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METROPOLITAN DADE COUNTY
PLANNING ADVISORY BOARD

Emil J. Gould, Chairman

Paul Losner, Vice Chairman

Mrs. Harold Kendall

Jay Morton

Thomas F. Palmer

Philip Pearlman

F. Eugene Poe

Gerald F. Shingledecker

Harry Sonz

Joseph A. Turturici

David S. Walker, Jr.

METROPOLITAN DADE COUNTY
BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS

Chuck Hall, Mayor

Earl J. Carroll

Alexander S. Gordon

Harold A. Greene

R. Hardy Matheson

Thomas D. O'Malley

Arthur H. Patten, Jr.

Ben Shepard

Earl M. Starnes

OPEN

REC

SPACE

AND

REACTION

Prepared by;
METROPOLITAN DADE COUNTY PLANNING DEPARTMENT
1351 N. W. 12th STREET MIAMI FLORIDA
and
METROPOLITAN DADE COUNTY PARKS and RECREATION DEPARTMENT
50 S. W. 32nd ROAD MIAMI FLORIDA
FEBRUARY 1969
The preparation of this report was financed in part through an urban planning grant from the Department of
Housing and Urban Development, under provisions of Section 701 of the Housing Act of 1954, as amended.

PROPOSED
MASTER PLAN FOR DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA

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FOREWORD

The Open Space and Recreation Master Plan was pre-
pared jointly by the Metropolitan I)ade County Planning and
Parks and Recreation Departments as part of the county's
continuing comprehensive planning program. This plan is but
one of several elements of the approved General Land Use
Master Plan for which an in depth study is being made. When
approved and adopted by the Metropolitan Dade County
Commissioners, it will officially become an element of the
areawide community facility component of the General Land
Use Master Plan.
Sincere appreciation goes to each agency and individual
assisting in the project. Special recognition is accorded to
members of the Parks and Open Space Study Coordinating
Committee who represented the various levels of city, county,
state and federal government or their agencies that are direct-
ly affected by the plan. The mayor or manager of each muni-
cipality was requested to appoint a representative knowledge-
able about local open space and recreation planning needs to
be on this committee. Also requested for membership were
representatives of the Dade County Board of Public Instruc-
tion, Florida State Board of Parks, Florida Outdoor Recrea-
tion Planning Council, and the Everglades National Park.
Meetings of the committee were subsequently held from time
to time to exchange technical data and information on park
and recreation' facilities and systems in Dade County, discuss
the scope, conduct and technique of approach to the study
and status of work, and secure views on planning considera-
tions and proposals. These meetings established close liaison
between those directly responsible for preparing the study
and the municipalities and other government agencies in-
volved in open space and recreation service in Dade County.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY
Recommendations
Survey
Financing and Administration
Continuing Program

INTRODUCTION
Preparation
Goals and Objectives
Scope
Environmental Factors
Demand
Classification and Standards
Supply
Needs
Beautification
Preserving Open Space
Implementation
Continuing Planning Program

ENVIRONMENT
Land and Water Habitats
Pineland
Hammock
Sand Prairie
Glades
Salt Marsh
Mangrove
Fresh and Salt Water Areas
Unique Natural Areas
Climate
Growth of the Urban Area

RECREATION TRENDS
Resident Demand
Participation
Use-Pressure
Expressed Desires
Tourist Demand

Socio-Economic Factors Affecting Demand
Income
Occupation
Education
Age
Family Composition
Changing Technology
Leisure Time

CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM AND STANDARDS
Classification System
Mini-Parks
Neighborhood Parks
Community Parks
Metropolitan Parks
Nature Preserves
Wayside Parks
Greenways
Ornamental Areas.
Special Activity Areas
Standards
Open Spaces
Recreation Facilities

SUPPLY, POTENTIAL AND PRIORITIES
Areas of Sub-Metropolitan Significance
Areas of Metropolitan Significance
Metropolitan Parks
Nature Preserves
Special Activity Areas
Areas of Metropolitan or Sub-Metropolitan
Significance
Wayside Parks
Ornamental Areas
Supplementary Resources
Public School Facilities
Florida Power and Light Company Rights-of-Way
Highway Rights-of-Way
Canals
Roof Tops
Bus Service

Recreation Facilities
Beaches
Marinas and Boat Ramps
Stadiums
Zoos
Historic Sites

BEAUTIFICATION PROGRAM
Ordinances
Joint Beautification Projects
Urban Renewal
Greenways
Expressways and Major Arterials
Brickell-Old Cutler-Bayshore Parkway
Miami River Parkway
South Dade Canals
Florida Power and Light Company Rights-of-Way

MEANS OF PRESERVING OPEN SPACE
Preferential Property Taxation
Easements or Development Rights
Outright Purchase
Lease
Eminent Domain
Zoning
Subdivision Regulations

46 ACTION PROGRAM
Costs
Methods of Financing
Federal Assistance Programs
State Assistance Programs
Gifts and Trusts
Ad Valorem Taxes
User Fees and Charges
Concession Arrangements
53 Utility Taxes
54 District Taxes
54 General Obligation Bonds
54 Revenue Bonds
55 Revolving Land Acquisition Fund
Administration
Alternate One
Alternate Two
Guidelines
Land Acquisition
Development
Continuing Planning Program

59
59
60
60
do
60
61
61 APPENDIX

List of Figures
1 Land and Water Habitats, Dade County,
Florida 6
2 Cross-Section of Habitats, Dade County,
Florida 9
3 Average Climatical Conditions, Dade County,
Florida 11
4 Urban Growth, Dade County, Florida,
1900-1985 13
5 Percent of Resident Population Participating
in Recreation Activity, Dade County,
Florida, 1968 16
6 Resident Participation in Recreation Activities,
Dade County, Florida, 1968 18
7 Resident and Tourist Population Trends,
Dade County, Florida, 1970-1985 19
8 Distribution of Average Peak Tourist
Population by Month, Dade County,
Florida, 1964 19
9 A Mini-Park Design 24
10 A Neighborhood Park Design 25
11 A Community Park Design 26
12- Master Plan 32
13 Neighborhood Park Needs 34
14 Community Park Needs
15 Metropolitan Parks and Nature Preserves 37
Plan 40
16- Greenway Plan 56

List of Tables
1 Dade County, Florida Standards for Open
Space and Recreation Areas 28
2 Dade County, Florida Standards for Recreation
Facilities 30
3 1968 Sub-Metropolitan Recreation Areas
and 1970-1985 Needs, Dade County, Florida 35
4 Metropolitan Parks and Nature Preserves,
1968 and Proposed 1970-1985 Number and
Acres, Dade County, Florida 35

5 Metropolitan Parks, 1968 and Proposed
Facilities, Acres, Physical Characteristics,
Dade County, Florida
6 Proposed Metropolitan Parks, Facilities,
Acres, Physical Characteristics, 1970-1985,
Dade County, Florida
7 Nature Preserves, 1968 and Proposed
Facilities, Acres, Physical Characteristics,
Dade County, Florida
8 Proposed Nature Preserves, Facilities, Acres,
Physical Characteristics, Dade County,
Florida
9 1968 and Proposed Recreation Facilities at
Existing Special Activity Areas, Dade
County, Florida
10 Supply and Deficiency of Recreation
Facilities, 1968, Dade County, Florida
11 Proposed and Past Trends Open Space and
Recreation Facility Acquisition and Develop-
ment, Capital Cost, Number of Acres, Acres,
1970-1985, Dade County, Florida
12 Open Space and Recreation Facility Annual
Average Operating Costs, Proposed Plans
and Past Trends, Dade County, Florida,
1970-1985
13 Neighborhood and Community Park, Capital
Expenditure Savings from Cooperative Use
of Public School Facilities, Dade County,
Florida, 1970-1985
14 Alternate One. Areas of Metropolitan Signi-
ficance, Capital and Operating Cost Financing,
Proposed Open Space and Recreation Program,
Dade County, Florida, 1970-1985
15 Alternate One. Areas of Sub-Metropolitan
Significance, Capital and Operating Cost
Financing, Proposed Open Space and Recreation
Program, Dade County, Florida, 1970-1985
16 Alternate Two. Areas of Metropolitan
Significance, Capital and Operating Cost
Financing, Proposed Open Space and Recreation
Program, Dade County, Florida, 1970-1985 1

SUMMARY

The Open Space and Recreation Master Plan makes rec-
ommendations for developing open space and recreation
facilities, beautifying the total environment, and preserving
open space. Proposals are chiefly based upon standards de-
veloped as a result of a survey conducted jointly by the Met-
ropolitan Dade County Planning and Parks and Recreation
Departments. Methods of financing, and alternate methods
of administering the program are discussed, and a continuing
planning program is recommended to reflect changing needs.

I

RECOMMENDATIONS

Open Space and Recreation Facilities
A $229.2 million program for county and municipal
development of 9,916 acres of metropolitan parks, nature
preserves, and community and neighborhood parks is pro-
posed for 1985 with $149.4 million to be spent on land ac-
quisition and $79.8 million for development of existing and
proposed areas. Annual operating costs likely will be increased
an average of $17 million between 1970 and 1985.
The proposed plan would increase the acres administered
by the counties or cities to approximately 21,000 acres for
areas of metropolitan and sub-metropolitan significance.
Areas of metropolitan significance (metropolitan parks and
nature preserves) attract people from all sections of the
county. Areas of sub-metropolitan significance (neighborhood
parks, community parks, and mini-parks) are designed to
serve a particular locality.
Proposals are made on the basis that the 1985 resident
population will expand to 1.9 million from 1.2 million in
1968, and the 1985 tourist population will be about 5.5
million compared with 4 million in 1968. Average visitor
population during January through March is expected to in-
crease to 240,000 in 1985 from almost 180,000 in 1968.
This program does not include the cost of acquiring
mini-parks, or areas that may be of either metropolitan or
sub-metropolitan significance (wayside parks, greenways, or
ornamental areas). Year-to-year decisions should be made re-
garding such development.
Nor, does the $229.2 million program include the cost
of recommendations that the federal or state government
either plans to, or should be asked to, carry out. In 1968,
the federal government administered two nature preserves
(Everglades National Park and Water Control Conservation
Area No. 3) totaling 628,045 acres, and the state government
administered the 896 acre Cape Florida State Park nature
preserve.
Proposals for 1985 include federal and state develop-
ment of existing areas and a new federal nature preserve at
Elliot and neighboring keys to be called Biscayne National
Monument and a new state nature preserve at Grossman Ham-
mock. Specifically:
(1) Request for federal government to pay part of the
$29.5 million cost for beach nourishment and ero-
sion control of a 200 to 220 foot-wide strip from
and including Baker's Haulover to Government
Cut.
(2) Request for the federal government to spend $27

million acquiring and developing Biscayne National
Monument nature preserve at Elliot and neighbor-
ing keys.
(3) Request for more boat trails, camping and fishing
facilities, and improved access, perhaps with air-
boats, to the Everglades National Park and Water
Control Conservation Area No. 3 nature preserves.
(4) Request for state acquisition and development of
Grossman Hammock nature preserve. The county
estimates the cost at $320,000.
(5) Continued development of Cape Florida State
Park nature preserve at Key Biscayne.
In 1968, approximately 10,000 acres administered by
all levels of government were in or near urban areas. The
1985 program proposes to double this amount with priori-
ties established for 1970, 1975, and 1985.
The $229.2 million program would provide expendi-
tures to increase the 1968 total of 226 county or munici-
pally administered areas in use, to 452 areas and to develop
existing as well as proposed areas with recreation facilities.
Eleven existing metropolitan parks administered by the
county or municipalities would be expanded to 23 with the
addition of such areas as Black Point, Deering Hammock,
Castellow Hammock and Maule Lakes. Elliot Key park is to
be transferred to Biscayne National Monument.
The three nature preserves administered by the county
or municipality, would grow to five with the addition of
Arch Creek Natural Bridge, Fuchs Hammock and Madden
Indian Mound. The existing Arsenicker Keys nature pre-
serve will be incorporated in the Biscayne National Monu-
ment. The 40 community parks would be expanded to 100
and the 87 neighborhood parks to 258. No specific proposals
are made regarding the amount of expansion for the existing
25 mini-parks, 20 ornamental areas, and 11 wayside parks.
Recreation facilities and selected activities would be
added to existing as well as proposed sites. Joint use of
school facilities is strongly recommended to save $50
million reducing the cost of the program to approximately
$179 million.
Recommendations are made for construction of a
stadium for 15,000 people in South Dadj and expansion of
the Miami Dade Junior College stadium on the north campus
to 15,000 from 10,000. Priorities are established for the
development of water-oriented facilities including addition of
350 acres of beaches, 1000 boat slips at Homestead Bayfront
Park, Crandon Park, Pelican Harbor and Chapman Field and
proposed Black Point; and construction of 46 swimming
pools.

Golf courses are recommended at the proposed Castel-
low Hammock and Glades parks and existing Gratigny,
Tamiami and Virginia Key parks. Other needed golf courses
should be provided privately. Plans also call for a large bore
rifle range at Trail Glades, additional educational exhibits at
Crandon Park Zoo, three nature study centers, and more
restoration work at Vizcaya. Recommendations are made for
750 more camp sites and an additional 225 acres of picnic
grounds.
Identification and preservation of historic sites is sug-
gested with incorporation of the sites into existing or pro-
posed parks, when possible. Proposals also call for meeting
the needs of senior citizens with 105 more shuffleboard
courts, and the needs of children with 379 play apparatus
areas. Plans call for 130 lighted basketball courts, 68 lighted
baseball diamonds, and 188 lighted tennis courts.

Beautification
The urban environment should be beautified by enacting
ordinances requiring visual amenities in land development
that would: control outdoor advertising; establish minimum
landscape standards; place utility lines underground; require
open space donations for cluster development; and establish
an Architect and Design Commission to recommend designs
for proposed public building.
Joint beautification projects should be developed
through the cooperative effort of public agencies and private
interests. Deteriorated environments, no longer practical to
rehabilitate, should be torn down and rebuilt through urban
renewal. Emphasis should be placed on attractive design of
buildings and open spaces.
An interconnecting system of greenways should be built
using highways, rail-lines, major utility rights-of-way, canals
and rivers. The system should provide recreational opportuni-
ties as well as visual enjoyment. Linear open spaces may be
used for walking, horseback riding, bicycling and boating.

Preservation
Open spaces should be preserved through the use of
preferential property taxation, purchase of easement or
development rights, outright purchase, lease of eminent
domain, zoning or subdivision regulations.

SURVEY

A joint survey conducted by the Metropolitan Dade
County Planning and Parks and Recreation Departments in
1968 indicated 67% of recreation resources sought by resi-
dents were water-oriented for swimming, fishing, and
boating.

Forty-five percent of the resident population partici-
pated one or more times annually in swimming; between 35
and 40% in fishing and picnics; between 20 and 25% in boat-
ing and bicycling; between 15 and 20% in camping, golfing,
and tennis; between 10 and 15% playing baseball, table
tennis, football, softball, and shuffleboard; and between 5
and 10% participated in arts and crafts, hunting, and hiking,
and horseback riding.
The survey was used as a base to develop standards for
the system of public open spaces and recreation facilities in
Dade County.

FINANCING AND ADMINISTRATION

The cost of the open space and recreation facilities pro-
gram, which will meet the needs of residents and tourists by
1985, is almost three times greater than the cost of a program
based on past trends.
To finance the program, funds should be requested from
the federal and state government, donations should be
sought from individuals and businesses, and general obligation
and revenue bonds should be used. A revolving land acquisi-
tion fund should be established to acquire land prior to the
time needed.
Two alternatives should be considered in determining
the method of administrating the program. They are: (1) con-
tinued county and municipal administration of metropolitan
areas, with sub-metropolitan areas administered by a district
in the unincorporated areas and by municipalities or a dis-
trict in incorporated areas; (2) county administration of all
areas of metropolitan and sub-metropolitan significance.
If a district were established for administering the areas
of sub-metropolitan significance, a district tax could be levied
on property to finance general obligation bonds. And a utility
tax could be charged to finance revenue bonds along with
revenues received from concessionaires and user fees.
Under the second alternative, countywide ad valorem
taxes could be levied to finance general obligation bonds and
revenue bonds also could be financed by utility taxes as well
as user fees and concession charges.

CONTINUING PROGRAM

A continuing planning program should be conducted to
reflect changing needs. A Technical Advisory Committee con-
sisting of representatives of government agencies providing
open space and recreation facilities should be organized to
update the plan in the light of changing technological and
resident and tourist demands.

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INTRODUCTION

This plan provides government officials and private en-
terprise with a guide for developing adequate open space and
recreation facilities in desirable locations at the right time
and for making the total urban environment more attractive.
From a virtual wilderness at the turn of tlie century,
Dade County has become America's most popular subtropical
resort. In 1968, four million visitors came for vacations or
conventions. Others came to retire; and still others to work
and raise families.
A rapidly growing recreation-conscious resident and
tourist population has created a sizeable lag between demand
and supply of open space and recreation facilities. This plan:
Reviews environmental factors and resident
and tourist demand.
Develops a classification system and standards
for open space and standards for recreation
facilities.
Presents an inventory of open space and rec-
reation facilities existing in 1968 in Dade
County of metropolitan and sub-metropolitan
significance.
Suggests expansion of existing areas and facili-
ties and development of potential open space
and facilities from 1970 through 1985.
Establishes priorities.
Recommends a beautification program.
Suggests methods of preserving open space.
Recommends methods of implementing the
open space and recreation facilities plan.
Suggests a continuing planning program.

PREPARATION

The plan was prepared jointly by the staffs of the
Metropolitan Dade County Planning and the Parks and
Recreation Departments with the assistance of governmental
agencies, private organizations and individuals. A Parks and
Open Space Study Coordinating Committee was formed to
include governmental agencies directly affected by the plan.
Members of the committee included elected officials, park or
recreation directors, planners and administrators representing:
Florida State Board of Parks, Florida Outdoor Recreation
Planning Council, Everglades National Park, Dade County
Board of Public Instruction, Metropolitan Dade County, and
each of the municipalities in the county.
A continuous liaison was established between the plan-
ning staff and members of the committee who provided much
of the inventory data and made suggestions for plan develop-
ment. Other agencies assisting the planning staff include: U.S.
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, U.S. Department of Housing
and Urban Development, National Park Service and the Cen-
tral and Southern Florida Flood Control District and numer-
ous private organizations, citizen groups, and individuals.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
The following goals and objectives were established to
provide direction for a comprehensive county-wide program
for open space and recreation facilities:
Goal: Promote health and safety

Goal:

Objective: Locate and develop open spaces
and recreation facilities and pro-
grams to promote health and
safety.
Economic Prosperity
Objective: Meet the needs of a growing
tourist economy, attract indus-
try and a working force with
adequate recreation opportuni-
ties.

Goal: Efficiency and economy
Objective: Develop a system of open space
and recreation facilities that can
adequately meet the needs of all
segments of the population.
Goal: Promote amenities and convenience
Objective: Implement comprehensive beauti-
fication program and develop a
visually pleasing system of open
space and recreation facilities.

Environmental Factors
Environmental factors were evaluated as a basis for the
preparation of the plan. Consideration was given to land and
water habitats such as pineland, hammock, sand prairie,
glade, salt marsh, mangrove, and fresh and salt water areas.
Unique natural areas, the climate, and the growth of the
urban area were reviewed.

Demand
Existing conditions and the demand for open space and
recreation facilities were determined by a survey conducted
in 1968 by the Metropolitan Dade County Planning Depart-
ment and Parks and Recreation Department.
Surveys measured resident participation in selected
activities, use-pressure at existing public recreation areas, and
the expressed desires of the residents. Each public recreation
facility was surveyed and a randomly selected sample of the
county's population was taken to ascertain user demand and
attitude.
Tourist demand also was evaluated. And socio-economic
factors affecting demand were taken into consideration. An
inventory was made of budget trends, capital improvement
programs, and laws and ordinances related to open space and
recreation programs.
Surveys also were conducted of demographic and physio-
graphic characteristics and new techniques in recreation
programming and facility design.

Classification and Standards
Open space was classified on the basis of metropolitan
and sub-metropolitan significance and standards were estab-
lished for determining type, quantity, and proper location
of needed open space and recreation facilities. The standards
were based primarily on findings of use-pressure, user de-
mand and attitude surveys.

Supply
An inventory of the supply of federal, state, county
and municipal open space and recreation areas within the
boundaries of Dade County was made. These ranged in size
from mini-parks of less than one acre to the Everglades Na-
tional Park consisting of 416,144 acres, or a total of 640,033
acres of land and water.
Attention also was given to private recreation space and
to such potential resources as school facilities, power trans-
mission line rights-of-way, highway rights-of-way, canals,
roof tops, and bus service.

SCOPE

Needs
The need for additional open space and recreation facili-
ties in Dade County was evaluated and priorities established
for developing these needs.

Beautification

Dade County's strength and beauty are predicated upon
natural qualities. However, problems of water pollution, traf-
fic congestion, billboard jungles, auto junkyards and un-
sightly utility poles have begun to mar the environment. To
restore and perpetuate the amenities which characterize Dade
County and to develop a heritage for future generations, a
beautification program has been developed.

