962a. The taxonomy and calling songs of United States
tree crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Oecanthinae). I. The genus
Neoxabea and the niveus and varicornis groups of the genus Oecan-
thus. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 55(3): 303-322.
Walker, T. J. 1962b. Factors responsible for intraspecific variation in
the calling songs of crickets. Evolution 16(4): 407-428.
Walker, T. J. 1963. The taxonomy and calling songs of United States
tree crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Oecanthinae). II. The nigri-
cornis group of the genus Oecanthus. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 56(6):
772-789.
Walker, T. J. 1967. Revision of Oecanthinae (Gryllidae: Orthoptera) of
America south of the United States. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 60: (in
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Walker, T. J., and A. B. Gurney. 1960. A new species of Oecanthus from
the West Indies (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). Fla. Ent. 43(1): 9-13.
The Florida Entomologist 49(4) December 1966
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A NEW DAY-BITING SAND FLY FROM THE
SOUTHEASTERN STATES
(DIPTERA, CERATOPOGONIDAE)1
WILLIS W. WIRTH AND FRANKLIN S. BLANTON
Entomology Research Division, ARS, USDA, Washington, D. C., and
Department of Entomology, University of Florida, Gainesville
For more than three decades, residents of central and northern Florida
have reported annoyance by a diurnal bloodsucking Culicoides. Usually
these reports have come from the areas adjacent to the cold, crystal-clear
springs and streams for which this resort area of Florida is famous. De-
scription of this Culicoides was postponed while attempts were made to
collect males and find the larval habitat. Because of its vicious biting
habits, however, and to make the name available for reports on its habits,
distribution, and economic importance, we are describing this species at
this time from the female sex only.
Culicoides tissoti, new species
(Fig. 1 6)
A dull blackish species of moderate size with unmarked scutum and
milky white wings with dark stigma.
FEMALE. Head: Eyes bare, broadly separated, a long seta borne be-
low the interocular bridge (Fig. 2). Antenna (Fig. 6) with lengths of
flagellomeres in proportion of 16-10-11-11-11-11-11-12-17-18-19-19-24, an-
tennal ratio 1.04 (0.93-1.13, n == 44); distal sensory tufts present on
antennomeres III, VII-XIV, sometimes also on V and VI. Palpal segments
(Fig. 4) with lengths in proportion of 10-25-34-12-11; third segment mod-
erately swollen, 2.3 (2.1-2.6, n = 47) times as long as greatest breadth,
with a broad, shallow, round sensory pit. Proboscis moderately long,
about 0.9 as long as distance from torma to interocular seta-base; mandible
with 19 (17-22, n -= 45) teeth.
Thorax: Intensely dark brown, appearing blackish, without conspicu-
ous pattern, integument dull to subshining, scutum with moderate vesti-
ture of fine blackish hairs. Legs dark brown, without pale bands; hind
tibial comb (Fig. 5) with 4 spines, the second from the spur longest.
Wing (Fig. 1): Length 1.02 (0.94-1.10, n = 49) mm. Milky white,
without pattern, with dense vestiture of very fine whitish macrotrichia;
costa, radius, and veins bordering radial cells with very strong blackish
setae and with the veins strengthened and infuscated giving appearance of
a conspicuous dark stigma over radial cells. Costa extending to 0.58
(0.54-0.60, n = 49) of distance to wing tip. Halter with brownish stem,
knob yellowish to grayish white.
Abdomen: Blackish. Spermathecae (Fig. 3) two, each intensely sclero-
tized, oval, and very slightly tapering to very short neck; subequal, meas-
uring 0.066 by 0.047 mm and 0.058 by 0.043 mm.
MALE. Unknown.
1 This investigation was supported in part by U. S. Army Contract
No. DA-49-193-MD-2177.
The Florida Entomologist
-i .. .
2.
3. 5.
6.
Fig. 1-6. Culicoides tissoti n. sp., female. Fig. 1. Wing. Fig. 2.
Front view of head showing eye separation. Fig. 3. Spermathecae. Fig.
4. Palpus. Fig. 5. Hind tibial comb. Fig. 6. Antenna.
TYPES. Holotype female, Rock Springs, Orange Co., Florida, 19 Apr.
