Citation
Florida quarterly bulletin of the Agricultural Department

Material Information

Title:
Florida quarterly bulletin of the Agricultural Department
Uniform Title:
Avocado and mango propagation and culture
Tomato growing in Florida
Dasheen its uses and culture
Report of the Chemical Division
Alternate title:
Florida quarterly bulletin, Department of Agriculture
Alternate title:
Florida quarterly bulletin of the Department of Agriculture
Creator:
Florida -- Dept. of Agriculture
Place of Publication:
Tallahassee Fla
Publisher:
s.n.
Publication Date:
Frequency:
Quarterly
Monthly[ FORMER 1901- Sept. 1905]
regular
Language:
English
Physical Description:
v. : ill. (some fold) ; 23 cm.

Subjects

Subjects / Keywords:
Agriculture -- Periodicals -- Florida ( lcsh )
Agricultural industries -- Statistics -- Periodicals -- Florida ( lcsh )
Genre:
serial ( sobekcm )
periodical ( marcgt )

Notes

Dates or Sequential Designation:
-v. 31, no. 3 (July 1, 1921).
General Note:
Description based on: Vol. 19, no. 2 (Apr. 1, 1909); title from cover.
General Note:
Many issue number 1's are the Report of the Chemical Division.
General Note:
Vol. 31, no. 3 has supplements with distinctive titles : Avocado and mango propagation and culture, Tomato growing in Florida, and: The Dasheen; its uses and culture.

Record Information

Source Institution:
University of Florida
Holding Location:
University of Florida
Rights Management:
All applicable rights reserved by the source institution and holding location.
Resource Identifier:
28473206 ( OCLC )

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Volume 24


Number 4)
~~r41


FLORIDA

QUARTERLY


BULLETIN

OF THE

AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT


OCTOBER 1, 1914.


W. A. McRAF
COMMISSIONER OF AC, RICULTURE


TALLAHASSEE, FLA.


Part 1-Live Stock Growing and Feeding in Florida.
Part 2-Crop Conditions and Yieldi.
Part 3-Fertilizers, Feed Stuffs and Foods and Drugs.

Entered January 31, 1903, at Tallahassee, Florida, as second-class
matter under Act of Congress of June, 1900.

THESE BULLETINS ARE ISSUED FREE TO THOSE REQUESTING TIEM

T. J. APPLEYARD, State Printer,
Tallahassee, Florida
S _____










COUNTY MAP OF STATE OF FLORIDA.


















PART I.

LIVE STOCK GROWING AND FEEDING
IN FLORIDA.














LIVE STOCK GROWING AND FEEDING
IN FLORIDA

By H. S. ELLIOT, Chief Clerk,
Department of Agriculture.

In discussing this subject we know that much has been
said and written for and against the possibility of live
stock production in Florida on a profitable basis. It is
contended on the one hand that this State does not afford
the native pasturage necessary to make the industry a
success, and that the climate is not suited to the best
development of animal life. Some show of reason is
given for this contention because of the neglect on the
part of the growers, of cattle in particular, in permitting
their stock to take care of themselves from one year to
another without attention, and to inbreed promiscuously
for years without hindrance, and these statements com-
prise about the sum of objections raised against live
stock production in Florida. They are simply claims
based on past experiences of the rage cattle growers,
and not on consideration of true economic conditions,
proven by facts as they exist and the experience of intel-
ligent experiment by private individuals, live stock com-
panies and the State Experiment Station.
Among the principal general reasons why Florida is
adapted to successful live stock growing of all kinds,
almost without limit, is its unlimited and unfailing water
supply, which is absolutely essential to successful stock
raising, as are its green pastures. Another equally im-
portant condition is the short period necessary for feed-
ing and sheltering of stock as compared with other sec-
tions of the country. Another of equal, if not of greater
importance is the adaptability and capacity of the soils











of this State to the production of nearly all kinds of
grains and forage crops at as small, if not less cost than
any other section of the country. In all of this, the
equable climate of the State has much to do, of course,
but it is because of these advantages and conditions
that Florida should and can compete with any, and excel
most of the States as a live stock producing country.

Of the entire area of Florida there are approximately
three million acres in farms and under farm control.
There are approximately thirty million acres that can be
used to a greater or less extent for the production of
grasses, forage and grazing purposes for live stock of all
kinds in every portion of the State. There is no question
but that Florida has within her borders the greatest
grazing region east of the Mississippi river, and conse-
quently an almost boundless capacity for the production
of all the forage crops necessary to maintain all the
live stock that can be grown upon it.

The number of live stock of all kinds in the State is, in
round numbers, 2,000,000, having a value of about $25,-
000,000. Instead of this small number, there should be
not less than 20,000,000 head, and 10,000;000 head of
them should be cattle; the State can easily maintain such
a number.

If the vast area of idle lands in Florida and the South
as well were put to this purpose with intelligent direc-
tion, there would be no necessity for the big packers of
the West to go to Argentina for their meat to supply
American consumers. There is land enough idle in the
South, including Florida, to produce all the beef cattle,
hogs and sheep necessary to supply the demands of the
people of the United States and also about all of the
export trade that this country can control. In all of this
Florida should and can bear a very large and important
part.












FLORIDA SOILS ADAPTED TO FORAGE PLANTS.

The soils of Florida embrace practically all of those
best adapted to the various agricultural purposes. In
the several sections of the State soils varying from stiff
red clay with all of its gradations of the loam soils, is
found in immense areas, and all of these with possibly
one or two exceptions are productive soils, some of them
to a high degree naturally, and all can be made so at
reasonable cost by proper methods of control or man-
agement. On these soils are produced nearly all of the
crops suited to the temperate zone and of the semi-
tropics, for be it remembered Florida includes in a large
degree the climate of both. In the soils above referred
to, the reclaimable swamp and other overflowed and wet
lands are included.

FORAGE PRODUCTS.

On the soils just discussed can be produced practically
all of the forage crops necessary for pasture or for the
making of hay or silage. Included in this are all of the
sorgh ums, both saccharine'and non-saccharine, all of the
legumes, except possibly a small number of clovers, which
can probably also be grown with aid of inoculation with
bacteria. To give an idea of the number of these plants
used for grazing, forage and hay-making that are adapted
to Florida soils, we append the following list, viz.:

SORGHUMS.

Yield per acre of Yield per acre of
NAME OF VARIETY. green.forage grain in head,
in tons. In pounds.
Red Kaffir Corn......... 3.968 1,187.50
Sirak .................. 10.225 1,050.00
Honey ................. 6.281 562.50
Sapling ............... 5.900 550.00
Brown Durra .......... 5.350 450.00












Minnesota Amber .......
Planter's Friend, No. 36
Orange ................
Gooseneck, Erect .......
Planter's Friend, No. 37.
Amber ...............
Sumac ...............
Shallu ...............
White Kaffir ...........
Gooseneck, Pendant ....
Collier .................
Red Amber ............
Cigne ................
Jerusalem Corn ........
Yellow Milo ...........


8.612
13.068
13.813
16.907
16.318
10.461
12.449
11.556
8.153
19,036
13.896
12.283
12.450
8.204
9.487


975.00
787.00
1,366.50
793.00
887.50
1,033.50
429.50
2,112.50
727.00
856.25
742.50
1,500.00
900.00
458.00
900.00


CLOVERS, GRASSES AND VETCHES.
Yield per acre
in tons of Dry Hay
per Season.
1 Hairy Vetch .................. 2 to 3
1 Alfalfa ....................... 5 6
Lespedeza ..................... 1 2
1 Burr Clover ................... 2 4
Crimson Clover ................ 2 4
Rhodes Grass ................ 4 6
Natal ................ 1 2
Orchard ............... 1 2
Bermuda ............... 1 2
Crab ................ 1 2
Tall Meadow Oat Grass......... 1 2
Para Grass .................... 2 4
Herds or Red Top Grass......... 1 2
Crow-foot Grass ............... 1 2
M illet ......................... 3 5
Johnson Grass ................. 3 6
Rape, (never cut) ..............

1 Should be inoculated.










8

LEGUMINOUS CROPS OTHER THAN CLOVERS.

All Cow or Field Peas.
Velvet Beans.
Soy Beans.
Beggar Weed.
Kudzu.
Peanuts.

The following table gives the average composition of
a few of the best hays and will serve to further impress
those interested with not only the capacity of the soils
of this State to produce the most valuable forage and hay
plants, but with their high quality and value, as feeding
products.

The following tables gives the average composition of
some of the best hays:


Dry Hay-


0


-o
0c:
c.0
0'


Cowpea ....... 11.9 8.4 14.4 41.2 21.5 2.5
Alfalfa ....... 8.4 7.4 14. 42.7 25.0 2.2
Soy Bean ..... 11.3 7.2 15.4 38.6 22.3 5.2
Clover (Red) .. 15.3 6.2 12.3 38.1 24.81 3.3
Peanut Vine 7.6 0.8 10.7 42.7 23.61 4.6
Lespedeza ..... 11.5 4.1 9.6 40.1 31.41 3.3
Timothy ...... 13.2 4.4 5.9 45.0 29.5 2.5
Johnson Grass 10.2 6.11 7.2 45.9 28.5 2.1










9

Per Cent of Digestible Matter. -Continued.

Cowpea ........ 9.3 29.1 2.1 1.9
Alfalfa ........ 10.6 28.2 10.7 0.9
Soy Beans ..... 10.9 26.6 13.6 1.5
Red Clover .... 7.6 26.3 12.1 2.0
Peanut Vine .. 6.7 29.9 12.3 -
Lespedeza ..... 7.61 31.0[ --- 1.8
Timothy ....... 2.8 28.3 15.1 1.4
Johnson Grass. 3.2 24.8 16.5 0.8

Food Elements in Other Hays.

Protein Carbohydrates.
Beggarweed ...............16 per cent............69 per cent.
Cowpeas .................16 per cent............67 per cent.
Velvet Bean .............14 per cent............72 per cent.
Peanut ................... 13 per cent............73 per cent.
Crowfoot Grass .......... 8 per cent............75 per cent.
Crab Grass .............. 7 per cent............79 per cent.
Timothy ................. 6 per cent............82 per cent.
Millet ................... 6 per cent............76 per cent.
Mexican Clover ........... 5 per cent...........79 per cent.

Showing Value of Some Hays.
Timothy .................... ....................$20.00 per ton.
Velvet Bean ................................... 20.05 per ton.
Peanut ......................................... 20.00 per ton.
Beggarweed ................................... 19.95 per ton.
Crab Grass ..................... ............... 19.60 per ton.
Cowpea ....................................... 19.50 per ton.
Mexican Clover ................................ 19.05 per ton.
Crowfoot Grass ............................. 19.00 per ton.
Millet .......................................... 18.65 per ton.

PASSING OF THE RANGES.

The time has about passed when the growing of cattle
on the ranges can be done profitably, because, mainly, of
the cutting up of the vast tracts of prairie and wood lands
and turning them into orchards or small farms; conse-
quently it becomes necessary to change the method of
live stock raising. Undoubtedly the change will be bene-
ficial to the industry and be productive of greater profits,
through the building up in both size and quality of the
animal, for with the change will come about the substi-
tution of better breeds of stock and a general grading up












and improvement in the native stock. This applies to
sheep and hogs as well as cattle.

BREEDS FOR UPGRADING.

We suggest that from a large number of improved
breeds of cattle, that there are a number which have
proven themselves well adapted to Florida conditions.
These are the Short Horn or Durham, Hereford, Aber-
deen, Angus, Red Polled and Devon. There are others
also of great merit, but these are well known to be
adapted to the conditions and climate in Florida, and
besides they represent the very -best beef producing ani-
mals in America.
By grading up with the best of native cows and
thoroughbred bulls of the above mentioned breeds, it will
require but a short time comparatively to bring about a
complete change.
We have shown that our Florida soils are capable of
and do produce all of the grasses, forage and hay plants
necessary to support all of the live stock and more than
we can raise. The next most important question is to de-
termine the best method of feeding this forage to the
stock. We, of course, can arrange to have the grazing
always with us. Scientific experiment and experience
have abundantly demonstrated in the past few years,
that the best as well as the most economical method of
feeding live stock, especially cattle, is in the form of
silage, as well as roughage.

SUGGESTIONS AS TO MANAGEMENT OF LIVE STOCK.

Before giving consideration to the subject of silage
and its feeding, we offer a few suggestions as to necessary
points to be considered in stock raising; these are, that
good pastures are essential to successful and profitable
live stock production, especially where beef is the object.












Use pure-bred bulls for grading up the native stock, and
be sure to select the best heifers for breeding purposes.
Eradicate the ticks on the farm the cost is not great.
Use all coarse forage, such as straws and stalks in the
fields to assist in carrying the herd of breeding cattle
through the winter. When pastures get short wean the
calves, and put them in the corn and pea fields while
weaning and teach them to eat corn and cotton seed
meal. After raising your cattle, finish them on the farm
if possible. A mixture of cotton seed meal, hulls and pea
vine hay is a good ration for fattening calves. Silage is
the best kind of roughage for fattening any class of cat-
tle. Give more care to the feeding of calves than of
grown cattle. Corn silage is a cheaper and better feed
for fattening cattle than cotton seed hulls.
Summer feeding on pasture is usually more profitable
than feeding in winter. The pse of corn in small amounts
in addition to cotton seed meal has proven profitable
while feeding steers on grass. In feeding your grain or
other products in the form of silage to live stock, thus
converting it into meat, you get a higher price for both
and in addition add fertility to the soil through the
manure. It converts the farm into a factory, so to speak,
and it becomes the creator of a finished or more nearly
finished product, instead of being the producer of mere
raw material.

