101
January
Disk(s) under separate cover
1986 Cir
DOCUMENT
Analysis of Mechanical Versus
Hand Harvesting of Sugarcane
cular 709
Central Soienc
COMPUTER SERIES Library
JAN 80 1990
Francisco Rohran and Jose University o Florida
Francisco Rohrman and Jose Alvarez ......_ _
101
F6 3 6C tiv Eatension Service / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences / Univerity of Florida / John T. Woste, Dean
709
quide
ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL VERSUS HAND HARVESTING OF SUGARCANE
(C) IFAS, University of Florida, 1986
Francisco Rohrmann and Jose Alvarez
FOOD AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
INSTITUTE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
FLORIDA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA LIBRARIES
ABSTRACT
This manual explains how to use the "Analysis of Mechanical
Versus Hand Harvesting of Sugarcane" microcomputer program. The
objective of this software is to present a general framework for
estimating costs and returns for the two harvesting methods. After
completing the analysis, input variables can be changed to
determine their effect on costs and returns.
Keywords: Sugarcane, sugarcane mechanical harvesting, sugarcane
hand harvesting, microcomputer.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank Bob Degner and Tom Spreen for their
comments to improve the quality of the documentation and Karen
Mettling and Susan Phillips for their useful review of the
software. Special thanks to Rom Alderman for his help in finishing
the program.
IBM PC is a trademark of International Business Machines Corp.
Lotus 1-2-3 is a trademark of Lotus Development Corporation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION . . . . . .
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS .
GETTING STARTED. . . . . .
. . . . . . . 5
. . . . . . . 7
. . . . . . . 8
BUDGET DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . .
General Information Section . . . . . . . .
Land Use and Yields . . . . . . . . . .
Tonnage to Handle . . . . . . . . . . .
Machinery Ownership and Operating Costs: Mechanical Method.
Machinery Ownership and Operating Costs: Hand-Cut Method. .
Labor Use for Hand and Mechanical Harvesting. . . . .
REVENUE, COSTS AND RETURNS . . . . . .
Growing and Harvesting. . . . . . .
Hauling and Processing. . . . . . .
Growing, Harvesting, Hauling and Processing .
SAVING AND PRINTING THE WORKSHEET. . . . .
ORDERING INFORMATION . . . . . . .
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 17
. . . . 17
. . . . 18
. . . . 19
. . . . 20
. . . . 21
. . . . 21
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Screen access menu. . . . . . . . . 22
2 General information section . . . . . . 22
3 Land use and yields section . . . . . . 23
4 Tonnage to handle section . . . . . . 23
5 Machinery ownership and operating costs: Mechanical
method. . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6 Machinery ownership and operating costs: Hand cut
method. . . . . . . . .. . . . 24
7 Labor use for hand and mechanical harvesting. . 25
8 Revenue, costs and returns for growing and harvest-
ing . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
9 Revenue, costs and returns for hauling and process-
ing . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
10 Revenue, costs and returns for growing, harvesting,
hauling and processing . . .. . . . . 26
ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL VERSUS HAND HARVESTING OF SUGARCANE
Francisco Rohrmann and Jose Alvarez
(C) IFAS, University of Florida, 1986
INTRODUCTION
Comparing the economics of mechanical and hand harvesting
methods of sugarcane is not an easy task. Sugarcane producers have
difficulty determining which method would result in higher net
returns. Furthermore, the decision has strategic implications
which affect the performance of the sugar industry.
While one method is more labor intensive, the other is more
capital intensive. The mechanical method involves a large capital
investment and results in higher fixed costs. It has lower labor
costs, however, it has higher field losses and higher trash
content.
The comparison process is aggravated by the fact that some
differences between the two technologies are measurable, while
others have more qualitative characteristics that are difficult
to measure at the present time. Although the mechanical
harvesting method may result in a lower cost per gross ton, this
method offers less control over the quality of the cane
delivered to the mill. This could result in lower net returns
than the hand cut method. Other measurable quality
characteristics include the percent trash contained in the
harvested cane, which in turn affects the percent sucrose and
commercial recoverable sugar at the mill. The mechanical
harvesting method has less topping efficiency, thus a higher
5
percent trash. In addition, it presents problems with root
damage to subsequent stubble crops which affect long-term
profits.
