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The
FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST
Volume 53 No. 4 December 1970
CONTENTS
Page
ATTIAH, H. H.-New tarsonemid mites associated with
citrus in Florida (Acarina: Tarsonemidae) -.................. 179
PECK, S. B.-The terrestrial arthropod fauna of Florida
caves --- -------............------.. .......-- .. ....... ................... 203
REINERT, J. F.-Description of the pupa of Toxorhynchites
(Lynchiella) rutilus rutilus (Diptera: Culicidae)....-....-.. 209
BOSTON, M. D., R. S. PATTERSON, AND C. S. LOFGREN-
Screening of chemosterilants against the southern house
mosquito Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus.......----....-----..-. 215
DENMARK, H. A., AND M. H. MUMA-Some phytoseiid mites
of Paraguay (Phytoseiidae: Acarina) .....-........--....-....... 219
BHATKAR, A., AND W. H. WHITCOMB-Artificial diet for
rearing various species of ants .....-..--......-------..--------..... 229
HUNTER, P. E., AND M. COSTA-Two new African species of
Megisthanus Thorell (Mesostigmata: Megisthanidae) ..- 233
MUMA, M. H. AND S. A. APEJI-Oligonychus miller on
Pinus caribaea in Jamaica -..........-....-..-......-.......-........-.. 241
REINERT, J. F.-Description of the pupa of Aedes (Ochle-
rotatus) dupreei (Diptera: Culicidae)-............-................ 243
NIELSSON, R. J., AND D. O. WOLFENBARGER-Collections of
winged aphids in yellow pans in South Florida ......... -- 249
Notes on Brachypogon Kieffer (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae),
a new species, and two new Neotropical genera of the
tribe Ceratopogonini: correction ..----.............-............--...-.. 242
Obituary: Howard M. Field -..................................---........ ......--- 248
Index to Volume 53, 1970 ..................................... ................... 251
Published by The Florida Entomological Society
THE FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OFFICERS FOR 1970-71
President.---...--............................- -................................... L. C. Kuitert
Vice-President...........................-........-----............ W. B. Gresham, Jr.
Secretary --...-................................................................... F. W M ead
Treasurer --.....--............-...-................ ............................... J. R. Strayer
J. E. Brogdon
H. A. Denmark
Other Members of Executive Committee..... G.C. Decker
J. F. Reinhardt
D. O. Wolfenbarger
Publications Committee
E editor ...-.....-.........-..................................-....S. H Kerr
Associate Editor.---............................R. E. Woodruff
Business Manager..-..-....-.......................J. R. Strayer
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This issue mailed December 31, 1970
NEW TARSONEMID MITES ASSOCIATED WITH CITRUS
IN FLORIDA (ACARINA: TARSONEMIDAE)1
HASSAN H. ATTIAH2
Acarology Investigations, Ministry of Agriculture
Dokki, Egypt, U.A.R.
ABSTRACT
Two new genera (Metatarsonemus and Floridotarsonemus) and 20
new species are described from Florida citrus.
Beer and Nucifora (1965) revised the family Tarsonemidae creating 7
new genera; the family now comprises 18 genera.
The posterior apodemes of male tarsonemid mites are of importance in
generic classification. These apodemes form 4 "chambers." The 2 outer
chambers surround the inner ones in species of the genus Polyphagotarso-
nemus Beer and Nucifora, whereas the 4 "chambers" are in a transverse
line in species of other genera. In all species of the genus Lupotarso-
nemus Beer and Nucifora examined, the anterior borders of the chambers
form 4 lobes, whereas, they form an almost straight line in species of the
genus Tarsonemus sensu strict as designated by Beer and Nucifora, and
form a V-shape in species of the genus Daidalotarsonemus DeLeon. Meta-
tarsonemus is a new genus created in this study comprising species of
mites with the anterior borders of the "chambers" forming a U-shape.
Species of the genus Fungitarsonemus Cromroy have the anterior borders
of inner chambers narrow giving the whole a triangular shape. Another
new genus Floridotarsonemus which may be related to Fungitarsonemus
is described here.
This paper describes and illustrates 20 new species associated with
citrus in Florida. Types of these species are deposited in the United States
National Museum, Washington, D. C.
The author wishes to thank Dr. M. H. Muma and Dr. H. J. Reitz of
the Citrus Experiment Station, Lake Alfred, Florida for the opportunity
and facilities to conduct this work. Dr. Muma also provided slide prepara-
tions from his collection and collected, with the author, many species from
Florida citrus groves.
Genus Lupotarsonemus Beer and Nucifora
Lupotarsonenmus Beer and Nucifora 1965:40.
Lupotarsonemus is an offshoot of the genus Tarsonemus Canestrini &
Fanzago, created to comprise species which have the tibia fused with the
tarsus on leg IV but otherwise have characteristics of the type genus.
Seven species (all new) have been collected from Florida citrus trees.
'Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series No. 3575.
2Dr. Attiah completed the field work for this study while he was a consultant
at the Citrus Experiment Station in Lake Alfred, Florida during 1963. The
manuscript was completed in 1969.-Editor
180 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 53, No. 4
KEY TO Lupotarsonemus ASSOCIATED WITH CITRUS IN FLORIDA (MALES)
1. Fem ur IV angulate at base ....................................... ......................... 2
1.' Femur IV not angulate at base ............................................................ 3
2. Tibiotarsal tactile seta of leg IV shorter than femur IV, dorsal fe-
moral seta of leg IV longer than apical ventral seta ...........................
................. -----......... ------------....... .............. L. inornatus new species
2.' Tibiotarsal tactile seta of leg IV longer than femur IV, dorsal fe-
moral seta of leg IV about same length as apical ventral seta ...---....
....................... ......................................... ..L. minutes new species
3. Femur IV with a dorsal process ......-....-----.....---------------.........-- 4
3.' Femur IV without a dorsal process ..........----- .....~....--- ................. .. 6
4. Dorsal process spine-shaped .................... .....--------...---...............-- 5
4.' Dorsal process cone-shaped, dorsal femoral seta much longer than
either ventral apical seta or tibiotarsal tactile seta ..............................
.................................................................................... L spicatus new species
5. Leg IV about same length as leg III, tibiotarsal tactile seta conspicu-
ously shorter than femur IV ....................... L. spinosus new species
5.' Leg IV shorter than leg III, tibiotarsal tactile seta almost as long as
femur IV ..-.....----......---...-....----.---........-........-- L. mumae new species
6. Femur IV with an inner tubercle ....-...-... L. paraunguis new species
6.' Femur IV without an inner tubercle ..--........ L. floridanus new species
Lupotarsonemus inornatus new species
Fig. 1-3
MALE HOLOTYPE: Length 1561, breadth 129/, body oval, broadest at pos-
terior of metapodosoma. Dorsal and propodosomal setae with third pair
longest, second pair shortest, fourth longer than first. Hysterosoma with
first 3 dorsal pairs of setae about equal (circa 24t), fourth pair shortest.
Leg IV short with femur curved angulated at base; tibia and tarsus IV
fused; tactile seta of tibiotarsus shorter than femur and longer than
dorsal femoral seta; apical ventral femoral seta shorter than dorsal fe-
moral, both arising at about the same level; claw strong.
REMARKS: In general appearance this mite is close to L. confusus (Ewing)
but differs in the following respects: 1) Dorsal femoral seta of L. con-
fusus as illustrated by Ewing is shorter or about the same length as the
ventral apical seta; in L. inornatus the dorsal seta is longer. 2) Tibio-
tarsal tactile seta in L. confuses is about the same length as femur IV;
it is shorter in L. inornatus.
It should be mentioned that Beer (1954) illustrated confusus with the
tarsus separated from the tibia in disagreement with Ewing, the author
of the species.
TYPE LOCALITY: S holotype circled with China ink, collected by H. H.
Attiah, 2 January 1963 from Melbourne, Florida. Mounted on same slide
with undetermined 9 tarsonemids.
DISTRIBUTION: Melbourne, Florida.
Lupotarsonemus minutus new species
Fig. 4
MALE HOLOTYPE: Length 114/, breadth 68/, body parallel-sided, broadest
at main body suture. Dorsal propodosomal setae with third pair longest,
Fig. 1-3. Lupotarsonemus inornatus new species, 1. 3 dorsal view,
2. $ ventral view, 3. $ leg IV ventral view. Fig. 4. Lupotarsonemus
minutes new species, S leg IV ventral view. Fig. 5-7. Lupotarsonemus
spicatus new species, 5. S dorsal view, 6. S ventral view, 7. S leg IV
ventral view.
182 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 53, No. 4
second shortest, and first longer than fourth. Hysterosoma with first and
second pairs of setae about same length, 19.5/, third shorter, about 15n,
and fourth about half length of third pair. Leg IV short with femur an-
gulate at base, tibia and tarsus fused; tactile seta of tibiotarsus longer
than femur; apical ventral femoral seta as long as dorsal femoral seta,
both arising at about same level; claw somewhat slender.
REMARKS: In life the mite is pale brown with a white spot. It is close to
L. scaurus (Ewing) but differs as follows: 1) The dorsal femoral seta of
leg IV is conspicuously longer than the apical ventral femoral seta in L.
scaurus as illustrated by Ewing 1939; they are about equal in length in L.
minutus. 2) Both setae arise in a transverse line in L. minutes; the
dorsal setae arise basal to the apical ventral setae in L. scaurus.
TYPE LOCALITY: & holotype circled with China ink, collected by M. H.
Muma, 13 February 1963 in Highlands Hammock State Park, Highlands
County, Florida. Mounted on same slide with an undetermined S and 2
tarsonemid.
DISTRIBUTION: Highlands County, Florida.
Lupotarsonemus spicatus new species
Fig.. 5-7
MALE HOLOTYPE: Length 190j,, breadth 110,, body oval, broadest at pos-
terior of metapodosoma. Dorsal propodosomal setae simple, third pair
longest, second shortest, first longer than fourth. Hysterosoma with first
pair of dorsal setae longest, second little longer than third, fourth
shortest, about half length of second; lengths 36, 27, 25.5, 13.5c of setae I,
II, III, IV, respectively. Leg IV with femur not angulate, long, stout, with
tibia and tarsus fused; tactile setae of tibiotarsus 31.5,, shorter than femur
IV and longer than ventral apical, latter 25.5u; dorsal femoral long, about
the length of femur; a dorsal cone-shaped process lies anterior to dorsal
femoral seta and a ventral inner tubercle lies anterior to ventral proximal
seta; coxa IV rectangular.
TYPE LOCALITY: S holotype circled with China ink, collected by H. H.
Attiah, 18 December 1962 at Yalaha, Florida. Mounted on same slide
with undetermined ?, 3, and larval tarsonemids.
DISTRIBUTION: Yalaha and Dundee, Florida.
Lupotarsonemus spinosus new species
Fig. 8-10
MALE HOLOTYPE: Length 1521, breadth 91/,, shape parallel-sided, widest at
posterior of metapodosoma.
L. spinosus resembles L. spicatus, differing in the dorsal process on
femur IV being spine-shaped instead of cone-shaped. Dorsal hysterosomal
setae shorter, lengths 31.5, 22.5, 21, 12[ of setae I, II, III, IV, respectively.
Leg IV about the length of leg III; coxae IV triangular or rectangular;
claw stout.
TYPE LOCALITY: a holotype circled with China ink, collected by H. H.
Attiah, 26 December 1962 at Sebring, Florida. Mounted on same slide
with an undetermined 8 and 2 tarsonemid.
DISTRIBUTION: Sebring and Dundee, Florida.
11 12
P
10 13
Fig. 8-10. Lupotarsonemus spinosus new species, 8. $ leg IV ventral
view, 9. 5 dorsal view, 10. $ ventral view. Fig. 11-13. Lupotarsonemus
mumae new species, 11. $ dorsal view, 12. $ ventral view, 13. & leg IV
ventral view.
184 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 53, No. 4
Lupotarsonemus mumae new species
Fig. 11-13
MALE HOLOTYPE: Length 163/, breadth 80%, body oval, broadest at pos-
terior of metapodosoma. Dorsal propodosomal setae with third pair
longest, second shortest, first longer than fourth. Hysterosoma with first
pair longest, second little longer than third, fourth around half length of
third, lengths 24, 20.5, 16.5, 9/ of setae I, II, III, IV, respectively. Leg IV
short, shorter than leg III; femur IV not angulate at base with dorsal
process anterior to dorsal seta spine-shaped; dorsal femoral seta longer
than ventral apical and tibiotarsal tactile, latter longer than apical ventral
and almost equal to femur; coxae rectangular.
TYPE LOCALITY: & holotype circled with China ink, collected by L. B.
Anderson, 23 July 1959 at Dundee, Florida. Mounted on same slide with
1 & L. spinosus, 1 S L. spicatus, and undetermined 9 and larval tar-
sonemids.
DISTRIBUTION: Dundee and Sebring, Florida.
Lupotarsonemus floridanus new species
Fig. 14-16
MALE HOLOTYPE: Length 148k, breadth 87M, body parallel-sided, widest at
main body suture. Dorsal propodosomal setae simple, third pair longest,
second shortest, first longer than fourth. Hysterosoma with first pair of
dorsal setae longest, second longer than third, fourth half length of sec-
ond, lengths 24, 22.5, 19.5, 11M of setae I, II, III, IV, respectively. Leg IV
with femur not angulate, with a ventral constricting line at basal inner
portion giving an aspect of a trochanter, tibia and tarsus IV fused, tactile
seta of tibiotarsus shorter than femur IV and than dorsal femoral seta,
apical ventral femoral seta shorter than tactile in tibiotarsus; claw stout.
TYPE LOCALITY: Male holotype circled with China ink, collected by J. Brog-
don at Homestead, Florida, 10 October 1962. Mounted on same slide with
& of Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) and one undetermined larval
tarsonemid.
DISTRIBUTION: Homestead, Florida.
Lupotarsonemus paraunguis new species
Fig. 17
MALE HOLOTYPE: Length 152y, breadth 761, body oval, broadest at posterior
of metapodosoma. Dorsal propodosomal setae with third pair longest, second
shortest, first longer than fourth. Hysterosoma with first dorsal pair long-
est, second and third around equal, fourth shortest, lengths 22, 13, 12, 81
of setae I, II, III, IV, respectively. Leg IV short, conspiculously shorter
than leg III; femur IV not angulate at base; tibia and tarsus IV fused;
tibiotarsal tactile seta subequal to femur IV, shorter than dorsal femoral
and little longer than apical ventral; an obscure ventral tubercle lies a short
distance anterior to basal ventral seta; claw acuminate.
REMARKS: In general appearance this mite is long and slender with short
dorsal hysterosomal setae and short hind legs. Relative lengths of femur
IV setae resemble those of L. unguis (Ewing), but the femur of the latter
species lacks a ventral tubercle.
Fig. 14-16. Lupotarsonemus floridanus new species, 14. a dorsal view,
15. 8 ventral view, 16. 8 leg IV ventral view. Fig. 17. Lupotarsonemus
paraunguis new species, $ leg IV ventral view. Fig. 18-19. Tarsonemus
ingens new species, 18. $ dorsal view, 19. $ ventral view.
186 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 53, No. 4
TYPE LOCALITY: $ holotype circled with China ink, collected by H. H.
Attiah, 26 December 1962 3 miles south of Frostproof. Mounted on same
slide with the type specimen of Tarsonemus undulatus new species and un-
determined 9, 8, and larval tarsonemids.
DISTRIBUTION: Sebring, Frostproof, and Fort Pierce, Florida.
Genus Tarsonemus Canestrini and Fanzago
Tarsonemus Canestrini and Fanzago 1876:142.
Beer and Nucifora (1965) restricted the genus Tarsonemus to species
with male leg IV tarsus separated from tibia and the combined length of
the 2 segments less than half the length of femur IV.
Three new species were collected on citrus from Florida.
KEY TO Tarsonemus ASSOCIATED WITH CITRUS IN FLORIDA (MALES)
1. Fem ur IV angulate at base .................................................................. 2
1.' Femur IV not angulate at base, inner margin of femur IV smooth,
dorsal femoral and tibial tactile setae of leg IV longer than femur ......
-----------------------------.................................... T. ingens new species
2. Femur IV with base much wider than apex, tibia IV not much longer
than basal width .-..--.......- ........................... T. undulatus new species
2.' Femur IV with base little wider than apex, tibia IV rectangular, nearly
twice the length of basal width ................................T. citri new species
Tarsonemus ingens new species
Fig. 18-20
MALE HOLOTYPE: Length 190A, breadth 114/, body oval, broadest at pos-
terior of metapodosoma. Dorsal propodosomal setae with third pair long-
est, second shortest, fourth longer than first. Hysterosoma with dorsal
hairs conspicuously long, third pair longest, second little longer than
first, fourth almost half the length of third, lengths 33, 31.5, 37.5, 18[ of
setae I, II, III, IV, respectively. Leg IV long; femur not angulate at base,
inner margin almost smooth; tibial tactile seta and dorsal femoral seta
both longer than femur and than apical ventral seta; tibia longer than
wide, 1-1/2 times as long as width at base; claw stout.