LIVE STOCK RAISING AS AN UPBUILDER OF RUN DOWN FARMS.

There are in some portions of the State large areas
which have for many years been devoted to short cotton
planting that through lack of proper farming systems
and worse methods of crop cultivation, have been robbed
of their fertility to the extent of practical ruin, that can
be, through the aid of live stock growing, rehabilitated
and restored to their original fertile condition. To these
sections, live stock growing and feeding should prove a
manifold blessing.











SOME ADVANTAGES OF THE SILO.

All or nearly all of the forage crops previously men-
tioned herein can be made into silage either separately or
in combination. The conversion of a crop into silage
enables the maximum amount to be saved and fed and
produces a greater per cent of feed than by any other
method known. The silage assures a succulent feed for
all the months of the year, regardless of favorable or
unfavorable climatic conditions. When turned into hay
green crops necessarily lose some of the available food
material contained in them, but with the silo and the pro-
cess of fermentation to which the silage is subjected, the
food value is increased and much of the tough or woody
parts are made available for the stock.
Corn is the best and principal silage crop, and with
our practices offers the comparison most advantageous
to the silo. If only the ears are gathered from an acre
that produces say, thirty bushels, we save but little more
than a ton, or about twenty-one hundred pounds. If this
acre of corn is cut at the proper time and made into
silage, it will easily furnish ten tons of excellent feed,
and will often exceed these figures by several tons. The
stalks and fodder usually left in the field to rot or blow
away, will, with the aid of the silo, be made into splendid
feed and eaten with relish by the animals. It will be
readily seen that under the conditions described herein,
relative to modern stock raising, that the use of the silo
in the making and feeding of silage becomes a necessity
from an economic standpoint and is a vast improvement
over old and wasteful methods.
If a system somewhat on the lines herein suggested is
put in practice by the live stock growers of Florida, the
necessity to import beef from the West for Florida mar-
kets will cease.
To continue past (ancient) methods is the height of
folly and wasteful in the extreme. Florida should export
the best quality of beef; she can do so if she will.














MAKING AND FEEDING OF SILAGE.

In considering this subject we cannot do better than
give place to the following article taken from Farmers'
)Bulletin No. 556, of the U. S. Department of AgricuL
ture:

MAKING AND FEEDING OF SILAGE..

By T. E. WOODWARD, of the Dairy Division.

SOME POINTS IN FAVOR OF SILAGE.

Within the last 30 years silage has come into general
use throughout the United States, especially in those
regions where the dairy industry has reached its greatest
development. Silage is universally recognized as a good
and cheap feed for farm stock, and particularly so for
cattle and sheep. There are several reasons for the popu
clarity of silage.
1. More feed can be stored in a given space in the
form of silage than in the form of fodder or hay.
2. There is a smaller loss of food material when a crop
is made into silage than when cured as fodder or hay.
3. Corn silage is a more efficient feed than corn fodder.
4. An acre of corn can be placed in the silo at less,
cost than the same area can be husked and shredded.
5. Crops can be put in the silo during weather that
could not be utilized in making hay or curing fodder.
6. More stock can be kept on a given area of land
when silage is the basis of the ration.
7. There is less waste in feeding silage than in feeding
fodder. Good silage properly fed is all consumed.
8. Silage is very palatable.
9. Silage, like other succulent feeds, has a beneficial:
effect upon the digestive organs.









14

10. Silage is the cheapest and best form in which a
succulent feed can be provided for winter use.
S11. Silage can be used for supplementing pastures
more economically than can soiling crops, because it re
quires less labor, and silage is more palatable.
12. Converting the corn crop into silage clears the
land and leaves it ready for another crop.

SILAGE CROPS.

Almost any green crop can be successfully made into
silage if sufficient care is taken to force out the air from
the material. On account of the difficulty, however, of
expelling air from plants with a hollow stem, such as
timothy, oats, and barley, these crops are rarely put in
the silo
CORN.

In all parts of the United States where the silo has
come into general use the principal silage crop is corn.
One reason for this is that ordinarily corn will produce
more food material to the acre than any other crop which
can be grown. It is more easily harvested and put in the
silo than any of the hay crops, such as clover, cowpeas, or
alfalfa. These crops are much more difficult to handle
after being out. Furthermore, corn makes an excellent
quality of silage. Sorghum makes a sour silage, and the
legumes, such as clover and alfalfa, are liable to rot unless
special care is taken to thoroughly pack the silage and
force out the air. The fermentation which take place in
leguminous silage are more extensive and in soncequence
the loss of food materials is greater than with corn.
The only objection which has been raised concerning
corn silage is the fact that it contains insufficient protein
to fully meet the requirements of animals to which it may
be fed. Some persons have advised mixing' clover, cow-
peas, or alfalfa with the corn when it is being put into












the silo in order to correct this deficiency of protein.
Such a procedure is not to be advised, however, if it is at
all possible to cure the clover or other crop into hay, and
it usually is possible if hay caps are used. Since some
dry forage should always be fed along with the silage,
the leguminous hay would better be used in this way
rather than by converting the crop into silage.

VARIETY TO PLANT.

The best variety of corn to plant is that which will
mature and yield the largest amount of grain to the acre.
since the grain is the most valuable part of the corn
plant. The variety commonly grown in any particular
locality for grain will also be the most satisfactory to
grow for silage. As will be seen from the table below,
taken from the First Annual Report of the Pennsylvania
State College, 63 per cent of the digestible food materials
present in the -corn plant are found in the ears and 37
per cent in the stover.

Yield of Digestible Matter in Corn.


Yield per acre.
Constituent.
Ears. Stover. Total crop
Pounds. Pounds. Pounds.
Protein ............................... 244 83 327
Carbohydrates ................... 2,301 1,473 3,774
Fat .................................... 125 22 147
Total.......................... 2,670 1,578 4,248

CULTIVATION AND YIELD.

Corn for silage may be planted and cultivated in the
same manner as when grown for grain. Weeds should be
kept out, else they will be cut with the corn and may im-
pair the quality of the silage. The yield of corn silage













per acre will vary from 4 or 5 to 20 tons or more. A 50-
bushel per acre crop of corn will yield about 8 to 12 tons
of silage per acre, depending upon the amount of foliage
and stalk that accompanies the ear. Southern varieties
of corn as a rule carry a larger proportion of the plant
in the form of stalk and leaves than do the northern-
grown varieties.

TIME TO HARVEST.


Corn should be harvested for the silo at about the same
time that it is harvested for fodder-that is, when the
grain has become glazed and the lower leaves of the stalk
have turned brown. The following table taken from the
Eighth Annual Report of the New York Experiment
Station will furnish valuable information as to the
proper time to cut corn for the silo:

Chemical Changes During Growth of Corn Plant.

Stage of growth


Yield per acre



Total yield.
Water .......
Dry matter...
Ash .........
Albuminolds .
Crude fiber...
Nitrogen free
extract ....
Fat ........


Tasseled Silked
July 30 Aug 9.


Pounds.
18,045
16,426
1,619
138.91
239.77
514.19

653.91
72.20


Pounds.
25,745
22,666
3,078
201.30
436.76
872.93

1,399.26
167.75


Milk Glazed Ripe
Aug. 21. Sept. 7. Sept. 23.

Pounds. Pounds. I Pounds.
32,600 32,295 28,460
27,957 25,093 20,542
4,643 7,202 7,918
232.15 302.48 364.23
478.69 643.86 677.78
1,261.97 1,755.85 1,734.04

2,441.29 4,239.82 4,827.60
228.90 259.991 '314.34


The table shows that there is a steady increase in the
amount of dry matter and food ingredients in the corn
plant up to the time it is ripe. Immature corn is a poor
feed, whether fed fresh or as silage. The protein and car-
bohydrates especially undergo changes from,the imma-












ture to the mature stage which increase their food value.
Silage made from immature corn is not only less nutri-
tious but also more .acid than that made from more ma-
ture corn. The corn should not be allowed to become
thoroughly ripe and dry, however, because the stalk and
foliage are rendered more difficult to digest, and, besides,
the corn can not be packed into the silo tightly enough to
prevent "fire-fanging" without using excessive amounts of
water. In case the corn is frozen before it is properly
matured for cutting, it should be harvested at once, before
it has had time to dry out to any great extent. Enough
water should be added to replace that lost by evapora-
tion through standing in the field after frosting.

SORGHUM.

Sorghum is readily made into silage. The only advan-
tages which sorghum has over corn are that it will some-
times yield heavier on poor ground and that the operation
of harvesting may extend over a greater period-that is,
it stays in the right stage for harvesting longer than corn.
Sorghum, however, makes a poorer quality of silage, being
more acid, not so palatable, and less nutritious. Where
corn yields well there is no advantage in growing sor-
ghum.

CLOVER.

Clover is a successful silage crop yielding a palatable
product high in protein. It does not pack so well as corn,
so great care should be exercised in the tramping of the
silage at the time of filling, and the depth of the silo
should also receive particular attention. A shallow silo
will not prove satisfactory. Clover should be chopped be-
fore siloing as a matter of convenience in feeding and also
to secure more thorough packing, although it can be
placed in the silo without chopping. Clover should be
harvested at the same time as for making into hay-that
2-Bul.












is, when in full bloom and some of the first heads are
dead. As stated elsewhere, it is usually inadvisable to
make clover into silage if it can be. made into hay, as is
the case under most conditions. It is better practice to
grow corn for silage and use the clover in the form of hay
as a supplement to the silage.

COWPEAS, ALFALFA, AND SOY BEANS.

These crops can all be successfully made into silage by
exercising the same precautions as with clover. They
should be cut at the same time as for haymaking. How-
ever, it is ordinarily preferable, as with clover, to make
them into hay rather than silage.
Other good silage materials are kafir corn, milo maize,
teosinte, and beet pulp.

HARVESTING THE CROP AND FILLING THE SILO.

Harvesting the Corn.

The corn is cut for the silo either by hand or by
machine. Hand cutting is practiced on farms where the
amount of corn to be harvested is so small as to make the
expense of purchasing a corn harvester too great to jus-
tify its use. Hand cutting is also resorted to through
necessity when the corn is down or lodged in such a man-
ner as to prevent the use of the machine. This method of
cutting, however, is slow and laborious and there are
probably few localities now where the purchase of a har-
vester would not be a profitable investment. In case the
expense is considered too great to be borne by a single
individual two or more neighbors might well arrange to
purchase a partnership machine.
In using the harvester it will be found a great advan-
tage to make the bundles rather small. This will take
more time, but the extra expense will be more than offset











by the ease of handling the bundles and in feeding them
into the silage cutter. Two or three horses, the latter
preferable, and one man will be required to run the har-
vester, and they should be able to cut about 6 acres a day.
The harvester should not get so far ahead of the haulers
that the corn will dry out to any considerable extent.

Hauling to the Cutter.

This is ordinarily done with the common flat hay
frames. An objection to their use is that it is necessary
to lift the green corn fodder to a considerable height in
loading, which is hard work. A low-wheeled wagon is
preferable to a high-wheeled one. A low-down rack quite
commonly used in some ports of the United States can be
easily made. The following are the directions for making
this rack, taken from Farmers' Bulletin 292:

The rack consists of two 4 by 6 inch bed
pieces, 18 or 20 feet in length, bolted together at one end
to form a V. On top of these timbers is built a rack 6
feet in width. The bottom of this rack is about 8 feet
long. The end boards are 4 feet high, built flaring so they
do not quite touch the wheels. The apex of the V is sus-
pended below the front axle of an ordinary farm wagon
by means of a long kingbolt. The other ends are attached
below the hind axle by U-shaped clevises. The materials
needed in its construction are 80 board feet of 4 by 6 inch
plank, 96 feet of boards 1 by 12 inches, 22 feet of lumber
2 by 4 inches, 1 long kingbolt, 2 stirrup rods, and bolts
and nails.

The load should be as large as possible, especially when
the haul is for some distance. This is a matter which is
rarely given sufficient attention by persons filling silos,
and in consequence the expense of filling becomes un
necessarily high.












CUTTING THE SILAGE.

The Cutter.

There are several different makes of silage cutters on
the market that will give satisfaction. The capacity of
the machine to be purchased is an important considera-
tion which should not be overlooked. Many persons make
the mistake of getting a cutter which is too small, thus
making the operation of filling the silo very slow and in-
terfering with the continuous employment of the entire
force of men. It is better to get a machine large enough
so that every one will be able to keep busy all the time.
Another matter to be considered is the fact that the
larger cutters are equipped with a self-feeding device
while the smaller sizes are not. Such a device saves a
great deal of labor. Other factors to be taken into ac-
count in purchasing a cutter are the amount of work to
be done and the power available. Of course, for the fill-
ing of a very small silo it would not be wise to buy a
large machine. Neither would it be advisable to over-
load the engine or motor by using a cutter which is too
large for the power available.

The Elevator.

Two types of elevators are in use-the old-style chain
carrier and the blower. The chain carrier requires less
power, but is harder to set up and there is more litter
around when it is used, especially in windy weather. For
these reasons the blower is now fast displacing the
carrier.
The blower should be placed as nearly perpendicular as
possible so as to reduce to the minimum the friction of the
cut corn upon the inside of the pipe and reduce the danger
of clogging.











Power Required.

