INSTITUTE OF FOOD AND
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

FLORIDA
COOPERATIVE
EXTENSION SERVICE

VEGETARIAN

A Vegetable Crops Extension Publication

V ctabic Crops Dc p.irtmcnt 1255 H&DD) Gin..- il FL 32611 Telephonet '-134

I. NOTES OF INTEREST

January 9, 1986

Contents

A. New Publications
B. Vegetable Crops Calendar

II. PESTICIDE UPDATE

A. Cold Weather Handling of
and Surfactants

III. COMMERCIAL VEGETABLES

Liquid Herbicides

Snow Pea and Snap Pea Cultivars
Vegetable Crops Library
What's in the Future for Vegetable Varieties?

IV. VEGETABLE GARDENING

A. Know Your Minor Vegetables Garden Huckleberry

Note:

Anyone is free to use the information in this newsletter.
Whenever possible, please give credit to the authors.

The use of trade names in this publication is solely for
the purpose of providing information and does not
necessarily constitute a recommendation of the product.

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Vegetarian 86-1

I. NOTES OF INTEREST

A. New Publications

Maynard, D. N. and J. M. Stephens. 1985. Vegetable Seed Sources
Veg. Crops Ext. Report 85-1.

Hochmuth, G. J., D. N. Maynard, and T. K. Howe. 1985. Snow Pea
and Snap Pea Cultivar, Fertilizer, and Spacing Studies. Veg.
Crops Res. Report 85-1.

Stall, W. M. and D. H. Teem. 1985. Estimated Effectiveness of
Recommended Herbicides on Selected Common Weeds in Florida
Vegetables. Vegetable Crops Fact Sheet VC-17.

B. Vegetable Crops Calendar

January 23 February 27, 1986. Fruit Production, Citrus, and
Alternatives. Thursday 2-4 P.M., Citrus County Agr. Center,
Inverness. Contact Andy Rose for topics.

February 2 4, 1986. Southern Region ASHS. Florida Center
Hotel, Orlando. Contact Dr. Will Waters, Gulf Coast Research and
Educational Center, Bradenton.

February 5 6, 1986. International Conference on Computers in
Aqric. Extension Programs, Lake Buena Vista.

February 18 20, 1986. Southeastern Agribusiness Computer
Conference and Trade Show, Lakeland Civic Center, Lakeland, FL.

February 19 20, 1986. Florida Seedsmans and Garden Supply
Association/IFAS Seedsmans Seminar. University Centre Hotel,
Gainesville. Contact Dr. Don Maynard, Gulf Coast Research and
Educational Center, Bradenton.

March 21, 1986. Watermelon Institute, 1-5 P.M.
Sheraton-Maitland, Orlando. Contact George Hochmuth, Vegetable
Crops, Gainesville.

March 24, 1986. IFAS Weed Workers. 1304 Fifield Hall,
Gainesville. 1:30 5:00 P.M.

March 25 26, 1986. Florida Weed Science Society. Florida Farm
Bureau Building. Gainesville.

April 28 30, 1986. Commercial Vegetable Crops In-Service
Training, Sanford, Seminole County Agr. Center. Contact George
Hochmuth, Vegetable Crops, Gainesville.

II. PESTICIDE UPDATE

A. Cold Weather Handling of Liquid Herbicides and Surfactants.

The following list is abstracted from an article by R. A.
Schwartzbeck in Weeds Today, Vol. 16, No. 4, 1985.

The list given is up-to-date this year, however manufacturers do
change certain components in the products due to several factors from
time to time. The most important criterion in determining if a
product is usable is the complete absence of crystals and a
homogeneous nature. Be sure to consult the label for up-to-date
information and if specific questions occur, consult the
manufacturer.

Product

Minimum storage
temDerature

Comments

AAtrex 4L
or
Atrazine 4L

Amiben 2E

Amitrol T

Avadex

Balan EC

Banvel II
and
Banvel 4E

No special
handling

320F

320F

32"F

40F

15%

Freezes with no damage
to product.

If exposed to prolonged
cold temperatures, place
in warm storage (50-800F)
for several hours (several
days for drums). Agitate
before using by inverting
the container several times,
or by rolling the drum.

