Solving water pollution problems in the Wakulla Springshed of North Florida

buss.ppt

Binder1.pdf

booher.ppt

putnam.ppt

vaith.ppt

roeder.ppt

heiker.ppt

livingston.ppt

sees.ppt

Presentation Files




FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF
WEKIVA BASIN ONSITE SEWAGE TREATMENT
AND DISPOSAL SYSTEM STUDY Bureau of Onsite Sewage Programs
Division of Environmental Health
Florida Department of Health




Today's Presentation
* Existing Onsite Systems and Aquifer Vulnerability in the Wekiva Basin
* Department Recommendations
* DOH Rule Adoption Process




Existing Development on OSTDS
120,000
100,000
80,000 S
8 0m Wekiva 60,000
6m Remaining 40,000 20,000
0
Orange Lake Seminole




Protection
zones based or
aquifer
vulnerability
assessment
Relative Vulnerability
Primary Protection Zone Hydrography Secondary Protection Zone Tertiary Protection Zone 10 5 0 10 Miles Wekiva Study Area 10 5 0 10 Kilometers Water Features




Department Recommendations




DOH Recommendations 1
SSet a discharge limit of 10 milligrams per liter of total nitrogen for new systems, systems being modified, and for existing systems in the primary and secondary Wekiva Study Area protection zones.
SProhibit the land-spreading of septage and grease trap waste in the Wekiva Study Area. Septage waste would be required to be disposed of at wastewater treatment plants.




DOH Recommendations 2
SEvaluate the economic feasibility of sewering versus nutrient removal upgrades to existing onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems. A phased-in approach to replacing the remaining existing systems should be developed with a target completion date of 2010.
SEstablish new regional wastewater management entities or modify existing ones to oversee the maintenance of all wastewater discharged from onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems in the study area. These programs should take the privatization approach and contract with existing licensed septic tank contractors.




The Recommended System
A Nutrient Reducing System with Drip Irrigation




System Construction and
Operating Costs
Conventional system Proposed system
$5,500 to $7,000 $7,500 to $9,000
No operating permit $100 operating permit
except IM zoned areas Every 2 years $140 in annual
electric costs
Maintenance agreement




DOH Rule Adoption Process




Rule Adoption
* Primary issues are to adopt a nitrogen limit and
require drip irrigation for onsite systems
* Permitting process is already in place in the rule
* Public Input Technical Review and Advisory
Panel (TRAP) established by 318.0068 FS
* Formal TRAP Meeting to review proposals in
May, 2005;
* Anticipated rule implementation as early as
March 2006




Solving Water Pollution Problems
in the Wakulla Springshed
The City of Tallahassee's Efforts to Reduce Stormwater Pollution
Hydrogeology Workshop May 12-13, 2005




Water Quality and Stormwater Pollution
* City of Tallahassee shares the goal of
preserving water quality with Leon and
Wakulla Counties, FDEP, EPA, Friends of
Wakulla Springs and all Stakeholders.
* Best accomplished through technically
sound planning and goal setting.




The Reality of Our Working Environment
* There are many competing needs for a community's financial resources; fire, police,
schools, roads.....
* Managing and improving water quality is an expensive endeavor.
* Due diligence must be used to ensure that the limited funding that is available, is effectively
applied.
* Failure to do so, actually works against the goal of preserving water quality.




City of Tallahassee's Stormwater Pollution Reduction Planning
I, IT
W E The objective -maximize progress with focus on problem magnitude and remediation effectiveness.
/ 140,000 acres modeled
Lege* 145 discrete catchments
LCAyend e
/N,, Channels
[j n,'bd




City of Tallahassee's
Stormwater Pollution Reduction Planning
Monitoring Sites Map
1 LUCSites Monitoring sites were
* MLUSSites used to characterize Channels the pollution in runoff
DotaInterstates
/John noxRd W ra from different land
Woodgate //Federal
/Maryand irMajor uses.
RoyalPBtvlitn Rd Tor Brown Park / Minor
a v US Waters Crs C City Limits Century Park Southwood Plantation
N
MondaySt W E
5 0 5 10 Miles S
, 1N 01I




City of Tallahassee's Stormwater Pollution Reduction Planning
* Typical monitoring site used to collect and measure the pollution in runoff.




TALLAHASSEE STORMWATER
* Nitrogen values
Less than National and Statewide Averages
* Phosphorus, BOD, and TSS values
Higher than National and Statewide Averages for Residential,
Recreational and Open Land.
Lower or equal to Statewide Averages for Other Land Uses.
* Metals values
Less than National and Statewide Averages except for Pb




City of Tallahassee's Stormwater Pollution Reduction Planning
* Pollutant loading data was
u applied to the land use map across 140,000 acres.
* This enables quantification of pollutant loads by watershed.




City of Tallahassee's Stormwater Pollution Reduction Planning
* Pollutant Loading Model was combined with BMP data to develop a Program Cost Model.
* Done by evaluating actual pond sites and developing cost estimates and removal rates.
* Yielded cost curves for a variety of alternative program levels.




Target Watersheds Alternative
* Revenue limitations led to examination of alternative approaches.
, Identified 20 Target Watersheds with highest loadings.




Target Watersheds Alternative
* $60 million in investment over approx. 20 years
* Not a "end-all" solution but a realistic start for what will be a long term effort.
* Even this approach presents challenges.




Tallahassee's SW Utility Fee With WIQ Increase
$10.00 $9.00
iii $8.00 aof$.5prEU
. allahassee with $1./0 increase for toa per o $7.00
Tallahassee with current rate of $6.25 per ERU.
$6.00
Flrd $5.00S n $4.00 Z $3.00
oc $2.00
$1.00 $0.00
Florida Survey of Stormwater Utility Rates




Impact of $1.70 SW Fee Increase
on 20 Largest Customers
Current Annual Annual Change Current Monthly Monthly Change with $1.70 Increase with $1.70 Increase $458,663 $124,756 $38,222 $10,396 $397,185 $108,034 $33,099 $9,003 $350,243 $95,266 $29,187 $7,939 $341,303 $92,834 $28,442 $7,736 $159,465 $43,374 $13,289 $3,615 $103,688 $28,203 $8,641 $2,350 $94,470 $25,696 $7,873 $2,141 $89,550 $24,358 $7,463 $2,030 $49,380 $13,431 $4,115 $1,119 $48,525 $13,199 $4,044 $1,100 $46,650 $12,689 $3,888 $1,057 $45,518 $12,381 $3,793 $1,032 $42,533 $11,569 $3,544 $964 $41,535 $11,298 $3,461 $941 $35,430 $9,637 $2,953 $803 $19,545 $5,316 $1,629 $443 $19,328 $5,257 $1,611 $438 $18,690 $5,084 $1,558 $424 $18,473 $5,025 $1,539 $419 $17,183 $4,674 $1,432 $389




Continued Application of Conventional Stormwater Management Practices




Capital Cascades Trail Stormwater System
* Cost $110 million.
* Part of City & County Blue Print 2000 Initiative.
* 15 New Ponds or Wetlands totaling 50 acres. S.....* Removes approximately i 2000 Ibs N / yr S600 Ibs P / yr




FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY PARK AVENUE
oCIVICCT CAPITOLAPALACHEE Y Cost $110 million.
GAINES STREET
* Part of City & County Blue Print 2000 Initiative.
FLORIDA
A&M
UNIVE" 15 New Ponds or Wetlands totaling 50 acres.
* Removes approximately S2000 Ibs N / yr ORANGE AVENUE 600 Ibs P / yr /\




ADDISON LN
DART MOLUTH
rn D ma1 a E4L Iinti
emoval Project Evaluation
novative Stormwater Manaaeme




woo
AIC
ON kL
di
Nutrient Removal with Algal Turf Scrubber Process




A Working ATSTM
. . . . . .
. . . . . ......
''Ilip
Wave surge motion aids in nutrient exchange between algal cells and water medium




Jeri' Its fwW:
Ap




Highlights of Local Project Under Consideration
Managed Aquatic Plant System
* Approximate Size = 12 ac.
* Harvest Cycle of 7 Days.
* Total Mass P Percent Removal 35% @ 25 MGD Avg Daily
Flow.
* Removal Considers Warm Season (243 da.) and Cool
Season (122 da.) Reduced Performance Period.
* Compost Assumed to be Most Likely End Product.




Estimated Cost and Performance of Managed Aquatic Plant System
ITEM Weems Pond NRF
Bench Scale Testing $81,390 Capital Construction Cost $2,484,000 Annual Operation $252,000
Phosphorus Removal (Lbs/Yr) 3,560 Annual Compost (Tons /Yr) 331




Groundwater Nitrate Loading Various Sources




Nitrate Loading Stormwater




Nitrate in Tallahassee Stormwater Compared to Wakulla Springs (2000-2004)
Nitrate in Tallahassee Stormwater
1 Compared to Wakulla Springs (2000-2004)
0.8 0.783
0.6
E 0.4
0.2 0.126
0
Wakulla Springs Nitrate level Tallahassee Stormwater Nitrate Level




Wakulla Springs Nitrate Concentration vs. Flow
700 Nitrate m/L1.2 Inverse relationship 600 Nitrate (gL
600 -1 between flow and
500 N r
0.8 Nitrate concentration S400 indicates that
0.6
U300 stormwater is not the 0 0.4 likely source of high
200 CU=
Flows 0.2 nitrate levels at
100 z
0 _... 0_ Wakulla Springs.
0 0
iiiip ,




Nitrate Loading Wastewater Systems




Comparison of Sprayfield Nitrogen Load with Nitrogen Discharge at Wakulla Springs
700 600
0
o 500
0
0
S200 CU
100
0
Wakulla Springs Discharge Sprayfield Effluent (after plant u ptake)




Nitrate Loading Septic Tanks
Septic Tank
-. Locations
* Septic tanks / City Limits Urban Service Area Boundary
N
1# E
1 0 1 2 Miles
"Si. ,, o- o
S' -1 l!! ..'.. i,,-K I




Comparison of Nitrogen Load From Sprayfield with Load from Leon and Wakulla County Septic Tanks
500 450
4 Sprayfield 400 Effluent a 350
C
S300 o Wakulla
x County Septic a250 Tanks Z 200 o Leon County S150 Septic Tanks
100 50 0
Septic Tanks Sprayfield Effluent




Comparison of Nitrogen Load from Sprayfield and Septic Tanks in Springshed Area
250
o 200
0
o
x 150 cu
>,
z 100
4-
0
Cn
- 50
0
Septic Tanks (after treatment and Sprayfield Effluent (after plant
assuming only 1/3 of total are uptake)
within Springshed Area)




Septic Tanks How To Manage Problem
Septic Tank
',: o: ..-i}/" W~i Locations
LoctinsPerhaps limit proliferationS- Legend by ordinance
Septic tanks
IQ No central
, City Limits N e ta Urban Service Area Boundary Water w/o
. central sewer.
W E
-1 0 1 2 Miles




Questions?
Solving Water Pollution Problems in the Wakulla Springshed
Hydrogeology Workshop May 12-13, 2005




..... .. ... .
.. ... .............
..... ...... ......
........ .. ....
... ....... ................
.. ....... ......
... ...............
... ...............
astewater Regulatory
................
... ....... .......
AMMM W
Richard Drew, Chief
Bureau of Water Facilities
Regulation,, FDEP




...............
...... ....... ............ ....
c1lity Types ...... .. .... tic 101d; Industrial 39%
DiSMw. I M ethod
SurfkWaker --- 492 facilities
Non-surface Water --- 2508 facilities
The Permit Cycle




............... ....... .......
. ....... Te t Requirements for No.. er Discharges
..............................
at(W quality standards
..........
DWS
erwise endanger
Dome Paktastewater
Reclaimed water and land application
systems
Residuals application




0
0 Uu
0 CD
U w I 0
00
* U I
(LI r u ...... .........I
>
Ic 0 UoU L




...............
....... ....
...... ....... .....
. 6,;
, from Here?
. ............... ................
niti tive
delineations
ic spring studies
FAVA/ mapping
Source Water Assessment Protection
Program [SWAPP]
Total Maximum Daily Load




ePrimary Protection Zone
Secondriary Protection Zone
Tertiary Protection Zone
Wekiva Study Area
SWater Features
5 0 10 Miles 10 5 0 10 Kilometers




Leon County Surface Water Management Activities
Theresa B. Heiker, P.E.
Stormwater Management Coordinator
Leon County Public Works Dept.