Preserving Open Space
Legal tools which can be used for preserving open space

are discussed. They include: preferential property taxation,
easements, outright purchase, lease, eminent domain, zoning
and subdivision regulations.

Implementation
The cost of developing adequate open space and rec-
reation facilities is estimated and methods of financing and
administering the program are recommended.

Continuing Planning Program
Because the conditions upon which a plan is formulated
change, the plan itself must be updated from time to time. A
continuing planning program that can reflect changing needs
is proposed. This program should be accomplished through a
Technical Advisory Committee consisting of representatives
from those governmental agencies involved in providing the
public with open space and recreation facilities.

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ENVIRONMENT

Each recreational activity requires a certain type of en-
vironment, either natural or altered by man. For this reason,
a knowledge of the environment and its relationship to the
type, quantity and location of recreational facilities is essen-
tial for open space and recreation planning.
Some activities demand development of facilities: others
require certain physiographic and climatic conditions; still
others demand specific ecological settings. Some activities
must be located in close proximity to the participants.
LAND AND WATER HABITATS
Dade County lies upon a mantle of limestone rock, ris-
ing from an elevation of only a few inches to more than 20
feet above sea level. The land is almost table-flat. The highest
elevations occur along the coastal ridge, the approximate cen-
ter of the ridge being marked by U.S. Highway 1. The ridge
then slopes imperceptably to the west and the Everglades and
somewhat more sharply eastward to the bay.
The changes in elevation, while generally unnoticeable,
are brought sharply to focus by usually abrupt changes in soil
type and vegetative cover distinguished by a change in eleva-
tion of only a few inches.
An understanding of the various plant and animal habi-
tats found in Dade County, the physical factors producing
the habitats, and their inherent suitability for development,
suggest some sensible guidelines for future development.

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AND AND WATER IHAE

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ITATS

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The natural land and water habitats are classified as
follows (See Figures 1 & 2):
Pineland
Hammock
Sand Prairie
Glades
Salt Marsh
Mangrove
Fresh and Salt Water Areas

Pineland
Pineland occupies the highest area in Dade County. The
major specie of native pine is Pinus Elliotti, va. Densa, found
nowhere else in the world. This pine grows only in areas safe
from flooding and rising water tables.
The soil type found in the pineland is generally rocky,
with occasional sand pockets, well-drained and stable. Pine-
land is eminently suitable for all types of building and a large
variety of recreational activities which require dry, level
ground and some shade.
Pineland, once predominant in the coastal area of South
.Florida, is rapidly disappearing because of its suitability for
building and certain agricultural uses. Only in isolated areas
of South Dade can examples of this habitat be found un-
disturbed.

Hammock
Hammocks for the most part occur at a slightly lower
elevation, but in much the same soil conditions as pineland.
Within the United States they are unique to the South
Florida peninsula. Hammocks are primarily covered with
hardwood trees such as the live oak, gumbo limbo, mahog-
any, and many other species commonly found in the West
Indies.'Dense undergrowth, vines, air plants and wild orchids
grow in profusion among the huge trees. The shade and
beauty of hammocks are particularly suitable for such activ-
ities as nature study, picnicking, camping, and hiking.
Because of the singular beauty of the hammocks and
their suitability for building, most of them have been virtual-
ly destroyed. There are now only ten hammock areas in the
developable portions of the County left in their original
form. They range in size from a few acres to approximately
a square mile. Five of these are in private ownership and emi-
nently subject to development. Because of their beauty and
ecological importance, hammocks are ideally suited for rec-
reation areas and nature preserves.

Sand Prairie
The sand prairie is found in the higher elevations of
northeast Dade County. Soil is fair to well-drained sands;

vegetation normally consists of grasses and occasional pines
and palmettos.
Most of the sand prairie has been developed for urban
uses though some is still in pasture and crop lands. This
habitat is well suited for recreation activities requiring level,
well-drained open areas.

Glades
The glades occupy more land in Dade County than any
other form of habitat. They are predominantly grasslands
with little or no tree growth and, because of low elevation,
are subject to periodic flooding. The glades soils are peat and
muck in the western portions of the county; marl or rocky
near the coast. Except for rocky areas, the soils are subject to
extensive shrinkage and settling and have poor percolation
and drainage. Until recently, builders avoided these areas
since development costs were prohibitive. Even today, the
pattern of development still reflects the glades as obstacles
to building. While these areas are not suitable for building
without extensive filling, they are useful for agriculture and
such recreational uses as fishing, boating and camping. Finger
glades, narrow grasslands cutting diagonally from west to east
from the Everglades through the coastal rock ridge, are still
in agricultural and other open space uses though development
has occurred around them. A fine opportunity is present to
provide significant open space in the heart of the urban area,
by preserving these finger glades in a natural open state.

Salt Marsh
The salt marshes are located near the coast, primarily in
the far southeastern portion of Dade County. They are low
lying areas subject to flooding during periodic high tides. The
vegetation in the salt marshes primarily consists of marsh
grasses and scrub. The soil is marl.
The salt marsh habitat provides food and shelter for
large numbers of birds and animals. The interaction of the
salt marsh and the bay is of vital importance to the viability
of the bay ecology. Because of this and its basic unsuitability
for building, this area should remain in open space uses.

Mangrove
Thin bands of red, black and white mangrove trees are
found along the shore line of Biscayne Bay. These mangrove
areas are usually flooded by the daily tidal flow of Biscayne
Bay. Only in south Dade and in some of the metropolitan
parks are there any significant stands of mangrove remaining.
Man's desire to be near water has resulted in much of this
valuable coastline being dredged and filled for development.
Its importance to the health and viability of the plant and
animal life of the bay cannot be overemphasized. The man-

grove habitat helps control the salinity level, sifts debris
which could cloud the bay waters, and provides a sheltered
place for birds and fish to reproduce. As much of the remain-
ing mangrove as possible should he preserved.
Fresh and Salt Water Areas
Water has been most influential in shaping the urban
development pattern of I)ade County and in determining the
type of recreational activities in which people engage.
Dade County is virtually surrounded by water in various
forms. The bay and ocean form the eastern boundary of Dade
County, and the Everglades, which is flooded almost half the
year, prohibits extensive development to the west. I)ade
County rests upon one of the world's largest underground
water collection and storage areas, the Biscayne aquifer. The
relationship of the water table to ground level is a primary
factor in determining the suitability of an area for develop-
ment. A delicate balance exists between the seaward flow of
the fresh ground water and tihe landward 'low of salt water.
Man has tampered with this balance witli damaging results.
Extreme care must be taken in the future to intelligently
manage the underground water resources witl particular em-
phasis being given to pollution control.
Dade County's bay and ocean resources are unique in
the United States. The value of the waters of Biscayne Bay,
I 'y^-^^a afwA ALr

and the offshore keys and living coral reefs cannot be over-
estimated in importance in providing the environment for
sustaining fish and animal life. This resource, as well as the
many inland lakes and canals, forms the base for many rec-
reational activities. The abundant supply of water, in itself,
creates a strong demand for use as a recreational resource.
Over 45 percent of the population considers water oriented
sports to be among their favorite recreational activities.
Because of their recreational, aesthetic and ecological value,
Dade County's outstanding water areas should be easily ac-
cessible, provided with supporting recreation facilities, and
maintained in a clean, natural state.
UNIQUE NATURAL AREAS
Dade County, because it lies in a subtropical area, pos-
sesses many habitats unique to the continental United States.
The major ones are the Everglades, Biscayne Bay and offshore
keys, hammocks, Crandon Park mangrove reef, Matheson
Hammock sandbar ecosystem, and Arch Creek natural
bridge.
The Everglades, the world's largest fresh-water marsh,
provides fantastic recreational opportunities and can be de-
veloped even more fully for people's enjoyment. The federal
government recognized the uniqueness of this area and estab-
lished the Everglades National Park.

Glades

Biscayne Bay and the offshore keys are unique habitats.
Here are found the northernmost living coral reefs in the
world and an extensive portion of the only coral reefs in the
continental United States. Just recently, the federal govern-
ment recognized the value of this area by establishing tlhe
Biscayne National Monument to preserve its unique beauty.
The vital natural functions of these waters in the reproduc-
tion of fish and bird life is important commercially and rec-
reationally to Dade County.
Subtropical hammocks, already described, are found in
the United States only in southern Florida. Each hammock is
unique in appearance, quantity, and species of plants. Five of
the ten remaining hammocks in Dade County are in public
ownership or soon will be. The other five, Fuchs Hammock,
Deering Hammock, Snapper Creek Hammock, Grossman's
Hammock, and Brewer Hammock, still are not protected by
public ownership.
At Crandon Park, near the east end of Bear Cut, is
found a unique, living mangrove reef. Because of its unique-
ness and accessibility by foot, it is ideally suited for nature
study. Intensive development in and around this area would

propose a real threat to its value as an outstanding natural
habitat.
A fine example of a sandbar ecosystem, or habitat, is
located on the north end of the Matheson Hammock Park
Lagoon, stretching across the bay northward to an existing
residential development. At low tide, people can wade almost
entirely across this area, observing at close hand, the life
forms indigenous to a sandbar. This is another area which
has nature study as its best use.
The natural bridge, located just east of the Florida East
Coast Railroad tracks at N.E. 135 Street, is a beautiful geo-
logical formation spanning the Arch Creek Canal. This
natural phenomena has been largely ignored and incompatible
development has occurred around the bridge; however, it is
not too late to develop the site for sightseeing.
Those unique natural areas described above are among
the most significant in 1)ade County. Their preservation is of
considerable importance. In addition to these, there are
numerous smaller sites, located throughout the county, con-
taining rare plant species, interesting geological formations,
and fast-disappearing animal species.

Figure 2 CROSS SECTION OF HABITATS

PEAT, MUCK.
SOIL TYPE ROCKY SOIL

Predominent Conservation
Land Use Recreation

HAMMOCK FINGER GLADES

SANDY SOIL

All forms of Urban
Development
Agriculture,

MARL

Agriculture,
Residential Uses

PINELAND
COASTAL RIDGE

ROCKY SOIL

All forms of Urban
Development

MAN-
HAMMOCK SALT MARSH GROVE BAY

SANDY ROCK

Residential.
Tourist Related
Industry,
Conservation

EVERGLADES

SAND
PRAIRIE

'4O'nav1

KEY

OCEAN

20

15 -
10--
5 .
0
Land
Elevation

MARL

Conservation.
Anirculture

PEAT OR
MARL

High Density
Urban
Development
Conservation

Recreation
Conservation

Recreation.
Transportation.
Commercial,
Fishing

Hammock

Fresh and salt water area

Pineland

Mangroves

_Salt marsh

Sand Prairie

-;*- :," *

CLIMATE

One of Dade County's greatest assets is climate. Almost
half of the nation's land area classified as "subtropical" lies
within the boundaries of Dade County. To qualify as
"tropical," a climate must have the proper temperature and
rainfall to permit tropical vegetation to flourish. The prefix
"sub" indicates that an area is just a notch below a true
tropical climate inasmuch as killing frosts, although rare, do
occur occasionally.
One of the factors responsible for Dade County's mild
climate is the Gulf Stream. This 50-mile wide warm water
current runs just a couple of miles off Miami Beach. This,
plus the trade winds out of the southeast, warm the area in
winter and cool it in summer.
The yearly temperature range is about 20 degrees with
the average in the high 60's in the winter and the middle 80's
in the summer. (See Figure 3). The average annual precipita-
tion for the area measures between 50 and 60 inches. The
rainy season, during which almost 80 percent of the yearly
rainfall occurs, lasts from June through October. Most of the
summer rains occur in the form of heavy but short thunder-
storms. The winter months, November through March, are us-
ually quite dry.

Dade County, as an oceanside land mass with prevailing
sea breezes, has a relatively high humidity, which averages be-
tween 60 and 85 percent. (See Figure 3). Even though Dade
County has a large annual rainfall, over 60 percent of the days
are classified as either clear or partly cloudy.
The warm climate affects the use of parks and open
space and the type of activities enjoyed. For instance, obser-
vations in many parks indicate that Dade Countians prefer to
avoid the hot sun of a summer day and participate in the
more strenuous activities primarily in late afternoon and eve-
ning hours. This suggests that for a park to be of optimum
effectiveness, ample shade must be provided, athletic facilities
should be lighted for night play, and programmed recreation
activities should be adapted to recognize the effect of the cli-
mate upon participation.
The hot midday climate of summer reinforces the desire
of the residents and tourists to seek outdoor experiences in or
near the water where cooling breezes can be enjoyed. This is
evidenced by the extremely large crowds which flock to the
shaded oceanfront parks and by the rapidly growing number
of boating enthusiasts.

Figure 3

AVERAGE CLIMATICAL CONDITIONS

TEMPERATURE

YU -
70. -
' -[ [

3o J i M AP MA J J
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

INCHES RAINFALL
lo 1 I
1 7, i, j I

F

TEMPERATURE

RAINFALL

'ERCENT HUMIDITY

. . .----. .--..---.-- HUMIDITY

AN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Io I I-+---- VI---. L ______-

SKY COVER ,'_

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

N N

w -

S S

WIND

I J

JN FE MI R APR MIAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV EC

PERCENT

SKY COVER

GROWTH OF THE URBAN AREA

In less than 75 years, Dade County has developed from
a collection of small trading posts to a major metropolitan
area. From a population of 5,000 in 1900, the county has
grown to 1,200,000 in 1968, and by 1985, is expected to be
1.9 million. Dade County is no longer an uncrowded wilder-
ness. Urban development has spread throughout much of the
county, bringing with it all the blessings and problems assoc-
iated with a growing metropolis.
One of the problems stemming from urbanization is an
unbalanced ratio of developable land to recreation land and
open space. As the resident and tourist population increases,
the supply of open space in and near the population centers
naturally decreases. The problem of urban encroachment is
magnified in Dade County by the fact that the most attrac-
tive areas are located where the most intensive development
demand is greatest and is or will be occurring; that is, on the
higher, rocky ground of the pineland and hammock areas
and. along the mangrove belt on the bayshore. These areas
are especially vulnerable to urban encroachment. The magni-
tude of this condition is best described by a study of the
amount of available and developable land that has been used.
Developable land is suitable for development with little or
no fill to bring it up to a safe level above the water table.
Only 19.3 percent of the county is considered available and
developable. In 1950, 14 percent of the available and de-
velopable land had been developed; by 1960 this figure rose
to 27 percent; in 1968 the total was 32 percent. Fifty-five
percent of the available and developable land is expected to
be developed in 1985! Figure 4 illustrates the urbanization
trends in Dade County.
If Dade County is to provide the open space and recrea-
tional opportunities demanded by residents and tourists, im-
mediate steps must be taken to preserve sufficient open space
for recreation and conserve places of ecological importance
that are most subject to development.

----' IM'--- S -- -

,/y

Lnr

.7-

1920

1940

1960

1985

Figure 4 URBAN GROWTH DADE COUNTY 1920-1985

FL R I D

rrn ooon a~~ r I

* 1-

O

/ U I'

I

4~rpiP MP7 -~T L I

RECREATION TRENDS

Demand for open space and recreation facilities in
Dade County is substantial from both within the county (res-
ident demand) and outside (tourist demand). Trends indicate
that demand will continue to increase in the foreseeable
future.

RESIDENT DEMAND
Surveys were conducted in 1968 that measured: resi-
dent participation in selected activities; use-pressure at exist-
ing public recreation areas; and expressed desires of residents.

Participation
The participation of Dade Countians in selected recrea-
tional activities was measured to estimate the relative impor-
tance of one activity over another. Participation, which is
expressed in number of occasions, is a measure of what
people do within the limitations of what opportunities are
available and what they can afford.
The number of occasions that Dade Countians partici-
pated in selected activities annually and the percent of the
total population participating are summarized in Figure 5
and 6. Of the selected activities, water-oriented ones were
engaged in most frequently by the largest number of people.
Almost 67 percent of all the occasions measured were spent
in swimming, fishing, and boating. Approximately 46 percent
of all Dade Countians engaged in swimming at least once a
year; 40 percent engaged in fishing; and 25 percent in boat-
ing.

Percent 0

Horse Back Riding

Hiking

Hunting

Arts & Crafts

Shuffleboard

Softball

Football (Play)

Table Tennis

Baseball (Play)

Tennis

Golfing

Camping

Bicycling

Boating

Picnics

Fishing

Swimming

10 15 20 25 30 35

40 45

I

Figure 6. Percent of Resident Population Participating in Recreation Activity, 1968

Public open space and recreation areas constitute a ma-
jor means by which residents can satisfy their desire to re-
create. Almost 36 percent of the residents use one of the
many public areas at least once a week and nearly 60 per-
cent use these facilities one or more times a month.
Participation is expected to increase more than in pro-
portion to total resident population because of improve-
ments in socio-economic conditions. Population, which was
1.2 million in 1968, is forecast at 1.3 million in 1970 and
1.9 million in 1985. (See Figure 7.)
Government must take the lead in providing the oppor-
tunity and resources required for people who cannot afford
recreation needs. Ironically, in some deprived areas where
people have the least amount of money to spend on recrea-
tion, there exists little, if any, public recreation programs and
facilities. Consequently, the people living in these areas gen-
erally participate in recreation less frequently than do other
people and engage in fewer activities. The low participation
rates, however, are not indicative of their wants. On the con-
trary, they want the opportunity to recreate just as much as
anyone else.

Use-Pressure

Use-pressure measures the extent to which a specific
area or type of facility is used. This Ireflects the preference of
one area or facility over others and is the percent to which a
given facility is used to design capacity.
The survey indicates that on an average peak day in
1968, generally a Saturday or Sunday, public parks of all
types were used to medium or heavy capacity. Neighborhood
and community parks, especially those with programmed
activities, had the highest continual use. Certain metropolitan
parks were frequently overused on week-ends. This was es-
pecially true for parks with facilities for water-oriented activ-
ities.
Of the many facilities designed for a specific use, ball
diamonds and tennis courts were most frequently subject to
heavy use. Almost 70 percent of all ball diamonds and tennis
courts inventoried were used heavily or overused on an aver-
age peak day.
The use-pressure of a facility is greatly influenced by
the acceptability of the facility to the user. Given a choice,
people will select the best recreation facility available within
a reasonable distance to home. This is substantiated by cor-
relations between use-pressure of a facility and quality. The
higher the quality of a facility, the higher, the use-pressure.
This sometimes leads to a point of diminishing return when a
facility is overused to the point that quality and hence the
use-pressure falls.

Expressed Desires
Residents were given an opportunity to express de-
sires related to recreation areas and programs. Highlights of
the responses follow:
Over half the people would like additional and im-
proved recreation facilities immediately. Highest on
the list were facilities for water-oriented activities
followed in importance by neighborhood and mini-
parks; camp sites; golf courses and tennis courts.
Almost 50 percent of the people wanted more in-
struction in recreation activities for themselves and
children.
About 40 percent of the people desired an increase in
supervised activities.
Approximately 35 percent wanted more adult recrea-
tion programs.
The survey generally indicated that Dade Countians
want a greatly expanded system of recreation facilities and
many more programmed activities.

TOURIST DEMAND

Non-resident demand is created by Dade County's at-
tractive natural environment and developed recreation re-
sources. This is attracted demand and does not take the same
form as resident demand which resembles, more or less, a
captive market. Visitors to Dade County ordinarily come to
satisfy part of a recreation need that cannot be met at home.
The recreation resources they are seeking most are: the
beaches; the bay and ocean for fishing and boating; the at-
mosphere of relaxation and the natural scenery; and, during
winter months especially, golf courses. Consequently, the
facilities and areas already heavily used by residents are addi-
tionally burdened by visitors.
The total number of visitors coming to Dade County
during a year is so great that it exceeds the resident popula-
tion. In 1968, 4.0 million persons visited the Greater Miami
area; the resident population for this same year was only 1.2
million. By 1985, the annual visitor count is expected to in-
crease 37 percent over the 1968 figure to 5.5 million. Dur-
ing the peak of the tourist season, January through March,
the average visitor population is expected to be: 180,000 in
1970; and 240,000 by 1985. (See Figures 7 and 8.) The
daily recreation participation rates for these visitors will
greatly exceed those of residents. Tourists also will spend a
significantly larger proportion of recreation time in water-
oriented activities. Because of the concentrated and high rate

Million

Horseback Riding

Hunting

Softball

Hiking

Shuffleboard

Table Tennis

Football (Play)

Camping

Baseball (Play)

Golfing

Tennis

Arts & Crafts

Bicycling

Boating

Picnics

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

r
F--

Fishing

Swimming

- VI

Figure 5. Resident Participation in Recreation Activities, 1968

Is~L~BsBP~IIII~~

2,000,000

1,500,000

1,000,000

500,000

250,000

Figure 7.
Resident and

13 J

- - - -

Resident population
Peak season tourist population

m
rm

Tourist Population Trends, 1970-1985

F M A M J J A S O N D

Figure 8.
Distribution of Average Peak Tourist Population
By Month, 1964

of participation, the impact of tourists upon water-oriented
recreation facilities is expected to be acute.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS
AFFECTING DEMAND

The most influential socio-economic factors affecting
demand are: (1) income; (2) occupation; (3) education;
(4) age; (5) family composition; (6) changing technology; and
(7) leisure time.

