Citation
Aquaphyte

Material Information

Title:
Aquaphyte newsletter of the IPPC Aquatic Weed Program of the University of Florida, a part of the International Plant Protection Center of the Oregon State University, which is funded by the United States Agency for International Development
Abbreviated Title:
Aquaphyte
Creator:
University of Florida -- Center for Aquatic Plants
University of Florida -- IPPC Aquatic Weed Program
University of Florida -- Center for Aquatic Weeds
Place of Publication:
Gainesville FL
Publisher:
The Program
Publication Date:
Frequency:
Semiannual
regular
Language:
English
Physical Description:
v. : ill. ; 28 cm.

Subjects

Subjects / Keywords:
Aquatic plants ( lcsh )
Genre:
newsletters ( aat )
serial ( sobekcm )
periodical ( marcgt )
Newsletters ( lcsh )

Notes

Additional Physical Form:
Also issued online.
Dates or Sequential Designation:
Vol. 1, no. 1 (fall 1981)-
Issuing Body:
Vols. for fall 1982- issued with: University of Florida, Center for Aquatic Weeds.
Issuing Body:
Vols. for <1988-> issued by: University of Florida, Center for Aquatic Plants.
General Note:
Title from caption.
General Note:
Latest issue consulted: Vol. 12, no. 2 (fall 1992).

Record Information

Source Institution:
University of Florida
Rights Management:
All applicable rights reserved by the source institution and holding location.
Resource Identifier:
06513906 ( OCLC )
sc 84007615 ( LCCN )
0893-7702 ( ISSN )

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Full Text

AQUAPHYTE Online


A Newsletter about Aquatic, Wetland and Invasive Plants

Volume 21 Number 2 Winter 2001
Gainesville, Florida ISSN 0893-7702


Center for Aquatic and
Invasive Plants

Institute of Food and Agricultural
Sciences
University of Florida
7922 N.W. 71st Street
Gainesville, Florida 32653
352-392-1799


with support from:

The Florida Department of Environmental
Protection,
Bureau of Invasive Plant Management

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Waterways Experiment Station,
Aquatic Plant Control Research Program

The St. Johns River Water Management District


Contents

About AQUAPHYTE

Are Aquatic Herbicide Permitting Changes on the Horizon?
by Kathy Hamel, Washington State Department of Ecology

Rare and Unusual Aquatic Sedge is Invasive in Florida
Wright's Nut-rush Scleria lacustris
by Colette Jacono, US Geological Survey

Preliminary Note on the Floating Islands of Zacaton Sinkhole, Mexico
by Chet Van Duzer


. NEW! Line-drawing: Potamogeton crispus





NEW! Photo-Murals for K-12 Teachers and Agency Trainers
Invasive Non-Native Plants Photo-Mural
Native Freshwater Plants Photo-Mural

Southeastern Naturalist a new interdisciplinary regional scientific journal

Traditional medicinal knowledge about a noxious weed, jal kumbhi
(Eichhornia crassipes),
in Chhattisgarh (India)
by P. Oudhia, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, India

BE THERE, DO THAT

BOOKS/REPORTS

FROM THE DATABASE
a sampling of new additions to the APIRSdatabase



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About Aquaphyte



This is the newsletter of the Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants and the Aquatic,
Wetland and Invasive Plant Information Retrieval System (APIRS) of the
University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS). Support
for the information system is provided by the Florida Department of Environmental
Protection, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station
Aquatic Plant Control Research Program (APCRP), the St. Johns River Water
Management District and UF/IFAS.

EDITORS:
Victor Ramey
Karen Brown

AQUAPHYTE is sent to managers, researchers, and agencies in 71 countries.
Comments, announcements, news items and other information relevant to aquatic
plant research are solicited.

Inclusion in AQUAPHYTE does not constitute endorsement, nor does exclusion
represent criticism of any item, organization, individual, or institution by the
University of Florida.



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Are Aquatic Herbicide Permitting Changes on the

Horizon?

[Editor's note: During the summer of 2001, few, if any, herbicide applications to manage aquatic
plants, took place in Washington state. As a result of that state's interpretation of a federal circuit
court ruling, aquatic plant management operations using aquatic herbicides, as well as mosquito
and burrowing shrimp control activities, now require a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) permit. NPDES permits were originally created by the U.S. Clean Water Act.
Though the circuit court ruling may be interpreted and implemented in different ways by the nine
states of the circuit, nonetheless, aquatic pesticides, even when registered and labeled under the
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), now are considered in one circuit
district to be a form of pollution requiring additional permitting under the Clean Water Act. The
ruling also effectively federalizes what used to be a state permitting power in the 9th Circuit.

As of now, no entity in the nine states has appealed the Talent decision to the U.S. Supreme
Court. The ruling suggests implications for all herbicide-based management operations on public
waters and lands of the U.S. Here, Ms. Hamel presents a brief review of the decision and her
department's implementation of its findings. VR]




The Impact of the Talent Irrigation District Court Decision on
Aquatic Pesticide Regulation in Washington State

by Kathy S. Hamel, Washington State Department of Ecology, P.O. Box 47600,
Olympia, WA 98504-7600, E-mail: kham461(aecy.wa.gov


Background
M any irrigation districts in the western United States for many years have routinely applied
acrolein (Magnacide H) to their ditches and canals to control the growth of submersed aquatic
vegetation. Removing vegetation is essential to maintain water delivery to crops and to prevent
flood damage to the canals. Acrolein is highly toxic to fish, wildlife, and humans and must be
carefully applied. The districts use acrolein, instead of the less toxic aquatic herbicides used for
aquatic plant control in lakes and rivers, because acrolein treated water can be used for crop
irrigation much sooner than other aquatic herbicides.




In May 1996, the Talent Irrigation District in southwestern Oregon applied acrolein to the Talent
Canal. The next day dead fish were discovered in Bear Creek around and downstream from a
leaking canal waste gate. Over 92,000 juvenile steelhead were killed. Release of treated waters
into a fish-bearing stream clearly violated the Magnacide H label and the District was heavily
fined by Oregon agencies for the fish kill. Environmental groups (Headwaters, Inc. et al.) also
sued Talent for violating the Clean Water Act (CWA) by treating its canals without a National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit.

After a lower federal district court concluded that it was not necessary to obtain an NPDES
permit for treatment with acrolein, Headwaters, Inc. et al. appealed the case to the 9th Circuit
Court of Appeals. The 9th Circuit Court has jurisdiction over Alaska, Washington, Oregon,
Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Arizona, California, Hawaii, and Guam. These nine states and Guam
are bound by any decisions made by the 9th Circuit Court. On March 12, 2001, this court
reversed the lower court's ruling and found that "the registration and labeling of Magnacide H
under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) does not preclude the need
for a permit under the CWA." The Talent decision was not appealed to the Supreme Court.
[See http://www.owrc.org/litigation/tidopinion.htm]

Washington's Response to the Talent Irrigation District Decision

The state of Washington's Assistant Attorney General to the Department of Ecology (Ecology)
interpreted the Talent court decision to mean that the application of any aquatic pesticide to
Washington waterbodies requires coverage under an NPDES permit. This interpretation was
partially in response to the threat of lawsuits from environmental groups if an NPDES permit
program was not put in place. Pesticides are applied to waters of the state for the control of
mosquitoes, burrowing shrimp, some fish species, noxious submersed weeds (Eurasian
watermilfoil, hydrilla), noxious emergent weeds (purple loosestrife, spartina), nuisance native
aquatic plants, and algae.

Washington, Oregon, California, Montana, Nevada, and Hawaii have been delegated authority
from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop and administer NPDES permit
programs. Idaho, Alaska, and Arizona obtain their NPDES permit coverage from EPA. Ecology
administers Washington's NPDES programs for industrial waste discharges, sewage treatment,
municipal and industrial stormwater, and dairy waste. However, aquatic pesticide application
does not fit neatly into state and federal laws that regulate point source pollutant discharge to
water. To date EPA has provided little guidance or direction to the affected states on how to
interpret the court decision or how to develop an aquatic pesticide NPDES permitting program.

The March court decision did not allow Washington enough time to develop an aquatic pesticide
NPDES program for the 2001-treatment season. Although Ecology's existing aquatic pesticide
permitting program was not an NPDES program, Ecology continued to issue orders (permits)
under this program for 2001. Applicants were informed that these permits were not NPDES




permits and that they could be subject to third party lawsuits as a result of the Talent court
decision. Willapa Bay oyster growers (who treat oyster beds for burrowing shrimp) were
threatened with a third party lawsuit because they didn't have NPDES permit coverage. They
subsequently chose not to treat in 2001, permanently losing some oyster beds by this action. All
state-funded and most locally funded herbicide applications to control noxious aquatic weeds did
not take place. Many irrigation districts asked for coverage under Ecology's existing program,
something they had not done before.

For most NPDES permits, people are trying to dispose of unwanted wastes into a waterbody. In
the case of aquatic pesticides, people are deliberately introducing a toxic compound into a
waterbody to improve beneficial uses. Ecology is currently developing seven general NPDES
permits for aquatic pesticide application to Washington waters in 2002 and beyond. Permit
holders will include: irrigation districts; mosquito districts; Departments of Fish and Wildlife;
Agriculture; and Transportation; oyster growers; and aquatic herbicide applicators. Advisory
committees have been formed to provide oversight to each general permit and informational
meetings have been held. Each advisory committee is expected to meet twice to provide input
into the draft permit before it is made available for public review. Because of public and internal
review processes, Ecology doesn't anticipate having final permits in place until late spring or
early summer of 2002.

While most aquatic pesticide applicators are accustomed to being regulated by Ecology, there
will be some changes under the new program. Because of state law, fees will be charged to cover
the administration of the NPDES permits. Although the amounts are as yet unknown, in some
cases, permit fees could be substantial. Some type of limited monitoring of the receiving waters,
most likely for pesticide concentrations, will also be required. Requirements already in place
under the superceded permit program, such as public notification and Endangered Species Act
protections, will be incorporated into the NPDES permits where appropriate. The NPDES permits
will be at least as, or more, protective of the aquatic environment than the superseded aquatic
pesticide permitting program.

There has been great interest in Washington's aquatic pesticide NPDES program from affected
parties and environmental groups. Washington interpreted the Talent decision to mean that all
aquatic pesticide applications must be regulated under an NPDES program. Other western states
may have made different interpretations, although California has developed a general NPDES
permit for aquatic pesticide use. Several environmental groups indicated to Ecology that had
Washington continued to allow aquatic pesticide applications under the existing program we
would have been challenged in court with the Talent Irrigation District decision forming the basis
for that legal challenge. Moving forward with the development of an NPDES program for aquatic
pesticides is a necessary action for Washington.


Editor's note:The industry response to the Ninth Circuit Court's Ruling has included the
formation and funding of the Aquatic Pesticide Coalition (APC) by a group of agricultural




producers, irrigation district managers, aquatic pesticide manufacturers, mosquito control
interests and companies in the lake management industry. The APC hopes to help develop
a solution to the problem. They have hired attorneys experienced with the Clean Water
Act and have presented a Position and Background paper to the EPA. An industry
newsletter, AquaTechnex e-news, makes the following observations: "Western irrigated
agriculture depends on approximately 16,000 miles of irrigation canals and 37,000 miles
of laterals. In 1997, irrigated Western cropland produced $22 billion in sales (as compared
to national crop sales in 1997 of approximately $100 billion). ... This ruling has paralyzed
necessary aquatic plant management operations in the western United States .U.S.
EPA has had long-standing policy and guidance in place that specifies under what
circumstances an NPDES permit is needed to discharge pesticides into the waters of the U.
S. from an industrial facility. NPDES permits have not been required for the application of
aquatic pesticides to water in accordance with product labels under the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Further, EPA has never instituted an
enforcement action against any such person for failing to have an NPDES permit under
these circumstances. The imposition of NPDES permits on the use of aquatic
herbicides could have the perverse effect of impairing water quality through the
negative consequences of aquatic invasive plant infestations." To contact the Aquatic
Pesticide Coalition, write to 1156 15th Street NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20005. KB




Federal Regulations Reviewed:

The Clean Water Act (CWA), as originated in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972, generally prohibits the discharge of pollutants into "navigable
waters" or "waters of the United States." The CWA's objective "is to restore and maintain
the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters." It requires a
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit before any
pollutant can be discharged into navigable waters from a point source. Point sources are
defined as discrete conveyances such as discharge pipes or man-made ditches. Permits
typically are obtained for discharges of industrial wastewater, sewage treatment plant
effluent, etc.

The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) is a comprehensive
federal statute which regulates pesticide use, sales, registration and labeling, and grants
enforcement authority to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). FIFRA's
objective is to protect human health and the environment from harm from pesticides.

FIFRA establishes a national uniform labeling system to regulate pesticide use, but does
not establish a system for granting permits for individual herbicide applications. The
CWA establishes national effluent standards to regulate the discharge of all pollutants into




the waters of the United States, but also establishes a permit program that allows, under
certain circumstances, individual discharges. FIFRA's labels are the same nationwide, and
so the statute does not and cannot consider local environmental conditions. By contrast,
the NPDES program under the CWA does just that.

From the U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, Opinions




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Rare and Unusual Aquatic Sedge is Invasive in

Florida

by Colette Jacono, US Geological Survey; E-mail: colette jacono@,usgs.gov


Heavy growth of Scleria lacustris covers several hectares in water 40 cm deep. Many
additional colonies are scattered in the distance.


What could be unusual about another invasive plant in Florida? Our most southern and
species-rich state has surely received an overly generous share of "out-of-place" plants. In fact,
Scleria lacustris C. Wright, more simply called Wright's Nut-rush, is strikingly unusual in many
respects.

As a sedge (family Cyperaceae) it is atypical in existing as an annual species, truly aquatic in
nature. The juvenile plants are well adapted to water influx during the summer growing season,
developing thick, spongy stems and rooting at the nodes when submersed. The fibrous, floating
roots help support the upright growth of plants until maturity and later the lodging that ensues
across standing water in late season.

Scleria lacustris is extraordinary for its large size and robust stature. Where late season water
levels reach 30 cm, single stemmed plants can grow to over two meters long while the stems
expand to a hefty thickness of 2.5 cm. Plants develop multiple culms and a smaller stature; yet
mature equally well where water has withdrawn in autumn.





Scleria lacustris is exceptional not only for its singular beauty but for its beastly touch. Silica
impregnated prickles along the stem and leaves impart a deep slicing wound when handled. And
finally, Scleria lacustris is rarely found in its native range, which extends across the tropics of
Africa and America.

What may not be unusual about Scleria lacustris is the time lag, in this case twelve years, that has
elapsed between early collections and the first troubling populations in Florida. Researchers
acquainted with the task of reviewing herbarium specimens to analyze invasion processes
typically find similar initial lag patterns in distribution.


Emergent with maidencane (Panicum
hemitomon) and Eleocharis spp. in 30 cm of
water, Scleria lacustris exceeds a height of 1.5
m.

In conservation marshes of central Florida, Scleria
lacustris has demonstrated the ability to disperse rapidly
and to develop into dense colonies. Open marshes
subjected to hydroperiod fluctuations appear especially
vulnerable. It is suspected that ducks and airboats may
disperse the shining white nutlets. Nutlets may also float
through drainage systems, leaving vast open water
marshes, including the Everglades, at risk.

Recognize Scleria lacustris by its wide (-2 cm) pleated
leaves, thick, three-angled stem streaked in red, and
upright branching inflorescences full of large (to 4 x 2.5
mm), whitish shining nutlets.

Full results of findings are in press: Jacono, C.C. 2001.
Scleria lacustris (Cyperaceae), an aquatic and wetland sedge introduced to Florida. Sida,
Contributions to Botany 19(4). If you know of this plant, either in or out of its native place,
please contact:
Colette Jacono, U.S. Geological Survey, 7920 NW 71st St., Gainesville, FI 32653; (352) 378-
8181 X 315; colette jacono@usgs.gov




Go to the new USGS website about Scleria lacustris which includes detailed ID information, a
distribution map and a downloadable flyer: http://www.fcsc.usgs.gov/Nonindigenous Species/




Scleria lacustris/scleria lacustris.html


See more Scleria lacustris pictures here.