County activities involve many agencies
o Tallahassee/Leon County Planning
Department
o Leon County Growth and Environmental
Management
o Leon County Public Works Department
I Parks and Recreation I Roadway Operations
I Mosquito Control and Stormwater Maintenance
I Solid Waste
I Engineering Services




Joint City/County Planning
o Comprehensive Plan guides land use and
infrastructure
o Sector studies of the community to
determine site specific management goals o Land use designation and management,
such as site-specific zoning and delineating
the Urban Services Area
0 Greenway and sensitive land acquisition to
protect natural habitat and other features




County Growth and
Environmental Management
0 Environmental permitting of development
activity to comply with local standards
o Develop ordinances for resource protection
county-wide (eg., volume control) O Studies to establish basin-specific
stormwater treatment and habitat
protection standards (eg., Bradfordville)
O Lakes monitoring to document conditions
and identify trends
o Map environmentally sensitive features
0 Enforcement of environmental ordinances




County Public Works
O Parks and
Recreation
Department
* Resource
management
I education




El Roadway Operations
a Shoulder maintenance
I Linear detention maintenance
I Vegetation control




Mosquito Control and Stormwater Maintenance
* Stormwater facility maintenance
* Natural drainage way monitoring and
maintenance
* Licensed operators
i1




o Engineering Services
a Stormwater Program I Infrastructure design
a Construction management
I Development review and coordination




Stormwater Program O Utility management E NPDES compliance O TMDL coordination O Capital program development E Operations support E Emergency response and planning




Improve data supporting modeling and analysis
o Improved watershed mapping detail with LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging)
O Real-time rainfall and stream level gauge reporting through CAFWN (Capital Area
Flood Warning Network)
O Countywide water quality and biological sampling program




Water Quality and Habitat Sampling for NPDES Compliance
o Monitor inflow and discharge quality for
existing treatment facilities to determine
efficiency by facility type
o Perform Stream Condition Index for three
areas in the Lake Munson system
o Quarterly trend monitoring in 12 tributaries
0 Coliform characterization at 5 locations




Program enhancements O- Improve GIS and base map data El Increase knowledge of flowway
function and rainfall distribution
O Document groundwater response to
surface flows




USGS Quadrangle Hydrography
ow-h




Leon County GIS Hydrography




Capital Area Flood Warning Network
UU
IL
u O
--1__ J"g
0 0 ,AL




Capital Projects for
Surface Water Management
0 Gum Swamp Restoration
a Public health required mosquito control
ditching of wetland
a Drained swamp was timbered and
developed
a 1980's plan evolved to "restore" Gum
Swamp, at least what remained
a Rehydration has caused tree loss




Lake Henrietta
* Baseflow up to 2-year storm (1-inch) will be captured and treated
* High flows are directed through AND around the treatment pond
* Natural wetlands along slough are rehydrated to provide nutrient uptake
and peak flow storage




Lake Henrietta Restoration
Lake Henrietta and
Munson Slough North
0.5 0 0.5 1 Miles
, I S




mg/L
o cn o cn o cn o cn o c
OCTIO O C 1 O CT O CIO C-1O 0000000000
6/30/1998 10/30/1998
2/28/1999 6/30/1999 10/30/1999 2/29/2000
6/30/2000 10/30/2000
2/28/2001 -1
6/30/2001
0z
@. 10/30/2001 o
2/28/2002
6/30/2002 4= r
10/30/2002
2/28/2003
6/30/2003 10/30/2003 2/29/2004 6/30/2004 10/30/2004
E3 C




Lake Munson Response
Total Phosphorus
1.200 1.000
0.800 -*- In Lake Total Phosphorus mg/L S0.600 -- Inflow Total Phosphorus mg/L S0.400 Outflow Total Phosphorus mg/L
0.200
0.000
N co i- LOl (0 r- oD 0) 0D -co
0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0)
Date




Habitat has value to be considered in the cost/benefit analysis
O- Large regional ponds sacrifice creeks
and wetlands
O Designing based on relative
alternative costs rather than net
improvement to habitat due to
intangible value of system
O Altered hydroperiod of streams and
receiving waters affect habitat




AN INTRODUCTION TO STORMWATER AND STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
Eric H. Livingston Bureau of Watershed Management Florida Dept. of Env. Protection Tallahassee, Florida 850/245-8430
eric.livingston@dep.state.fl.us http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/watershed




Central
Florida
SuWater Budgets
Solving Water Pollution Problems in the Hydrogeology Wakulla Springshed of North Florida Workshop 2005
Tallahassee FL
Marty Wanielista
Stormwater Academy
--wji ite.qfd




Solving Water Pollution Problems in the Wakulla Springshed
The City of Tallahassee's Efforts to
Reduce Stormwater Pollution
John Buss, P.E.
Hydrogeology Workshop
May 12-13, 2005




TENNESSEE STREET FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY PARK AVENUE
PENSACOLA STREET
I
ENCLOSE CIVIC CTR. CAPITOL APALACHEE RKWAY Cost $110 million.
GAINES STREET
- Part of City & County Blue Print 2000 Initiative.
FLORIDA
UNIVERSTY 15 New Ponds or Wetlands
totaling 50 acres.
* Removes approximately > 2000 Ibs N / yr > 600 Ibs P /yr
ORANGE AVENUE
'Pf
Z'
C/11




Leon County Surface Water Management Activities
Theresa B. Heiker, P.E. Stormwater Management Coordinator
Leon County Public Works Dept.




NORTHERN HIGHLANUS
75'TO 0
ABOVE SEA LEVEL G-C
(ASL) (OS l
UPLAND LAKE (S ANb WITH WETLANDS 5,
STEELHEAD RAVINE, SPRIN & STREAM
ANCIENT
SAND DUNE
MODERN ADUN
7 "DISAPPEARING R-.
STREAM.
SINKHOLE LAKE TIDAL ,'--" "" ::" AI 5HE5
.. )VD*
CAVE
REPRESENTATIVE PLANTS
SINKHOLE, WITH L CAVERNS O0
1. Pinee 'A1
2. Hardwood: oak. maple, hickory, magnolia
5. Palmer
4. Scrub Oak
5. Saw Palm-to
6. Cypn ess 7. G.as.e.. remans marshes and dune, A51L AB3OVE SEA LEVEL




7.1 now







*r g
.B =
I, I I
* 4 '
* ,
. Nj
.... .
. .L1 ., . .:, ". .. .'!- .5.*. J...
t..
" ..n. .. .,..
. 'a.'.'. *
':.... a"" F
r ., -- ," :. ..
....I..p.




Leon County GIS
Hydrography




General
o Define the issue: is it water quality at springs or
aquatic plant growth
o Stormwater perspectives: urban vs. national forest vs.
county
o Increase ad valorem for NWFWMD o Emphasize that loadings need to be delineated as
accurately as possible, and have a good
hydrogeological model
o TMDLs underway (assimilation capacity of water bodies
to minimize water qual. and quant. impacts
o First address stormwater entering most vulnerable
areas
o Continue working with DOT re: stormwater and
hydrogeological issues




Higher-level issues
o Nutrient balance o N-P removal
issue technology o Need good o Better
hydrogeologic understanding of
model clarity problem
o Pre=Post volume o Point versus non- balance balance
point infiltration Relationship
o Relationship
o Influence of between P and
National Forest geology (i.e.,
practices Hawthorn Group)




Higher-level issues
o Monitoring
o Nutrient balance in o Education o Education
sinkhole lakes landowners
o Cost-benefit of o Mass balance: How
wetland treatment much of a problem
systems vs. is storm water in the
sprayfield big picture? o Education Public
schools




Relative loadings: septic vs. storm water vs. agriculture/spray field, etc...




#2 Land-use; modify comp plan based on highly vulnerable areas
o Evaluate existing data o Need LIDAR in Wakulla Co o Stream to sink study o Complete aquifer vulnerability
assessment of natural system o Define highly vulnerable areas o Leon Co/TLH/Wakulla coordination
Interlocal agreement
o Phased in land use regulations (long term
and short term)




#2 Land-use; modify comp plan based on highly vulnerable areas
o Tie in FEMA flood zone remapping into
land use plan
o Implement Model Code for highly
vulnerable areas within all springsheds o Evaluate and implement existing
programs (i.e. ERP, other states dealing
with karst, Wekiva Study)
Have all relevant agencies at table (i.e., DOT,
DCA, DEP, WMD, etc.)
o Accountability and enforcement




#3 Minimize runoff
o All land-use regs need to focus on minimizing
runoff
o Ordinance-development-enforcement targeting
post=pre regarding quality and quantity
o Implement Source Water Pollution Prevention
Plan (SWPPP)
o Revise Master SW Plan
Wakulla/Leon/TLH
Discourage impervious surfaces o Landowner education o Look at other states dealing with karst issues and
how they address runoff o Landowner incentives




City of Tallahassee Wastewater
Treatment System
Hydrogeology Workshop 2005
May 12 13, 2005




Description of System
* Population Served170,000+
m Treatment Plants:
* LBR- 4.5 mgd a TPS 27.5 mgd a Total= 32 mgd
* Effluent Discharges:
m SWS- 1.04 mgd a SEF 27.39 mgd a Total= 28.43 mgd




City's Wastewater Treatment
System Highly Regulated
* FAC 62-610 Reuse, including land
application
* FAC 62-600 Wastewater Treatment
Facilities
* FAC 62-601 Wastewater Monitoring
* 503 Rule Federal Biosolids regulations Myriad others regarding safety, chemicals,
stormwater, etc.




Ground Water Standards m Potable Ground Water m Drinking Water Standards
* Primary Standards
* Secondary Standards
m Total Coliforms < 4/100 mL m Nitrate 10 mg/L (as N)




Zone of Discharge
Land Application 100 ft.
round Water
Flow Monitoring Wells




SEF Monitoring Wells
SOUTHEAST SPRAYFIELD MONITOR WELL LOCATIONS
0 Southeast Monitor Well Sites 1999 Imagery (DOQQ's)
o 0.5 1 N Miles ol-o06-o
FIGURE 47




Levels of Nitrate (as N) in
Compliance Wells
(Limit 10 mg/1)
. SE-2 4.34 m SE-52 5.42 m SE-15 1.14 m SE-53 5.28 m SE-16 0.05 m SE-77 0.53 m SE-17 0.43 m SE-78 0.55 m SE-22A 3.77 m SE-79 2.8




.. ... <* 4 .N.... ..... :o4 <;-. ..
Nutrient Uptake Rates or
Selected Crops
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
NITROGEN PHOSPHOROUS POTASSIUM
O Alfalfa El Coastal Bermuda U Ryegrass
O Sweet Clover H Corn U Grain Sorghum
O Soybeans ] Cotton




Estimated N Allowable at SEF
* Total acres in pivots = 2000+
* 85% in bermuda grass @ 400 lbs. N
* 10% in corn @ 210 lbs. N
* 5% in other crops @ 150 lbs. N
* Total N allowed per year = 737,000 lbs.
* Or 2019 lbs/day average




Total N (Ibsldal)
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 H
Ana 0 f
i
7 0> 0- S*I
0 ......
I ",. .Ji
o > I .**,




Successes in Re ucing Nitrogen Loads
* Stopped applying biosolids in Wakulla
County 2001
* Start-up of Class A dryer March 2004
* 85% reduction of total biosolids land
applied at airport
* 85% Class A product or Class B to landfill
* Obtaining more N reduction at TPS
effluent

PAGE 1

Presentation Files

PAGE 2

WEKIVABASINONSITESEWAGETREATMENT ANDDISPOSALSYSTEMSTUDY BureauofOnsiteSewagePrograms DivisionofEnvironmentalHealth FloridaDepartmentofHealth

PAGE 3

Today sPresentation ExistingOnsiteSystemsandAquifer VulnerabilityintheWekivaBasin DepartmentRecommendations DOHRuleAdoptionProcess

PAGE 4

ExistingDevelopmentonOSTDS 48,468 54,044.00 50,344 19,786.00 25,586 13,228.00 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 Orange Lake Seminole Wekiva Remaining

PAGE 5

Protection zonesbasedon aquifer vulnerability assessment RelativeVulnerability WaterFeatures WekivaStudyArea PrimaryProtectionZone SecondaryProtectionZone TertiaryProtectionZone 10 0 10 5 Miles 10 0 10 5 Kilometers Hydrography

PAGE 6

DepartmentRecommendations

PAGE 7

DOHRecommendations1 Setadischargelimitof10milligramsperliterof totalnitrogenfornewsystems,systemsbeing modified,andforexistingsystemsintheprimary andsecondaryWekivaStudyAreaprotection zones. Prohibittheland spreadingofseptageand greasetrapwasteintheWekivaStudyArea. Septagewastewouldberequiredtobe disposedofatwastewatertreatmentplants.