Income
Participation in recreation activities generally increases
with income, particularly for activities requiring comparative-
ly expensive equipment such as boating, golfing and horse-
back riding. Income also determines, to a large degree, mo-
bility, which is necessary to satisfy some recreation desires.
The per capital income (in constant 1968 dollars) for Dade
Countians is expected to be $3,360 in 1970; $3,700 in
1975; $4,100 in 1980 and $4,540"by 1985. This increasing
per capital income should result in higher participation rates
among Dade Countians.

Occupation
The effects that income and occupation have on recrea-
tion participation are closely related since occupation deter-
mines, to a large extent, income. The effects of an indivi-
dual's occupation on his recreation preferences is not neces-
sarily linked entirely with income. The degree of manual
labor influences activity choice. Laborers generally seek less
strenuous and more relaxing pursuits than do clerical workers
and professionals. Occupation also has profound effects upon
social values. The higher a person's occupational prestige, the
more varied and frequent are recreational pursuits.
Education
Higher education generally results in higher income, a
greater diversity of interest, and more acquired recreation
skills. Participation in games and sports, swimming, walking
and driving for pleasure increase most with corresponding
increases in education.

Age
The most active age group consists of people 12-44
years of age. The percent of Dade Countians in selected age
groups is as follows: five years and under, 9%; 6-11, 10%;
12-19, 13%; 20-24, 5%; 2544, 29%, 45-64, 23%; 65 and
older, 11%. The percentage of Dade Countians in selected age

groups is not expected to change significantly countywide.
This percentage, however, does vary from one part of the
county to another and can be expected to change in the
future.

Family Composition
Families with children are the most active users of pub-
lic recreation facilities, participating more frequently in a
larger number of activities than unrelated individuals or fam-
ilies without children. Families with children are the princi-
pal "consumer" of public recreation facilities and programs.
This, in turn, implies a continuously changing, moving
"market" for public facilities and programs as families form,
established homes, mature, and dissolve with the departure of
children.

Changing Technology
Changes in recreational habits occur with technological
advances. The automobile, for instance, permits people to go
longer distances in less time to recreate, thus, broadening the
number and variety of recreational opportunities available.
In addition, one of the most popular recreation activities
among Americans is driving for pleasure. Scuba diving, on
on the other hand, would never have become a popular
water sport if technology had not made possible compact
and easily-used diving equipment. As technology introduces
new and better means for recreating, the whole system of
open space and recreational facilities must adjust to accom-
modate these changes.

Leisure Time
If one all-encompassing factor had to be selected as the
most significant in determining per capital participation in
outdoor recreation activities, it would probably be leisure.
As more leisure time becomes available due to increasing
life spans, shorter work weeks, and longer paid vacations,
there will be a correspondingly greater demand for recrea-
tion facilities.

The sunny, palm-lined beaches and the warm water are almost
synonymous with the greater Miami area.

-I

;

,....

z --_I T

~t~fi~

CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM AND STANDARDS

Open space and recreation areas are classified with re-
spect to service area, size, type, and degree of facility devel-
opment and primary function. This chapter presents a class-
ification system used to identify various types of open spaces
and sets standards to determine needs for open space and
recreation facilities. Emphasis is placed on resources com-
monly provided by government.

CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Open space used for public recreation and conservation
should be designed to fit into one of nine categories that are
of metropolitan or sub-metropolitan significance. Metropoli-
tan areas serve the entire county and are administered by the
federal, state, county, or municipal governments. Sub-metro-
politan areas serve portions of Dade County and may be ad-
ministered by a county or municipality.

Sub-Metropolitan Metropolitan
Mini-Parks Metropolitan Parks
Neighborhood Parks Nature Preserves
Community Parks

Sub-Metropolitan or Metropolitan
Wayside Parks
Greenways
Ornamental Areas
Special Activity Areas

Mini-Parks

Mini-parks are small parks where children can play
or adults can relax in a pleasant setting. The parks are not de-
signed for organized programs, but simply to provide a com-
mon ground "just down the street" where neighbors can
meet on a casual, day-to-day basis. As local play areas, mini-

parks are intended to serve any residential area where a need
exists for children's play apparatus but where there is no
larger park in which such apparatus could be placed; and,
also, in any high density residential area (36 or more dwelling
units per net residential acre) whether a need exists for play
apparatus or not. Mini-parks in high density areas help com-
pensate for the lack of private yards to play in and break
the monotony of asphalt and buildings. (See Figure 9).

Neighborhood Parks

A neighborhood park is a "walk-to" park serving pri-
marily the people of the neighborhood, the smallest planning
unit of the urban area.
Neighborhood planning units generally are bordered by
heavily traveled streets, but not transversed by them. Within
the neighborhood, children can usually walk or ride bicycles
without competing with thoroughfare traffic. Because of
this, neighborhood parks are designed primarily for children's
activities with organized recreation programs primarily for
6-12 year olds. When there is a preponderance of senior
citizens, facilities and programs at the neighborhood parks
also should be structured to meet these needs.

The park service area often coincides with the service
area for an elementary school. The population required to
support a neighborhood park closely coincides with that
needed to justify an elementary school. Because elementary
schools and neighborhood parks serve the same age group,
they should be located adjacent to each other. They are com-
patible land uses and, because of a common need for recrea-
tion facilities, can be mutually beneficial to one another.
The most important function of a neighborhood park
is to meet the distinctive recreation needs of the neighbor-
hood it is serving. Because the recreation needs vary from
one neighborhood to another, depending upon the income,
age and social background of its residents, the facilities and
the programs of a neighborhood park should not be rigidly

Figure 10 NEIGHBORHOOD PARK DESIGN

r -

71

standardized but structured to meet the particular needs of
the neighborhood.
They should include such basic facilities as a recreation
building. multi-purpose courts, open field for play and a
play apparatus area. It is essential that a neighborhood park
include a "park-like" setting and a well-shaded, passive area
where parents can gather to chat and watch their children.
(See Figure 10.)

Community Parks
A community park is a "ride-to" park designed to
serve the residents of a group of neighborhoods, usually four
to six, constituting a community. A community park is larger
and contains more facilities than mini-parks or neighborhood
parks and is primarily intended to meet the programmed rec-

Figure 11 COMMI

^^^- -^-PM ^ ^
] 3C"/

reaction needs not met by these smaller parks. At the com-
munity park, activities for teenagers and adults are intro-
duced. Essentially, they are family recreation centers with
programs and facilities for all age groups.
Typical community park facilities include athletic fields,
tennis courts, a swimming pool, play apparatus area and a
recreation building designed for arts and crafts, games and
and meetings. In addition to facilities for active play, pleas-
antly landscaped acreage for passive activity should be pro-
vided at a ratio of one acre for passive use to two acres for ac-
tive. Without adequate passive area, a park has little more
"park-like" atmosphere than a school athletic field. (See
Figure 11.) As with neighborhood parks, programs and facili-
ties should be adapted to the particular needs of the com-
munity it is serving.

JNITY PARK DESIGN

'4M i I 74
wx- A%-

The service area for a community park generally coin-
dides with the service area of a junior or senior high school.
The park and school should be located adjacent to each other
because both require similar recreation facilities and a larger
percentage of park users are school students.
Community parks also should be located near major
streets and arterials to provide better access. Because com-
munity parks attract fairly large numbers of people they
should be well-buffered from adjacent residences.

Metropolitan Parks
Metropolitan parks are intended to serve all Dade Coun-
tians and tourists as well. They are developed primarily to
make available special natural resources for recreational use.
Since they are generally designed for resource-oriented activi-
ties, such as boating, swimming and fishing, location is de-
pendent upon the availability of the resources desired. Sites
chosen for metropolitan parks should be areas of outstanding
natural beauty or have particularly good potential for im-
provement, such as abandoned rockpits, where much sought-
after variations in topography are present.
Metropolitan parks should be readily accessible to the
urban population, ideally within a 30 minute drive from the
area served. The majority of Dade Countians generally drive a
distance of no more than 7 9 miles to reach a metropolitan
park such as Greynolds or Matheson Hammock. Crandon
Park, probably because of the zoo, is an exception. The serv-
ice area is much greater than most of the others.
Metropolitan parks are the primary areas where the
much demanded access to water can be provided. Marinas,
boat ramps, beaches, picnic grounds, campgrounds, nature
study trails, and hiking trails are generally provided. Some
metropolitan parks, where the natural environment is not
outstanding, can be suitably developed as major athletic and
sports centers, and for other activities which do not require
particular natural resources.
As urban development rapidly expands and destroys
natural areas, metropolitan parks are among the few places
left where the public can go within a single day to enjoy out-
door recreation in a naturalistic environment.
The facilities provided must, above all, be designed and
related to each other in such a way that they do riot destroy
the beauty and serenity the metropolitan park is intended to
provide. The need for a place to retreat from the noise and
congestion of the urban area and to "return to nature" can-
not be over-emphasized.

Nature Preserves
Nature preserves are areas vital to the maintenance of
natural function such as- wildlife reproduction and feeding.

The primary purpose is to preserve nature in its untouched
form for public enjoyment. Because they are intended for
the study and enjoyment of nature, development is and
should be primarily directed toward providing access and
nature study facilities. Compatible recreational facilities for
nature preserves may include, in addition to nature study
facilities, camp sites, boat launching facilities, beaches, and
bridle paths. Nature preserves of immense proportions, such
as the Everglades National Park and Water Control Conserva-
tion Area, could support a larger variety of recreational facili-
ties without destroying the overall natural character. Nature
preserves are of countywide and, in some instances, national
significance.
Wayside Parks
Wayside parks primarily serve as resting places for the
automobile traveler and as small picnic grounds. A wayside
park is an enroute stopping place and not ordinarily the pri-
mary destination of an automobile trip. These areas should
be conducive to relaxation and rest. Areas of scenic beauty
are preferable locations. Wayside parks are especially suitable
and desirable for inclusion in the proposed greenway sys-
tem.
Greenways
Greenways are linear open spaces that can follow ca-
nals, rivers, the bay shoreline, electric power transmission
line rights-of-way, streets and highways or even bicycle
paths. Names frequently given to greenways serving a particu-
lar function include parkways, boulevards and greenbelts.
Regardless of the form they take, greenways are intended to
make movements from one part of the county to another
more pleasant. Because of linear form, they are particularly
conducive to recreational activities such as hiking, bicycling,
horseback riding or driving for pleasure.

Ornamental Areas
Ornamental areas are green spaces designed for visual
enjoyment. Most frequently they are provided to enhance
the rights-of-way of streets and highways. Examples of orna-
mental areas are median green strips, triangles and malls.

Special Activity Areas
Special activity areas are designed and used for one pre-
dominating activity. Examples of existing special activity
areas are: Vizcaya, Venetian Pool, LeJeune Golf Course, and
the Orange Bowl. They usually exist where large parcels of
land are not available for development of a multi-facility
area or when a facility can fulfill a function without the aid
of complimentary facilities.

STANDARDS

Standards have been developed for determining the
quantity and design of open space areas and recreational
facilities that are provided to the public in large quantity
and have comparatively high unit costs. Other areas and facil-
ities do not lend themselves to standardization.
The standards presented are general guides and objec-
tives for an open space and recreation facility development
program. They should not be accepted as absolute but ad-
justed to meet the socio-economic conditions of service
areas. Many variables, not practical to measure, affect de-
mand and the need for open space areas and recreational
facilities. Not only does demand create need for facilities but
a facility creates a demand. The need for many facilities,
such as a zoo, cannot be numerically measured but neverthe-
less is in great demand and provides health and desirable
means for utilizing leisure time.
Developing standards for estimating open space and
recreation facility needs is necessarily subject to some value
judgments. What constitutes need can range from what peo-
ple will settle for, to that which can satisfy total demand.
Needs should fall somewhere between the two extremes; that
is, facilities should be provided to meet as much of the de-
mand as possible within the framework of existing financial
and physical limitations.

Open Space
Spatial standards have been developed to determine the
acreage needs for open space and recreation areas of less than
metropolitan significance. (See Table 1) The spatial standard
for all open space and recreational areas serving the local
needs of the community and sub-community level is 4.5
acres per 1,000 total resident population. Of this amount,
1.25 acres are needed for neighborhood parks and 1.5 for
community parks. The remaining 1.75 acres can be in any
other form of usable open space that is serving the people at a
local level. Other forms of usable open space that could meet
this need include mini-parks, bicycle paths, linear park lands,
and certain special activity areas.
Unlike open space areas serving a community or sub-

community need, the need for metropolitan parks and nature
preserves cannot be satisfactorily quantified with the use of
standards. As Ann Louise Strong so aptly stated, "The de-
velopment of quantitative standards to guide the preserva-
tion of open space for conservation ... does not appear to be
feasible or desirable. The amount of land to be designated for
these purposes is dependent on the region's natural fea-
tures and on regional comprehensive planning objectives.
Each of these factors is unique to a particular region. General
goals, rather than standards, are more useful for determining
requirements for conservation lands."'
Site size standards have been developed for mini-parks,
neighborhood parks, community parks and metropolitan
parks. (See Table 1.) The site acreage recommended for
these areas is necessary for accommodating minimum facili-
ties and a desirable amount of natural or landscaped environ-
ment. The functions of smaller areas, such as a neighborhood
park, sometimes can be combined with a larger area, such as a
community park. When functions are combined the spatial
requirements must include the needs of both areas.

Table 1. DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA STANDARDS FOR
OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION AREAS

Spatial Standards
(Acres per 1,000
Resident Population)

Sub-Metropolitan
Mini-Park
Neighborhood Park
Community Park
Other Areas
Total
Metropolitan
Metropolitan Park

Site Size
Standards
(Acres)

1 or less
51
202

Service
Area Radius
(Miles)

0.25
0.5
0.5-3

IMinimum. 2 additional acres for passive activity desirable
2Minimum. 10 additional acres for passive activity desirable
3Minimum

1Open Space for Urban America. Department of Housing and Urban
Development, Washington, D.C., 1965, p. 20.

5003

ii1. 4

.45

TABLE 2. DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA STANDARDS FOR RECREATION FACILITIES

Facility

User Group Spatial-
Age Facility

Lighted League Play Ball Diamonds2

Lighted Regulation Tennis Courts

Lighted Shuffleboard Courts

Regulation Basketball Courts

10-40

12-64

60+

12-19

Standards
Per Number
Persons in
User Group

1 6,000

1 4,000

Minimum Service1
Facility Facility And Acres Area Miscellaneous

Within
Park
Total
Acres

Outside
Park
Total
Acres

1 2.2 4.5 2-3 Adjacent to high school,,
miles buffered from residential
property

6 3.5 4.5 2-3
miles

1 1,000 12 0.5 1.0

1 500

Swimming Pools 6-15 1800
sq.ft.

Play Apparatus Areas

3-12

1,000

1 500

Provide sheltered sitting area
adjacent courts; near public
transit and major arterials

2 0.4 0.6 0.5 miles
1 0.6 0.8 1-1.5 Optimum pool size 5000 sq. ft.,
miles shallow wading areas separate
from diving pool.

1 0.2 0.3 0.5 Includes sitting areas, play-
mile ground equipment for children,
small open areas for free play

Golf Courses (private included)3

All ages 18
holes

50,000

1 110- 110- 30
150 150 min.
driving
time

Picnic Grounds All ages 1 acre 6,000 30
min.
max.
driving
time

Beaches3 All ages 0.2
acre
sand
and
50'
shore-
line

Boat Ramps All ages 2
linear
ft.

1,000

Rectangle most desirable shape
extending north to south,
gently rolling terrain preferred

Located in natural beauty
areas preferably adjacent to
bodies of water, well-shaded,
well-buffered from surrounding
conflicting uses

1 2.5 2.5 30
min.
max.
driving
time

1,000 200'

6.5 8

Minimum 0.6 parking space per
linear ft. of ramp

1 Includes acreage for auxiliary facilities
2Primarily 60 to 75 foot combination diamonds
3Peak season tourist population as well as resident population

Recreation Facilities

Table 2 presents standards for developing facilities in
metropolitan and sub-metropolitan open space areas. Spatial
standards are expressed in terms of facilities per number of
persons in a user group (predominant age group using the
facility). User groups were made a part of the standards for
purposes of locating or distributing the need realistically.
With the exception of two facilities, the standards derived
were limited to resident population. Standards for golf
courses and beaches include both resident and peak season
tourist population since out-of-town visitors contribute signi-
ficantly to the use-pressure of these areas.
Most of the recommended standards for determining
facility needs are based on the findings of a use-pressure sur-
vey conducted in 1968 at public parks in Dade County. This
survey indicated the percent of capacity that each facility
was used on an average peak day. If a facility was not greatly
overused or underused, assumptions were made that the
needs of these people in the service area were adequately
met. Where this was the case, the ratio of facility to num-
ber of people in the user group was determined. Ratios de-
rived in this manner were used as a basis for formulating
facility standards. Other factors were used to modify these
ratios including data on league play, data on recreation or
athletic classes, and demand as expressed in the user survey.
The facility standards are intended to be applied to the
effective supply of a facility. Effective supply is not neces-

sarily the total existing or actual supply. Because of sub-
standard conditions, an existing facility may not be used to
the capacity for which it was designed. In such cases, the fa-
cility is less than 100 percent effective. For this reason, the
actual supply should be adjusted to account for effective-
ness in meeting demand. Three factors are most influential in
determining the effectiveness of a facility: quality, lighting,
and grouping.
As a rule, the higher the quality of a facility, the higher
is the demand for that facility and, consequently, the more
effective it will be in meeting the needs. Facilities for adult
use, particularly, have to be of high quality to be used.
Night lighting can increase the effectiveness of facili-
ties by one-third. Facilities for court and field games are
especially adaptable for night lighting. The daytime heat of
summer makes night use of recreational facilities highly
desirable.
The use-pressure survey indicated that in order to be
most effective, some facilities should be grouped or con-
structed to size specifications. This is especially true for ten-
nis courts, shuffleboard courts, basketball courts, ball dia-
monds and swimming pools. For such facilities, the size or
number of facilities grouped will determine significantly ef-
fectiveness in attracting users. Standards for facility group-
ings or size specifications are, therefore, presented.
Standards not based on findings of the use-pressure sur-
vey were drawn from standards which are nationally accept-
ed.

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Figure 12 MA

FL ORID

sting and Proposed
Jerwater Areas

sting Metropolitan Parks
Nature Preserves

leralized Proposals
tropolitan Parks
:ure Preserves
ghborhood Parks
nmunity Parks
enways

STER PLAN

SUPPLY, POTENTIAL AND PRIORITIES

Dade County has many open space and recreation re-
sources varying in size from mini-parks of less than one acre,
to Everglades National Park, occupying several hundred
thousand acres. The total supply of public open space and
recreation areas consisted of 332 areas in 1968 that occu-
pied 10,384 .acres of land and water in or near the urbanized
portions of the county and 629,649 acres in the areas be-
yond. Almost 99 percent of these 640,033 acres was in na-
ture preserves having a minimum of development and lo-
cated beyond the easy and close reach of the urban dweller.
An additional 1.0 percent was in metropolitan parks which
were designed primarily for family week-end outings. Only
0.2 of one percent was in an area actually serving the day-to-
day recreation needs of Dade Countians at the local level.
Sixty-five park sites, including two designated metropol-
itan parks, were totally undeveloped and others were devel-
oped so sparsely that they did not attract users. Some parks
were not properly developed in relation to size, location and
physical characteristics and, thus, did not adequately serve
intended uses.
A survey of the quality of public open space and recrea-
tion areas in 1968, when correlated with use pressure, indi-
cated that the -degree of usage was proportional to the qual-
ity, the more the facility was used. Nearly 22 percent of all
parks and recreation facilities, when assessed on the basis of
expert judgment against accepted criteria, were of poor
quality.
The need for open space and recreation areas was deter-
mined by analyzing current and future demand trends; ap-
praising existing and potential resources; and applying stand-
ards. Unless indicated otherwise, the discussion of supply,
proposals and priorities for 1970, 1975 and 1985, refers only
to public areas.

S- Figure 13 NEIGHBORHOOD PARK NEEDS

FLORIDA

In addition to the officially designated open space and
recreation areas, there are publicly owned areas designated
for other uses but which nevertheless. constitute a major
open space and recreation resource. The potential use of such
areas is discussed. To this can be added many privately owned
areas which meet a significant portion of the needs. Of
special importance are private golf courses, marinas and rock
pits.