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Preliminary Note on the Floating Islands

of Zacaton Sinkhole, Mexico

by Chet Van Duzer, 12177 Winton Way, Los Altos Hills, California 94024; E-mail:
ChetV(),aol.com
















On El Rancho Azufrosa near the small town of Aldama (220 55'N, 980 04'W) in the state of
Tamaulipas in northeastern Mexico, there is a remarkable group of five cenotes or sinkholes,
vertical caves filled with fresh water. The water in the sinkholes is highly mineralized, smelling
strongly of sulfur, and is also quite warm, with average temperatures ranging from 28.30C to
33.80C. One of these cenotes, called Zacaton, is the world's deepest known water-filled pit, more
than 305 meters deep, and is the site of the world's deepest scuba dive, which was made by Jim
Bowden, leader of El Proyecto de Buceo Espeleologico Mexico y America Central, a group of
divers which has been exploring the sinkholes since 1989.

While the depths of Zacaton are of speleological interest, its surface is of botanical interest for
the lush floating islands that move across it. The cenote's surface is circular, about 100 m in
diameter, and is surrounded by 21 m high rocky cliffs. On the water are fifteen floating islands,
ranging in diameter from 3 to 10 m, and 1 to 1.5 m thick. Beneath the water, the edges of the
islands are essentially vertical, a result of the islands' collisions with each other and with the
vertical rock "shores." The islands are moved only by the wind; there are no currents in Zacaton.

The flora of the floating islands is dominated by a grass known as "zacate," and in fact it was the




distinctive islands of zacate that gave the cenote its name "Zacaton. "This grass has not yet been
collected and identified. The names "zacate" and "zacaton" are applied to several different
species, including Muhlenbergia robusta, Festuca amplissima, and Sporobolus wrightii, as well
as other species in these genera. A Sporobolus grass seems the most likely candidate, as
Muhlenbergia spp. and Festuca spp. are typically found in dry environments, while Sporobolus
spp. are known to grow in desert marshes, playa lakes, and floodplains. A small number of shrubs
and cacti also grow on the islands, and the islands are inhabited by turtles and snakes. I have
heard a report of floating islands of zacate grass which are called "zacatones" in Laguna Verde
near Coapilla (9309'59"W, 1707'59"N), Chiapas, Mexico. These islands might prove interesting
to compare with those of Zacaton, but information about the islands in Laguna Verde has not
been forthcoming.

Perhaps the most interesting question raised by the floating islands of Zacaton is how they
formed. There are no shelves near the water's surface on which a colony of grass might grow,
become dislodged, and float, and indeed there are no stands of this species= of grass in the
immediate vicinity of the sinkhole. Further, there are no shallow underwater shelves upon which
humus might have accumulated, become buoyant due to decompositional gasses, and then been
colonized by the grass. Marcus Gary, a hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey who is
studying the Rancho Azufrosa sinkholes, has suggested to me that the islands may have formed
on buoyant "skins" of travertine, a precipitate of calcium carbonate. There are other sinkholes in
the area that are now filled with travertine deposits. It seems that the chemistry of Zacaton's
waters has changed so that travertine is no longer forming, and may in fact be dissolving, but the
islands remain. Over time, dust would have accumulated on these travertine rafts, and the grass
seeds might have been carried to Zacaton by birds -- this area is well known among birdwatchers,
and many different species of birds live in and around the cenotes.

Other floating islands have formed on travertine rafts. A lake now called Lago della Regina, and
formerly known as Lacus Albuleus, La Solfatra, or Lago delle Isole Natanti, near Tivoli, Italy,
once had vegetated floating islands formed on floating masses of travertine. These were famously
described by Athanasius Kircher and Francesco Lana in the 17th century, and in more detail by
Sir Humphry Davy in the 19th century, not long before they ceased to exist, probably because
water was diverted from the lake to supply thermal baths. Lana describes these floating islands as
follows: "I myself saw several of these islands in a small lake of sulfurous water not far from the
Tiber; they were mostly circular or oval, and rose four or six inches above the water. Their
surface is flat and grassy, and at the edges of some of them a few larger plants grow, which act as
sails, so that even the slightest breeze pushes the islands from one part of the lake to another. The
largest of them are a few yards in diameter, yet nonetheless can sustain several men standing
upon them."

Hopefully an opportunity for a thorough investigation of the floating islands of Zacaton,
including a survey of their flora and fauna, will present itself soon.




References:


Brand, Charles J., and Merrill, Jason L.,"Zacaton as a Paper-making Material," United
States Department ofAgriculture BulletinNo. 309 (November 4, 1915) (28 pp.).

Brown, David E., "Chihuahuan Desertscrub," p. 169-79 in David E. Brown, ed., Biotic
Communities of the American Southwest -- United States and Mexico (Tucson, 1982) (p.
175 on the occurrence of Sporobolus wrightii and Sporobolus airoides in wetland
communities).

Davy, Humphry, Sir, Consolations in Travel, or, The Last Days of a Philosopher
(London, 1830) (p. 122-9 gives an account of the floating islands in La Solfatara or Lago
della Regina).

Gary, Marcus, "Speleogenesis of Zacaton and Cenotes of Rancho La Azufrosa," Poster
Presentation, American Academy of Underwater Sciences 20th Annual Symposium,
"Diving for Science in the 21st Century," 11 to 15 October 2000, Sirata Beach Resort, St.
Petersburg Beach, Florida.

Kircher, Athanasius, Latium; id est, Nova & parallel Latii turn veteris turn novi
description (Amsterdam, 1671) (Book 4, Part 3, chapter 4 on the floating islands in the
Lago della Regina).

Kristovich, Ann, "Zacaton. A History," Nitrox Diver Magazine 94.4 (Nov. 1994 Jan.
1995) (on scuba diving in Zacaton; online at http://www.iantd .com/articles/94-4kristovich.
html")

Lana Terzi, Francesco, Magisterium naturae, et artis (Brescia, 1684-92) (Vol. 3, Book
25, chapter 1, number 54 on the floating islands in the Lago della Regina).


Mr. Van Duzer is currently compiling a global bibliography on floating islands. Here follow
some additional citations from this bibliography relating to the floating islands near Tivoli:

Bacci, Andrea,Discorso delle acque Albule, bagni di Cesare Augusto a' Tivoli, delle
acque acetose press a Roma, & delle acque d'Anticoli(Rome, 1564) (32 p.; esp. p. 3-4 on
the qualities of the water and on the floating islands in Lago della Regina).

Cappello, Agostino, De' bagni mineral press Tivoli (Rome: Tipofrafia delle belle arti,
1839) (29 p., offprint from Giornale Arcadico, vol. 80; p. 15-7 on the floating islands).

Kircher, Athanasius, Latium; id est, Nova & parallel Latii turn veteris turn novi




description (Amsterdam, 1671) (describes the floating islands near Tivoli in Book 4, part 3.
chapt. 4.; the islands were known as le sedici barchette, "the sixteen little boats," and are
mistakenly depicted as boats on the map of the lake and surrounding regions in Book 3,
part 2, chapt. 1).

Gigli, Girolamo, II Gorgoleo ovvero il governatore dell'isole natanti (Sienna, 1753) (a
comedy; in Act 1, Scene 2, p. 14-5 the characters discuss the floating islands of Acque
Albule near Tivoli, mentioning some of the names of the individual islands, and that local
shepherds ride on the islands).

Viale, Benedetto, and Latini, Vincenzo, Sulle Acque Albule press Tivoli: Analisi
chimica (Rome: Tipografia di Gaetano Menicanti, 1857) (76 p.; p. 12-4, 49, 69, and 74 on
the floating islands).

Zezi, Pietro, "The Travertine and the Acque Albule in the= Neighbourhood of Tivoli," p.
83-8 in Henry James Johnston-Lavis, ed., The South Italian Volcanoes, Being the Account
of an Excursion to Them Made by English and Other Geologists in 1889 Under the
Auspices of the Geologists'Association of London (Naples, 1891) (p. 85-6 on the Lago
della Regina, with brief reference to its floating islands).




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New Line Drawing!

This non-native, invasive, submersed plant, curly pondweed (Potamogeton
crispus), was introduced from Europe more than 100 years ago and is now
widespread in the U.S. It occurs in all states (except Maine and South
Carolina) and in southern Canada. In more northerly climes where it is
particularly weedy, curly pondweed actively grows under ice and snow; is
often the first plant to emerge in the spring; forms dense floating mats;
flowers in June; and dies and "drops out" long before the end of summer. This
difficult-to-control aquatic weed is relatively easy to identify -- it is the only
pondweed with toothed leaves.


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Potamogeton crispus is an invasive non-native plant to be controlled.

This line drawings was just completed by Laura Line, Center for Aquatic
and Invasive Plants, University of Florida. With proper attribution and in not-
for-sale items only, please feel free to use these line drawings for manuals,


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brochures, reports, proposals, web sites...


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NEW!
Two PHOTO-MURALS
INVASIVE NON-NATIVE PLANTS

A Collaborative Effort:
Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida
Bureau of Invasive Plant Management, Florida Department of Environmental Protection
and
Cerexagri

Classroom size, Free to Requesting Teachers (K-12)
Send your non-virtual letter for immediate delivery.


Here are two large photo-murals of 75 invasive non-native plants in the U.S. Of the plants
depicted, 100% are found in Florida, 50% are also found elsewhere in the Southeast U.S.; 50%
are also found in Hawaii; 15% are also found in the West; 15% are also found in the East; and
17% are also found in most of the rest of the U.S.

All plants are depicted in large, strikingly attractive color photographs. Here is the list of plants.

At the request of teachers and enviro-trainers, these photo-murals were produced to be
attention-grabbing teaching tools for science classes and management agency training, and for




homeowners' forums, ecology clubs, environmental advocacy groups and others concerned about
the onslaught of non-native plants in the United States. It was produced by the University of
Florida and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, with printing support from
Cerexagri. Additional printing support came from Sea Grant, the national Aquatic Plant
Management Society, the Florida Aquatic Plant Management Society, and from the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers Jacksonville Office.

The photo-murals are available:

-- free-to-teachers:

fully laminated copies of the murals are free to teachers (U.S., K-12) and
public agency trainers (U.S.) who request them in writing, on letterhead, to
the non-virtual APIRSaddress below. there is a limited number of free
copies available -

Please do not telephone or e-mail us about the free photo-mural s offer;
we are happy to accept letters on letterhead from teachers (U.S., K-12) and
public agency trainers (U.S.) who want their free copies. Send your request
letters to: APIRS Photo-Mural, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants,
7922 NW 71 ST, Gainesville, FL 32653.

-- All four plant photo-murals are for sale to anyone from 1-800-226-1764:

They may be purchased singly or as a complete set.

1) SP-293 Native Freshwater Plants Photo-Mural fully laminated 62 in.
X 23 in.
$20 each plus S/H.

2) SP-329 MORE Native Freshwater Plants Photo-Mural fully laminated
27 in. X 39 in.
$12 each plus S/H.

3) SP-292 Invasive Non-Native Plants fully laminated 62 in. X 23 in.
$20 each plus S/H.

4) SP-328 MORE Invasive Non-Native Plants fully laminated 27 in. X
39 in.
$12 each plus S/H.


OR SAVE MONEY BUY ALL FOUR!





SP-336 ALL FOUR PHOTO-MURALS AS DESCRIBED ABOVE: $39.50
plus S/H

Purchase copies from the IFAS Publications Office, 1-800-226-1764.
(Credit cards accepted.)

Remember that WHEN YOU PURCHASE A COPY, you also are buying a copy
for a K-12 teacher!




Home |
CAIP-WEBSITEaufl.edu
Copyright 2003 University of Florida





FOUR CLASSROOM-SIZE, LAMINATED
PHOTO-MURALS FOR YOU!



Two NATIVE FRESHWATER PLANTS

and

Two INVASIVE PLANTS, AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL

A Collaborative Effort:
Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida
Bureau of Invasive Plant Management, Florida Department of Environmental Protection
Cerexagri



All four plant photo-murals are for sale to anyone from 1-800-226-1764; or by visiting the
IFASBOOKS website:

They may be purchased individually or as a complete set.
1) SP 293 Native Freshwater Plants Photo-Mural fully laminated 62 in. X 23 in. $20 each plus S/H.
2) SP 329 MORE Native Freshwater Plants Photo-Mural fully laminated 27 in. X 39 in. $12 each plus S/H.
3) SP 292 Invasive Non-Native Plants fully laminated 62 in. X 23 in. $20 each plus S/H.
4) SP 328 MORE Invasive Non-Native Plants fully laminated 27 in. X 39 in. $12 each plus S/H.

OR SAVE MONEY BUY ALL FOUR! SP-336 ALL FOUR PHOTO-MURALS AS
DESCRIBED ABOVE: $39.50 plus S/H Purchase copies from the IFAS Publications Office, 1-800-226-
1764; or visit the IFASBOOKS website (Credit cards accepted.)

These photo-murals were produced at the request of teachers and enviro-trainers to be attention-
grabbing teaching tools for science classes and management agency training, and for homeowners' forums,
ecology clubs, environmental advocacy groups and others interested in marshes, swamps and other wetlands
of the United States. The murals were produced by the University of Florida and the Florida Department of
Environmental Protection, with printing support from Cerexagri. Additional printing support came from Sea
Grant, the national Aquatic Plant Management Society, the Florida Aquatic Plant Management Society, and
from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Jacksonville Office.


NATIVE AQUATIC PLANTS


























Lest we forget, with so much current emphasis on invasive non-natives, most plants in the U.S. are
native; beneficial to animals, humans, and the environment; and often beautiful. So, here are two photo-
murals of 76 native freshwater plants of the U.S.. Of the plants depicted, 100% are in Florida; 97% are also
found in the rest of the Southeast U.S.; 50% are found in the Eastern U.S.; 22% are found in the West; and 22%
are found throughout most of the U.S.

Click here for the list of plants featured on the two "native" murals.



NON-NATIVE INVASIVE PLANTS,
AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL




INVASMEV
NON-NAT


F


El


-El
Eu


Here are two large photo-murals of 75 invasive non-native plants in the U.S. Of the
plants depicted, 100% are found in Florida, 50% are also found elsewhere in the Southeast U.S.; 50% are also
found in Hawaii; 15% are also found in the West; 15% are also found in the East; and 17% are also found in
most of the rest of the U.S. As in the other photo-murals of this series, all plants are depicted in large, strikingly
attractive color photographs.
Click here for the list of plants featured on the two "invasive" murals.


UNIVERSITY of
UF LORIDA
IFAS Extension
CTJJ4 r ferAit irt"i


,W we nr Mar


./'I


Home
CAIP-WEBSITE(ufl.edu
Copyright 2006 University of Florida


Ii'S


HE


I





New Regional Scientific Journal -
SOUTHEASTERN NA TURALIST


Southeastern Naturalist announces a new interdisciplinary regional scientific
journal with its first call for papers and subscribers. The quarterly journal is
intended to serve as a standard scientific reference resource for the
southeastern United States. Manuscripts are solicited in the general categories
of original research articles; research summaries and general interest articles;
and field observations and notes. Manuscripts may focus on terrestrial,
freshwater, and marine organisms, and their habitats. Subject areas include
but are not limited to field ecology, biology, behavior, biogeography, wildlife
and fisheries management, taxonomy, evolution, anatomy, physiology,
geology, and related fields. Manuscripts on genetics, molecular biology,
archaeology, and anthropology, etc., are welcome if they provide natural
history insights that are of strategic interest to field scientists. Manuscripts
may be submitted by anyone who has a serious interest in natural history,
including university and college faculty members and their students,
researchers, field biologists, professional and amateur naturalists, and writers.

The Southeastern Naturalist has no page charges, but does encourage
contributions towards printing costs, especially when allowed by grants,
contracts, or reprint budgets of the authors. The Humboldt Field Research
Institute is a nonprofit corporation of the State of Maine.