PAGE 8

DOHRecommendations2 Evaluatetheeconomicfeasibilityofseweringversus nutrientremovalupgradestoexistingonsitesewage treatmentanddisposalsystems.Aphased inapproach toreplacingtheremainingexistingsystemsshouldbe developedwithatargetcompletiondateof2010. Establishnewregionalwastewatermanagemententities ormodifyexistingonestooverseethemaintenanceofall wastewaterdischargedfromonsitesewagetreatment anddisposalsystemsinthestudyarea.These programsshouldtaketheprivatizationapproachand contractwithexistinglicensedseptictankcontractors.

PAGE 9

TheRecommendedSystem ANutrientReducingSystemwithDripIrrigation

PAGE 10

SystemConstructionand OperatingCosts Conventionalsystem $5,500to$7,000 Nooperatingpermit exceptIMzonedareas Proposedsystem $7,500to$9,000 $100operatingpermit Every2years $140inannual electriccosts Maintenanceagreement

PAGE 11

DOHRuleAdoptionProcess

PAGE 12

RuleAdoption Primaryissuesaretoadoptanitrogenlimitand requiredripirrigationforonsitesystems Permittingprocessisalreadyinplaceintherule PublicInput TechnicalReviewandAdvisory Panel(TRAP)establishedby318.0068FS FormalTRAPMeetingtoreviewproposalsin May,2005; Anticipatedruleimplementationasearlyas March2006

PAGE 13

Solving WaterPollutionProblems intheWakullaSpringshed TheCityofTallahassee sEffortsto ReduceStormwaterPollution HydrogeologyWorkshop May12 13,2005

PAGE 14

WaterQualityandStormwaterPollution WaterQualityandStormwaterPollution CityofTallahasseesharesthegoalof CityofTallahasseesharesthegoalof preservingwaterqualitywithLeonand preservingwaterqualitywithLeonand WakullaCounties,FDEP,EPA,Friendsof WakullaCounties,FDEP,EPA,Friendsof WakullaSpringsandallStakeholders. WakullaSpringsandallStakeholders. Bestaccomplishedthroughtechnically Bestaccomplishedthroughtechnically soundplanningandgoalsetting. soundplanningandgoalsetting.

PAGE 15

TheRealityofOurWorkingEnvironment TheRealityofOurWorkingEnvironment Therearemanycompetingneedsfora Therearemanycompetingneedsfora community community sfinancialresources;fire,police, sfinancialresources;fire,police, schools,roads schools,roads .. .. Managingandimprovingwaterqualityisan Managingandimprovingwaterqualityisan expensiveendeavor. expensiveendeavor. Duediligencemustbeusedtoensurethatthe Duediligencemustbeusedtoensurethatthe limitedfundingthatisavailable,iseffectively limitedfundingthatisavailable,iseffectively applied. applied. Failuretodoso,actuallyworksagainstthegoalof Failuretodoso,actuallyworksagainstthegoalof preservingwaterquality. preservingwaterquality.

PAGE 16

CityofTallahassee s StormwaterPollutionReductionPlanning Theobjective -maximizeprogresswith focusonproblem magnitudeand remediation effectiveness. 140,000acresmodeled 145discretecatchments

PAGE 17

CityofTallahassee s StormwaterPollutionReductionPlanning Monitoringsiteswere usedtocharacterize thepollutioninrunoff fromdifferentland uses.

PAGE 18

CityofTallahassee s StormwaterPollutionReductionPlanning Typicalmonitoring siteusedtocollect andmeasurethe pollutioninrunoff.

PAGE 19

TALLAHASSEESTORMWATER Nitrogenvalues LessthanNationalandStatewide Averages Phosphorus,BOD,andTSSvalues HigherthanNationalandStatewide AveragesforResidential, RecreationalandOpenLand. LowerorequaltoStatewide AveragesforOtherLandUses. Metalsvalues LessthanNationalandStatewide AveragesexceptforPb

PAGE 20

CityofTallahassee s StormwaterPollutionReductionPlanning Pollutantloadingdatawas appliedtothelandusemap across140,000acres. Thisenablesquantification ofpollutantloadsby watershed.

PAGE 21

CityofTallahassee s StormwaterPollutionReductionPlanning PollutantLoading Modelwascombined withBMPdatato developaProgram CostModel. Donebyevaluating actualpondsitesand developingcost estimatesandremoval rates. Yieldedcostcurvesfor avarietyofalternative programlevels.

PAGE 22

TargetWatershedsAlternative Revenuelimitations ledtoexaminationof alternative approaches. Identified20Target Watershedswith highestloadings.

PAGE 23

TargetWatershedsAlternative $60millionininvestmentoverapprox.20years Nota end all solutionbut arealisticstartfor whatwillbealongtermeffort. Eventhisapproachpresentschallenges.

PAGE 24

Tallahassee sSWUtilityFeeWithW/QIncrease FloridaSurveyofStormwaterUtilityRates $0.00 $1.00 $2.00 $3.00 $4.00 $5.00 $6.00 $7.00 $8.00 $9.00 $10.00 M o n t h l y R e s i d e n t i a l C h a r g e Tallahasseewith$1.70increasefortotalof$7.95perERU. Tallahasseewithcurrentrateof$6.25perERU.

PAGE 25

Impactof$1.70SWFeeIncrease on20LargestCustomers CurrentAnnual AnnualChange CurrentMonthly MonthlyChange with$1.70Increase with$1.70Increase $458,663 $124,756 $38,222 $10,396 $397,185 $108,034 $33,099 $9,003 $350,243 $95,266 $29,187 $7,939 $341,303 $92,834 $28,442 $7,736 $159,465 $43,374 $13,289 $3,615 $103,688 $28,203 $8,641 $2,350 $94,470 $25,696 $7,873 $2,141 $89,550 $24,358 $7,463 $2,030 $49,380 $13,431 $4,115 $1,119 $48,525 $13,199 $4,044 $1,100 $46,650 $12,689 $3,888 $1,057 $45,518 $12,381 $3,793 $1,032 $42,533 $11,569 $3,544 $964 $41,535 $11,298 $3,461 $941 $35,430 $9,637 $2,953 $803 $19,545 $5,316 $1,629 $443 $19,328 $5,257 $1,611 $438 $18,690 $5,084 $1,558 $424 $18,473 $5,025 $1,539 $419 $17,183 $4,674 $1,432 $389

PAGE 26

LakeLafayette NutrientRemovalProjectEvaluation ContinuedApplicationofConventional StormwaterManagementPractices

PAGE 27

CapitalCascadesTrailStormwaterSystem Cost $110million. PartofCity&County BluePrint2000Initiative. 15NewPondsorWetlands totaling50acres. Removesapproximately 2000lbsN/yr 600lbsP/yr

PAGE 28

Cost $110million. PartofCity&County BluePrint2000Initiative. 15NewPondsorWetlands totaling50acres. Removesapproximately 2000lbsN/yr 600lbsP/yr

PAGE 29

NutrientRemovalProjectEvaluation ApplicationofInnovativeStormwaterManagement

PAGE 30

NutrientRemovalwithAlgalTurfScrubberProcess

PAGE 33

HighlightsofLocalProjectUnderConsideration ManagedAquaticPlantSystem ApproximateSize=12ac. HarvestCycleof7Days. TotalMassPPercentRemoval35%@25MGDAvgDaily Flow. RemovalConsidersWarmSeason(243 da .)andCool Season(122 da .)ReducedPerformancePeriod. CompostAssumedtobeMostLikelyEndProduct

PAGE 34

EstimatedCostandPerformanceofManaged AquaticPlantSystem 3,560 PhosphorusRemoval(Lbs/Yr) 331 AnnualCompost(Tons/Yr) $252,000 AnnualOperation $2,484,000 CapitalConstructionCost $81,390 BenchScaleTesting WeemsPondNRF ITEM

PAGE 35

GroundwaterNitrateLoading VariousSources

PAGE 36

NitrateLoading Stormwater

PAGE 37

NitrateinTallahasseeStormwater ComparedtoWakullaSprings(2000 2004) NitrateinTallahasseeStormwater ComparedtoWakullaSprings(2000-2004) 0.783 0.126 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 WakullaSpringsNitratelevel TallahasseeStormwaterNitrateLevel m g / L

PAGE 38

WakullaSprings NitrateConcentrationvs.Flow Inverserelationship betweenflowand Nitrateconcentration indicatesthat stormwaterisnotthe likelysourceofhigh nitratelevelsat WakullaSprings. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 01/01/02 03/01/02 05/01/02 07/01/02 09/01/02 11/01/02 01/01/03 03/01/03 05/01/03 07/01/03 09/01/03 11/01/03 01/01/04 03/01/04 D i s c h a r g e ( c f s ) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 N i t r a t e + N i t r i t e ( m g / L ) Flow(cfs) Nitrate (mg/L)

PAGE 39

NitrateLoading WastewaterSystems

PAGE 40

ComparisonofSprayfieldNitrogenLoadwith NitrogenDischargeatWakullaSprings 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 WakullaSpringsDischarge SprayfieldEffluent(afterplant uptake) l b s o f N / y e a r x 1 0 0 0

PAGE 41

NitrateLoading SepticTanks

PAGE 42

ComparisonofNitrogenLoadFromSprayfieldwith LoadfromLeonandWakullaCountySepticTanks 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 SepticTanks SprayfieldEffluent l b s N / y e a r x 1 0 0 0 Sprayfield Effluent Wakulla CountySeptic Tanks LeonCounty SepticTanks

PAGE 43

ComparisonofNitrogenLoadfromSprayfield andSepticTanksin Springshed Area 0 50 100 150 200 250 SepticTanks(aftertreatmentand assumingonly1/3oftotalare withinSpringshedArea) SprayfieldEffluent(afterplant uptake) l b s o f N / y e a r x 1 0 0 0

PAGE 44

SepticTanks HowToManageProblem Perhapslimit proliferation byordinance Nocentral waterw/o centralsewer.