TYPE LOCALITY: & holotype circled with China ink, collected by H. H.
Attiah, 18 December 1962 at Fruitland Park, Florida. Mounted on same
slide with undetermined 9 tarsonemids.
DISTRIBUTION: Fruitland Park, Florida.
Tarsonemus undulatus new species
Fig. 21-23
MALE HOLOTYPE: Length 175A, breadth 95M, capitulum longer than wide.
Propodosoma with first, second and fourth dorsal seta about same
length, third longest. Hysterosoma with third pair of setae longest, first
and second about same length, fourth about half length of first, lengths
33, 34, 40, 16.5/ of setae I, II, III, IV, respectively. Leg IV with femur
angulate at base and undulate on inner margin; tactile seta of tibia longer
Fig. 20. Tarsonemus ingens new species, S
21-23. Tarsonemus undulatus new species, 21.
tral view, 23. S leg IV ventral view. Fig. 24.
cies, S leg IV ventral view.
leg IV ventral view. Fig.
& dorsal view, 22. & ven-
Tarsonemus citri new spe-
The Florida Entomologist
Vol. 53, No. 4
than femur; dorsal femoral much longer than apical ventral; tibia not
much longer than width at base.
REMARKS: This mite has long dorsal hairs in comparison with other spe-
cies resembling T. ingens. It differs from T. ingens by having femur IV
undulate on the inner margin and basally angulate.
TYPE LOCALITY: & holotype and 2 & paratypes circled with China ink,
collected by H. H. Attiah, 26 December 1962, 3 miles south of Frostproof,
Florida. Mounted on same slide with type specimen of Lupotarsonemus
paraunguis n. sp. and undetermined 9, 8 and larval tarsonemids.
DISTRIBUTION: Frostproof, Indian River, Fruitland Park, Lake Alfred,
Clearwater, and Weirsdale, Florida.
Tarsonemus citri new species
Fig. 24
MALE HOLOTYPE: Length 156M, breadth 78/, capitulum longer than wide.
Propodosoma with fourth dorsal pair of setae posterior and not lateral
to third, fourth pair shortest, third longest, second and first around same
length. Hysterosoma with third pair longest, first shorter than second,
fourth shortest, lengths 20.5, 24, 27, 13.5, of setae I, II, III, IV, respectively.
Leg IV with femur angulate at base, length of femur about three times
width at base, femur almost parallel-sided with base not much wider than
apex; dorsal femoral seta longer than ventral apical seta, both shorter
than tibial tactile seta; latter longer than femur; tibia with basal width
almost half length of segment.
REMARKS: In general appearance the mite is long and slender with hind
legs not much larger than others.
TYPE LOCALITY: & holotype circled with China ink, collected 15 Febru-
ary 1955 at Winter Haven on Florida red scale by H. L. Greene.
DISTRIBUTION: Winter Haven, Florida.
Metatarsonemus new genus
Males of Metatarsonemus have the anterior borders of the 4 "cham-
bers" of the hysterosomal apodemes forming U-shaped line; triangular
plate laterad of outer "chambers" sclerotized; transverse sclerotization
anterior to main body suture between propodosoma and hysterosoma on
venter of body; tarsus and tibia IV distinct.
TYPE SPECIES: Metatarsonemus simplicissimus new species.
REMARKS: The anterior borders of hysterosomal "chambers" as well as
ventral sclerotization between propodosoma and hysterosoma might re-
veal an affinity between this genus and Daidalotarsonemus DeLeon. Meta-
tarsonemus is presently represented by 2 new species from Florida and an
undescribed species from Egypt.
Metatarsonemus simplicissimus new species
Fig. 25-27
MALE HOLOTYPE: Length 175M, breadth 95M, body oval, broadest at pos-
terior of metapodosoma, capitulum nearly as long as broad. Propodo-
soma with third pair of dorsal setae longest, second shortest, first little
188
Fig. 25-27. Metatarsonemus simplicissimus new species, 25. 8 dorsal
view, 26. S ventral view, 27. & leg IV ventral view. Fig. 28. Metatar-
sonemus longitibialis new species, S leg IV ventral view. Fig. 29-31.
Floridotarsonemus scaber new species, 29. 3 dorsal view, 30. S ventral
view, 31. S leg IV ventral view.
The Florida Entomologist
Vol. 53, No. 4
longer than fourth. Hysterosoma with first pair of dorsal setae longest,
second and third equal, and fourth shortest, lengths 25.5, 22.5, 22.5, 13.5/
of setae I, II, III, IV, respectively. Leg IV with femur not angulate at base
and about 2.5 times as long as tibia; tactile seta of tibia much shorter
than femur, about same length as ventral apical seta of femur; dorsal
femoral seta shorter than both previously cited seta and distal to apical
ventral seta; tibia two times as long as width at base.
REMARKS: This mite is yellow with a dorsal black or green "H" on the
back when alive.
TYPE LOCALITY: & holotype circled with China ink, collected by M. H.
Muma in Highlands Hammock State Park, Highlands County, Florida, on
13 February 1963. Mounted on same slide with one S paratype and unde-
termined 9 tarsonemids.
DISTRIBUTION: Highlands Hammock State Park, Highlands County, Florida.
Metatarsonemus longitibialis new species
Fig. 28
MALE HOLOTYPE: Length 190,, breadth 95[k, body oval, broadest at posterior
of metapodosoma, capitulum nearly as long as broad. Propodosoma with
third pair of dorsal setae longest, second shortest, first and fourth about
equal. Hysterosoma with third pair of dorsal setae longest, second
longer than first, fourth shortest. Leg IV with femur not angulate at base
and with tibia elongate and slender 2.5-3.0 times as long as width at base;
tactile seta of tibia longer than femur, dorsal femoral seta about as long
as apical ventral seta and arising at about the same level.
TYPE LOCALITY: $ holotype circled with China ink, collected 24 Septem-
ber 1957 at Weirsdale, Florida from citrus leaves by H. L. Greene.
Mounted on same slide with undetermined 9 tarsonemids.
DISTRIBUTION: Weirsdale, Florida.
Floridotarsonemus new genus
Males of Floridotarsonemus have the anterior borders of the inner
"chambers" of hysterosomal apodemes narrow giving these "chambers" a
triangular shape; leg IV with tibia and tarsus distinct; combined length of
tarsus and tibia IV about half length of femur IV; tibia IV with length
more than twice segment width at base; femur IV angulate at base with a
hyaline inner projection and with dorsal seta distal to and much shorter
than apical ventral seta; claw sword-shaped.
TYPE SPECIES: Floridotarsonemus scaber new species.
REMARKS: Hysterosomal apodemes as well as the shape of leg IV reveal
the affinity of this genus to Fungitarsonemus Cromroy; shape of the claw
differentiates the genera.
Floridotarsonemus scaber new species
Fig. 29-31
MALE HOLOTYPE: Length 148t, breadth 76/, body oval, broadest at posterior
metapodosoma, capitulum around as long as broad. Propodosoma with
third pair of dorsal setae longest, second shortest, first longer than fourth.
190
Attiah: New tarsonemid mites
Hysterosoma with first pair of dorsal setae longest, second and third
about equal, fourth shortest, lengths 28.5, 26, 26, 7.5k of setae I, II, III, IV
respectively. Leg IV with femur angulate at base, possessing a hyaline
inner flange; combined length of tibia and tarsus about half length of
femur; dorsal femoral seta shorter than apical ventral seta and arising
distal to latter; claw long, sword-shaped.
TYPE LOCALITY: Holotype S circled with China ink, collected by M. H.
Muma and K. E. Muma from "whitefly fungus" on citrus leaves in High-
lands Hammock State Park at Sebring, Florida, 13 March 1963.
DISTRIBUTION: Highlands Hammock State Park, Highlands Co. Florida.
Genus Daidalotarsonemus DeLeon
Daidalotarsonemus DeLeon 1956:163.
Females of the genus Daidalotrasonemus may be recognized by plates
or ornamentations on dorsum and by some of the dorsal setae enlarged
apically. Males with some dorsal setae spiculate. The V-shape of an-
terior borders of hysterosomal "chambers" of males, the sclerotization
between propodosoma and hysterosoma and the lateral sclerotization on
venter of body of males (Fig. 20) might show relationship between this
genus and Metatarsonemus. Smiley (1967) described Hemitarsonemus
leonardi Smiley and H. deleoni Smiley; they belong in Daidalotarsonemus.
Three new species were found associated with citrus in Florida; only
females are described; it was not possible to relate males with females.
Daidalotarsonemus seitus new species
Fig. 32
FEMALE HOLOTYPE: Length 182k, breadth 114/, shape oval. Propodosoma
produced anteriorly to form a hood over capitulum and laterally over a
great part of the legs, hood with a broad notch anterior of middle; dorsum
with irregular striations, first dorsal propodosomal seta serrate 2s,5,, sec-
ond coarse 27/1. Hysterosoma with first and second segments produced
laterally forming a "gown" around body; dorsum of first segment with
longitudinal striations; humeral seta fine, 21/ long; first dorsal hysterqso-
mal seta lanceolate, serrate with distinct midrib, 42, long and arising an-
terior to third seta; latter seta resembling second in shape, 37.51L long;
fourth seta broad elliptical with two midribs, 22.5p long and 15M, wide, and
arising at same level as third pair.
TYPE LOCALITY: Holotype and paratype 9 circled with China ink, collected
by M. H. Muma, 26 September 1962 from citrus leaves at Fort Pierce.
Mounted on same slide with one 9 D. venustus new species and an unde-
termined 9 tarsonemid.
DISTRIBUTION: Fort Pierce, Florida.
Daidalotarsonemus venustus new species
Fig. 33, 34
FEMALE HOLOTYPE: Length 1901, breadth 114M, shape oval. Propodosoma
produced anteriorly to form a hood over capitulum and laterally over
coxae, hood with a notch anterior to middle; dorsum marked off into ir-
191
Fig. 32. Daidalotarsonemus seitus new species, 9 dorsal view. Fig.
33-34. Daidalotarsonemus venustus new species, 33. 9 dorsal view, 34.
9 ventral view.
Attiah: New tarsonemid mites
regularly shaped plates; first dorsal propodosomal seta 19.51 long; second
coarse 27, long. Hysterosoma with anterior segment dorsally marked off
into more or less rectangularly to hexagonally shaped plates arranged in
four ranks with first rank partly covered by base of propodosoma, caudal
part of hysterosoma marked off into less uniformly shaped plates; humeral
seta 16.5/ long; first dorsal hysterosomal seta same length as humeral
seta; second lanceolate, serrate with distinct midrib, 33, long; third re-
sembling second in shape and length; fourth pair broad, elliptical, 16.5/
long; all 3 latter pairs arising at same level.
REMARKS: D. venustus is very close to D. tessellatus DeLeon but differs in
arrangement of caudal hysterosomals 2, 3, and 4. In the latter species,
the second hysterosomal pair arises anterior to the third and fourth pairs.
TYPE LOCALITY: 9 holotype circled with China ink, collected by M. H. Muma
on 4 February 1959 at Melbourne, Florida. Mounted on same slide with
two paratype 9.
DISTRIBUTION: Melbourne, Florida.
Daidalotarsonemus somalatus new species
Fig. 35, 36
FEMALE HOLOTYPE: Length 2011/, breadth 44/, body diamond shaped,
widest at middle. Propodosoma produced anteriorly forming a hood over
capitulum and laterally over coxae; lateral margin of hood with a broad
notch slightly anterior of middle; dorsum marked off into irregularly
shaped plates; first dorsal seta 25f long, second 33/ long, both coarse.
Hysterosoma with anterior part of dorsum marked off into more or less
rectangularly to hexagonally shaped plates arranged in four ranks, first
rank partly covered by base of propodosoma; caudal part of hysterosoma
marked off into less uniformly shaped plates, some peanut shaped; hu-
meral seta 16, long; first dorsal hysterosomal 211, long; second lanceolate,
serrate with prominent midrib, 39/, long, and arising anterior to third
pair; latter resembling second pair in shape and length and arising an-
terior to fourth pair; fourth pair elliptical and 27, long.
TYPE LOCALITY: 9 holotype and 3 9 paratypes collected 4 October 1959 at
Vero Beach, Florida. Mounted on same slide with S of Daidalotarsonemus
sp. (see Fig. 49) and one larval tarsonemid.
DISTRIBUTION: Vero Beach, Florida.
Genus Fungitarsonemus Cromroy
Fungitarsonemus Cromroy 1958:113.
The anterior borders of the inner "chambers" of Fungitarsonemus
species are narrow in comparison with those of the outer "chambers" giv-
ing the former a triangular shape. Two new species were found associ-
ated with citrus in Florida.
Fungitarsonemus pulvirosus new species
Fig. 37, 38, 39, 50, 51
MALE HOLOTYPE: Length 1601,, breadth 106/, body diamond shape, broadest
about middle, capitulum nearly as long as broad. Propodosoma with
35
Fig. 35-36. Daidalotarsonemus somalatus new species, 35. 9 dorsal
view, 36. 9 ventral view. Fig. 37-38. Fungitarsonemus pulvirosus new
species, 37. 9 dorsal view, 38. 9 ventral view.
Attiah: New tarsonemid mites
195
third pair of dorsal setae longest and fourth shortest, third about two
times length of first, second longer than fourth and almost one-third
length of first. Hysterosoma with first pair of dorsal setae longest about
same length as third propodosomal pair; second and third pairs about
equal; fourth pair shortest; first, second, and third hysterosomals arising
almost equidistant, and in a longitudinal line. Legs I and II, with tarsi,
each carrying a long annulate spur like seta (Fig. 50, 51). Leg IV with
femur angulate at base, 3 times as long as tibia; apical ventral seta of
femur 3.5 times as long as dorsal seta and little longer than tibia; dorsal
femoral seta arising near base of segment; tibia with length 3 times basal
width; tibial tactile seta longer than femur, about same length as com-
bined femur, tibia, tarsus and claw.
FEMALE PARATYPE: Length 182-209M/, breadth 137-17111, shape oval. Propo-
dosoma produced anteriorly to form a hood completely covering capitulum
and laterally over basal segments of legs I and II. Propodosoma with 2
pairs of dorsal and ventral setae; first dorsal pair about one-third length
of second; first ventral pair arising behind apodemes I, second pair behind
apodemes II; pseudostigmatic organ elliptical. Hysterosoma with 6 pairs
of dorsal setae, 3 median and 3 marginal; medians all long, first pair aris-
ing far from margin with distance between its members shorter than their
length; marginal seta I shorter than any dorsal setae; marginals II, III
very short; former arising in a transverse line with median III, whereas
marginal III arises posterior to median III.
REMARKS: Females of this species carry trash on their back, thus the
name pulvirosus. It resembles F. lodici (DeLeon) in this habit, but the 2
species differ in the following respects: 1) Dorsal hysterosomal seta I is
much shorter than dorsal propodosomal III in the males of F. lodici,
whereas these setae are about equal in length in males of F. pulvirosus.
2) Second and third dorsal hysterosomals of F. pulvirosus males about
equal in length; the latter pair less than half the length of second pair in
F. lodici males.
TYPE LOCALITY: Holotype & circled with China ink, collected by H. H.
Attiah, 2 January 1963 on citrus leaf 6 miles southwest of Fort Pierce,
Florida. Mounted on same slide with paratype $ and 9 of F. peregrinosus
n. sp. Paratypes: 1 & and 1 9 with same data. Ten 9 of F. pulvirosus
and many & of F. peregrinosus collected by M. H. Muma and H. H. Attiah
on 11 January 1963 from the same locality.
DISTRIBUTION: 6 miles southwest of Fort Pierce, Florida.
Fungitarsonemus peregrinosus new species
Fig. 40-42, 52, 53
MALE HOLOTYPE: Length 201/, breadth 125kc, capitulum nearly as long as
broad. Propodosoma with third pair of dorsal setae about 2 times as long
as first, second longer than fourth. Hysterosoma with first pair of dorsal
setae longest, about the same length as thjrd propodosomals; second pair
almost 2 times length of third; fourth pair about equal to third; second
pair arising lateral to first and third and closer to latter. Legs I and II
with tarsi, each carrying a lanceolate annulate seta, that of tarsus II
shorter and nearer to base (Figs. 52, 53). Leg IV with femur angulate at
base, 3 times as long as tibia; tibia 3 times as long as basal width; apical
L.AyAo
Fig. 39. Fungitarsonemus pulvirosus new species, & leg IV ventral
view. Fig. 40-42. Fungitarsonemus peregrinosus new species, 40. &
dorsal view, 41. & ventral view, 42. & leg IV ventral view.