1956, W. W. Wirth, biting man 11 AM (Type no. 69079, USNM). Para-
types, 289 females, as follows: FLORIDA: 57 females, same data as
type. Gainesville, Alachua Co., Apr. 1953 (A. N. Tissot, biting man), 2
specimens; 25 Apr. 1960 (F. S. Blanton and G. Hicks), 17; 30 Mar. 1962
(A. H. Boike), 3; 27 Mar. 12-13 Apr. 1963 (A. H. Boike, T. J. Walker,
F. S. Blanton), 32; 22 Apr. 1964 (T. J. Walker), 1; 19 Mar. 1964 (D. M.
Derryberry, biting man), 1; 13 Apr. 1965 (W. W. Smith, biting man), 32;
18 Apr. 1965 (A. H. Boike, biting man), 13. Newnan's Lake, Alachua
Co., 7 June 1965 (light trap), 1. Juniper Springs, Marion Co., 14 Mar.
1964 (T. J. Walker, biting), 15. Jacksonville, Duval Co., 4 Apr. 1952
(W. Beck), 5; 4 Apr. 1962 (E. R. Turner, biting man), 1. Welaka, Putnam
Co., 8-9 Apr. 1964 (H. A. Denmark, biting man), 35. Wakulla River,
Wakulla Co., 17 Apr. 1952 (W. M. Beck, Jr., biting), 1. Orange Co., 7
Mar. 1933 (W. V. King), 22. Lake Co., 23 Mar. 1957 (H. V. Weems, Jr.),
4. Levy Co., 23 Feb. 1957 (H. V. Weems, Jr., biting man), 6. Levy Co.,
6 mi. n. Cedar Key, 29 Mar. 1964 (L. O'Berry, biting man), 5.
SOUTH CAROLINA: Gillisonville, Jasper Co., 15 Apr. 1954 (W. E.
Snow), 11. MARYLAND: Snow Hill, Worcester Co., 29 May 1965 (W. H.
Anderson, biting man), 3; 29 May 1966 (Mrs. Jean Anderson, light trap), 6.
This species is named in honor of Dr. Archie N. Tissot, for many years
280
Vol. 49, No. 4
Wirth: New Day-Biting Sand Fly 281
Entomologist with the University of Florida Experiment Station, in rec-
ognition of his important contributions to Florida entomology. Culicoides
tissoti can be confused in the southeastern United States only with C. snowi
Wirth and Jones, which belongs to the piliferus group, with wings not
milky white but grayish with a creamy tint, and sensoria present on an-
tennomeres III, V, VII, IX, and XI-XV.
Culicoides tissoti has no close American relatives but belongs to the
heliophilus group, with the European heliophilus Edwards the only previ-
ously described species. C. heliophilus differs in having sensoria on anten-
nomeres III, XI-XV, the distal antennomeres longer with antennal ratio
1.10 (Campbell and Pelham-Clinton, 1960), the spermathecae subspherical
to ovoid, and the third palpal segment stouter with a deeper sensory pit.
According to Edwards (1939), heliophilus is also a troublesome day-biting
species in Britain, very active in the middle of the day and biting freely in
the hot sun. In districts where it is abundant, it is very annoying to
sheep. Kettle and Lawson (1952) reported that the preferred larval hab-
itat of heliophilus in Scotland is very wet bogland breeding sites with
Sphagnum, Polytrichum, and Juncus forming the dominant vegetation.
LITERATURE CITED
Campbell, J. A., and E. C. Pelham-Clinton. 1960. A taxonomic review of
the British species of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera, Ceratopogoni-
dae). Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 67: 181-302.
Edwards, F. W. 1939. Nematocera, p. 1-66, in F. W. Edwards, H. Old-
royd, and J. Smart. British Bloodsucking Flies. British Museum
(Nat. Hist.), London. 156 p. 45 plates.
Kettle, D. S., and J. W. H. Lawson. 1952. The early stages of British
biting midges Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and
allied genera. Bull. Ent. Res. 43: 421-467. 6 plates.