PAGE 45

Questions? Solving WaterPollutionProblems intheWakullaSpringshed HydrogeologyWorkshop May12 13,2005

PAGE 46

FDEP:WastewaterRegulatory FDEP:WastewaterRegulatory Perspective Perspective RichardDrew,Chief RichardDrew,Chief BureauofWaterFacilities BureauofWaterFacilities Regulation,FDEP Regulation,FDEP

PAGE 47

WastewaterFacilityTypes WastewaterFacilityTypes Domestic Domestic 61%;Industrial 61%;Industrial 39% 39% DisposalMethod DisposalMethod SurfaceWater SurfaceWater ----492facilities 492facilities Non Non surfaceWater surfaceWater ----2508facilities 2508facilities * ThePermitCycle ThePermitCycle

PAGE 48

TreatmentRequirementsfor TreatmentRequirementsfor Non Non surfaceWaterDischarges surfaceWaterDischarges Groundwaterqualitystandards Groundwaterqualitystandards Primary&SecondaryDWS Primary&SecondaryDWS Orotherwiseendanger Orotherwiseendanger DomesticWastewater DomesticWastewater Reclaimedwaterandlandapplication Reclaimedwaterandlandapplication systems systems Residualsapplication Residualsapplication

PAGE 49

SpringWatershedsor SpringWatershedsor Springsheds Springsheds BlueSprings BlueSprings JacksonCounty JacksonCounty Wekiwa Wekiwa StudyArea StudyArea Orange,Seminole Orange,Seminole andLakeCounties andLakeCounties Ichetucknee Ichetucknee Springsystem Springsystem Columbia Columbia County County FloridaKeys?? FloridaKeys??

PAGE 50

WheretoFromHere? WheretoFromHere? SpringsInitiative SpringsInitiative Springshed Springshed delineations delineations Specificspringstudies Specificspringstudies FAVA/WAVAmapping FAVA/WAVAmapping SourceWaterAssessmentProtection SourceWaterAssessmentProtection Program[SWAPP] Program[SWAPP] TotalMaximumDailyLoad TotalMaximumDailyLoad

PAGE 51

WAVA WAVA Response Response Theme Theme RelativeVulnerability N 10 0 10 5 Miles 10 0 10 5 Kilometers RelativeVulnerability WaterFeatures WekivaStudyArea PrimaryProtectionZone SecondaryProtectionZone TertiaryProtectionZone

PAGE 52

LeonCountySurfaceWater ManagementActivities TheresaB.Heiker,P.E. StormwaterManagementCoordinator LeonCountyPublicWorksDept.

PAGE 53

Countyactivitiesinvolvemany agencies Tallahassee/LeonCountyPlanning Department LeonCountyGrowthandEnvironmental Management LeonCountyPublicWorksDepartment ParksandRecreation RoadwayOperations MosquitoControlandStormwaterMaintenance SolidWaste EngineeringServices

PAGE 54

JointCity/CountyPlanning ComprehensivePlanguideslanduseand infrastructure Sectorstudiesofthecommunityto determinesitespecificmanagementgoals Landusedesignationandmanagement, suchassite specificzoninganddelineating theUrbanServicesArea Greenwayandsensitivelandacquisitionto protectnaturalhabitatandotherfeatures

PAGE 55

CountyGrowthand EnvironmentalManagement Environmentalpermittingofdevelopment activitytocomplywithlocalstandards Developordinancesforresourceprotection county wide( eg .,volumecontrol) Studiestoestablishbasin specific stormwatertreatmentandhabitat protectionstandards( eg .,Bradfordville) Lakesmonitoringtodocumentconditions andidentifytrends Mapenvironmentallysensitivefeatures Enforcementofenvironmentalordinances

PAGE 56

CountyPublicWorks Parksand Recreation Department Resource management education

PAGE 57

RoadwayOperations Shouldermaintenance Lineardetentionmaintenance Vegetationcontrol

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MosquitoControland StormwaterMaintenance Stormwaterfacility maintenance Naturaldrainageway monitoringand maintenance Licensedoperators

PAGE 59

EngineeringServices StormwaterProgram Infrastructuredesign Constructionmanagement Developmentreviewandcoordination

PAGE 60

StormwaterProgram Utilitymanagement NPDEScompliance TMDLcoordination Capitalprogramdevelopment Operationssupport Emergencyresponseandplanning

PAGE 61

Improvedatasupporting modelingandanalysis Improvedwatershedmappingdetailwith LIDAR( LI ght D etection A nd R anging) Real timerainfallandstreamlevelgauge reportingthroughCAFWN( C apital A rea F lood W arning N etwork) Countywidewaterqualityandbiological samplingprogram

PAGE 62

WaterQualityandHabitat SamplingforNPDESCompliance Monitorinflowanddischargequalityfor existingtreatmentfacilitiestodetermine efficiencybyfacilitytype PerformStreamConditionIndexforthree areasintheLakeMunsonsystem Quarterlytrendmonitoringin12tributaries Coliform characterizationat5locations

PAGE 63

Programenhancements ImproveGISandbasemapdata Increaseknowledgeof flowway functionandrainfalldistribution Documentgroundwaterresponseto surfaceflows

PAGE 64

USGSQuadrangle Hydrography

PAGE 65

LeonCountyGIS Hydrography

PAGE 66

CapitalAreaFloodWarningNetwork

PAGE 67

CapitalProjectsfor SurfaceWaterManagement GumSwampRestoration Publichealthrequiredmosquitocontrol ditchingofwetland Drainedswampwastimberedand developed 1980 splanevolvedto restore Gum Swamp,atleastwhatremained Rehydration hascausedtreeloss

PAGE 68

LakeHenrietta Baseflow upto2 yearstorm(1 inch)will becapturedandtreated HighflowsaredirectedthroughAND aroundthetreatmentpond Naturalwetlandsalongsloughare rehydrated toprovidenutrientuptake andpeakflowstorage

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LakeHenriettaRestoration 0 5 0 0 5 1 M i l e s N E W S L a k e H e n r i e t t a a n d M u n s o n S l o u g h N o r t h

PAGE 70

LakeMunsonResponse InLakeTotalNitrogenmg/L 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 6 / 3 0 / 1 9 9 8 1 0 / 3 0 / 1 9 9 8 2 / 2 8 / 1 9 9 9 6 / 3 0 / 1 9 9 9 1 0 / 3 0 / 1 9 9 9 2 / 2 9 / 2 0 0 0 6 / 3 0 / 2 0 0 0 1 0 / 3 0 / 2 0 0 0 2 / 2 8 / 2 0 0 1 6 / 3 0 / 2 0 0 1 1 0 / 3 0 / 2 0 0 1 2 / 2 8 / 2 0 0 2 6 / 3 0 / 2 0 0 2 1 0 / 3 0 / 2 0 0 2 2 / 2 8 / 2 0 0 3 6 / 3 0 / 2 0 0 3 1 0 / 3 0 / 2 0 0 3 2 / 2 9 / 2 0 0 4 6 / 3 0 / 2 0 0 4 1 0 / 3 0 / 2 0 0 4 Date m g / L hypereutrophic

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LakeMunsonResponse TotalPhosphorus 0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 9 / 4 / 9 1 9 / 4 / 9 2 9 / 4 / 9 3 9 / 4 / 9 4 9 / 4 / 9 5 9 / 4 / 9 6 9 / 4 / 9 7 9 / 4 / 9 8 9 / 4 / 9 9 9 / 4 / 0 0 9 / 4 / 0 1 9 / 4 / 0 2 9 / 4 / 0 3 9 / 4 / 0 4 Date m g / L InLakeTotalPhosphorusmg/L InflowTotalPhosphorusmg/L OutflowTotalPhosphorusmg/L

PAGE 72

Habitathasvaluetobeconsidered inthecost/benefitanalysis Largeregionalpondssacrificecreeks andwetlands Designingbasedonrelative alternativecostsratherthannet improvementtohabitatdueto intangible valueofsystem Altered hydroperiod ofstreamsand receivingwatersaffecthabitat

PAGE 73

ANINTRODUCTIONTO STORMWATERAND STORMWATERMANAGEMENT EricH.Livingston BureauofWatershedManagement FloridaDept.of Env .Protection Tallahassee,Florida 850/245 8430 eric.livingston@dep.state.fl.us http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/watershed

PAGE 75

Solving WaterPollution ProblemsintheWakulla Springshed TheCityofTallahassee sEffortsto ReduceStormwaterPollution HydrogeologyWorkshop May12 13,2005 JohnBuss,P.E.

PAGE 76

Cost $110million. PartofCity&County BluePrint2000Initiative. 15NewPondsorWetlands totaling50acres. Removesapproximately 2000lbsN/yr 600lbsP/yr

PAGE 77

LeonCountySurfaceWater ManagementActivities TheresaB.Heiker,P.E. StormwaterManagement Coordinator LeonCountyPublicWorksDept.

PAGE 82

LeonCountyGIS Hydrography

PAGE 83

General Definetheissue:isitwaterqualityatspringsor aquaticplantgrowth Stormwater perspectives:urbanvs.nationalforestvs. county Increasead valorem forNWFWMD Emphasizethatloadingsneedtobedelineatedas accuratelyaspossible,andhaveagood hydrogeological model TMDLs underway(assimilationcapacityofwaterbodies tominimizewater qual .andquant.impacts Firstaddress stormwater enteringmostvulnerable areas ContinueworkingwithDOTre: stormwater and hydrogeological issues

PAGE 84

Higher levelissues Nutrientbalance issue Needgood hydrogeologic model Pointversusnon pointinfiltration Influenceof NationalForest practices N Premoval technology Better understandingof clarityproblem Pre=Postvolume balance Relationship betweenPand geology(i.e., HawthornGroup)

PAGE 85

Higher levelissues Monitoring Nutrientbalancein sinkholelakes Cost benefitof wetlandtreatment systemsvs. sprayfield Education Public schools Education landowners Massbalance:How muchofaproblem isstormwaterinthe bigpicture?

PAGE 86

Relativeloadings:septicvs. stormwatervs. agriculture/sprayfield,etc #1

PAGE 87

#2Land use;modifycompplanbased onhighlyvulnerableareas Evaluateexistingdata NeedLIDARinWakullaCo Streamtosinkstudy Completeaquifervulnerability assessmentofnaturalsystem Definehighlyvulnerableareas LeonCo/TLH/Wakullacoordination Interlocal agreement Phasedinlanduseregulations(longterm andshortterm)

PAGE 88

TieinFEMAfloodzoneremappinginto landuseplan ImplementModelCodeforhighly vulnerableareaswithinall springsheds Evaluateandimplementexisting programs(i.e.ERP,otherstatesdealing withkarst, Wekiva Study) Haveallrelevantagenciesattable(i.e.,DOT, DCA,DEP,WMD,etc.) Accountabilityandenforcement #2Land use;modifycompplanbased onhighlyvulnerableareas

PAGE 89

#3Minimizerunoff Allland use regs needtofocusonminimizing runoff Ordinance development enforcementtargeting post=preregardingqualityandquantity ImplementSourceWaterPollutionPrevention Plan(SWPPP) ReviseMasterSWPlan Wakulla/Leon/TLH Discourageimpervioussurfaces Landownereducation Lookatotherstatesdealingwithkarstissuesand howtheyaddressrunoff Landownerincentives

PAGE 90

CityofTallahasseeWastewater TreatmentSystem HydrogeologyWorkshop 2005 May12 13,2005

PAGE 91

DescriptionofSystem PopulationServed 170,000+ TreatmentPlants: LBR 4.5 mgd TPS 27.5 mgd Total=32 mgd EffluentDischarges: SWS 1.04 mgd SEF 27.39 mgd Total=28.43 mgd

PAGE 92

City sWastewaterTreatment SystemHighlyRegulated FAC62 610 Reuse,includingland application FAC62 600 WastewaterTreatment Facilities FAC62 601 WastewaterMonitoring 503Rule Federal Biosolids regulations Myriadothersregardingsafety,chemicals, stormwater ,etc.