Attiah: New tarsonemid mites
ventral femoral seta 3.5 times as long as dorsal femoral and little longer
than tibia; dorsal femoral arising near base of segment; tibial tactile seta
longer than femur.
FEMALE PARATYPE: Length 247/, breadth 2091, shape oval. Propodosoma
produced anteriorly forming a hood over capitulum and laterally over
coxae, provided with 2 dorsal and 2 ventral pairs of setae; first dorsal
pair about one half length of second; first ventral pair arising behind apo-
demes I, second pair behind apodemes II; pseudostigmatic organ almost
round. Hysterosoma with 6 pairs of dorsal setae, 3 median and 3 margi-
nal; first marginal pair longest of all setae; first dorsal pair arising closer
to margin, distance between its members 5-6 times their length; second
and third dorsals about same length, both little shorter than first pair;
second and third marginals very short arising from caudal margin of body,
former almost in transverse line with third dorsals, latter posterior to
them; venter of hysterosoma provided with 3 pairs of setae, first arising
anterior to extremities of apodemes III, second close to apodemes IV, third
on caudal margin.
REMARKS: F. peregrinosus is close to F. peregrinus (Beer) but differs in
the following points: 1) Dorsal marginal seta I of F. peregrinosus 9 much
longer than marginals II and III; only slightly longer in F. peregrinus
9 9 as described by Beer (1954). 2) Dorsal hysterosomal seta I about same
length as dorsal propodosomal seta III of F. peregrinosus S S ; slightly
more than twice the latter's length in F. peregrinus 9 as described by Beer.
F. peregrinosus may be a synonym of F. peregrinus since Beer's illustra-
tions of the S do not coincide with his description.
TYPE LOCALITY: S holotype and S paratypes mounted with holotype of F.
pulvirosus collected by H. H. Attiah on 2 January 1963, 6 miles southwest
of Fort Pierce, Florida. Paratype 9 mounted on another slide with same
data.
DISTRIBUTION: 6 miles southwest of Fort Pierce, Florida.
Genus Rhynchotarsonemus Beer
Rhynchotarsonemus Beer 1954:1221
Species of Rhynchotarsonemus may be recognized by the gnathosoma
of both sexes having prolonged palpi which form a long beak. Two new
species were collected on Florida citrus.
Rhynchotarsonemus floridanus new species
Fig. 43-45
MALE HOLOTYPE: Length 163M, breadth 84M, body oval, broadest at posterior
of metapodosoma, capitulum longer than broad. Propodosoma with first
and second pairs of dorsal setae about equal in length, both shorter than
fourth; third pair longest, almost 3 times as long as first. Hysterosoma
with second and third pairs of dorsal setae about equal in length, first pair
shorter; fourth pair shortest, about one-third length of third pair. Leg II
with tibia carrying a long annulate solenidion. Leg IV with femur angu-
late at base and with tibia and tarsus fused; femur almost 2.5 times as long
as width at base and little longer than tibiotarsal tactile; dorsal femoral
seta very long, arising a short distance proximal to middle of segment;
apical ventral femoral setae shorter than tibiotarsal tactile.
44
Fig. 43-45. Rhynchotarsonemus floridanus new species, 43. $ dorsal
view, 44. S ventral view, 45. a leg IV ventral view.
48 47
47
Fig. 46-48. Rhynchotarsonemus citri new species, 46. & dorsal view,
47. a ventral view, 48. & leg IV ventral view.
.AyiA .
53
50 .
50 ,51 52
l 52
Fig. 49. Daidalotarsonemus sp. $ dorsal view. Fig. 50-51. Fungi-
tarsonemus pulvirosus new species, 50. S leg I dorsal view, 51. S leg
II dorsal view. Fig. 52-53. Fungitarsonemus peregrinosus new species,
52. & leg I dorsal view, 53. S leg II dorsal view.
Attiah: New tarsonemid mites
REMARKS: R. floridanus resembles R. filifer DeLeon in the shortness of leg
IV of the ; however, femur IV is clearly angulate in R. floridanus. More-
over, dorsal hysterosomal seta IV is only one-third the length of hystero-
somal seta III in R. floridanus; it is one-half the latter's length in R. fili-
fer.
TYPE LOCALITY: & holotype circled with China ink, collected by H. H.
Attiah and M. H. Muma 14 January 1963 at Highlands Hammock State
Park, Highlands County, Florida. Mounted on same slide with undeter-
mined 9 tarsonemids.
DISTRIBUTION: Highlands Hammock State Park, Highlands County, Florida.
Rhynchotarsonemus citri new species
Fig. 46-48
MALE HOLOTYPE: Length 182M, breadth 991/, body oval, broadest at pos-
terior of metapodosoma, capitulum longer than broad. Propodosoma with
first and second pairs of dorsal setae about equal, fourth pair little longer
arising lateral and little anterior to third pair, latter 2.5 times as long as
first pair. Hysterosoma with dorsal setae I, II, III about equal in length,
setae IV about half length of third pair. Leg II carrying a long annulate
solenidion on tibia, longer than combined lengths of tarsus II and claw.
Leg IV with femur angulate at base, femur length almost 3 times width of
segment at base and much longer than tibiotarsal tactile; dorsal femoral
seta very long arising from middle of segment; apical ventral seta shorter
than tibiotarsal tactile.
REMARKS: & of R. citri differ from R. filifer DeLeon by the length of femur
IV and the location of dorsal femoral seta.
TYPE LOCALITY: S holotype circled with China ink, collected 23 May 1958
at Fort Pierce, Florida from citrus leaf by H. L. Greene.
DISTRIBUTION: Fort Pierce, Florida.
LITERATURE CITED
Beer, R. E. 1954. A revision of Tarsonemidae of the Western Hemis-
phere (Order Acarina). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 36, Pt. 2, (16) :1091-
1387.
Beer, R. E., and A. Nucifora. 1965. Revisione dei generi della famiglia
Tarsonemidae (Acarina). Estratto dal Bollettino di Zoologia
Agraria e di Bachicoltura, Serie 11, V. 7.
Cromroy, H. L. 1958. A preliminary survey of the plant mites of Puerto
Rico. J. Agr. Univ. Puerto Rico. 42:39-144.
DeLeon, D. 1956. Four new Acarina in the family Tarsonemidae. Fla.
Entomol. 39:105-112.
DeLeon, D. 1956. Some mites from lychee. Descriptions of two new
genera and five new species of Tarsonemidae. Fla. Entomol. 39:
163-174.
Ewing, H. E. 1939. A revision of the mites of the subfamily Tarsone-
minae of North America, the West Indies and the Hawaiian Islands.
USDA Tech. Bull. 653:1-63.
Smiley, R. L. 1967. Further studies on the Tarsonemidae (Acarina).
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 69(2): 127-146.
The Florida Entomologist 53(4) 1970
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THE TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPOD FAUNA
OF FLORIDA CAVES
STEWART B. PECK
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
ABSTRACT
Locality records are given for 3 species of trogloxenes, 13 species of
facultative troglophiles, and 1 species of obligate troglophile and 2 species
of troglobites known from Florida caves. Accidentals are not included.
Since the first paper on Florida cave life (Hubbard 1901), a number of
troglobitic (cave specialized) arthropods have been discovered in Florida.
These are all aquatic crustaceans (reviewed in Nicholas 1960, and Warren
1961). Little previous effort has been made to comprehensively collect and
study the terrestrial cave inhabitants. During the past seven years I have
been involved in an extensive study of the evolution and distribution of
North American cave faunas. As a part of this study, several weeks of
field work have been spent in Florida caves. This paper is a compilation
of species and locality records collected in this field work and literature
references known to me on this fauna. These records are published at this
time to document some evolutionary and distributional generalizations
that will be made in future papers on the cave faunas of Georgia (with J.
Holsinger) and of Alabama.
Hopefully this paper will stimulate others to continue work on the ter-
restrial arthropod fauna of Florida caves. Much yet remains to be learned
about what species use cave habitats, the exact limits of the species distri-
butions, and the ecological roles of the species in the cave communities.
The following list includes only those species judged to be members of
a cave community, i.e. capable of establishing permanent cave-utilizing
populations. Several species, especially from the Ocala area, have been ex-
cluded because they seem to be only accidental strays that have wandered
into the caves. Following each species name is an ecological classification.
A trogloxene can not complete its life cycle in a cave. Facultative troglo-
philes may complete their life cycles in caves but are also known from non-
cave habitats. Obligate troglophiles are known only from caves, but do
not show morphological adaptation to caves. Troglobites possess morpho-
logical adaptations for a cave environment.
Names used are on file with the Florida Cave Survey and the National
Speleological Society. A name in quotation marks is one I have coined
when no other seems to be available. Indian Cave and Miller's Cave are
undeveloped caves in Florida Caverns State Park (FCSP).
SYSTEMATIC LIST
Class CRUSTACEA: Order ISOPODA: Family TRICHONISCIDAE
Miktoniscus alabamensis Muchmore (facultative troglophile). FLORIDA
RECORDS: Jackson County; Florida Caverns (Vandel 1965), Miller's Cave,
204 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 53, No. 4
Gerard's Cave. COMMENTS: Found on moist rotted wood. Distributed
from Florida to Ohio.
Class ARANCHNIDA: Order OPHILIONES: Family PHALANGODIDAE
Phalangodes (Bishopella) laciniosa Crosby & Bishop (facultative tro-
glophile). FLORIDA RECORDS: Jackson County; Florida Caverns. COM-
MENTS: One collection, August 1965, (determined by C. Goodnight) and
not collected since in a Florida cave. Attempts should be made to verify
if the species has formed cave populations in Florida as it has frequently
in Alabama and Georgia. It is known from litter in FCSP (Goodnight &
Goodnight 1942, 1953) under the synonym of P. marianna.
Phalangodes (Crosbyella) spinturnix Crosby & Bishop (facultative
troglophile). FLORIDA RECORDS: Jackson County; Gerard's Cave, Milton
Cave, Miller's Cave. COMMENTS: The species forms large cave popula-
tions, often found under rocks and near organic debris. It comes to car-
rion bait.
Class ARACHNIDA: Order ARANEA: Family ARGIOPIDAE
Azilia vagepicta Simon (facultative troglophile). FLORIDA RECORDS:
Jackson County; "Spring Cave" and "Two Entrance Cave" both in FCSP.
COMMENTS: The species spins orb webs in small moist cave entrances just
at the edge of the dark zone. It is moderately common in Florida (W. J.
Gertsch in litt.). Its range outside the state is uncertain.
Family LINYPHIIDAE
Centromerus latidens (Emerton) (facultative troglophile). FLORIDA
RECORDS: Jackson County; Indian Cave. COMMENTS: First Florida record.
A common cave-inhabiting spider in the Appalachians. It is found in for-
est litter in northern states. An undetermined female Centromerus was
taken in Dr. Dame's Cave, Citrus County, which may be this species. This
cave should be recollected for this species.
Islandiana sp. (troglobite). FLORIDA RECORDS: Jackson County; Miller's
Cave. COMMENTS: This is an undescribed species, judged to be cave
limited and adapted because of its reduced eyes and lack of pigment (W. J.
Gertsch in litt.). The genus is typically boreal and montane, with 4 spe-
cies known only from southeastern caves (Ivie 1965).
Family NESTICIDAE
Gaucelmus augustinus Keyserling (facultative troglophile). FLORIDA
RECORDS: Alachua County; Dudley Cave (Gertsch record), Warrens Cave.
Citrus County; "Caves" (Gertsch record). Jackson County; Milton Cave,
Miller's Cave. Marion County; Medford Cave (S. of Reddick, Gertsch rec-
ord). COMMENTS: Also known from caves in Alabama, Texas, and Mexico,
and non-cave habitats in Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas.
Nesticus pallidus Emerton (facultative troglophile). FLORIDA RECORDS:
Alachua County; Bat Cave. Citrus County; Blowing Hole Cave, Dr.
Dame's Cave. Jackson County; Gerard's Cave, Indian Cave, Miller's Cave.
COMMENTS: Found often in caves in the southeast. A widespread species
throughout North America.
Peck: Arthropods of Florida caves
Class DIPLOPODA: Order SPIROSTREPTIDA: Family CAMBALIDAE
Cambala annulata (Say) (facultative troglophile). FLORIDA RECORDS:
Jackson County; Gerard's Cave, Indian Cave, Judge Cave, Miller's Cave,
Milton Cave. COMMENTS: I have taken the species in FCSP in rotted logs
in the forest. It is distributed across most of the southeast (Hoffman
1958), but not commonly in caves. In Florida it forms large populations
in association with bat guano and organic debris. It can be collected by
baiting with carrion.
Class CHILOPODA: Order LITHOBIOMORPHA: Family LITHIOBIIDAE
Lithobius atkinsoni Bollman (facultative troglophile). FLORIDA REC-
ORDS: Jackson County; Gerards Cave, Milton Cave. COMMENTS: First
Florida record. It is known from five caves in Alabama and generally dis-
tributed in the southern Appalachians.
Class INSECTA: Order COLLEMBOLA: Family ENTOMOBRYIDAE
Pseudosinella sp. (troglobite). FLORIDA RECORDS: Jackson County; Mil-
ler's Cave (Christiansen and Culver 1968; 253), Gerard's Cave. COMMENTS:
This is an undescribed species belonging to the P. argentea complex which
has converged through subterranean evolution to strongly resemble P.
hirsuta.
Family ISOTOMIDAE
Isotoma notabilis Schaffer (facultative troglophile). FLORIDA RECORDS:
Alachua County; Warren's Cave. COMMENTS: A cosmopolitan species,
sometimes placed in the genus Parisotoma.
Family TOMOCERIDAE
Tomocerus dubius Christiansen (facultative troglophile). FLORIDA
RECORDS. Alachua County; Warren's Cave. Jackson County; Miller's Cave.
COMMENTS: First Florida records. It is known from caves and epigean
sites in the east and California (Christiansen 1964).
Order ORTHOPTERA: Family GRYLLACRIDIDAE
Ceuthophilus gracilipes (Haldeman) (trogloxene). FLORIDA RECORDS:
Jackson County; Bat Cave (Hubbell 1936), Blue Spring Cave (Hubbell
1936), in Cave Entrance Florida Caverns (T. H. Hubbell coll.), Gerard's
Cave, Miller's Cave, small cave near Judge Cave. COMMENTS: Hubbell
(1936) reported these populations under the sub-specific name of apalachi-
colae. The species occurs throughout much of the eastern United States
in cave and epigean habitats.
Ceuthopilus latibuli Scudder (trogloxene). FLORIDA RECORDS: Alachua
County; Bat Cave (H. H. Hobbs coll.), Dudley Cave (Hubbell 1936),
Grant's Cave (R. E. Woodruff coll.), Jook Cave (T. H. Hubbell coll.),
O'Steen's Cave (Hobbs coll.), Warren's Cave (Hubbell 1936). Citrus
County; Blowing Hole Cave, Dr. Doan's (Dame's) Cave (A. F. Carr coll.).
Marion County; Bellview Cave (Hobbs coll.), Jenning's Cave (Hobbs coll.),
Waldo Cave (Hobbs coll.). COMMENTS: The species is known only from
Florida and Georgia and is also found in epigean habitats (Hubbell 1936).
Ceuthophilus virgatipes Rehn & Hebard (trogloxene). FLORIDA REC-
ORDS: Alachua County; Dudleys Cave (Hubbell 1936). Marion County;
205
The Florida Entomologist
Villa Heights Cave (Hubbell 1936). COMMENTS: Known only from Flor-
ida and Georgia. Not a common cave inhabitant.
Order COLEOPTERA: Family LEIODIDAE
Nemadus sp. (facultative troglophile). FLORIDA RECORDS: Alachua
County; Warren's Cave. Jackson County; Gerard's Cave. COMMENTS:
First records of the genus for Florida. The genus is badly in need of re-
vision, which I am now preparing. The species may be undescribed. It is
found in the caves in bat guano and can be baited with carrion and human
dung. It may occur in Florida forests.
Prionochaeta opaca (Say) (facultative troglophile). FLORIDA RECORDS:
Jackson County; Gerard's Cave, Miller's Cave. COMMENTS: First report
of the genus from Florida. It is widespread in mesic forest habitats in
the eastern United States. I have taken it in the forests of FCSP. It is
common in these two caves on bat guano and may be baited with carrion
and human dung.
Ptomaphagus cavernicola Schwarz (obligate troglophile). FLORIDA
RECORDS: Alachua County; Warrens Cave. Jackson County; Gerard's Cave,
Miller's Cave. COMMENTS: First Florida records. It was found in large
populations in the two Jackson County caves associated with bat guano.