Freezes at 32*F but needs no
special handling as tempera-
tures return to normal.

Place container in a warm
room (720F) for several days
and roll or shake to thor-
oughly mix product.

Avoid freezing. If frozen,
poor weed control may
result. Contact manufac-
turer representative if
product freezes.

Freezes at 150F but com-
pletely redissolves above
that temperature. No
special handling is re-
quired.

Comments

Page 4 is
missing
from the
original
document

Page 5 is
missing
from the
original
document

Minimum storage
temperature

Product

Furloe

General weed
killer

Glean

30F

30F

Warm to 650F and agitate
until product is mixed.

If stored below 300F, warm
to above 50F and agitate
until product is thorough-
ly mixed.

No special handling

Goal 2E

Hoelon

32F

20F

Hyvar XL

Krovar

If product freezes, contact
manufacturer representative.

If stored below 200F, warm
and agitate thoroughly
before using.

If freezing of product
occurs, warm product, then
shake or roll container to
dissolve, contact manu-
facturer representative.

No special handling

Lasso 4E

Lasso MT

Lasso/Atrazine

Lexone 4L

Lorox 4L

32F

No special handling

40F

32F

Avoid freezing

Place in warm room (72F).
Then roll or shake the
container frequently for
several days.

Freezes with no damage to
product.

Place in warm room (720F).
Then roll or shake con-
tainer frequently for sev-
eral days.

If product freezes, warm and
agitate. If product appears
to be lumpy, do not use.
Contact manufacturer
representative.

If product freezes, contact
manufacturer reDresentative.
Do not use product.

Comments

Minimum storage
temperature

Product

Nortron 4F

Oust

40F

Do not let freeze. If this
occurs, call manufacturer
representative.

No special handling

Paraquat + Plus

320F

Poast

Prefar 4E

Dremerge

Princep 4L

Prowl EC

42F

20F

No special handling

40 F

Pyramin FL

Ramrod Flowable &
Ramrod/Atrazine F

Rescue

150F

20%F

32F

Do not let freeze. If
frozen, poor weed control
may occur. Contact
manufacturer representative
if product freezes.

After product warms above
30F agitate thoroughly
before using.

If freezing occurs, warm
product and agitate con-
tainer to dissolve.

Separation may occur at
temperatures below 200F.
Agitate before use.

Freezes with no damage to
product.

If crystals form, place in
warm room and agitate. If
crystals completely dis-
solve, product is usable.
If crystals do not com-
pletely dissolve do not use
product and call manufac-
turer representative.

Warm product to room
temperature and agitate
thoroughly.

Do not allow product to
freeze. If freezing occurs,
contact manufacturer
representative.

Warm to 600F, and roll the
container before using.

Comments

Minimum storage
temperature

productt

Ro-Neet 6E

Roundup

Sencor 4F

Surflan AS

Sutan + 6.7E

Sutazine

Tackle

Til lam 6E

20 OF

No special handling

140F

32 F

Does not freeze

-30F

No special handling

No special handling

Treflan 4E

Treflan MTF

No special handling

If freezing of product occurs
warm and agitate to dissolve
crystals. If crystals do
not dissolve, contact
manufacturer representative.

Freezes with no damage to
product.

Freezes with no damage to
product. Will recon-
stitute as product is
warmed.

If freezing of product
occurs, warm and agitate
to dissolve crystals. If
crystals do not dissolve,
contact manufacturer
representative.

If stored for long periods
below O0F, container should
be rolled to mix product in
case layering may have
occurred.

If stored for long periods
below 0oF, warm to 650F and
and thoroughly agitate.

Freezes with no damage to
product.

If stored for long periods
below O0F, container should
be rolled to mix product.

Place in warm room and
agitate. If crystals
completely dissolve, prod-
uct is usable. If crystals
do not completely dissolve
do not use product and call
manufacturer representative.
'4av be stored in unheated
facilities.

Comments

Minimum storage
Product temperature Comments

Unite 200F Warm to room temperature
(650F) and agitate.