The strategic considerations for the alternative harvesting
methods include dependability of labor force, versatility and
mobility, logistical problems with the overall harvesting
schedule, tax advantages, capital investments, and opportunity
cost of capital.
Microcomputer programs to address this important issue are
lacking. The one appearing in Alvarez et al. (1985) is mainly
concerned with field operations. The software explained in this
manual presents a framework for estimating costs and returns for
the two harvesting methods and follows the methodology outlined
in Zepp and Clayton (1975). The computer program can be used to
determine the potential effect of changing input and output
prices, intensity of input use, capital costs, machinery
investment, and other factors that influence costs and returns.
The computer program increases accuracy and saves time. In
addition, it provides consistent and uniform information required
for sound managerial decision making.
The example computer runs in this manual pertain to a
2500-acre sugarcane operation in south Florida. The program,
however, can be used for larger or smaller operations and in
other areas.
The user of this program should be aware of its limitations.
The major limitation is that it provides information that must be
analyzed, as opposed to a decision-aid that helps determining
6
which fields should be harvested and by what means. The costs and
returns results can be used as a tool to complement other
analyses. For example, the program does not incorporate strategic
implications of employing either harvesting method.
Considerations such as added risk with mechanical harvesting due
to large freeze losses or wind damage, and future yield declines
due to stubble damage, although important for estimating
long-term profits, are not included in the program. Since
determining the differences in costs and returns between the two
harvesting methods is the major objective of this program, only
the production, harvesting, hauling and milling costs (and
associated returns) are considered in detail. After reading this
manual, the user will be able to determine the program's
limitations and gather the necessary information to complement
this analysis.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
The computerized "Analysis of Mechanical Versus Hand
Harvesting of Sugarcane" program consists of this user's manual
and a distribution disk. The distribution disk is to be used in
conjunction with Lotus 1-2-3. To use this program, an IBM
Personal Computer, or compatible, with a minimum of 192 Kilobytes
of RAM is required. Version 1, 1A or 2 of Lotus 1-2-3 is also
necessary. All versions require at least two disk drives and
versions 1A and `2 support a hard disk. If printed reports are
desired, a printer is also needed.
The user should become familiar with Lotus 1-2-3 before using
7
this program by working at least the first four lessons of the
1-2-3 Tutorial Disk. Once one has learned how to move the cell
pointer and enter words and numbers into the spreadsheet, this
program should be relatively easy.
GETTING STARTED
Before running the program for the first time, the user
should make a back-up copy of the distribution disk and store it
in a safe location. The instructions for duplicating diskettes
can be found in the IBM user's manual.
If you are using a dual floppy disk drive computer, begin by
placing the Lotus 1-2-3 disk in drive A and the distribution
disk in drive B. If you are using a hard disk system consult your
MS-DOS manual and Lotus 1-2-3 manual for accessing
subdirectories. Turn the computer on and answer the date- and
time prompts. Then press
: for the 1-2-3 Lotus Access
System and, finally, when* requested, press any key to continue.
The first screen displays the title and version of the
program. It also gives the user two options. The first one shows
the credit and disclaimer screens. Users are encouraged to select
this option when running the program for the first time. To read
this information, look at the number shown in the cell pointer. If
it is the number you wish, just press . If another number
appears in the cell pointer, type the number you wish (numeric
entries do not require special characters) and press
twice. If number 1 is selected, the credit screen is then
displayed. To read the information contained in the disclaimer
8
screen, press when the cell pointer is in cell E121. To
run the program, press in the E144 cell at the bottom of
the screen to access the main menu.
The second option allows the user to skip the steps described
above when number 2 is selected from the title screen. This will
display the screen access menu to start running the program. If
the number in the cell pointer corresponds to the desired
section, press . If not, type the number you wish and
press twice. The Z command will allow you to go back
to the Screen Access Menu to select another section, and the
A command will return the program to the title screen. These
two macros are mostly used after an input section has been
completed and the program is in READY mode. If a mistake is made
while trying to execute a macro, some letters and numbers may
appear inside the cell pointer. When this happens, enter the
desired number, press twice, then press the macro, and
press again.