The power necessary to operate the cutter will depend
upon its size and whether the elevator is a chain carrier
or a blower and upon the rate of feeding. It is possible to
feed slowly and to get along with less power than would
be required with full feeding. As a rule, however, a
person should have power sufficient to run the cutter at
full capacity, and even, a little surplus is advisable. The
power required for a cutter and blower, if a gasoline
engine is used, is about 1 horsepower for each 1-inch
length in the cutting cylinder; that is, a 15-inch cutter
will take a 15-horsepower engine, an 18 inch cutter will
require an 18-horsepower engine, and so on. If a steam
engine is employed, the power should be at least two-
thirds of that indicated for the gasoline engine.

Length to Cut.

The usual length of cutting varies from one-half to 1
inch. The latter is considered a little too long, since
pieces of this length will neither pack so closely in the
.silo nor be so completely consumed when fed as will the
shorter lengths. On the other hand, the longer the pieces
the more rapidly can the corn be run through the cutter.

Packing the Silage.

Ordinarily the blower or carrier empties the cut corn
into the top of the silo and there are one or more men in
the silo to distribute and tramp the material. Unless
there is some one to do this the cut material will be
thrown too much in one place and the leaves, stalks, and
grain will not be uniformly distributed throughout the
silo. The sides should be kept higher than the center and
much of the tramping done close to the wall.
Various contrivances have been used for distributing











the silage. The one most to be recommended for this pur-
pose, however, is a metal pipe similar to the one in which
the cut corn is elevated, but put together loosely in sec-
tions. The corn from the blower passes down this pipe
into the silo, and being loosely put together it can be
swung so that the material can be placed anywhere in the
silo. With this contrivance no work with a fork is neces
sary and one man can do the work of two or three and do
it easier. There is very little loose material flying about
in the silo and the work is much cleaner. Another advan-
tage is a lessening of the danger of being struck by some
foreign object which has passed up the blower pipe.
Heavy knives of the cutter have been known to pass
through the blower and into the silo. As has been men-
tioned, this pipe is put together in sections, sp that as
the silage rises in the silo the sections can be readily de-
tached as required.

Adding. Water.

In case the material has become too dry before it is put
into the silo water should be added to supply the defi-
.ciency of moisture and so make the silage pack better.
Unless it is well packed the silage will "fire-fang" or de-
teriorate through the growth of mold. Enough water
should be added to restore the moisture content of the
corn to what it would be if cut at the proper stage. The
water may be added by running directly into the silo by
mears of a hose or by running through the blower. It is
claimed that by running it into the blower the water is
more thoroughly mixed with the cut corn.

It seems to be good practice, no matter what the condi-
tion of the corn, to thoroughly wet down the material at
the top of the silo when through filling. This will help to
pack the top layer and lessen the amount of spoiled silage
on top.











Covering the Silage.

Several years ago it was a common practice to cover
the silage with some material, such as dirt or cut straw,
in order to prevent the top layer from spoiling. At
present when any provision at all is made for this pur-
pose it consists usually in merely running in on top corn-
stalks from which the ears have been removed. By this
method some of the corn grain is saved. The heavy green
cornstalks pack much,better than straw does and so ex-
clude the air more effectually. The top is thoroughly
tramped and then wet down. Sometimes oats are sown
on the top before wettifig. The heat generated by the fer-
menting mass will cause the oats to sprout quickly and
form a dense sod which serves to shut off the air from the
silage beneath, and in consequence only a very shallow
layer spoils.

Labor and Teams Required.

The labor and teams to be used will of course depend
upon the help available, the length of haul, and the effi-
ciency of the machinery. With plenty of help, a short
haul, and good machinery the following distribution of
labor might well be used:

1 man and 3 horses to bind the corn.
2 men to load the corn.
3 men and 6 horses to haul.
1 man to help unload.
1 man to feed t!he 'utter.
1 or 2 men to work in the silo.
1 man to tend the engine, if steam is used.
Total, 10 or 11 men, 9 horses, and 3 wagons.

The least amount of help which it would be possible to
work to advantage might be arranged as follows:











1 man and 3 horses to bind the corn.
1 man to help teamsters load.
3 men and 6 horses to haul and unload.
1 man to feed.
1 man in the silo.
Total, 7 men, 9 horses, and 3 wagons.

A good manager is required to so arrange the help that
each man and team can do the most efficient work. With-
out careful attention to this matter the operation of fill-
ing the silo becomes needlessly expensive.

Cost of Harvesting and Filling.

It is not possible to set any definite figure as the cost
of filling the silo because of the great variation in condi
tions in different parts of the country. ,But just in order
to give some idea of the probable cost a few figures are
taken from Farmers' Bulletin 292. The investigation
reported in this bulletin included the work done upon 31
farms in Wisconsin and Michigan. The labor of each
man was rated at 15 ;cents per hour and the same value
placed upon each team of two horses. Engine hire was
estimated at $4.50 per day, including the engineer. Twine
was rated at 11 cents a pound, coal at $5 a ton, and
gasoline at 13 cents a gallop. The farmers owned their
own cutters. In this investigation the cost per ton varied
from 46 to 86 cents.
Investigations conducted by the Dairy Division during
the past few years with 87 silos in various parts of the
United States indicate the cost of filling to be an average
of 87 cents per ton.

Cooperation in Silo Filling.

The high cost of silo-filling machinery makes it often
times advisable for several farmers to cooperate in the











purchase of a cutter and engine, or at least a cutter,
since an engine is easier rented than a cutter. By vary
ing the time of planting in the spring each man can
get his silo filled when the corn is at the proper stage of
maturity. Besides this the farmers can help one another
in filling, so that there need be a very small cash outlay.

TOTAL COST OF SILAGE.

As with the cost of filling the silo, no definite figure
can be set as to the cost of silage. This will depend upon
the yield per acre, the cost of growing an acre, and the
cost of filling. Several yeais ago the cost was variously
estimated at from $1 to $1.50 per ton. At present this
is much too low. The before-mentioned data collected by
the Dairy Division on the filling of 87 silos in various
parts of the country show the cost of growing the silage
crop to average $1.58 per ton. This added to the 87 cents,
which represents the cost of filling, makes the total cost
of the silage $2.45 per ton. The cost of the silage for the
individual farms varied from $1.10 to $5.42 per ton. In
general, it may be stated that $1.50 to $3.50 per ton repre-
sents the limits between which most of .the silage is pro-
duced.

LOSSES OF FOOD MATERIAL IN THE SILO.

When any crop is made into silage certain fermenta
tion takes place, which results in the production of a con-
siderable amount of heat and the consequent loss of food
material. The extent of this fermentation is dependent
upon the amount of air in the silo. The more air there is
present the higher will be the temperature of fermenta-
tion" and the greater the loss of food ingredients. Fer-
mentation will continue until all the oxygen of the air
has been used up or has been displaced by carbon dioxid.
In the deep silos of the present time the pressure is so











great that very little air is left in the silo, consequently
the losses of food ingredients are reduced to a minimum.
As before mentioned, on account of the difficulty of press.
ing out this air in crops with hollow stems they are
seldom put in the silo.
There have been some experiments conducted at the
Wisconsin station which show that the losses in the silo
ing of corn are not nearly so great as in the field curing
of corn fodder. According to Prof. Woll, in modern,
well-built, deep silos the loss should not exceed 10 per
cent. More food material can be saved by putting the
corn crop in the,silo than by harvesting and storing it in
any other way.

FEEDING VALUE OF SILAGE.

Composition.

The composition of silage will, of course, vary accord-
ing to the crop from which it is made, the degree of ma-
turity of the crop, and other factors. The following
figures, taken from Henry's Feeds and Feeding, represent
the digestible nutrients in 100 pounds of average silage:


Digestible.
Crop. Total dry
matter. aro
Protein. Carboy- Fat.
drates.
I Pounds. Pounds Pounds. Pounds.
Corn ........ 26.4 1.4 14.2 0.7
Sorghum ..... 23.9 .1 13.5 .2
Red Clover.. 28.0 | 1.5 9.2 .5
Soy Bean ...,. 25.8 2.7 9.6 1.3
Cowpeas ..... 20.7 1.5 8.6 .9


It will be observed that about three-fourths of the total
weight of silage consists of water. It will also be noticed
that both corn and sorghum contain a large amount of











carbohydrates in proportion to the protein. Silage is a
bulky, succulent feed with a wide nutritive ratio, and for
these reasons it will give the best results when fed along
vith some other feed richer in dry matter and in protein.

Succulence.

It is quite important in the feeding of cattle that the
ration include some succulent material such as fresh
grass, root crops, or silage. A feed containing a large
amount of natural water is not only more easily digested
but is also more palatable and, besides, serves the useful
purpose of keeping the whole system of the animal in a
state of healthy activity. A silage-fed animal is rarely
troubled with constipation or other digestive disturb-
ances, the coat is noticeably sleek and soft, and the skin
is soft and pliable. It is a well-known fact that a cow
usually reaches her maximum production when she has
access to a good pasture. The cheapest and best substi-
tute for fresh pasture grass during the fall and winter
is silage.

Palatability.

No rough feed is more palatable than good corn silage
Sometimes, however, a cow will not eat silage readily
until she has acquired a taste for it, which may require
several days. But silage is not peculiar in this respect,
for it has been observed that range horses or cattle ship-
ped into the corn belt will refuse corn the first time it is
offered to them. This quality of being palatable is a
decided advantage for silage in that it induces a large
consumption and promotes the secretion of digestive
juices.

Relative Feeding Value.

The value of silage as a food ma.v be best shown by











comparing it with other feeds. The most accurate com-
parison which is available is found in Farmers' Bulletin
346. The figures given below are taken from this bulletin.

Energy Value of Various Feeds in Therms Per 100

Pounds of the Feed.

Corn Silage ............ 16.56 Oats ................... 66.27
Red Clover Hay......... 34.74 Linseed Meal ........... 78.92
Timothy Hay ........... 33.56 Cottonseed Meal ........ 84.20
Mangel-wurzels ......... 4.62 Wheat Bran ............ 48.23
Corn ................... 88.84

These figures were obtained through experimentation
with beef animals and are not claimed to be other than
tentative and subject to correction later on. While they
have not been prepared as a result of work with any kind
-of animals other than those for beef, it is thought that
they are approximately correct when applied to sheep,
horses, and dairy cows. At any rate they are the most
reliable figures which we have at present.

From the table given it will be observed that clover hay
is a little more than twice as valuable, pound for pound,
as silage, that bran is three times as valuable, and that
corn is more than five times as valuable. In other words,
the feeding values of silage, clover hay, bran, and corn
are in the approximate ratio of silage 1, clover hay 2,
bran 3, and corn 5.

SILAGE FOR DAIRY CATTLE.

Silage has been found to be particularly well adapted
to the dairy cow and as a consequence silos are more
numerous upon farms devoted to dairying than upon any
other kind of farms. In many sections silage has come
to be the dairy farmer's main reliance for cow feed.












Supplementary Feeds.

While silage is an excellent feed it is not a complete
one for dairy.stock. It is too bulky and watery and con-
tains insufficient protein and mineral matter to fully meet
the requirements of the dairy cow. It should be combined
with some leguminous hay such as clover, cowpeas, or
alfalfa. These will tend to correct the deficiencies of the
silage in dry matter, protein, and mineral constituents.
A ration of silage and, say, alfalfa hay alone is satisfae
tory, however, only for cows which are dry or giving only
a small amount of milk and for heifers and bulls. Cows
in full milk require some more concentrated feed than
hay or silage, else they can not consume enough feed to
meet the demands of the body. The result will be that
the cows lose in flesh and in milk flow.

Amount to Feed.

The amount of silage to feed a cow will depend upon
the capacity of the animal to take feed. She should be fed
as much as she will clean up without waste when con-
sumed along with her hay and grain. Raise or lower the
amount until the proper quantity is ascertained. Gener-
ally speaking, a good cow should be fed just short of the
limit of her appetite. If she refuses any of her feed it
should be reduced at once. The small breeds will take
25 or 30 pounds per day; the large breeds about 40; and
the medium-sized ones amounts varying between.

Rations.

Ironclad directions for feeding cows can not be given
In general, however, they should be supplied with all the
roughage they will clean up with grain in proportion to
butterfat produced. The hay will ordinarily range be
tween 5 and 12 pounds per cow per day when fed in con-













section with silage. For Holsteins 1 pound of concen-
trates for each 4 pounds of milk produced will prove
about right. For Jerseys 1 pound for each 3 pounds of
milk or less will come nearer meeting the requirements
The grain for other breeds will vary between these two
according to the quality of milk produced. A good rule
is to feed seven times as much grain as there is butterfat
produced.
The following rations will be found good:
For a 1,300-pound cow yielding 40 pounds of milk test
ing 3.5 per cent:
Pounds.
Silage ........... .......................... 40
Clover, Cowpea, or Alfalfa Hay.................. 10
Grain mixture ................................ 10

For the same cow yielding 20 pounds of 3.5 per cent
milk:

Silage ............................. ........... 40
Clover, Cowpea, or Alfalfa Hay ................. 5
Grain mixture ....... ........................ 5

For a 900-pound cow yielding 30 pounds of 5 per cent
milk:

Silage ........................................ 30
Clover, Cowpea, or Alfalfa Hay................. 10
Grain mixture ................................ 11

For the same cow yielding 15 pounds of 5 per cent
milk:

Silage ...................................... .. 30
Clover, Cowpea, or Alfalfa Hay.................. 8
Grain mixture ................................ 5

A good grain mixture to be used in a ration which in
eludes silage and some sort of leguminous hay is com-
posed of

Parts.
Corn Chop ................................... 4
W heat Bran .................................. 2
Linseed-oil Meal or Cottonseed Meal ............. 1











In case the hay used is not of this kind some of the
corn chop may be replaced by linseed or cottonseed meal.
In many instances dried brewers' grains or crushed oats
may be profitably substituted for the bran.