It is also known from Alabama, the Ozark states, Iowa, Texas, and Mexico
(personal data). It has never been taken outside of caves. It can be baited
with carrion and human dung.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to thank the following for help with determinations: Kenneth
Christiansen, collembola; Willis J. Gertsch, spiders; Clarence Goodnight,
harvestmen; William Shear, millipeds; Andrew Weaver, centipeds. Dr.
Theodore Hubbell kindly offered additional cricket localities, and Dr.
Gertsch kindly provided additional spider records. Richard Smith of
Gainesville provided information on cave locations. James Peck assisted
in some of the field work. Permission to collect in Florida Caverns State
Park was granted by C. W. Hartsfield, Superintendent. Collections and
observations were made while conducting field work partially supported
by Evolutionary Biology Training Grant GB 7346, Prof. Reed C. Rollins,
principal investigator, Harvard University.
LITERATURE CITED
Christiansen, K. 1964. A revision of the Nearctic members of the genus
Tomocerus (Collembola Entomobryidae). Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol 1(4):
639-678.
Christiansen, K. and David Culver. 1968. Geographical variation and evo-
lution in Pseudosinella hirsuta. Evolution 22(2) : 237-255.
Goodnight, C. J. and M. L. Goodnight. 1942. New Phalangodidae (Pha-
langida) from the United States. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1188: 1-18.
Goodnight, C. J. and M. L. Goodnight. 1953. Taxonomic recognition of
variation in Opiliones. Syst. Zool. 2(4) : 173-180.
206
Vol. 53, No. 4
Peck: Arthropods of Florida caves 207
Hoffman, Richard. 1958. Appalachian Cambalidae: Taxonomy and dis-
tribution (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida). J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 48(3):
90-94.
Hubbard, H. G. 1901. Insect life in Florida caves. Proc. Entomol. Soc.
Wash. 4(4) : 394-396.
Hubbell, T. H. 1936. A monographic revision of the genus Ceuthophilus
(Orthoptera, Gryllacrididae, Rhaphidophorinae). Univ. Fla. Pub.
Biol. Sci. Series 2(1): 1-551.
Ivie, Wilton. 1965. The spiders of the genus Islandiana (Linyphiidae,
Erigoninae). Amer. Mus. Novitates no. 2221, 25pp.
Nicholas, Bro. G. 1960. Checklist of macroscopic troglobitic organisms
of the United States. Amer. Midland Nat. 64(1) : 123-160.
Vandel, A. 1965. Les Trichoniscidae cavernicoles (Isopoda Terrestria;
Crustacea) de l'Amerique du Nord. Ann. Speleologie 20(3): 347-
389.
Warren, Richard D. 1961. The obligate cavernicoles of Florida. Fla.
Speleological Soc. Spec. Pap. 1, 10 pp.
The Florida Entomologist 53(4) 1970
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DESCRIPTION OF THE PUPA OF TOXORHYNCHITES
(LYNCHIELLA) RUTILUS RUTILUS
(DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)1
JOHN F. REINERT2
Department of Entomology, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida 32601
ABSTRACT
The pupa of Toxorhynchites (Lynchiella) rutilus rutilus (Coquillett)
is described and illustrated for the first time. A table lists the range,
mode, and mean number of branches of each pupal hair. Notes on the
biology of the larvae and pupae are given.
The adults of Toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus were first described by
Coquillett (1896). Complete descriptions of the male, male terminalia,
female, and larva are given by Carpenter and La Casse (1955). In the
present paper a detailed taxonomic description and illustration (Fig. 1-3)
of the pupa is presented for the first time. The range, mode, and mean
number of branches for each pupal hair are listed in Table 1. Chaetotaxy
and morphological nomenclature follow Belkin (1962).
Toxorhynchites (Lynchiella) rutilus rutilus (Coquillett)
Cephalothorax (Fig. 1). Hair C-1 extra long and barbed, C-2-5, 9
moderately long, C-6 short, C-7-8 long, C-l, 4 single, C-2 usually single,
C-3, 9 usually single or double, C-5 usually with 4-5 branches, C-6, 8 usu-
ally double or triple, C-7 double.
Respiratory trumpet (Fig. 2). Darkly pigmented, lighter distad; index
3.44-4.58.
Metanotum (Fig. 3). Hairs C-10, 12 moderately long, C-11 long, C-10
usually with 2-4 branches, C-11 usually double or triple, C-12 usually with
3-4 branches.
Abdomen (Fig. 3). Hair 0-II-VIII minute, single; 1-I-III long and
stellate, 1-IV long, 1-V-VII, X moderately long, 1-I with 18-36 branches
on basal one half, 1-II usually with 3-5 branches on basal one half, 1-III,
VI usually double or triple, 1-IV usually single or double, 1-V usually with
3-5 branches, 1-VII usually with 3-4 branches, 1-X usually with 4-5
branches; 2-I-VII short, 2-I usually single or double, 2-II, IV-VII single,
2-III usually single; 3-I-III long and barbed, 3-IV-VII moderately long,
3-I-III single, 3-IV usually with 5-8 branches, 3-V usually with 5-7
branches, 3-VI usually with 2-4 branches, 3-VII usually with 3-4 branches;
4-I-II, V-VIII moderately long, 4-III-IV short, 4-I usually with 8-10
branches, 4-II usually with 7-9 branches, 4-III usually with 4-6 branches,
4-IV usually with 3-5 branches, 4-V usually with 5-8 branches, 4-VI usu-
ally with 4-5 branches, 4-VII-VIII single; 5-I short, 5-II long and barbed,
1Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series No. 3640.
2Major, Medical Service Corps, U. S. Army. The opinions contained
herein are the private ones of the author and are not to be construed as
official or as reflecting the views of the Department of the Army.
The Florida Entomologist
TABLE 1. RECORD OF THE BRANCHING OF THE SETAE ON THE PUPAE OF
Toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus
Hair Range Mode Mean Hair Range Mode Mean
Cephalothorax
Abdomen III (Cont.)
Abdomen IV
Metanotum
5 2 3.1
1 2 2.4
) 4 3.6
Abdomen I
18-36 24
1-3 2
1 1
4-10 9
3-6 5
2-6 3
3-5 3
1 1
26.6
1.7
1
8.1
4.9
3.4
3.7
Abdomen II
1 1
5 4.9
1 1
1 1
8 8.8
1 1
1 1.4
2 2.3
1 1.2
1 1
1 1.3
Abdomen III
Abdomen V
1 1
3-6 5
1 1
3-9 5
5-10 7
1 1
1-4 1
3-4 4
1 1
1 1
2-4 3
1-2 1
Abdomen VI
1
2-4
1
1-4
2-5
1
1
3-6
1 1
2 2.7
1 1
4 2.9
4 3.9
1 1
1 1
4 4.3
1-3
1
5-10
3-7
1
6-12
1
1-3
1-3
1-3
210
Vol. 53, No. 4
Reinert: Pupa of Toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus
TABLE 1. CONTINUED
Hair Range Mode Mean Hair Range Mode Mean
Abdomen VI (Cont.) Abdomen VII (Cont.)
8 5-10 6 6.6 8 6-11 9 8.8
9 1 1 1 9 1 1 1
10 1-2 1 1.2 10 1-2 1 1.1
11 1 1 1 11 1 1 1
Abdomen VII 14 1 1 1
0 1 1 1
1 2-4 4 3.9 Abdomen VIII
2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
3 3-6 4 4.3 4 1 1 1
4 1 1 1 9 1 1 1
5 1 1 1
6 5-10 5 6.9 Abdomen X
7 2-5 4 3.4 1 4-10 4 4.8
5-III-VI extra long and barbed, 5-VII moderately long, 5-I usually with
4-5 branches, 5-II-VII single; 6-I-V, VII moderately long, 6-VI extra long
and barbed, 6-I usually double or triple, 6-II-IV usually single or double,
6-V usually single to triple, 6-VI single, 6-VII usually with 5-8 branches;
7-I-II, IV-VII moderately long, 7-III short, 7-I, III, VII usually with 3-4
branches, 7-II, IV usually double or triple, 7-V with 3-4 branches, 7-VI
usually with 3-5 branches; 8-II-VII short, 8-II usually single, 8-III-V
single, 8-VI usually with 5-7 branches, 8-VII usually with 8-10 branches;
9-II-VII short, 9-VIII moderately long, 9-II-VIII single; 10-III-VII mod-
erately long, 10-III usually with 3-4 branches, 10-IV with 3-4 branches,
10-V usually double or triple, 10-VI-VII usually single; 11-II short, 11-III-
VII moderately long, 11-II-III, V usually single, 11-IV, VI-VII single; 14-
VII minute, single.
Paddle (Fig. 3). Relatively broad with a distinct apical emargination;
midrib does not reach apex and divides paddle unevenly, outer part wider
than inner; distal 0.17 of outer and 0.75 of inner margins with small
spicules; index 1.26-1.48.
The following material collected by the author at Gainesville, Alachua
County, Florida was examined: 2 females, 19 June 1969; 1 female, 18 July
1969; 4 females, 9 April 1970; 1 male and 2 females, 11 April 1970; 1 male
and 3 females, 19 April 1970; 2 males and 2 females, 23 April 1970; 1
female, 11 May 1970; 2 females, 21 May 1970; 10 males and 13 females,
31 May 1970; 4 males and 3 females, 6 June 1970; 2 females, 17 June 1970;
3 males, 28 June 1970; 1 female, 5 July 1970; 1 female, 12 July 1970; and
1 male, 15 July 1970. Two females from Vqro Beach, Indian River County,
Florida, 18 April 1970, were also examined. The above description is based
only on the pupal skins of the males. No significant difference was found
in the chaetotaxy of the two sexes.
Biology: All the material from Gainesville was collected as larvae from
treeholes and rotholes in oak trees and individually reared in the labora-
The Florida Entomologist
E
P3 pad
50
,1
4 11
5 ---
VI
7
VIII
Fig. 1-3. Pupa of Toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus (Coquillett). 1)
Cephalothorax. 2) Respiratory trumpet. 3) Metanotum and abdomen.
C= cephalothorax; I-VIII, X= abdominal segments 1 through 8 and 10;
P= paddle.
tory. A number of larvae were collected from a single treehole on sev-
eral occasions. On 31 May 1970 a total of 19 fourth and 4 third instar
larvae were collected from a large rothole in an oak tree. These larvae
were associated with and feeding on larvae of Aedes triseriatus and Or-
thopodomyia signifera. Ten male and 13 female Toxorhynchites rutilus
rutilus adults were reared from this collection. The 2 females from Vero
Beach were collected from water at the base of leaves of epiphytic Bro-
212
Vol. 53, No. 4
Reinert: Pupa of Toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus 213
meliaceae and were associated with Wyeomyia vanduzeei and Wyeomyia
mitchellii.
The length of time spent in the pupal stage ranged from 4 days to 5
days 11 hours for females and from 4 days to 5 days 1 hour for males.
The average time for females was 4 days 19 hours and 4 days 18 hours for
males. Basham, Mulrennan, and Obermuller (1947) observed that the
pupal stage required 4 to 5 days.
Additional information on the biology of this species is given by
Jenkins and Carpenter (1946), Olinger (1957), Jenner and McCrary
(1964), and McCrary and Jenner (1965).
LITERATURE CITED
Basham, E. H., J. A. Mulrennan, and A. J. Obermuller. 1947. The biology
and distribution of Megarhinus Robineau-Desvoidy in Florida. Mos-
quito News 7(2):64-66.
Belkin, J. N. 1962. The mosquitoes of the South Pacific. Univ. Calif.
Press, Berkeley. 2 vols., 608 and 412 p.
Carpenter, S. J., and W. J. LaCasse. 1955. Mosquitoes of North America
(north of Mexico). Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley. 360 p.
Coquillett, D. W. 1896. New Culicidae from North America. Can.
Entomol. 28:43-44.
Jenkins, D. W., and S. J. Carpenter. 1946. Ecology of the tree hole
breeding mosquitoes of nearctic North America. Ecol. Monog.
16(1) :31-48.
Jenner, C. E., and A. B. McCrary. 1964. Photoperiodic control of larval
diapause in the giant mosquito, Toxorhynchites rutilus. Amer.
Zool. 4(4) :434.
McCrary, A. B., and C. E. Jenner. 1965. Influence of day length on sex
ratio in the giant mosquito, Toxorhynchites rutilus, in nature.
Amer. Zool. 5(2) :206.
Oblinger, L. D. 1957. Observations on the mosquito, Toxorhynchites
rutilus rutilus (Coquillett), in Alachua County, Florida. Fla.
Entomol. 40(2) :51-52.
The Florida Entomologist 53(4) 1970
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POST OFFICE BOX 658
JACKSONVILLE 1, FLORIDA
SCREENING OF CHEMOSTERILANTS AGAINST THE
SOUTHERN HOUSE MOSQUITO
CULEX PIPIENS QUINQUEFASCIATUS1
M. D. BOSTON, R. S. PATTERSON, AND C. S. LOFGREN
Entomology Research Division, Agr. Res. Serv., USDA,
Gainesville, Fla. 32601
ABSTRACT
Concentrations of 31 chemosterilants for male house flies, Musca do-
mestica L., were formulated in a 20% solution of sugar and water and
offered as food to the southern house mosquito, Culex pipiens quinquefasci-
atus Say. Nine caused complete sterility at concentrations of 0.1% or less.
In view of the current interest in the use of sterile males to control or
eradicate some species of mosquitoes, information is needed about chemi-
cals or other methods that induce sterility in these insects. Thus, at the
Insects Affecting Man Investigations Laboratory at Gainesville, Fla., we
have begun to evaluate the sterilizing effect of chemicals on the southern
house mosquito, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say.
Chemosterilants can be applied to mosquitoes (1) in food (Weidhaas
et al. 1961), (2) in larval rearing media (Dame et al. 1964, Mulla 1964),
(3) by immersing the pupae in the chemical (White 1966), and (4) by ex-
posing adults to sterilants on glass or other surfaces (Weidhaas et al.
1962). Since the initial screening of chemicals as potential mosquito
chemosterilants was done with Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles quadri-
maculatus Say by mixing the chemical in the food (Weidhaas et al. 1961),
we decided to use this same procedure with C. p. quinquefasciatus. By this
method, the insect may pick up the chemical by ingestion, tarsal contact,
or both. The chemosterilants selected for evaluation in the present test
were compounds that had demonstrated sterilant activity in the male house
fly, Musca domestic L., in tests at the laboratory (Fye et al. 1966).
METHODS AND MATERIALS
The test compounds (0.1% concentrations) were mixed in a buffered
(pH 7) solution of 20% sucrose in water. This solution was then poured
over a cotton pad in a waxed paper cup, and the cup was placed in a 10
by 10 by 6 inch aluminum screen cage containing 25 males and 25 females
(24 hr old or less). The mosquitoes were allowed to feed ad libitum on
the solution for 72 hr; then the mixture was removed from the cage and
replaced with 2% sucrose solution. Four days later, the females were fed
on young chicks and allowed to oviposit in paper cups containing a weak
solution of hay infusion. The cups were removed from the cages, covered
to prevent water evaporation, and held until all eggs had hatched (96 hr).
Then 10 rafts were selected at random from each cup and placed in a small
vial containing a 1% solution of KOH. The KOH acted to separate the
individual eggs in each raft, which made it easier to determine whether
iMention of a pesticide in this paper does not constitute a recommenda-
tion of this product by the USDA.
The Florida Entomologist
TABLE 1.-FERTILITY AND MORTALITY OF Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus
ALLOWED TO FEED AD LIBITUM
SUGAR SOLUTION.