Subscription rate per year for individuals at US addresses, $40 (students,
$30.); institutions at US addresses, $60; Canadian addresses, add $4; other
addresses outside the US, add $8. Subscription exchanges are considered.
Contact the Humboldt Field Research Institute, PO Box 9, Steuben, ME
04680-0009; Telephone 207-546-2821; FAX 207-546-3042; E-mail:
humboldt(aloa.com WWW: http://maine.maine.edu/~eaglhill


Aquaphyte Contents Aquaphyte page Home





Traditional medicinal knowledge about a noxious

weed, jal kumbhi (Eichhornia crassipes), in

Chhattisgarh (India)

by by P. Oudhia, Department of Agronomy, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University,
Raipur 492001, India, E-mail: pankaj.oudhia(@usa.net




W ater hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
is the most predominant, persistent and .LQ',
troublesome aquatic weed in India. It was ,
first introduced as an ornamental plant in
India in 1896 from Brazil (Rao, 1988). In
Chhattisgarh, water hyacinth grows as a
pond weed and also as a rice weed in
lowland fields. In ancient Indian literature,
it is clearly mentioned that every plant on
this earth is useful for human beings,
animals and also for other plants (Oudhia,
1999a). Many medicinal, industrial and /\I .,'
allelopathic uses of common weeds have
been reported (Oudhia, 1999b; 1999c).
The natives of Chhattisgarh use many \
common weeds to treat their health .,, ,
problems (Oudhia, 1999c; 1999d).

In order to list the existing medicinal uses
of this noxious weed, a survey was /-- -J/
conducted during the year 2000. The 1' i .
survey was conducted in six selected \'
districts of Chhattisgarh state. From each
selected district, two blocks were selected
and from each block, a random sample of
four villages was taken to make a sample
of 100 respondents. Information regarding existing uses was collected through personal




interviews.


The survey revealed that many natives are using the water hyacinth as a medicinal plant. It is
mainly used as a remedy to treat the goitre disease. Two basic formulations were identified as the
most frequently used:

1) Fresh water hyacinth, table salt and Pippali (Piper longum), a common herb, are mixed
in equal quantity. 12 grams of this mixture are prescribed for a patient daily until relief is
gained.

2) Dried water hyacinth is burnt and taken with fresh cow urine.

In Chhattisgarh, water hyacinth also is used as a styptic. Natives apply fresh juice of the weed in
fresh wounds. It is believed to stop the spread of infection. For rice farmers, it is one of the best
first aid remedies for minor injuries. In septic wounds, it is applied with vinegar.

The above mentioned uses of water hyacinth have not been reported in available literature. This
survey suggests there is a strong need to identify the potential medicinal uses of this obnoxious
weed so that it can be used for the welfare of human beings.

References:

Oudhia, P.(1999a) Medicinal weeds in rice fields of Chhattisgarh (India). International
Rice Research Notes24(1):40.

Oudhia, P. (1999b) Medicinal weeds in groundnut fields of Chhattisgarh (India).
International Arachis Newsletter 19:62-64.

Oudhia, P. (1999c) Studies on allelopathy and medicinal weeds in chickpea fields.
International Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsletter 6:29-33.

Oudhia, P. (1999d) Medicinal weeds in wheat fields of Chhattisgarh (India). Rachis 18
(1):40-41.

Rao, V.S. (1988) Principles of weed science. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi (India), 544 pp.


Aquaphyte Contents I Aquaphyte page I Home




Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants
Meetings


May 15-18, 2008; Palmetto, Florida www.fnps.org
28th Annual Florida Native Plant Society Conference
Uplands to Estuaries: Celebrating Florida's Native Plant Heritage



May 20-22, 2008; Imperial Palace Casinos, Biloxi, Mississippi http://www.se-eppc.org
10th Annual Southeast EPPC Conference



June 23-27, 2008; International Weed Science Society, Vancouver, Canada http://iws.ucdavis.
edu/5intlweedcong.htm
International Weed Science Society

Aquatic Weed Management

Contacts:

Mike Netherland, USA I mdnether(@ufl .edu

Kevin Murphy, UK |I k.murphy@vbio.qla.ac.uk



June 23-26, 2008; University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida http://www.conference.ifas.ufl.edu/soils/
wetland082/site.htm
Biogeochemistry of Wetlands: Science and Applications Short Course



August 25-26th, 2008; LSU Energy, Coast, and Environmental Building, Baton Rouge, Louisiana http://www.
sce.Isu.edu/conference
Sustainable Management of Deltaic Ecosystems: Integration of Theory and Practice






September 7-12, 2008; Daniel Boone National Forest, Olympia Springs, Kentucky http://tfce.uky.edu/wri 2008.
htm
2008 Eastern Regional Wetland Restoration Institute



September 23-25, 2008; Austin Carey Memorial Forest Education Building, Gainesville, Fl. http://soils.ifas.ufl.
edu
Hydric Soils Short Course Specialized Training for Wetland Specialists
UF/IFAS



October 21-23, 2008; Austin Carey Memorial Forest Education Building, Gainesville, Fl. http://soils.ifas.ufl.edu
Hydric Soils Short Course Specialized Training for Wetland Specialists
UF/IFAS



November 12-14, 2008; Stellenbosch, South Africa http://academic.sun.ac.za/cib/events/Elton CIB symposium.
htm
Fifty Years of Invasion Ecology the Legacy of Charles Elton
Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University



November 18-20 2008; Austin Carey Memorial Forest Education Building, Gainesville, Fl. http://soils.ifas.ufl.
edu
Hydric Soils Short Course Specialized Training for Wetland Specialists
UF/IFAS



June 23-26, 2009; Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico http://www.paleolim.org/index.php/symposia/
11th International Paleolimnology Symposium



August 23-27, 2009; Stellenbosch, South Africa www.emapi2009.co.za or rich@(sun.ac.za
The 10th International Conference on the Ecology and Management of Alien Plant
Invasions (EMAPI)
Centre for Invasion Biology (CIB), Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University







U UNIVERSITY of
Ur FLORIDA
WFAS Extension
C nfrv for ,.,,
colt Ptiwet'-Aipff6


''t Pnr 4A 4 .
X ^


Home I Aquaphyte page
Contact Us: CAIP-WEBSITE(ufl.edu
@2007 University of Florida




Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants

Books, Manuals, and Online Resources


New Books and Reports
8 Plant Manuals, Field Guides and Textbooks
Langeland/Burks Non-Native Plants Book
8 Online Articles and Extension Publications
Extension Publications & Articles
8 Online Books


S UNIVER 5SITY of
FLORIDA
IFAS Extension
,.ftl) ),i, j%110i'-


J


Home
CAIP-WEBSITE(ufl.edu
Copyright 2007 University of Florida





FROM THE DATABASE


Here is a sampling of the research articles, books and reports which have been entered into
the aquatic, wetland and invasive plant database since Summer 2001. The database has
more than 55,000 citations. To receive free bibliographies on specific plants and/or
subjects, contact APIRS at 352-392-1799 or use the database online at http://plants.ifas.ufl.
edu/database.html

To obtain articles, contact your nearest state or university library.



Ailstock, M.S., Norman, C.M., Bushmann, P.J.
Common reed Phragmites australis: control and effects upon biodiversity in
freshwater nontidal wetlands.
RESTORATION ECOL. 9(1):49-59. 2001.

Al-Owaimer, A.N.
Effect of dietary halophyte Salicornia bigelovii Torr. on carcass characteristics,
minerals, fatty acids and amino acids profile of camel meat.
J. APP. ANIM. RES. 18(2):185-192. 2000.

Amiaud, B., Bonis, A., Bouzill6, J.-B.
Conditions de germination et role des herbivores dans la dispersion et le recrutement
d'une espece clonale: Juncus gerardi Lois.
CAN. J. BOT. 78(11):1430-1439. (IN FRENCH; ENGLISH SUMMARY) 2000.

Angradi, T.R., Hagan, S.M., Able, K.W.
Vegetation type and the intertidal macroinvertebrate fauna of a brackish marsh:
Phragmites vs Spartina.
WETLANDS 21(1):75-92. 2001.

Antunes, A.P.M., Watkins, G.M., Duncan, J.R.
Batch studies on the removal of gold (III) from aqueous solution by Azolla




filiculoides.
BIOTECHNOL. LETTERS 23(4):249-251. 2001.

Aziz, A., Sharmin, S.
Growth and nitrogenase activity of Azollapinnata var. pinnata R. Brown as affected
by some environmental factors.
BANGLADESH J. BOT. 29(2):125-131. 2000.

Baattrup-Pedersen, A., Riis, T., Hansen, H.O., Friberg, N.
Restoration of a Danish headwater stream: short-term changes in plant species
abundance and composition.
AQUATIC CONSERV.: MARINE. & FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS 10:13-23. 2000.

Baskin, C.C., Milberg, P., Andersson, L., Baskin, J.M.
Seed dormancy-breaking and germination requirements of Drosera angelica, an
insectivorous species of the northern hemisphere.
ACTA OECOLOGIA 22(1):1-8. 2001.

Basu, B.K., Kalff, J., Pinel-Alloul, B.
The influence of macrophyte beds on plankton communities and their export from
fluvial lakes in the St. Lawrence River.
FRESHWATER BIOL. 45(4):373-382. 2000.

Behcet, L., Ozgokce, F.
The vegetation of some lakes in East Anatolia (Turkey).
BULL. PURE AND APPLIED SCI. 17B(1):1-15. 1998.

Bennion, H., Monteith, D., Appleby, P.
Temporal and geographical variation in lake trophic status in the English Lake
District: evidence from (sub)fossil diatoms and aquatic macrophytes.
FRESHWATER BIOL. 45(4):394-412. 2000.

Best, E.P.H., Boyd, W.A.
Valla (Version 1.0): a simulation model for growth of American wildcelery.
U.S. ARMY ENGINEER RES. DEVELOPMENT CTR., VICKSBURG, MS, ERDC/EL SR-01-1, 25 PP.
2001.

Broussaud-Le Strat, F.
Historique et bibliographie du genre Utricularia.




J. BOT. SOC. BOT. FRANCE 7:83-87. (IN FRENCH) 1998.


Canfield, D.E., Bachmann, R.W., Hoyer, M.V.
A management alternative for Lake Apopka.
LAKE AND RESERVOIR MANAGE. 16(3):205-221. 2000.

Casati, P., Lara, M.V., Andreo, C.S.
Induction of a C4-like mechanism of C02 fixation in Egeria densa, a submersed
aquatic species.
PLANT PHYSIOL. 123(4): 1611-1621. 2000.

Center, T.D., Van, T.K., Rayachhetry, M., Buckingham, G.R., et al
Field colonization of the Melaleuca snout beetle (Oxyops vitiosa) in South Florida.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 19(2):112-123. 2000.

Cieslak, E., Ilnicki, T., Flis, M.
Cytotaxonomical studies on the Caltha palustris complex (Ranunculaceae) in
Poland. Preliminary report.
ACTA BIOLOGICAL CRACOVIENSIA 42(1):121-129. 2000.

Clark, D.L., Wilson, M.V.
Fire, mowing, and hand-removal of woody species in restoring a native wetland
prairie in the Willamette Valley of Oregon.
WETLANDS 21(1):135-144. 2001.

Conway, V.M.
Growth rates and water loss in Cladium mariscus R. Br.
ANNALS OF BOTANY 4(13):151-164. 1940.

Cordes, K.B., Mehra, A., Farago, M.E., Banerjee, D.K.
Uptake of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn by the water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.)
Solms from pulverised fuel ash (PFA) leachates and slurries.
ENVIRON. GEOCHEM. HEALTH 22(4):297-316. 2000.

Dalby, R.
Three bee plants: purple loosestrife, vetch, and safflower.
AMERICAN BEE J. 141(1):53-55. 2001.


Davies, C.M., Sakadevan, K., Bavor, H.J.




Removal of stormwater-associated nutrients and bacteria in constructed wetland and
water pollution control pond systems.
IN: TRANSFORMATIONS OF NUTRIENTS IN NATURAL AND CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS,
ED. J. VYMAZAL, BACKHUYS PUBL., LEIDEN, THE NETHERLANDS, PP. 483-495. 2001.

Deonier, D.L.
North American ephydrid habitat types and probable ephydrid inhabitants (Diptera:
Ephydridae).
D.L. DEONIER, PUBL., PITTSBURG, KS, 12 PP. 2000.

Egan, T.P., Ungar, I.A.
Similarity between seed banks and above-ground vegetation along a salinity
gradient.
J. VEG. SCI. 11:189-194. 2000.

El-Kahloun, M., Boeye, D., Verhagen, B., Van Haesebroeck, V.
A comparison of the nutrient status of Molinia caerulea and neighboring
vegetation in a rich fen.
BELGIAN J. BOT. 133(1-2):91-102. 2000.

Faubert, J.
Les Potamogetonaceae du Quebec meridional: identification et repartition.
CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 114(3):359-380. 2000.

Fischer, M., Husi, R., Prati, D., Peintinger, M., et al
RAPD variation among and within small and large populations of the rare clonal
plant Ranunculus reptans (Ranunculaceae).
AMER. J. BOT. 87(8):1128-1137. 2000.

Fourqurean, J.W., Willsie, A., Rose, C.D., Rutten, L.M.
Spatial and temporal pattern in seagrass community composition and productivity in
south Florida.
MARINE BIOLOGY 138(2):341-354. 2001.

Frankly, R., Schmeidl, H.
Vegetation change in a south German raised bog: ecosystem engineering by plant
species, vegetation switch or ecosystem level feedback mechanisms?
FLORA 195(3):267-276. 2000.




Gabrey, S.W., Afton, A.D.
Effects of winter marsh burning on abundance and nesting activity of Louisiana
seaside sparrows in the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain.
WILSON BULL. 112(3):365-372. 2000.

Gao, J., Garrison, A.W., Hoehamer, C., Mazur, C.S., et al
Uptake and phytotransformation of organophosphorus pesticides by axenically
cultivated aquatic plants.
J. AGRIC. FOOD CHEM. 48(12):6114-6120. 2000.

Garcia-Hernandez, J., Glenn, E.P., Artiola, J., Baumgartner, D.J.
Bioaccumulation of selenium (Se) in the Cienega de Santa Clara Wetland, Sonora,
Mexico.
ECOTOXICOL. ENVIRON. SAFETY 46(3):298-304. 2000.

Gomez Mendez, C.E.
Evaluaci6n de maleza acuitica con relaci6n a parimetros quimicos de agua y
sedimento en el DR-086 soto la marina, mediante sig y bioestadistica.
THESIS, UNIDAD ACADEMIC MULTIDISCIPLINARIA, AGRONOMIA Y CIENCIAS,
UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE TAMAULIPAS, MEXICO, 121 PP. (IN SPANISH; ENGLISH
SUMMARY) 2000.

Grabas, G.P., Laverty, T.M.
The effect of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.; Lythraceae) on the pollination
and reproductive success of sympatric co-flowering wetland plants.
ECOSCI. 6(2):230-242. 1999.

Grodowitz, M.J., Freedman, J.E., Jones, H., Jeffers, L., et al
Status of waterhyacinth/hydrilla infestations and associated biological control agents
in Lower Rio Grande Valley cooperating Irrigation Districts.
ERDC/EL SR-00-11, U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS ENVIRONMENTAL LAB.,
VICKSBURG, MS, 33 PP. 2000.

Hauxwell, J., Cebrian, J., Furlong, C., Valiela, I.
Macroalgal canopies contribute to eelgrass (Zostera marina) decline in temperate
estuarine ecosystems.
ECOLOGY 82(4):1007-1022. 2001.


Haynes, D., Ralph, P., Pranges, J., Dennison, B.




The impact of the herbicide diuron on photosynthesis in three species of tropical
seagrass.
MAR. POLL. BULL. 41(7-12):288-293. 2000.

Hesler, L.S., Oraze, M.J., Grigarick, A.A., Palrang, A.T.
Numbers of rice water weevil larvae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and rice plant
growth in relation to adult infestation levels and broadleaf herbicide applications.
J. AGRIC. URBAN ENTOMOL. 17(2):99-108. 2000.

Hildebrandt, U., Janetta, K., Ouziad, F., Renne, B., et al
Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of halophytes in central European salt marshes.
MYCORRHIZA 10(4):175-183. 2001.

Hill, N.M., Boates, J.S., Elderkin, M.F.
Low catchment area lakes: new records for rare coastal plain shrubs and Utricularia
species in Nova Scotia.
RHODORA 102(912):518-522. 2000.