The Florida Entomologist 49(4) December 1966
GAINESVILLE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB
Harold Denmark, Chief Entomologist of the Entomology Section, Divi-
sion of Plant Industry, Fla. Dept. Agriculture, was recently elected Chair-
man of the Gainesville Entomological Club. This club, which usually has
a luncheon meeting each month, was organized in 1956 and now has about
60 active members.
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DONALD DE LEON
1902-1966
Dr. Donald De Leon died 8 June 1966 after a short illness in the Moun-
tain Home Veterans Hospital at Johnson City, Tennessee. Dr. De Leon
is survived by his sister, Miss Gertrude (Dee) De Leon, with whom he had
lived during the last years of his life "in a cabin on the creek" in the
mountains above Erwin, Tennessee. He is buried in the Mountain Home
Veterans Cemetery.
Don, as he was known to co-workers and friends, was born in Milford,
Connecticut, of Bertha Canary and Daniel De Leon on 26 September 1902.
There is no record of his early
schooling, but he attended Syra-
cuse College of Forestry where
he obtained his B.S. in 1926 and
M.S. in 1927, University of Cali-
fornia, and Cornell University
where he obtained his Ph.D. in
T P1933. After obtaining his doc-
torate, he spent about a year
and a half in post-doctoral
studies in France and Germany.
During his official professional
life, Don held five positions with
the USDA, Bureau of Entomol-
ogy from 1928 to 1950 as an
entomologist and two positions
with the U. S. Foreign Aid Pro-
gram in the Philippine Islands
from 1950 to 1953 as coconut
specialist and foreign adminis-
trator. He retired from offi-
Scial duties in 1953 but remained
active as a consultant and in
the field of acarology until his death.
Dr. De Leon maintained a wide interest in the field of entomology. Areas
in which he worked included the morphology of immature insects, insect
transmission of plant viruses, and the taxonomy of Cicadellidae, Scolytidate,
and Acarina. Much of the results of his official work is contained in prog-
ress, annual, and administratively confidential reports, and so is unavailable
for general scientific use. After his retirement, however, Dr. De Leon pub-
lished 40 papers on the taxonomy, systematics, and zoogeography of mites.
These adequately illustrate his energies and abilities. He was a member
of the Entomological Society of America, Society of American Foresters,
Society of Systematic Zoologists, Coleopterists Society, Pacific Coast En-
tomological Society, and Florida Entomological Society. He was also a
member of the honorary scientific fraternity Sigma Xi. At the time of
his death, Don was in the process of completing for publication two manu-
scripts, one on the plant mites of Trinidad and one on the Ascas of the
The Florida Entomologist
Carribean Area. These manuscripts are presently being edited for publi-
cation in the Florida Entomologist.
Dr. De Leon's collections of mites, reprints, periodicals, books and
pinned insects have been donated to East Tennessee State University at
Johnson City, Tennessee. His Acarina types will be deposited in the Mu-
seum of Comparative Zoology in Harvard University at Cambridge, Mass-
achusetts.
Don's untimely death has unfortunately removed an intense, critical,
analytical, objective mind from the fields of entomology and acarology,
but all who knew him will savor the memory of his quick, gently-caustic
humor, his sedate, humanistic philosophy, and his warm, congenial attitude
toward life.-Martin H. Muma
P. O. Box 7067
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MINUTES OF THE 49th ANNUAL MEETING OF
THE FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
The 49th annual meeting of the Florida Entomological Society was
held at the George Washington Hotel in Jacksonville, Florida on 28-29
September 1966. A pre-meeting "Bull Session" of selected topics was held
the evening of the 28th with John Strayer as moderator.
President J. R. King opened the convention at 9 AM on 29 September.
One hundred forty-two persons registered. Twenty-eight papers were pre-
sented.
The first business meeting was called to order at 11:30 AM on 29 Sep-
tember by President J. R. King. Seventy-five members were present.
The minutes of the 48th annual meeting were presented by the Secre-
tary as published in Vol. 48, No. 4, of THE FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST. The
minutes were approved as presented.
President King appointed the following committees:
Resolutions: R. F. Brooks, Chairman; J. B. O'Neil.
Auditing: E. D. Harris, Jr., Chairman; W. C. Rhoades.