AREAS OF SUB-METROPOLITAN SIGNIFICANCE

Dade County's supply of sub-metropolitan recreation
areas in 1968 consisted of 25 mini-parks, 87 neighborhood
parks, 40 community parks, and 37 special activity areas
such as swimming pool sites and tennis centers. They occu-
pied 1,434 acres of land within the developed portions of
the county.
In Dade County there are 63 undeveloped park sites
for which no use has yet been designated. They occupyap-
proximately 179 acres of land. Some of these sites which
range in size from 0.2 of an acre to 20.0 acres were suitable
in 1968 for immediate development and use as parks of sub-
metropolitan significance. Others, because of location or con-
dition, will not be needed for some time. These sites, how-
ever, should be given careful consideration when expanding
the park system.
Based upon the standard of 4.5 acres per 1,000 popula-
tion in local parks and public open space, there will be a need
for public open space and recreation areas of sub-metropoli-
tan significance by 1970 of 5,805 acres; 1975, 6,687 acres;
1985, 8,798 acres. Table 3 indicates what part of this total
needed acreage is required for neighborhood and commun-
ity parks. (Also see Figures 12 and 13.)
Specific needs for mini-parks are not projected since
the wide divergence of needs in particular types of neighbor-
hoods preclude the development of a standard.

Table 3. 1968 SUB-METROPOLITAN RECREATION AREAS
AND 1970-1985 NEEDS, DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA

Classification

Mini-Parks
Neighborhood
Community
Special Activity Areas

Cumulative Needs
1968 1970 1975 1985
Areas Acres Areas Acres Areas Acres Areas Acres
25 18 -
87 352 181 1,092 212 1,285 258 1,604
40 663 71 2,082 80 2,413 100 3,104
37 401 -

AREAS OF METROPOLITAN SIGNIFICANCE

Areas of metropolitan significance are designed to serve
all or large sections of the county, and not one particular lo-
cality within the county. They include metropolitan parks,
nature preserves and certain special activity areas. (See Figure
4.) Facilities existing in 1968, and needs for 1970 through
1985 are summarized by number and acres in Table 4.

Table 4. METROPOLITAN PARKS AND NATURE PRESERVES, 1968 AND
PROPOSED 1970-1985, NUMBER AND ACRES, DADE COUNTY
1970- 1976- 1981-
1968 1975 1980 1985 Total 2
Area # Acres # Acres # Acres # Acres # Acres

Metropolitan Parks
Land
Bay
Nature Preserves
Land
Bay

15 6 3
5,817 3,120 1,440
600 -
6 4 1
629,350 4,3621 50
490 96,500 -

3 26
1,860 12,147
600

- 633,802
- 96,990

1Does not include 311 acres in Elliot Key Park and Arsenicker Keys which will be
incorporated in the Biscayne National Monument and is included in the 1968 figures.
2Totals reflect transfer of 90 acres of existing Elliot Key Metropolitan Park and 221
acres in Arsenicker Keys nature preserve to the Biscayne National Monument, a
nature preserve.

Metropolitan Parks

Dade County had 15 metropolitan parks occupying
6,417 acres of land and water in 1968. Of these, approxi-
mately 3,400 acres were undeveloped. Most of the undevel-
oped acreage, however, was mangrove or bay bottom land.
One of the parks, Greynolds, is developed to desired maxi-
mum. Twelve can be developed further; and two, Chapman
Field and Gratigny, are, as yet, undeveloped.
Most of the existing metropolitan parks were selected
for outstanding natural features; therefore, any further de-
velopment should be made with care to avoid the destruction
of valuable natural assets. (See Table 5.) Only four of the
existing parks are located inland. These are Greynolds, Tam-
iami, Gratigny, and Thompson.
Almost all metropolitan parks are designed to provide a
place for recreation activities requiring access to natural re-
sources and pleasant outdoor environments. Tamiami Park is
one exception because no outstanding natural features to be
preserved exist on the site. When fully developed, the park
will be intensively developed to provide a full range of recrea-
tional activities including athletic fields and programmed ac-
tivities. Tamiami Park is in close proximity to one of the
most rapidly expanding population areas of the county and
one of the most recreationally-oriented segments of the pop-

ulation, as indicated in the user survey. A university is also
proposed for a portion of the Tamiami Park site. When this
university is built, acreage removed from park use should be
replaced with other land in this same vicinity. The undevelop-
ed land in the section directly east of Tamiami Park should
be considered for this purpose. In order to preserve as much
of the Tamiami Park site as possible for public enjoyment,
park and university site planners should work together in de-
veloping the site as an integrated unit where the facilities.of
each will complement the other.
Twelve new metropolitan parks are proposed for devel-
opment by 1985. (See Table 6.) The criteria for selection
was: accessibility to major population centers present and
projected; uniqueness or particular beauty of the area; avail-
ability of large and comparatively inexpensive parcels of
land.
For the most part, proposed metropolitan park sites
possess some of the most outstanding natural resources
found in those parts of the county in which they are lo-
cated. One in particular, Deering Hammock, has within its
boundaries one of the few remaining hammock habitats in
Dade County.
Because of scenic value and good accessibility, some of
the proposed sites are in immediate danger of being developed
for other urban uses. It is extremely vital that these areas be
preserved as soon as possible for park use.
Nine of the sites are inland, bringing resource-oriented
facilities closer to where the people live. Of these nine, three
were chosen because they possess large lakes. People in fact
already use these sites for water-oriented recreation. They
are Maule Lake, Blue Lagoon, and Christopher Lake. The
type of development proposed for each of these new parks
varies depending upon the physical characteristics of the
site.

Nature Preserves
Nature preserves, while only six in number, occupy the
largest number of land in undeveloped open space, dedicated
primarily to preservation and conservation of unique and
vital natural resources. They comprise 629,840 acres of land
of which the majority or 416,144 acres is in Everglades
National Park, and 211,901 acres in the Water Control'Con-
trol Conservation Area No. 3. (See Table 7.)
The Everglades National Park and Water Control Con-
servation District No. 3, although nature preserves can be
developed more intensively for boating, fishing and camping

without adversely affecting the natural habitat. A major prob-
lem common to both of these areas is that of internal access.
Fringe access for such large areas as these is not sufficient.
Consideration should be given to the further opening of the
areas with additional internally located recreation areas that
are served with adequate boat transportation, perhaps air-
boats. Additional boat trails also would be desirable in such
places as these.
Five additional nature preserves are proposed for 1970-
80. (See Table 8.). The proposed areas, occupying 4,412 addi-
tional acres of land and 96,500 acres of bay, are among the
few remaining areas of outstanding natural quality and im-
portant resources in the county that are vulnerable to urban
development. Each proposed site is distinctive; adequate sub-
stitutes for them do not exist. Development of these, as well
as existing preserves, should be restricted to providing ade-
quate access to them, nature interpretive facilities and other
facilities compatible to the natural environment. Compatible
facilities may include camp grounds, picnic areas and boat
ramps.
Some of the off-shore keys, especially those constituting
a part of the proposed Biscayne National Monument, serve
only a fraction of the need that they could or should simply
because scheduled boat service is not available. Such keys
not connected to the mainland by bridges could serve a much
greater need if served by regularly scheduled boat service.
Hydrofoils, which have high speed capability, could make
trips to and from the keys, convenient and fun for most
people.

Special Activity Areas

The 28 special activity areas of metropolitan signifi-
cance in Dade County contain some of the county's most im-
portant recreation resources. These areas, containing only one
predominating facility each, occupy 2,076 acres of land.
Major uses of special activity areas include golf courses,
beaches, marinas, auditoriums, stadiums, aboretums, rifle
ranges, and museums.
The need for additional special activity areas is not pro-
jected for 1970, 1975 and 1985. Needs will be evaluated as
the demand arises. However, proposals are made for further
development of existing areas. This includes tennis courts at
Palmetto Golf Course, picnic area, ampitheatre and nature
study area at Sewell Park and expansion of marina facilities
at Pelican Harbor. (See Table 9.)

-. - -- --- -

EXISTING
1970
1975
1985

Figure 14 COMMUNITY PARK NEEDS

FLORIDA

BA

----%------------;

-Pat---siss--

Table 5. METROPOLITAN PARKS, 1968 AND PROPOSED FACILITIES, ACRES,
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA1

Map Metropolitan
Legend Park
11 Bayfront3

20 Chapman Field

14 Crandon

East Greynolds

25 Elliot Key4

6 Gratigny

3 Greynolds

5 Haulover

26 Homestead Bayfront 910

19 Matheson

17 Tamiami

13 Virginia Beach

12 Virginia Key3

15 Wainwright3

10 Watson Island3

Acres Physical Characteristics
37 Lushly landscaped with subtropical

566 Mangroves

898 Coastal sand dunes; unique mangrove
reef; coconut palms; Australian
pines

58 Hammocks and mangroves

90 Hammock and mangroves

515 Sandy soil; clumps of
Australian pines

170 Rock pit; hammocks and pine land;
bird nesting area; rolling hills

177 Beach; mangroves and palms

Mangroves

561 Sandbar ecosystem; beach; mangroves;
hammock

640 Grassland; very little tree growth

157 Beach; mangroves; some land fill
area

1,559
(600 in
Bay)

Beach; mangroves; some land fill area

14 Hammock; residential estate houses

65 Part of McArthur Causeway fill; palms
and other sub-tropical plants

Recreation Facilities or Uses
Garden; highly landscaped;
library; auditorium
Undeveloped

Picnicking; beach; marina;
boat ramp; fishing; nature
study; zoo; amusement park;
skin diving

Proposed Recreation Facilities or Uses
Marina

Boat ramp, nature study; marina;
beach picnic grounds
Additional beach and nature
study areas; expansion of
marina; bicycle paths

Group camping; picnic grounds; Boat ramp
fishing

Marina; camp sites; picnic
grounds; nature study
Undeveloped

Picnic grounds; nature study;
group camping; boating; golf
course
Beach, picnic grounds; par 3
golf; marina; boat ramp; fishing
Marina; boat ramp; fishing;
beach; picnic grounds

Beach; marina; boat ramp;
fishing; nature study trail;
bicycle path; picnic grounds
Ballfields; recreation building

Beach; picnic grounds; nature
study
Marine stadium; nature study

Undeveloped

Japanese Garden; marina; boat
ramp; picnic grounds; blimp
base

Integration into Biscayne
National Monument
Athletic and sport facilities;
camp grounds; horseback riding
facilities; bicycle path; golf
courses

Additional picnic grounds

Expansion of marina; additional
picnic grounds; camp sites;
marina exhibits; nature study;
scenic drives
Expansion of marina; additional
picnic grounds; fishing area

Golf course; major sports complex;
horseback riding facilities;
picnic grounds; nature study
Camp grounds

Golf course; marina; boat ramp;
picnic grounds; camp grounds

Garden Center; nature study;
amphitheatre; fine arts center;
picnic grounds and historical
museum
Additional picnic grounds and
boat ramp

1Administered by Metropolitan Dade County unless indicated otherwise
2See Figure 4
3Municipal
4To become.part of proposed Biscayne National Monument

Table 6. PROPOSED METROPOLITAN PARKS, FACILITIES, ACRES,
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, 1970-1985, DADE COUNTY,
FLORIDA

Map1
Legend

1970-75
24 Black Point

9 Blue Lagoon

8 Christopher
21 Deering Hammock

18 Kendall

16 Maule Lakes

Acres

1,100

1976-80
23 Castellow Hammock

2 North Dade

22 Richmond

1981-85
7 Glades

27 Navy Wells

1 Sunland

1,280

280

300

Physical Characteristics

Mangroves; numerous water channels

Rock pits; barren

Rick pits; grass lands; few trees
Hammock

Institutional buildings; hammock;
open fields

Rock pits; large stand of Australian
pines

Hammock; groves; farmland

Sanitary land fill; sandy soil;
very little growth
Pine land

Everglades; saw grass

Pine land; water supply operation

Sanitary land fill; muck; no trees

Proposed Recreation Facilities or Use

Marina; boat ramp; canoe trails;
camp grounds; nature study
Boat ramps; picnic grounds;
fishing
Picnic grounds; boat ramp; fishing
Camp grounds; picnic grounds;
nature study
Athletic and sport facilities;
bicycle paths; horseback riding
facilities; picnic grounds
Boat ramps; picnic grounds;
fishing

Athletic and sport facilities;
golf course; picnic grounds; nature
study centers
Athletic and sport facilities;
picnic grounds
Athletic and sport facilities;
horseback riding facilities;
camp grounds; picnic grounds;
nature study

Golf course; picnic grounds;
fishing
Athletic and sport facilities;
horseback riding facilities;
picnic grounds
Athletic and sport facilities;
horseback riding facilities;
picnic grounds

1See Figure 4.

WATER CONTROL
COhiSVATION AMA a

EXISTING
METROPOLITAN PARKS
NATURE PRESERVES
UNDERWATER AREAS
METROPOLITAN PARKS
NATURE PRESERVES

J

PAK

u\ ,1

Figure 15 METROPOLITAN

S A

PARKS AND NATURE PRESERVES

Table 7. NATURE PRESERVES, 1968 AND PROPOSED FACILITIES, ACRES,
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA1

Area
Thompson

Water Control
Conservation
Area #3
Arsenicker Key2&3

Castellow
Hammock
Cape Florida3&4

Everglades
National Park

Acres Physical Characteristics
618 Everglades; saw grass; lakes

211,901 Everglades

221 Major bird nesting and
breeding area
60 Hammock

896
(490 in
Bay)
416,144

Coastal sand dunes,
Australian pines

Everglades

Recreation Facilities or Use
Camp grounds; fishing;
nature study
Fishing; picnic grounds;
nature study; boat ramps

Nature study

Proposed Recreation Facilities or Use
Additional camp grounds; boat
ramps
Additional boat ramps and
picnic grounds; camp grounds

No development Recommended

Nature study

Beach; fishing; picnic
grounds; historic lighthouse

Boating; fishing; picnic
grounds; camp grounds;
nature study

Additional picnic grounds; camp
grounds; marina; nature study
facility
Additional facilities for boating,
fishing, picnicking and nature
study

Table 8. PROPOSED NATURE PRESERVES, FACILITIES, ACRES
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA1

Area
Arch Creek
Natural Bridge
Biscayne National
Monument3

Fuchs Hammock
Grossman Hammock4

Acres
13

100,500
(96,500
in Bay)

20
640

Physical Characteristics
Natural rock bridge formation

Coral reefs; hammock;
mangroves

Outstanding Hammock
Natural springs, large hammock;
sawgrass

1976-80

C Madden Indian 50 Indi
Mound
1Administered by Metropolitan Dade County unless indicated otherwise
2See Figure 4
3To become part of the proposed Biscayne National Monument
4State administered

ian mound, hammock

Proposed Recreation Facilities or Use
Sightseeing, picnicking

Fishing; boating; skin diving;
swimming; camping; marinas;
nature study center; additional
camping areas
Nature Study
Camp grounds; nature study

Educational facilities; nature
study

Map2
Legend
B

Map2
Legend
D

J

H
F

Table 9. 1968 AND PROPOSED RECREATION FACILITIES AT EXISTING
SPECIAL ACTIVITY AREAS, DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
T

Special Activity Areas
Altos Del Mar Park
Bayfront Park Auditorium

Bayshore Golf Course
Biltmore Golf Course

Camp Owaissa Bauer

Central Stadium

Dade County Auditorium
Dinner Key Auditorium
and Marina

Fairchild Tropical
Gardens
Government Cut Park
Granada Golf Course

Indian Beach Park
LeJeune Golf Course
Lummus Park
Miami Beach Auditorium
and Convention Hall
Miami Beach Par 3
Golf Course

Acres 1968 Facilities
9 Beach
2 Auditorium & Hall,
marina, library, band
shell, gardens
149 Golf course
166 Golf course and
clubhouse
109 Group camping, pool,
arts and crafts,
hammock area,
nature museum
11 Football stadium,
ballfields
10 Auditorium
11 Hall, marina, boat
ramp

Proposed Facilities

Lake development

Expanded park
acreage and
facilities

68 Botanical Garden

7 Beach
58 Golf Course &
clubhouse
10 Beach
116 Golf course
48 Beach
27 Auditorium

25 Par 3 Golf Course

Acres 1968 Facilities

184 Golf course

Baseball stadium
Golf course

Beach, Bandshell
Football stadium

Special Activity Areas

Miami Springs Golf
Course
Miami Stadium
Normandy Shores Golf
Course
North Shore Beach
Orange Bowl

Palmetto Golf Course

Pelican Harbor

Redland Fruit and
Spice Park
Sewell Park

Simpson Park

Trail Glade Range

Vizcaya and Museum
of Science

Proposed Facilities

Land acquisition
ball field
Tennis courts

Expanded marina
facilities

Picnic area, amphi-
theatre, nature study
center

Large bore rifle
range

Continued restora-
tion of house

I

121 Golf course, club
house, swimming
pool
44 Marina

20 Tropical Fruit
trees, picnic area
10 Nature study

8 Garden Center,
hammock area
675 Pistol & rifle range
skeet & trap,
picnicking
23 Historic house and
gardens, museum,
planetarium,
picnicking

AREAS OF METROPOLITAN OR
SUB-METROPOLITAN SIGNIFICANCE

Wayside Parks
Dade County has 11 wayside parks. These, as well as
other parks located adjacent to major thoroughfares, provide
a public place where the automobile traveler can rest. Way-
side parks also provide additional places where residents may
picnic. Additional wayside parks should be integrated into
the proposed greenway system.

Ornamental Areas
There are 20 designated ornamental areas within the
county. With few exceptions, they are median green strips,
triangles and traffic circles. Ornamental areas should be de-
veloped wherever their presence can enhance the environ-
ment without conflicting with traffic flow.

SUPPLEMENTARY RESOURCES

Virtually any piece of land or body of water developed
or undeveloped constitutes a potential recreation or open
space area. If not suitable for recreation in its present state,
the area can be altered with the aid of modern technology to
any form necessary or desired. However, not every area is
conveniently located to the resident population or the travel-
ing tourist, nor can each be developed at a reasonable cost.
To determine realistically the potential that an area has for
recreation, two factors must be considered: (1) accessibility
and location of the area relative to the users; and (2) the de-
gree of development that would be necessary, to prepare the
area for best use.
Six types of potential areas warrant special attention.
They are: (1) public school facilities; (2) Florida Power and
Light Company rights-of-way; (3) highway rights-of-way;
(4) canals; (5) roof-tops; and (6) bus service.

Public School Facilities
Public school facilities can help meet much of the need
for recreation facilities at the neighborhood and community
levels. Many programs conducted by the school system and
public parks departments require the same facilities such as
gyms, ball fields, swimming pools, locker rooms, arts and
crafts facilities, and meeting rooms. The reciprocal use of
recreation facilities by both the Board of Public Instruction
and the local park and recreation departments would make
possible many school and public recreation programs that
would not be possible otherwise. School facilities could be

used for public recreation programs when not needed for
school activities; and public park facilities could be made
available for school activities during school hours or even
after. School facilities are needed most for public recreation
when school is not in session; that is, week-ends, after school
hours, and summer vacation. Neighborhood and commun
ity parks are in least demand by the public when they would
be most valuable for school programs.
The value of school facilities for public' recreation is
especially high in the more densely developed part of Dade
County where it is very difficult or not feasible to obtain
land for park use.
The mutual benefits that can be derived by the joint
use of these facilities are significant. Some of the major
benefits are as follows.
1. Substantial savings in costs for acquisition and
development of neighborhood and community
parks can be realized by avoiding extravagant dup-
lication.
2. Less land is needed for joint usage than when park
and school recreational facilities are provided
separately.
3. More tax money is invested in schools than any
other local public structures. By using facilities
more intensively, a better return on the tax dol-
lar is realized.
4. Many of the recreation facilities required for
schools and public parks are the same.
5. Existing school properties already have certain
facilities necessary for public recreation areas; for
example, rest rooms, large indoor rooms, all-pur-
pose courts, parking areas, large playfields, and
sometimes ball diamonds.
6. The number and location of parks needed at the
community and neighborhood level closely parallel
the number of schools.
7. The school now serves as a focal point for many
neighborhood and community functions. The chil-
dren know the location and are accustomed to
going there to make social contacts. It is natural to
continue recreational and social activities at the
school grounds.
8. Schools are usually found in easily accessible loca-
tions.
9. Studies in other areas indicate that overall atten-
dance is higher at schools having public recreation
programs than at other playground areas having

similar programs.
10. Prospective recreation leaders, namely teachers, are
already available on the school site to organize pro-
grams.
Recommendations are made, in view of the benefits that
could be realized by the cooperative use of schools and public
parks, that:
1. School and park facilities be used for programs con-
ducted by either the schools or local parks depart-
ments.
2. Whenever possible, land adjacent to existing school
sites should be acquired when expanding the neigh-
borhood and community park system.
3. Land adjacent to proposed school sites be acquired
by the county for future use as public parks when
acquisition of the school site occurs.
4. Facilities developed on cooperatively used school
grounds and public parks complement each other
without unnecessary duplication.
The foundation for a school-park program was estab-
lished in 1960 and 1961 by a joint resolution between the
Board of Public Instruction of Dade County and Dade
County. The parties to the resolution recognize that "com-
munity recreation programs may be best achieved in the most
economical manner through the joint and concerted action of
the respective parties in making available for such purpose
suitable facilities belonging to the school board and the
trained personnel to be provided by the county."
In this resolution,
1. "The School Board agrees to make available to the
county for the purpose of conducting recreation
programs the use of such school facilities as may
be selected from time to time by the county and
approved by the school board . ,"
-2. "The county agrees to provide a basic program for
the unincorporated areas of Dade County at var-
ious schools selected by the county in coordination
with activities of a similar nature sponsored by the
school board."
The objectives of this resolution could be realized most
effectively by formalizing a step-by-step procedure for work-
ing out agreements on a project by project basis. The pro-
cedural instrument should be a working group appointed by
the school board and the county that would meet periodical-
ly to study and make recommendations relative to proposed
recreation programs and facility development projects. It
should be the concern of this work group to consider not
only the use of existing facilities on a joint basis but the de-

sign of new school and park facilities, especially in cases
where the properties are adjacent. The design of school and
park facilities should be influenced by the need for joint
usage. Because the location of schools in relation to parks
will determine the degree to which they can be mutually
beneficial, the location of new schools and parks would also
be an appropriate object of concern for this group.