BUDGET DESCRIPTION
The costs and returns program presented in this manual has
over 160 lines of information, some of which are provided by the
user and some of which are calculated by the program. Obviously,
it is too long to be displayed at one time on a typical 24-line
microcomputer screen. The program was designed to be displayed in
short, logical sections.
If Version 1A or 2 of Lotus 1-2-3 is used, the numbers to be
entered by the user are highlighted and the rest are calculated
9
by the computer. Neither is highlighted in Version 1. The
numbers within boxes in the Tables presented at the end of this
manual are input figures provided by the user (unprotected cells)
while the rest are calculated by the program (protected cells).
However, almost all the cells that are filled with formulas are
protected in all' versions, meaning that, if a number is typed by
accident into a cell containing a formula, a beep will alert you
of the fact that you are trying to replace a protected formula.
The figures in the example run are for demonstration
purposes only. Most of them, along with some formulas, were taken
from Zepp and Clayton (1975). If the user has better estimates
than those calculated by the program, the corresponding changes
should be made. First, move the cell pointer to the cell you want
to change; then unprotect the cell (/Range Unprotect ),
then type the new estimate. Be sure to have a back-up copy of this
program because the formula will be erased after the new estimate
has been entered. An alternative way to change a figure
calculated by the program is to modify the existing formula or
enter a new one. In that case, press the CF2} Edit key and make
the needed adjustments.
The program provides a Table of Contents called the Screen
Access Menu, which lists the major sections of the program (Table
1). The Screen Access Menu, as explained above, is displayed
whenever the Z keys are pressed once the data disk has been
booted by the system. At the bottom of the menu the user is
asked to enter the number of the section desired. The procedure is
explained twice in the "Getting Started" section of this manual.
10
It is highly recommended to go back to the Screen Access
Menu after one section of the program is completed before moving
to another section. Each section occupies only one screen.
General Information Section
By selecting number 1 from the Screen Access Menu, the
program goes to the General Information Section (Table 2). When
the program reaches this section, the cell pointer will be
located in the "Cane Price" row. The user must enter the expected
average price per standard ton of sugarcane delivered to the
mill. The molasses payment must be specified in terms of cents
per gallon. The price of raw sugar, in cents per pound, is also
requested. The proportional share of the molasses revenue paid to
the grower also should be entered.
On the right hand side of the screen, the user should see the
"Interest Rate" column and enter the corresponding figure for
machinery loans. This figure must be entered as a decimal and the
program will make the conversion to an integer figure. In the
example run, 0.12 was entered and the program translated it to
12% on the screen although the 0.12 is used for calculation
purposes.
The last six figures to be entered in this section are
related to growing, harvesting, hauling, and processing.
Production costs should represent the pre-harvest fixed and
variable costs (harvesting costs are entered in another section
of the program) expressed in terms of dollars per harvested
acre. The user should enter the information for both hand and
11
mechanically cut cane. The cost of hauling the cane to the mill
must be expressed in terms of dollars per gross ton. Milling
cost must be entered in dollars per net ton for the hand
harvesting method. No figure is needed for the mechanical method
because the fiber content represents the proportion of fiber per
net ton of cane when it is received at the mill. The
mechanically-cut cane usually contains a higher fiber content
than the hand cut cane. The program accounts for this by
proportionally reducing the grinding capacity and proportionally
increasing the milling costs.
The average molasses yield must be expressed in gallons per
net ton. Usually, mechanically cut cane has a higher yield of
I -
molasses than hand cut cane. This is due to a higher proportion
of trash, which includes immature stalks. The last figure of
this section is related to the amount of "commercial recoverable
sugar". This figure should express the number of pounds of sugar
that are obtained from one net ton of sugarcane delivered to the
mill.
These entries must be estimated carefully since they are
used to determine the efficiency of both harvesting methods. The
figures provide the necessary information for calculating
revenues, costs and returns on a total, per acre and per net ton
basis, and thus determining the relative profitability of both
operations.