Time to Feed.

The time to feed silage is directly after milking or at
least several hours before milking. If fed immediately
before milking the silage odors may pass through the
cow's body into the milk. Besides, the milk may receive
some taints directly from the stable air. On the other
hand, if feeding is done subsequent to milking thevolatile
silage odors will have been thrown off before the next
milking hour. Silage is usually fed twice a day.
Many objections have been made to the feeding of
silage; some condenseries even refusing to let their
patrons use it. These objections are becoming less com-
mon, since milk from cows fed silage in a proper manner
is in no way impaired; besides which there is nothing
about silage that will injure in any way the health of
the animals.
Feeding Frozen Silage.

Frozen silage must first be thawed before feeding. If
ir is then given immediately to the cows before decom-
position sets in no harm will result from feeding this
kind of silage; neither is the nutritive value known to be
changed in any way.

Silage for Calves, Bulls, and Dry Cowvs.

Calves may be fed silage with safety when they are
about 3 or 4 months old. It is perhaps of greater im-
portance that the silage be free from mold or decay when
given to calves than when given to mature stock. After
the calves are weaned they may be given all the silage












they will eat up clean. Yearling calves will consume
about one-half as much as mature stock, that is, from 15
to 20 pounds a day. When supplemented with some good
leguminous hay little, if any, grain will be required to
keep the calves in a thrifty, growing condition.
There is a decided opinion among some breeders of
dairy stock that a large allowance of silage is detrimental
to the breeding qualities of the bull. Whether there is
any scientific foundation for this opinion remains to be
determined. Pending further investigations, however, it
is advisable to limit the allowance to about 15 pounds of
silage a day for each 1,000 pounds of live weight. When
fed in this amount silage is thought to be a good, cheap,
and safe feed for bulls. It should of course be supple-
mented with hay, and with a small allowance of grain
also in the case of bulls doing active service or growing
rapidly.
Cows when dry will consume almost as much roughage
as when milking. Silage may well form the principal
ingredient of the ration, in fo",t, with 25 to 40 pounds of
silage and a small supplementary feed of clover, cowpea,
or alfalfa hay, say 5 or 6 pounds a day, the cows will
keep in good flesh and even make some gain. Cows in thin
flesh should receive in addition a small amount of grain.
Silage will tend to keep the whole system in a state of
healthy activity and in this way lessen the troubles inci-
dent to parturition.

Silage for Summer Feeding.

One of the most trying seasons of the year for the dairy
cow is the latter part of the summer and early fall. At
this season the pastures are often short or dried up, and
in such cases it is a common mistake of dairymen to let
their cows drop off in flow of milk through lack of feed.
Later they find it impossible to restore the milk flow no
matter how the cows are fed. Good dairy practice de.











mands that the milk flow be maintained at a high point
all the time from parturition to drying off. It becomes
necessary, therefore, to supply some feed to take the place
of the grass. The easiest way to do this is by means of
silage. Silage is cheaper and decidedly more convenient
to use than soiling crops.
The amounts to feed will depend upon the condition of
the pastures, varying all the way from 10 pounds to a full
winter feed of 40 pounds. It should be remembered in
this connection that silage contains a low percentage of.
protein, so that the greater the amount of silage fed the
greater must be the amount of protein in the supplemen-
tary feeds to properly balance the ration.

SILAGE FOR HORSES.

By GEORGE M. ROMMEL, Chief of the Animal Husbandry
Division.

Silage has not been generally fed to horses, partly on
account of a certain amount of danger which attends its
use for this purpose, but still more, perhaps, on account
of prejudice. In many cases horses have been killed by
eating moldy silage, and the careless person who fed it
at once blamed the silage itself, rather than his own care-
lessness and the mold which really was the cause of the
trouble. Horses are peculiarly susceptible to the effects
of molds, and under certain conditions certain molds
grow on silage which are deadly poisons to both horses
and mules. Molds must have air to grow and therefore
silage which is packed air-tight and fed out rapidly will
not become moldy. If the feeder watches the silage care
fully as the weather warms up he can soon detect the
presence of mold. When mold appears, feeding to horses
or mules should stop immediately.
It is also unsafe to feed horses frozen silage on account
of the danger-of colic. This is practically impossible to
3-Bul.












avoid in very cold weather, especially in solid-wall silos.
By taking the day's feed from the unfrozen center of the
silo and chopping away the frozen silage from the edges
and piling the frozen pieces in the center the mass will
usually thaw out in time for the next feed.
Corn to be made into silage for horses should not be
cut too green, as sour silage will result and may cause
colic when fed. The corn should be well matured and
cut when the grain is beginning to glaze. The silo should
be filled rapidly and the corn should be vigorously tramp-
ed and packed while filling. At least three men should be
inside the silo, moving constantly, two around the edges
and the third across and around the center. This is b-
far the most important point in connection with feeding
silage to horses, and the lives of the horses fed on silage
may depend on the thoroughness with which the tramp-
ing is done. If properly done no danger is likely to re
sult; if not properly done air pockets may form and cause
the accumulation of a small mass of mold which the feed-
er may overlook but which might be sufficient to kill one
or more horses.
The value of silage for horses is greatest as a means to
carry them through the winter season cheaply or to sup
plement pasture during drought. As the danger of mold
is greater in summer than in winter, silage should not
be fed to horses in that season unless a large number of
animals are getting it and the daily consumption is so
large as to preclude the formation of mold on the sur
face.
To cheapen the ration of brood mares in winter no feed
has more value than good corn silage. If the grain goes
into the silo with the stover no additional grain is need
ed for brood mares, hay being the only supplementary
feed necessary. If there is little grain on the corn the
silage should be supplemented with 1 pound of old
process linseed-oil meal or cottonseed meal daily per 1,000
pounds live weight, sprinkled over the silage.











Horses to be wintered on a silage and hay ration
should be started on about 5 pounds of silage daily per
1,000 pounds live weight, the grain and hay ration being
gradually decreased as the silage is increased until the
ration is 20 pounds silage and 10 pounds of hay daily per
1,000 pounds'live weight. It will require about a month
to reach the full feed of silage, but the period may be de
creased somewhat, depending on the judgment and skill
of the feeder.
Mares fed in this manner will be in splendid condition
for foaling, and, so far as the writer's experience goes,
the foals will be fully as vigorous, with just as much
size and bone, as if the mares were fed the conventional
grain and hay ration.
Work horses when idle can be wintered satisfactorily
in this manner, but much silage is not recommended for
horses at heavy work for the same reason that a driving
horse can not do his best while on watery grass pasture.
The writer knows of cases where stallions receive a
ration of silage, but has had no experience in feeding
tlem in this manner. There seems no reason why silage
should not be a valuable-feed for stallions during the idle
season.
Silage should also be useful for young horses, especial
ly drafters, but here again the writer can not quote his
own experience and experimental data are meager.
To summarize, silage is safe to feed to horses and
mules only when it is made from fairly mature corn,
properly stored in the silo. When it is properly stored
and is not allowed to mold, no feed exceeds it as a cheia
winter ration. It is most valuable for horses and mules
which are not at heavy work, such as brood mares and
work horses during the slack season. With plenty of
grain on the cornstalks, horses will keep in good condi
tion on a ration of 20 pounds of silage and 10 pounds of
hay for each 1,000 pounds of live weight.











SILAGE FOR BEEF CATTLE.

By W. F. WARD, Animal Hu8sbandm-an in Beef Cattle
Investigations.

There is no roughage which is of more iinportance to
the producer of beef cattle than silage. The value of
silage to the beef producer varies considerably and is
dependent upon a large number of other factors. It
rough fodders are scarce or are high priced, if the grain
is high priced, or if the grain is so near a good market
that much of it can be readily sold, silage will have a
greater value than if the opposite conditions exist. It iA
a great saver of grain regardless of whether it is to be fed
to stock cattle or fattening cattle. It will lessen the
grain feeding by practically the same amount as is con-
tained in the silage. The value will also depend some-
what upon the kind of cattle to which it is to be fed. If
there is an abundance of rough fodders which can not be
marketed, silage will not be so valuable. But in a case
of this kind the silage would prove more valuable if used
for the calves and pregnant cows and the coarse fodders
used for the other stock.

SILAGE FOR THE BREEDING HERD.

For wintering the entire breeding herd there is no
roughage better than silage. All of the animals will
relish a ration containing it and it will create a good
appetite for all other feeds. Cows that are fed all of the
silage they will consume along with clover hay will go
through the winter in fine shape and make small gains.
If the amount of silage is limited, a more economical
method of wintering them will be to reduce the silage to
a half ration, letting them have the run of a straw stack
and feeding about 2 pounds of cottonseed meal or oil
meal per day. Some dry coarse fodder or straw should












always be kept before animals getting silage, as it re
duces the amount of silage consumed and prevents the
bowels from becoming too loose. The succulent feed will
cause the breeding cows to give a good flow of milk even
though the calf be born in midwinter, and a thrifty calf
will result. If the silage is free from mold or rotten
spots there will be no danger in feeding it to breeding
cows.

Silage is especially beneficial for calves which have
just been weaned. They take to this ration quicker than
to dry feed and there is usually little loss in weight from
the weaning. The silage should be supplemented with
some good leguminous hay, as alfalfa, cowpea, or.clover,
and the calves should be given a small amount of grain
A mixture of one-half corn chop and one-half cottonseed
meal is excellent.

SILAGE FOR STOCK. CATTLE.

Each farmer will have to plan the rations for his cattle
according to the amount of the various feeds he has on
hand. Stockers can be wintered on silage and some good
hay, fodder, or straw, but this may not always be the
most profitable. When hay is high priced and grain is
reasonably cheap or plenty of silage is available, it may
be more economical to omit the hay altogether. A ration
of corn silage alone has often been profitable for thin
cattle. Stockers which have been fed liberally all winter
and made to put on good gains usually do not make as
large daily gains when put on grass as do steers which
have not been quite so well fed.. The time the cattle are
to be finished for market and the degree of fatness to be
attained should govern to a large extent the method to be
followed during the winter. When beeves are expected to
sell high in the early summer and the steers are to be
finished for market at that time, a heavy roughage ration











with a small amount of grain should be fed during the
winter months.

SILAGE FOR FATTENING ANIMALS.

Silage stands first in rank of all the roughage for
finishing cattle. Formerly, during the era of cheap corn
and other concentrates little attention was given to the
roughage, as it was usually considered merely a "filler"
and of very little economic value in feeding. No especial
care was taken in selecting any particular kind, nor was
the quality of it seriously considered. As the prices of
the concentrated feedstuffs advanced, the feeder looked
about'for methods of cheapening the cost of producing
beef and soon found this could be accomplished by using
judgment in selecting his roughage with respect to tne
grain fed. This has continued until at the present time
the roughage receives as much attention as the concen-
trated feed, and has been made to take the place of a
large amount of the latter. The feeding of silage came
into general use with the advent of expensive grain and
is becoming more popular each year. With the present
prices of feedstuffs there is hardly a ration used for feed-
ing cattle which can not be cheapened by the use of this
succulent feed. By combining it with other feeds the
efficiency of the ration is increased to such an extent
that the amount of the daily gains is invariably greater
and the cost of producing a pound of gain is lessened
The heaviest daily gains are usually made during the first
stage of the feeding period, and silage can then be used
to advantage in large quantities with a small amount of
grain, but as the feeding progresses the amount of silage
should be lessened and the grain increased. In some
places the price of hay and stover is so high that the
greater the proportion of silage used in the ration the
more profitable is the feeding.
Conditions in general are such that any given ration












will not suit a large number of farmers, nor will it be
so profitable for some as it will for others, so each farm
er must determine for himself just what combination of
feeds will be most profitable for his use.

Rations Suitable for Florida Where Cottonseed Meal is
of Moderate Price and Cowpea and Other Hays
Are Raised on the Farm.

Pounds.
(1) Corn silage .............................. 35
Cowpea hay ............................. 8
Cottonseed meal or oil meal ............... 7
(2) Corn Silage .............................. 30
Cottonseed hulls ..: ....................... 12
Cottonseed meal .......................... 7

BALANCED RATIONS FOR DAIRY COWS.

By JoUN M. SCOTT.

In the lists of rations given below, home-grown feeds'
are separate from purchased feeds. The amount given in
each ration is sufficient for one day's feed for a cow
weighing 1000 pounds and giving about three gallons of
milk per day. (Dairy cows in Florida usually weigh
from 600 to 800 pounds.) For cows giving a heavier flow
of milk, it will be necessary to increase the amounts of
feed accordingly. No attempt has been made to estimate
the cost of these rations, or to say which will be the
cheapest, as the prices of feeds vary in different places.
The amounts of each feed being given, it will be an easy
matter for the dairyman to calculate the local cost of the
different rations mn!1 in this way find out which will be
the cheapest for him to use.

RATIONS OF HOME GROWN FEEDS.