Florida Power and Light Company Rights-of-Way
Florida Power and Light Company rights-of-way criss-
cross most of Dade County. Much of this land, held by the
company in either fee simple or easement, remains idle and
unused except as ways for power lines. A characteristic linear
form renders them ideal for bike and pedestrian ways and
bridle paths interconnecting neighborhoods, communities,
and public places. The width of some segments is sufficient
for mini-parks and court game facilities and, in some places,
wide enough for inclusion into a community or neighborhood
park. The joint use of the power company rights-of-way
could make available a substantial amount of land for recrea-
tion that would not otherwise be available. The cost of
using these rights-of-way would also be considerably less ex-
pensive than acquiring and developing new lands.
There are also certain advantages to the power company
related to the joint use of such rights-of-way. Among these
are an improved public image which results in good customer
relations, lower maintenance costs, and lower right-of-way
costs.
Highway Rights-of-Way
To use highway rights-of-way for transportation pur-
poses only can be wasteful. With imaginative planning and
design many rights-of-way could be developed to include
bicycle paths, picnic areas, play courts, or sitting areas.
Rights-of-way adjacent to canals could even be developed
with boat launching facilities. Because it is difficult to add
recreational uses to rights-of-way once a highway is built and
the adjacent land developed, primary emphasis should be
given to those highways that are still on the drawing boards.
Canals
Canals offer many possibilities for both recreation and
beautification. If provided with access, they can be used for
boating and fishing. By incorporating them into greenways or
parks, they become a central visual attraction. The beauty of
canals is one of their major assets.

Roof Tops
In central city, where ground space is at a premium,
roof tops could be used for recreation. Roof top parks inter-

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connected by foot bridges have already been tried in Europe.
Swimming pools on roofs of apartment buildings are already
common in Dade County. If a roof top is to be used for park
or recreation purposes, such consideration must be given
while in the design stage. Once a building is constructed, it
is usually too late.

Bus Service
Bus service should be used to provide improved access
to public open space and recreation areas. People having low
incomes, children, and the elderly would particularly benefit
from a convenient and efficient means of carrying people to
outlying metropolitan parks and nature preserves for day or
week-end outings. In addition, residents of low income areas,
where there are inadequate park facilities, should be trans-
ported to facilities in other neighborhoods and communities
until parks are developed closer to home.

RECREATION FACILITIES

Table 10 presents the actual supply and the effective
supply plus the deficiency of selected recreation facilities in
1968 for which standards were developed. Some of these
facilities as well as others that do not lend themselves to
standardization merit special attention because of importance
to Dade County. They are: beaches, marinas, boat ramps, the
zoo, stadiums, and historical sites.

Table 10 SUPPLY AN N

FACIL

Facility
Ball Diamond
Tennis Courts
Shuffleboard Courts
Basketball Courts
Swimming Pools
Square feet
Number of Pools
Play Apparatus Areas
Golf Courses1
Number of Holes
Picnic Grounds (Acres)
Beaches
Acres
Linear Feet
Boat Ramps
Linear Feet
Neighborhood Park
Building
Community Park
Building
1 Includes Private Courses

Beaches

Of all the recreation resources in Dade County, the
beaches are probably the most popular. The sunny, palm-
lined beaches and the warm ocean water are almost synonum-
ous with the greater Miami area. Because of the attraction to
tourists, beaches have an immense economic as well as rec-
reation value.
Dade County has 15 public beaches totaling almost six
miles in length plus many private ones owned primarily by
hotels and clubs in 1968.
Additional and improved beaches, however, will be re-
quired to meet the soaring demand. The greatest need for
beaches exists on the ocean front from and including Miami
Beach north toward Broward County. In this area where most
tourists stay, much of the natural beach has been lost to
erosion and beach-side development. An effort is under con-
sideration by the U.S. Corps of Engineers to recover former
pceanfront beach area. The area under study is a 200 to 220
foot wide strip of coastal water adjacent to existing beach
and extending from Haulover Beach to Government Cut. The
Corps plans call for the nourishment or restoration of this
area by filling and development as beach area. The exhaustive
study of the Corps shows considerable insight into the beach
needs from both a reconstitution and conservation stand-
point. Implementation of the Corps' plan is recommended.

Marinas and Boat Ramps

ITIES, 1968, DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA The need for boat storing, servicing and launching facili-
Supply Accumulated Deficiency ties in Dade County is substantial. This is indicated by the
Actual Effective 1970 1975 1985 fact that boat registration in the county increased 24 percent
117 88 27 38 68 for a two year period ending June, 1968. As indicated in the
201 153 87 121 188 user survey, boating is one of the most popular pursuits of
236 172 50 62 105 Dade Countians. Existing marinas and boat ramps are not
374 358 50 72 130 capable of handling the surging demand. All marinas in Dade
County are used to capacity and have long waiting lists for
228,711 222,861 143,000 188,000 230,000 slips, moorings and dry docking space. Because more and
37 36 25 34 46
123 108 254 312 379 more boats are too large to be carried back and forth between
home and water, the need for marinas where boats can be
369 369 160 235 406 stored and serviced is especially great. The marinas at Home-
305 100 115 148 225 stead Bayfront Park, Crandon Park and Pelican Harbor should
be expanded and marinas should be built at Chapman Field
83 83 211 252 348 and the proposed Black Point Parks. At least 1,000 additional
30,000 30,000 43,500 53,800 77,750 slips should be provided at public marinas by 1985. Expan-
2,035 1,735 845 1,237 2,175 sion of private marinas is also needed to meet the total de-
2,035 1,735 845 1,237 2,175
mand.
57 57 94 123 169 Only 11 public areas provided boat ramps in Dade
County in 1968. Additional boat ramps, distributed along
36 36 31 40 57 the coast and along inland waterways, are urgently needed.

Stadiums
Competitive high school football games are played in six
stadiums in Dade County. Because of the high schools built in
recent years and the introduction of professional football,
these stadiums were barely meeting the need in 1968. Al-
though undesirable, many high school football games had to
be scheduled Thursday evening.
A major problem was the lack of sufficient spectator
seating for many high school games. The Orange Bowl, the
only stadium in Dade County with a capacity of over 10,000
was used more and more for professional and college games
and special events.
The highest growth in terms of spectator participation
occurred in the South Dade area. Unfortunately, there was
only one stadium south of Miami and it is in Homestead. To
adequately meet the need of high school competition, one
stadium with a capacity of at least 15,000 people should be
built in the South Dade Area.
By increasing the seating capacity of the stadium at the
north campus of Miami Dade Junior College from 10,000 to
at least 15,000, the stadium needs for the North Dade area
should be satisfied.

Zoos
The Crandon Park Zoo began in 1948 when Dade
County acquired three monkeys, one goat and two black
bears from a disbanded traveling show. Since that time the
zoo has expanded to become one of the most popular recrea-
tion attractions in Dade County. Attendance was over one
million in 1968.
The function of a zoo in the community has greatly
expanded in educational as well as recreational importance
in the past decade. This calls for planning of animal and edu-
cational exhibits, classrooms, lecture hall, and natural history
specialists to manage the programs.
Research is an ever-increasing part of the zoo operation.
There is no other place readily available to the scientist for
the study of live wild animals in captivity. Development of a
research program means the construction of elaborate facili-
ties to house the laboratories, offices, and holding areas that
are necessary for a comprehensive program.
Future development and expansion of the Crandon Park
Zoo should be carefully planned to present to the public at-
tractive, functional and educational exhibits. They should be
large enough to allow adequate space for animals to breed. In
addition, trees, and shrubs native to the habitat displayed
should be incorporated into the exhibit. All of the landscap-
ing should accent the beauty of tropical vegetation and the

basic design of the building complexes should complement
the tropical setting.
Historic Sites

Despite Dade County's comparative youth, there are
sites and buildings of historic interest throughout the area.
Some of the original homes of Dade County pioneers are
still standing, as are a few of the fabulous mansions built dur-
ing the boom years of 1920-1926. Unfortunately, too many
of these early structures have been torn down to make way
for more economically viable uses. All of the structures of
the original settlement at the mouth of the Miami River,
along with the lavish estates, including "Millionaires Row" on
Miami Beach have been demolished.
There are, however several buildings from these earlier
times that are still standing. The old Fort Dallas Barracks,
built in 1850 to house troops during the Indian wars, was
saved and renovated by the Miami Woman's Club and moved
to Lummus Park in 1925. Also reminiscent of this period is
the Cape Florida Lighthouse built by the Federal Government
in 1825. It was partially destroyed by an Indian raid in 1836,
replaced in 1855, and abandoned in 1878, after which it fell
into disrepair. This old structure and the surrounding land
was opened to the public in 1966 when Cape Florida was
designated a State park by an act of the Florida Legislature.
Extensive repairs have been made to the lighthouse and the
keeper's living quarters were being restored based on infor-
mation contained in old books, documents and photos. It
will serve as a museum and information center.
A structure representative of the Spanish style sym-
bolic of the Coral Gables development during the boom
years is the Douglas Road entrance to Coral Gables. For
financial reasons the structure was eventually left to deteri-
orate and was scheduled for demolition to make way for a
supermarket. A non-profit corporation of local architects
and engineers, however, raised enough money to renovate
and, thereby, save the structure.
A unique concept in preservation is demonstrated in
the new Coconut Grove library. The original library, one of
the first in Dade County, was found to be inadequate for
modern needs. However, the old building had such charm
that everyone agreed that some means had to be found to
preserve at least part of the original structure. As a result,
part of the entrance of the old building was incorporated
into the entrance of the new library, to the satisfaction of
all.
Several large mansions have escaped demolition through
a variety of means. "Big John" Sewell, sent to Miami in
1896 by Henry Flagler to build the Royal Palm Hotel con-

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11911

Significant historical sites should be incorporated into public parks
and open space areas where they can mutually compliment each other.

Donelas Entrance at Coral Gables.

Tr*o

structed his mansion in 1912 on what is today part of the
Jackson Memorial Hospital complex. Rather than tear the
building down, the hospital has used it for office space.
The main structures and part of the grounds of James
Deering's estate commonly known as "Vizcaya" have been
preserved as Dade County's finest example of the luxurious
mansions built after World War I. Constructed along the
lines of an Italian Villa, it contains articles from all over
the world, and is furnished with French, Italian and Spanish
antiques. This estate was purchased from Deering's surviving
nieces in 1952 for $1 million, raised by means of a revenue

bond issue. An additional $400,000 was budgeted by the
county to purchase the remaining service buildings, gate
houses, elaborate entrance plazas, and buffer lands. The
house and gardens are open to the public and guided tours
are provided.
Efforts should be made to identify and preserve the
few remaining historical sites that Dade County still has
left. Whenever possible, significant historical sites should be
incorporated into public parks and open space areas where
they can mutually compliment each other.

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BEAUTIFICATION PROGRAM

The effect the environment has on the economic, social
and cultural character of an area is substantial. Beauty has
positive effects and ugliness, negative effects. The Greater
Miami Area has been deteriorating in visual appearance be-
cause of the virtually uncontrolled growth and development
occurring during the past few decades.
The problems associated with beauty are compounded
by the fact that existing conditions tend to be perpetuated.
Many people intuitively create and build in the image of
that to which they are continually exposed. Dade County's
image as a tropical paradise, so vital to economic health, is
badly tarnished. Action must be taken to reverse the exist-
ing trends in developments which are the cause of many un-
sightly areas. A comprehensive and conscientious program
aimed at beautifying the urban environment is the means by
which this can be accomplished.
To help meet the beautification needs of Dade County,
a four-part program is proposed: (1) the enactment of or-
dinances; (2) joint public-private program; (3) urban renew-
al; and (4) the development of a greenway system. The
beautification goals that this four-part program is designed
to help achieve are as follows:

1. Recognition and Protection of Natural Environ-
mental Values.
The natural setting of Dade County is of intrinsic
biological value and provides considerable aesthetic
potential. Greater recognition and skillful use of this
potential, plus supporting measures to prevent the
unwarranted abuse of these resources will increase
not only the beauty but the health and economy of
Dade County.
2. Harmonious Urban Development.
Harmony, the existence of complimentary relation-
ships, functionally and aesthetically, is an essential
quality of beauty. In the urban environment, beauty
through harmony can arise at many scales and in
many relationships such as between the man-made
and natural environment, between differing land
uses, and between patterns of development and arch-
itecture within a common land use area.
3. Improved Urban Design.
Enlightened and sensitive planning and design of ur-
ban development, including architecture, streets,
open space, and the functional and decorative para-
phernalia that accompany them, can greatly increase
the level of urban beauty. Improvement in the de-
sign of public improvements, plus coordinated pub-
lic-private beautification programs can inspire and
be an incentive, for better urban design at all scales.

ORDINANCES

Ordinances can be effective in preventing and abating
urban ugliness. One of the chief virtues is the widespread
benefit to local government at little cost. Such cities as
Coral Gables and Miami Shores already have benefited con-
siderably through the strict enforcement of ordinances re-
quiring the provision of visual amenities in land develop-
ment. Residents and businessmen of these communities
have as a result of initial high quality standards, perpetuated
a visually pleasant environment.
The following ordinances should be instituted on a
countywide basis to:
1. Control the type, size and location of outdoor adver-
tising.
2. Establish minimum standards for landscaping and
site development. The existing county ordinance
regulating the landscaping of off-street parking areas
is already a step in this direction.

3. Place all utility lines underground.
4. Amend the subdivision regulation to permit cluster
development,and require the donation of open space
for public recreation use when land is subdivided.
5. Establish a commission of architecture and design
experts to evaluate and make recommendations rela-
tive to the design of new proposed public buildings
and other structures.

JOINT BEAUTIFICATION PROJECTS

To improve the appearance of a street or place, it is
usually necessary that both public property in the form of
street and sidewalk rights-of-way and adjacent private pro-
perty be improved. The face lifting of store fronts on a bar-
ren street or the building of a beautiful boulevard through a
rundown neighborhood simply does not by itself result in a
beautiful area. Improvements on one and not the other can
be wasted effort and money. A program should be estab-
lished that would encourage public agencies and private
interests to work cooperatively on beautification projects.
A joint program should be set up in such a way that
private interests would initiate action by submitting to an
agency of local government a plan of improvements. Such a
plan should state what private interests intend to do and
what they would like local government to do in return.
A joint effort could then be negotiated. Priorities for pro-
jects of this type should be based on the overall impact of
each project on the metropolitan environment and on the
the degree of citizen participation.
The assistance of local government could be: (1) tech-
nical advice to citizen groups; (2) design of specific beauti-
cation projects: (3) capital investments, and (4) mainten-
ance of improved areas.

URBAN RENEWAL

The environmental deterioration of some places has
become so intense and widespread that it is no longer feasible
or practical to rehabilitate. In these places, it is necessary to
remove the old and start over again. Renewal can be accom-
plished privately when the area is comparatively small and
only a few land owners are involved. Unfortunately many of
the areas in need of renewal are vast, owned by many people
and inhabited by the poor.
More often than not, the local Urban Renewal agency is
the only body capable of handling the renewal problem.

Where needed, urban renewal should be encouraged. This
program provides one of the few opportunities for developing
adequate parks and open space in some of the heavily popu-
lated central areas. It also provides an opportunity to redesign-
whole sections of the urban area in an attractive manner and,
thereby, add permanency to the new development.
GREENWAYS
Second to homes and places of work, comes more ex-
posure to linear open spaces than any other component of
the metropolitan environment. These are the areas through
which people and goods must go to get from one place to
another. Linear open space consists of highways, rail lines,
major utility rights-of-way, canals and rivers. The fact that
linear open space is viewed frequently and for long periods of
time by many people has significant implications for a beauti-
fication program. It gives us the opportunity of providing
almost every segment of the population a pleasant visual ex-
perience every day.
A multi-purpose system of attractive interconnecting
linear open space links should be developed for visual enjoy-
ment and recreational opportunities to complement the
natural environment. Because such spaces would conserve
and make accessible natural areas, they are called "green-
ways." Depending upon other functions linear open spaces
could be used for walking and riding for pleasure, horseback
riding, hiking, bicycling, and boating. Greenways also can
complement adjacent public facilities and help unify the
whole metropolitan area. Little acquisition would be neces-
sary for the proposed system because most of the land in-
volved is already in public or public utility ownership.
Figure 15 illustrates the proposed greenway system.
Criteria used in selecting the links that make up the proposed
greenway system include: (1) traffic volume; (2) ability to
provide great visual impact and recreation use at reasonable
cost; and (3) ability to preserve and make accessible areas of
natural beauty. The links selected are of major importance
and should be considered as basic to a countywide greenway
system. Dade County, however, has many other linear open
spaces that could be developed, and desirably so, to comple-
ment the proposed system.
Linear open spaces constituting the proposed system in-
clude expressways and major arterials, parkways, canals, and
Florida Power and Light Company power transmission rights-
of-way.

Expressways and Major Arterials
Most tourists coming to Dade County enter via express-
ways and major arterials. What they see will be the first im-

pression of the county, which should be favorable. The right-
of-way should, therefore, be landscaped and maintained in a
fashion that would afford pleasing visual experiences to the
traveling public.
The following highway entrances to Dade County are in-
cluded in the proposed greenway system:
1-95, Sunshine State Parkway, Golden Glades Inter-
change (Broward County to 119 Street, North)
Tamiami Trail (Krome Avenue to proposed West Dade
Expressway)
Airport Expressway
State Road 27 South (Homestead to Everglades National
Park)
U. S. 1 South (Homestead to Monroe County)
Of these the Tamiami Trail should, in addition to being
beautified, be developed for recreation activities. The canal
that closely parallels the Trail has considerable recreation
potential. People are already using unimproved areas along
the canal for fishing and boating. Recommended development
for this corridor includes landscaping, picnic grounds, camp
sites, boat access facilities, bike and pedestrian ways, and
areas to serve local recreation needs.
Expressways and major arterials carry thousands of
people daily throughout the metropolitan area. Expressways
become physical barriers, often dividing neighborhoods, and
dominating the visual element. Because the expressways and
major arterials are used frequently by so many people, and
because of the overwhelming effect on adjacent property,
expressways and major arterials should be given special land-
scaping and design consideration in a beautification program.
Expressways included in the proposed greenway system
are as follows:
Interama Expressway
West Dade Expressway
Opa-Locka Expressway
South Dade Expressway

These roadways were chosen because they are still in the
planning stage and could be designed to provide maximum
visual impact and recreational opportunity at a reasonable
cost.
Of special note is the proposed Interama Expressway
which will be the major means of providing automobile
access to Interama, the permanent Latin-American trade and
cultural center under construction. The expressway taking
tourists, government officials and businessmen to and from
Interama should be representative of the best that man can
accomplish in structural design, since a chief purpose of

LEGEND

A. Sunshine State Parkway-I-95
Golden Glades Interchange
B. Interama Expressway
C. West Dade Expressway
D. Opa-Locka Expressway
E. F.P. & L. Rights-of-Way
F. Miami River Parkway
G. Tamiami Trail
H. Brickell-Old Cutler-Bayshore Parkway
I. South Dade Canals
J. Tower Parkway
K. North Canal Drive
L. 'South Dade Expressway
M. U.S. 1
N. Airport Expressway

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Figure 16 GREENWAYS PLAN

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Interama is to. display the wares of man's technical advance-
ment.
The design of the Interama Expressway should be made
an object of international competition. Structural designers
from throughout the world should be encouraged to submit
design plans to be judged for use in the actual construction.
Such competition would bring forth many new and imagina-
tive forms for expressways. It would further dramatize the
wide spread need for and encourage the development of
expressways which are visually pleasant rather than monot-
onous.
The land not occupied by the superstructure should be
developed as a greenway with bikeways, sidewalks, and rec-
reation facilities to serve a local need. Creating a greenway
out of the right-of-way would make traveling on this route
more pleasant and would permit the continuation of a neigh-
borhood from one side of the right-of-way to the other.