Land Use and Yields
Selecting number 2 from the Screen Access Menu takes the
12
user to the Land Use and Yields section (Table 3). The acreage
figures from the first row are entered only once. In other words,
the acreage distribution is the same for both harvesting methods
for comparison purposes.
The gross tons per acre, trash content, and sucrose content
of plant cane and each of the ratoon crops are required to
calculate net tons, standard tons and total gross tons to be
harvested. The differences between both methods are important
factors to determine the amount and quality of the cane delivered
to the mill.
In summary, the user must enter: first, the number of net
acres devoted to the different stages of production; second, the
yield in gross tons per acre, percent trash and percent sucrose
figures related to the mechanical method; finally, yields, trash
and sucrose for the hand cut method. The remaining figures (net
tons, standard tons and gross tons to be harvested) are
calculated by the program.
To see the results from these entries, press the {F91
recalculation key. It is important to note the difference between
the GROSS TONS TO BE HARVESTED of the alternative methods since
this difference will affect the cost of harvesting, hauling and
grinding the cane.
Tonnage to Handle
This section estimates total gross, net, and standard tons
for the plant cane and for each ratoon crop for both harvesting
methods (Table 4). To reach this section, press Z to return
13
to the Screen Access Menu and select number 3. After doing so,
the program automatically recalculates the worksheet. Notice
that the total gross tons figures are the same under GROSS TONS
TO BE HARVESTED of the previous section.
This section does not require any data entry. It is
presented for analytical purposes. Its main objective is to
provide users with information related to the tonnage to be
handled throughout the harvesting season.
Mahinery Owner shi2_and _QeratingostsMechanical Method
Selecting number 4 from the Screen Access Menu reaches this
section (Table 5). The user needs to specify the purchase cost of
the machinery or the initial total investment (if more than one
unit is required) and the amount spent on fuel, including
gasoli-ne, oil and lubricants in dollars per harvesting season.
This information interacts with other sections of the
spreadsheet to estimate harvesting costs, total costs and
returns. Annual fixed costs include depreciation, interest
charges, repairs, taxes and insurance. The straight line
depreciation method is used assuming a normal useful service life
of 10 years and a salvage value of 10% of the purchase cost. The
formula is the initial investment minus the salvage value divided
by the useful life of the machine. Interest charges are calculated
ias the average value (new cost plus salvage value divided by two)
of the item multiplied by the interest rate for machinery loans
and divided by two in order to account for a six month period.
Repairs are estimated at 16% of the initial investment. Taxes and
14
insurance are estimated at 3.5% of the average value of the
machine.
The machinery ownership and operating costs section presents
valuable information at the bottom of the screen. First, the
program adds all the above costs presenting total machinery
investment and subtotals for fuel, depreciation, repairs,
interests, taxes and insurance categories. It then divides these
subtotals by the GROSS TONS TO BE HARVESTED to provide a cost per
gross ton. The last two lines summarize total costs and total
costs per gross ton. These figures are presented for comparison
purposes. If the user wishes to see the results immediately after
entering this information, the {F9) key must be pressed to
recalculate the worksheet. If the user has better cost estimates,
the values calculated can be replaced by simply entering the
figure after unprotecting the formula.
Machinery_ OwnershiBand_QQeratiaCgosts: Hand-Cut Method
This section can be reached by selecting number 5 from the
Screen Access Menu (Table 6). The layout of this section is
identical to the previous one. Again, the user is required to
enter the purchase cost of the machinery or initial investment
and fuel consumption in dollars per year.
The information provided by the computer program in this
section is calculated using the same formulas and procedures as
those explained in the previous section. The only difference
between these two sections is the type of machinery employed to
harvest sugarcane. Press the CF9} key to see the recalculated
15
results.
The results provided by these two sections can be compared to
observe the different investment requirements for the alternative
harvesting methods. Machinery ownership and operating costs in a
total or a per gross ton basis can also be compared. Notice the
difference in total costs per gross ton between the two
harvesting methods.