PAGE 93

GroundWaterStandards PotableGroundWater DrinkingWaterStandards PrimaryStandards SecondaryStandards Total Coliforms <4/100 mL Nitrate 10mg/L(asN)

PAGE 94

Monitoring Wells GroundWater Flow 100ft. LandApplication ZoneofDischarge

PAGE 95

SEFMonitoringWells

PAGE 96

LevelsofNitrate(asN)in ComplianceWells (Limit10mg/l) SE 2 4.34 SE 15 1.14 SE 16 0.05 SE 17 0.43 SE 22A 3.77 SE 52 5.42 SE 53 5.28 SE 77 0.53 SE 78 0.55 SE 79 2.8

PAGE 97

NutrientUptakeRatesfor SelectedCrops 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 NITROGEN PHOSPHOROUS POTASSIUM P O U N D S / A C R E Alfalfa CoastalBermuda Ryegrass SweetClover Corn GrainSorghum Soybeans Cotton

PAGE 98

EstimatedNAllowableatSEF Totalacresinpivots=2000+ 85%in bermuda grass@400lbs.N 10%incorn@210lbs.N 5%inothercrops@150lbs.N TotalNallowedperyear=737,000lbs. Or2019lbs/dayaverage

PAGE 99

TotalNAppliedatSEF 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Jan02 Apr02 Jul02 Oct02 Jan03 Apr03 Jul03 Oct03 Jan04 Apr04 Jul04 Oct04 SEFN Ag.Rate

PAGE 100

SuccessesinReducingNitrogen Loads Stoppedapplying biosolids inWakulla County2001 Start upofClassAdryerMarch2004 85%reductionoftotal biosolids land appliedatairport 85%ClassAproductorClassBtolandfill ObtainingmoreNreductionatTPS effluent

PAGE 101

TotalNitrogenfromTPS,Lbs. TotalLbsN/MonthfromTPS,1995-2003 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 J a n 9 5 A p r 9 5 J u l 9 5 O c t 9 5 J a n 9 6 A p r 9 6 J u l 9 6 O c t 9 6 J a n 9 7 A p r 9 7 J u l 9 7 O c t 9 7 J a n 9 8 A p r 9 8 J u l 9 8 O c t 9 8 J a n 9 9 A p r 9 9 J u l 9 9 O c t 9 9 J a n 0 0 A p r 0 0 J u l 0 0 O c t 0 0 J a n 0 1 A p r 0 1 J u l 0 1 O c t 0 1 J a n 0 2 A p r 0 2 J u l 0 2 O c t 0 2 J a n 0 3 A p r 0 3 J u l 0 3 O c t 0 3 N L b s LBS

PAGE 102

SEFarmPondEffluent Nitrate+Nitrite1983-2002 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 1/13/1983 10/7/1985 3/25/1987 8/21/1988 2/19/1990 7/31/1991 1/6/1993 6/27/1994 12/11/1995 9/24/1997 3/10/1999 8/23/2000 DateCollected m g / l a s N

PAGE 103

WaterUtilityApproach 1. CollectData;workcooperativelywith otherstudies 2. DevelopAlternativesthroughMasterPlan 3. PreparePlanofActionforImprovements 4. ObtainFunding&ImplementNear term Items 5. ParticipateinTMDLprocesstofine tune PlanofActionandpriorities

PAGE 104

TMDLScheduleforWakulla River 2007 BegindevelopingTMDL 2008 AdoptTMDLbyrule(APA) 2009 EstablishTMDLimplementation plan 2010 Implementation

PAGE 105

CityActionsinFindingSolutions USGSStudy $495Koverthreeyears TreatmentMasterPlan Reviewtreatment anddisposaloptionsforlong term sustainability Planningadditional biosolids treatmentto produce100%ClassA Biosolids forreuse NutrientManagementPlanfornear term FarmOperations

PAGE 106

EconomicImpacts $66millionproposedtoupgradeTPS Additional$millionsforfullnutrient removal(2 ppm nitrates) Couldleadtolargerateincrease DoesnotincludeO&Mcosts

PAGE 107

CityofTallahasseePosition Wakulla Springsisavaluablenaturalasset Gooddecisionsarebasedongoodscience Ifwe repartoftheproblemwewanttobe partofthesolution Sourcesofnutrientsareregionaland mitigationrequiresaregionalapproach

PAGE 108

SoutheastFarm

PAGE 109

Performance BasedSystems Or,thestateoftheartand industryforOn SiteTreatment (andDisposal)Systems(OSTS)in Florida MarkD.Repasky,PE

PAGE 110

HEADLINES 1000squaremileDeadZoneatmouthof MississippiRiver JeffersonCounty:Nitratespolluteprivatewells Clermont:Excessiveseptictankfailures Keys:MysteryBloomAppearsinBay Researcherssaynolinkapparentto blackwater mass fromlastspring NorthCarolina,HurricaneFloyd Onsitesystemsshowntohaveminimalimpacton pollutantloadinflooding Centralplantsdumpmillionsofgallonsofuntreated waste Hurricanes,Florida2004:liftstationfailures

PAGE 111

1998: FAC10D 6changedto64E 6 AllowedEngineerstodesignsystems(Part IV) Basically,aPerformance BasedSystemisa wastewatertreatmentsystemdesignedto treatwaste perform toacertainlevel RequiresaFloridaProfessionalEngineer experiencedinwastewatersystemdesign

PAGE 112

Goalwastoallowuseofnew technologiesforonsitesystems CouldstilluseprescriptiveCodeforseptic tankanddrainfield Highertreatmentlevelswererewarded: Biggerhouseonagivenlot Smallerdrainfield Reducedsetbacks Indirectresult:limitsdensity

PAGE 113

OnsiteWastewaterNutrient ReductionSystemsDemonstration Project(OWNRS) Aka BigPineKeyPrisonTest DEP,EPA,FDOH,NOAA 3 rd Party,longterm(>1year)testing Manufacturersinvitedtoprovideequipment toparticipate Notablewerethosewhochosenotto participate

PAGE 114

OWNRScontinued Two each1yeartests Bottomline: HundredsofFASTunitshavebeeninstalledin theKeys CombinationofFAST/Dripirrigationprovides bestbangforthebuck Testingdone Owner/Utilitydoesn thave tobetheguineapig

PAGE 115

Managementlevels StandardDOH,individualcontractwith eachowner Wecurrentlyoperateourowndatabasefor clientsstatewide Coordinateitwithvariouswebsitesand counties EPAGuidelines,5levels StartwithNomanagement Uptoutilitythatownsallequipment

PAGE 116

Descriptionsofsystems

PAGE 117

SepticTanktodrainfield State approvedundergroundnutrient injectionsystem Classicdrainfieldisdesignedtoprevent plantrootsfromgettingtotheeffluent Cannotdenitrifytoanygreatextent Initialcostislow Costtoenvironmentispotentiallyveryhigh

PAGE 118

AerobicTreatmentUnit(ATU) Cannotdenitrifyinthetank DOHapprovedfordrainfieldsizereductionof 25% Resultsin25%increaseinnutrientloadingpersquare footofdrainfield Subjecttowash outofsuspendedgrowth organismsduringhighflowevents NoneprovidedforOWNRS(i.e.notsubjectedto 3 rd party,longterm,independenttesting)

PAGE 119

PeatFilters Excellentpolishingfilters Cannotdenitrify Replacementofpeatcanbeexpensive& nasty! Initialcostishigh NoneprovidedforOWNRS(i.e.not subjectedto3 rd party,longterm, independenttesting)

PAGE 120

SequencingBatchReactors Proventechnology,butnoneprovidedfor OWNRS Candenitrify,buthavetoaddmodule/step Relativelycomplicated,lotsofpumps,controls Requireslargetank(3xmaximumdailyflow) Initialcostishigh NotcommononresidentialsitesinFlorida NoneprovidedforOWNRS(i.e.notsubjectedto 3 rd party,longterm,independenttesting)

PAGE 121

SubmergedBio reactor FASTunitproveninOWNRStest Conservatively:70%Nitrogenreduction BOD&TSSreduction>95% Fecalcoliformreduction>98% CertifiedNSFClass1(to1500gpd)

PAGE 122

Applications SFRs HundredsinstalledinFlorida Over1,000inMassachusettsalone Martha sVineyard,CapeCod Alaska,CA,NV,IL,dozensofotherstates Caribbean

PAGE 123

Applications continued Retrofitofexistingseptictanks Unitsassmallas250gpd ImmediatelyreducesN Extendslifeofdrainfield Canbeusedtorehabilitatefailingdrainfield NUCLEARAIRCRAFTCARRIERS

PAGE 124

USSRonaldReaganutilizes FASTwastewatertreatment

PAGE 125

Applications continued Excellentforhigh strengthwaste Modulesavailableto9,000gpd Forlargerflows,usemodulesinparallel Forhigherstrength, Uselargermodules Usemodulesinseries Agriculturalandstormwaterapplications LagoonFASTunitsfloatinponds

PAGE 126

Dripirrigation Putsreusewaterinrootzone Irrigationoflandscapingreducesloadonmunicipal watersupplyorprivatewell Enablesadditionalpolishingofnutrientsthroughplant uptake Higherlifeformsconsumeanyfecalcoliform remaining Increasesevapotranspirationmarkedlyoverclassic drainfield Proventechnology Requirescarefuldesign,installation,maintenance

PAGE 127

BestBangfortheBuck: FASTtodrip ProperlysizedFASTgets: >70%Nreduction >98%fecalkillinmodule >95%BOD&TSSreduction Pumptankcanbeconfiguredtoactasanoxic biofilter ,furtherreducingN

PAGE 128

BestBangfortheBuck: FASTtodrip FASTeffluentminimizesimpactonthe environment Plantuptakeandevapotranspiration Don tusuallytakedrainfieldreduction,because wanttoirrigateyardmoreuniformly Maximizessitelayout Canbeirregularlyshaped MoundsystemsareMUCHsmallerandlower

PAGE 129

SystemsinFlorida Keys Wehavedesignedandpermittedmorethan350 SFRs,restaurants,MobileHome/RVparks Coastalareas Bay,Brevard,Broward,Charlotte,Citrus, Dade,Duval,Franklin,Volusia Others Leon,Lafayette,Orange,

PAGE 134

LagoonFASTinoperation

PAGE 144

RetroFAST installation

PAGE 151

Example: TotalMaximumDailyLoad 0.038lbs 0.038lbs TNEffluent 18mg/l 9mg/l TNEffluent 70% 70% TNReduction 60mg/l 30mg/l TN,Influent 250 500 Flow,gpd House2 House1 Familyoffour

PAGE 152

5/25/2005 1 DecentralizedOverview MarkD.Repasky,PE WastewaterSpecialist

PAGE 153

5/25/2005 2 BecauseinFlorida, It sthe water,stupid. Whenthewater sbrown, ain t noone comingdown.

PAGE 154

5/25/2005 3 Plentyofstudieshavebeen done Weknowwhatworks Andunderwhatconditions Severalthingslacking: GoodEngineeringdesign GoodQualityControlduringinstallation ProfessionalmanagementforongoingO&M

PAGE 155

5/25/2005 4 Currentstatusquo DOHregulates Hasincompletemanagementmandate,and inadequatefundingforsame Maintenanceentitiestoofragmented, alsohaveinadequateratestructure

PAGE 156

5/25/2005 5 InstituteEPALevelV Managementstructurefor allnewconstructionnot connectedtocentralsewer Mustbedone inquantity for wholesaleasopposedtoretailcosts EPAModelCodeexists

PAGE 157

5/25/2005 6 Utility,LevelV Supplies Installs Maintains Billingissameasanyutility: On siteTreatmentSystems Clustersystems(partsofneighborhoods) Packageplants

PAGE 158

5/25/2005 7 Specifytreatmentlevels baseduponsitesensitivity Location Springshed Waterfront Nearwater Isolatedfromwater Soilconditions

PAGE 159

5/25/2005 8 Forexistingsystems LevelIVorLevelV Retrofitbaseduponsitesensitivity,as required

PAGE 160

5/25/2005 9 Whatproblemsdoes onsite/decentralizedsolve? NIMBY:WWTP Landexpense,directaswellasindirectcost andtimelostduringacquisition Controls withoutstifling developmentand density Virtuallyeverypropertyinourareaalready hasanonsitesystem;theysimplyneedtobe upgraded,properlymaintained,and managed

PAGE 161

5/25/2005 10 COSTFORCOLLECTIONSYSTEMS:ZERO $$canbeusedfortreatment,management Reuseforlandscapeirrigation:demand reduction Rapiditywithwhichwecanattackproblem systems/triage Concurrency:installasneeded Rewardsthosethatdo(andespeciallyhave already)donetherightthingbyinstallingan appropriateonsitetreatmentsystem Stormwaterworkcanbedoneoneachsiteat thesametime