Brickell Old Cutler Bayshore Parkway

The road presently extending from the mouth of the
Miami River via Brickell, Bayshore, Main Highway and Old
Cutler to the Deering Estate is among the most beautiful
drives in Dade County. Development along this route should
be carefully controlled, including street improvements, to in-
sure the present state.
A Bayshore Parkway should be built joining Old Cutler
with Homestead Bayfront Park. The parkway should have a
200 to 600 foot right-of-way that would include, in addition
to the road, bike and pedestrian ways, nature study trails,
roadside parks, providing visual access points to the bay. The
proposed parkway would be the final link in connecting all
metropolitan parks on Biscayne Bay.
Of extreme importance to the ecology of the bay is the
mangrove belt extending along the shoreline. As much of this
mangrove belt should be preserved as possible. The Bayshore
Parkway, in addition to providing a recreation experience,
could serve in many places as a protective barrier between
the shoreline and any development west of the right-of-way.

Miami River Parkway

A parkway should be built along the banks of the Miami
River to make this resource visually accessible to the public.
Unsightly riverside development should be removed or im-
proved. Parkway improvements should include landscaping,
pedestrian and bike ways, limited vehicular access to the
water edge, and small parks for sitting and resting. Steps
should also be taken to correct the river's pollution problem.

South Dade Canals

South Dade has several canals which have the potential
for recreation use. Three of them identified with letter "I"
on Figure 16, are ideally suited for permanent greenbelts.
The marl finger glades in which they are found, while not
suitable for building in their present state, are valuable for
agriculture. These linear paths would provide pleasant breaks
in the urban development that is now rapidly encroaching on
the agriculture land and groves between Dade County's cen-
tral urban core and the Homestead-Florida City area.
Sufficient right-of-way should be acquired adjacent to
these canals for scenic drives, bike and.pedestrian ways,
bridle paths, picnic areas, boat launching facilities, mini-
parks and any other recreation facilities needed for serving
local needs. Additional undeveloped land should be preserved
simply for its value as open space through the purchase of
easements or development rights. Agricultural land and citrus
groves in the greenbelts, could, thereby be preserved for the
public's visual enjoyment and still remain productive.
One street, S. W. 328 Street, which parallels a canal, is
potentially capable of becoming a beautiful drive connecting
the Homestead-Florida City area to Homestead Bayfront
Park and the Old Cutler Parkway. Improvements on this
drive should include tree planting, bike ways, and roadside
parks.

Florida Power and Light Company Rights-of-Way
One of Dade County's largest and totally untapped
potential recreation resources is the network of Florida
Power and Light Company power transmission line rights-of-
way. These rights-of-way should be an integral part of a linear
open space system and be used for local recreation facilities.
Utility companies in other major cities have had long standing
policies of opening these lands for public use.
Although many links of the Power Company rights-of-
way network can and should serve a public recreation func-
tion only one major right-of-way link is recommended for
inclusion into the major greenway system. The open space
corridor shown in the plan should be developed with bike and
pedestrian ways, bridle paths, and facilities to serve local rec-
reation needs.

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MEANS OF PRESERVING OPEN SPACE

One of the most pressing problems confronting metro-
politan areas is that of preserving open space for existing and
future recreation and other public needs. Legal tools which
can be used for preserving open space include: preferential
property taxation, easement or development rights, outright
purchase, lease, eminent domain, zoning and subdivision
regulations.
PREFERENTIAL PROPERTY TAXATION
High property taxes levied on large tracts of undevel-
oped open space may result in an intolerable tax burden
which may force the owners to convert land to more profit-
able urban uses. As urban development becomes more in-
tense, land values and therefore, property taxes generally
increase. Preferential property taxation might preserve exis-
ting undeveloped land needed for future public use until it
can be acquired. Or, preferential treatment may encourage
the continued use of land in agriculture and groves indefinite-
ly for public enjoyment.

In 1967, the Florida State Legislature passed a statute
permitting preferential assessment of outdoor recreational or
park lands. Preferential assessment is based upon the value of
land under present use rather than potential value. The
County Commissioners of Dade County have the option to
either accept or reject proposals submitted to them for pref-
erential assessment of property. Once such an agreement is
reached, the land cannot be used for purposes other than
those stated in the agreement without the consent of the
County Commission.
However, the local government does not receive any
assurances that the owner will not convert the land to another
use after a 10 year Florida time limit has expired.
This would tend to limit desirability for securing land
for park and open space uses on a long-term basis. However,
the possible use of this legislation should not be ruled out
where more permanent methods of preserving open space
land are not feasible.
Florida also passed a statute in 1967 that permits farm-
land to be given preferential assessment. By satisfactorilyy
meeting certain requirements, land used for a bona fide agri-
cultural purpose is zoned agricultural. Lands so zoned are
assessed for value as agricultural land only. Preferential
assessment terminates whenever the land use is changed.
Because the land owner is not penalized when he ceases to
use his land for agricultural purposes, even after receiving
preferential assessment, this act does little to discourage the
eventual use of farmland for urban purposes.
Of the several forms of preferential property taxation
the most effective is tax deferral, a form that is not presently
permitted by law in Florida. Some of the taxes due at the end
of each fiscal year are deferred. However, a property owner
must pay all or some of the deferred taxes if and when his
land is developed for a more profitable urban use or when an
agreement for tax deferral is breached by landowner. The
longer taxes are allowed to accumulate the less profitable it
becomes for an owner to convert his land to more intensive
urban use. Over a period of years, accumulated taxes may
make conversion prohibitive.

EASEMENTS OR DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS

Another method of preserving undeveloped land is the
purchase of easements or development rights. This would for-
bid the owner from using his land for any other use than
those stipulated. The owner must use his property in accor-
dance with the contract made. An easement purchase agree-
ment can carry various stipulations, including a time limit or
perpetuity clause. The right of development would ordinarily
revert to the original owners or heirs should the government
decide later that the property is not needed for the stipulated

purpose. The purchase of easements is probably one of the
most effective methods of stabilizing land use which permits
the land to remain in private ownership.
Although the purchase of easements could cost as much
as the fee simple title, there are certain advantages over fee
simple purchase to both the public and private owner. The
owner receives tax protection since his assessment cannot be
raised to match the value of the land for more profitable
uses. Local government could benefit in three ways: (1) it
could possibly conserve privately owned land at a cost less
than that required for purchasing fee simple title; (2) it
would retain the land on the tax rolls; and (3) it would not
have to maintain the property.
OUTRIGHT PURCHASE
Outright purchase of fee simple title is one of the surest
methods of preserving open space. This may be used in con-
nection with a leaseback or saleback agreement. A purchase
leaseback arrangement permits local government to guarantee
the continued existence of an open space area without having
the responsibility of maintaining it.
Under the purchase saleback arrangement, property is
purchased and then sold with certain deed restrictions. Pur-
chase saleback is designed to accomplish, basically, the same
thing as the acquisition of development rights; however, it
may be simpler to administer than the latter. Furthermore,
unlike the purchase leaseback arrangement, the land remains
taxable.
LEASE

Local governments can preserve lands by leasing them
from the owners. This method is especially desirable for pre-
serving lands needed only temporarily. On the other hand, if
made to extend over many years or used in connection with a
purchase agreement, leasing may be a desirable method of
preserving land that will be needed for an indefinitely long
period of time. A lease purchase agreement enables a local
government to acquire a fee simple title without having to
pay the original owner for the cost of the land when the
agreement is made. Rent is actually in payment for the
property.
EMINENT DOMAIN
Eminent domain may be used to acquire land if the
owner refuses to sell. Metropolitan Dade County and the
municipalities located therein have the authority to acquire
land for recreational purposes by eminent domain. This
method should only be used to acquire valuable park or open
space land when the area is about to be developed for another
use and when there are no practical alternative methods of
preserving the property.

ZONING

Zoning is probably the single most important legal de-
vice available for carrying out the land use plan of a commun-
ity. Through zoning, incompatible land uses can be separated,
population densities can be regulated, and the height and
bulk of buildings can be controlled. As related to parks and
open space, zoning can be used to maintain open areas of
varying types. Large lot requirements in themselves provide
open space within residential areas. Zoning for agriculture
.and recreation can be useful to a limited extent. The rights of
the property owner to sell or otherwise develop cannot be
arbitrarily denied by such action.
Cluster zoning which is not permitted in Dade County
permits the raising of density in one part of a development in
order to achieve open space in the remainder. This form of
zoning allows greater flexibility of design and encourages
more open space and improved resident development pat-
terns.
The Metropolitan Dade County Zoning Ordinance
should be amended to permit clustering on large tracts of
land in single ownership before subdivision, provided that the
average density required by the zoning is maintained for the

entire tract and that all land not subdivided is dedicated as a
public or private residential common of permanent open
space.

SUBDIVISION REGULATIONS

Subdivision regulations are legal means of guiding the
development of subdivisions. Many ordinances require that
for each house in the development a certain amount of land
be set aside as park or common open space; or that the devel-
oper pay a fixed fee for each house to be used toward the
purchase of park or open space land nearby. Dade County's
subdivision regulations do not have such requirements. The
codes should be revised to stipulate that for each proposed
dwelling unit no less than 300 square feet of park area be
dedicated;or, in lieu of land, payment be made in an amount
equal to the value of the land that would otherwise be re-
quired.
The above methods provide local governments with the
tools necessary for the preservation of open space. An open
space preservation program, however, can be effective only
if the appropriate methods are selected and implemented in
time.

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ACTION PROGRAM

The successful implementation of the Open Space and
Recreation Plan will require the cooperative efforts of federal,
state and local governments, as well as private interests. Fed-
eral and state agencies should provide major recreation re-
source areas of regional or national significance and give
technical and financial assistance to local government. Local
governments, on the other hand, must accept the responsi-
bility to meet the recreational needs at the local level. The
efforts of private interests such as non-profit civic organiza-
tions, private clubs, and profit making enterprises will be
needed to complement those of government.
Elements of the action program are discussed as follows:
costs; methods of financing; administration; guidelines and
continuing planning program.

COSTS

Capital expenditures for most proposed open spaces
and recreation facilities for 1970 through 1985 that would
be the administrative responsibility of the local government
would total $229.2 million. (See Table 11.) Whether the
county or municipalities should be responsible for administer-
ing the proposals is discussed later.
The proposed 1970-1985 plan would cost $168.1 mil-
lion more than the development of open spaces and recrea-
tion facilities based on past trends. Capital expenditures
would increase 275 percent from an estimated $61 million
for the 15-year period.
Cost does not include recommendations for develop-
ment of Biscayne National Monument, additional facilities
at the Everglades National Park and the Water Conservation
Area No. 3, or the beach nourishment and erosion control
projects which would be the administrative responsibility

of the federal government. Nor, does the $229.2 million in-
clude development of Grossman Hammock which should be
the administrative responsibility of the state.
Estimates have been made for the cost of acquiring and
developing neighborhood, community, and metropolitan
parks, preserves, and special activity areas. Estimates have
not been made for mini-parks, wayside parks, ornamental
areas or the beautification program, including greenways, to
be administered by local government because proposals were
general, rather than specific. The plan calls for year-to-year
decisions on the development of these open spaces.
Operation costs of the neighborhood, community, and
metropolitan parks, nature preserves, and special activity
areas for which the capital expenditure costs have been esti-
mated, would average $17 million annually between 1970-
1985. This includes maintenance, programs, and administra-
tion. Average annual operating costs would be 69 percent
higher than for a program based on past trends. (See Table
12.)

Table 11. PROPOSED AND PAST TRENDS OPEN SPACE AND
RECREATION FACILITY ACQUISITION AND DEVELOPMENT
CAPITAL COST, NUMBER OF AREAS, ACRES, 1970-85, DADE
COUNTY, FLORIDA

Area
Sub-Metropolitan
Significance

1970-75 1976-80

Neighborhood Parks $ 41,100

Acquisition
Development
Community Parks
Acquisition
Development

Metropolitan
Significance
Metropolitan Parks
Acquisition
Development
Nature Preserves
Acquisition
Development
Special Activity Areas
Acquisition
Development
Total Acquisition
Total Development
Proposed Total
Past Trends Total

34,200
6,900
78,100
62,300
15,800

43,200
18,100
25,100
1,200
900
300
4,400

4,400
115,500
52,500

$ 7,500
5,600
1,900
8,200
4,400
3,800

3,500
3,000
500
300
200
100
3,400

3,400
13,200
9,700

1981-85 Total
(thousands)

$ 9,800
6,700
3,100
22,700
14,000
8,700

5,400

5,400

400

400
20,700
17,600

Total Total
Number Acres

$58,400 171
46,500
11,900
109,000 60
80,700
28,300

52,100
21,100
31,000
1,500
1,100
400
8,200

8,200
149,400
79,800

1,252

2,441

11 6,140

3 83

168,000 22,900 38,300 229,200 245 9,916
5,600 15,200 40,300 61,100

Table 12. OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION FACILITY ANNUAL AVERAGE
OPERATING COSTS, PROPOSED PLAN AND PAST TRENDS,
DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA, 1970-851

PROPOSED PLAN
PAST TRENDS

1970-75

$12,800
7,600

1976-80
,(thousands)

$16,500
9,600

1981-85

$21,900
13,000

1Cost of operating self-sustaining revenue: producing facilities excluded.

A phasing schedule calls for acquisition and development
of metropolitan parks and nature preserves to meet the needs
of 1970-75; 1976-80; and 1981-85 within the respective per-
iods. The existing and projected deficiency of neighborhood
and community parks is too great to meet as it occurs. Hence,
a gradual programming calls for meeting 1970 neighborhood
and community park needs during 1970-75; 1971-75 needs
during 1976-80; and 1976-85 needs during 1981-85.
Development of proposed projects includes expansion
of Crandon Park Zoo, restoration at Vizcaya, and addition of
a large bore rifle range at Trail Glades Park. In addition, the
following facilities should be developed in the proposed and
existing neighborhood, community, or metropolitan parks or
nature preserves at a total of $79.8 million between 1970
and 1985:

68 ball diamond
105 shuffleboar
188 tennis court
130 basketball c
171 all purpose
46 pools total
230,000 sq
379 play appara
171 neighborhood
buildings
3 nature stud
The recommended
facilities would reduce
ment by $50 million. (

Table 13. NEIGHBORHO(
EXPENDITURE
PUBLIC SCHOC
1970-1985

Area

COMMUNITY PARK.
Acquisition
Development
NEIGHBORHOOD PARK
Acquisition
Development
Total Acquisition
Total Development
GRAND TOTAL

METHOD

Several major soi
ing open space and rec
Federal A
State Assi
Gifts and
Ad Valor
User Fees
Concession
Utility Ta
District T
General C
Revenue
Revolving

ds
I courts

60 community park
buildings

Federal Assistance Programs

s 5-18 hole golf courses The federal government has a number of programs under
ourts 5 marinas (including which local governments may qualify for financial assistance
courts expansion of 3 with in open space and recreation projects. To date, the county
ng total of 1000 addi- and several municipalities have received in the past six years
. ft. tional boat slips) under these programs almost one million dollars ($1,000,000)
tus areas 750 camp sites in matching grants for acquisition and limited development
)d park 225 acres picnic of open space and recreation facilities.
grounds The Open-Space Land Program, administered by the De-
y centers 350 acres beaches parent of Housing and Urban Development, was created to
d cooperative use of school and park help provide parks and other open space in the developed
Sthe cost of acquisition and develop- portions of urban areas and to preserve historic places. This
See Table 13.) program provides: (1) grants up to 50 percent to assist in pur-
chasing open land to be preserved as permanent open space
land; (2) grants up to 50 percent to assist in purchasing land
3D AND COMMUNITY PARK, CAPITAL in built-up urban areas, and to assist in removing structures
SAVINGS FROM COOPERATIVE USE OF and preparing the land for use as permanent open-space land;
)L FACILITIES, DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA,
(3) and relocation payments for individual families, and busi-
nesses displaced by land acquisition.
1970 1971-75 1976-85 Total The Land and Water Conservation Fund Program which
(thousands) is administered by the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation pro-
vides grants-in-aid to local government for planning, acquir-
$14300 $ 900 $1,000 $16200 ing, and developing outdoor recreation areas and facilities in
5,200 1,100 800 7,100 both urban and non-urban areas. Federal grants up to 50 per-
cent of the cost of approved projects are available on a match-
13,600 2,000 4,200 19,800 ing basis.
3,400 1,200 2,100 6,700 Neighborhood Facilities Grants, administered by the Ur-
27,900 2,900 5,200 36,000 ban Renewal Administration, are designed to help provide
8,600 2,300 2,900 13,800 neighborhood facilities for programs of health, recreation,
$36,500 $5,200 $8,100 $49,800 social or similar community services. Grants up to two-thirds
of the acquisition and development cost may be attained for
community centers, youth centers and other public buildings
which could have recreation as one of its functions. In rede-
)DS OF FINANCING velopment areas, grants up to three-fourth of the cost are
available. Priority is given to projects which further the ob-
irces of funds are available for financ- jectives of a community action program approved under the
creation projects. They are as follows: Economic Opportunity Act.
The Urban Beautification Program, administered by the
assistance Programs Urban Renewal Administration, assists local programs of ur-
istance Programs ban beautification and improvements of open space and other
Trusts public land. Grants are available up to 50 percent of the
em Taxes amount by which the cost of approved urban beautification
and Charges and improvement activities exceeds the usual expenditures
in Arrangements for comparable activities. These grants may be used for :
lxes (1) park development; (2) upgrading and improvement of
axes public areas such as malls, squares and waterfronts; (3) street
obligation Bonds improvements such as lighting, beaches, and tree planting; and
Bonds (4) activities on behalf of the arts, such as facilities for out-
Land Acquisition Funds door exhibits. Grants covering up to 90 percent of the cost of

activities may be approved in demonstration projects having
special value in developing and demonstrating improved
methods and materials.
Local government can apply to the General Services
Administration for federal surplus real property at a 50 per-
cent discount of market values for park and recreation pur-
poses. Gratigny Park; Chapman Field Park and others were
acquired this way. Some of the proposed metropolitan parks
currently are federally owned land.
These and other federal programs offer local government
an opportunity to meet open space, recreation and beautifica-
tion needs at a cost lower than would ordinarily be possible.
Federal assistance is limited and cannot be expected for all
projects. Local government should, however, apply for fed-
eral assistance whenever a project meets all the requirements
established by a program and, because of its importance or
outstanding features, would have a reasonable chance of
being approved.

State Assistance Programs
Florida presently has no program for financially assist-
ing local government in acquiring and developing open space
and recreation facilities. Recognizing the serious financial
burdens of county and municipal governments, some states
have already created such an assistance program. In a few
states, the assistance program consists of matching federal
grants to counties and municipalities. Florida should also ac-
cept the responsibility of assisting local government by creat-
ing a grant-in-aid program for locally administered open space
and recreation facilities.
Gifts and Trusts
Dade County possesses many fine park lands because of
the generosity of private citizens. Large portions of Crandon
Park, Matheson Hammock, Homestead Bayfront Park and
numerous smaller parks have been donated or sold at a much
reduced price for the public park and open space uses. In
fact, almost one-fourth of the park land existing today in
Dade County was donated by private individuals. Various
clubs and societies also are active in providing funds and ma-
terials for special park development.
Dade County should actually seek additional donations
of land and capital and encourage the establishment of open
space and recreation funds for donations by citizens and
businesses.
Ad Valorem Taxes.
Ad valorem taxes are levied against real property. In
Florida, it can be levied at a rate of not more than 10 mills on

100 percent of non-exempt valuation. Ad valorem taxes are
the primary source of money going into the general fund. A
considerable portion of the operating and capital costs are
ultimately met with ad valorem taxes. Ad valorem taxes are
and will most likely continue to be the single most important
form of local government revenue.

User Fees and Charges.
User fees have become an increasingly important method
of financing capital improvements and paying for operating
expenses. During the fiscal year, 1967-68, the county, alone,
grossed approximately $2.5 million in user fees and charges
collected from such park facilities as food concession stands,
marinas, and golf courses. This money is ordinarily returned
to the general fund of the county from which most expendi-
tures for open space and recreation projects eventually come.
Many opportunities exist for instituting reasonable en-
trance and user fees to help finance capital improvements. A
policy of charging fees for limited use facilities requiring sub-
stantial capital outlays such as tennis courts, swimming pools,
marinas, boat ramps, and zoos is commonly practiced in
many areas of the country.
Concession Arrangements

Many incidental services in park and recreation areas
such as equipment and facility rentals and food, can be ad-
vantageously handled through concession contracts with pri-
vate parties. The concessionaire absorbs the operating expen-
ses and sometimes all or portions of the capital development
expenditures. He provides a service to the public while re-
ducing the outlay of tax dollars. The government generally
receives a portion of the concessionaire's profit as a rental
fee.
In Dade County, some well known attractions are oper-
ated this way: the Seaquarium, the Crandon Park miniature
train, and the Haulover fishing pier. Consideration should be
given to the use of concessions on an individual project basis.

Utility Taxes.

A utility tax, levied on services received from public
utilities, is collected by some municipalities in Dade County.
Consideration should be given to the county levying utility
taxes in the unincorporated portion of the county to help pay
for developing sub-metropolitan open space and recreation
areas in areas not served by municipalities. This source of
revenue has never been used in the unincorporated areas. It is
doubtful, however, that this source of income alone would be
sufficient for meeting the above described needs.