(1) Velvet beans in the pod ....................... 10 pounds
Japansese cane, cured in shock................. 10 pounds
Cowpea hay .................................. 8 pounds










40

(2) Velvet beans in the pod............... ........ 10 pounds
Cottonseed meal .............................. 2 pounds
Japanese cane ........ ..................... 12 pounds

(3) Velvet beans in the pod....................... 8 pounds
Cowpea hay ................................. 10 pounds
Japanese eane ............................... 10 pounds

(4) Corn ........................................ 3 pounds
Velvet beans in the pod....................... 7 pounds
Cowpea hay .................................. 9 pounds
Japanese cane silage ........................ 20 pounds

(5) Velvet beans in the pod ...................... 8 pounds
Cowpea hay ................................ 10 pounds
Sorghum, green ............................ 20 pounds

(0) Velvet beans in the pod ..................... 8 pounds
Cowpea hay ................................. 8 pounds
Crabgrass hay ............................... 8 pounds
Sweet potatoes (or cassava) ...................... 25 pounds

The above are well-known home-grown feeds, or feeds
that can be grown at home. Feeds can be grown more
cheaply than they can be bought on the market. In these
rations, cowpea hay can be replaced by an equal weight
of beggarweed hay, velvet bean hay, or any other good
legume hay. Which of these hays should be used will
depend largely on the cost of the hay on the market, or
rather on what it will cost to produce it. One may be so
situated as to be able to grow beggarweed hay, or velvet
bean hay, to better advantage than cowpea hay. All of
the hays in these rations are considered to be of good
quality, cut at the proper stage of maturity, and properlJ
cured.


RATIONS OF PURCHASED FEEDS.

(1) Alfalfa hay ................................. 10 pounds
W heat bran ......:.......................... 41 pounds
Shorts ...................................... 4 pounds

(2) Alfalfa hay .................................. 10 pounds
W heat bran ................................. 9 pounds
Crabgrass hay .............................. 13 pounds










41

(3) Alfalfa hay ....:........................... 10 pounds
Shorts ............................... ...... 9 pounds
Crabgrass hay ............................... 13 pounds

(4) Alfalfa hay .................................. 10 pounds
.W heat bran ................................. 6 pounds
Beet pulp .... ............................... 10 pounds

(5) W heat bran ................................. 9 pounds
Cottonseed meal ............................. 3 pounds
Cottonseed hulls ............................. 20 pounds

(6) Shorts ...................................... 8 pounds
Cottonseed meal ............................. 22 pounds
Hay (any non-legume) ....................... 15 pounds

(7) Wheat bran .................................. 6 pounds
Cottonseed meal ............................. 21 pounds
Beet pulp ................................... 10 pounds
Timo'hy hay ................................ 7 pounds
(8) W heat bran ................................. 9 pounds
Cottonseed meal ............................. 3 pounds
Japanese cane ............................... 15 pounds

(9) Corn ............... ......................... 5 pounds
Cottonseed meal .................. .......... 21 pounds
Cowpea hay ................................. 12 pounds
Silage ....................................... 30 pounds

It should be understood that the above rations ire not
necessarily to be fed in the exact quantities given above,
but should be modified to suit local conditions or the
actual conditions on each farm. They are given to show
approximately the average amounts and character of. feed
that would be consumed daily by a 1,000-pound steer dur-
ing the feeding period.
It is well to feed as near a balanced ration as possible
without materially increasing its cost. Sometimes the
prices of available feeds are such that a farmer is justified
in deviating from the standard. Such conditions are
illustrated by the use of some of the rations given above.
The second ration shown for the South is an example, as
that ration is very narrow, but in certain localities it is
more profitable than one which is balanced by the use of
high-priced carbohydrate feeds.












Two rations are shown for the West where kafir-corn
silage is used. With some farmers it would undoubtedly
be more profitable to use alfalfa hay as a substitute for
cottonseed meal, while with others the purchase of the
cottonseed meal would be more economical.

MISCELLANEOUS CONSIDERATIONS.

Silage is a quick finishing roughage in that it produces
large daily gains and produces a glossy coat and a soft,
pliable skin. Moreover, it can be used to advantage at
times for carrying cattle for a longer time so as to pass
over a period of depression in the market, or to carry the
cattle along in thrifty condition so they can be finished at
a later period.
For many years the belief was general that cattle which
received silage as a major portion of the roughage would
have to be kept in warm barns and not be exposed to the
cold. While they do need protection from the cold winds
and rains and need a dry place to lie down, it has been
clearly demonstrated that warm barns are not only un
necessary but that fattened cattle make both larger and
cheaper gains when fed in the open sheds than when con-
fined in barns. Stocker or thin cattle receiving silage will
of course need more protection than animals which are
being fattened.
Silage can be profitably used to supplement the pas
tures for steers during a time of drought, when they are
being finished for market, but it is still an open question
whether it can always be used profitably for feeding to
breeding cattle during such times.
The theory that silage-fed cattle shrink very heavily in
shipping to market is erroneous. While the actual
shrinkage during transit is sometimes greater, the fill
taken at market is usually good, and if good judgment
is used in preparing them for shipping the net shrinkage
is no greater than for cattle which have been fed on dry












feeds. For 36 hours previous to shipping nice bright hay
and stover should be substituted for the silage in the
ration.
SThe general impression that choice or prime carcasses
can not be made by the use of succulent feed is equally
untrue, as the silage-fed cattle usually make more desir.
able carcasses than cattle fed a similar ration, except
that silage was replaced by one of the coarse fodders.
There is no appreciable difference in the percentage of
marketable meat that steers will dress out which have
been finished on a silage ration and a. dry ration. The
meat seems equally bright and the fat as well intermixed
with the lean.
If silage makes up the bulk of the roughage it will be
necessary to haul large amounts of bedding into the sheds
to keep the animals dry, as there is no waste in silage,
or else make a cement floor and cover with bedding to
absorb the urine and prevent the animals from' slipping
and to give them a warm place to lie down. When the
enormous saving in the quality and amount of the feed
is considered, this disadvantage does not seem so hard to
overcome by the stockman who has the capital to put up
the silo and pave his feed sheds or feed lots.

SILAGE FOR SHEEP.

By E. L. SHAW, Animal Husbandman in Sheep and Goat
Investigations.

The use of this succulent feed for sheep has attracted
the attention of most farmers only during the past few
years. Although a few sheepmen fed silage many years
ago with good results, most flock-masters have been slow
in giving it a trial. Owing to the wonderful increase in
the use of silos on farms, and owing to the cheapness of
silage as compared with other succulent feeds, such as
roots, farmers are constantly raising the question regard
ing the feeding of silage to sheep. A great deal has been












said of its bad effects upon sheep, but these have arisen
either because an inferior quality of silage was fed or on
account of carelessness on the part of the feeder in not
feeding it properly.
A good quality of silage is extremely palatable and can
be fed to all classes of sheep with good results. It must
be borne in mind, however, that silage which is either
very sour, moldy, or frozen should not be fed.
The amount of silage reported in feeding trials varies
from 1 to 5 pounds per head per day. The amount to
feed depends upon the class of sheep and the character of
the other feeds comprising the ration. As a general rule
from 2 to 4 pounds per head per day is considered as
much as should be fed.
Lamb feeders have found silage a very satisfactory
feed, and the amount fed ranges from 1 to 3 pounds per
day. Where lambs are on full feed of grain, such as corn,
and are receiving a fair allowance of hay, they will, as a
rule, only consume from 1 to 2 pounds per head per day
In feeding breeding ewes before lambing a daily al.
lowance of from 2 to 3 pounds should be considered a
maximum quantity. After lambing the amount can .be
slightly increased.
In feeding silage or any other succulent feeds it must
be borne in mind that the value of such feeds to a large
extent is to act as an appetizer and to keep the digestive
system in good condition. Under ordinary conditions
where silage is fed it should not constitute more than one-
half of the entire ration, and it should be fed with other
feeds that will properly balance the ration for the pur-
pose intended.

SILOS.

THE KIND OF SILO TO BUILD.

There.are silos and.silos. Nearly all of them will keep
,silage. Some of them cost more money than others











Some are, on account of material and construction, only
temporary. Others are permanent. A man must decide
for himself whether he will invest a smaller amount of
money, in a temporary silo that will last from ten to
twenty years, or invest a larger amount of money in a
permanent silo that will last his lifetime, and that of his
children perhaps. However, before building a si4 we-
should make some investigation of the various silos on-;
the market, learning their relative costs and efficiency..
A silo is not a piece of furniture, neither is it a piece of'
machinery. But a silo must have attention, just tiha
same as if it were a piece of machinery. The very best
silo may prove a failure if neglected. Hence, the things
to determine upon are these: Build a silo. Build a good
one. Take care of it.

THE STAVE SILO.

By far the greater number of silos in the State are of
the wooden stave type. This is a good silo. It will keep
silage with as little loss from spoiling as any silo on the
market, but not better than some other silos. There are
many different wooden stave silos put out by many dif-
ferent companies. Each company has a strong talking
point for its particular silo. However, it should be re.
membered that the best are none too good. That is, the
best silo that any company puts out is none too good.
If a man has not money enough to buy the best grade of
silo offered, he can be excused for taking an inferior one.
But it is never economy to buy a cheap silo of an inferior
quality. If possible, buy only the best grade of lumber,
the one piece stave.
The wooden stave silo demands more attention in the
summer time while it is empty than at any other time.
Since the silo is usually empty in the summer time it is
apt to be neglected. But during the summer when the
weather is hot and dry the staves will shrink and the











hoops get loose. If the nuts are iot kept on tight the
hoops may get so loose that the silo will fall down or
"fall to staves." When the hoops and staves of a silo be-
come loose; it sometimes does not take a very strong wind
.to blow it down, even if it is anchored.
A stave silo should be built or put up right. It should
not lean. It should be perpendicular. If the silo leans,
the silage will settle to one side, leaving a space between
the silage and the opposite wall. Where there is not
something else there will be air. The air getting into this
space will spoil a lot of silage..
Again, if the summer is hot and dry and the hoops of
the silo have been tightened several times, it will be neces
sary to loosen them when the silo is filled in the fall. If
this is not done the moisture from the silage swelling the
staves will cause them to "buck" in places, sometimes
letting in the air, or break the hoops. In either case
serious results will follow. When buying a stave silo,
remember the instructions given by the company from
whom it is bought. Even though some of us, it seems,
do like to be "hum-bugged," we are not living in the age
of gold bricks and fakes and fakers. Each company is
trying to put out a good silo. They are all trying to
"deliver the goods." Buy a good silo if you buy any, and
follow instructions. For best results a thin coating of
creosote should be applied to the inner wall of the silo
once in two years. Never paint the inner wall of a
wooden stave silo. If this is done, wood mold will likely
form in the wood and rot the stave. Paint the outside
wall. It will protect L.e wood from the weather and add
to the appearance of the silo.
The stave silo as it comes from the company is ready
to be put together. However, the purchaser must have
prepared a foundation on which to set the silo. This
foundation can be made of stone, brick or concrete. The
latter is preferable. The wall of the foundation should
be from eight inches to a foot in thickness, extending.











from two to three feet into the ground, and from 1 to
11 feet above the ground. A 32-foot continuous stave
with a foundation of four feet makes a good combination
for a silo 36 feet in height. It is a good practice to make
the foundation wall a foot thick at the bottom, tapering
to eight inches at the top, the slope being on the outside
In this way the inner wall is kept perpendicular. After
the wall is complete a floor of concrete should be laid.
The floor should be concave, several inches lower in the
center than around the wall. The cost of a stave silo
varies according to the size and quality of lumber, etc.
A stave silo of good quality, 16x32 feet, together with
the foundation, will cost about $375.00.

THE SOLID CONCRETE SILO. (MONOLITHIC.)

This is one of the permanent silos. When built proper
ly it will last longer than a lifetime. It will not blow
over. No guy wires are necessary. It will not dry out
and fall down. It will not burn down. If proper care
is taken in the construction, this type of silo will keep
silage perfectly. The question, "Will the solid concrete
silo keep silage?" is growing obsolete. Time was when
the stave silo men objected to the solid concrete silo on
the ground that it would crack and it would not keep the
silage, that too great a per cent of silage would spoil in
it. However, since we have learned how to build concrete
silos there is less objection of this nature. Much that has
been said against the concrete silo is not warranted. It
is true that some concrete silos have cracked, and silage
has spoiled in some. But if the solid concrete silo is
reinforced in the right way it will not crack. If the
proper proportion of cement, sand, and gravel or chats
is used in the wall with enough water to make the mix
ture impervious to air this type of silo will preserve
silage perfectly. One difficulty has been in not using
enough cement. Another has been that of not getting











the right amount of water in the mixture. If the mixture
is too dry, there will be porous places that will admit
the air. Again, if too much water is used the cement
and sand will "run" leaving the gravel or chats, which
ever is used, without enough cement to prevent cracking
and to exclude the air. Some skill is required in building
a concrete silo. However, any man who has had experi
ence in making concrete walks, concrete watering
troughs, etc., on the farm can build a concrete silo. If
a man has had no experience in making things of con-
crete, he had better secure the services of some one who
has had experience to build his concrete silo for him. He
can employ men who know how to do concrete work and
let them carry out his plans, or he can have the silo built
by contract by a man who makes the building of concrete
silos his'business.
Regardless of who builds the silo, the farmer or a con-
tractor, these two things must be remembered: First,
use enough cement. Second, use enough reinforcing
material. The mixture of cement, sand and gravel (in.
stead of gravel, crushed rock or chats may be used) gen-
erally used is one of cement, two of sand and four of
gravel. This proportion is generally designated thus:
1:2:4.
For reinforcing, woven wire has proven very success
ful. A woven wire fencing, 38 inch, No. 9 wire, with a
5 or 6-inch mesh, answers the purpose very well.
The following estimate of cement, sand, gravel and
woven wire for a solid concrete silo, six-inch wall, 16x32
feet, may be of assistance in building such a silo:

Portland cement (mixture, 1:2:4)........... 220 sacks.
Sand ............................... 15 cu. yds.
Gravel ............................. 30 cu. yds.
Woven wire (38-inch fencing, 40 rods).2,090 sq. ft.