Hollingsworth, M.L.
Evidence for massive clonal growth in the invasive weed Fallopiajaponica
(Japanese knotweed).
BOTANICAL J. LINNEAN SOC. 133(4):463-472. 2000.

Hood, W.G., Naiman, R.J.
Vulnerability of riparian zones to invasion by exotic vascular plants.
PLANT ECOL. 148(1):105-114. 2000.

Humburg, D.D., Bataille, K., Helmers, D.L., Brunet, D.A.
Evaluation of seasonal habitat use by waterbirds on the Missouri River floodplain.
FINAL REPT., RESEARCH AND SURVEY PROJECTS, MISSOURI DEPT. CONSERVATION,
COLUMBIA, 130 PP.

Hwang, Y.-H., Liou, C.-F., Weng, I.-S.
Nutrient dynamics of two aquatic angiosperms in an alpine lake, Taiwan.
BOT. BULL. ACAD. SIN. 41(4):275-282. 2000.

lida, S., Kadono, Y.
Population genetics structure of Potamogeton anguillanus in Lake Shinji, Japan.
LIMNOL. 2:51-53. 2001.




James, W.F., Barko, J.W., Eakin, H.L.
Direct and indirect impacts of submersed aquatic vegetation on the nutrient budget
of an urban oxbow lake.
APCRP TECH. NOTES COLL., U.S. ARMY ENGINEER RES. DEVELOPMENT CTR.,
VICKSBURG, MS, ERDC TN-APCRP-EA-02, 11 PP. 2001.

Karjalainen, H., Stefansdottir, G., Tuominen, L., Kairesalo, T.
Do submersed plants enhance microbial activity in sediment?
AQUATIC BOT. 69(1):1-13. 2001.

Karunaratne, S., Asaeda, T.
Verification of a mathematical growth model of Phragmites australis using field
data from two Scottish lochs.
FOLIA GEOBOTANICA 35:419-432. 2000.

Kathiresan, R.M., Ramah, K.
Impact of weed management in rice-fish farming systems.
INDIAN J. WEED SCI. 32(1-2):39-43. 2000.

Kendle, A.D., Rose, J.E.
The aliens have landed! What are the justifications for 'native only' policies in
landscape plantings?
LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING 47(1-2): 19-31. 2000.

Kilbride, K.M., Paveglio, F.L.
Long-term fate of glyphosate associated with repeated Rodeo applications to control
control smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in Willapa Bay, Washington.
ARCH. ENVIRON. CONTAM. TOXICOL. 40(2):179-183. 2001.

Knight, R.L., Payne, V.W.E., Borer, R.E., Clarke, R.A., et al
Constructed wetlands for livestock wastewater management.
ECOLOGICAL ENGIN. 15:41-55. 2000.

Knight, R.L., Walton, W.E., O'Meara, G., Reisen, W.K., et al
Design strategies for effective mosquito control in constructed treatment wetlands.
IN: 7TH INTER. CONF. WETLAND SYSTEMS FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, VOL. ONE,
EDS K.R. REDDY AND R.H. KADLEC, INST. FOOD AND AGRIC. SCI., UNIV. FLORIDA,
GAINESVILLE, NOV. 11-16, LAKE BUENA VISTA, FL., PP. 425-440. 2000.




Larsen, L., Jorgensen, C., Aamand, J.
Potential mineralization of four herbicides in a ground water-fed wetland area.
J. ENVIRON. QUAL. 30(1):24-30. 2001.

Lewis, M.A., Weber, D.E., Stanley, R.S., Moore, J.C.
The relevance of rooted vascular plants as indicators of estuarine sediment quality.
ARCH. ENVIRON. CONTAM. TOXICOL. 40(1):25-34. 2001.

Lowe, E.F., Battoe, L.E., Coveney, M., Stites, D.
Setting water quality goals for restoration of Lake Apopka: inferring past conditions.
LAKE AND RESERVOIR MANAGE. 15(2):103-120. 1999.

Lynn, D.E., Waldren, S.
Morphological variation in populations of Ranunculus repens from the temporary
limestone lakes (turloughs) in the west of Ireland.
ANNALS OF BOT. 87(1):9-17. 2001.

Madsen, J.D., Getsinger, K.D., Steward, R.M., Skogerboe, J.G., et al
Evaluation of transparency and light attenuation by Aquashade.
LAKE AND RESERVOIR MANAGE. 15(2):142-147. 1999.

Miller, S.P., Sharitz, R.R.
Manipulation of flooding and arbuscular mycorrhiza formation influences growth
and nutrition of two semiaquatic grass species.
FUNCTIONAL ECOL. 14(6):738-748. 2000.

Morison, J.I.L., Piedade, M.T.F., Muller, E., Long, S.P., et al
Very high productivity of the C4 aquatic grass Echinochloa polystachya in the
Amazon floodplain confirmed by net ecosystem C02 flux measurements.
OECOLOGIA 125(3):400-411. 2000.

Naugle, D.E., Johnson, R.R., Estey, M.E., Higgins, K.F.
A landscape approach to conserving wetland bird habitat in the prairie pothole
region of eastern South Dakota.
WETLANDS 21(1):1-17. 2001.

Nealson, P.A., Gregory, J.
Hydroacoustic differentiation of adult Atlantic salmon and aquatic macrophytes in
the River Wye, Wales.




AQUATIC LIVING RESOURCES 13(5):331-339. 2000.


Notestein, S.K.
Physical, chemical, and vegetative characteristics of the Chassahowitzka River.
MS THESIS, UNIV. FLORIDA, GAINESVILLE, 85 PP. 2001.

Ogden, R.W.
Modern and historical variation in aquatic macrophyte cover of billabongs
associated with catchment development.
REGUL. RIVERS: RES. AND MANAGE. 16(5):497-512. 2000.

Olckers, T.
Biology, host specificity and risk assessment of Gargaphia decoris, the first agent to
be released in South Africa for the biological control of the invasive tree Solanum
mauritianum.
BIOCONTROL 45(3):373-388. 2000.

Olivares, E., Colonnello, G.
Salinity gradient in the Manamo River, a dammed distributary of the Orinoco Delta,
and its influence on the presence of Eichhornia crassipes and Paspalum repens.
INTERCIENCIA 25(5):242-248. 2000.

Petersen, R.L., Faust, A., Nagawa, J., Thomas, C., et al
Foreign mosquito survivorship in the pitcher plant Sarraceniapurpurea the role of
the pitcher-plant midge Metriocnemus knabi.
HYDROBIOLOGIA 439(1-3):13-19. 2000.

Plasencia Fraga, J., Hurtado, A., Chateloin, T.
Cambios en la composici6n floristica de la Laguna del Tesoro, Cuba.
ACTA BOTANICA CUBANA 131:1-7. (IN SPANISH; ENGLISH SUMMARY) 1999.

Pokorny, P., Jankovska, V.
Long-term vegetation dynamics and the infilling process of a former lake
(Svarcenberk, Czech Republic).
FOLIA GEOGOTANICA 35(4):433-457. 2000.

Powers, K.D., Noble, R.E., Chabreck, R.H.
Seed distribution by waterfowl in southwestern Louisiana.
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Quayyum, H.A., Mallik, A.U., Leach, D.M., Gottardo, C.
Growth inhibitory effects of nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus) on rice (Oryza sativa)
seedlings.
J. CHEM. ECOL. 26(9):2221-2231. 2000.

Raspopov, I.M., Andronikova, I.N., Slepukhina, T.D., Raspletina,G.F., et al
Land-water ecotones of the Great Lakes.
SYNTEZ PUBLISHING GROUP, ST. PETERSBURG, RUSSIA, 54 PP. (IN RUSSIAN) 1998.

Reichard, S.
The search for patterns that enable prediction of invasion.
IN: WEED RISK ASSESSMENT, EDS. R.H. GROVES, F.D. PANETTA, ET AL, CSIRO
PUBLISHING, AUSTRALIA, PP. 10-19. 2001.

Reusch, T.B.H.
New markers old questions: population genetics of seagrasses.
MAR. ECOL. PROG. SER. 211:261-274. 2001.

Ritter, N.P.
Biodiversity and phytogeography of Bolivia's wetland flora.
DISSERTATION, UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, DURHAM, 399 PP. 1992.

Rochefort, L.
Sphagnum a keystone genus in habitat restoration.
BRYOLOGIST 103(3):503-508. 2000.

Rodgers, J.A., Smith, H.T., Thayer, D.D.
Integrating nonindigenous aquatic plant control with protection of snail kite nests in
Florida.
ENVIRON. MANAGE. 28(1):31-37. 2001.

Rubtzoff, P.
A phytogeographical analysis of the Pitkin Marsh.
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Russell, G.E.G., Mitchell, D.S.
Common aquatic plants on Rhodesian pans and lakes.
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Sailyi, G., Csaba, G., Gaffilne, D.E., Orosz, E., et al
Effect of the cyanide and heavy metal pollution passed in River Szamos and Tisza
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MAGYAR ALLATORVOSOK LAPJA 122(8):493-500. (IN HUNGARIAN; ENGLISH SUMMARY)
2000.

Scarton, F., Day, J.W., Rismondo, A.
Above and belowground production of Phragmites australis in the Po Delta, Italy.
BOLL. MUS. CIV. ST. NAT. VENEZIE 49:213-222. 1999.

Schorer, A., Schneider, S., Melzer, A.
The importance of submerged macrophytes as indicators for the nutrient
concentration in a small stream (Rotbach, Bavaria).
LIMNOLOGICA 30:351-358. 2000.

Schussler, E.E., Longstreth, D.J.
Changes in cell structure during the formation of root aerenchyma in Sagittaria
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Shabana, Y.M., Elwakil, M.A., Charudattan, R.
Effect of media, light and pH on growth and spore production by Alternaria
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Environment impact assessment of textile printing industries in Sanganer, Jaipur: a
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Dose response studies of Mycoleptodiscus terrestris formulations on Hydrilla
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Shilov, M.P., Mikhailova, T.N.
Distribution of the water chestnut [Trapa natans (L.S.L.)] in the bottom-land
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Commercial use, physical distribution, and invasiveness description: three reasons
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Submerged macrophytes in shallow eutrophic lakes regulating factors and
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Tamura, S., Kuramochi, H., Ishizawa, K.
Involvement of calcium ion in the stimulated shoot elongation of arrowhead tubers
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Tarasevich, V.F.
Palynological evidence of the position of the Lemnaceae family in the system of
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Thorne, J.F., Eisman, R.




Cattle grazing helps to restore bog turtle habitat (Pennsylvania).
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Tomas, W.M., Salis, S.M.
Diet of the marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil.
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Tooth, S., Nanson, G.C.
Anabranching rivers on the northern plains of arid central Australia.
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Tourn, G.M., Menvielle, M.F., Scopel, A.L., Pidal, B.
Clonal strategies of a woody weed: Melia azedarach.
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Unmuth, J.M.L., Lillie, R.A., Dreikosen, D.S.
Influence of dense growth of Eurasian watermilfoil on lake water temperature and
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J. FRESHWATER ECOL. 15(4):497-503. 2000.

Vymazal, J.
Types of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: their potential for nutrient
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West, J.M., Zedler, J.B.
Marsh-creek connectivity: fish use of a tidal salt marsh in southern California.
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Williams, P.A., Nicol, E., Newfield, M.
Assessing the risk to indigenous biota of plant taxa new to New Zealand.
IN: WEED RISK ASSESSMENT, EDS. R.H. GROVES, F.D. PANETTA, ET AL, CSIRO
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Wilson, P.C., Whitwell, T., Klaine, S.J.
Metalaxyl and simazine toxicity to and uptake by Typha latifolia.
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Wolterbeek, H.T., Van Der Meer, A.J.G.M., Dielemans, U.




On the variability of plant bioconcentration factors (BCF) of environmental
radionuclides: a case study on the effects of surface film and free space on the
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Wood, S.L., Wheeler, E.F., Berghage, R.D.
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TRANS. AMER. SOC. AGRIC. ENGIN. (ASAE) 43(4):973-979. 2000.



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Aquaphyte Volume 21 Number 2 Winter 2001 AQUAPHYTE OnlineA Newsletter about Aquatic, Wetland and Invasive PlantsVolume 21 Number 2 Winter 2001 Gainesville, Florida ISSN 0893-7702 Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida 7922 N.W. 71st Street Gainesville, Florida 32653 352-392-1799 with support from: The Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Invasive Plant Management The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Aquatic Plant Control Research Program The St. Johns River Water Management District Contents About AQUAPHYTE Are Aquatic Herbicide Permitting Changes on the Horizon? by Kathy Hamel, Washington State Department of Ecology Rare and Unusual Aquatic Sedge is Invasive in Florida Wright's Nut-rush Scleria lacustris by Colette Jacono, US Geological Survey Preliminary Note on the Floating Islands of Zacaton Sinkhole, Mexico by Chet Van Duzer NEW! Line-drawing: Potamogeton crispus http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-1.html (1 of 2) [6/6/2008 1:58:41 PM]

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Aquaphyte Volume 21 Number 2 Winter 2001 NEW! Photo-Murals for K-12 Teachers and Agency Trainers Invasive Non-Native Plants Photo-Mural Native Freshwater Plants Photo-Mural Southeastern Naturalist a new interdisciplinary regional scientific journal Traditional medicinal knowledge about a noxious weed, jal kumbhi (Eichhornia crassipes), in Chhattisgarh (India) by P. Oudhia, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, India BE THERE, DO THAT BOOKS/REPORTS FROM THE DATABASE a sampling of new additions to the APIRSdatabase Aquaphyte page | Home CAIP-WEBSITE@ufl.edu Copyright 2001 University of Florida http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-1.html (2 of 2) [6/6/2008 1:58:41 PM]

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21(2) About Aquaphyte AQUAPHYTE ONLINE Winter 2001 About Aquaphyte This is the newsletter of the Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants and the Aquatic, Wetland and Invasive Plant Information Retrieval System (APIRS) of the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS). Support for the information system is provided by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station Aquatic Plant Control Research Program (APCRP), the St. Johns River Water Management District and UF/IFAS. EDITORS: Victor Ramey Karen Brown AQUAPHYTE is sent to managers, researchers, and agencies in 71 countries. Comments, announcements, news items and other information relevant to aquatic plant research are solicited. Inclusion in AQUAPHYTE does not constitute endorsement, nor does exclusion represent criticism of any item, organization, individual, or institution by the University of Florida. Aquaphyte Contents | Aquaphyte page | Home CAIP-WEBSITE@ufl.edu Copyright 2001 University of Florida http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-9.html [6/6/2008 1:58:42 PM]

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Aquaphyte Winter 2001 AQUAPHYTE ONLINE Winter 2001 Are Aquatic Herbicide Permitting Changes on the Horizon? [Editor's note: During the summer of 2001, few, if any, herbicide applications to manage aquatic plants, took place in Washington state. As a result of that state's interpretation of a federal circuit court ruling, aquatic plant management operations using aquatic herbicides, as well as mosquito and burrowing shrimp control activities, now require a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. NPDES permits were originally created by the U.S. Clean Water Act. Though the circuit court ruling may be interpreted and implemented in different ways by the nine states of the circuit, nonetheless, aquatic pesticides, even when registered and labeled under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), now are considered in one circuit district to be a form of pollution requiring additional permitting under the Clean Water Act. The ruling also effectively federalizes what used to be a state permitting power in the 9th Circuit. As of now, no entity in the nine states has appealed the Talent decision to the U.S. Supreme Court. The ruling suggests implications for all herbicide-based management operations on public waters and lands of the U.S. Here, Ms. Hamel presents a brief review of the decision and her department's implementation of its findings. VR] The Impact of the Talent Irrigation District Court Decision on Aquatic Pesticide Regulation in Washington State by Kathy S. Hamel, Washington State Department of Ecology, P.O. Box 47600, Olympia, WA 98504-7600, E-mail: kham461@ecy.wa.gov Background Many irrigation districts in the western United States for many years have routinely applied acrolein (Magnacide H) to their ditches and canals to control the growth of submersed aquatic vegetation. Removing vegetation is essential to maintain water delivery to crops and to prevent flood damage to the canals. Acrolein is highly toxic to fish, wildlife, and humans and must be carefully applied. The districts use acrolein, instead of the less toxic aquatic herbicides used for aquatic plant control in lakes and rivers, because acrolein treated water can be used for crop irrigation much sooner than other aquatic herbicides. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-5.html (1 of 5) [6/6/2008 1:58:43 PM]