District Taxes
District taxes are ad valorem taxes collected within spe-
cific areas to support programs within these areas. Miami
Lakes has already established a special tax for maintaining a
system of mini-parks and grpenways. Although special taxing
districts for open space and recreation programs are not com-
mon in Dade County, such public services as street lighting,
water, sewerage and libraries are to a large degree, supported
by special district taxes.
Unless consolidation of all public open space and recrea-
tion systems occurs a special open space and recreation dis-
trict should be created to serve the unincorporated portions
of the county and any municipality choosing to join.

General Obligation Bonds
To meet the needs established in this plan, it will be
necessary to borrow money to be repaid from subsequently
collected revenues. Borrowing permits local government to
smooth out wide fluctuations in the annual budget. The most
commonly used form of borrowing money for use in develop-
ing public open space and recreation facilities, as with other
non or low revenue producing public facilities, is the sale of
general obligation bonds. Such bonds are backed by the col-
lection of ad valorem taxes on property, sometimes imposed
specifically for payment of the bonds. They can be requested
by local governments or a special taxing district.

Revenue Bonds
Revenue bonds are sometimes used to obtain money
to finance projects that can be expected to produce enough
money for amortization. Such bonds are ordinarily backed
exclusively from the earnings of a facility to be constructed
from bond proceeds.
Revenue bonds have been used occasionally in Dade
County to finance golf courses, stadiums, and other large
self-supporting facilities. Publicly owned golf cources,marinas,
and campgrounds have consistently realized substantial pro-
fits in Dade County. Based upon past performance and in-
creasing demand for more of these facilities, it is reasonable
to assume that additional facilities could be financed by rev-
enue bonds.

Revolving Land Acquisition Fund
In order to secure land needed for parks and other pub-
lic uses, it is recommended that a revolving land acquisition
fund be established which will enable departments to acquire
land, based upon sound planning, prior to the time it is
needed. This would insure the preservation of adequate and

suitable space and save the taxpayers untold thousands of dol-
lars by buying land before the cost increases drastically. This
can also serve as a means of guiding development of desirable
locations by providing the space for the needed governmental
services such as neighborhood and community parks in these
places, thereby encouraging developers to build around them.
Such a fund could initially be established with money
obtained from property taxes, general obligation bonds, or
other tax sources.
Money withdrawn from the fund to buy park land
could be replaced with money received from the sale of sur-
plus land, user fees and charges, ad valorem taxes or any
other tax sources.
In Dade County,the Board of Public Instruction has pur-
chased land for future schools in this manner, thereby being
assured that land is available to build schools in the proper
locations as the need arises.

ADMINISTRATION

Two alternatives are suggested for administering the pro-
posed programs for open space and recreation facilities be-
tween 1970 and 1985. They are: (1) Continued county and
municipal administration of metropolitan areas, with sub-
metropolitan areas administered by a district in the unincor-
porated areas and by municipalities or a district in incorpor-
ated areas; (2) County administration of all areas of metro-
politan and sub-metropolitan significance.

Alternate One
Metropolitan Areas: Dade County and municipalities
should continue to administer and further develop open space
areas and recreation facilities of metropolitan significance in
existence before 1970. The 1970-85 proposals for new areas
of metropolitan significance, all but one of which are located
in unincorporated sections, should be administered by the
county, the logical unit of government to administer areas of
countywide significance. By definition, Metropolitan Dade
County should provide for areas used by residents and tour-
ists of the entire county.
Financing of proposed metropolitan programs to be ad-
ministered by the county call for application for federal and
state aid, encouragement of land donations from private citi-
zens and businesses, issuance of general obligation and rev-
enue bonds, and the establishment of a land revolving fund so
that property could be acquired without delay.
The county cost of administering new areas and further
developing existing areas of metropolitan significance would

be $47.4 million for the 1970-85 program. The cost to mu-
nicipalities of developing existing metropolitan areas would
be $14.4 million.
Revenue bonds amortized by utility taxes or user fees
such as golf green fees and marine dockage charges, and gen-
eral obligation bonds amortized by ad valorem taxes should be
the chief means of financing the cost. Table 14, indicating
the amount of bonds required to finance the program, would
be reduced correspondingly by the amount of federal grants,
state aid, or private donations available at the time. Thus,
the maximum amount possible to obtain through revenue
bonds is listed with the balance to be obtained from general
obligation bonds.
Capital and annual operating costs would require a .80
mill increase in taxes by the county and .27 increase by the
municipalities between 1970-75, gradually going down to .74
for the county and .21 for the municipalities between 1981-85.
(See Table 14.)
Sub-metropolitan Areas. A special park district should
be created including the unincorporated area and any muni-
cipality choosing to become a part of the district. This would
provide a legal means of collecting ad valorem taxes to pay for
the proposals of sub-metropolitan significance that total $46.2
million in the unincorporated areas and $121.2 million in the
municipalities.

The power company franchise tax which has been pay-
ing for the development of local facilities in the unincorpor-
ated area is depleted as far as acquisition and development of
new areas is concerned. The collection of ad valorem taxes
county-wide for new parks that serve local needs in the unin-
corporated areas raises a legal question regarding the right to
tax residents of a municipality for services serving exclusively
residents of unincorporated areas. This eliminates the use of
general obligation bonds.
Generally, open spaces and recreation areas of sub-met-
ropolitan significance are not capable of supporting revenue
bonds from the local parks and facilities. However, new
sources of revenue exclusively from the unincorporated areas
might be obtained with a 10% utility tax levied in the unin-
corporated portion of the county. This would yield about $6
million in 1970 and $12 million by 1985 and could be used
to amortize revenue bonds.
Areas of sub-metropolitan significance in the munici-
palities could join the district or finance the program with
general obligation bonds and user fees. Millage rates for
county districts would range from 1.22 mills for capital and
operating costs between 1970-75 to 1.87 mills between 1981-
85. Table 15, indicating these rates, could be reduced cor-
respondingly by federal grants, state aid, and land donations.

Table 14. ALTERNATE ONE, AREAS OF METROPOLITAN SIGNIFICANCE, CAPITAL AND OPERATING
COST FINANCING, PROPOSED OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION PROGRAM, DADE COUNTY, FLA. 1970-851

ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCING

METROPOLITAN DADE COUNTY
Revenue Bonds
General Obligations Bonds
Total Capital Costs
General Revenue-Average
Annual Operating Costs

MUNICIPALITIES
Revenue Bonds
General Obligations Bonds
Total Capital Costs
General Revenue-Average
Annual Operating Costs

1970-75
Amount

Mills

4,400
30,000
34,400

3,500

7,200
7,200
14,400

1976-80
Amount Mills
(thousands)

1,000
6,200
7,200

3,800

1981-85
Amount

Mills

3,100
2,700
5,800

5,000

Total Capital Costs

8,500
38,900
47,400

7,200
7,200
14,400

1 Reflects increasing tax base.

Table 15. ALTERNATE ONE. AREAS OF SUB-METROPOLITAN SIGNIFICANCE, CAPITAL AND OPERATING COST
FINANCING, PROPOSED OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION PROGRAM, DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA 1970-851

ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCING
METROPOLITAN DADE COUNTY
District Tax Capital Costs
District Tax Average Annual
Operating Costs
MUNICIPALITIES
General Obligation Bond
Capital Costs
General Revenue Average
Annual Operating Costs

1970-75
Amount

$20,000

1976-80
Amount

(thousands)

.45 $8,700

2,300

99,200 1.50

6,300 1.14

1981-85
Amount Mills

Mills

.52 $17,500

3,400

7,000 1.40

8,600 1.70

5,400 1.19

15,000 1.35

10,800 1.8

Total Capital Costs

$46,200

121,200

Table 16. ALTERNATE TWO. AREAS OF METROPOLITAN SIGNIFICANCE, CAPITAL AND OPERATING COST
FINANCING, PROPOSED OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION PROGRAM, DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA 1970-851

TAN DADE COUNTY 1970-75 1976-80 1981-85
NANCING Amount Mills Amount Mills Amount Mills Total Caoital

Revenue Bonds
General Obligation Bonds
Total Capital Costs
General Revenue Average
Annual Operating Costs

METROPOLITAN DADE COUNTY
FINANCING

General Obligation Bond
Capital Cost
General Revenue Average
Annual Operating Costs

1 Reflects increasing tax base.

Alternate Two

$11,600
37,200
$48,800

(thousands)
$ 1,000
6,200 .32

.35 $ 7,200

4,200

4,500

$ 3,100
2,700

I Costs

$ 15,700
46,100
$ 61,800

.32 $ 5,800

5,700

AREAS OF SUB-METROPOLITAN SIGNIFICANCE

1970-75
Amount

Mills

$119,200 1.07

8,600 1.25

1976-80
Amount Mills
(thousands)

$15,700

12,000

1981-85
Amount Mills

$32,500 1.07

16,200 1.55

Total Capital Costs

$167,400

Metropolitan Areas. The consolidation of all open space
and recreation areas under the administration of Metropolitan
Dade County would be a logical alternative. Metropolitan
areas could be financed with revenue bonds and general obli-
gation bonds. Table 15 indicates the amount required which
would be reduced by a corresponding amount of federal
grants, state aid, or private donations.
Millage rate would be .35 mills for capital costs and .60
mills for annual average operating costs between 1970-75 and
by 1981-85, would be .29 for capital expenditures and .55 for
operating costs.

Sub-metropolitan areas. The consolidation of the local
park system under the administration of Metropolitan Dade
County could be chiefly financed by general obligation bonds
amortized by ad valorem taxes collected county-wide. Table
16 indicates millage requirements, which could be reduced by
federal aid, state aid, private donations, and utility taxes to
support revenue bonds.
Millage rates would be 1.07 for capital costs and 1.25
for average annual operating costs between 1970-75, and by
1981-85 are estimated at 1.07 for capital costs and 1.55 for
annual average operating costs.

METROPOLI
FI

. ... r -

GUIDELINES

Guidelines should be established to help identify the
most critical needs. An analysis of recreation and open space
needs, and social and economic conditions in Dade County
strongly indicates that the following items should be consid-
ered in project selection.
Land Acquisition
Early acquisition of land that is most vulnerable to de-
velopment by urbanization.
SAcquisition of areas adjacent to the bay, canals, rivers,
and lakes.
Acquisition of sites possessing unique or outstanding
natural or cultural value.
Acquisition of sites requiring the least amount of al-
teration for public recreation uses.
SAcquisition of sites which would be enhanced by ad-
jacent development.
Acquisition of land in low income and high density
areas.

Development
Development of major existing areas to an optimum
level.
SDevelopment of sites that will satisfy the need for
parks and open space in low income and high density
areas.
Development of areas when joint participation can be
achieved on an inter-agency or inter-governmental
basis, such as a park-school system.
Development which serves the most people for each
dollar invested.
Self-liquidating projects providing they do not re-
quire large capital expenditures that are more des-
perately needed elsewhere.
Facilities for youth and the aged.
Development of facilities for water-oriented activi-
ties.

CONTINUING PLANNING PROGRAM

Because the conditions upon which a plan is formu-
lated change, the plan, itself, must be updated from time to
time. An outdated plan is certainly of little value. A con-
tinuing planning'program that can reflect changing needs is,
therefore recommended.
The objectives of a continuing planning program should
be as follows:
1. Review and evaluate goals, objectives, standards and
criteria of parks, recreation, open space and beauti-
fication.
2. Review and evaluate effects of demographic changes
on recreation and open space demands.
3. Revise and update the inventory of facilities and
plans.
4. Continue to measure the level of services provided
by the park and open space system.
5. Promote community participation in the planning
process.
6. Assess public reaction to the program activities.
7. Secure full utilization of the data maintained and
developed by the study.
8. Establish improved methods of collecting and re-
porting use pressure, and other pertinent data.
The continuing program should be accomplished
through a Technical Advisory Committee including planning
and park and recreation professionals from Dade County,
each municipality within the county, the Dade County Board
of Public Instruction, the Florida Park Service, the National
Park Service, and the Central and Southern Florida Flood
Control District. The Technical Advisory Committee should
be chaired by the Director of Metropolitan Dade County's
Planning Department, Parks and Recreation Department or
designated representative.
The Committee should convene as required to coordin-
ate the activities of the agencies involved, report changes in
the inventory, report expenditures in parks and recreation,
discuss plans for implementation, and contribute information
for a central data bank.

APPENDIX

1968 OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION AREAS, DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA

Area Classification Administrative Agency

Name of Area

MINI-PARK

NEIGHBORHOOD
PARK

Metropolitan
Dade Co.

Coral Gables

El Portal
Florida City
Homestead
Miami

Miami Beach
Miami Springs

North Miami

North Miami Beach
Opa Locka
West Miami
Metropolitan
Dade Co.

Glenwood Park
Lincoln Estates Park
Martin Park
Northwest Highlands Park
Jay Cee Park
Pierce Playground
Sunrise Park
Washington Tot Lot
Young Park
Sherwood Forest Indian Mound
Washington Park
Mistretta Park
Belle Meade Tot Lot
Blanche Park Tot Lot
Broward Circle Park
Crestwood Park
Fisher Park
DeLeon Park
Edgewater Park
South Bass Park
Breezeswept Tot Lot
Overbrook Shores Tot Lot
Oak Grove Park
Kitty Corral
Loraine Park
Andover Park
Brownsville Park
Buccaneer Park
Bunche Park
Calusa Park
Carol Park
Cloverleaf Park
Continental Park
Coral Estates Park
Cutler Ridge Park
Eureka Park
Lake Lucerne Park
Larchmont Park
Leisure Park
Leisure Lake Park

3155 N. W. 43 Street
S. W. 222 Street & 108 Avenue
Perry Drive & Buchanan Street
N. W. 67-68 Streets & 23 Court
Caballero Boulevard & Hardee Road
Brooker Street & Oak Avenue
Sunrise Avenue & Douglas Road
Manatia Avenue & Hardee Road
Castile Avenue & Granada Boulevard
N. E. 85 Street & 3-4 Avenues
1205 N. W. 5 Avenue
N. E. 10 Street & 2 Avenue
N. E. 77 Street, 7 Court & 8 Avenue
Shipping Avenue & Virginia Street
N. W. 8 Avenue & 15 Street
N. W. 48 Street & 11 Avenue
Alton Road & Delaware Avenue
DeLeon Drive to Lake
Labaron Drive and Ragan Drive
Bluebird Avenue South to Lake
N. E. 125 Street & N. E. 2 Avenue
N. W. 2 Avenue & 123 Street
N. E. 154 Street
James Street & Washington Street
S. W. 18 Terrace east of 65 Avenue
N. W. 209 Street west of 1 Avenue
N. W. 49-50 Streets and 31 Avenue
N. W. 207 Street and 32 Avenue
15727 N. W. 22 Avenue
Crandon Boulevard
4250 N. W. 178 Street
N. W. 191 Street and N. W. 3 Avenue
S. W. 100-102 Streets & 82-83 Avenues
S. W. 13-14 Streets & 95-97 Avenues
West of Coral Sea Road
S. W. 184 Street and 119-120 Avenues
20701 N. W. 22 Avenue
406 N. W. 85 Street Road
North Harding Drive & Harrison Drive
Illinois Rd. & Harding Rd. & Lincoln Dr.

Location

Acreage

.6
.8
1.7
.8
1.0
.3
.9
.1
.1
.1
1.0
1.5
.4
.9
.3
1.0
1.2
.3
.9
.2
1.0
.4
1.0
1.0
.1
2.9
2.0
3.1
1.5
5.0
5.7
1.3
16.5
5.1
4.0
5.2
2.0
4.4
1.9
8.7

Area Classification Administrative Agency

Little River Park
Miller Drive Park
Myrtle Grove Park
North Dade Optimist Club(L.)
North Glade Park
Northwest Boys Club Camp(L.)
Norwood Park
Ojus Park
Olinda Park
Palm Springs Park
Perrine Recreation Center
Richmond Park
Scott Park
Southern Estates Park
Sunset Park
West Perrine Park
Westwood Park
Rock Pit # 67
James E. Scott Playground
Liberty Square Playground
Victory Homes Playground
Biscayne Park
Coliseum Park
El Portal Recreation Center
North Bay Drive Park
South Bay Drive Park
Bright Park
O'Quinn Park
Seminola Park
Southeast Park
Hibiscus Park
R. Granville Geo. Park & Pool
Biscayne Park
Brickell Park
Bryan Park
Coral Gate Park
Dixie Playground and Pool
Dorsey Park
Douglas Park
Eaton Park
Grand Avenue Park
Kinloch Playground
Liberty City Park
Melrose Park

10525 N. W. 24 Avenue
S. W. 54 Terrace and 95 Avenue
3030 N. W. 179 Street
N. W. 193 Street and 12 Avenue
N. W. 173 Drive and 52 Avenue
10915 N. W. 14 Avenue
19401 N. W. 14 Avenue
West Dixie Highway and 26 Avenue
N. W. 51-52 Streets & 21-22 Avenues
N. W. 176-178 Streets & 79 Avenue
17535 S. W. 95 Avenue
Monroe Street and Pinkston Drive
N. W. 179 Street east of 17 Avenue
S. W. 120-122 Streets & 34 Street
S. W. 97 Avenue & 73-74 Streets
S. W. 103-104 Avenues & 170-172 Streets
11350 S. W. 53 Terrace
S. W. 114 Avenue & 216 Street
N. W. 22 Avenue & 72 Street
6306 N. W. 14 Avenue
520 N. W. 75 Street
N. E. 113-115 Streets & 9 Avenue
Mendoze & S. W. 38 Avenue
500 N. E. 87 Street
Palermo Avenue & Bay Drive
Ravenna Avenue & Bay Drive
750 E. 35 Street
6051 W. 2 Avenue
574 W. 23 Street
1015 S. E. 9 Avenue
N. W. 9 Couit to 9 Street & 4-6 Avenues
S. W. 2-4 Streets and 10 Avenue
N. E. 19 Street & Miami Ave. to 2 Avenue
S. E. 5-6 Streets & Brickell to Bay
S. W. 23 Avenue and 12-14 Streets
S. W. 14-16 Streets & 32 Avenue
401 N. W. 12 Street
1701 N. W. 1 Avenue
2755 S. W. 37 Avenue
6015 N. E. 4 Court
236 Grand Avenue
455 N. W. 47 Avenue
6000 N. W. 17 Avenue
N. W. 30-31 Street & 25-26 Avenues

H.U.I).

Biscayne Park
Coral Gables
El Portal
Golden Beach

Hialcahl

Homestead

Miami

9.0
4.1
5.0
7.9
4.0
9.2
4.9
1.6
3.2
4.0
5.2
9.8
6.5
3.4
2.6
4.8
4.3
5.0
2.0
3.0
1.0
4.3
3.2
.1
2.5
2.5
5.0
4.0
1.5
1.5
3.9
12.0
8.1
4.7
2.1
3.6
5.5
2.5
10.4
2.5
5.0
3.1
1.7
.9

Name of Area

Location Acreage

Area Classification Administrative Agency

Miami Beach

Miami Springs
North Miami

North Miami Beach

South Miami

Surfside
Sweetwater

Virginia Gardens

COMMUNITY
PARK

West Miami
Metropolitan
Dade Co.

Coral Gables
Florida City
Hialeah

Homestead

Name of Area
Riverside Park
Southside Park
West End Park and Pool
Wynwood Park
Crespi Park and Playground
Fairway Park and Recreation
Center
Normandy Isle Park and Pool
North Bay Park
Polo Park
South Shore Recreation Center
Stillwater Park
Tatum Waterway Park
Washington Park
Peavy Field
Keystone Point Park
Kiwanis Palm Park
North Miami Adult
Shuffleboard Club
West Side Community Center
Allen Park
Highland Village Park
Washington Park
Brewer Park
Lee Park
96 Street Playground
Sweetwater Youth Center
Sweetwater Playground
Virginia Gardens Community
Center
West Miami Recreation Center
Bird Drive Park
North Regional Recreation
Center
Soar Park
Suniland Park
Coral Gables Youth Center
Bryan Edwards Park
Adult Community Center
Benny Babcock Pool and Park
Henry Milander Park
Sparks Park
Walker Park
Homestead Municipal Park

Location
S. W. 3-4 Streets and 7-8 Avenues
100 S. W. 11 Street
250 S. W. 60 Avenue
101 N. W. 34 Avenue
7800 Crespi Boulevard
200 Fairway Drive & North Shore Drive

1765-71 Street
West 63 Street & Alton Road
805 42 Street
930 Biscayne Street
8440 Hawthorne Avenue
8050 Byron Avenue
210 2 Street
North Royal Poinciana & Swallow Drive
Ixora Lane and Ixora Road
12100 N. W. 16 Avenue
12220 Griffing Boulevard

N. W. 13 Avenue & N. W. 125 Street
1800 N. E. 162 Street
N. E. 135-1.37 Streets & 21-22 Avenues
15200 N. E. 15 Court
Miller Road & S. W. 63 Avenue
6701 S. W. 58 Place
96 Street & Bay Drive & Indian Creek
S. W. 3 Street and 114 Avenue
S. W. 4 Street & 106 Avenue
N. W. 37-38 Terrace & 64-66 Courts

S. W. 17-18 Terrace & 62-63 Avenues
Bird Road and 72 Avenue
Old Naval Air property, Opa Iocka

100 N. W. 83 Street
S. W. 128-130 Streets and S. R. 5
Anastasia and University Drive
East 2-9 Streets & Krome Avenue
20 West 6 Street
650 East 4 Avenue
4800 Palm Avenue
1301 West 60 Street
2800 West 8 Avenue
N. E. 4 Drive & 2-4 Road

Acreage
3.5
1.5
9.3
3.0
1.5
4.2

3.6
1.4
5.1
3.5
1.5
3.2
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.4
10.0

1.4
5.0
3.5
2.5
1.5
3.5
3.0
5.0
2.5
3.5

4.2
60.0
37.0

12.0
9.0
5.6
14.7
1.8
20.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
8.0

Area Classification Administrative Agency

Miami

Miami Beach

Miami Shores

Miami Springs

North Bay Village
North Miami

North Miami Beach

Opa Locka

South Miami
Surfside

METROPOLITAN Metropolitan
PARK Dade Co.