PAGE 162

5/25/2005 11 Additionalcapacityviasoiltreatment Nopoint sourcedischargeofpartially treatedwastewatertosurfacewaters Maintenanceofambiencethru promulgationofnative/desirable species,irrigatedwithreusewater Thisisaccomplishedonsite,without delay,withoutseveredisruptionof citylifeandconcomitantindirect costs

PAGE 163

5/25/2005 12 Othernotes Drip:ifdoseproperly,soilnever saturated,thenwatermustgoupvia capillaryaction,evapotranspiration noimpactupongroundwater Irrationalrulesandrequirementscan SEVERELYimpactcostefficiency

PAGE 164

5/25/2005 13 Wakulla SpringsPark& LodgeSepticsystem Anytreatmentadded? Wassimplylargetanks,dosed drainfield,nearspring Transientsystemslikethese sometimesconcentrateonammonia, convertingtonitrate,anddumping intodrainfield/soil/groundwater

PAGE 165

1 OnsiteSystems,Nutrients,andthe Wakulla Springshed ByEberhardRoeder,Ph.D.,P.E. BureauofOnsiteSewagePrograms FLDept.ofHealth,DivisionofEnvironmentalHealth WakullaSymposium May12,2005

PAGE 166

2 Howdoseptic/onsitesystemswork? Whatcanbedoneaboutnutrients? Whatarebestmanagementpractices? WhataresuggestionsfortheWakulla Springshed ? OutlineofthePresentation

PAGE 167

3 Howdoonsitesystemswork? 2feetbetweenbottom ofdrainfieldand seasonalhighwater table Groundwater SepticTank AerobicTreatmentUnit PerformanceBased TreatmentSystem

PAGE 168

4 (Average)TreatmentExpectations <1 <1 <10 <5 TP (mg/L) PBTS <10 <10 <10 FloridaKeys ATU <20 <20 SecondaryTreatment <3 <5 <5 AdvancedWastewater Treatment PBTS <20 <10 <10 AdvancedSecondary Treatment 25 40 <5 <5 StandardSepticsystem belowdrainfieldat groundwaterinterface System Type TN (mg/L) TSS (mg/L) cBOD5 (mg/L)

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5 Whatcanbedoneaboutnutrients? Nosewage Limitflowand/ornumberofOSTDSperacre.Thisapproachhasb een inFloridaOSTDSrulesforatleast30years. IncreasedTreatment: Recycletoplants(drip irrigation,generallyinconjunctionwithan ATU) High performancetreatmentatonsitescale(testedinKeys DemonstrationStudy,proposedforWekiva). Naturalattenuation: Insomeareas,nitrogenandphosphorusdecreasesubsequenttoth e drainfieldinthegroundwateranddon tappeartoaffectsurface water(StGeorgeIslandStudy,IndianRiverLagoonStudy). Insomeareasthisnaturalattenuationprocessappearstobeles s important(LakeOkeechobeeStudy,KarstStudy)

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6 KarstStudy ManateeSpringsStateParkBathHouses Rapidtransportoftracers Nitrateconcentrationsinexcessof drinkingwaterstandardsatmany monitoringwells Phosphoruselevated Fewfecalcoliformobservations RiverFront Upland(Ontopofcave)

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7 ConceptualFlowModel:Upland ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? Drainfield Cave SueSink ManateeSpring 0.4 0.6 12 21 0.6 0.1 AverageNitrate Concentration(mg/L) ~60feet

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8 M 4Core poorrecovery,washout 30mediumsand washout,poorrecovery 15mediumsand 34.4 packstone Screen16.2 26.2 M 2Core 25.5 packstone Screen7 17 8.1 7.0 6.0fine,mediumsand 6.5 wackestone 12.5 packstone 3ftofwashout6.5 11.5 19mediumsand 4.5fine,mediumsand M 1Core 25.7 packstone 26.5 wackestone 31.5 packstone 6.6poorrecovery rubbly limestone ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? K=4.4E 4cm/s K=3.4E 4cm/s K=1.7E 4cm/s K=9.6E 5cm/s K=5.7E 5cm/s K=4.0E 4cm/s K=5.2E 7cm/s K=2.7E 4cm/s K=1.3E 4cm/s K=5.2E 6cm/s K=1.9E 4cm/s M 3Core 8.0mediumsand 8.6 packstone Screen10 20 8.4fine,mediumsand poorrecovery 22.5 packstone 35 wackestone Screen19.3 29.3 4.5 5.9 10mediumsand 30.0 packstone M 4Core 11.7 packstone 17 wackestone 25 wackestone K=1.0E 7cm/s K=2.8E 4cm/s K=1.5E 5cm/s K=5.0E 6cm/s K=failedduetochanneling K=1.4E 5cm/s K=4.4E 4cm/s K=3.3E 5cm/s K=3.2E 5cm/s K=6.0E 3cm/s ????? ????? ????? ConceptualFlowModel:RiverFront M 2Core M 1Core ??? ??? M 3Core ????? ????? ????? Drainfield Groundwater ~30feet AverageNitrate Concentration(mg/L) 29 23 15 0.3 SuwanneeRiver

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9 DeltaN 15asindicatorofN sourceinresidentialdrinking waterwellsintheWakulla Springsarea <3 artifical fertilizer >10animals/sewage Datafrom Chellette ,Prattand Katz,2002 WakullaSprings NitrogenintheWakulla Springshed

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10 WhatareFlorida smanagementpractices? http:// www.epa.gov/owm/septic/pubs/septic_guidelines.pdf StandardSepticSystems: Homeownereducation Designandconstruction(watertableseparation,soiltextures) standards Missing:regularinspectionandmaintenancerequirement Aerobictreatmentunits: Unitsthird partytestedtomeetperformancecriteria. Operatingpermitrequireshomeownercontractwithqualified maintenanceentity. Regularinspectionrequired Performance basedtreatmentsystems: Engineer designedandinmostcasesthird partytested Operatingpermitrequireshomeownercontractwith qualifiedmaintenanceentity Regularinspectionandsamplingrequired Somedemonstration/pilotprojectshaveexplored sewerdistrictswithauthorityoveronsitesystems toachievereliablemaintenanceandmonitoring. EPAemphasizesthissolution.

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11 SomeSuggestionsfortheWakulla Springshed Whatistheproblem? Nutrientcontributionstogroundwater(22% forTN) orpossiblepathogen indicatorcontributionsto stormwater fromfailingsystems Whereisnaturalattenuationineffective? Springvulnerabilitymappingandgroundwatermonitoringtoconfi rmpriority (unconfined)areasforprotection Whatisaneffectivemixofapproaches? Nnutrient reducingtreatmentinvulnerableareasbyeitheronsitesystems, DEP packageplantsorconnectiontoalargerWWTP. Afundingandcoordinatingentitywillbenecessary,especially toinvolveonsite systems,whichservemostlypopulationsintheurbanfringeand ruralareas (counties) Furtherinformationaboutonsiteresearch http://www.doh.state.fl.us/environment/ostds/research/researchre ports.htm

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TheOrlandoEasterlyWetlands MarkSees CityofOrlando WastewaterDivision

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Built/operatedby Built/operatedby CityofOrlando CityofOrlando ReceivesAWT ReceivesAWT effluentfromIron effluentfromIron BridgeWWTF BridgeWWTF Florida Florida Orlando Orlando St.JohnsRiver St.JohnsRiver OEW OEW IronBridge IronBridge WWTF WWTF OrangeCo. OrangeCo. SeminoleCo. SeminoleCo. OrlandoEasterlyWetland(OEW)

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InJulyof1987theOrlandoEasterlyWetlands beganreceivingflowfromIronBridge. 1Mile

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TheOEWisdividedinto3differentflowtrainsfor maintenanceandoperationalflexibility. 1Mile

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Influent

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OEWWaterQuality TN 2.4mg/l TP 0.28mg/l TSS <1.0mg/l NH3N <0.1mg/l BOD 1.5mg/l Influent TN 0.80mg/l TP 0.06mg/l TSS <1.0mg/l NH3N <0.1mg/l BOD 1.8mg/l Effluent

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OEWKeyFeatures TheOEWrepresentstheworld'sfirstlargescaleman made wetlanddesignedtotreatreclaimedwaterandprovide wildlifehabitat! Over2,000,000aquaticplantswereinstalledandover 200,000treestocreatethisimpressive,viablewetlands! Thesystemreceivesapproximately20,000,000gallonsof reclaimedwastewatereachday. Ittakesapproximately30daysforthewatertotravel throughthetreatmentsystem. Over12,000peoplevisittheParkannually. TheOEWhaswonnumerousawards. RepresentsacosteffectivesolutionforWastewaterDisposal.

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PrimaryDeepMarshSpecies: CattailsandGiantBulrush

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Themixedmarshcontainsover60 emergent,submergedandfloatingleaved aquaticplants.

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Thediversityofplants promotesincrediblewildlife habitat!!

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Periodicharvestingofthemuck rejuvenatesthenutrientremoval capacity.

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Treatmentcellsare reflooded andreplanted.

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WaterQualityPerformance ThroughtheWetlands OrlandoEasterlyWetlandsTotalPhosphorus Profile 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 DistancefromInfluent(feet) m g / L HistoricalAvg(1988-2004)

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WaterQualityPerformance ThroughtheWetlands OrlandoEasterlyWetlandsTotalNitrogenProfile 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 DistanceFromOEWInfluentStructure(ft) T o t a l N i t r o g e n C o n c e n t r a t i o n ( m g / L ) HistoricalAverage(1988-2004) WP1 WP2 MM7 HS9 HS10

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TheOEWisopenasaPublic Park.Approximately12,000 visitorsperyear.

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AnyQuestions?

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1 1000FriendsofFlorida 1000FriendsofFlorida PresentationonMay12,2005 PresentationonMay12,2005 Presenter:Kart Presenter:Kart Vaith Vaith /CDM /CDM vaithk@cdm.com vaithk@cdm.com WastewaterTreatmentcanbereally WastewaterTreatmentcanbereally simpleanditisinallourcontrol simpleanditisinallourcontrol QuitProducingit(andwe QuitProducingit(andwe llfindwaystoquit llfindwaystoquit treatingandgettingridofit) treatingandgettingridofit) QUOTEATMANYWASTEWATEROPERATOR QUOTEATMANYWASTEWATEROPERATOR TRAININGSCHOOLS TRAININGSCHOOLS

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2 Wastewatertreatmentplanteffluenthasonly Wastewatertreatmentplanteffluenthasonly twoplacestogo:surfacewaterand/or twoplacestogo:surfacewaterand/or groundwater groundwater Whatwedowiththetreatedwastewater Whatwedowiththetreatedwastewater defineswhat defineswhat sneededfortreatment sneededfortreatment GroundwaterDischarges: GroundwaterDischarges: LandApplication(slowrate) LandApplication(slowrate) Reuse,etc. LandApplication(highrate) LandApplication(highrate) Rapidinfiltrationbasins Exfiltration trenches,etc. Injection Injection SurfaceWaterDischarges SurfaceWaterDischarges WetlandsTreatmentSystems WetlandsTreatmentSystems Intosurfacewaterbodies Intosurfacewaterbodies Biosolids Biosolids Treatmentrequirementsaredefined Treatmentrequirementsaredefined similarly,andarenotconsideredinthis similarly,andarenotconsideredinthis presentation presentation Wastewaterdisposalapplicationratesand Wastewaterdisposalapplicationratesand effluentparameterlimitsaredictatedby effluentparameterlimitsaredictatedby stringentFDEPregulations stringentFDEPregulations 1. 1. Receivingwater Receivingwater characteristics characteristics Surfacewaterdischarges Surfacewaterdischarges 1.Groundwaterconstraints 1.Groundwaterconstraints Injection(ClassIorV) Injection(ClassIorV) 1. 1. Groundwaterconstraints Groundwaterconstraints GroundWaterDischarge GroundWaterDischarge withrapidrateland withrapidrateland application application 1. 1. Agronomicuptakerates Agronomicuptakerates 2. 2. Groundwaterconstraints Groundwaterconstraints GroundWaterDischarge GroundWaterDischarge withslowrateland withslowrateland application application LimitingParameters(key LimitingParameters(key parametersfromFDEP parametersfromFDEP regulations) regulations) DisposalMethod DisposalMethod