ON CHEMOSTERILANTS IN 20%
Concen- Egg Adult
ENT tration hatch mortality
No. Chemosterilant (%) (%) (%)
7570 Tetrahydrofuran
16198 2,2',2"-Trichlorotriethylamine
16292 2-Imidazolidinethione
22078 p-Ethoxybenzoic acid 2-phenyl=
hydrazide
22959 3-Ethoxypropionic acid
2-phenylhydrazide
24915 Tepa
26316 Apholate
26398
50003
Fluoro6rotic acid
Metepa
50055-a 2,4,6-Tris (2-methyl-l-aziridinyl) -
s-triazine
50124 Diethylene glycol di-2-methyl-1-
aziridinecarboxylate
50171 1-Aziridinecarboxanilide
50333 1,4-Dimethyl-l,4-diazoniabicyclo=
[2.2.2]octane dibromide
50358 1,1'-Sulfinylbis[2-methylaziridine]
0.1
1.0
.1
1.0
.5
.1
1.0
.1
.1
.1
.01
.005
.001
.1
.05
.01
.1
.1
.05
.01
1.0
.1
.01
2.0
1.0
.1
.1
.1
1.0
.5
.1
.05
50548 1-p-Toluoylaziridine .1
50550 1-o-Toluoylaziridine .1
50610 1,1'-Adipoylbisaziridine .1
50612 1,1'-Sebacoylbisaziridine .1
50665 4'4'"-Bi[l-Aziridinecarbox-o- .1
anisidide]
50666 N,N'-1,5-Naphthylenebis [2-methyl-1- .1
aziridinecarboxamide]
90 0
100
31 0
100
0 92
98 0
26 0
53 0
70 0
216
Vol. 53, No. 4
Boston: Sterilants against southern house mosquito 217
TABLE 1.-CONTINUED
Concen- Egg Adult
ENT tration hatch mortality
No. Chemosterilant (%) (%) (%)
50677 2,5-Bis (1-aziridinyl) hydroquinone
50685 1-Aziridinecarboxy-o-toluidide
50687 1-Aziridinecarboxy-m-toluidide
50736 1,1',1"- (s-Phenenyltricarbonyl)=
trisaziridine
50742 1-Aziridinecarbox-p-anisidide
50787 P,P-Bis (1-aziridinyl) -N-ethylphos=
phinic amide
50788-a P,P-Bis (1-aziridinyl) -N-
octylphosphinic amide
50825 Porfiromycin
50852 Hemel
50882 Hempa
51029 P,P-Bis (1-aziridinyl) -N-
hexylphosphinic amide
Check
1.0
.1
1.0
.1
1.0
.5
.1
.05
1.0
.1
.05
.01
.1
1.0
.1
.05
.01
1.0
.1
.05
.01
0
16 90
35 13
100
0 0
100
0 92
63 0
59 0
100
0 0
0 0
65 0
89 0
0 20
0 0
0 0
41 0
100
0 0
29 0
92 0
95 0
any eggs had hatched. Samples of about
termine the degree of sterility caused by
100 such eggs were used to de-
each concentration tested. The
mortality of the fed insects was determined after 72 hr, that is, at the end
of the exposure. All tests were duplicated, and additional tests were
made with compounds that caused sterility at the concentration of 0.1% to
determine the minimum sterilizing dose and the maximum dose that gave
sterility without causing mortality.
RESULTS
Of the 31 compounds tested, only 9 caused complete sterility in the
southern house mosquito at a concentration of 0.1% or less (Table 1).
Tepa, apholate, metepa, hempa, and porfiromycin appeared to be the most
effective because they caused complete sterility without causing adult mor-
The Florida Entomologist
tality at 2 or more concentrations. Tepa caused complete sterility at a
concentration of 0.001%; apholate, metepa, hempa, and porfiromycin
caused sterility at a concentration of 0.05%; 2,4,6-tris[2-methyl-l-azi-
ridinyl]-s-triazine and P,P-bis (1-aziridinyl) -N-hexylphosphinic amide
caused complete sterility at a concentration of 0.1%; P,P-bis(1-
aziridinyl) -N-ethylphosphinic amide and 5-fluoro6rotic acid also caused
total sterility at a concentration of 0.1% but the latter 2 were not tested at
other concentrations.
LITERATURE CITED
Dame, D. A., D. B. Woodard, and H. R. Ford. 1964. Chemosterilization
of Aedes aegypti (L.) by larval treatments. Mosquito News 24: 1-6.
Fye, R. L., G. C. LaBrecque, and H. K. Gouck. 1966. Screening tests for
sterilization of adult house flies. J. Econ. Entomol. 59: 485-487.
Mulla, M. S. 1964. Chemosterilization of the mosquito Culex p. quinque-
fasciatus. Mosquito News 24(2): 212-217.
Weidhaas, D. E. 1962. Chemical sterilization of mosquitoes. Nature
195: 786-787.
Weidhaas, D. E., H. R. Ford, J. B. Gahan, and C. N. Smith. 1961. Pre-
liminary observations on the chemosterilization of mosquitoes.
Proc. 48th N. J. Mosquito Exterm. Assoc., p. 106-109.
White, G. B. 1966. Chemosterilization of Aedes aegypti (L.) by pupal
treatment. Nature 210: 1372-1373.
The Florida Entomologist 53(4) 1970
218
Vol. 53, No. 4
SOME PHYTOSEIID MITES OF PARAGUAY
(PHYTOSEIIDAE: ACARINA)1
H. A. DENMARK AND MARTIN H. MUMA
Division of Plant Industry,
Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services,
Gainesville, Florida 32601, and
University of Florida Citrus Experiment Station,
Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, respectively.
ABSTRACT
A summary of the phytoseiids of South America is presented and 5
species are reported for the first time from Paraguay. These include
Proprioseiopsis citri (Muma), Euseius citrifolius n. sp., Euseius flecht-
manni n. sp., Euseius paraguayensis n. sp., and Galendromus sp. A key is
constructed for the 3 new species of Euseius.
Dosse (1958) described Neoseiulus (= Typhlodromus) chilenensis
(Dosse) and Phytoseiulus riegeli Dosse from Chile and discussed their bi-
ology. Chant (1959) reported the following species from South America:
Typhlodromina (=Typhlodromus (T.)) tropica (Chant) from Ecuador,
Euseius (= Typhlodromus (A.)) concordis (Chant) from Argentina, Neo-
seiulus (= Typhlodromus (A.)) ornatus (Athias-Henriot) from Chile, Am-
blyseius (= Typhlodromus (A.)) fraterculus Berlese from Argentina, Am-
blyseius (= Typhlodromus (A.)) perlongisetus Berlese from Argentina,
Proprioseiopsis (=Typhlodromus (A.)) ovatus (Garman) from Ecuador,
Amblyscutus (=Typhlodromus (A.)) grandis (Berlese) from Argentina,
and Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot from Chile. Gonzalez and
Schuster (1962) reported the following species from South America:
Chileseius camposi Gonzalez and Schuster from Chile, Proprioseiopsis
(=Amblyseius) globosus (Gonzalez and Schuster) from Chile and Argen-
tina, Neoseiulus (=Amblyseius) chilenensis (Dosse) from Chile, Euseius
(=Amblyseius) fructicolus (Gonzalez and Schuster) from Chile, Ambly-
seius intermedius Gonzalez and Schuster from Chile, Amblyseius perlon-
gisetus Berlese from Chile and Argentina, Amblyseius valpoensis Gonzalez
and Schuster from Chile, Phytoseiulus riegeli Dosse from Chile, Meso-
seiulus longipes (Evans) from Chile, Galendromus (=Metaseiulus) brevi-
collis (Gonzalez and Schuster) from Chile, and Phytoseius (Pennaseius)
decoratus Gonzalez and Schuster from Chile. Sheals (1962) reported
Neoseiulus (=Amblyseius) chascomensis (Sheals), and Athiasia (=Am-
blyseius) tucamanensis (Sheals) from Argentina. Ehara (1966) reported
the following 8 species from the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil: Euseius
(= Amblyseius) sakagamii (Ehara), Euseius ( = Amblyseius) hibisci
(Chant), Amblyseius largoensis (Muma), Proprioseiopsis ( Amblyseius)
neotropicus (Ehara), Typhlodromips (=Amblyseius) akahirai (Ehara),
Phytoseiulus chanti Ehara, Phytoseius (Pennaseius) mumai Ehara, and
Iphiseiodes (=Iphiseius) quadripilis (Banks). He also listed Amblyseius
hexagonus Berlese and Euseius (=Amblyseius) finlandicus (Oudemans)
1Contribution No. 184, Bureau of Entomology, Division of Plant Industry,
Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
220 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 53, No. 4
from Argentina. De Leon (1966) reported the following 21 species from
British Guyana: Proprioseiopsis (= Amblyseiulus) cannaensis (Muma),
Iphiseiodes quadripilis (Banks), Iphiseiodes kamahorae De Leon, Paraam-
blyseius ogdeni De Leon, Euseius alatus De Leon, Typhlodromalus arawak
De Leon, Amblyseius segregans De Leon, Amblyseius largoensis (Muma),
Amblyseius circumflexis De Leon, Amblyseius aerialis (Muma), Ambly-
seius martus De Leon, Amblyseius guianensis De Leon, Typhlodromips
daviesi De Leon, Typhlodromips arcus De Leon, Typhlodromips scleroti-
cus De Leon, Typhlodromips auratus De Leon, Phytoseius (Phytoseius)
rex De Leon, Phytoseius (Pennaseius) averrhoae De Leon, Phytoseius
(Pennaseius) guianensis De Leon, Typhloseiopsis funiculatus De Leon,
and Diadromus regulars (De Leon). Athias-Henriot (1967) reported the
following 10 species from South America: Proprioseiopsis (=Amblyseius)
edbakeri (A.-H.) from Argentina, Proprioseiopsis (=Amblyseius) don-
chanti (A.-H.) from Argentina, Proprioseiopsis mumaellus (A.-H.) from
Argentina, Chelaseius (=Amblyseius) austrellus (A.-H.) from Argentina,
Chelaseius (=Amblyseius) schusterellus (A.-H.) from Argentina, Athi-
asia (=Amblyseius) gonzalezi (A.-H.) from Uruguay, Amblyseius de-
leonellus A.-H. from Argentina, Amblyseius prichardellus A.-H. from Ar-
gentina, Amblyseius franzellus A.-H. from Argentina, Amblyseius sobrinu-
lhs A.-H. from Argentina. Denmark and Muma (1970) redescribed Ri-
coseius loxocheles (De Leon) from Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Recently a small collection of phytoseiid mites collected in Paraguay
by Braulio Ramon Aranda Centurion was received from Dr. Carlos Flecht-
mann. The 3 genera and 5 species included in this collection add to the
known distribution of this family of mites in South America. The collec-
tion contained 3 undescribed species of the genus Euseius. Although this
family is generally considered predaceous, no observations were made on
the species reported in this paper.
Genus Proprioseiopsis Muma (1961)
Proprioseiopsis Muma 1961:277 (Type only); Muma and Denmark
1968:231.
Type: Typhlodromus (Amblyseius) terrestris Chant 1959, by original
designation (Muma 1961).
DIAGNOSIS: Females are characterized by 3 pairs of dorsal setae, 3 pairs
of median setae, 8 pairs of lateral setae (some elongate and weakly plu-
mose), 2 pairs of sublateral setae on the interscutal membrane, 3 pairs of
sternal setae, and 3 pairs of preanal setae.
Dorsal scutum well sclerotized, usually smooth with indistinct lunate
areas on most species. Sternal scutum as wide or wider than long with
straight or concave posterior margin; sternum creased to reticulated or
smooth. Ventrianal scutum shield-shaped to pentagonal and creased to
reticulated with preanal pores. Peritreme. long, extending to or between
L, and verticals. Peritremal scutum with an ectal strip that extends pos-
teriorly to leg IV exopodal scutum. Chelicerae normal with 6 to 14 den-
ticules on fixed finger and 0 to 4 on movable finger. Leg formula usually
1423, usually with no macrosetae on leg I. Macrosetae on Sge II and Sge
III of some species. All species have macrosetae on Sge IV, Sti IV, and
St IV.
___
__ __ __
Denmark: Phytoseiid mites of Paraguay 221
Males smaller than females but otherwise similar. Spermatodactyl
with foot usually terminal, but with exceptions. Ventrianal scutum with 3
or 4 pairs of preanal setae and a pair of pores.
DISCUSSION: There are about 40 species in this genus, of which most
species are found in or near ground litter. The arboreal dorsatus group
is an exception. The genus is well represented in the Caribbean area and
is worldwide in distribution.
Proprioseiopsis citri (Muma)
Amblyseiulus citri Muma 1962:1.
DIAGNOSIS: This species is closely related to P. detritus (Muma), but
citri has a smooth dorsal scutum, longer M3, L,, L,, and Ls, a small but dis-
tinctly swollen spermathecal atrium, and a differently shaped spermathecal
cervix.
TYPE: Female holotype, allotype, and paratypes from citrus litter at
Sebring, Florida, in USNM, Washington, D. C.
This species has been collected at Asuncion, Paraguay, 15 July 1968
(Braulio Ramon Aranda Centurion), on Citrus sp. It has been taken pre-
viously only on bark or in litter beneath citrus trees in Florida.
Euseius Wainstein 1962
Type: Seiulus finlandicus Oudemans 1915 (by original designation.)
Amblyseius (Amblyseius) section Euseius Wainstein 1962:15.
Euseius, De Leon, 1966:86; Muma and Denmark (in press).
DIAGNOSIS: Females are characterized by 4 pairs of dorsal setae, 3 pairs
of median setae of which M3 is setiform and usually approximates M1 and
M, in length, 8 pairs of lateral setae which are usually setiform except L,
is sometimes weakly plumose, 2 pairs of sublateral setae on the interscutal
membrane (some species have S1 on posterior projections of dorsal scu-
tum), 3 pairs of sternal setae and 3 pairs of preanal ventrianal setae.
Chelicerae small with fixed finger edentate or with only 1 or 2 denti-
cules usually distal to the medially located pilus dentilis. Sternum longer
than wide and on newly mounted specimens distinctly to indistinctly lobate
posteriorly. Peritreme short, extending anteriorly no further than L, or
L1. Peritremal scutum indistinguishable, fused with stigmatal scutum and
leg IV exopodal scutum. Ventrianal scutum elongate, frequently vase-
shaped; the preanal setae more or less aligned in 2 transverse curved rows
with median setae removed from anterior margin of scutum. Macrosetae
sometimes present on the genu of legs II and III; Sge IV, Sti IV, and St
IV are always present with the latter usually the longest.
Males are smaller but similar to females except the sublateral setae are
on the dorsal scutum. Ventrianal scutum with 3 pairs of preanal setae.
Spermatodactyl usually terminal with heel distinct and with a lateral
process; toe frequently bent forward.
DISCUSSION: There are about 40 described species in this genus and
many known undescribed species. It is worldwide in distribution and is a
tree or shrub inhabiting genus. Although food habits are not well known
for most species, several are known to be pollenophagus as well as preda-
tory on Tetranychidae.
The Florida Entomologist
2
r
Fig. 1 to 4. Female Euseius citrifolius Denmark and Muma n. sp.
1. Dorsal and leg station. 2. Ventral scuta and station. 3. Posterior
peritremal stigmatal development. 4. Spermathecal structures.
KEY TO THE PARAGUAYAN SPECIES OF Euseius WAINSTEIN
(BASED ON FEMALES)
1. L, not more than one-half as long as L,, dorsal scutum reticulate ....
.--................----.. ........ Euseius paraguayensis Denmark & Muma n. sp.
1.' L4 more than one-half as long as L,, dorsal scutum smooth
or reticulate ......................................................................... ................. 2
2. Sge III with macroseta knobbed bacillate; Sge, Sti and St IV macro-
setae knobbed bacillate; dorsal scutum smooth ........................................
......................................... Euseius flechtmanni Denmark & Muma n. sp.
2.' Sge III with macroseta blunt setaceous; Sge, Sti and St IV blunt se-
taceous; dorsal scutum reticulate ..................... .....................................
.......................................... Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma n. sp.
Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma n. sp.
Fig. 1 to 4
DIAGNOSIS: Euseius citrifolius is distinguished from the closely related
Euseius vivax (Chant and Baker) by having the macrosetae blunt seta-
ceous, not knobbed setaceous as in vivax. E. citrifolius has anterior lat-
erals much shorter than in vivax.
FEMALE: Length 315/; width at L4 223/. Dorsal scutum smooth with
at least 3 small pores and 17 pairs of setae. Measurements of setae:
verticals 28,; D1 7', D2, D, and D4 8; clunals 5/_; L, 30/-, L, 20/, L3 21M,
222
Vol. 53, No. 4
Denmark: Phytoseiid mites of Paraguay
223
L, 39[, L5 199, L6 201, L, 270/, Ls 641; M1 and M2 131, M, 171; anterior
sublaterals 11b; posterior sublaterals 8/. Sternal scutum smooth and about
as wide as long. Ventrianal scutum shield-shaped with three pairs of
preanal setae and a pair of pores. Peritreme extends forward to between
L, and L,. Chelicerae normal, but number of denticules cannot be seen.
Leg formula 4123. Macrosetae present on Sge II, Sge III and Sge IV.
Length of macrosetae on leg IV as follows: Sge IV 470, Sti IV 341, St IV
58/. Genu II 2, 2,2, 1; Genu III 1, 2, 0. Spermatheca tubular.
0 11
MALE: Unknown.
TYPE: Female holotype from Asuncion, Paraguay, 12 July 1968, on
Citrus sp., in Florida State Collection of Arthropods (FSCA), Gaines-
ville, Florida. Paratypes: 1 female with holotype; 1 female at Cecilio
Baez, Paraguay, 6 January 1969, on Psidium guajava; 1 female at Coronel
Oviedo, Paraguay, 11 January 1969, on Psidium guajava; 1 nymph at
Carandayty, Paraguay, 13 January 1969, on Prunus persica. All collec-
tions were made by Braulio Ramon Aranda Centurion.
Euseius flechtmanni Denmark & Muma n. sp.