The table given below, taken from bulletin 103, Mis
souri Experiment Station, gives the amounts of cement,
sand and gravel for silos of different sizes:












Material for Silos of Varying Sizes.


Silo Silo Silo
12 x 28 ft. 14 x 0 ft. 16 x 32 ft.
Cement, barrels......... 37 45 55
Sand, cubic yards ....... 11 13 15
Gravel or stone, cu. yds.. 21 26 30

The forms for building concrete silos can be homemade
or bought. If the forms are made at home they will cost
about $50. If they are bought, the price will vary. The
steel forms on the market are serviceable, easily handled,
and can be rented out for enough to pay for the first cost.
However, in either case, whether homemade or bought,
it is advisable sometimes for several men in a community
to share equally in making or buying the forms. All can
use them and the expense when shared in this way is not
very great. The cost of a solid concrete silo, 16x32, six
inch wall, will vary from $350 to $450, depending upon
the price of labor and cement and the distance that ma
trial must be hauled.
The expense of maintaining the solid concrete silo is
practically nothing. During the summer when the silo
is empty the walls become very dry. For this reason the
walls should be wet thoroughly before new silage is put
in. This precaution should be taken with all concrete
silos, and with stave silos as well. It will prevent the
walls from absorbing moisture from the silage, causing
it to mold. Just as the stave silo should have a treatment
of creosote on the inside once in two years, so should the
concrete silo have a thin coat of cement and water every
two years. This should be of the consistency of white
wash. It will serve to stop up all poses and to keep the
wall smooth.

THE CONCRETE BLOCK SILO.

It is not claimed that the concrete block silo will keep
4-Bul.









' 50


silage any better than will the solid wall type. However,
the concrete block silo has one advantage over the mono-
lithic type-i. e., the blocks can be made at times when
other work on the farm is not pressing. Anybody can
make the blocks for a concrete silo. Since the blocks can
be made at leisure times and by cheap labor, and further,
since the blocks are more easily handled than concrete,
some men prefer this type rather than the solid wall type.
The blocks are hollow (of dimensions to suit the builder)
and are made with a groove in one side through which
passes an iron rod for reinforcing. This type of silo must
be well reinforced to prevent cracking. Strong iron rods
are used for this purpose. There are a great many silos
of this type in use in the States. The concrete block silo
of a given size costs, on an average, about the same as
the monolithic type, or a good stave silo.

THE GURLER SILO (PLASTERED).

This type of silo is in common use in Missouri and
other States. It gets its name from Mr. H. B. Gurler, of
Illinois. He was the first man to try it and advocate its
use. The claim of this silo for recognition is on account of
its low cost as compared to that of other temporary silos,
and because native lumber can be used in its construc-
tion. It is a homemade silo.
The foundation is made of concrete extending from 11
to 2 feet into the ground and the same distance above the
ground. Before the foundations hardens a sill is laid in
the top of the concrete. To this sill two by four scant-
lings or studdings are nailed. These studdings are set
on the sill 18 inches apart. To the inside of the studding,
running round and round, is nailed half inch sheeting of
native lumber. Either elm, sycamore, cottonwood, pine,
cypress or oak will do. Inside of this laths are nailed.
The laths can be homemade. But if they must be bought
the steel laths are better. The laths should run with the












sheeting. To the laths a half-inch layer of cement plaster
is applied. When this is done the silo, though not com-
plete, can be used. There should be a cement floor, con-
cave, lower in the center than around the wall. In order
to protect, the inner wall, boxing should be put on the
studding outside, and the boxing painted. Vents or holes
should be made in the boxing below and in the inner wall
above to allow a free passage oi air between the walls.
This will prevent wood mold from forming and destroy-
ing the sheeting. A roof should be put on to keep the
rain or snow out in the winter time. Snow will riot in-
jure the silage. It is disagreeable to handle. A roof is
necessary to keep out water in Florida, though not
enough water to injure the silage is likely to fall into the
silo in winter, but all silos should be covered in Florida.
This type of silo, when properly built, will keep silage
perfectly. However, it is as stated obove, only a tem-
porary silo. It will last from ten to fifteen years, accord-
ing to the material used and the attention it receives
It will last as long as the average stave silo. It will not
dry out and collapse. There are no hoops to keep tighten
ed. Where all the material for the Gurler silo must be
bought, a silo 16x32 feet can be built for about $225. If
native lumber sawed from timber on the farm can be
used, the expense will be less. Many silos of this type
and the size mentioned have been built for an expenditure
ranging from $125 to $150.
Another type of silo very similar to the Gurler is in
common use. Instead of putting on the laths and cement
plaster, a layer of tar paper is used. Inside of this is
put another thickness of half-inch sheeting. A silo of
this kind is even cheaper than the Gurler. It will keep
silage well and last from 10 to 12 years, maybe longer.
depending, of course, on the material used.

THE SIZE OF SILO TO BUILD.

The diameter of the silo should be determined by the












number of head of stock that must be fed, and the height
should be determined by the number of days desired in
the feeding period. It is necessary to feed from an inch
and a half to two inches a day off of the top in order to
keep the silage fresh and sweet. It will readily be seen
that if the diameter is very great and the number of head
of stock to feed is small there is a chance of having to
take out of the silo each day more silage than the stock
can eat. This, of course, would result in a great waste
of feed. It is much better to have two small silos than
one very large one, especially when-the number of stock
is small and the feeding period desired is long. Again,
if two small silos are built in preference to one large one,
one silo can be left undisturbed until needed, or perhaps
can be -had for summer use when pastures are short or
feed scarce. In general, the following rule is a good one.
"The height of a silo should never be less than twice the
diameter." The taller the silo of a given diameter the
greater the weight on a given area of surface and the
greater the amount of silage it will hold. Not only will
a tall silo hold proportionately more silage, but it will
keep silage better. The greater weight serves to pack the
silage more tightly and to exclude the air, one of the two
agencies that cause silage to spoil.
Since a mature beef animal will eat about the same
amount of silage in a day as a dairy cow of the same
size, the following tables taken from Bulletin 103 of the
Missouri Experiment Station are offered here. Table No.
1 will serve to give a better idea of the relation existing
between the size of the silo to the length of the feeding
period and the number of head of stock to feed. Table
No. 2 will serve to show the capacity of silos of varying
sizes:












Table No. 1.


Relation of Size of Silo to Length of Feeding Period and
Size of Herd.


Feed for 180 days. Feed for 240 days.

No.
Cows Estimated Size of Silo. Estimated Size of Silo.
in tonnage tonnage
herd. of silage Diam. Height, of silage Diam. fHeight,
consumed, feet. feet. consumed, feet. feet.
tons. tons.

10 36 10 25 48 10 31
12 43 10 28 57 10 35
15 54 11 29 72 11 36
20 72 12 32 96 12 39
25 90 13 33 120 13 40
30 108 14 34 144 15 37
35 126 15 34 168 16 38
40 144 16 35. 192 17 39
45 162 16 37 216 18 39
50 180 17 37 240 19 39

The following table gives further figures regarding the
capacity of silos of different sizes:

Table No. 2.

Capacity of Silos of Varying Sizes.


Inside diameter of silo in feet.


Depth of silage, ft. 10 12 14 16 18

Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons.
25 ............... 36 52 68 96 122
28 ............... 40 01 81 108 137
30 ............... 44 G6 00 11o 150
32 ................ 50 72 95 126 162
34 ............... 53 77 108 142 171
36 ................ 57 82 114 158 194












After ascertaining the capacity of silos of various sizes
and learning the length of time the silage in each will
last with a given number .of animals to feed, our next
question will probably be, "How many acres of corn are
required to fill a silo of given dimensions?" The answer
to this question can be found in the data given below.
This data is taken from Bulletin 103, Missouri Experi-
ment Station:

Average Yield of Silage Per Acre.
Yield of corn, Yield of silage,
bushels, tons.
30 6
40 8
50 10
60 12
80 16
100 20
It will be seen from the figures just given that corn
yielding 50 bushels to the acre will make ten tons o'1
silage to the acre. Quoting Professor C. H. Eckles, in
the bulletin just mentioned, he states:
"'Upon the basis of total food value 21 tons of silage
are equal to one ton of timothy hay. This means that a
yield of 10 tons of silage per acre is equivalent in feed
ing value to 4 tons of timothy hay per acre. On the same
basis, when corn is worth 50 cents per bushel a ton of
silage is worth $3.35. Calculated in this way, an acre of
corn yielding 50 bushels per acre when put into the silo
is worth $33.50, while at 50 cents per bushel the grain is
worth $25.00."

HOW TO DETERMINE THE WEIGHT OF SILAGE IN THE SILO.

Sometimes we would like to know just how many
pounds or tons of silage remain in a silo after we have
begun feeding. Feeders have been heard to say: "If I
had known that my silage would run out before grass was
good enough for pasture, I should have fed a little light-
er." If the silage is partly used out of a silo and we wish











55


to sell the remainder, we would like some method of com-
puting the number of tons that we may have for sale.
The table given below shows the computed weight of
well-matured corn silage at different distances below the
surface, and the total weight to those distances, two days
after filling. The table was compiled from Wisconsin
Bulletin No. 59:


Weight per Total weight
Cubic foot of one square
Depth of silage, feet. silage at foot area to
different depth given.
depths, lbs. lbs.

1 .......................... 18.7 18.7
2 .......................... 20.4 39.1
3 .......................... 22.1 61.2
4 .......................... 23.7 84.9
5 .......................... 25.4 110.3
6 .......................... I 27.0 137.3
7 ........................... 28.5 165.8
8 ........................... 30.1 195.9
9 .......................... 31.6 227.5
10 .......................... 33.1 260.6
11 .......................... 34.5 295.1
12 .......................... 35.9 331.0
13 .......................... 37.3 368.3
14 .......................... 38.7 407.0
15 .......................... 40.0 447.0
16 .......................... 41.3 488.3
17 .......................... 42.6 530.9
18 .......................... 43.8 574.3
19 .......................... 45.0 619.7
20 .......................... 46.2 665.0
21 .......................... 47.4 713.3
22 .......................... 48.5 761.8
23 .......................... 49.6 811.4
24 .......................... 50.6 862.0
25 .......................... 51.5 I 913.7
20 .......................... 52.7 061 6.4
27 .......................... 573. 1020.0
28 .......................... 54.6 1074.6
29 .......................... 55.5 1130.1
30 .......................... 56.4 1186.5
31 .......................... 57.2 1243.7
32 ........................... 5.58.0 1301.7
33 .......................... 58.8 1360.5
34 .......................... 59.6 1420.1
35 ....... ................... 60.3 1480.4
36 .......................... 61.0 1541.4












ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE METHODS
OF CALCULATING SIZE AND COST OF SOME
HOME MADE SILOS, AND OTHER VALUABLE
AND NECESSARY DATA ON SILOS, FEEDS, ETC.


The concrete silo has the advantage over all others in
permanency and stability. A well constructed con-
crete silo will last indefinitely; there is no danger of
its blowing or burning down, rotting out, or being at-
tacked by vermin. Little attention is required to keep it
in good condition. The chief objection to it is, its cost.
In the end it is cheapest.

COST OF SILOS.

Recent data on the cost of home-made silos collected
from all parts of the country show the following relative
cost of the three types:


Average
So s. Nuner Average Average cost per
Tye of silo. capacity, cost ton ca-
tons. pacity.

Concrete: |
100 tons or less....... 71 71 $220.47 $ 3.10
101 to 200 tons....... 50 135 348.68 2.59
More than 200 tons... 23 219 446.42 2.04
Total concrete.... ] 144 117 301.08 2.58
Modified Wisconsin ..... 8 116 185.52 1.61
Stave:
100 tons or less....... 25 C3 118.40 1.87
Over 100 tons........ 16 129 187.46 1.45
Total stave....... 41 89 145.35 1.63


The following table will show the proper diameter of
the silo for herds of different sizes to be fed different
amounts for winter feeding, when 2 inches of silage are
removed daily:












Relation of size of herd to diameter of silo for winter feeding (on
.basis of 40 pounds of Silage per cubic foot.)

Number of animals that may be fed,
Inside Quantity allowing-
Diam- of silage
eter of in depth of 40 30 20 15
silo. 2 inches. pounds pounds pounds pounds
per head. per head. per head. per head.
Feel. Pounds.
10 524 13 17 26 35
11 634 16 21 31 42
12 754 19 25 37 50
13 885 22 29 44 59
14 1,026 25 34 51 6S
15 1,178 29 39 59 7S
16 1,340 33 44 67 89
17 1,513 38 50 75 101
18 1,696 42 56 83 113
20 2,094 52 70 104 139


A 900-pound cow will ordinary consume 30 pounds of
silage a day; a 1,200-pound cow about 40 pounds. Year
lings will eat about one-half as much as mature animals;
fattening cattle, 25 to 35 pounds for each 1,000 pounds
live weight. A sheep will take about one-eighth as much
as a cow. Horses should be limited to 15 to 20 pounds
daily.
In general, the depth of the silo should not be less than
twice nor more than three times the diameter. The great
er the depth the better the silage, on account of the pres-
sure from above. If less than 24 feet in height the quality
of silage will not be the best. A very great height, how
ever, is to be avoided on account of the excessive amount
of power required to elevate the cut corn into the silo.