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3 WastewaterTreatmenttechnologiesmust WastewaterTreatmenttechnologiesmust considereffluentdisposalneeds considereffluentdisposalneeds 1.NeedtoreduceTNbelow2 1.NeedtoreduceTNbelow2 3mg/Lmoot 3mg/Lmoot duetobird/animalhabitatandalgae duetobird/animalhabitatandalgae WetlandsDisposal WetlandsDisposal 1.LessstringentcriteriathanClassV 1.LessstringentcriteriathanClassV ClassIInjection ClassIInjection 1. 1. Needtomeetmorestringentcriteria Needtomeetmorestringentcriteria 2. 2. Drinkingwaterlimitsmayapply Drinkingwaterlimitsmayapply ClassVInjection ClassVInjection 1. 1. Toomuchnitrogenremovalwillresultin Toomuchnitrogenremovalwillresultin farmer/homeowneraddingfertilizer farmer/homeowneraddingfertilizer 2. 2. SomeTN/TPlimitsareappropriate SomeTN/TPlimitsareappropriate Reuse Reuse ConventionalWastewaterTreatmentwill ConventionalWastewaterTreatmentwill meetreasonableeffluentparametersof meetreasonableeffluentparametersof 20/20/10* 20/20/10* NH 3 O 2 NO 3 O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 BOD Biomass Secondary Clarifier ClarifiedEffluent 10 20mg/lN Excess Biomass (6 10%N) *WastewatereffluentconcentrationsarereportedasBOD/TSS/N/P

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4 BiologicalNutrientRemoval(BNR)wastewater BiologicalNutrientRemoval(BNR)wastewater treatmentwillremoveahighpercentageoftotal treatmentwillremoveahighpercentageoftotal nitrogen nitrogen Aerobic (Cremoval) Anoxic (Nremoval) N 2 NO 3 Food NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NH 3 O 2 NO 3 O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 Denitrifying(facultativeheterotrophic) Denitrifying(facultativeheterotrophic) bacteria bacteria Food(BODormethanol) Food(BODormethanol) Nitrate Nitrate Nooxygen Nooxygen EnvironmentalConditionsFor EnvironmentalConditionsFor Denitrification Denitrification mustbeCreatedforNitrogen mustbeCreatedforNitrogen Removal Removal Anoxic Condition Alkalinity N 2 NO 3 Food Bacteria NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3 NO 3

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5 ModifiedLudzack ModifiedLudzack Ettinger(MLE)can Ettinger(MLE)can meetlimitsof5/5/6 meetlimitsof5/5/6 Secondary Clarifier Aeration ReturnActivated Sludge Sand Filter WasteActivated Sludge TRADITIONAL Secondary Clarifier Aeration ReturnActivatedSludge Sand Filter WasteActivated Sludge Anoxic 5 5 StageBardenpho StageBardenpho canproduce canproduce effluentparametersof5/5/3/1 effluentparametersof5/5/3/1 Secondary Clarifier Aeration ReturnActivated Sludge Sand Filter WasteActivated Sludge TRADITIONAL Secondary Clarifier Aeration ReturnActivatedSludge Sand Filter WasteActivatedSludge Anoxic Anaerobic Anoxic Reaeration InternalRecycle

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6 3 3 StageBardenpho StageBardenpho w/DenitrificationFilterscan w/DenitrificationFilterscan produceaneffluentof5/5/2/1 produceaneffluentof5/5/2/1 Secondary Clarifier Aeration ReturnActivatedSludge Sand Filter WasteActivated Sludge TRADITIONAL Secondary Clarifier Aeration ReturnActivatedSludge Denitrification SandFilter WasteActivatedSludge Anoxic Anaerobic InternalRecycle Methanol Choosingtherighttechnologyforimplementation Choosingtherighttechnologyforimplementation iscriticaltomanageutilityrates iscriticaltomanageutilityrates Approximately$60millionfor20 Approximately$60millionfor20 mgd mgd 20/20/10+/ 20/20/10+/ Conventional Conventional Approximately$130millionfor20 Approximately$130millionfor20 mgd mgd 5/5/2/1+/ 5/5/2/1+/ Bardenpho Bardenpho with with filtration filtration Approximately$110millionfor20 Approximately$110millionfor20 mgd mgd 5/5/3/1+/ 5/5/3/1+/ Bardenpho Bardenpho without without filtration filtration Approximately$90millionfor20 Approximately$90millionfor20 mgd mgd 5/5/6+/ 5/5/6+/ MLEwith MLEwith filtration filtration ApproximateCostforLiquidTreatment ApproximateCostforLiquidTreatment Train(SolidsHandlingwillcostmore) Train(SolidsHandlingwillcostmore) Effluent Effluent Parameters Parameters Treatment Treatment Method Method

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7 Inconclusion,planningtomeeteffluent Inconclusion,planningtomeeteffluent limitswilldriveleveloftreatment,butthere limitswilldriveleveloftreatment,butthere arelimits arelimits Treatingtotheappropriatelevelis Treatingtotheappropriatelevelis important,difficulttotreatbetterthan important,difficulttotreatbetterthan 5/5/2 5/5/2 Overtreatingcanresultinadditionalcosts Overtreatingcanresultinadditionalcosts fornobenefit: fornobenefit: Treatingwithanutrientremovalprocess Treatingwithanutrientremovalprocess andthendisposingtheeffluentthrough andthendisposingtheeffluentthrough reusemayrequirefertilizeraddition reusemayrequirefertilizeraddition Determiningthedesiredeffluentlevelof Determiningthedesiredeffluentlevelof BOD,TSS,TN,andTP(ifapplicable)will BOD,TSS,TN,andTP(ifapplicable)will allowcostoptimizationfortheratepayers allowcostoptimizationfortheratepayers

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Hydrogeology Workshop 2005 TallahasseeFL MartyWanielista StormwaterAcademy www.stormwater.ucf.edu WaterBudgets SolvingWaterPollutionProblemsinthe WakullaSpringshedofNorthFlorida

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Thanksto: EricLivingston,FDEP Rick Renna ,FDOT Richard Deadman ,FDCA ManyStudents MikeHess,GreenTime NinaPowers,SarasotaCounty GerryHartman,HartmanConsulting

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Florida:WaterCrisis SpringFlowisdecreasingwhenwaterbudgetsarenotmaintained Referto: www.stormwater.ucf.edu

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# Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y M A R I O N L A K E P O L K O S C E O L A B R E V A R D O R A N G E S E M I N O L E 4 0 3 0 2 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 7 0 3 0 3 0 2 0 8 0 1 0 W a t e r b o d y C o u n t y b o u n d a r y M o d e l b o u n d a r y P o t e n t i o m e t r i c c o n t o u r # Y F l o r i d a n a q u i f e r s p r i n g 8 0 8 1 6 M i l e s N L e g e n d F i g u r e 1 : E s t i m a t e d a v e r a g e 1 9 9 5 p o t e n t i o m e t r i c s u r f a c e o f t h e U p p e r F l o r i d a n a q u i f e r ( a d a p t e d f r o m K n o w l e s e t a l 1 9 9 5 a n d O R e i l l y e t a l 1 9 9 6 ) GroundwaterElevations Florida:WaterCrisis

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# Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y 4 0 3 0 5 0 6 0 2 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 1 3 0 2 0 4 0 2 0 2 0 3 0 6 0 1 0 M A R I O N L A K E P O L K O S C E O L A O R A N G E B R E V A R D S E M I N O L E V O L U S I A L a y e r 2 i n a c t i v e L a k e C o u n t y b o u n d a r y M o d e l b o u n d a r y P o t s u r f a c e L a y e r 2 # Y F l o r i d a n a q u i f e r s p r i n g 8 0 8 1 6 M i l e s N L e g e n d I I III III I I I I RockSpring SectionsAlongtheRockSpring Florida:WaterCrisis

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Florida:WaterCrisis

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Florida:WaterCrisis 99.9%confidentspringflowisdecreasing

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SpringshedWaterCrisis April5,2004OrlandoSentinel ManateeRefugeFacingWaterCrisis,StudySays Fast growingVolusiaCountywillhavetorely lessonwellsthatuseBlueSpring saquifer TokeepBlueSpringflowingformanatees, VolusiaCountyresidentsneedtobepreparedfor afuturewithoutcheapundergroundwellwater

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SpringshedWaterCrisis April11,2004OrlandoSentinel ExpecttoPayMoreForSipofTapWater Asundergroundsuppliesnearthelimit,utilities turntosurfacewater pumpingfromriverswillbringseriousharmto watersalreadysickenedbydecadesofpollution pumpmorethanthecurrentratefromthe Floridan Aquifer andthatrisksdryingup overlyingwetlands,springsandevenlakes OneCountywashitwithstaggeringprojections thatitmayneeda$350millionwaterplant

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RainfallandStormwater Harvesting ExpandSources Rainbarrels Greenroofs withCisterns IrrigationPonds RetentionAreas GettheWastewaterandWaterfolksto workwiththestormwaterfolks .Water iswater NOTE: Alsoprovidesstoredwaterforemergencies (i.e.losingthewaterplantduringahurricane!) Florida:WaterSolutions

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Workingtogether Needtoexpandoutsourcesofwater %ofWastewater thatisReused basedonper capitauseof ReclaimedWater 0 100 Collier Flagler Osceola Orange Seminole Okaloosa Lee Leon Walton IndianRiver Manatee Bradford CountiesinFlorida Source:2001ReuseInventory(7) WaterReuseforFlorida4/15/03

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Florida:WaterSolutions SmartStormwaterDevelopmentsomeexamples Depressionareas,reverse berms ,swales PerviousConcreteandotherperviouscover ReducePPPPointlessPersonalPollution(oildisposal, grassclippings,petwaste,erosioncontrol) GreenRoofs IrrigationPonds ANDALLsowedonothavetoendangerourhealthand safety,ordriveinwater..

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PerviousParkingLotinFlorida Florida:WaterSolutions

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Sidewalksalso

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ResultsatTestCells 1.45 1.21 1/25/05 CoreB 1.48 1.37 1/25/05 CoreA 1.45 1.03 1/21/05 CoreB 1.03 0.93 1/21/05 CoreA 1.21 0.89 1/20/05 CoreB 1.16 0.85 1/20/05 CoreA 2.51 2.27 1/03/05 CoreC 2.41 1.49 1/19/05 CoreB 2.40 1.94 1/19/05 CoreA Infiltration Rate(in/hr) Volumeof Rainfall(in) TestDate TestLocation

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GreenRoofs RenderingofGreenRoofattheUniversityofCentralFlorida Objectivesare: Maintainthewaterbalance Reducethestormwaterpollution Reducetheinternalenergydemandforcoolingandheating.