Fig. 5 to 10
DIAGNOSIS: This species is distinguished from Euseius caseariae De
Leon by the longer L4, macrosetae Sge III is knobbed setaceous while
caseariae is setaceous, and the spermatheca is not as constricted as in
caseariae.
FEMALE: Length 322,; width at L4 213o. Dorsal scutum smooth with
several small pores and 17 pairs of setae. Measurements of setae: verti-
cals 321; D1 and D2 10/, D, 14,, D4 11b; clunals 56t; L1 41/, L2 17op, L3 31l,
L4 501, L, 15, L, 16/, L7 180, L, 631; M, 80, M, 11k, M3 121; anterior sub-
laterals 14,; posterior sublaterals 110. Sternal scutum smooth and about
as wide as long. Ventrianal scutum shield-shaped with 3 pairs of preanal
setae. Peritreme extends forward to between L, and L,. Chelicerae normal,
but number of denticules cannot be seen. Leg formula 4123. Macrosetae
present on Sge II, Sge III, and Sge IV. Length of macrosetae on leg IV
as follows: Sge IV 39/, Sti IV 30/, and St IV 52/. Genu II 2, 2, 1; Genu
III 1, 22 1. Spermatheca tubular.
1
MALE: Smaller than female and the sublateral setae on the dorsal
scutum. Ventrianal scutum with 3 pairs of preanal setae and a pair of
pores. The spermatodactyl has terminal heel (foot usually terminal in this
genus).
TYPE: Female holotype from San Lorenzo, Paraguay, July 1968 (Brau-
lio Ramon Aranda Centurion), on Citrus sp., in FSCA, Gainesville, Flor-
ida.
Male allotype from Carandayty, Paraguay, 13 January 1969 (Braulio
Ramon Aranda Centurion), on Citrus sp. Paratypes: 1 female taken with
the holotype; 2 females and 1 male at Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay, 11 Janu-
ary 1969, on Zea mays; 1 female at Lambare, Paraguay, 12 July 1968, on
The Florida Entomologist
0\
Fig. 5 to 10. Female Euseius flechtmanni Denmark and Muma n. sp.
5. Dorsal and leg structure and station. 6. Ventral scuta and station.
7. Posterior peritremal and stigmatal development. 8. Spermathecal struc-
tures (two views). 9. Male spermatodactyl structure. 10. Ventrianal
scutum.
Manihot esculenta Crantz.; Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay, 11 January 1969,
on Manihot esculenta Crantz.; Cecilio Baez, Paraguay, 8 January 1969, on
Citrus sp.; Carandayty, Paraguay, 13 January 1969, on Psidium guajava;
Cecilio Baez, Paraguay, 6 January 1969, on Campomanesia rhombea Berg.
All collections were made by Braulio Ramon Aranda Centurion.
DISCUSSION: Nothing is known about the food habits of this species.
Euseius paraguayensis Denmark & Muma n. sp.
Fig. 11 to 16
DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from all other known species of the sibelius
group by comparative lengths of dorsal 9cutal setae and length of the
Fig.spermatheca which is short and distinct.ni Denmark and Muma n. sp.
FEMALE: Length 319u; width at L. 22711. Dorsal scutum reticulate with
seve5. Dorsal and leg structure and 17 pairs of setation. Measurements of setae: vertion.
7. Posterior 26; D and 13, D 15stigmatal development. 8. Spermathecal struc-19
tures (two views). 9. Male spermatodactyl structure, M2 10. Ventrianal
sublaterals 14; posterior sublaterals 11. Sternal scutum smooth and slight-
Manihot esculenta Crantz.; Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay, 11 January 1969,
on Manihot esculenta Crantz.; Cecilio Baez, Paraguay, 8 January 1969, on
Citrus sp.; Carandayty, Paraguay, 13 January 1969, on Psidium guajava;
Cecilio Baez, Paraguay, 6 January 1969, on Campomanesia rhombea Berg.
All collections were made by Braulio Ramon Aranda Centurion.
DISCUSSION: Nothing is known about the food habits of this species.
Euseius paraguayensis Denmark & Muma n. sp.
Fig. 11 to 16
DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from all other known species of the sibelius
group by comparative lengths of dorsal s'cutal setae and length of the
spermatheca which is short and distinct.
FEMALE: Length 319^; width at L4 227gL. Dorsal scutum reticulate with
several small pores and 17 pairs of setae. Measurements of setae: verti-
cals 26M; D, and D, 13k, D3 15^, D4 15^; clunals 5M; L, 20M, L2 17k, L3 19M,
L4 24L2, L520E, Le 24M, L, 22M, LS 63ML; Ml 15x, M2 17Mx, M3 19^; anterior
sublaterals 14ML; posterior sublaterals 11g. Sternal scutum smooth and slight-
224
Vol. 53, No. 4
Denmark: Phytoseiid mites of Paraguay
225
1/ 5
,
Fig. 11 to 16. Female Euseius paraguayensis Denmark and Muma n.
sp. 11. Dorsal and leg structure and station. 12. Ventral scuta and seta-
tion. 13. Posterior peritremal and stigmatal development. 14. Spermathe-
cal structures. 15. Male spermatodactyl structure. 16. Male ventrianal
scutum.
ly longer than wide. Ventrianal scutum elongate shield-shaped with 3 pairs
of preanal setae and a pair of preanal pores. Peritreme extends between
L, and L2. Chelicerae normal, but denticules indistinct. Leg formula 4123.
Macrosetae present on Sge II, Sge III, and Sge IV. Length of macrosetae
on leg IV as follows: Sge IV 41/, Sti IV 24A, and St IV 50/. Genu II
2,2,2,1; Genu III 1, 2,2, 1. Spermatheca tubular.
0 0
MALE: Smaller than female, sublateral setae on the dorsal scutum. Ven-
trianal scutum with 3 pairs of preanal setae and a pair of pores. The
spermatodactyl has terminal heel (foot usually terminal in this genus).
TYPE: Female holotype from Cecilio Baez, Paraguay, 1 January 1969,
on Citrus sp. Male allotype from San Lorenzo, Paraguay, July 1968, on
Cycas revoluta Thunb. in FSCA, Gainesville, Florida. Paratype female
from Carandayty, Paraguay, 13 January 1969, on Citrus sp. All collec-
tions were made by Braulio Ramon Aranda Centurion.
tions were made by Braulio Ramon Aranda Centurion.
The Florida Entomologist
Vol. 53, No. 4
Genus Galendromus Muma 1961
Galendromus Muma 1961:68.
Type: Typhlodromus floridanus Muma 1955, by original designation.
DIAGNOSIS: Females characterized by a reticulate dorsal scutum with 4
pairs of dorsal setae, 2 pairs of median setae, 9 pairs of simple or plumose
lateral setae, 1 pair of anterior sublateral setae, 2 pairs of sternal setae,
4 pairs of preanal ventrianal setae, 1 or 2 pairs of ventrolateral setae,
and a pair of caudal setae; 0 or 1 macroseta on St IV; legs I, II, and III
without macrosetae or modified setae; leg formulae 1423 or 4123; peri-
treme variable in length from a point between L, and L4 to the verticals,
peritremal and stigmatal scuta indistinguishable fused; spermatheca with
a tubular, vesicular, or fundibuliform cervix and a nodular or undifferen-
tiated atrium; chelicerae normal; movable cheliceral finger with 0 or 1
denticule and fixed cheliceral finger with 1 to 3 denticules.
Males are similar to females, but smaller. Station of the ventral scuta
of both sexes is highly variable (Muma 1963).
DISCUSSION: This genus is found from Canada to Chile. It is usually
taken on trees, shrubs, and vines.
One very poorly preserved specimen belonging to this genus was col-
lected at Carandayty, Paraguay, 13 January 1969 (Braulio Ramon Aranda
Centurion), on Ilex paraguariensis. It is recorded here for extension of
the known distribution of the genus. The specimen is a male so a sub-
generic placement cannot be made with certainty.
LITERATURE CITED
Athias-Henriot, C. 1967. Nouveaux Amblyseius 6daphiques D'AmBrique
Australe (Acarines Anactinotriches, Phytoseiidae). Biologie de
L'Amerique Australe, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientifi-
cas y Technica, Buenos Aires 3:525-539.
Chant, D. A. 1959. Phytoseiid mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Part I.
Bionomics of seven species in southeastern England. Part II. A
taxonomic review of the family Phytoseiidae, with descriptions of
38 new species. Can. Entomol. 91 (sup. 12) :1-166.
Chant, D. A., and E. W. Baker. 1965. The Phytoseiidae (Acarina) of
Central America. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Canada. 41:1-57.
Denmark, H. A., and M. H. Muma. 1970. Ricoseius loxocheles (De Leon)
(Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Fla. Entomol. 53:119-121.
De Leon, Donald. 1966. Phytoseiidae of British Guyana with keys to spe-
cies (Acarina: Mesostigmata). Studies on the fauna of Suriname
and other Guyanas 8:81-102.
De Leon, Donald. 1967. Some mites of the Caribbean area. Allen Press,
Inc., Lawrence, Kansas. 68 p.
Dosse, Gudo. 1958. Uber einige neue Raubmilbenarten (Acar. Phyto-
seiidae). Pflanzenschutz 21:44-61.
Ehara, Shozo. 1966. Some mites associated with plants in the State of
Sao Paulo, Brazil, with a list of plant mites of South America.
Jap. J. Zoology 15(2): 129-150.
Gonzalez, R. H., and R. O. Schuster. 1962. Esp6cies de la familiar Phyto-
seiidae en Chile I (Acarina: Mesostigmata). Univ. Chile Fac.
Agric. Esta. Exp. Agric. Bol. Tecn. 16:1-25: 11 Fig.
226
Denmark: Phytoseiid mites of Paraguay
van der Merwe, G. G., and P. A. J. Ryke. 1964. The subgenus Typhlo-
dromalus Muma of the genus Amblyseius Berlese in South Africa
(Acarina: Phytoseiidae). J. Entomol. Soc. So. Africa 26(2):263-
289.
Muma, M. H. 1961. Subfamilies, genera and species of Phytoseiidae
(Acarina: Mesostigmata). Bull. Fla. State Mus. 5(7):267-302.
Muma, M. H. 1962. New Phytoseiidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) from
Florida. Fla. Entomol. 45(1) :1-10.
Muma, M. H. 1963. The genus Galendromus Muma, 1961 (Acarina:
Phytoseiidae). Fla. Entomol. (sup. 1) :15-41.
Muma, M. H., and H. A. Denmark. 1968. Some generic descriptions and
name changes in the family Phytoseiidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata).
Fla. Entomol. 51(4) :229-240.
Muma, M. H., H. A. Denmark, and D. De Leon. (in press). Phytoseiidae of
Florida. Fla. Dep. Agr., Div. Plant Ind., Arthropods of Florida
and Neighboring Land Areas. Vol. 6:(in press).
Sheals, J. G. 1962. Mesostigmata: Gamasina (Acari). In C. Delamare
Deboutteville and E. Rapoport: Biologie de 1'Am6rique Australe.
(I). Etudes sur la faune du sol. Ed. C. N. R. S. 83-110.
Wainstein, B. A. 1962. Revision du genre Typhlodromus Scheuten, 1857
et systematique de la famille des Phytoseiidae (Berlese, 1916) (Aca-
rina: Parasitiformes). Acarologia 4:5-30.
The Florida Entomologist 53(4) 1970
if'
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WAUCHULA, WEST PALM
BEACH
ARTIFICIAL DIET FOR REARING VARIOUS SPECIES
OF ANTS1,2
A. BHATKAR AND W. H. WHITCOMB
University of Florida, Department of Entomology & Nematology,
Gainesville 32601
ABSTRACT
A diet consisting of agar, whole egg, honey, vitamins, and minerals
was found to be satisfactory for rearing 28 species of ants representing 4
subfamilies of Formicidae.
For many years, workers have sought a convenient food for rearing
ant colonies. A few diets have been successful for rearing a limited
number of ant species, but most of the diets have had one or more draw-
backs. Some deteriorated rapidly; others required much time to prepare.
Hamburger, fried chicken, peanut butter, pieces of sugar cane, or honey
are fed to ants routinely in many laboratories. Several researchers have
depended upon a supply of live meal worms, especially Tenebrio molitor
Linnaeus, or cockroaches of several species. Fielde (1904) recommended
a variety of foods including honey or molasses, banana, apple, mashed
walnut, and the muscular parts of insect larvae. Wheeler (1910) used a
thick mixture of raw egg yolk, honey, and sugar, with an occasional feed-
ing of hashed meal worms, or of the larvae and pupae of other ants. An-
drews (1937) used earthworms, insects, and honey, but not in the form of a
mixture. Forrest (1962) fed various materials such as bread dipped in
honey, jam, hard-cooked egg yolk, and insects to several unrelated species
of ants. Khan, Green, and Brazzel (1967) reared the imported fire ant,
Solenopsis saevissima richteri Forel, on baby food (high meat dinner of
pork or beef) along with more commonly used materials. For rearing
carpenter ants, Camponotus spp., Carney (1970) preferred honey, egg
white, butter, and meat meal, mixed and boiled with enough pectin to solid-
ify the mixture.
To study the aggressive behavior of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis
saevissima richteri Forel, toward native North Florida ants, a practical
food was needed which would serve for rearing a large number of species
of ants. An agar based diet appeared to have the best possibilities, and
several combinations were investigated. The most successful diet con-
sisted of 5 g of agar, 500 cc of water, 1 whole hen's egg, 62 cc of honey,
and 1 vitamin-mineral capsule (McKesson Bexel, see Table 1 for composi-
tion). The agar was placed in 250 cc of water, heated to boiling, and al-
lowed to cool to room temperature. The contents of the vitamin-mineral
capsule, the honey, 250 cc of water, and the egg were blended with a
Waring blender at 2,000 rpm for 3 minand folded into the agar. This
was then poured into Petri dishes and allowed to solidify. The media was
kept in the refrigerator and was cut into /4 inch squares at feeding time.
1Partially supported by USDA, ARS Cooperative Agreement No. 12-14-
100.
2Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series No. 3669.
The Florida Entomologist
TABLE 1.-CONTENTS OF EACH VITAMIN-MINERAL CAPSULE (MCKESSON
BEXEL) USED IN THE ARTIFICIAL DIET FOR REARING ANTS.
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Thiamine Mononitrate (B,)
Riboflavin (B2)
Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (B,)
Cyanocobalamin (B12)
Ascorbic Acid (C)
Niacinamide
Calcium Pantothenate
Vitamin E (d-alpha Tocopheryl Acetate Concentrate)
Iron (Dried Ferrous Sulphate 84 mg)
Iodine (Potassium iodide)
Copper (Copper Sulfate)
Manganese (Manganese Sulfate)
Magnesium (Magnesium Sulfate)
Zinc (Zinc Sulfate)
Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)
Calcium (Di-Calcium Phosphate)
Phosphorus (Di-Calcium Phosphate)
Methylparaben (Preservative)
Propylparaben (Preservative)
Excipients, artificial color, and flavor
25,000 U.S.P. Units
1,250 U.S.P. Units
7.5 mg
7.5 mg
1.0 mg
5.0 mg
100.0 mg
100.0 mg
2.0 mg
3.0 IU
25.0 mg
0.10 mg
1.0 mg
1.0 mg
1.0 mg
0.5 mg
5.0 mg
50.0 mg
39.0 mg
0.064%
0.016%
The exact role of the vitamins or minerals in the diet is not known, but
when the vitamin-mineral capsule was omitted in a series of trials, the re-
sulting diet was definitely less satisfactory. For example, Formica schau-
fussi dolosa Wheeler did not mature winged forms on the diet when the
vitamin-mineral capsule was omitted. Other sources and combinations of
vitamins and minerals were investigated, among them, those used for pink
bollworm diets by Vanderzant and Reiser (1956) and boll weevil diets by
Vanderzant and Davich (1958). In every case, the resulting diets were less
satisfactory.
Of 30 species of ants3 maintained in the laboratory, only Prenolepis
imparis (Say) and Lasius neoniger Emery failed to mature sexual forms
when fed only on this diet. With 17 species, rearing on the agar diet was
especially successful. Reproduction levels were far above those obtained
on any other diet. These 17 ant species were:
Odontomachus ruginodis Wheeler
Pogonomyrmex badius (Latreille), Florida harvester ant
Pheidole bicarinata vinelandica Forel
Pheidole dentata Mayr
Pheidole morrisi Forel
Crematogaster minutissima Mayr
3Ant identifications verified by H. Denmark, Div. Plant Ind., Fla. Dep.
Agr.