Vernam 7E Does not freeze If stored for long periods
below OF, the container
should be rolled before
using to mix product be-
cause of possible layering.

X-77 spreader No special handling Freezes with no damage to
product. Simply warm to
use.

(Stall Veg. 86-01)

III. COMMERCIAL VEGETABLES

A. Snow Pea and Snap Pea Cultivars.

Commercial production of snap peas and snow peas in Florida has
been very limited, although the crop might be suitable for winter
production in southern Florida and spring production elsewhere in the
state. In addition to the fresh market, processing by freezing offers
another market for snow peas grown in Florida. Research was conducted
at Gainesville and Bradenton to determine appropriate cultivars for
snow and snap peas in Florida.

At both locations, the crop was grown on raised beds with 3 rows
of peas per bed. Spacing for the cultivar trial was 2 in. between
plants in rows spaced 8 in.

Yield data is presented in Table 1. Snow peas tended to produce
higher yields than snap peas. Large variation was noted for earliness
among cultivars. Early cultivars tended to have lower total yields
than later cultivars.

Based on yields, concentration of maturity, and perceived market
acceptance, it appears that snow peas offer more potential than snap
peas as a commercial crop in Florida. 'Mammoth Melting' appears to be
a cultivar worthy of trial because of its high pod quality.

Note: This research was conducted by G. Hochmuth, D. Maynard,
and T. Howe, and more details are available from Research Report
85-01.

(Hocnmuth Veg. 86-01)

Table 1. Yield and pod characteristics of snow pea and snap pea cultivars grown in Gai
Iradentr in in Spring of 1985.

nesville and

Pod
Cultivar Source type

Mkt. Yield
10-lh cartons per
1000 linear bed ft.

Harvest per week (%)
1 2 3 4 5 6

Pod

Colorx Curlingq

Oregon Sivgar Pod
Oregon Sugar Pod II
Sweet Snap
Early Snap
Sugar Snap
Sugar Snap
Mammoth Melting
Sugar Ann
Sugar Daddy
Sugar Bon
Sugar Hon

Oregon Sugar Pod
Oregon Sugar Pod II
Mammoth Melting
Sweet Snap
Sugar Snap
Sugar Snap
Sugar Daddy
Early Snap
Sugar ron
Sugar Ann
Sugar 6iun

Abbott & Cobb
Burpee
Burpee
Abbott & Cobb
Purpee
Abbott & Cobb
lijrpee
Abbott & Cobb
Rurpee
Bi rpee
Abbott & Cobb

Snow
Snow
Snap
Snap
Snap
Snap
Snow
Snap
Snap
Snap
Snap

Burpee
Abbott & Cobb

Burpee

Abbott & Cobb

Gainesville
58 a
57 a
55 a
52 ab
45 bc
41 cd
38 cd
35 cde
34 cde
31 de
25 e

Bradenton
93 a
90 a
81 ab
68 bc
65 bcd
60 cde
49 def
45 efg
32 fg
30 g
29 g

(liqhL green) to 5 (dark green).
1 (most curved) to 5 (no curling).
column followed by same letter are

not significantly different by Duncan's multiple range test,

XColor, 1
YCurlin.4,
Means in
5% level.

-11-

B. Vegetable Crops Library

The following publications are in addition to those listed in the
Vegetarian 85-4:

IPM for Cole Crops and Lettuce. 1985. M. L. Flint (ed.) Univ.
of Calif. Pub. 3307. $15.00.

IPM for Tomatoes. 1982. M. L. Flint (ed.). Univ. of Calif.
Pub. 3274. $15.00.

Both publications are available from Publications, Division of
Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, 6701 San
Pablo Ave., Oakland, CA 94608-1239.

(Maynard Veg. 86-01)

C. What's in the Future for Vegetable Varieties?

Leaders in the California produce industry contributed to an
article, "2001 A Growing Odyssey", that appeared in the 1985 Western
Growers Association Yearbook. They speculated on changes that would
occur in the industry by the turn of the century.

Two prominent vegetable seed industry spokesmen Paul Thomas of
Petoseed and David Thompson of Ferry-Morse Seed Co. looked into
their crystal balls on what changes might occur.