REPORT OF THE MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE
A mimeographed handbill describing the Society together with a mem-
bership application was sent to current members and those members of
the Entomological Society of America residing in Florida who were not
members of the Florida Entomological Society.
The Society began the year with 356 members and ended with 378
members for a net gain of 22 members.
A graph was prepared showing membership growth since 1916 and
employment affiliation of current members. This data will be published
in THE FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST for future reference.
E. D. Harris, Jr. J. R. Wood
Carl Rathburn R. C. Wilkinson, Jr., Chairman
REPORT OF THE HONORS AND AWARDS COMMITTEE
The recipient of the award for outstanding achievement was born in
Rochester, New York, in 1897. He received his early education in the
schools of New York, South Carolina, and Rhode Island. He received his
A. B. degree from Harvard College in 1919 (1920), following service in
Europe during World War I. After graduation from Harvard, he worked
as a bookkeeper for Union Trust Company, Rochester, New York, and in
1923, he received his M. S. degree at the University of Rochester. He
worked as a Fellow in Biochemistry at the University of Rochester School
of Medicine for 3 years and then moved to Nantucket, Mass., in 1925,
where he was active in civic affairs. In collaboration with Dr. Frank M.
Jones, he compiled a list of the Lepidoptera of Nantucket and Martha's
Vineyard Islands which was published in 1943. During World War II, he
was Research Associate in Radiology at the University of Rochester School
of Medicine and Dentistry. After the war, he became more seriously in-
terested in Lepidoptera, first collecting in Florida in 1946. He moved to
Sarasota in 1951, although continuing to maintain summer residence in
Barnstable, Massachusetts, and began compilation of the Lepidoptera of
Florida in 1953.
Mr. Charles P. Kimball has spent considerable time working with the
moths and butterflies of Florida. He has examined Florida specimens in
the U. S. National Museum, Museum of Comparative Zoology, American
Museum of Natural History, Florida State Insect Collections, and many
other collections. Results of his investigations have been published as
Volume I, Arthropods of Florida, Florida Department of Agriculture. The
publication has over 350 pages, excellent photographs, and several pages
of photographs in color.
The Florida Entomological Society is pleased to honor this eminent
286 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 49, No. 4
entomologist for his contributions to the knowledge of Florida Lepidop-
tera.
M. C. Van Horn
M. N. Provost
L. C. Kuitert, Chairman
REPORT OF THE NECROLOGIST
Members deceased since our last meeting include: Alfred P. Stone,
J. E. Bussart, Frank L. Holland, Commodore V. F. Grant, Donald DeLeon,
and W. G. Bruce.
S. H. Kerr, Secretary
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGY IN ACTION COMMITTEE
The Entomology in Action Committee regretfully did not begin to
touch the broad program as envisioned so strikingly by the participants
of the past evening's Bull Session.
The portable exhibit was placed on display at the Miami Museum of
Science and Natural History in mid-July and remained there until the
first of September. It is estimated that perhaps 10 to 30 individuals-
many of them in the 10 to 15 year old age span were "exposed" to the
exhibit each day during a good part of this time. The exhibit is now in
need of extensive repair and when fixed should be utilized frequently
by all members of our Society.
Another facet of Entomology in Action and one which was not referred
to last night is one that has occupied the time of the chairman of this
committee for the past month. The Dade County Public School System
operates a Laboratory Research Studies program for outstanding high
school seniors. These students are required to be in the upper 1/10 of
their class, be recommended by their teacher, profess an interest in any
one of the sciences, and agree to attend the "laboratory" of their choice
for a minimum of 6 hrs. per week with no maximum limits on time spent
provided they are able to comply with the normal graduation course re-
quirements. The students are excused from attending formal course work
and in return spend their time for the entire school year receiving in-
struction from any one of a number of professional scientists with whom
they have decided to work. Over 55 different laboratories, clinics, and
medically oriented facilities have shared in this program with the school
board but this is the first time we know of in which a student has expressed
a wish to work with an entomologist. The Public Health Service (in this
instance) has gained by this student's presence, and we in turn are obli-
gated to give advice and instruction to the student. A program such as
this is an element of Entomology in Action which might be encouraged
in other school systems of the state by each of you.