Vol. 53, No. 4
230
Bhatkar: Artificial diet for ants
231
Crematogaster clara Mayr
Monomorium minimum (Buckley), little black ant
Monomorium pharaonis (Linnaeus), Pharaoh ant
Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius), fire ant
Solenopsis saevissima richteri Forel, imported fire ant
Solenopsis molesta (Say), thief ant
Cyphomyrmex rimosus minutus Mayr
Iridomyrmex pruinosus (Roger)
Conomyrma pyramicus flavus (McCook)
Camponotus pylartes fraxinicola M. R. Smith
Formica schaufussi dolosa Wheeler
Eight other species that were reared easily were:
Pseudomyrmex brunneus F. Smith
Pseudomyrmex pallidus (F. Smith)
Aphaenogaster rudis Emery
Crematogaster ashmeadi Mayr
Crematogaster atkinsoni Wheeler
Leptothorax curvisipinosus Mayr
Camponotus abdominalis floridanus (Buckley), Florida carpenter
ant
Paratrechina (Nylanderia) sp.
Five species were reared on this diet only with difficulty. However,
with proper care, sexual forms were obtained consistently. These species
were:
Hypoponera opaciceps Mayr
Neivamyrmex opacithorax Emery
Pheidole metallescens Emery
Trachymyrmex septentrionalis (McCook)
Conomyrma pyramicus pyramicus Roger
In some cases, it was found useful to vary the consistency of the diet.
Crematogaster ashmeadi Mayr took the diet most readily in a semi-dry
form. Pseudomyrmex brunneus F. Smith and P. pallidus (F. Smith) ac-
cepted it more quickly in a semisolid form. Formica schaufussi dolosa
accepted the diet more readily when it was somewhat mushy. So far as
could be determined, the fungus-growing species Cyphomyrmex rimosus
minutus Mayr and Trachymyrmex septentrionalis McCook did not feed
on the media directly but used it as a substratum on which to grow the
fungus, which is the natural food of these species. Under humid condi-
tions, Cyphomyrmex rimosus minutus did not take the diet back to their
nests but grew the fungus on the blocks of diet in place.
LITERATURE CITED
Andrews, E. A. 1937. Some aids to the study of mound-building ants.
p. 510-2. In J. G. Needham (ed.) Culture Methods for Invertebrate
Animals. Dover Publications, Inc., New York.
Carney, W. P. 1970. Laboratory maintenance of carpenter ants. Ann.
Entomol. Soc. Amer. 63:332-4.
Fielde, A. M. 1904. Tenacity of life in ants. Biol. Bull. 7: 300-9.
232 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 53, No. 4
Forrest, H. 1962. An adaptable ant nest for culture and experiment.
Turtox News 43: 42-3.
Khan, A. R., H. B. Green, and J. R. Brazzel. 1967. Laboratory rearing
of the imported fire ant. J. Econ. Entomol. 60: 915-7.
Vanderzant, E. S., and T. B. Davich. 1958. Laboratory rearing of the
boll weevil: A satisfactory larval diet and oviposition studies. J.
Econ. Entomol. 51: 288-91.
Vanderzant, E. S., and R. Reiser. 1956. Aseptic rearing of the pink boll-
worm on synthetic media. J. Econ. Entomol. 49: 7-10.
Wheeler, W. M. 1910. Ants, their Structure, Development and Behavior.
Columbia Univ. Press, New York. 663 p.
The Florida Entomologist 53(4) 1970
TWO NEW AFRICAN SPECIES OF
MEGISTHANUS THORELL
(MESOSTIGMATA: MEGISTHANIDAE)1
PRESTON E. HUNTER AND MICHAEL COSTA2
Department of Entomology,
University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. 30601
ABSTRACT
The female of Megisthanus remilleti n. sp. and the female and male of
M. berlesei n. sp. are described and illustrated. Both species were taken
from passalid beetles, Erionomus sp., from Africa.
Twenty-five species have been listed in the genus Megisthanus Thorell
1882
species are based on both sexes. Species such as floridanus Banks, pap-
uanus Womersley, and doreianus Thorell show very little sexual di-
morphism, the sexes being similar in shape of the body and ventral plates.
In contrast, Warburton (1926) described extreme sexual dimorphism for
M. jacobsoni in which the male is oval whereas the female is elongate
with the dorsal plate prolonged posteriorly, very similar to the female of
M. caudatus Thorell. M. jacobsoni is the only reported case of such ex-
treme differences between the sexes and it seems likely that Warburton's
material represented 2 species.
Through the kindness of Dr. M. Remillet (O.R.S.T.O.M. Centre d'Adio-
podume, Ivory Coast), we have received specimens of 2 new species (male
and female of 1, female only of the second) of Megisthanus from Africa.
Four species of Megisthanus have been described from Africa. These are:
M. grandis Berlese 1903-no habitat data given; medius Berlese 1903-no
habitat data given; obtusus Kramer 1895-no habitat data given; and
lamellicornium Kramer 1898 (redescribed and illustrated by Oudemans,
1926) from a large lamellicorn beetle. Both sexes were reported for
grandis and obtusus, the female only for medius, and the male only for
lamellicornium. The descriptions of these species, except for Oudemans
(1926), are short, very general in nature, and do not include illustrations.
Based on the comments above, we feel that sexual dimorphism is not pro-
nounced in Megisthanus and that the unknown sex of medius and lamel-
licornium would resemble the described sex.
Although our material differs from published descriptions of all Megis-
thanus species, specimen comparison may show similarities not inferred
from the short general descriptions of the known species.
Megisthanus remilleti new species
FEMALE: Shape oval. Dorsum: (Fig. J) Dorsal shield elongate oval,
narrowest posteriorly, extending to anterior and posterior margins but
1Journal Series Paper No. 858, University of Georgia College of Agri-
culture, Experiment Station, College Station, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.
Partially supported by NSF Grant GB-8244.
2Present address of junior author: Kibbutz Mishmar, Haemek, Israel.
The Florida Entomologist
3
Fig. 1-4: Megisthanus remilleti n. sp. (Female) 1. Dorsum. 2. Sternito-
genital area. 3. Anterolateral view. 4. Venter.
not to lateral margins of body; with indistinct striations. Dorsum densely
clothed with setae of varying length; 3 pairs of long, minutely pilose
sinuous setae arising from dorsal shield above coxae III, 1-2 pairs of
sinuous setae arising from shield above anal shield; other setae on shield
pectinate, those on opisthonotal area shortest, both sinuous and pectinate
setae arising from integument. Venter: (Fig. 4). Presternal setae arising
from separate platelets. Sterno-genito-ventral shield present and en-
circling genital opening, shield widest at level of coxae II, behind coxae IV
234
Vol. 53, No. 4
Hunter: New African Megisthanus
(. ,
/20
P6
5 -
7 8
Fig. 5-9: Megisthanus remilleti n. sp. Female: 5. Gnathosome, ventral
view. 6. Chelicera. 7. Femur IV, lateral view. 8. Tarsus II, ventral view.
9. Tectum.
parallel sided, truncate posteriorly and removed from anal shield. Endo-
podal shields II fused to sternal shield, endopodals III and IV free in in-
tegument but fused to each other. Sternal setae of approximately equal
length, shorter than longitudinal distance between bases, setae minutely
pilose; metasternal setae and remaining setae on sterno-genito-ventral
shield approximately equal to or slightly longer than sternals I-III, all
setae minutely pilose. Sternogynial shields separate, each shield bearing
3, apparently smooth, setae shorter in length than sternal setae. Genital
apodemes and fused latigynial shields apparent under integument at pos-
terior margin of genital opening (Fig. 2). Tritosternum consisting of
base and 2 feathered lacinae. Metapodal, endopodal and peritremal shields
fused, bearing numerous minutely pilose setae; peritremal shield fused to
dorsal shield at anterior margin of body ,(Fig. 3), setae in this area as
illustrated; peritreme extending anteriorly to level of anterior margin of
coxae II. Anal shield quadrate shape, rounded posteriorly, slightly con-
cave on anterior and lateral margins; bearing 4 minute setae along an-
terior border, relative lengths and positions of other setae as shown,
longer setae minutely pilose. Setae arising from integument as shown, all
235
The Florida Entomologist
setae minutely pilose. Gnathosoma: Tectum with smooth margin; stria-
tion pattern and ventral keel distinct (Fig. 9). Hypostomal and capitular
setae pectinate, positions and relative lengths as illustrated (Fig. 5);
corniculi strongly sclerotized, median margin toothed; hypostomal process
(=internal malae of Evans and Till, 1966) consisting of paired fingerlike
structures serrated along dorsal margin; hypopharyngeal process ciliated
terminally (Fig. 5a); presternal and deutosternal grooves as illustrated.
Chelicerae strongly chelate, toothed (Fig. 6). Medial surface of fixed
digit bearing a delicate sclerotized structure which projects beyond distal
tip of digit and posteriorly to the basel segment, this delicate structure is
covered with thick toothlike papillae along the anterior surface and ser-
rated posteriorly; dorsal seta present. Movable digit with three treelike
excrescences and a distal membranous sheath over ventral surface of digit,
sheath delicately serrated along distal margin; ventral surface bearing a
posteriorly directed spine proximal of dorsal teeth. Palpal femur with
medial and lateral spine on distal margin of segment; apotele 3-tined,
proximal tine very small; setae on trachanter pectinate; dorsal setae on
femur and tibia pectinate, ventral setae minutely pilose, tarsal setae mi-
nutely pilose or simple. Legs: Tarsi II-IV with paired claws, tarsus I
without claws; femur IV with 1-2 vental knobs (Fig. 7); coxa and femur
I with spine on distal anterolateral and posterolateral margin of segment,
posterolateral spine largest. Tarsus II without heavy spine-like setae
(Fig. 8). Following segments with one dorsal seta equal to or longer
than segment: leg IV, femur, genu, tibia and tarsus; leg III: genu and
tarsus. Leg setae spined, degree of spinosus varying from pectinate con-
dition of dorsal femoral setae to setae bearing only few spines such as on
tarsi.
Described from 9 females. Holotype data: from Erionomus sp. (Pas-
salidae); near Abidyan, Ivory Coast, Africa; coll. M. Remillet; 1969. Para-
type data same as holotype. Holotype deposited in the United States
National Museum, Washington, D. C.; paratypes deposited in the Acarina
Collection, Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens.
Megisthanus berlesei new species
FEMALE. Dorsum: (Fig. 10) Dorsal plate not extending to lateral
margins of body, shape as shown. Dorsal setae of various types; long
sinuous setae bearing few minute specules; short pectinate setae (Fig.
10a) and setae intermediate between these two types in length and pecti-
nation; short pectinate setae most abundant on the opisthonotal region
of shield; distribution of setae type as illustrated. Venter: (Fig. 11)
Presternal setae arising from single shield extending between coxae I.
Endopodal plates II fused to the sterno-genito-ventral shield, endopodals
III and IV fused lengthwise, free from sterno-genito-ventral shield; ven-
tral shield more or less parallel sided, extending anteriorly to level of
genital opening. Sternal setae I and II subequal in length, approximately
twice length of sternal setae III, slightly longer than metasternal setae
(Fig. 14); sternals setae I and II, setae on ventral shield area and setae
arising from integument minutely pilose; setae on sternogynial shields
simple. Relative lengths of ventral setae as shown. Large triangular
shaped metapodal shield fused to peritermal and exopodal shields; peri-
236
Vol. 53, No. 4
Hunter: New African Megisthanus 237
Ar/.r
1
-F N I / ~
12
- I'
13 14
Fig. 10-14: Megisthanus berlesei n. sp. Female: 10. Dorsum. 11.
Venter. 12. Tectum. 13. Anterolateral view. 14. Sternito-genital area.
tremal shield joining dorsal shield anteriorly (Fig. 13); peritreme ex-
tending anteriorly of coxa I. Genital opening at level of posterior half of
coxae II; genital apodemens and fused latigynial shields apparent beneath
integument. Anal shield longer than wide, bearing short, lightly pilose
setae; anterior margin of plate concave, lateral and posterior margins
rounded. Tritosternum consisting of base and paired feathered lacinae.
Gnathosoma: Capitular and hypostomal setae minutely pilose (Fig. 16);
relative lengths and positions as illustrated. Corniculi strongly sclero-
tized, terminal 1/3 abruptly reduced in size by decrease along inner mar-
gin. Internal malae prolonged into fingerlike, pectinate process; hypo-
pharyngeal process large, each terminating in ciliated fingerlike process.
The Florida Entomologist
15 ---20---
-I,
18
Fig. 15-18: Megisthanus berlesei n. sp. Female: 15. Chelicera. 16.
Gnathosome, ventral view. Male: 17. Venter. 18. Gnathosome, ventral
view.
Lateral margins of prosternal grooves serrated along proximal 2/3 their
length; deutosternum with finely serrated ridges and markings as illus-
trated. Tectum with distinct median ventral keel; margins smooth (Fig.
12). Chelicerae (Fig. 15) chelate-denate; movable digit with 3 separate
treelike excrescenses arising from medial' surface, membranous sheath
fitting over venter of distal part of digit; movable digit bearing a ventral
posteriorly directed tooth proximal to level of first dorsal tooth; fixed
digit with delicate, poorly sclerotized, papillated structure extending full
length of and beyond tip of digit; arthrodial membrane bearing 4-5 seti-
form process. Palpal tarsal setae smooth, other setae pectinate; genu
with medial projection on distal margin of segment; apotele 3-tined,
238
Vol. 53, No. 4
Hunter: New African Megisthanus
239
proximal tine less than 1/2 size of other tines. Legs: Tarsi II to IV with
sclerotized claws and membranes pulvillus, tarsi I without claws or pul-
villus. Leg setae bearing spines, degree of spinuous conditions varies with
position, those of tarsi bearing very few spines, dorsal setae of femur
more pectinate. Femur IV with 2 distal ventral knobs. A single dorsal
seta equal or greater than length of segment on following segments: leg
III-genu and tarsus; leg IV-femur, tibia and tarsus. Genu IV with 2
long seta.
MALE: Body shape as in female. Dorsum: Chaetotaxy and shape of
dorsal shield similar to female; dorsal shield not extending to lateral
margins of body. Dorsal setae of two main types-one type consisting
of short, pectinate setae (more prominent on posterior half of dorsal
plate), second type consisting of minutely pilose sinuous setae (scattered
over plate and integument); posteriorly 2 pairs of long sinuous setae
slightly shorter in length than those of female. Venter: (Fig. 17) Pre-
sternal shields not heavily sclerotized, fused medially. Sterno-genito-
ventral shield present, separated from anal plate; setae asymmetrical in
arrangement, setal lengths and distribution as shown; larger setae mi-
nutely pilose; 2 small suckers on posterolateral corners of ventral shields.
Endopodal shields fused with sternal along anterior half of coxa II, re-
maining endopodal plates free. Circular genital opening as illustrated.
Anal shield wider than long; with truncate or slightly concave anterior
and posterior margins; shape and setal distribution as illustrated; setae
minutely pilose. Peritremal, exopodal and metapodal shields fused, form-
ing single shield lateral of coxae and extending posterior of coxa IV;
metapodal shield setae minutely pilose. Peritremal plate joining dorsal
plate anteriorly as in female; peritreme extending to area above coxa I.
Relative lengths and position of setae arising from ventral integument as
shown, setae minutely pilose. Gnathosoma: Capitular and hypostomal
setae minutely pilose (Fig. 18) relative lengths as illustrated. Corniculi
strongly sclerotized, without prominent medial reduction in width as in
female. Internal mali prolonged into fingerlike projection, pectinate on
dorsal surface; structures of hypopharyngeal process terminating in celli-
ated fingerlike process. Prosternal groove with serrated margins; deuto-
sternal groove with finely serrated ridges and markings as illustrated.
Chelicerae chelate, strongly sclerotized; general shape and excrescences as
in female. Legs: Tarsi II to IV with paired claws and membranous pul-
villus, tarsi I without claws or pulvillus. Setal type (smooth or pectinate)
as in female. Following segments with a single sinuous dorsal seta equal
to or longer than length of segment: leg III-genu and tarsus; leg IV-
femur, tibia and tarsus. Genu IV with 2 long sinuous setae. Femur IV
with 2 distal, ventral knobs. Dorsal setae of femur I-IV spinelike, pecti-
nate.
Described from 2 females and 1 male., Holotype (female) data: from
Erionomus sp. (Passalidae); near Abidyan, Ivory Coast, Africa; coll. M.
Remillet; 1969. Paratype data same as holotype. Holotype and male
paratype deposited in United States National Museum, Washington, D. C.;
remaining female paratype deposited in Acarina Collection, Department
of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens.
The Florida Entomologist
LITERATURE CITED
Butler, Linda. 1966. Observations on the biology of Megisthanus flori-
danus Banks with a taxonomic review of the family Megisthanidae.
M.S. Thesis, University of Georgia, Athens. 47 p.
Evans, G. 0., and W. M. Till. 1966. Studies on the British Dermanyssidae
(Acari: Mesostigmata), Part II. Classification. Bull. Brit. Mus.
(Nat. Hist.) Zool. 14: 109-370.