Labor Use for Hand and Mechanical Harvesting
To reach this section, select number 6 from the Screen
Access Menu (Table 7). The first column describes the type of
job performed. The user needs to enter the wage rate, in
dollars per hour, for each employee and then the total number of
hours required for each type of job during the harvesting season
for both harvesting methods. Each wage rate entered must include
fringe benefits. The total number of hours required must be
entered under the "Use" columns.
The program calculates estimated labor cost for each type
of job, total labor use and costs, and total labor costs per
gross ton in the following manner: (a) total number of hours
required to perform a specific task are multiplied by the
employee's wage rate to obtain the cost of each task; (b) these
costs are added to arrive at a total figure; (c) total labor
use from all categories are summed to show total number of
hours; and (d) both total labor use and total costs are divided
by total gross tons to express them on a per gross ton basis.
The -{F'} key should be pressed to see the recalculated results.
16
REVENUE, COSTS AND RETURNS
No more data are required beyond this point. The rest of the
figures are automatically calculated by the program. The following
sections related to revenues, costs and returns are the results
from previous entries. The program provides results in absolute
and relative figures. The relative results are expressed in
terms of dollars per acre and dollars per net ton.
Revenues, costs and returns are the most important parts of
this software. There are different payment systems and degrees
of vertical integration in the industry. Three different scenarios
are presented in this section. "The user should concentrate on the
scenario that is relevant to his operation. For example, most
independent producers and cooperative members are not penalized
for extra processing costs due to fiber content, while this
cost is important to those producers of administration cane. The
user should be able to determine, not only which harvesting
method is less costly, but also which method provides greater net
returns. For example, with the figures used in the example run,
the mechanical harvesting method presents a cost advantage when
milling costs are not considered but this cost advantage is more
than offset by the lower revenues obtained after processing.
G3rowinq and Harvesting
These figures are summarized in Table S. This information is
derived from calculations made in previous sections, and can be
reached by selecting number 7 from the Screen Access Menu.
17
Revenues are divided into sugarcane sales and molasses
payments. Sugarcane sales are estimated by multiplying total
standard tons of cane delivered times the price per standard ton
in the general information section. Independent producers and
cooperative members receive a "molasses payment" from the mill
representing their share of the revenue from molasses sales. The
molasses payment is based on net tons delivered, the average price
of molasses, the expected or actual molasses yield coefficient and
the proportional share to be paid to the grower. All the
information required to do the calculations was entered by the
user or generated by the program.
The estimated growing cost was previously entered by the
user in the general information section. The harvesting costs
come from Tables 2, 3 and 4.
A summary of total costs and net returns is presented in the
last two rows of Table 8. It can be useful to compare the
relative importance of fixed (machinery) and variable costs
(production and labor) between the two different harvesting
methods.
Hauling _and ProcessinQ
Selecting number 8 from the Screen Access Menu will take the
user to this section, designed to evaluate the costs and returns
of a sugar mill that processes the cane delivered by other
growers (Table 9). Revenues are divided into raw sugar and
molasses sales. Raw sugar sales are calculated by multiplying the
average commercial recoverable sugar per net ton times the price
18
of raw sugar per pound and times the total number of net tons
harvested. Molasses sales are estimated in the following manner:
total net tons times the average molasses yield (gallons/net ton),
resulting in the total gallons of molasses which is multiplied
by the price of the molasses.
Total costs are divided into transportation, mill operation,
cane purchases and molasses payments. The transportation cost is
estimated by multiplying total gross tons to be harvested by
the cost of hauling from field to mill in terms of dollars
per gross ton. Milling costs are estimated as follows: the hand
cut cost is simply the cost of processing one net ton multiplied
by the amount of net tons delivered to the mill. The program
accounts for the difference in fiber content due to mechanical
harvesting by proportionally reducing the grinding capacity and
proportionally increasing the milling costs in relation to the
hand cut method.
The figures for cane purchases and molasses payments are
derived from the revenues in the growing and harvesting section
(Table 8). In other words, what represents a revenue for the
grower is a cost to the processor.
Up to this point, the growing and harvesting have been
analyzed separately in relation to the hauling and processing. In
order to have the total picture of the whole operation, the
combined net returns from both harvesting methods are presented in
Table 10, which can be reached by selecting number 9 from the
19
Screen Access Menu.