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Aquaphyte Winter 2001 In May 1996, the Talent Irrigation District in southwestern Oregon applied acrolein to the Talent Canal. The next day dead fish were discovered in Bear Creek around and downstream from a leaking canal waste gate. Over 92,000 juvenile steelhead were killed. Release of treated waters into a fish-bearing stream clearly violated the Magnacide H label and the District was heavily fined by Oregon agencies for the fish kill. Environmental groups (Headwaters, Inc. et al.) also sued Talent for violating the Clean Water Act (CWA) by treating its canals without a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. After a lower federal district court concluded that it was not necessary to obtain an NPDES permit for treatment with acrolein, Headwaters, Inc. et al. appealed the case to the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals. The 9th Circuit Court has jurisdiction over Alaska, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Arizona, California, Hawaii, and Guam. These nine states and Guam are bound by any decisions made by the 9th Circuit Court. On March 12, 2001, this court reversed the lower court's ruling and found that "the registration and labeling of Magnacide H under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) does not preclude the need for a permit under the CWA." The Talent decision was not appealed to the Supreme Court. [See http://www.owrc.org/litigation/tidopinion.htm] Washington's Response to the Talent Irrigation District Decision The state of Washington's Assistant Attorney General to the Department of Ecology (Ecology) interpreted the Talent court decision to mean that the application of any aquatic pesticide to Washington waterbodies requires coverage under an NPDES permit. This interpretation was partially in response to the threat of lawsuits from environmental groups if an NPDES permit program was not put in place. Pesticides are applied to waters of the state for the control of mosquitoes, burrowing shrimp, some fish species, noxious submersed weeds (Eurasian watermilfoil, hydrilla), noxious emergent weeds (purple loosestrife, spartina), nuisance native aquatic plants, and algae. Washington, Oregon, California, Montana, Nevada, and Hawaii have been delegated authority from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop and administer NPDES permit programs. Idaho, Alaska, and Arizona obtain their NPDES permit coverage from EPA. Ecology administers Washington's NPDES programs for industrial waste discharges, sewage treatment, municipal and industrial stormwater, and dairy waste. However, aquatic pesticide application does not fit neatly into state and federal laws that regulate point source pollutant discharge to water. To date EPA has provided little guidance or direction to the affected states on how to interpret the court decision or how to develop an aquatic pesticide NPDES permitting program. The March court decision did not allow Washington enough time to develop an aquatic pesticide NPDES program for the 2001-treatment season. Although Ecology's existing aquatic pesticide permitting program was not an NPDES program, Ecology continued to issue orders (permits) under this program for 2001. Applicants were informed that these permits were not NPDES http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-5.html (2 of 5) [6/6/2008 1:58:43 PM]

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Aquaphyte Winter 2001 permits and that they could be subject to third party lawsuits as a result of the Talent court decision. Willapa Bay oyster growers (who treat oyster beds for burrowing shrimp) were threatened with a third party lawsuit because they didn't have NPDES permit coverage. They subsequently chose not to treat in 2001, permanently losing some oyster beds by this action. All state-funded and most locally funded herbicide applications to control noxious aquatic weeds did not take place. Many irrigation districts asked for coverage under Ecology's existing program, something they had not done before. For most NPDES permits, people are trying to dispose of unwanted wastes into a waterbody. In the case of aquatic pesticides, people are deliberately introducing a toxic compound into a waterbody to improve beneficial uses. Ecology is currently developing seven general NPDES permits for aquatic pesticide application to Washington waters in 2002 and beyond. Permit holders will include: irrigation districts; mosquito districts; Departments of Fish and Wildlife; Agriculture; and Transportation; oyster growers; and aquatic herbicide applicators. Advisory committees have been formed to provide oversight to each general permit and informational meetings have been held. Each advisory committee is expected to meet twice to provide input into the draft permit before it is made available for public review. Because of public and internal review processes, Ecology doesn't anticipate having final permits in place until late spring or early summer of 2002. While most aquatic pesticide applicators are accustomed to being regulated by Ecology, there will be some changes under the new program. Because of state law, fees will be charged to cover the administration of the NPDES permits. Although the amounts are as yet unknown, in some cases, permit fees could be substantial. Some type of limited monitoring of the receiving waters, most likely for pesticide concentrations, will also be required. Requirements already in place under the superceded permit program, such as public notification and Endangered Species Act protections, will be incorporated into the NPDES permits where appropriate. The NPDES permits will be at least as, or more, protective of the aquatic environment than the superseded aquatic pesticide permitting program. There has been great interest in Washington's aquatic pesticide NPDES program from affected parties and environmental groups. Washington interpreted the Talent decision to mean that all aquatic pesticide applications must be regulated under an NPDES program. Other western states may have made different interpretations, although California has developed a general NPDES permit for aquatic pesticide use. Several environmental groups indicated to Ecology that had Washington continued to allow aquatic pesticide applications under the existing program we would have been challenged in court with the Talent Irrigation District decision forming the basis for that legal challenge. Moving forward with the development of an NPDES program for aquatic pesticides is a necessary action for Washington. Editor's note:The industry response to the Ninth Circuit Court's Ruling has included the formation and funding of the Aquatic Pesticide Coalition (APC) by a group of agricultural http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-5.html (3 of 5) [6/6/2008 1:58:43 PM]

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Aquaphyte Winter 2001 producers, irrigation district managers, aquatic pesticide manufacturers, mosquito control interests and companies in the lake management industry. The APC hopes to help develop a solution to the problem. They have hired attorneys experienced with the Clean Water Act and have presented a Position and Background paper to the EPA. An industry newsletter, AquaTechnex e-news, makes the following observations: "Western irrigated agriculture depends on approximately 16,000 miles of irrigation canals and 37,000 miles of laterals. In 1997, irrigated Western cropland produced $22 billion in sales (as compared to national crop sales in 1997 of approximately $100 billion). . . .This ruling has paralyzed necessary aquatic plant management operations in the western United States. . . . . U.S. EPA has had long-standing policy and guidance in place that specifies under what circumstances an NPDES permit is needed to discharge pesticides into the waters of the U. S. from an industrial facility. NPDES permits have not been required for the application of aquatic pesticides to water in accordance with product labels under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Further, EPA has never instituted an enforcement action against any such person for failing to have an NPDES permit under these circumstances. . . . The imposition of NPDES permits on the use of aquatic herbicides . . . could have the perverse effect of impairing water quality through the negative consequences of aquatic invasive plant infestations." To contact the Aquatic Pesticide Coalition, write to 1156 15th Street NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20005. KB Federal Regulations Reviewed: The Clean Water Act (CWA), as originated in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, generally prohibits the discharge of pollutants into "navigable waters" or "waters of the United States." The CWA's objective "is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters." It requires a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit before any pollutant can be discharged into navigable waters from a point source. Point sources are defined as discrete conveyances such as discharge pipes or man-made ditches. Permits typically are obtained for discharges of industrial wastewater, sewage treatment plant effluent, etc. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) is a comprehensive federal statute which regulates pesticide use, sales, registration and labeling, and grants enforcement authority to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). FIFRA's objective is to protect human health and the environment from harm from pesticides. FIFRA establishes a national uniform labeling system to regulate pesticide use, but does not establish a system for granting permits for individual herbicide applications. The CWA establishes national effluent standards to regulate the discharge of all pollutants into http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-5.html (4 of 5) [6/6/2008 1:58:43 PM]

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Aquaphyte Winter 2001 the waters of the United States, but also establishes a permit program that allows, under certain circumstances, individual discharges. FIFRA's labels are the same nationwide, and so the statute does not and cannot consider local environmental conditions. By contrast, the NPDES program under the CWA does just that. From the U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, Opinions Aquaphyte Contents | Aquaphyte page | Home CAIP-WEBSITE@ufl.edu Copyright 2001 University of Florida http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-5.html (5 of 5) [6/6/2008 1:58:43 PM]

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Aquaphyte Winter 2001 AQUAPHYTE ONLINE Winter 2001 Rare and Unusual Aquatic Sedge is Invasive in Florida by Colette Jacono, US Geological Survey; E-mail: colette_jacono@usgs.gov Heavy growth of Scleria lacustris covers several hectares in water 40 cm deep. Many additional colonies are scattered in the distance. What could be unusual about another invasive plant in Florida? Our most southern and species-rich state has surely received an overly generous share of "out-of-place" plants. In fact, Scleria lacustris C. Wright, more simply called Wright's Nut-rush, is strikingly unusual in many respects. As a sedge (family Cyperaceae) it is atypical in existing as an annual species, truly aquatic in nature. The juvenile plants are well adapted to water influx during the summer growing season, developing thick, spongy stems and rooting at the nodes when submersed. The fibrous, floating roots help support the upright growth of plants until maturity and later the lodging that ensues across standing water in late season. Scleria lacustris is extraordinary for its large size and robust stature. Where late season water levels reach 30 cm, single stemmed plants can grow to over two meters long while the stems expand to a hefty thickness of 2.5 cm. Plants develop multiple culms and a smaller stature; yet mature equally well where water has withdrawn in autumn. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-3.html (1 of 3) [6/6/2008 1:58:44 PM]

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Aquaphyte Winter 2001 Scleria lacustris is exceptional not only for its singular beauty but for its beastly touch. Silica impregnated prickles along the stem and leaves impart a deep slicing wound when handled. And finally, Scleria lacustris is rarely found in its native range, which extends across the tropics of Africa and America. What may not be unusual about Scleria lacustris is the time lag, in this case twelve years, that has elapsed between early collections and the first troubling populations in Florida. Researchers acquainted with the task of reviewing herbarium specimens to analyze invasion processes typically find similar initial lag patterns in distribution. Emergent with maidencane (Panicum hemitomon) and Eleocharis spp. in 30 cm of water, Scleria lacustris exceeds a height of 1.5 m. In conservation marshes of central Florida, Scleria lacustris has demonstrated the ability to disperse rapidly and to develop into dense colonies. Open marshes subjected to hydroperiod fluctuations appear especially vulnerable. It is suspected that ducks and airboats may disperse the shining white nutlets. Nutlets may also float through drainage systems, leaving vast open water marshes, including the Everglades, at risk. Recognize Scleria lacustris by its wide (~2 cm) pleated leaves, thick, three-angled stem streaked in red, and upright branching inflorescences full of large (to 4 x 2.5 mm), whitish shining nutlets. Full results of findings are in press: Jacono, C.C. 2001. Scleria lacustris (Cyperaceae), an aquatic and wetland sedge introduced to Florida. Sida, Contributions to Botany 19(4). If you know of this plant, either in or out of its native place, please contact: Colette Jacono, U.S. Geological Survey, 7920 NW 71st St., Gainesville, Fl 32653; (352) 3788181 X 315; colette_jacono@usgs.gov Go to the new USGS website about Scleria lacustris which includes detailed ID information, a distribution map and a downloadable flyer: http://www.fcsc.usgs.gov/Nonindigenous_Species/ http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-3.html (2 of 3) [6/6/2008 1:58:44 PM]

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Aquaphyte Winter 2001 Scleria_lacustris/scleria_lacustris.html See more Scleria lacustris pictures here. Aquaphyte Contents| Aquaphyte page| Home CAIP-WEBSITE@ufl.edu Copyright 2001 University of Florida http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-3.html (3 of 3) [6/6/2008 1:58:44 PM]

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Aquaphyte Winter 2001 AQUAPHYTE ONLINE Winter 2001 Preliminary Note on the Floating Islands of Zacaton Sinkhole, Mexico by Chet Van Duzer, 12177 Winton Way, Los Altos Hills, California 94024; E-mail: ChetV@aol.com On El Rancho Azufrosa near the small town of Aldama (22o 55'N, 98o 04'W) in the state of Tamaulipas in northeastern Mexico, there is a remarkable group of five cenotes or sinkholes, vertical caves filled with fresh water. The water in the sinkholes is highly mineralized, smelling strongly of sulfur, and is also quite warm, with average temperatures ranging from 28.3oC to 33.8oC. One of these cenotes, called Zacaton, is the world's deepest known water-filled pit, more than 305 meters deep, and is the site of the world's deepest scuba dive, which was made by Jim Bowden, leader of El Proyecto de Buceo Espeleologico Mexico y America Central, a group of divers which has been exploring the sinkholes since 1989. While the depths of Zacaton are of speleological interest, its surface is of botanical interest for the lush floating islands that move across it. The cenote's surface is circular, about 100 m in diameter, and is surrounded by 21 m high rocky cliffs. On the water are fifteen floating islands, ranging in diameter from 3 to 10 m, and 1 to 1.5 m thick. Beneath the water, the edges of the islands are essentially vertical, a result of the islands' collisions with each other and with the vertical rock "shores." The islands are moved only by the wind; there are no currents in Zacaton. The flora of the floating islands is dominated by a grass known as "zacate," and in fact it was the http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-2.html (1 of 4) [6/6/2008 1:58:45 PM]

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Aquaphyte Winter 2001 distinctive islands of zacate that gave the cenote its name "Zacaton. "This grass has not yet been collected and identified. The names "zacate" and "zacaton" are applied to several different species, including Muhlenbergia robusta, Festuca amplissima, and Sporobolus wrightii, as well as other species in these genera. A Sporobolus grass seems the most likely candidate, as Muhlenbergia spp. and Festuca spp. are typically found in dry environments, while Sporobolus spp. are known to grow in desert marshes, playa lakes, and floodplains. A small number of shrubs and cacti also grow on the islands, and the islands are inhabited by turtles and snakes. I have heard a report of floating islands of zacate grass which are called "zacatones" in Laguna Verde near Coapilla (93o9'59"W, 17o7'59"N), Chiapas, Mexico. These islands might prove interesting to compare with those of Zacaton, but information about the islands in Laguna Verde has not been forthcoming. Perhaps the most interesting question raised by the floating islands of Zacaton is how they formed. There are no shelves near the water's surface on which a colony of grass might grow, become dislodged, and float, and indeed there are no stands of this species= of grass in the immediate vicinity of the sinkhole. Further, there are no shallow underwater shelves upon which humus might have accumulated, become buoyant due to decompositional gasses, and then been colonized by the grass. Marcus Gary, a hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey who is studying the Rancho Azufrosa sinkholes, has suggested to me that the islands may have formed on buoyant "skins" of travertine, a precipitate of calcium carbonate. There are other sinkholes in the area that are now filled with travertine deposits. It seems that the chemistry of Zacaton's waters has changed so that travertine is no longer forming, and may in fact be dissolving, but the islands remain. Over time, dust would have accumulated on these travertine rafts, and the grass seeds might have been carried to Zacaton by birds -this area is well known among birdwatchers, and many different species of birds live in and around the cenotes. Other floating islands have formed on travertine rafts. A lake now called Lago della Regina, and formerly known as Lacus Albuleus, La Solfatra, or Lago delle Isole Natanti, near Tivoli, Italy, once had vegetated floating islands formed on floating masses of travertine. These were famously described by Athanasius Kircher and Francesco Lana in the 17th century, and in more detail by Sir Humphry Davy in the 19th century, not long before they ceased to exist, probably because water was diverted from the lake to supply thermal baths. Lana describes these floating islands as follows: "I myself saw several of these islands in a small lake of sulfurous water not far from the Tiber; they were mostly circular or oval, and rose four or six inches above the water. Their surface is flat and grassy, and at the edges of some of them a few larger plants grow, which act as sails, so that even the slightest breeze pushes the islands from one part of the lake to another. The largest of them are a few yards in diameter, yet nonetheless can sustain several men standing upon them." Hopefully an opportunity for a thorough investigation of the floating islands of Zacaton, including a survey of their flora and fauna, will present itself soon. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-2.html (2 of 4) [6/6/2008 1:58:45 PM]