58

CAPACITY OF ROUND SILOS.

Approximate Capacity of Cylindrical Silos, for -Well-Matured
Corn Silage, in Tons.

(From Modern Silage Methods.)


Height of
Silo Inside, Inside Diameter of Silo, Feet.
Feet.

l8 10 11 12 31 1 15 16 17 17 8 19 20
20 ......... 18 30 36 45 51 60 66 -
21 ......... 19 31 39 48 54 63 71 -
22 ......... 20 33 41 50 57 6 76 87 -
23 .........22 34 43 52 60 70 80 91 -
24 ......... 23 36 45 55 64 73 85 104 120 122 -
25 ......... 24 38 48 57 68 77 90 99 110 125 129 145
26 ......... 25 40 50 60 71 80 94 103 116 130 137 155
27 ......... 27 42 52 63 75 85 98 107 121 136 145 161
28 ......... 28 44 54- 66 79 90 102 111 126 140 152 170
29 ......... 30 46 56 70 83 95 1061116 132 145 160 177
30 ......... 31 48 58 75 86 100 110 120 136 150 168 185
31 ......... 33 50 62 79 90 105 114 125 141 156 176 193
32......... 5 53 66 84 94 110 118 131 148 162184 200
33 .........36 55 69 89 98 115 123 137 155 169 192 208
34 ......... 37 58 73 94 102 120 1311 143 162 1751 200 217
35 ......... 39 61 77 100 1061125 136 149 169 1831209 226
36 ......... 40 64 82 105 110 130 139 155 176 1901 218 235
37 ......... 41 67 86 109 115 135 144 161 183 200 227 245
38 ......... 43 70 89 114 1191140 151 167 190 212 236 256
39 ......... 45 73 95 118 1241 145 157 173 197 220 245 267
40 ......... 47 75 98 121 129 150 165 180 204 228 255 279
41 ......... 77 101 125 134 155 170 187 211 236 262 290
42 ......... 80 104 128 139 160! 176 193 218 244 270 300
43 ......... 132 1441166 181 201 225 252 280 310
44 ......... -135 15011711 188 207233 2611 289 320
45 ......... -I -- --176 195 215 240 2691298 330
46 ......... 182 200 222 247 277 307 340
47 ......... -- -229 254 285 316350
48 ......... -- -- -- 236 261 293 325 361
49 ......... -- -- -- -- 301 334 371
50 ......... -- -- -- -- -- 310 3441382













Table Showiing Required Acreage and IStoclk Feeding capacity
for Silos of Various Sizes.

(From Modern Silage Methods).


Capacity in
Dimensions. Tons.

10 x 20 30
10 x 24 36
10 x 28 44
10 x 32 53
10 x 40 75
12 x 20 45
12 x 24 55
12 x 28 G6
12 x 32 84
12 x 40 121
14 x 20 60
14 x 22 66
14 x 24 73
14 x 28 90
14 x 32 110
14 x 40 150
16 x 24 05
16 x 28 111
10 x 32 130
16 x 40 180
18 x 30 150
18 x 36 190
18 x 40 229
18 x 36 277
20 x 30 185
20 x 40 279
,20 x 50 382
20 x 60 500


Acres to Fill. Cows it will keep
15 Tons to cre mos., 40 lbs.
S Feed per day.

3. 8
3. 10
3. 11
3.4 14
4.6 19
3. 11
3.2 13
4.1 15
5. 20
7.3 27
4.2 15
4.5 17
4.7 19
5.6 22
6.7 27
9.2 37
6.2 24
7.2 29
8.7 35
12. 49
10.2 41
13. 50
15.3 62
18.8 .77
12.5 50
18.8 77
25.5 104
32. 136


APPROXIMATE COST OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF SILOS.


The cost of a silo will depend on local conditions as to
price of labor and materials; how much labor has to be
paid for; the size of the silo, etc. The comparative data
for the cost of two round silos, 13 and 25 feet in diameter.
and 30 feet deep, is given by Prof. King, as shown in the
following table:












S(From Modern Silage Methods).

la Feet Inside 25 Feet Inside
Diameter. Diameter.
Kinds of Silo.
Without With Without With
Roof. Roof. Roof Roof.

Stone Silo.............. $ 151 $ 175 $ 264 $ 328
Brick Silo.............. 243 273 437 494
Brick-lined Silo, 4 inches
thick .............. 142 230 310 442
Brick-lined, 2 in. thick.. 131 190 239 369
Lathed and plastered
Silo ................. 133 185 344 363
Wood Silo with Galvan-
ized Iron ........... 168 185 308 432
Wood Silo with Paper.. 128 222 235. 358
Stave Silo............. 127 183, 136 289
Cheapest Wood Silo.... 101 144 195 240


The following rule for feeding good dairy cows is a
safe one to be guided by: Feed as much roughage (Succu-
lent feeds like silage or roots, and hay) as the cows will
eat up clean, and in addition, 1 pound of grain feed (con-
centrates) a day per head for every pound of butter fat
they produce in a week (or one-third to one-fourth as
many pounds as they give milk daily.
The farmer should aim to grow protein foods like
clover, alfalfa, peas, etc., to as large extent as practica-
ble, and thus reduce his feed bill.
The following table gives actual chemical analysis of
the products mentioned and includes the entire contents
of the various feeds. The next table shows the average
amount of digestible nutrients in the more common
American fodders, grains and by-products, and is the
table that should be used in formulating rations. The
table gives the number of pounds of digestible nutrients
contained in 100 lbs. of the feeds and these figures can,
therefore, be used in figuring out the amount of digesti-
ble nutrients in any given amount of a food material.














Average Composition of Silage Crops of Different Kinds,
in Per Cent.

(From Modern Silage Methods).


Corn Silage, Ma-
ture Corn ....
Immature Corn .
Ears removed...
Clover Silage ...
Soja Bean Silage
Cow-pea Vine
Silage .......
Field-pea Vine
Silage .......
Corn cannery re-
fuse Husks...
Corn cannery re-
fuse Cubs ....
Pea can'y Refuse
SorgLum Silage.
Corn-soja Bean
Silage .......
Millet-soja Bean
Silage .......
Rye Silage......
Apple Pomace
Silage .......
Cow-pea and
Soja Bean
mixed .......
Corn kernels ...
Mixed grasses
(Rowen) ....
Brewers' Grain
Silage .......


Water



73.7
79.1
80.7
72.0
74.2

.79.3

50.0

83.8

74.1
76.8
76.1

76.0

79.0
80.8

85.0


69.8
41.3

18.4

69.8


Crude Nitrogen Ether
Ash. Protein Fiber. free 'ct.
Extract.


1.6 2.2 6.5 14.1 .61
1.4 1.7 6.0 11.0 .8I
1.8 1.8 5.6 9.5 .6;
2.6 4.2 8.4 11.6 1.2:
2.8 4.1 9.7 6.9 2.2

2.9 2.7 6.0 7.6 1.5

3.6 5.9 13.0 26.0 1.6

.6 1.4 5.2 7.9 1.1

.5 1.5 7.9 14.3 1.7
1.3 2.8 6.5 11.3 1.3
1.1 .8 6,4 15.3 .3

2.4 2.5 7.2 11.1 .8

2.8 2.8 7.2 7.2 1.0
1.6 2.4 5.8 9.2 .3

.6 1.2 3.3 8.8 1.1


4.5 3.8 9.5 11.1 1.3
1.0 6.0 1.5 46.6 3.6

7.1 10.1 22.8 36.0 5.7

1.2 6.6 4.7 15.6 2.1











62


Analysis of Feeding Stuffs, of the More Common American
Fodders, Grains and By-lroducts.

(From Hoard's Dairyman).


Digestible Nutrients in
100 Pounds.
Dry
Name of Feed. Matter in Ether
100 Lbs. Protein. Carbohy- Extract
S rates. (Crude
Ls Lbs. Fat)
Lbs.
Green Fodders.
Pasture Grasses, mixed. 20.0 2.5 10.2 0.5
Fodder Corn ........... 20.7 1.0 11.6. 0.4
Sorghum .............. 20.6 0.6 12.2 0.4
Red Clover............. 29.2 2.9 14.8 0.7
Alfalfa ................ 28.2 3.9 12.7 0.5
Cow Pea............... 16.4 1.8 8.7 0.2
Soja Bean.............. 24.9 3.2 11.0 0.5
Oat Fodder............. 37.8 2.6 18.9 1.0
Rye Fodder ............ 23.4 2.1 14.1 0.4
Rape ................... 14.0 1.5 8.1 0.2
Peas and Oats......... 16.0 1.8 7.1 0.2
Beet Pulps.............. 10.2 0.6 7.3

Silage

Corn ................. 20.9 0.9 11.3 0.7
Corn Wisconsin Analyses 26.4 1.3 14.0 0.7
Sorghun .............. 23.9 0.6 14.9 0.2
Red Clover............. 28.0 2.0 13.5 1.0
Alfalfa ................ 27.5 3.0 8.5 1.9
Cow Pea............... 20.7 1.5 8.6 0.9
Soja Bean.............. 25.8 2.7 8.7 1.3

Dry Fodder and Hay.

Corn Fodder .......... 57.8 2.5 34.6 1.2
Corn Fodder, Wis. Anal.. 71.0 3.7 40.4 1.2
Corn Stover............ 59.5 1.7 32.4 0.7
Sorghum Fodder........ 59.7 1.5 37.3 0.4
Red Clover............. 84.7 6.8 35.8 1.7
Alfalfa ................ 91.6 11.0 39.6 1.2
Barley ................ 85.2 56.2 46.6 1.5
Blue Grass............. 78.8 4.8 37.3 2.0
Cow Pea................ 89.3 10.8 38.6 1.1
Crab Grass ............. 82.4 5.7 390.7 1.4
Johnson Grass.......... 87.7 2.4 47.8 0.7
Marsh Grass ............ 88.4 2.4 29.9 0.9
Millet ................. 92.3 4.5 51.7 1.3













Oat Hay .............. 91.1 4.3 40.4 1.5
Ort and Pea Hay...... 85.4 9.2 36.8 1.2
Orchard Grass.......... 90.1 4.9 42.3 1.4
Prairie Grass........... 87.5. 3.5 41.8 1.4
Red Top .............. 91.1 4.8 46.9 1.0
Timothy ............... 86.8 2.8 43.4 1.4
Timothy and Clover..... 85.3 4.8 39.6 1.6
Vetch ................. 88.7 12.9 47.5 1.4
White Daisy........... 85.0 3.8 40.7 1.2

Grain and By-Products.

Barley ................ 89.1 8.7 C 5.0 1.0
Brewers' Grains, dry... 91.8 15.7 3(.3 1.0
Brewers' Grains, wet.... 24.3 3.9 9.3 1.4
Malt Sprouts........... 89.8 18.6 37.1 1.7
Buckwheat ............ 87.4 7.7 49.2 1.8
Buckwheat Bran....... 89.5 7.4 30.4 1.9
Buckwheat Middlings.. 87.3 22.0 33.4 5.4
Corn .................. 89.1 7.9 (' .7 4.3
Corn and Cob Meal..... 89.0 6.4 03.0 3.5
Corn Cob............... 89.3 0.4 52.5 0.3
Corn Bran............. 90.9 7.4 59.8 4.6
Atlas Gluten Meal...... 92.0 24.6 38.8 11.5
Gluten Meal............ 88.0 32.1 41.2 2.5
Germ Oil Meal......... 90.0 20.2 44.5 8.8
Gluten Feed............ 90.0 23.3 50.7 2.7
Iominy Chop .......... 88.9 7.5 55.2 6.8
Starch Feed. wet....... 34.0 5.5 21.7 2.3
Cotton Seed............ 89.7 12.5 30.0 17.3
Cotton Seed Meal....... 91.8 37.2 16.9 8.4
Cotton Seed Hulls...... 88.9 0.3 33.1 1.7
Cocoanut Meal......... 89.7 15.6 38.3 10.5
Cow Peas........ ...... 85.2 18.3 54.2 1.1
Flax Seed............. 90.8 20.6 17.1 29.0
Oil Meal, old process.... 90.8 29.3 32.7 7.0
Oil Meal, new process... 89.9 28.2 40.1 2.8
Cleveland Oil Meal..... 89. 32.1 25..1 2.6
Kaffir Corn............. 84.8 7.8 57.1 2.7
Millet ................. 86.0 8.9 45.0 3.2
Oats .................. 89.0 9.2 47.3 4.2
Oat Feed or Shorts...,.[ 92.3 12.5 46.9 2.8
Oat Dust............. 93.5 8.9 38.4 5.1
Peas .................. 89.5 16.8 51.8 0.7
Quaker Dairy Feed..... 92.5 9.4 50.1 3.0
Rye ................... 88.4 9.9 (7.0 1.1
Rye Bran .............. 88.4 11.5 50.3 | 2.0
Wheat ................ 89.5 10.2 69.2 1.7
Wheat Bran............ 88.1 12.6 38.6 3.0
Wheat Middlings........( 87.9 12,8 53.0 3.4
WHeat Shorts.......... 88.2 12.2 50.0 3.8
1I












OTHER REASONS FOR RAISING LIVE STOCK.