This section is designed to test the profitability from
harvesting sugarcane under both methods and to evaluate the
effect of the two methods on net returns for a sugar mill
processing its own cane --the mill processes only its -own cane
and not that of other producers.
Revenues, hauling, and processing costs are derived from
the previous section (Table 9). Growing and harvesting costs are
derived from the growing and harvesting sections.
The net return results are related to machinery costs,
inputs used, input and product prices, performance rates, etc. If
changes in factor or output prices occur, the figures entered
can be changed to evaluate the impact of these changes on net
returns. Once the new figures are entered, invoking the Z
command will make the program to recalculate the entire
worksheet.
The user can benefit from analyzing the results of different
scenarios. The figures in the General Information section can be
changed to observe their impact on the costs and returns.
SAVING AND PRINTING THE WORKSHEET
To save the worksheet, the user should press the usual 1-2-3
command (/File Save) and the name AUTO123 of the distribution
disk will be displayed on the screen. The user can replace the
old file with the same name or cancel the command. If the user
has any questions, the Lotus 1-2-3 manual should be consulted.
To print the corresponding reports, the program takes
20
advantage of the alternative typing facility or "macros" of the
Lotus 1-2-3 package. For printing reports, press P and a
Menu will appear on the top of the screen. Then press the arrow
keys to move the cell pointer to the section of the menu
you wish to print. If the user wishes to print the entire
worksheet, then the letter E must be entered. If the printer is
on, it will start printing the results of the analysis. If the
printer is off, the machine will beep and a printer error message
will be displayed on the bottom of the screen. Pressing the
or the keys will clear the upper section of the screen.
If the user wants to interrupt printing, the
keys must 4e pressed. The print command is also canceled before
printing starts by pressing the same keys.
ORDERING INFORMATION
For more information on this and other IFAS software,
contact the local county extension office or write to:
IFAS Software Communication and Distribution
G-022 McCarty Hall
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611
REFERENCES
Alvarez, J., R.A. Levins and S.M. Smiley. 1985. Microcomputers
As Management _Tools in the Suar Cane Industry. Amsterdam:
Elsevier Science Publishers.
Zepp, Glenn A. and Joe E. Clayton. 1975. A Comparison of Costs
and Returns for Hand Cutting and Mechanically __Harvesting_SugarE
gane in Flori da_19712-7- Season, Economics Report 70, Food and
Resource Economics Department, University of Florida, in cooper-
ation with Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Gainesville, Florida.
Table 1.-Screen access menu.
SECTIONS
GENERAL INFORMATION
LAND USE AND YIELDS
TOTAL TONNAGE TO HARVEST
MACHINERY OWNERSHIP & OPERATING COSTS:
Mechanical Harvest
Hand Harvest
LABOR USE
REVENUE, COSTS AND RETURNS FOR :
Growing and Harvesting
Hauling and Processing
Growing, Harvesting, Hauling and Processing
Enter the number of the section you wish to reach =======-> 1 1
Table 2.- General information section.
Price:
Cane ($/Std ton)
Molasses (cts/gal)
Raw Sugar (cts/lb.)
10.43
18.50
9.31
Interest Rates:
Machinery Loans
Grower's Proportional Share of Molasses Revenues (%)
Production Cost ($/Harvested Acre)
Cost of Hauling field-mill ($/Gross ton)
Milling Costs ($/Net ton)
Fiber Content at Mill (%)
Average Molasses Yield (gallons/Net ton)
Commercial Recoverable Sugar(Ibs/Net ton)
Mechanical
280.92
$1.00 |
12.87
7.0
207.3
Number
12.00%
71.00(%
Hand
280.82
$1.00
4.16
11.24
5.8
215.3
Table 3.- Land use and yields section.