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Aquaphyte Winter 2001 References: Brand, Charles J., and Merrill, Jason L.,"Zacaton as a Paper-making Material," United States Department of Agriculture BulletinNo. 309 (November 4, 1915) (28 pp.). Brown, David E., "Chihuahuan Desertscrub," p. 169-79 in David E. Brown, ed., Biotic Communities of the American Southwest -United States and Mexico (Tucson, 1982) (p. 175 on the occurrence of Sporobolus wrightii and Sporobolus airoides in wetland communities). Davy, Humphry, Sir, Consolations in Travel, or, The Last Days of a Philosopher (London, 1830) (p. 122-9 gives an account of the floating islands in La Solfatara or Lago della Regina). Gary, Marcus, "Speleogenesis of Zacaton and Cenotes of Rancho La Azufrosa," Poster Presentation, American Academy of Underwater Sciences 20th Annual Symposium, "Diving for Science in the 21st Century," 11 to 15 October 2000, Sirata Beach Resort, St. Petersburg Beach, Florida. Kircher, Athanasius, Latium; id est, Nova & parallela Latii tum veteris tum novi descriptio (Amsterdam, 1671) (Book 4, Part 3, chapter 4 on the floating islands in the Lago della Regina). Kristovich, Ann, "Zacaton. A History," Nitrox Diver Magazine 94.4 (Nov. 1994 Jan. 1995) (on scuba diving in Zacaton; online at http://www.iantd .com/articles/94-4kristovich. html") Lana Terzi, Francesco, Magisterium naturae, et artis (Brescia, 1684-92) (Vol. 3, Book 25, chapter 1, number 54 on the floating islands in the Lago della Regina). Mr. Van Duzer is currently compiling a global bibliography on floating islands. Here follow some additional citations from this bibliography relating to the floating islands near Tivoli: Bacci, Andrea,Discorso delle acque Albule, bagni di Cesare Augusto a' Tivoli, delle acque acetose presso a Roma, & delle acque d'Anticoli(Rome, 1564) (32 p.; esp. p. 3-4 on the qualities of the water and on the floating islands in Lago della Regina). Cappello, Agostino, De' bagni minerali presso Tivoli (Rome: Tipofrafia delle belle arti, 1839) (29 p., offprint from Giornale Arcadico, vol. 80; p. 15-7 on the floating islands). Kircher, Athanasius, Latium; id est, Nova & parallela Latii tum veteris tum novi http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-2.html (3 of 4) [6/6/2008 1:58:45 PM]

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Aquaphyte Winter 2001 descriptio (Amsterdam, 1671) (describes the floating islands near Tivoli in Book 4, part 3. chapt. 4.; the islands were known as le sedici barchette, "the sixteen little boats," and are mistakenly depicted as boats on the map of the lake and surrounding regions in Book 3, part 2, chapt. 1). Gigli, Girolamo, Il Gorgoleo ovvero il governatore dell'isole natanti (Sienna, 1753) (a comedy; in Act 1, Scene 2, p. 14-5 the characters discuss the floating islands of Acque Albule near Tivoli, mentioning some of the names of the individual islands, and that local shepherds ride on the islands). Viale, Benedetto, and Latini, Vincenzo, Sulle Acque Albule presso Tivoli: Analisi chimica (Rome: Tipografia di Gaetano Menicanti, 1857) (76 p.; p. 12-4, 49, 69, and 74 on the floating islands). Zezi, Pietro, "The Travertine and the Acque Albule in the= Neighbourhood of Tivoli," p. 83-8 in Henry James Johnston-Lavis, ed., The South Italian Volcanoes, Being the Account of an Excursion to Them Made by English and Other Geologists in 1889 Under the Auspices of the Geologists' Association of London (Naples, 1891) (p. 85-6 on the Lago della Regina, with brief reference to its floating islands). Aquaphyte Contents | Aquaphyte page | Home CAIP-WEBSITE@ufl.edu Copyright 2001 University of Florida http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-2.html (4 of 4) [6/6/2008 1:58:45 PM]

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Aquaphyte Winter 2001 AQUAPHYTE ONLINE Winter 2001 New Line Drawing!This non-native, invasive, submersed plant, curly pondweed (Potamogeton crispus), was introduced from Europe more than 100 years ago and is now widespread in the U.S. It occurs in all sstates (except Maine and South Carolina) and in southern Canada. In more northerly climes where it is particularly weedy, curly pondweed actively grows under ice and snow; is often the first plant to emerge in the spring; forms dense floating mats; flowers in June; and dies and "drops out" long before the end of summer. This difficult-to-control aquatic weed is relatively easy to identify -it is the only pondweed with toothed leaves. Potamogeton crispus is an invasive non-native plant to be controlled. This line drawings was just completed by Laura Line, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida. With proper attribution and in notfor-sale items only, please feel free to use these line drawings for manuals, http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-8.html (1 of 2) [6/6/2008 1:58:46 PM]

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Aquaphyte Winter 2001 brochures, reports, proposals, web sites... Aquaphyte Contents | Aquaphyte page | Home CAIP-WEBSITE@ufl.edu Copyright 2001 University of Florida http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-8.html (2 of 2) [6/6/2008 1:58:46 PM]

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Two Invasive Non-Native Plants Photo-Murals NEW! Two PHOTO-MURALS INVASIVE NON-NATIVE PLANTS A Collaborative Effort: Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida Bureau of Invasive Plant Management, Florida Department of Environmental Protection and Cerexagri Classroom size, Free to Requesting Teachers (K-12) Send your non-virtual letter for immediate delivery. Here are two large photo-murals of 75 invasive non-native plants in the U.S. Of the plants depicted, 100% are found in Florida, 50% are also found elsewhere in the Southeast U.S.; 50% are also found in Hawaii; 15% are also found in the West; 15% are also found in the East; and 17% are also found in most of the rest of the U.S. All plants are depicted in large, strikingly attractive color photographs. Here is the list of plants. At the request of teachers and enviro-trainers, these photo-murals were produced to be attention-grabbing teaching tools for science classes and management agency training, and for http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/mural.html (1 of 3) [6/6/2008 1:58:46 PM]

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Two Invasive Non-Native Plants Photo-Murals homeowners' forums, ecology clubs, environmental advocacy groups and others concerned about the onslaught of non-native plants in the United States. It was produced by the University of Florida and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, with printing support from Cerexagri. Additional printing support came from Sea Grant, the national Aquatic Plant Management Society, the Florida Aquatic Plant Management Society, and from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Jacksonville Office. The photo-murals are available: -free-to-teachers: fully laminated copies of the murals are free to teachers (U.S., K-12) and public agency trainers (U.S.) who request them in writing, on letterhead, to the non-virtual APIRSaddress below. there is a limited number of free copies available Please do not telephone or e-mail us about the free photo-mural s offer; we are happy to accept letters on letterhead from teachers (U.S., K-12) and public agency trainers (U.S.) who want their free copies. Send your request letters to: APIRS Photo-Mural, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, 7922 NW 71 ST, Gainesville, FL 32653. -All four plant photo-murals are for sale to anyone from 1-800-226-1764: They may be purchased singly or as a complete set. 1) SP-293 Native Freshwater Plants Photo-Mural fully laminated 62 in. X 23 in. $20 each plus S/H. 2) SP-329 MORE Native Freshwater Plants Photo-Mural fully laminated 27 in. X 39 in. $12 each plus S/H. 3) SP-292 Invasive Non-Native Plants fully laminated 62 in. X 23 in. $20 each plus S/H. 4) SP-328 MORE Invasive Non-Native Plants fully laminated 27 in. X 39 in. $12 each plus S/H. OR SAVE MONEY BUY ALL FOUR! http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/mural.html (2 of 3) [6/6/2008 1:58:46 PM]

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Two Invasive Non-Native Plants Photo-Murals SP-336 ALL FOUR PHOTO-MURALS AS DESCRIBED ABOVE: $39.50 plus S/H Purchase copies from the IFAS Publications Office, 1-800-226-1764. (Credit cards accepted.) Remember that WHEN YOU PURCHASE A COPY, you also are buying a copy for a K-12 teacher! Home | CAIP-WEBSITE@ufl.edu Copyright 2003 University of Florida http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/mural.html (3 of 3) [6/6/2008 1:58:46 PM]

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Four Photo-Murals Native Freshwater, and Non-Native Invasive APIRS FOUR CLASSROOM-SIZE, LAMINATED PHOTO-MURALS FOR YOU! Two NATIVE FRESHWATER PLANTS and Two INVASIVE PLANTS, AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL A Collaborative Effort: Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida Bureau of Invasive Plant Management, Florida Department of Environmental Protection Cerexagri All four plant photo-murals are for sale to anyone from 1-800-226-1764; or by visiting the IFASBOOKS website: They may be purchased individually or as a complete set. 1) SP 293 Native Freshwater Plants Photo-Mural fully laminated 62 in. X 23 in. $20 each plus S/H. 2) SP 329 MORE Native Freshwater Plants Photo-Mural fully laminated 27 in. X 39 in. $12 each plus S/H. 3) SP 292 Invasive Non-Native Plants fully laminated 62 in. X 23 in. $20 each plus S/H. 4) SP 328 MORE Invasive Non-Native Plants fully laminated 27 in. X 39 in. $12 each plus S/H. OR SAVE MONEY BUY ALL FOUR! SP-336 ALL FOUR PHOTO-MURALS AS DESCRIBED ABOVE: $39.50 plus S/H Purchase copies from the IFAS Publications Office, 1-800-2261764; or visit the IFASBOOKS website (Credit cards accepted.) These photo-murals were produced at the request of teachers and enviro-trainers to be attentiongrabbing teaching tools for science classes and management agency training, and for homeowners' forums, ecology clubs, environmental advocacy groups and others interested in marshes, swamps and other wetlands of the United States. The murals were produced by the University of Florida and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, with printing support from Cerexagri. Additional printing support came from Sea Grant, the national Aquatic Plant Management Society, the Florida Aquatic Plant Management Society, and from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Jacksonville Office. NATIVE AQUATIC PLANTS http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/mural2.html (1 of 3) [6/6/2008 1:58:48 PM]

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Four Photo-Murals Native Freshwater, and Non-Native Invasive APIRS Lest we forget, with so much current emphasis on invasive non-natives, most plants in the U.S. are native; beneficial to animals, humans, and the environment; and often beautiful. So, here are two photomurals of 76 native freshwater plants of the U.S.. Of the plants depicted, 100% are in Florida; 97% are also found in the rest of the Southeast U.S.; 50% are found in the Eastern U.S.; 22% are found in the West; and 22% are found throughout most of the U.S. Click here for the list of plants featured on the two "native" murals. NON-NATIVE INVASIVE PLANTS, AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/mural2.html (2 of 3) [6/6/2008 1:58:48 PM]

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Four Photo-Murals Native Freshwater, and Non-Native Invasive APIRS Here are two large photo-murals of 75 invasive non-native plants in the U.S. Of the plants depicted, 100% are found in Florida, 50% are also found elsewhere in the Southeast U.S.; 50% are also found in Hawaii; 15% are also found in the West; 15% are also found in the East; and 17% are also found in most of the rest of the U.S. As in the other photo-murals of this series, all plants are depicted in large, strikingly attractive color photographs. Click here for the list of plants featured on the two "invasive" murals. Home CAIP-WEBSITE@ufl.edu Copyright 2006 University of Florida http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/mural2.html (3 of 3) [6/6/2008 1:58:48 PM]

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Volume 21 Number 2 Winter 2001 AQUAPHYTE ONLINE Winter 2001 New Regional Scientific Journal SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST Southeastern Naturalist announces a new interdisciplinary regional scientific journal with its first call for papers and subscribers. The quarterly journal is intended to serve as a standard scientific reference resource for the southeastern United States. Manuscripts are solicited in the general categories of original research articles; research summaries and general interest articles; and field observations and notes. Manuscripts may focus on terrestrial, freshwater, and marine organisms, and their habitats. Subject areas include but are not limited to field ecology, biology, behavior, biogeography, wildlife and fisheries management, taxonomy, evolution, anatomy, physiology, geology, and related fields. Manuscripts on genetics, molecular biology, archaeology, and anthropology, etc., are welcome if they provide natural history insights that are of strategic interest to field scientists. Manuscripts may be submitted by anyone who has a serious interest in natural history, including university and college faculty members and their students, researchers, field biologists, professional and amateur naturalists, and writers. The Southeastern Naturalist has no page charges, but does encourage contributions towards printing costs, especially when allowed by grants, contracts, or reprint budgets of the authors. The Humboldt Field Research Institute is a nonprofit corporation of the State of Maine. Subscription rate per year for individuals at US addresses, $40 (students, $30.); institutions at US addresses, $60; Canadian addresses, add $4; other addresses outside the US, add $8. Subscription exchanges are considered. Contact the Humboldt Field Research Institute, PO Box 9, Steuben, ME 04680-0009; Telephone 207-546-2821; FAX 207-546-3042; E-mail: humboldt@loa.com WWW: http://maine.maine.edu/~eaglhill Aquaphyte Contents Aquaphyte page Home http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-23.html (1 of 2) [6/6/2008 1:58:48 PM]

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Volume 21 Number 2 Winter 2001 Copyright 2001 University of Florida http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-23.html (2 of 2) [6/6/2008 1:58:48 PM]

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21(2) AQUAPHYTE AQUAPHYTE ONLINE WINTER 2001 Traditional medicinal knowledge about a noxious weed, jal kumbhi (Eichhornia crassipes), in Chhattisgarh (India)by by P. Oudhia, Department of Agronomy, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur 492001, India, E-mail: pankaj.oudhia@usa.net Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is the most predominant, persistent and troublesome aquatic weed in India. It was first introduced as an ornamental plant in India in 1896 from Brazil (Rao, 1988). In Chhattisgarh, water hyacinth grows as a pond weed and also as a rice weed in lowland fields. In ancient Indian literature, it is clearly mentioned that every plant on this earth is useful for human beings, animals and also for other plants (Oudhia, 1999a). Many medicinal, industrial and allelopathic uses of common weeds have been reported (Oudhia, 1999b; 1999c). The natives of Chhattisgarh use many common weeds to treat their health problems (Oudhia, 1999c; 1999d). In order to list the existing medicinal uses of this noxious weed, a survey was conducted during the year 2000. The survey was conducted in six selected districts of Chhattisgarh state. From each selected district, two blocks were selected and from each block, a random sample of four villages was taken to make a sample of 100 respondents. Information regarding existing uses was collected through personal http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-22.html (1 of 3) [6/6/2008 1:58:49 PM]

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21(2) AQUAPHYTE interviews. The survey revealed that many natives are using the water hyacinth as a medicinal plant. It is mainly used as a remedy to treat the goitre disease. Two basic formulations were identified as the most frequently used: 1) Fresh water hyacinth, table salt and Pippali (Piper longum), a common herb, are mixed in equal quantity. 12 grams of this mixture are prescribed for a patient daily until relief is gained. 2) Dried water hyacinth is burnt and taken with fresh cow urine. In Chhattisgarh, water hyacinth also is used as a styptic. Natives apply fresh juice of the weed in fresh wounds. It is believed to stop the spread of infection. For rice farmers, it is one of the best first aid remedies for minor injuries. In septic wounds, it is applied with vinegar. The above mentioned uses of water hyacinth have not been reported in available literature. This survey suggests there is a strong need to identify the potential medicinal uses of this obnoxious weed so that it can be used for the welfare of human beings. References: Oudhia, P.(1999a) Medicinal weeds in rice fields of Chhattisgarh (India). International Rice Research Notes24(1):40. Oudhia, P. (1999b) Medicinal weeds in groundnut fields of Chhattisgarh (India). International Arachis Newsletter 19:62-64. Oudhia, P. (1999c) Studies on allelopathy and medicinal weeds in chickpea fields. International Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsletter 6:29-33. Oudhia, P. (1999d) Medicinal weeds in wheat fields of Chhattisgarh (India). Rachis 18 (1):40-41. Rao, V.S. (1988) Principles of weed science. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (India), 544 pp. Aquaphyte Contents | Aquaphyte page | Home http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-22.html (2 of 3) [6/6/2008 1:58:49 PM]