From Paul Thomas' perspective:
The trend toward increased use of F hybrids will continue, and
by the year 2000, most of the vegetables grown will be F1 hybrids
where appropriate.
Specialty crops such as mixed melons (Persian, crenshaw,
casaba), seedless watermelon, oriental vegetables, and many
others will be common in produce departments.
Direct marketing of vegetables will continue to increase, and
this will influence the entire produce industry relative to
acceptance and importance of specialty vegetables.
Seed quality will continue to improve through enhancement and
coating techniques.
Some practical applications of biotechnology will begin to
reach the marketplace and be available to growers.

David Thompson's comments reinforce the likelihood of practical
biotechnology applications. New varieties, perhaps even kinds of
vegetables, with higher yields, earlier maturity, wider adaptation,
better disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, and higher nutritional
value will be available to growers.

Effective extension educational programs are required to bridge
the gap between biotechnology and the vegetable farm. publications,
meetings, demonstrations, and other tried and true extension methods

-12-

will still be useful. It is not too early to be thinking about the
challenge of extension education in the biotechnology era.

(Maynard Veg. 86-01)

IV. VEGETABLE GARDENING

A. Know Your Minor Vegetables Garden Huckleberry

Garden huckleberry (Solanum nigrum var. quineense, also Solanum
melanocerasum All.) is an edible form of the common nightshade weed
plant. Garden huckleberry is also known as quonderberry, wonderberry,
sunberry, morale, morella, petty morel, solanberry, black berried
nightshade, and houndsberry.

Since garden huckleberry is a member of the Solanaceae
(nightshade) family and a close relative of the common nightshade
(Solanum nigrum L.), they are often confused. Common nightshade is
also called black nightshade, ooisonberry, garden nightshade, and
sometimes the deadly nightshade. Common nightshade is often reported
to be poisonous, yet the garden huckleberry appears to be relatively
safe. They should not be confused with the true deadly nightshade,
Solanum dulcamara L. and Atropa belladonna L., both having the
alkaloid solanine in such high concentrations as to make them very
poisonous.

The garden huckleberry plant resembles a sprawling, 2 1/2 foot
tall bell pepper bush. Its leaves are pepper-like, from 3 to 7 inches
long, pointed, and medium green. Leaf stems are 1 to 3 inches long.
Clusters of about 6 small, white flowers are borne along the main
stems, followed in short time by 1/2 inch diameter berries which are
green when immature and black when mature, resembling large wild
huckleberries. Berries are filled with a greenish pulp, mixed with
small, pale yellow seeds (800 seeds per gram).

Uses: Leaves are cooked and eaten as potherb. Berries are eaten
when ripe and sometimes unripe. They are said to have the flavor of a
bitter tomato. Berries are used for making preserves, pies, or cooked
dishes. Leaves are reported to be high in methionine, with a total
protein content of 4 to 6 percent.

Production: Garden huckleberry has been grown in gardens
successfully all around the state of Florida. In garden demonstration
trials at Gainesville, it was seeded in September and yielded ripe
berries from late October through November.

It is suggested that it be grown much like a pepper plant. Sow
seeds about one inch deep at a time that will allow the plant to grow
and mature in warm weather since it is susceptible to cold injury.
Space plants 12 to 24 inches apart. It may be transplanted and a
start may be obtained from a cutting. Mulch such as black plastic is
useful in its culture, but not necessary.

-13-

While no serious pests have been noted in the trial planting here
at Gainesville, it is likely that common pests of other members of the
Solanaceae family would occur from time to time on garden huckleberry.

(Stephens Veg. 86-01)

Prepared by Extension Vegetable Crops Specialists

Dr. D. J. Cantliffe
Chairman

Dr. G. J. Hochmuth t,, L'- 1N
Assistant Professor -'

Dr. M. Sherman
Associate Professor

J. M. Stephens
Associate Professor

Kathleen Delate
Visiting Ext. Agent I

Dr. S. M. Olson
Assistant Professor

Dr. W. M. Stall
Professor

Dr. D. N. Maynard
Professor