Number of Acres
I 1000
500
2ndRatoon 3rdRatoon Total
600
400 12500
MECHANICAL METHOD:
Gross Tons j 55.0 43.0
Percent Trash 12.00% 13.00%
Net Tons 48.4 37.4
Percent Sucrose 14.00 13.00
Standard Tons 55.70 39.31
GROSS TONS TO BE HARVESTED ============>
HAND CUT METHOD:
Gross Tons 50.0 40.0
Percent Trash 4.00% 4.50%
Net Tons 48.0 38.2
Percent Sucrose 14.00 13.00
Standard Tons b5.24 40.14
GROSS TONS TO BE HARVESTED =========.===>
28.0
13.60%
24.2
12.00C
23.. 00
100,500
18.0
14.00"1.|
15.5
11. 00 1
13.17
30.0 20.0
4.90% 4.40%I
28.5 19.1
12.00 11. 00
27.10 13 16.27
96,000 <========
Table 4.- Tonnage to handle section.
Gross
tons
MECHANICAL METHOD t s
Plant cane 55,000
1st Ratoon 21,500
2nd Ratoon 16,800
3rd Ratoon 7,200
TOTAL 100,500
Gross
tons
HAND CUT CANE **
Plant cane 50,000
1st Ratoon 20,000
2nd Ratoon 18,000
3rd Ratoon 8,000
TOTAL 96,000
Net
tons
48,400
18,705
14,515
9,677
91,297
Net
tons
48, 000
19, 100
17,118
7,648
91, 866
'Standard
tons
55,704
19,657
13,803
5,269
94,432
Standard
tons
55,243
20,072
16,278
6, 508
98, 101
i ...-.-...1- .^.a....,......-,^. .
I
m
i
Plantcane 1stRat n
I tat I I
Table 5.- Machinery ownership and operating costs: Mechanical method.
Item
Harvesters
Field Towing Units
Field Carts
Ramp,Dumper,Conveyor
Pick-up, Buses
Maintenance Equip.
SUBTOTAL =>
PER GROSS TON =>
TOTAL
PER GROSS TON
Investment
177,274.
128,283
47,593
10,700
8504
2,669
375,023
3.73
$145,047
$1.44
Fuel Deprec.Repairs Interest Tax&In
6,971
10,989
17
320
864
160
33,752
0.34
15,955
11,545
4,283
963
765
240
60,004
0.60
28,364
20,525
7,615
1,712
1,361
427
24,752
0.25
11,700
8,467
3,141
706
561
176
7,219
0.07
3,413
2,469
916
206
164
51
19,321
0.19
Table 6.- Machinery ownership and operating costs:
Item Investment
Continuous Loaders 36,362
Labor Support Equip. 10,235
Field Towing Units 128,283
Field Carts 47,593
Ramp,Dumper,Conveyor 10,700
Pick-up, Buses 9504
Maintenance Equip. 2,669
SUBTOTAL 244,346
PER GROSS TON 2.55
TOTAL
PER GROSS TON
Fuel
1, 108
323
3,709
198
431
240
6,009
0.06
Deprec.
3,273
921
11,545
4,283
963
765
240
21,991
0.23
Hand cut method.
Repairs
1,091
307
3,848
1,428
321
255
80
7,330
0. 08
Interest
2,400
676
8,467
3,141
706
561
176
16,127
0.17
$56, 161
$0.59
Tax&Ins
700
197
2,469
916
206
164
51
4,704
0. 05
Table 7.- Labor use for hand and mechanical harvesting.
Hand harvesting Mechanic. harvesting
USE COST USE COST
ITEM
Cane Cutter
Cutter or Loader Operator!
Tractor Driver
Dump Operator
Ticket Writer
Supervisor
Maintenance & Repair
Scrapper
Utility Man
Other
$/Hr
3.00
4.06
2.78
3.01
2.95
3.81
3.90
2.78
2.87
2.80
TOTAL
PER GROSS TON
Hrs.
80,290
727
5,090
1,454
727
1,454
1,454
1,454
727
0
93,377
0.973
$
240,870
2,952
14,150
4,377
2,145
5,540
0
5,671
4,042
2,086
0
281,832
2.936
Hrs.
0
9,409
19,236
558
279
3,039
6,691
1,115
139
1,045
41,511
0.413
38,201
53,476
1,680
823
11 579
0
26,095
3.. 100
399
2,926
138,277
1.376
Table 8.- Revenue, costs and returns for growing and harvesting.