Miami

Coconut Grove Bayfront Park
Edison Center Park & Pool
E. Virrick Park & Pool
Curtis Park and Pool
Grapeland Heights Park
Legion Park
Manor Park and Pool
Moore Park
Morningside Park and Pool
Robert King High Park
Shenandoah Park & Pool
Flamingo Park and Pool
21 Street Community Center
North Shore Park
Miami Shores Community
House
Miami Shores Country Club
Miami Springs Field House
Miami Springs Recreation
Center
Village Playground
Ben Franklin Park
North Miami Recreation
Center
Pepper Park
Uleta Park
Victory Park
Earnest Engram Park
Sherbondy Park
South Miami Park
Surfside Community Center
& Tot Lot
Chapman Field
Crandon Park
East Greynolds Park
Elliot Key Park
Gratigny Park
Greynolds Park
Haulover Beach Park
Homestead Bayfront Park
Matheson Hammock Park
Tamiami Park
Virginia Beach
Bayfront Park & Bandshell
Virginia Key

2820 McFarlane Road
525 N. W. 62 Street
3580 Day Avenue
1901 N. W. 24 Avenue
1550 N. W. 37 Avenue
Biscayne Boulevard & 66 Street
1300 N. W. 50 Street
765 N. W. 36 Street
750 N. E. 55 Terrace
7025 West Flagler Street
1800 S. W. 21 Avenue
1245 Michigan Avenue
2100 Washington Avenue
501 72 Street
9617 Park Drive

1000 Biscayne Boulevard
343 Payne Drive
1401 Westward Drive

Galleon Street & Jewel Avenue
N. W. 13 Avenue & 121 Street
13495 N. E. 7 Avenue

N. W. 135 Street & 12-17 Avenues
N. E. 168 Street & 4 Avenue
1980 N. E. 171 Street
Burlington Street & 20 Avenue
Sharazad Boulevard & Bahman Avenue
6609 S. W. 60 Street
9301 Collins Avenue

Ingraham Highway & S. W. 136 Street
400 Crandon Boulevard
N. E. 163-171 Streets East of U.S. 1
Islandia
N. W. 119-135 Streets & 47-53 Avenues
N. E. 20 Avenue & 174-186 Streets
10500-15000 Collins Avenue
S. W. 312-344 Streets & 97 Avenue
S. W. 92 Street & Red Road & Bay
S. W. 24 Street & 117 Avenue
Rickenbacker Causeway Key'Biscayne
S. E. 2-5 Streets & Biscayne Boulevard
Rickenbacker Causeway & Atlantic
Ocean

15.0
3.1
3.1
26.0
20.1
10.0
28.4
18.5
33.7
17.0
10.0
36.5
3.6
9.3
6.9

125.0
3.6
3.6

5.0
1.4
10.0

30.0
3.0
8.0
10.0
9.0
5.0
662.9

566.0
898.0
58.0
90.0
515.0
170.0
177.0
910.0
561.0
640.0
157.0
37.4
559.0

Name of Area

Location Acreage

Area Classification Administrative Agency

NATURE
PRESERVES

WAYSIDE
PARKS

ORNAMENTAL
AREAS

National Park
Service
Florida Board of
Parks
Florida Flood
Control Dist.
Metropolitan
Dade Co.

Metropolitan
Dade Co.

Miami
Miami Beach

Miami Springs
Metropolitan
Dade Co.

Coral Gables

Hialeah
Miami

Miami Beach

Name of Area
Wainwright Park
Watson Island Park
Everglades National Park

Cape Florida State Park

Water Control Conservation
Area # 3
Arsenicker Park & Keys
Castello Hammock
Thompson Park
Coral Gables Wayside Park
Goulds Wayside Park
Kendall Wayside Park
Modello Wayside Park
Perrine Wayside Park
Schenley Park
Seminole

Merrie Christmas Park
Belle Isle Park
28 Street Park
Circle Park
Banyan Drive Park
Broadmoor Park
G. Joseph Sweeten Park
Hammock Lake Park
Park
Paseo De Las Americas
Richmond Triangle

Sudlow Park
Sunkist Estates Park

27th Avenue Bridge Park
Cartagena Plaza
Ferdinand Plaza
Merrick Park
Triangle Park
Coconut Grove Water Plant
Park
Stearns Park
Triangle Park
Flagler Memorial Monument
Normandy Isle Monument Park

Location
Dixie Highway & Brickell Avenue
Mac Arthur Causeway
Everglades National Park

South end of Key Biscayne

Water Control Conservation Area
#3

Acreage
14.0
65.0
416,144.0

280.0

211,901.0

South of Turkey Point, Biscayne Bay
S. W. 223 Street and Newton Road
State 27 and N. W. 165 Street
S. W. 34-35 Streets, west of 57 Avenue
U.S. I and S. W. 227 Street
U.S. 1 and S. W. 112 Street
U.S. I and S. W. 288 Street
S. W. 164 Street and U.S. I
S. W. 27-28 Streets and 57 Avenue
State Road 5 and 299 Street and 162
Avenue
Barbarossa Avenue and S. W. 42 Avenue
Venetian Causeway and Belle Isle
28 Street and Pine Tree Drive
Curtiss Parkway and Miami Springs Circle
S. W. 56 Court and Banyan Drive
N. W. 35 Court and 87 Terrace
Miller Drive and S. W. 82 Avenue
North Kendall Drive and S. W. 52 Avenue
N. W. 38 Street and 33 Court
Rickenbacker Causeway entrance
Graves Drive and Perry Drive and Polk
Streets
S. W. 72-73 Courts and Sunset Drive
SAL R.R. & S. W. 64 Street & 84-85
Avenues
N. W. 27 Avenue and Miami River
Granada Boulevard and Sunset Drive
Coral Way and Country Club Prado
Miracle Mile and 42 Avenue
Palm Avenue and Okeechobee Road
Loquat Avenue and LeJeune Road

N. E. 37-38 Streets and 6 Avenue to Bay
S. W. 15 Road and 4 Avenue and 11 Street
Biscayne Bay
71 Street and Normandy Drive

220.8
60.0
618.0
1.0
2.3
4.5
2.7
2.7
2.0
21.4

Area Classification. Administrative Agency

Surfside
Metropolitan
Dade Co.

Bay Harbour
Coral Gables

Golden Beach
Hialeah
Homestead

Indian Creek Village
Miami

Miami Beach

SPECIAL
ACTIVITY
AREAS

Name of Area
Triangle Park
Camp Owaissa Bauer
Central Stadium
Continental Park
Dade County Auditorium
Fairchild Tropical Gardens
Palmetto Golf Course
Pelican Harbor (L.)
Redland Fruit & Spice Park
Trail Glade Ranges
Tropical Estates Park
Vizcaya Art Museum
Youth Fair (L.)
79th Street Causeway Park
Bay Harbour Pier
Biltmore Golf Course
Granada Golf Course
Salvadore Park
Venetian Pool
Loggia Beach
Reid Swimming Pool
Girl Scout Park of Homestead
Homestead Municipal
Swimming Pool
Musslewhite Park
Tom Harris Field & Field
House
Indian Creek Country Club
Bayfront Park Auditorium
Dinner Key Auditorium &
Marina
Flagami Park
Henderson Park
LeJeune Golf Course
Lummus Park
Miami Springs Golf Course
Miami Stadium Ball Park
Myers Senior Center
Oak Avenue Park
Oak Avenue Tennis Courts
Orange Bowl
Sewell Park
Simpson Park
Altos Del Mar Park
Bayshore Golf Course
Boy Scout Camp

Location Acreage
1125 90 Street and Bay Drive 1.0
S. W. 264 Street and 169 Avenue 109.0
7360 Coral Way 11.3
S. W. 100-102 Streets and 82-83 Avenues 16.5
2901 West Flagler Street 9.7
10901 Old Cutler Road 68.0
U.S. 1 and S.W. 152 Street 121.0
North Bay Causeway and 79 Street 44.2
S. W. 248 Street and 187 Avenue 20.0
U.S. 41 and U.S. 27 & Krome Avenue 675.0
10201 S. W. 48 Street 9.0
3251 South Miami Avenue 23.4
S. W. 84-88 Streets and 97 Avenue 16.0
South of North Bay Causeway 37.5
North side of Broad Causeway .7
1210 Anastasia 165.8
998 North Greenway Drive 57.8
1120 Anastasia Avenue 3.7
2701 DeSoto Boulevard 1.4
East of Ocean Boulevard, A1A Strand .8
2245 West 7 Court .1
N. W. 3-4 Avenues and 2-4 Streets 5.0
N. E. 1 Road and N. E. 6 Drive 8.2

Krome Avenue and N. E. 16-17 Streets 8.0

U.S. 1 and 8 Street 34.0
Indian Creek Island 182.9
499 Biscayne Boulevard 1.9
3360 Pan American Drive 10.6.

7121 S. W. 3 Street 1.0
971 N. W. 2 Street 3.6
1805 N. W. 37 Avenue 115.6
404 N. W. 3 Street 6.9
650 Curtiss Parkway 184.0
N. W. 23-27 Streets and 8-10 Avenues 14.0
S. W. 5 Street and 4-5 Avenues .9
Oak Avenue and Matilda Street 1.4
Oak Avenue and Virginia Street .8
N. W. 3-6 Streets and 14-16 Avenues 23.6
N. W. 17 Avenue and Miami River 10.3
55 S. W. 17 Road 8.3
80 Street and Collins Avenue 9.0
2301 Alton Road 149.0
Inlet Boulevard and Government Cut 3.0

Area Classification Administrative Agency

Miami Springs
North Miami

North Miami Beach

South Miami

UNDEVELOPED Metropolitan
AND Dade Co.
UNDESIGNATED
OPEN SPACE
LAND

Collins Park, Library & Art
Center
Girl Scout Camp
Government Cut Park
Indian Beach Park
Indian Creek Drive Park
Lummus Park
Miami Beach Auditorium
Convention
Miami Beach Fishing Pier
Miami Beach Garden Center
& Cons.
Miami Beach Par 3 Golf
Course
Normandy Shores Golf Course
North Shore Beach
Ocean Front Auditorium
Pier Park
64 Street Park
Oceanfront Park
Cinema Park
North Miami Municipal
Swimming Pool
Sunkist Recreation Center
San Souci Park
Aqua Bowl Park
North Miami Beach Tennis
Site
Dante B. Fascell Park

Arvida Park
Biscado Park
Briar Bay Properties"
Coral Gables Park
Coral Way Village Park
Dade Memorial Park
Darlington Manor Park
Fernville Park
Franjo Park
Glades Road Park
Golf Estate Park
Graham Park
Gratigny Plateau Park
Homestead Heights
Humble Oil Co. Prop.
Jeb Estates
Kendale Park
Lincoln City Park # 1

2100 Collins Avenue

North of Garden Center Drive
Inlet Boulevard, South Beach
46 Street and Collins Avenue
South of fire station 68 Street
Collins Avenue, 600-1400 block
1700 Washington Avenue

55 Ocean Drive
2000 (arden Center Drive

2795 Prairie Avenue

2795 Prairie Avenue
7275 Collins Avenue
1001 Ocean Drive
55 Ocean Drive and 1 Street
64 Street east of Collins Avenue
2-3 Streets and Ocean Drive
Flamingo Circle and Esplande
13150 N. E. 8 Avenue

12500 N. W. 11 Avenue
San Souci Boulevard and N. E. 18 Avenue
N. E. 156 Street and Dixie Highway
Dixie Highway, FEC R.R., Royal Gl.
Can.
S. W. 57-58 Avenues and Snapper Cr.
Canal
S. W. 102 Avenue and 80-82 Streets
S. W. 291-292 Streets and 193-194 Avenue
S. W. 146 Street and 93 Avenue
S. W. 27 Drive and 94 Court
S. W. 30-32 Streets and 85-87 Avenues
N. W. 139 Street and 12 Avenue
S. W. 61-62 Streets west of 94 Place
N. W. 85-86 Streets and 14 Court
Old Cutler Road and S. W. 89 Court
S. W. 101-102 Streets and 95-97 Avenues
N. W. 22 Court and East Golf Drive
N. W. 120-122 Streets and Red Road
N. W. 116-117 Streets and 8-9 Avenues
5 Street and Coral Avenue
S. W. 40 Street and Palmetto Expressway
N. W. 16-17 Avenues and 147 Street
S. W. 102 Avenue and 96 Street
S. W. 220 Street and 102 Avenue

1.4
7.1
10.3
.9
48.2
27.0

25.3

120.0
6.8
1.6
3.9
3.2
4.8
1.5
1.5

1.4
2.8
6.0
10.0

7.3

5.5
4.3
3.2
1.8
3.2
.5
1.0
.5
5.0
5.0
.1
9.5
.96
1.3
.5
1.5
3.9
1.0

Name of Area

Location Acreage

Area Classification Administrative Agency Name of Area
Lincoln City Park # 2
Miami Gardens Drive Park

Hialcah

Homestead
Miami

Miami Shores

Opa Locka
South Miami

Oak Park
Park
Park
Park
Pine Island Park
Pineapple Plantation
Quail Roost Park
Rose Park
San Jacinto Park
Sharman Park
Sierra Park
Sunset Rock Pit Park
Sunset Drive Park
Sunset I eights Park
Syrola Park
Sylvan Park
Tamiami Trail Park
Westbrook Park
Whispering Pines Park
Rock Pit # 57
Marl Pit #43
Lake Laurence North Park
Palm Springs Park
Tatum's Park
Bay Vista Park
East Bay Vista Tot Lot
Elizabeth Steel Park
Grove Park Tot Lot
Ilighland Circle
N. W. 2 Street Tot Lot
Pace Park

Pine -leights Park
Pullman Tot Lot
South Fork Park
S. W. 56 Avenue Tot Lot
S. W. 29 Street Tot Lot
Tot Lot # 6
West Buena Vista Tot Lot

Miami Shores Park
North Bayshore Park
Eleanor Park
Twin Lakes Drive Park

Location Acreage
S. W. 214 Street and 99 Avenue .6
State Road 9 and N. E. 6 Avenue and .8
180 Street
N. W. 117 Street and 6 Avenue .7
Vermont Avenue and York Street 1.0
Vermont Avenue and Newton Road 1.0
S. W. 188 Street and 118-119 Avenues
Moody Drive and S.W. 268-270 Streets 13.0
N. W. 174 Drive and 1 Avenue .2
S. W. 200 Street and 113 Avenue 3.0
N. W. 83 Street and 13 Avenue 3.3
S. W. 15 Street and 44-45 Avenues .9
S. W. 128 Avenue and 218-219 Streets 1.9
N. E. 195 Street and 2 Avenue 2.0
S. W. 72 Street west of 94 Avenue 2.3
S. W. 75 Street west of 94 Avenue 2.5
S. W. 73 Avenue and 10 Street .3
N. W. 56-57 Streets and 24 Avenue .4
Hardee Road and Perry Street 1.5
S. W. 8 Street and 127-128 Avenues 7.1
S. W. 13-14 Streets and 103 Avenue 2.5
West of S. W. 188 Street & Ridgeland Dr. 1.3
S. W. 119 Avenue and 228 Street 10.0
South of Mowry Drive and Newton Road 10.0
74 Street and W. 12 Ave. and Ludlum Rd. 10.0
53 Street and W. 12 Ave. and Ludlum Rd. 20.0
S. Flagler Avenue and Lucy Street 2.0
N. W. 48 Street and 8 Avenue 1.0
N. W. 48-49 Streets and 6 Avenue .5
South Bayshore Drive and Hiawatha .3
N. W. 8 Street and 15-17 Avenues .4
N. W. 8 Avenue and 13 Street .3
N. W. 2 Street and 13-14 Avenues .2
North Bayshore Drive and 17 Terrace and 12.0
21 Street
N. W. 16 Street & 8 Avenue & 8 Court .3
N. W. 49 Street west of Miami Avenue 3.5
N. W. 22 Avenue and 11 Street to River 4.0
S. W. 3 Street and 56 Avenue 1.0
S. W. 29 Street and 39 Avenue 1.6
N. W. 31 Street and 3 Avenue 1.0
N. W. 44-45 Streets and 11 Place & 11 1.0
Court
N. E. 2 Avenue and 93-94 Streets 1.2
N. E. 94-96 Streets and N. Bayshore Drive .3
N. W. 151-152 Streets and 23-24 Avenues .9
South of S. W. 56 Street and 64 Avenue .2

METROPOLITAN DADE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING

Reginald R. Walters, Director
Charles L. Crumpton, Assistant Director

COMPREHENSIVE PLAN DIVISION

Roy O. Barden, Chief
Felipe Prestamo, Principal Planner
Denis Crowley, Principal Planner
John B. Woodlief, Principal Planner
Stephen W. Ricks, Planner
John T. Cox, Planner
Lawrence S. Torino, Planner
RESEARCH DIVISION
James A. Paisley, Chief
Doris R. Klein, Principal Planner
Edwin W. Nedbalek, Principal Planner
Stanley V. Karling, Planner
Roger B. Benson, Planning Technician

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
AND COORDINATION DIVISION

Allan R. Bly, Chief
Ernest L. Martin, Planner

LOCAL PLANNING SERVICES

James B. Duncan, Chief
William W. Kelly, Principal Planner
Sam A. Shannon, Adm. Trainee

PROJECT PLANNING DIVISION

Charles L. Crumpton, Chief
W.W. Coburn, Principal Planner
William J. Dabrusin, Principal Planner
Bill F. Kuge, Principal Planner
Jack Farash, Planner
Andrew P. Gray, Planner Trainee
Joan Tennis, Planner Trainee

GRAPHICS SECTION

Eleanor Newsholme, Chief
Samuel O. Berke, Technical Illustrator
Glenn A. Patton, Planning Technician
Samuel Austin,III, Planning Technician
Julio de la Rosa, Planning Technician
Gary Parks, Draftsman
Alfred Williams, Draftsman

SECRETARIAL SECTION

Isabelle M. Kunzler, Secretary
Marianne McManigal, Clerk Steno
Katherine James, Clerk Typist
Jean V. Larsen, Clerk Typist
Gladys Wardenga, Clerk Typist

METROPOLITAN DADE COUNTY PARKS AND RECREATION DEPARTMENT

A.D. Barnes, Director
William Bird, Assistant Director

PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING DIVISION

James R. Perkins, Chief of Planning and Processing
Jack Stark, Chief of Information Section
William Rosenberg, Chief of Planning and Research Division
Francis E. McLaughlin, Park Services Officer
Ernestine Yeats, Secretary

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION

Robert J. Trowbridge, Chief of Administrative Division
James Bennett, Chief of Finance Section
Michael Greene, Chief of Personnel Section

PLANS AND DESIGNS DIVISION

Fred Beauregard, Chief of Plans and Designs Division
Raymond Collins, Landscape Architect
Norman Marty, Landscape Architect
Martha Urage, Landscape Architect
Charles Paradise, Civil Engineer
George Andreolas, Civil Engineer
H.H. Worssam, Parks Maintenance Supervisor
Kenneth DeGarmo, Artist

PARK DIVISION

Edward Iwaniec, Superintendent of Parks
Ronald Tietgen, Park Services Officer
Henry Moran, Park District Supervisor
Walter Judd, Park District Supervisor
Donald Day, Park District Supervisor
Charles Hill,, Park District Supervisor

RECREATION DIVISION

A.H. Peavy, Jr. Superintendent of Recreation
Josh Lamberth, Park Services Officer
Robert Fanhauser, Recreation District Supervisor
Edward Shea, Recreation District Supervisor
Herbert Ball, Recreation District Supervisor
Francis Young, Naturalist

ZOO DIVISION

Dr. Gordon Hubbell, Zoo Director

MUSEUM DIVISION

Jefferson Warren, Museum Director

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