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21(2) AQUAPHYTE CAIP-WEBSITE@ufl.edu http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-22.html (3 of 3) [6/6/2008 1:58:49 PM]

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Meetings Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants Meetings May 15-18, 2008; Palmetto, Florida www.fnps.org 28th Annual Florida Native Plant Society Conference Uplands to Estuaries: Celebrating Florida's Native Plant Heritage May 20-22, 2008; Imperial Palace Casinos, Biloxi, Mississippi http://www.se-eppc.org 10th Annual Southeast EPPC Conference June 23-27, 2008; International Weed Science Society, Vancouver, Canada http://iws.ucdavis. edu/5intlweedcong.htm International Weed Science Society Aquatic Weed Management Contacts: Mike Netherland, USA | mdnether@ufl .edu Kevin Murphy, UK | k.murphy@bio.gla.ac.uk June 23-26, 2008; University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida http://www.conference.ifas.ufl.edu/soils/ wetland082/site.htm Biogeochemistry of Wetlands: Science and Applications Short Course August 25-26th, 2008; LSU Energy, Coast, and Environmental Building, Baton Rouge, Louisiana http://www. sce.lsu.edu/conference Sustainable Management of Deltaic Ecosystems: Integration of Theory and Practice http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/meetings.html (1 of 3) [6/6/2008 1:58:49 PM]

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Meetings September 7-12, 2008; Daniel Boone National Forest, Olympia Springs, Kentucky http://tfce.uky.edu/wri_2008. htm 2008 Eastern Regional Wetland Restoration Institute September 23-25, 2008; Austin Carey Memorial Forest Education Building, Gainesville, Fl. http://soils.ifas.ufl. edu Hydric Soils Short Course Specialized Training for Wetland Specialists UF/IFAS October 21-23 , 2008; Austin Carey Memorial Forest Education Building, Gainesville, Fl. http://soils.ifas.ufl.edu Hydric Soils Short Course Specialized Training for Wetland Specialists UF/IFAS November 12-14, 2008; Stellenbosch, South Africa http://academic.sun.ac.za/cib/events/Elton_CIB_symposium. htm Fifty Years of Invasion Ecology the Legacy of Charles Elton Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University November 18-20 , 2008; Austin Carey Memorial Forest Education Building, Gainesville, Fl. http://soils.ifas.ufl. edu Hydric Soils Short Course Specialized Training for Wetland Specialists UF/IFAS June 23-26, 2009; Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico http://www.paleolim.org/index.php/symposia/ 11th International Paleolimnology Symposium August 23-27, 2009; Stellenbosch, South Africa www.emapi2009.co.za or rich@sun.ac.za The 10th International Conference on the Ecology and Management of Alien Plant Invasions (EMAPI) Centre for Invasion Biology (CIB), Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/meetings.html (2 of 3) [6/6/2008 1:58:49 PM]

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Meetings Home | Aquaphyte page Contact Us: CAIP-WEBSITE@ufl.edu University of Florida http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/meetings.html (3 of 3) [6/6/2008 1:58:49 PM]

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Books -Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants Books, Manuals, and Online Resources New Books and Reports Plant Manuals, Field Guides and Textbooks Langeland/Burks Non-Native Plants Book Online Articles and Extension Publications Extension Publications & Articles Online Books Home CAIP-WEBSITE@ufl.edu Copyright 2007 University of Florida http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/books.html [6/6/2008 1:58:49 PM]

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Aquaphyte 21 (2) Winter 2001 From The Database AQUAPHYTE ONLINE Winter 2001 FROM THE DATABASE Here is a sampling of the research articles, books and reports which have been entered into the aquatic, wetland and invasive plant database since Summer 2001. The database has more than 55,000 citations. To receive free bibliographies on specific plants and/or subjects, contact APIRS at 352-392-1799 or use the database online at http://plants.ifas.ufl. edu/database.html To obtain articles, contact your nearest state or university library. Ailstock, M.S., Norman, C.M., Bushmann, P.J. Common reed Phragmites australis: control and effects upon biodiversity in freshwater nontidal wetlands. RESTORATION ECOL. 9(1):49-59. 2001. Al-Owaimer, A.N. Effect of dietary halophyte Salicornia bigelovii Torr. on carcass characteristics, minerals, fatty acids and amino acids profile of camel meat. J. APP. ANIM. RES. 18(2):185-192. 2000. Amiaud, B., Bonis, A., Bouzill, J.-B. Conditions de germination et rle des herbivores dans la dispersion et le recrutement d'une espece clonale: Juncus gerardi Lois. CAN. J. BOT. 78(11):1430-1439. (IN FRENCH; ENGLISH SUMMARY) 2000. Angradi, T.R., Hagan, S.M., Able, K.W. Vegetation type and the intertidal macroinvertebrate fauna of a brackish marsh: Phragmites vs Spartina. WETLANDS 21(1):75-92. 2001. Antunes, A.P.M., Watkins, G.M., Duncan, J.R. Batch studies on the removal of gold (III) from aqueous solution by Azolla http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-13.html (1 of 14) [6/6/2008 1:58:51 PM]

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Aquaphyte 21 (2) Winter 2001 From The Database filiculoides. BIOTECHNOL. LETTERS 23(4):249-251. 2001. Aziz, A., Sharmin, S. Growth and nitrogenase activity of Azolla pinnata var. pinnata R. Brown as affected by some environmental factors. BANGLADESH J. BOT. 29(2):125-131. 2000. Baattrup-Pedersen, A., Riis, T., Hansen, H.O., Friberg, N. Restoration of a Danish headwater stream: short-term changes in plant species abundance and composition. AQUATIC CONSERV.: MARINE. & FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS 10:13-23. 2000. Baskin, C.C., Milberg, P., Andersson, L., Baskin, J.M. Seed dormancy-breaking and germination requirements of Drosera anglica, an insectivorous species of the northern hemisphere. ACTA OECOLOGIA 22(1):1-8. 2001. Basu, B.K., Kalff, J., Pinel-Alloul, B. The influence of macrophyte beds on plankton communities and their export from fluvial lakes in the St. Lawrence River. FRESHWATER BIOL. 45(4):373-382. 2000. Behcet, L., Ozgokce, F. The vegetation of some lakes in East Anatolia (Turkey). BULL. PURE AND APPLIED SCI. 17B(1):1-15. 1998. Bennion, H., Monteith, D., Appleby, P. Temporal and geographical variation in lake trophic status in the English Lake District: evidence from (sub)fossil diatoms and aquatic macrophytes. FRESHWATER BIOL. 45(4):394-412. 2000. Best, E.P.H., Boyd, W.A. Valla (Version 1.0): a simulation model for growth of American wildcelery. U.S. ARMY ENGINEER RES. DEVELOPMENT CTR., VICKSBURG, MS, ERDC/EL SR-01-1, 25 PP. 2001. Broussaud-Le Strat, F. Historique et bibliographie du genre Utricularia. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-13.html (2 of 14) [6/6/2008 1:58:51 PM]

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Aquaphyte 21 (2) Winter 2001 From The Database J. BOT. SOC. BOT. FRANCE 7:83-87. (IN FRENCH) 1998. Canfield, D.E., Bachmann, R.W., Hoyer, M.V. A management alternative for Lake Apopka. LAKE AND RESERVOIR MANAGE. 16(3):205-221. 2000. Casati, P., Lara, M.V., Andreo, C.S. Induction of a C4-like mechanism of CO2 fixation in Egeria densa, a submersed aquatic species. PLANT PHYSIOL. 123(4):1611-1621. 2000. Center, T.D., Van, T.K., Rayachhetry, M., Buckingham, G.R., et al Field colonization of the Melaleuca snout beetle (Oxyops vitiosa) in South Florida. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 19(2):112-123. 2000. Cieslak, E., Ilnicki, T., Flis, M. Cytotaxonomical studies on the Caltha palustris complex (Ranunculaceae) in Poland. Preliminary report. ACTA BIOLOGICA CRACOVIENSIA 42(1):121-129. 2000. Clark, D.L., Wilson, M.V. Fire, mowing, and hand-removal of woody species in restoring a native wetland prairie in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. WETLANDS 21(1):135-144. 2001. Conway, V.M. Growth rates and water loss in Cladium mariscus R. Br. ANNALS OF BOTANY 4(13):151-164. 1940. Cordes, K.B., Mehra, A., Farago, M.E., Banerjee, D.K. Uptake of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn by the water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms from pulverised fuel ash (PFA) leachates and slurries. ENVIRON. GEOCHEM. HEALTH 22(4):297-316. 2000. Dalby, R. Three bee plants: purple loosestrife, vetch, and safflower. AMERICAN BEE J. 141(1):53-55. 2001. Davies, C.M., Sakadevan, K., Bavor, H.J. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-13.html (3 of 14) [6/6/2008 1:58:51 PM]

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Aquaphyte 21 (2) Winter 2001 From The Database Removal of stormwater-associated nutrients and bacteria in constructed wetland and water pollution control pond systems. IN: TRANSFORMATIONS OF NUTRIENTS IN NATURAL AND CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS, ED. J. VYMAZAL, BACKHUYS PUBL., LEIDEN, THE NETHERLANDS, PP. 483-495. 2001. Deonier, D.L. North American ephydrid habitat types and probable ephydrid inhabitants (Diptera: Ephydridae). D.L. DEONIER, PUBL., PITTSBURG, KS, 12 PP. 2000. Egan, T.P., Ungar, I.A. Similarity between seed banks and above-ground vegetation along a salinity gradient. J. VEG. SCI. 11:189-194. 2000. El-Kahloun, M., Boeye, D., Verhagen, B., Van Haesebroeck, V. A comparison of the nutrient status of Molinia caerulea and neighbouring vegetation in a rich fen. BELGIAN J. BOT. 133(1-2):91-102. 2000. Faubert, J. Les Potamogetonaceae du Qubec mridional: identification et rpartition. CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 114(3):359-380. 2000. Fischer, M., Husi, R., Prati, D., Peintinger, M., et al RAPD variation among and within small and large populations of the rare clonal plant Ranunculus reptans (Ranunculaceae). AMER. J. BOT. 87(8):1128-1137. 2000. Fourqurean, J.W., Willsie, A., Rose, C.D., Rutten, L.M. Spatial and temporal pattern in seagrass community composition and productivity in south Florida. MARINE BIOLOGY 138(2):341-354. 2001. Frankl, R., Schmeidl, H. Vegetation change in a south German raised bog: ecosystem engineering by plant species, vegetation switch or ecosystem level feedback mechanisms? FLORA 195(3):267-276. 2000. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-13.html (4 of 14) [6/6/2008 1:58:51 PM]

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Aquaphyte 21 (2) Winter 2001 From The Database Gabrey, S.W., Afton, A.D. Effects of winter marsh burning on abundance and nesting activity of Louisiana seaside sparrows in the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain. WILSON BULL. 112(3):365-372. 2000. Gao, J., Garrison, A.W., Hoehamer, C., Mazur, C.S., et al Uptake and phytotransformation of organophosphorus pesticides by axenically cultivated aquatic plants. J. AGRIC. FOOD CHEM. 48(12):6114-6120. 2000. Garcia-Hernandez, J., Glenn, E.P., Artiola, J., Baumgartner, D.J. Bioaccumulation of selenium (Se) in the Cienega de Santa Clara Wetland, Sonora, Mexico. ECOTOXICOL. ENVIRON. SAFETY 46(3):298-304. 2000. Gomez Mendez, C.E. Evaluacin de maleza acutica con relacin a parmetros qumicos de agua y sedimento en el DR-086 soto la marina, mediante sig y bioestadstica. THESIS, UNIDAD ACADMICA MULTIDISCIPLINARIA, AGRONOMA Y CIENCIAS, UNIVERSIDAD AUT”NOMA DE TAMAULIPAS, MXICO, 121 PP. (IN SPANISH; ENGLISH SUMMARY) 2000. Grabas, G.P., Laverty, T.M. The effect of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.; Lythraceae) on the pollination and reproductive success of sympatric co-flowering wetland plants. ECOSCI. 6(2):230-242. 1999. Grodowitz, M.J., Freedman, J.E., Jones, H., Jeffers, L., et al Status of waterhyacinth/hydrilla infestations and associated biological control agents in Lower Rio Grande Valley cooperating Irrigation Districts. ERDC/EL SR-00-11, U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS ENVIRONMENTAL LAB., VICKSBURG, MS, 33 PP. 2000. Hauxwell, J., Cebrian, J., Furlong, C., Valiela, I. Macroalgal canopies contribute to eelgrass (Zostera marina) decline in temperate estuarine ecosystems. ECOLOGY 82(4):1007-1022. 2001. Haynes, D., Ralph, P., Pranges, J., Dennison, B. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-13.html (5 of 14) [6/6/2008 1:58:51 PM]

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Aquaphyte 21 (2) Winter 2001 From The Database The impact of the herbicide diuron on photosynthesis in three species of tropical seagrass. MAR. POLL. BULL. 41(7-12):288-293. 2000. Hesler, L.S., Oraze, M.J., Grigarick, A.A., Palrang, A.T. Numbers of rice water weevil larvae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and rice plant growth in relation to adult infestation levels and broadleaf herbicide applications. J. AGRIC. URBAN ENTOMOL. 17(2):99-108. 2000. Hildebrandt, U., Janetta, K., Ouziad, F., Renne, B., et al Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of halophytes in central European salt marshes. MYCORRHIZA 10(4):175-183. 2001. Hill, N.M., Boates, J.S., Elderkin, M.F. Low catchment area lakes: new records for rare coastal plain shrubs and Utricularia species in Nova Scotia. RHODORA 102(912):518-522. 2000. Hollingsworth, M.L. Evidence for massive clonal growth in the invasive weed Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed). BOTANICAL J. LINNEAN SOC. 133(4):463-472. 2000. Hood, W.G., Naiman, R.J. Vulnerability of riparian zones to invasion by exotic vascular plants. PLANT ECOL. 148(1):105-114. 2000. Humburg, D.D., Bataille, K., Helmers, D.L., Brunet, D.A. Evaluation of seasonal habitat use by waterbirds on the Missouri River floodplain. FINAL REPT., RESEARCH AND SURVEY PROJECTS, MISSOURI DEPT. CONSERVATION, COLUMBIA, 130 PP. Hwang, Y.-H., Liou, C.-F., Weng, I.-S. Nutrient dynamics of two aquatic angiosperms in an alpine lake, Taiwan. BOT. BULL. ACAD. SIN. 41(4):275-282. 2000. Iida, S., Kadono, Y. Population genetics structure of Potamogeton anguillanus in Lake Shinji, Japan. LIMNOL. 2:51-53. 2001. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-13.html (6 of 14) [6/6/2008 1:58:51 PM]

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Aquaphyte 21 (2) Winter 2001 From The Database James, W.F., Barko, J.W., Eakin, H.L. Direct and indirect impacts of submersed aquatic vegetation on the nutrient budget of an urban oxbow lake. APCRP TECH. NOTES COLL., U.S. ARMY ENGINEER RES. DEVELOPMENT CTR., VICKSBURG, MS, ERDC TN-APCRP-EA-02, 11 PP. 2001. Karjalainen, H., Stefansdottir, G., Tuominen, L., Kairesalo, T. Do submersed plants enhance microbial activity in sediment? AQUATIC BOT. 69(1):1-13. 2001. Karunaratne, S., Asaeda, T. Verification of a mathematical growth model of Phragmites australis using field data from two Scottish lochs. FOLIA GEOBOTANICA 35:419-432. 2000. Kathiresan, R.M., Ramah, K. Impact of weed management in rice-fish farming systems. INDIAN J. WEED SCI. 32(1-2):39-43. 2000. Kendle, A.D., Rose, J.E. The aliens have landed! What are the justifications for native only' policies in landscape plantings? LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING 47(1-2):19-31. 2000. Kilbride, K.M., Paveglio, F.L. Long-term fate of glyphosate associated with repeated Rodeo applications to control control smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in Willapa Bay, Washington. ARCH. ENVIRON. CONTAM. TOXICOL. 40(2):179-183. 2001. Knight, R.L., Payne, V.W.E., Borer, R.E., Clarke, R.A., et al Constructed wetlands for livestock wastewater management. ECOLOGICAL ENGIN. 15:41-55. 2000. Knight, R.L., Walton, W.E., O'Meara, G., Reisen, W.K., et al Design strategies for effective mosquito control in constructed treatment wetlands. IN: 7TH INTER. CONF. WETLAND SYSTEMS FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, VOL. ONE, EDS K.R. REDDY AND R.H. KADLEC, INST. FOOD AND AGRIC. SCI., UNIV. FLORIDA, GAINESVILLE, NOV. 11-16, LAKE BUENA VISTA, FL., PP. 425-440. 2000. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-13.html (7 of 14) [6/6/2008 1:58:51 PM]