REVENUE
Sugarcane
Molasses
TOTAL
COSTS
Production
Harvesting
Labor
Machinery
TOTAL
NET RETURNS
Mechanical'harvesting
TOTAL $/Acre $/Net ton
----- ------- ---------
$984,925 394.0 10.79
$83,943 33.6 0.92
$1,068,868 427.5
$702,300
$138,277
$145,047
$985,625
280.9
55.3
58.0
394.2
11.71
7.69
1.51
1.59
10.80
Hand harvesting
TOTAL $/Acre $/Net ton
------------ ---------
$1,023,189 409.3 11.14
$69,986 28.0 0.76
$1,093,175 437.3 11.90
$702,300
$281,832
$56,161
$1,040,293
$83 ,,243
280.9
112.7
22.5
416.1
21 .,
7.64
3(07
0.61
11.32
Table 9.- Revenue, costs and returns for hauling and processing.
Mechanical harvesting
RE ENUE
Raw Sugar Sales
Molasses Sales
TOTAL
COSTS
Transportation
Mill Operation
Cane Purchases
Molasses Payment
TOTAL
NET RETURNS
TOTAL $/Acre
----------- -----
$1,761,998 704.8
$118,230 47.3
$1,880,228 752.1
$100,500
$434,873
$984,925
$83,943
$1,604,241
40.2
173.9
394.0
33.6
641.7
$275,987 110.4
$/Net ton
19.30
1.30
20.59
1.10
4.76
10.79
0.92
17.57
3.02
Hand harvesting
TOTAL $/Acre $/Net ton
$1, 841,402
$98,572
$1,939,974
$96,000
$382, 163
$1,023, 189
$69 986
$1,571,338
736.6
39.4
776.0
38.4
152.9
409.3
28.0
628.5
$368,636 147.5
20.04
1.07
21.12
1.05
4.16
11.14
0.76
17.10
4.01
Table 10.- Revenue, costs and returns for growing, harvesting, hauling and processing.
Mechanical harvesting
REVENUE
Raw Sugar Sales
Molasses Sales
TOTAL
COSTS
Growing
Harvesting
Haul ing
Mill Operation
TOTAL
NET RETURNS
TOTAL $/Acre
----------- -----
$1,761,998 704.8
$118,230 47.3
$1,880,228 752.1
$702,300
$283,325
$100,500
$434,873
$1,520,997
280.9
113.3
40.2
173.9
608.4
$359,230 143.7
$/Net ton
19.30
1.30
20.59
7.69
3.10
1. 10
4.76
16.66
3.93
Hand harvesting
TOTAL $/Acre $/Net ton
----------- ----- ---------
$1,841,402 736.6 20.04
$98,572 39.4 1.07
$1,939,974 776.0 21.12
$702,300
$337,993
$96,000
$382, 163
$1,518,456
280.9
135.2
38.4
152.9
607.4
$421,518 168.6
7.64
3.68
1.05
4.16
16.53
4.59
COOPERPnVE EXTENSION SERVICE. UNIVERSITY OF FLORIAM, INSTITUTE OF FOOD AND AMCULTURA SCIENCES K.R. s'l a
dctor. In oop on wi th Unwh d Sts D.pwImMu ol A1lc uAS pulsbhs IBm Oft odmetn uo i pupse of Ow May 8 mS
Junm 3 194 I Ac Cong ressa; mid iu muAorgid pB -idm res ducentl konimon wnd oit iW s o I idu MI hi-
liom ht fthumoni matlu rogrd ao fme coloo or namioni origin. Sing copies Exwion plua (caig 4-H wd 'n pdlc
fota) wm mrailem to Fk ord rMeodi Iromn Coatuny ExtMwon Olces. Idnumaion on buLk rae or copies r oul~do lm puMlcmmem i
aIl@le IhromI CI. Hlinn, Pibliclo Diitrbudton Crnlr IFAS Buiirmng o 4. UniverMly of Florida. Gmbtwa Flarida 311. Bebo rn*pbig Ua peranin
edosNm should conad this addre to dbterminw avawlabily.
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