Oudemans, A. C. 1926. Aus P. Kramers Nachlass (Acari). Arch. Na-
turgesch. Berlin. 92 A. Heft 4: 99-119.
Warburton, Cecil. 1926. On Megisthanus jacobsoni n. sp. (Acari, Gama-
soidea) parasitic on passalid beetle from Sumatra. Parasitology
18: 51-54; 8 Fig.
The Florida Entomologist 53(4) 1970
PR
NT
NG
FOR ALL PURPOSES
Carefully Executed
Delivered on Time
STORTER PRINTING COMPANY
GAINESVILLE - - - - - - - FLORIDA
240
Vol. 53, No. 4
OLIGONYCHUS MILLER ON PINUS CARIBAEA
IN JAMAICA
MARTIN H. MUMA, AND SAM A. APEJI
University of Florida, Citrus Experiment Station,
Lake Alfred, Florida, and
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries,
Plant Protection Division, Kingston, Jamaica, respectively
ABSTRACT
Oligonychus miller (McGregor) is recorded for the first time from
Jamaica and from the caribbean pine, Pinus caribaea Morelet. Injury, bi-
ological control, and chemical control are discussed.
Economically important infestations of the spider mite Oligonychus
miller (McGregor) developed on nursery seedlings of the caribbean pine,
Pinus caribaea Morelet, at Mount Airy in Saint Andrew Parrish, Jamaica
and on 3-year-old plantation caribbean pines in a 30-acre planting at
Shirley Castle in the Portland Parrish of Jamaica in September 1969.
These infestations represent the first records of this mite from caribbean
pine, from Jamaica, and of injurious populations on other than nursery
pine seedlings.
Since this potentially important spider mite is known to infest several
species of pines in California, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wisconsin, Louisiana,
Delaware, North Carolina, and Florida, the following notes on injury, bi-
ological control, and chemical control in Jamaica seem pertinent.
Surveys of the infested nursery and plantation revealed moderate to
severe yellowing of the needles on many seedlings and young pines. In a
few instances, bronzed, browned, and apparently dying pines were ob-
served.
Predators observed feeding on the spider mites included adults and
larvae of the ladybeetle Exochomus jamaicensis Sicard, adults and nymphs
of the anthocorid Asthenidea picta (Uhler), and all stages of the preda-
tory mites Galendromus floridanus (Muma), Neoseiulus umbraticus
(Chant), Amblyseius aerialis (Muma), Typhlodromalus aripo DeLeon,
Paraseiulella elliptica (DeLeon), and Iphiseiodes n. sp. near nobilis
(Chant and Baker). Eggs and pupae of the ladybeetle were also observed.
Alcohol accumulations of the predatory mites from 3 randomly selected
pine tips revealed 88.6 predatory mites per tip with 47.0% of the popula-
tion G. floridanus and 39.0% N. umbraticus.
DDT-dimethoate applied as a spray at a rate of 2 lb of 50% wettable
powder-1 pint of 40% emulsion concentrate per 100 gal water gave in-
adequate control of the spider mite on nursery seedlings. DicoFol applied
as a spray by airplane at a rate of 1 quart of 42% emulsion concentrate
per 100 gal water gave adequate control on plantation pines for 6 to 8
weeks.
Subsequent examinations have revealed' reinfestation and population
build-up, especially following periods of drought and apparently from un-
sprayed areas. Since the biological control potential seems to be inade-
quate, the need for additional chemical treatments is indicated.
The Florida Entomologist 53(4) 1970
NOTES ON BRACHYPOGON KIEFFER (DIPTERA,
CERATOPOGONIDAE), A NEW SPECIES, AND TWO NEW
NEOTROPICAL GENERA OF THE TRIBE
CERATOPOGONINI: CORRECTION
The following important corrections should be noted for the article by
W. W. Wirth and F. S. Blanton in Volume 53, No. 2 of The Florida Ento-
mologist:
p. 99, line 18: for parasensis, change to paraensis
p. 93, line 20: for sensegalensis, change to senegalensis
p. 93, line 49: for male, change to mail
ORTHO
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Weed Killers
Ortho Division
CHEVRON CHEMICAL CO.
Located at Fairvilla on Route 441 North
P. O. Box 7067
ORLANDO
Phone 295-0451
DESCRIPTION OF THE PUPA OF
AEDES (OCHLEROTATUS) DUPREEI
(DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)1
JOHN F. REINERT2
Department of Entomology, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida 32601
ABSTRACT
The pupa of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) dupreei (Coquillett) is described
and illustrated for the first time. A table lists the range, mode, and mean
number of branches of each pupal hair. Notes on the biology of the
larvae and pupae are given.
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) dupreei was originally described from the adults
by Coquillett (1904). A complete description, accompanied by illustra-
tions of the male, female, and larva was given by Carpenter and La Casse
(1955). Horsfall and Craig (1956) described and illustrated the egg. The
pupa was listed by Mitchell (1907) in a short identification key but was
not described. In the present paper the pupa is completely described
and illustrated (Fig. 1-3) for the first time. Table 1 lists the range, mode,
and mean number of branches for each pupal hair. Chaetotaxy and mor-
phological nomenclature used in this description follow Belkin (1962).
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) dupreei (Coquillett)
Cephalothorax (Fig. 1). Hairs C-1-3, 7-9 long, C-4-5 moderately long,
C-6 short, C-1, 3 double, C-2 double or triple, C-4-5 usually with 3-4
branches, C-6 single or double, C-7 usually with 4 branches, C-8 usually
with 4-5 branches, C-9 usually triple.
Respiratory trumpet (Fig. 2). Strongly pigmented; a few scattered
tiny spine-like setae on distal 0.40 of inner surface; index 4.44-4.87.
Metanotum (Fig. 3). Hairs C-10-12 long, C-10 usually with 3-4
branches, C-11 single, C-12 with 3-5 branches.
Abdomen (Fig. 3). Hair 0-II-VIII minute, single; 1-I well developed,
usually with 22-25 branches on basal one third, 1-II-VIII long, 1-II usu-
ally with 8-9 branches, 1-III usually with 4 branches, 1-IV-VI usually
triple, 1-VII usually double; 2-I-VII short, single; 3-I-II, IV, VII moder-
ately long, 3-III, V-VI long, 3-I, VII usually triple, 3-II single or double,
3-III single, 3-IV usually with 4-5 branches, 3-V double or triple, 3-VI
usually double; 4-I-III short, 4-IV-VI moderately long, 4-VII-VIII long,
4-I usually double or triple, 4-II usually triple, 4-III usually with 3-4
branches, 4-IV usually double, 4-V usually with 3-5 branches, 4-VI usu-
ally with 4-5 branches, 4-VII-VIII double or triple; 5-I-III, VII moder-
ately long, 5-IV-VI extra long, 5-I usually with 4-5 branches, 5-II-III usu-
'Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series No. 3674.
2Major, Medical Service Corps, U. S. Army. The opinions contained herein
are the private ones of the author and are not to be construed as official or
as reflecting the views of the Department of the Army.
The Florida Entomologist
TABLE 1.-RECORD OF THE BRANCHING OF THE SETAE ON THE PUPAE OF
Aedes dupreei
Hair Range Mode Mean Hair Range Mode Mean
Cephalothorax
2 2
2-3 2
2 2
2-5 4
2-4 4
1-2 2
3-5 4
3-5 4
3-5 3
Abdomen III (Cont.)
1-3 2
Abdomen IV
Metanotum
Abdomen I
21-30 22
1 1
3-4 3
2-4 3
4-7 4
1 1
2 2
1 1
Abdomen II
1 1
8-12 8
1 1
1-2 2
3-4 3
2-4 3
1 1
2-3 2
1 1
Abdomen III
22.7
1
3.1
2.6
4.6
1
2
1
Abdomen V
1 1 1
1-4 3 3.1
1 1 1
!-3 2 2.4
1-6 5 4.7
1 1 1
-2 1 1.4
!-4 3 3.1
!-3 2 2.4
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
Abdomen VI
1 1 1
!-4 3 3.1
1 1 1
-2 2 1.9
1-6 4 4.6
1 1 1
-3 2 2.1
1 1 1
-3 2 2.4
244
Vol. 53, No. 4
Reinert: Pupa of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) dupreei
TABLE 1. CONTINUED
Hair Range Mode Mean Hair Range Mode Mean
Abdomen VI (Cont.) Abdomen VII (Cont.)
9 1 1 1 8 2-3 2 2.3
10 1 1 1 9 5-9 6 6.2
11 1 1 1 10 1-3 2 1.9
14 1 1 1 11 1 1 1
14 1 1 1
Abdomen VII
0 1 1 1 Abdomen VIII
1 2-3 2 2.3 0 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 4 2-3 3 2.6
3 2-3 3 2.7 9 6-9 7 6.9
4 2-3 3 2.7 14 1 1 1
5 2-3 2 2.2
6 2-3 2 2.3 Paddle
7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ally with 3-4 branches, 5-IV-VI single, 5-VII usually double; 6-I-II extra
long, 6-III long, 6-IV-VII moderately long, 6-I-II single, 6-III-IV, VI-VII
usually double, 6-V single or double; 7-I, VI-VII long, 7-II moderately
long, 7-III-V short, 7-I double, 7-II double or triple, 7-III usually triple,
7-IV usually double, 7-V usually with 3-4 branches, 7-VI-VII single; 8-
III-VII short, 8-III usually double, 8-IV-VII double or triple; 9-I short,
9-II-VI minute, 9-VII moderately long, 9-VIII long and stellate, 9-I-VI
single, 9-VII usually with 5-6 branches, 9-VIII usually with 6-7 branches;
10-III-VII long, 10-III, VII usually double, 10-IV double or triple, 10-V-
VI single; 11-III-VI short, 11-VII moderately long, 11-III-VII single; 14-
III-VIII minute, single.
Paddle (Fig. 3). Ovoid with minute spicules along outer margin and
on distal one third of the paddle, midrib does not reach apex; 1-P moder-
ately long and single; index 1.35-1.46.
The above description is based on the following material collected by
the author in Alachua County, Florida: 5 males and 6 females, 16-17
August 1970, Micanopy; 14 males and 4 females, 18-19 August 1970 and
3 males and 5 females, 2 September 1970, Gainesville.
Biology. All specimens were collected in the field as larvae and indi-
vidually reared in the laboratory. The larvae at the location near Mica-
nopy were collected from a small, shallow, fresh water pool shaded by
grass and weeds located in a pasture and were associated with larvae of
Culex pilosus, Psorophora ferox, Psorophora confinnis, Aedes atlanticus,
Uranotaenia sapphirina and Anopheles crucians. At Gainesville larvae
were taken from several small, shallow, shaded forest pools containing
moderately colored water and many leaves on the bottom. These larvae
were associated with larvae of Aedes atlanticus, Aedes tormentor, Psoro-
phora ciliata, Psorophora howardi and Psorophora ferox.
The length of time spent in the pupal stage ranged from 1 day 5
245
The Florida Entomologist
Vol. 53, No. 4
EE
E
o 3
I
I
I--- 0.3mm -
Fig. 1-3. Pupa of Aedes dupreei (Coquillett). 1) Cephalothorax.
2) Respiratory trumpet. 3) Metanotum, abdomen and paddle. C=cepha-
lothorax; I-VII = abdominal segments 1 through 8; P = paddle.
hours to 1 day 12 hours for males and 1 day 8 hours to 1 day 14 hours for
females. The average time for males was 1 day 9 hours and 1 day 10
hours for females.
246
Reinert: Pupa of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) dupreei
Additional information on the biology of this species is given by
Michener (1947) and Carpenter and La Casse (1955).
LITERATURE CITED
Belkin, J. N. 1962. The mosquitoes of the South Pacific. Univ. Calif.
Press, Berkeley. 2 vols., 608 and 412 p.
Carpenter, S. J., and W. J. La Casse. 1955. Mosquitoes of North America
(north of Mexico). Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley. 360 p.
Coquillett, D. W. 1904. Several new Diptera from North America. Can.
Entomol. 35: 10-12.
Horsfall, W. R., and G. B. Craig, Jr. 1956. Eggs of floodwater mos-
quitoes IV. Species of Aedes common in Illinois (Diptera: Culi-
cidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 49: 368-374.
Michener, C. D. 1947. Mosquitoes of a limited area in southern Missis-
sippi. Amer. Mid. Nat, 37: 325-374.
Mitchell, E. G. 1907. Mosquito life. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New
York. 281 p.
The Florida Entomologist 53(4) 1970
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HOWARD MYERS FIELD
(1909-1970)
Howard Myers Field was born of American parents at La Paz, Bolivia,
8 January, 1909. His father was the first YMCA secretary in South Amer-
ica. Howard came to the U.S. for high school work in Illinois and Michi-
gan. He attended Flint Junior College and later received a B.A. from
Albion College. He did his graduate work at Wisconsin, where he was
awarded the Ph.D. in 1938. His dissertation was "Spiders of Wisconsin".
Dr. Field had wide zoological interests and served on the faculty of sev-
eral colleges. He taught at Milton College, Rollins College, Wayne State
College, and had been at Florida Southern College since 1954. He died 29
September, 1970. Dr. Fields is survived by his wife Mabel, and a daughter,
Mrs. David Abbott.
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COLLECTIONS OF WINGED APHIDS
IN YELLOW PANS IN SOUTH FLORIDA'
R. J. NIELSSON AND D. O. WOLFENBARGER
Department of Entomology-Nematology,
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32601, and
Sub-Tropical Experiment Station,
Homestead, Florida 33030, respectively
ABSTRACT
Thirteen species of aphids were collected in yellow pans containing
water in a squash field at Homestead, Florida. The green peach aphid,
Myzus persicae (Sulzer), comprised 81% of the aphids collected.
From 1960 to 1964, winged aphids were collected in Southern Florida
in traps made of white pans filled with potassium dichromate solution (5
oz/gal water) and it was found that the green peach aphid, .lI,: .- persicae
(Sulzer), was most abundant in February and March; there were no
identifications made of other species present (Wolfenbarger 1966).
During the winter and spring of 1969, pans 4-1/4 X 8-3/4 X 4-1/4
inches, painted with PPG Waterspar Tulip yellow spray enamel, were
half filled with water and placed on the ground within a squash field at
Homestead, Florida, where virus diseased plants were present. The virus
was presumed to be watermelon mosaic virus 1, based on a study by
Adlerz (1969). A weekly summary of the aphid species and numbers col-
lected is given in Table 1.
TABLE 1.-WINGED APHIDS COLLECTED IN YELLOW PANS, HOMESTEAD, FLOR-
IDA, FEBRUARY-APRIL, 1969.
Week of
Aphid Species 2-15 2-22 3-1 3-8 3-15 3-22 3-29 4-5 4-12
Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Aphis coreopsidis (Thos.) 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
A. craccivora Koch 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0
A. gossypii Glover 2 3 5 0 0 0 1 0 1
A. rumicis L. 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
A. sambucifoliae Fitch 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0
A. spiraecola Patch 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Aphis sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Capitophorus braggii (Gillette) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C. hippophaes (Koch) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Hyadaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis) 0 2 0 1 3 0 0 0 0
Myzus persicae (Sulzer) 3 46 25 164 149 19 12 6 2
Tetraneura hirsuta Baker 0 2 2 3 4 1 0 2 0
Therioaphis riehmi (Bbrner) 0 0 0 5 11 7 17 4 0
IFlorida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series No. 3604.
250 The Florida Entomologist Vol. 53, No. 4
The green peach aphid comprised 81% of the aphids collected and was
most numerous the weeks of March 8 and 15. The second most abundant
aphid, Therioaphis riehmi (BSrner), comprised only 8% of the total num-
ber of aphids collected. The cotton or melon aphid, Aphis gossypii
Glover, the only species of those identified from the collections which will
colonize on squash, comprised only 2.3% of the total number pf aphids
collected.
Kennedy, et al. (1962), list the pea aphid, Acrythosiphon pisum (Har-
ris), the cotton or melon aphid, and the green peach aphid as vectors of
watermelon mosaic virus. While M. persicae constituted 81% of the total
number of aphids collected, A. pisum and A. gossypii made up only 0.2%
and 2.3%c, respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that the green peach
aphid is the principle agent responsible for the spread of watermelon
mosaic virus in Southern Florida squash fields in early spring.
LITERATURE CITED
Adlerz, W. C. 1969. Distribution of watermelon mosaic viruses 1 and 2
in Florida. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 82: 161-165.
Kennedy, J. S., M. F. Day, and V. F. Eastop. 1962. A conspectus of aphids
as vectors of plant viruses. Commonwealth Inst. Entomol. London.
114 p.
Wolfenbarger, D. 0. 1966. Aphid trap collections over a three-year
period from four Southern Florida locations. J. Econ. Entomol.
59: 953-954.
The Florida Entomologist 53(4) 1970
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