Robert Woodruff
John E. Porter, Chairman
James E. Brogdon, speaking for the entire membership, presented a
certificate conferring Honorary Membership on Dr. John W. Wilson. A
standing ovation was accorded Dr. Wilson.
The meeting was adjourned at 11:50 AM.
The second business meeting was convened by President King at 12:15
PM on 30 September. Forty members were present.
REPORT OF THE GRADUATE FELLOWSHIP COMMITTEE
The committee has been in further communication with Mr. H. J.
Friedman of Southern Mill Creek Products Co. in respect to establishing
a graduate fellowship at the University of Florida. Mr. Friedman regrets
that it has not been possible to initiate the program during the past year.
Unusual expenses in building new manufacturing facilities have required
some postponement. Mr. Friedman retains his interest in the fellowship
Minutes of the 49th Annual Meeting
and hopes to put the program into effect during the coming year. Hope-
fully the fellowship will begin in the fall of 1967.
Howard V. Weems, Chairman
REPORT OF THE PUBLIC RELATIONS COMMITTEE
The Public Relations Committee entered its fourth year of existence
as a standing committee of the Society in November 1965.
Committee members are:
W. P. Hunter-term expires 1966
W. C. Rhoades-term expires 1967
W. A. Simanton-term expires 1967
R. Earl Dixon-term expires 1968
John R. Strayer-term expires 1968
President J. R. King appointed W. A. Simanton to continue as chair-
man.
A major activity of the committee was obtaining publicity for the 1966
meeting. John Strayer, working with the University of Florida Editorial
office, distributed to news media 6 different stories, telling of the meeting,
the program, and the activities of the Society. He also recorded a 4 minute
radio show about entomology for distribution to 125 stations. A half-hour
TV show was made by several Society members in Jacksonville in collab-
oration with the Local Arrangements Committee. They discussed entomol-
ogy, the Society, and the forthcoming meeting.
During the year, W. C. Rhoades gave talks to science, biology, and
F.F.A. classes in Gadsden, Leon, and Jackson counties. Earl Dixon dis-
cussed entomology on a TV show with the Duval county agent. He also
spoke on entomology as a career to a group at the Paxon High School.
These and other committee members gave 6 other talks promoting ento-
mology. Dr. Peterson's book, "Fishing with Natural Insects", was the
subject of one radio show.
Matters of legislation concerning entomology did not appear this year;
however, it is expected that a number of bills will be introduced at the
1967 legislative session that will be of interest to the next Public Relations
Committee.
W. P. Hunter R. Earl Dixon
W. C. Rhoades J. R. Strayer
W. A. Simanton, Chairman
REPORT OF THE AUDITING COMMITTEE
The Auditing Committee has examined the books of the Florida En-
tomological Society for the year ending 31 August 1966 and found them
to be well organized and with all accounts in balance. Dr. D. H. Habeck,
Business Manager, is to be commended for his efforts in conducting the
business of the Society in such an outstanding manner.
W. C. Rhoades
E. D. Harris, Jr., Chairman
287
The Florida Entomologist
Vol. 49, No. 4
REPORT OF THE TREASURER-BUSINESS MANAGER
FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31 AUGUST 1966.
RECEIPTS:
Cash used for change at 48th Ann. Mtg. in Orlando...-.......... $ 100.00
Registration Fees ------------.. --------------------............................................. 272.00
Luau Tickets ----------------------------------................--............------------------................ 470.00
Hospitality Hour Contributions ....----------------------------......................... 45.00
Dues ------------------ ------........-------------------------.......................................... 2208.75
Subscriptions ........................................................................------------------............... 616.13
Advertisements ----------- ----- --..................................... 993.90
Reprints and Plates .......................--------------------------.........-----------............. 1107.14
Back Issues ----------------.........-------------...........................-----------------................. 554.75
Book Sales --------------------------............-----------------------...................................... 58.00
Incorporation Fee Refund .----------------------------------.................................... 1.00
Unaccounted ------ -----------------------------.......................................-----------------. 1.00
$6472.67
Cash on hand 31 August 1965 ------..---------------------................................. $ 911.10
$7383.77
JJISBURSEMENTS:
Cash used for change at 48th Ann. Mtg. in Orlando ..............