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Aquaphyte 21 (2) Winter 2001 From The Database Larsen, L., Jorgensen, C., Aamand, J. Potential mineralization of four herbicides in a ground water-fed wetland area. J. ENVIRON. QUAL. 30(1):24-30. 2001. Lewis, M.A., Weber, D.E., Stanley, R.S., Moore, J.C. The relevance of rooted vascular plants as indicators of estuarine sediment quality. ARCH. ENVIRON. CONTAM. TOXICOL. 40(1):25-34. 2001. Lowe, E.F., Battoe, L.E., Coveney, M., Stites, D. Setting water quality goals for restoration of Lake Apopka: inferring past conditions. LAKE AND RESERVOIR MANAGE. 15(2):103-120. 1999. Lynn, D.E., Waldren, S. Morphological variation in populations of Ranunculus repens from the temporary limestone lakes (turloughs) in the west of Ireland. ANNALS OF BOT. 87(1):9-17. 2001. Madsen, J.D., Getsinger, K.D., Steward, R.M., Skogerboe, J.G., et al Evaluation of transparency and light attenuation by Aquashade. LAKE AND RESERVOIR MANAGE. 15(2):142-147. 1999. Miller, S.P., Sharitz, R.R. Manipulation of flooding and arbuscular mycorrhiza formation influences growth and nutrition of two semiaquatic grass species. FUNCTIONAL ECOL. 14(6):738-748. 2000. Morison, J.I.L., Piedade, M.T.F., Muller, E., Long, S.P., et al Very high productivity of the C4 aquatic grass Echinochloa polystachya in the Amazon floodplain confirmed by net ecosystem CO2 flux measurements. OECOLOGIA 125(3):400-411. 2000. Naugle, D.E., Johnson, R.R., Estey, M.E., Higgins, K.F. A landscape approach to conserving wetland bird habitat in the prairie pothole region of eastern South Dakota. WETLANDS 21(1):1-17. 2001. Nealson, P.A., Gregory, J. Hydroacoustic differentiation of adult Atlantic salmon and aquatic macrophytes in the River Wye, Wales. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-13.html (8 of 14) [6/6/2008 1:58:51 PM]

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Aquaphyte 21 (2) Winter 2001 From The Database AQUATIC LIVING RESOURCES 13(5):331-339. 2000. Notestein, S.K. Physical, chemical, and vegetative characteristics of the Chassahowitzka River. MS THESIS, UNIV. FLORIDA, GAINESVILLE, 85 PP. 2001. Ogden, R.W. Modern and historical variation in aquatic macrophyte cover of billabongs associated with catchment development. REGUL. RIVERS: RES. AND MANAGE. 16(5):497-512. 2000. Olckers, T. Biology, host specificity and risk assessment of Gargaphia decoris, the first agent to be released in South Africa for the biological control of the invasive tree Solanum mauritianum. BIOCONTROL 45(3):373-388. 2000. Olivares, E., Colonnello, G. Salinity gradient in the Manamo River, a dammed distributary of the Orinoco Delta, and its influence on the presence of Eichhornia crassipes and Paspalum repens. INTERCIENCIA 25(5):242-248. 2000. Petersen, R.L., Faust, A., Nagawa, J., Thomas, C., et al Foreign mosquito survivorship in the pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea the role of the pitcher-plant midge Metriocnemus knabi. HYDROBIOLOGIA 439(1-3):13-19. 2000. Plasencia Fraga, J., Hurtado, A., Chateloin, T. Cambios en la composicin florstica de la Laguna del Tesoro, Cuba. ACTA BOTANICA CUBANA 131:1-7. (IN SPANISH; ENGLISH SUMMARY) 1999. Pokorny, P., Jankovska, V. Long-term vegetation dynamics and the infilling process of a former lake (Svarcenberk, Czech Republic). FOLIA GEOGOTANICA 35(4):433-457. 2000. Powers, K.D., Noble, R.E., Chabreck, R.H. Seed distribution by waterfowl in southwestern Louisiana. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 42(3):598-605. 1978. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-13.html (9 of 14) [6/6/2008 1:58:51 PM]

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Aquaphyte 21 (2) Winter 2001 From The Database Quayyum, H.A., Mallik, A.U., Leach, D.M., Gottardo, C. Growth inhibitory effects of nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus) on rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings. J. CHEM. ECOL. 26(9):2221-2231. 2000. Raspopov, I.M., Andronikova, I.N., Slepukhina, T.D., Raspletina,G.F., et al Land-water ecotones of the Great Lakes. SYNTEZ PUBLISHING GROUP, ST. PETERSBURG, RUSSIA, 54 PP. (IN RUSSIAN) 1998. Reichard, S. The search for patterns that enable prediction of invasion. IN: WEED RISK ASSESSMENT, EDS. R.H. GROVES, F.D. PANETTA, ET AL, CSIRO PUBLISHING, AUSTRALIA, PP. 10-19. 2001. Reusch, T.B.H. New markers old questions: population genetics of seagrasses. MAR. ECOL. PROG. SER. 211:261-274. 2001. Ritter, N.P. Biodiversity and phytogeography of Bolivia's wetland flora. DISSERTATION, UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, DURHAM, 399 PP. 1992. Rochefort, L. Sphagnum a keystone genus in habitat restoration. BRYOLOGIST 103(3):503-508. 2000. Rodgers, J.A., Smith, H.T., Thayer, D.D. Integrating nonindigenous aquatic plant control with protection of snail kite nests in Florida. ENVIRON. MANAGE. 28(1):31-37. 2001. Rubtzoff, P. A phytogeographical analysis of the Pitkin Marsh. WASMANN J. BIOL. 11(2):129-219. 1953. Russell, G.E.G., Mitchell, D.S. Common aquatic plants on Rhodesian pans and lakes. RHODESIA AGRIC. J. 73(1):13-17. 1976. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-13.html (10 of 14) [6/6/2008 1:58:51 PM]

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Aquaphyte 21 (2) Winter 2001 From The Database Slyi, G., Csaba, G., Galn, D.E., Orosz, E., et al Effect of the cyanide and heavy metal pollution passed in River Szamos and Tisza on the aquatic flora and fauna with special regard to the fish. MAGYAR ALLATORVOSOK LAPJA 122(8):493-500. (IN HUNGARIAN; ENGLISH SUMMARY) 2000. Scarton, F., Day, J.W., Rismondo, A. Above and belowground production of Phragmites australis in the Po Delta, Italy. BOLL. MUS. CIV. ST. NAT. VENEZIE 49:213-222. 1999. Schorer, A., Schneider, S., Melzer, A. The importance of submerged macrophytes as indicators for the nutrient concentration in a small stream (Rotbach, Bavaria). LIMNOLOGICA 30:351-358. 2000. Schussler, E.E., Longstreth, D.J. Changes in cell structure during the formation of root aerenchyma in Sagittaria lancifolia (Alismataceae). AMER. J. BOT. 87(1):12-19. 2000. Shabana, Y.M., Elwakil, M.A., Charudattan, R. Effect of media, light and pH on growth and spore production by Alternaria eichhorniae, a mycoherbicide agent for waterhyacinth. J. PLANT DISEASES AND PROTECTION 107(6):617-626. 2000. Sharma, K.P., Sharma, K., Bhardwaj, S.M., Chaturvedi, R.K., et al Environment impact assessment of textile printing industries in Sanganer, Jaipur: a case study. J. INDIAN BOT. SOC. 78:71-85. 1999. Shearer, J.F. Dose response studies of Mycoleptodiscus terrestris formulations on Hydrilla verticillata. APCRP TECH. NOTES COLL., U.S. ARMY ENGINEER RES. DEVELOPMENT CTR., VICKSBURG, MS, TN-APCRP-BC-026, 6 PP. 2001. Shilov, M.P., Mikhailova, T.N. Distribution of the water chestnut [Trapa natans (L.S.L.)] in the bottom-land reservoirs of the Vladimir region and some of their hydrochemical characteristics. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-13.html (11 of 14) [6/6/2008 1:58:51 PM]

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Aquaphyte 21 (2) Winter 2001 From The Database HYDROBIOL. J. 7(3):48-52. 1971. Shrestha, P., Janauer, G.A. Species diversity of aquatic macrophytes in Lake Phewa and Lake Rupa of Pokhara Valley, Nepal. INTERN. J. ECOL. ENVIRON. SCI. 26:269-280. 2000. Sorrell, B.K., Mendelssohn, I.A., McKee, K.L., Woods, R.A. Ecophysiology of wetland plant roots: a modelling comparison of aeration in relation to species distribution. ANNALS OF BOTANY 86(3):675-685. 2000. Srivastava,P.K., Pandey,G.C. Effect of fertilizer effluent on total chlorophyll content and biomass of some aquatic macrophytes. J. ECOTOXICOL. ENVIRON. MONIT. 11(2):123-127. 1999. Stocker, R.K. Commercial use, physical distribution, and invasiveness description: three reasons why Florida still struggles with invasive plants. IN: WEED RISK ASSESSMENT, EDS. R.H. GROVES, F.D. PANETTA, ET AL, CSIRO PUBLISHING, AUSTRALIA, PP. 182-185. 2001. Strand, J.A. Submerged macrophytes in shallow eutrophic lakes regulating factors and ecosystem effects. DISSERTATION, LUND UNIVERSITY, DEPT. ECOLOGY, LIMNOLOGY, LUND, SWEDEN. 1999. Tamura, S., Kuramochi, H., Ishizawa, K. Involvement of calcium ion in the stimulated shoot elongation of arrowhead tubers under anaerobic conditions. PLANT CELL PHYSIOL. 42(7):717-722. 2001. Tarasevich, V.F. Palynological evidence of the position of the Lemnaceae family in the system of flowering plants. BOTANICHESKII ZHURNAL (J. BOTANY) 75(7):959-965 (IN RUSSIAN) 1990. Thorne, J.F., Eisman, R. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-13.html (12 of 14) [6/6/2008 1:58:51 PM]

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Aquaphyte 21 (2) Winter 2001 From The Database Cattle grazing helps to restore bog turtle habitat (Pennsylvania). ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION 19(1):54-55. 2001. Tomas, W.M., Salis, S.M. Diet of the marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. STUD. NEOTROP. FAUNA ENVIRON. 35(3):165-172. 2000. Tooth, S., Nanson, G.C. Anabranching rivers on the northern plains of arid central Australia. GEOMORPHOL. 29:211-233. 1999. Tourn, G.M., Menvielle, M.F., Scopel, A.L., Pidal, B. Clonal strategies of a woody weed: Melia azedarach. PLANT AND SOIL 217:111-117. 1999. Unmuth, J.M.L., Lillie, R.A., Dreikosen, D.S. Influence of dense growth of Eurasian watermilfoil on lake water temperature and dissolved oxygen. J. FRESHWATER ECOL. 15(4):497-503. 2000. Vymazal, J. Types of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: their potential for nutrient removal. IN: TRANSFORMATIONS OF NUTRIENTS IN NATURAL AND CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS, ED. J. VYMAZAL, BACKHUYS PUBL., LEIDEN, THE NETHERLANDS, PP. 1-93. 2001. West, J.M., Zedler, J.B. Marsh-creek connectivity: fish use of a tidal salt marsh in southern California. ESTUARIES 23(5):699-710. 2000. Williams, P.A., Nicol, E., Newfield, M. Assessing the risk to indigenous biota of plant taxa new to New Zealand. IN: WEED RISK ASSESSMENT, EDS. R.H. GROVES, F.D. PANETTA, ET AL, CSIRO PUBLISHING, AUSTRALIA, PP. 110-116. 2001. Wilson, P.C., Whitwell, T., Klaine, S.J. Metalaxyl and simazine toxicity to and uptake by Typha latifolia. ARCH. ENVIRON. CONTAM. TOXICOL. 39(3):282-288. 2000. Wolterbeek, H.T., Van Der Meer, A.J.G.M., Dielemans, U. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-13.html (13 of 14) [6/6/2008 1:58:51 PM]

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Aquaphyte 21 (2) Winter 2001 From The Database On the variability of plant bioconcentration factors (BCF) of environmental radionuclides: a case study on the effects of surface film and free space on the interpretation of 99mTcO4-sorption in duckweed. SCI. TOTAL ENVIRON. 257(2-3):177-190. 2000. Wood, S.L., Wheeler, E.F., Berghage, R.D. Removal of dimethyl disulfide and p-cresol from swine facility wastewater using constructed subsurface-flow wetlands. TRANS. AMER. SOC. AGRIC. ENGIN. (ASAE) 43(4):973-979. 2000. Aquaphyte Contents | Aquaphyte page | Home CAIP-WEBSITE@ufl.edu http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aq-w01-13.html (14 of 14) [6/6/2008 1:58:51 PM]

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Aquaphyte Newsletter Aquaphyte NewsletterUniversity of Florida Aquatic, Wetland and Invasive Plant Information Retrieval SystemThe newsletter, Aquaphyte, covers news of interest to aquatic, wetland and invasive plant researchers, regulators, managers, students and others. Aquaphyte is published twice yearly and is free of charge. It reaches subscribers worldwide. You may subscribe to the printed edition by sending your postal address to us through e-mail. To order by mail, contact APIRS, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, 7922 N. W. 71 Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653. Aquaphyte Online Current Issue -Volume 27 Number 1 Fall 2007 Volume 26 Number 1 Fall 2006 Volume 25 Number 2 Winter 2005 Volume 25 Number 1 Spring 2005 Volume 24 Number 1 Summer 2004 Volume 23 Number 2 Winter 2003 Volume 23 Number 1 Summer 2003 Volume 22 Number 2 Winter 2002 Volume 22 Number 1 Summer 2002 Volume 21 Number 2 Winter 2001 Volume 21 Number 1 Summer 2001 Volume 20 Number 2 Winter 2000 Volume 20 Number 1 Summer 2000 Volume 19 Number 2 Fall 99 Volume 19 Number 1 Spring 99 Volume 18 Number 1 Summer 98 Volume 17 Number 1 Winter 97 Volume 16 Number 2 Winter 96 Volume 16 Number 1 Spring 96 http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aquaph.html (1 of 2) [6/6/2008 1:58:51 PM]

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Aquaphyte Newsletter Home CAIP-WEBSITE@ufl.edu Copyright 2007 University of Florida http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/aquaph.html (2 of 2) [6/6/2008 1:58:51 PM]

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Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida IFAS Search the APIRS Online Database | Plant Images & Information | What's New WelcomeThe UF/IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants is a multidisciplinary research, teaching and extension unit directed to develop environmentally sound techniques for the management of aquatic and natural area weed species and to coordinate aquatic plant research activities within the State of Florida. The Center was established in 1978 by the Florida legislature. Directed by Dr. William Haller, the Center utilizes expertise from many departments with UF/IFAS and its Agricultural Research and Education Centers throughout Florida. The mission of the CAIP Information Office is to inform and educate all stakeholders about the impacts and management of invasive plants. Image Request Form AQUAPHYTE Newsletter -Fall 2007, Vol. 27 No.1 Products & Educational Tools Plant Management in Florida Waters Meetings IFAS Assessment Osceola County Hydrilla & Hygrophila Demonstration Project Faculty & Staff Helpful Links Tribute to Victor Alan Ramey http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/ie6/index.html (1 of 2) [6/6/2008 1:58:53 PM]

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Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida IFAS This web site is best viewed in Firefox Browser Center for Aquatic & Invasive Plants | 7922 NW 71st St. | Gainesville, Fl. 32653 | 352-392-1799 Contact Us | University of Florida http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/ie6/index.html (2 of 2) [6/6/2008 1:58:53 PM]