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PlantSelectionbasedon: Perennialwithcolor,preferablywoody(havingsecondary growth),creepingprostrate,orshrubbyplantswithfullsun, hightemperature,lowsoilnutrient,andseveredrought tolerances. Shallow,fibrousrootinghabit Coldhardinesstojustbelowfreezing GreenRoofs

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(Continued)PlantSelectionbasedon: Noseverepestproblemsorspecialhorticulturalrequirements Floridanativespeciespreferredwhensuitableandavailable Evergreenfoliagepreferred,tomaintainhigherETandcover andattractivenessallyear Bloomorfruitdisplaydesirablebutnotmandatory FloridaNativeDuneorBeachSunflowerHelianthus Deblis GreenRoofs

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UCFStudentUnion GreenRoofs

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Florida:WaterCrisis MediaSelectionCriteria: Lightweight Plantscantakerootinit Capacitytoholdwater SelectedMedia: ExpandedClay:42 48LBS/CF 25 32%waterholding TireBlackandGold:30LBS/CF 30%waterholding(estimated) GreenRoofs

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Landscaping Solutions: UseStormwaterIrrigationPonds ReduceSod Rightplant,rightplace(considernativeplants) Waterefficiently RetentionAreasforinfiltration

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Reduce Sodded Areas Reducecostsandenergyuse Shadethesoiltolowersoiltemperature andreducemoisturelossandweeds Lawnmowerinusefor1hourproducesas muchairpollutantsasdrivingacarfor350 miles Replacenon essentiallawnareas withmulchedlandscapedbeds

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RightPlant,RightPlace Plantselectioniscritical Reducemaintenancecosts Reducewateruse Reducepesticideuse(manynative plantsareinherentlyresistant Reducefertilizationrequirements Attractwildlife

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RetentionAreaAlternatives Inlieuofsod: Landscapefabricandrip rap Rockstoreplicateanaturalstreambed NativePlants,suchas Fakahatchee grass, andAlligator lillies preventerosion Nativewildflowersre seedconstantly, providingslopestabilizationandbeauty

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RetentionAreaAlternatives DetentionPond Aquascaping Uplandvegetationandsemi emergent speciesreduceerosionandpollutantrun off Landscapingalongshorelineprovides beneficialwildlifehabitatandlooksmore natural

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RainBarrels Economicalternatesupplyofwater Supplementsthedemandfor municipalwater Lowquantitiesofanychemicals and/ordissolvedsalts Plantsflourishmorewithrainwater thanmunicipalwater( b/c ofthe nutrientsinrainwater) Collectionofrainwatercanhelp reduceerosion Collectionofrainwatercanhelp meetTMDL s

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MorewaterfallsonatypicalFloridabuildinginayear thanweneed! Considera15,000sq.ft.2 storyofficebuilding Approximately100occupants 7,500sqftofroofwith50inchesofraincouldgenerate= 233,750gallonsperyear(neglectinginefficiencies) Dividing233,750gallonsamong100peoplefor250work daysinayearallowseachoccupantmorethan9gallons perday. RainwaterHarvesting

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Irrigationaccountsfornearly50%ofthepotablesupply Potablesuppliesaredecreasing Reclaimedwaterisbeingusedtoamaximum Thususestormwatertoirrigate StormwaterIrrigation MaintaintheBalance

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IslandLake, WinterPark,Florida IrrigationPond CityCostis$0.07per 1000gallons

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Upscale residential SomeCommercial NoCUP NoFPSC 50 /1,000gallons Shallowwells Customeragreements 900homes HOA Coastal/fragileresource SouthBayUtilitiesInc.

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Approximately32,000acre servicearea Lowerpotablewater requirements Exclusiveservicearea 27 /1,000gallonsFPSC Horizontalwells,lakes,canals, shallow4 wells Useofapproximately4MGD SchroederManateeUtilities,Inc. TestPumpingHorizontalWell

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UndevelopedWatershed P=65 E=10 ET=35 R=4 F=16 Yearlyratesexpressedasinches

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DevelopedWatershed P=65 20%DCIA,noWaterBudgetManagement R=17 E=14 ET=23 F=11

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StormwaterIrrigationwiththe 20%DCIA P=65 StormwaterManagementwithPre=PostDischarge Nochangeinstormwaterpondsize R=4 E=14 ET=28 F=19

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NitrateRemoval Input+2mg/L Input+1mg/L StormwaterInput Output,4footblowthesurface IrrigationofDetainedStormwaterDoesNotaffectthe NitrateConcentrationofGroundwater

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Hydrogeology Workshop 2005 MartyWanielista StormwaterAcademy www.stormwater.ucf.edu QUESTIONSandDISCUSSION

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Yesterday...

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Trees,clouds,fishseenfrom60feetdown

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Crystal clearwater

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Greatswimming

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Wasfavoritediverdestination First ratediving

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ThehealthoftheSpringsisdeclining... Today...

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NuisanceplantshaveinvadedtheSprings...

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Hydrilla attack! Hydrilla witha vengeance!

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Ontopofthe Hydrilla ,thealga Spirogyra grows:

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TheSpringsarelesssuitablethanin thepast,for: swimming glass bottomboatrides diving wildlifeviewing

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Howbadisthedecline? Enterthebiologists,tocomputea S tream C ondition I ndex ( SCI ).

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The SCI isameasureofthestream s qualityas habitat .Doesthestream support: Aflourishingsystemofnativeplants? Healthyreproducingnativefish andotherlargeanimals? Diversesmall,nativeanimals?

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Biologistscollect samplesto determinethe SCI .* *StreamConditionIndex

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Biologistscollect samplesto determinethe SCI .* *StreamConditionIndex

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HowdoesWakullaSpringsRate? Ratedinfive SCI studies... ...POOR WakullaSprings SCI scorewas

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WakullaSprings rankingrelativeto otherriversinthestate? THEBOTTOM 20PERCENT TheWakullaRiverison Florida slistof impairedrivers. WHY?

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Onemajorproblem: Nitrate concentrationsaremuchhigher thaninthepast... Andweknowthat... Hydrilla and Spirogyra thriveonhigh nitrates.

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Todayversusyesterday: Historically,nitrateinthe Springs waterwasbelow 0.2 mg/liter Today,nitraterangesfrom 0.6to above1.0mg/liter

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Anotherproblem: Phosphates areothersubstancesof concern. Howcantheseproblems beremedied?

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From25yearsof DEP assessments, 55percent ofthenitrates and 40percent ofthephosphates Tosupportourtraditionalusesof thesprings weneedtoremove:

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Accordingtoastudybythe NWFWMD ,* 80 percent ofthenitratesinthewater flowingtoWakullaSpringscanbe properlymanagedandcontrolled Thefindingsfollow... NWFWMD=NorthwestFloridaWaterManagementDistrict

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Let sfocusonthe nitrates in wastewater Majorcontributorsofnitratesare: Sewagesludge Sewageeffluent Animaldroppings(manure) Commercialfertilizer

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Arethenitratescoming fromoursewage treatment facilities? Enterthegroundwater scientists,totrackthe undergroundflowsofwater...

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WakullaRiverNutrientStudy Nitrateloadingasanindicatorof nonpointsourcepollutioninthelower St.Marks WakullaRiverswatershed AngelaCheletteandThomasE.Pratt NorthwestFloridaWaterManagementDistrict 2002

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Twositesareofinterest: TheAirport togetherwithanareaofthe NationalForestthatliesnexttoit The Sprayfield /Farm ThisiswheretheCityspreadsthe sewagesludge fromitstreatmentplants ThisiswheretheCityspraysits sewage effluent andrunsafarmingoperation and

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Noticethesemap locations: Sprayfield Sprayfield/Farm Airport Wakulla Springs Airport TALLAHASSEE Tallahassee WakullaSprings

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Nowlookhow theground waterflows: Sprayfield Airport Wakulla Springs

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Sludge spreadnext totheAirport= 3 tonsaday Sewage effluent appliedtothe Sprayfield = 20 milliongallonsaday Sludge and effluent arerichinnitrates.

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Howdothenitratesgetinto thedeepgroundwater? Thegroundsurfaceisathin veneerofsand Porouslimestoneliesbelowthe sand Thesearethecharacteristicsofa karstplain

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THEWOODVILLE KARSTPLAIN Thinsand, Porous limestone beneath

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Tallahasseeliesonthickclay north ofthekarstplain ButboththeAirportand theSprayfieldlie on the karstplain Most ofthenitratesentering thegroundwatergetinfrom sourcesonthekarstplain

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High Medium LowN Nitratesin areawells:

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0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 N i t r a t e m g / l NitrateTrend CityofTallahassee sDrinking WaterSupplyWells Wells south oftheCity

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0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 N i t r a t e m g / l NitrateTrend CityofTallahassee sDrinking WaterSupplyWells Wells south oftheCity

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ChangesinnitratesinWell #SE22 areclosely followedbychangesatWakullaSprings: WakullaSprings Well #SE22 Nextslideshows locationofWell#SE22

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City Sprayfield: City Monitoring Well#SE22:

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Well# SE 22 is: 100feetdeep Hasyielded25yearsofdata IntheflowpathtoWakullaSprings and Directlysouthofthesprayfield

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In WakullaSprings Underthe Sprayfield In Woodville 0 2 4 6 8 10 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 N i t r a t e 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 N i t r a t e 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 N i t r a t e (1 : 5000) Nitratesalongtheflowpathhaveallrisen:

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Soweshouldfocusonthe AirportandtheSprayfield AIRPORT: The sprayfield isnotworkingasit should ThespreadingofsludgeattheAirport issupposedtohaltinayearortwo Nosludgeshouldbespreadonthe karstplain SPRAYFIELD:

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Thetheoryofthesprayfield/farm: Pipetreated sewage effluenttothe farmand sprayitonthe fields... (continued)

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Thetheory(continued): Spraytheeffluentoveracropthatwill takeupthenitrate. Thenremovethecrop. Nearlypurewaterwillsinkdown throughthesoilintothegroundwater. Thiswas state of the art tertiary treatmentofsewagewhenthesprayfield wentin,in1980.

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Today,some 20gallonsaday are sprayed... Thesprayfieldisnowhandling muchmoresewageeffluent: In1980, 7gallonsaday weresprayed Andtheloadisstillgrowing.

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Immensevolumesofwateraresprayed: 30feetperyear(morethaninthe Amazonrainforest) Thisdrivesthenitratesrapidly belowthecrops rootzone Thenitratesareforced100to200 feetdown sotheyarenottakenup

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Also,theFarmisgrowingcropsfor sale,so Cattlearegrazingthere Fertilizerisaddedtothecrops Andalso:

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Themajornitratecontributorsare: Thesludgespreadattheairport The Sprayfield /Farm Togetherthesecontribute ~50% Allnitratesourcesaresignificantand ALLAREGROWING but

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SummaryofToday sUnderstanding: Hydrilla and algae aredegrading WakullaSprings Themaincauseis highnutrient concentrations Themaincontributorsofnitratesarethe City s sewagedisposal operations

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1. Sprayfield steps 3.Farmoperation 4.Sludgedisposal 5.Planningforgrowth 6. Stormwater runofftreatment 7.Septicsystemmeasures 2.Othertreatedeffluentsteps PossibleStepstoRecovery: Focusonthesesevenareas(seenextslides):

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1.Operatethesprayfieldas originallyintended: Spray~7million gallonsof effluentaday (not>20million gallonsastoday)

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2.Disposeofmosttreatedeffluent offsite outside oftheWakulla springshed : Makeavailabletogolfcourses Giveincentivestootherlarge consumerstousethewater Exploreforestapplication opportunities

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3.Operatethefarmasoriginally intended~ tocontrolnutrients Growcropsthat takeupnitrate Removecrops offsite Usenofertilizer Grazenocattle

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4.Disposeofsludgeoutsidethe Wakulla springshed Treatallsludgebypelletizing Sellinbulktofarmingandother operations

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5.Planandbuildsewagefacilitiestocope withexpectedfuturegrowth: LeonCountyprojects 3,551 more residencesintheWakulla springshed WakullaCountyprojects 71,653 moreresidencesinthe springshed

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HereisoneLeonCountyprojectionto2020: LeonCountyPopulationGrowth 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Decade P o p u l a t i o n

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6.Controlandtreatstormwater runoff 7.Dealwithseptictankproblems: Pinpointandupgradefailing septicsystems Obtainandinstallstate of the arttechnologyforfutureon site wastewatermanagement

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Tomorrow...This? Or this?

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Today... Tomorrow! February24,2005

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RestoreWakullaSpringsNow! Writeletterstothepaper ProducedbyFriendsofWakullaSprings SupporttheWakullaSpringsDefenseFund CallyourCommissioners Displayabumpersticker Jointhe Friendsof W akullaSprings Tellyourfriendstodothesame