Printing programs for 48th Ann. Mtg -.. ..............................
Plaque and Engraving ................ .....................-------- ------ ...................
Robert Meyer Motor Inn, Luau, Coffee Breaks and
H hospitality H our ..........-- --------- -- -- ....... ....................
Artwork Entomology in Action ...............--------...... .................
Society Incorporation .....------------- .. ......... .....................
Subscription Refund ...............---- --------.................... ...............
Supplies for Business Manager ---------------------------....................................
Citrus Experiment Station Public Relations Committee .....---
Pepper & Storter Printing Cos. Fla. Entomol. reprints &
$ 100.00
63.86
20.87
747.80
5.00
276.00
3.75
4.05
27.00
mailing lists ----------....----------------------------................................ 3698.10
Book for Editor ...................-----------------........------------------------------................................. 3.00
Binding Florida Entomologist for Editor --------- --------....... ----.......... 3.42
Postage for Dr. Peterson's Book --- -------.................-- ... ------............. 19.50
Postage and box rent ------. --------. ................................. 134.30
Bank Service Charge ...........---------------------------------------.......................................... 6.87
$5113.52
Cash on hand 31 August 1966 -------------------..................................-----.. 2270.25
ASSETS : $7383.77
Savings Account Guaranty Federal Savings & Loan Assn.
Balance 31 August 1965 ----- ------------------------....................... $2431.86
Interest earned 31 Dec. 1965 & 20 June 1966 .-----------------................ 108.15
$2540.01
Cash on hand 31 August 1966 ----.--- ----------------------.. 2270.25
Total $4810.26
D. H. Habeck, Business Manager
288
Minutes of the 49th Annual Meeting 289
REPORT OF THE NOMINATING COMMITTEE,
The Nominating Committee submits the following slate of nominees
for offices of the Society for 1966-67.
Office Nominee
President J. E. Brogdon
Vice President L. A. Hetrick
Secretary T. J. Walker
Executive Committee W. G. Genung
F. Gray Butcher John Wilson
E. P. Merkel A. J. Rogers, Chairman
A motion was made by John Mulrennan for the Secretary to cast a
unanimous ballot for the nominees presented by the Nominating Commit-
tee. The motion was seconded and approved.
The gavel was turned over to incoming President James E. Brogdon.
REPORT OF THE RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE
WHEREAS the Society is aware and deeply appreciative of the efforts and
time of the Local Arrangements Committee in providing excellent facil-
ities and
WHEREAS the Program Committee has exhibited an excellent performance
in providing an outstanding program appealing to all segments of the
Society,
THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED THAT:
The membership accord them a standing ovation.
A standing ovation was given the Local Arrangements and Program
Committees.
WHEREAS Mayor Louis Ritter of the City of Jacksonville appeared before
us and personally welcomed the Society,
THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED THAT:
The Secretary thank him by letter for his personal appearance.
WHEREAS Mr. Henry G. Hubbard (1849-1899), in recognition of his ento-
mological contributions to the citrus industry, which included a classic
treatise on "Insects Affecting the Orange" published in 1885 and one
of the first uses of petroleum sprays for citrus insect control, was
elected to the Citrus Hall of Fame at the 1966 Citrus Exposition,
THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED THAT:
The Florida Entomological Society congratulate the Citrus Hall of
Fame Committee for their excellent selection of a pioneering entomol-
ogist by sending a copy of the resolution to Mr. William Giddings, nom-
inating committee chairman for the Citrus Hall of Fame.
John O'Neil
R. F. Brooks, Chairman
A motion to approve the resolutions was made. The motion was sec-
onded and passed.
The meeting was adjourned at 12:45 PM.
The Executive Committee met 4 November 1965 at the Carillon Hotel,
Miami Beach; 16 June 1966 at the Insects Affecting Man and Animals
Laboratory, Gainesville; and 28 September 1966 at the George Washing-
ton Hotel, Jacksonville.
S. H. Kerr, Secretary
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