From earliest times man has owned flocks and herds
of live stock. It has been from time immemorial one of
the most universal and profitable industries. In fact it
was in ancient times, as it is now, the great necessity
for many's comfort and support; it was his greatest
source of livelihood, as well as of wealth, being his chief
occupation. At present live stock is growing scarcer all
the time; already this year the number of hogs has de-
creased over ten per cent and cattle over twelve per
cent as compared with last year. The short supply has
increased the demand and, consequently, the value also.
Another point not usually considered is, that our
lands are as yet, cheap by comparison, and therefore an
additional reason why live stock production in Florida
must be profitable. And another is that the condition
of the wreck and ruin that is blighting humanity across
the seas, is destroying millions of live stock that must
be replaced either for man's active physical use, or food.
The devastation that follows in the wake of war always
increases the demand for the necessities of life. It will
be doubly true in this instance because of the magnitude
of the occasion. Therefore, grow cattle, hogs, sheep,
horses and mules. All that can be grown, will be in de-
mand in the near future, and grow them by modern
methods, herein suggested. The present opportunity for
this industry is without example in recent times.

CONCLUSION.

In the foregoing pages we have endeavored to convince
those interested in this subject, of the ability of this
State to produce live stock successfully and profitably,
and to show how this industry can be maintained. There
can be no reasonable doubt of its practicability. We
have the soils to produce the grasses, forage crops and
grain crops; a climate favorable throughout the year, a











blessing which we have not yet even begun to appre-
ciate at its full value, yet it is one of the most marked
and singular advantages of the State when it is realized
that, in more northerly States, live stock must be housed
and fed six to eight months of the year. In any part of
Florida three months is ample time. In the not distant
past, Florida shipped a large number of cattle to Cuba
and other nearby countries. These were generally range
stock, but in recent years these countries have to a great
extent supplied their own market. The stock ranges of
those times are practically passed, for good, ahd it is
well that it is so. In the past it may have been good
business policy to adopt the methods then pursued, but
that which may have been sound policy in one condition
of affairs may be just the reverse in another. We have
never availed ourselves of the full natural resources with
which our State is blessed. On the contrary we have
either overlooked or wasted them. It behooves us to
turn our errors to good account, and when we have
availed ourselves of these natural resources, have grasped
the real meaning of new ideas and adopted modern
methods of agricultural and industrial science, we will
quickly attain a degree of prosperity which will make
our State a marvel of 'even this progressive age.


5--Bul.






















PART II.


REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPEC-
TIVE YIELD OF CROPS.













DIVISION OF THE STATE BY COUNTIES.


Following are the divisions of
ties contained in each:

Northern Division.

Franklin,
Gadsden,
Hamilton,,
Jefferson,
SLafayette,
Leon,
Liberty,
Madison,
Suwannee,
Taylor,
Wakulla-11.

Western Division.

Bay,
Calhoun,
Escambia,
Holmes,
Jackson.
Santa Rosa,
Walton,
Washington-8.


the State, and the coun-


Northeastern Division.

Alachua,
Baker,
Bradford,
Clay,
Columbia,
Duval,
Nassau,
Putnam,
St. Johns-9.

Central Division.

Citrus,
Hernando,
Lake,
Levy,
Marion,
Orange,
Pasco,
Seminole,
Sumter,
Volusia-10.


Southern Division.


Brevard,
Dade,
DeSoto,
Hillsborough,
Lee,
Manatee,


Monroe,
Osceola,
Palm Beach,
Pinellas,
Polk,
St. Lucie-12.
















DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
W. A. McRAE, Commissioner. H. S. ELLIOT, Chief Clerk.


CONDENSED NOTES OF CORRESPONDENTS.

BY DIVISIONS.

NORTHERN DIVISION.-From careful reports by our cor-
respondents throughout this district, the conclusion is
readily arrived at that the crops generally, with one ex-
ception, are from 10 to 20 per cent. poorer than last
year at this time. Cotton is the exception and undoubt-
edly cotton shows the best condition and the best indi-
cated yield that it has shown for several years. We,
therefore, cannot help but conclude that the cotton crop
in this section will be as large, if not larger, than yet
produced. The other crops, as before stated, are con-
siderably decreased. Corn averages from 20 to 25 per
cent. less than last year in both condition and indicated
yield. The season so far with the exception of a short
time in the beginning of the year, has been an especially
favorable one for the growing of cotton and it has had
its effect in a large crop. This has also been a favorable
season for pastures and for live stock. Although at
times the season has been a dry one, yet very little in-
convenience has been felt because of it. Stock generally
is in good condition and less complaint of the effects of
fatal diseases than there was last year. The best crops
that we will have Ihis year are the hay and forage crops
which, if properly used to advantage, are among the most
valuable of farm products when it comes to the support
and maintenance of the farm.
WESTERN DIVISION.-In this division conditions are
practically the same as in the foregoing division. Crops











of all kinds indicate about the same condition and yield.
The best crops noted in this section are cotton, peanuts
and velvet beans. Cowpeas are good, but the rest of the
crops, including corn, will be short about the same per-
centage as in the foregoing section. Live stock is re-
ported in good condition and doing well. The season has
been favorable for the production of pastures and forage
plants. No fatal diseases are reported.
NORTHEASTERN DIVISION.-In this division there is
practically no difference in the condition and prospective
yield of the crops, especially the important ones. Cotton
is slightly shorter in this division than in the previous
ones, but in this division sea island cotton predominates.
Both varieties of cotton, however, are shorter than in the
divisions first above mentioned. Corn is about the
same. Sugar cane slightly better, and the forage crops
average just about the same as in the former two. In
these conditions of cotton we have the proor of the char-
acter of the season, especially when we compare it with
the condition of the indicated yield of the corn crop.
One requires a uniformly warm and dry temperature, the
other uniformly moist and moderate temperature. The
first condition has prevailed throughout all the foregoing
districts. The fruit in this district indicates a slightly
better crop than last year, and the condition of live stock
is also good as in the former. No reports of diseases
have been made.
CENTRAL DIvIsIoN.-There is no appreciable difference
in the condition of crops in this division and those just
above considered. In this section of the tSate the citrus
fruit crops begin to show up in preponderance of the
others, but the usual farm crops adapted to that section
show about the same condition and indicated yield as the
former sections. It shows that there has been a remark-
able uniformity in climatic conditions throughout the
State for this to occur. There is little cotton grown in
this section, but what is grown is in good condition and








73

indicates a good yield. The condition of live stock in
this section is also good.
SOUTHERN DIVIsioN.-In this division the climatic con-
ditions that prevailed were about the same as throughout
other sections of the State. There has been little rain
in some sections and much less than was necessary for
the regular crops, but they have done tolerably well con-
sidering the slight precipitation that has fallen through-
out the district, and it is quite possible that with the
improvement of the last few weeks that the grape fruit
and orange crop will be somewhat superior to that of
last year. The principal increase, in the opinion of the
correspondents, will be on the part of grape fruit, which
they expect to see far exceed any former crop. It is,
therefore, possible that the citrus fruit crop of this sea-
son will exceed that.of last year by 10 to 12 per cent.








, 2


75


REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPECTIVE YIELD OF CROPS,
FRUIT AND FRUIT TREES, AND CONDITION OF LIVE STOCK,
FOR QUARTER ENDING SEPT. 30, 1914, AS COMPARED WITH
SAME PERIOD LAST YEAR.


COUNTY. Upland Cotton. Sea Island Cotton.


Northern Division.

Franklin ..............
Gadsden ................
Hamilton ...........
Jefferson ................
Lafayette ...............
Leon ............ .
Madison .. .........
Suwannee ...............
Taylor ..................
W akulla ..............
Div. Av. per cent......


j condition. IProspective Condition. (Prospective
Y field. Yield.
- '.. .. ..
i120 125 100 100
90 100 70 80
65 80
......5 so .... ..100 80
100 110 .......... .........
90 90 110 110
80 80 99 99
S.......... .......... 00 90
80 80 75 80
S 89 1 96 92 I 91


Western Division.
Calhoun ............. 125 125 100 100
Escam bia ............... 50 50 .......... ..........
Holmes ............... .......... .......... 100 105
Jackson .......... ... 100 110 ... .. .. ..........
Santa Rosa ........... 65 65 ....................
W alton .................. 75 75 .....................
W ashington .... ....... 90 00 .......... .........
Div. Av. per cent........ 84 I 86 100 102
Northeastern Division.
Alachua ................ 90 80 75 80
Baker .............. 75 75 80 80
Bradford ............... 70 85 70 85
(lay .............. ...... ......... 100 100
Nassau ................. 100 100 100 100
Putnam ................... ............... ...
St. Johns .. .......... ........ I ... .... .. ..... ".
Div Av. per cent........ 84 85 I 86 85
Central Division.
Citrus ........... .. .......... ......... .. .........
H ernando ............... .......... .......... .... ...... .
Levy ......... ..... 85 75 80
Marion ................. 100 100 100 100
Orange .. .. .. ..... ". ....... .
P asco .................... ..... .......... .........
Seminole .... .................. ......... ... ...
Sum ter ................ ......... ...... .. ....... .. ......
Volusia ................ ...... .... ...... ... ..............
Div. Av. per cent........ I i92 87 I 0 I 87
Southern Division.


Brevard ......... .... .. ...... ... ........ .. ......... ..........
Dade ............ ................. I .. .......... ...... ..
DeSoto .............. .......... .. ........ ..... ..
Hillsboro ............... .......... --.......... ..... .
Lee ..................... ... .... .. ... .
O sceola .................I ....... ***------- *
inellas ................. ....... .. .......... ......... .....
P alm B each .'.. ..'.. I ....... .. I .......... .......... ..........
Polk .... ............ ... .. .... ... ...... .. ...
St. Lucie ... .... .......... ...... -
Div. Av. per cent........ .......... I .......... I .......... ............
State Av. per cent........I 87 I 88 I I 91











76


REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPECTIVE YIELD.-Continued.


COUNTY. Corn. Nugar Cane.

Northern Division. ondiion. di Prospective Condilion. [I r., T.,
_______________ Yield. l)1It 1
Franklin ............... 75 80 100 100
Gadsden ................. 90 90 :O 65
Hamilton ............... 75 75 95 fi
Jefferson ................ 50 65 50 65
Lafayette ............... 70 70 80 k0
neon ................... 100 100 00 10l
Madison .......... .... 85 85 100 101
Suwannee ............... '5 85 8O O
Taylor ................. 50 50 10 90
Wakulla ................ 95 100 !10 100
Div. Av. per cent........ 78 80 | 8 I 87
Western Division.
Calhoun ................. 50 50 75 50
Escambia ............... 60 60 75 75
Holmes ................. 60 0 80 85
Jackson ................. SO I 5 85 CO
Santa Rosa ............ 75 75 !10 00
Walton ................. 75 75 80 80
Washington ............. 60 60 80 85
Div. Av. per cent........ ...66 66 | 81 I 84
Northeastern Division.
Alacuua ................ 50 50 80 80
Baker .................. 85 85 100 100
Bradford ............... 05 75 110 115
Clay ................... 80 80 100 90
Duval ................... 9.0 90 70 70
Nassau ................. 80 75 75 80
Putnam ................ 75 75 100 100
St. Johns .............. 90 90 85 90
Div. Av. per cent........ 77 78 90 91
Central Division.
citrus .................. .. 75 50 100 100
Hernando ............. 75 60 90 !5
Levy .................. 65 60 90 90
Marion .................. 80 80 100 100
O range ................. .......... ... ... .... .. ..
Pasco .................. 40 40 75 75
Seminole ............... 100 100 .......... ..........
Sumter ................. 60 60 60 60
Volusia ................. 70 70 100 90
Div. Av. per cent........ 71 65 88 87
Southern Division.
Brevard ............. ... .. ........ ......... 0 00
Dade ................... 100 100
DeSoto ................. 90 100 100 100
Hillsboro ............... 90 90 85 90
Lee ..................... .......... .......... 90 100
Osceola ............... ........... .......... 0 95
Palm Beach ........... .......... .......... 100 150
Pinellas ................ 90 90 90 100
Polk .................... 50 50 60 60
St. Lucie ............... .......... .... ...... 95 95
Div. Av. per cent........ 84 I 86 | 85 | 94
State Av. per cent...... 75 | 75 I 85 I 89















REPORT OF CONDITION AND PI'OSPECTIVE YIELD.-Continued.


COUNTY. Field Peas. Rice.

Northern Division. Condition. lProspectivel Condition. IProspective
_I Yield. Yield.
Franklin ............... 100 100 ..........
Gadsden ................ 100 100 ..... .....
Hamilton ............... 85 85 ..... .....
Jefferson ............... 100 100
Lafayette ............... 80 85 .... ....
Leon .................... 100 100 ....... ...
Madison ................ 75 75 .........
Suwannee .............. 100 100 60 60
Taylor .................. 75 80 ..... .....
Wakulla ................ 100 100
Div. Av. per cent........ 02 ')2 60 i 60
Western Division.
('alhoun ................ 70 70 65 60
Escambia ............... 100 100 75 75
Holmes ................ 90 95 80 80
Jackson ................ 95 100 ........ ..........
Santa Rosa ............. 100 100 90 90
Walton ................ 100 100 100 100
Washington ............ 100 100 ..
Div. Av. per cent........ 94 I 95 82 83
Northeastern Division.
Alauua .................. 100 100 ...............
Baker .................. 80 80 60 00
Bradford ............... 100 100 80 )0
Clay .................... 100 100 ....................
Iuval .................. 100 100 ..... .
Nassau ............... .80 80 100 100
I'utnam ................ 50 50 70 75
St. Johns .............. 90 90 00 90
l)iv. Av. per cent........ 87 87 | 80 | 83
Central Division.
Citrus .................. 100 1 .......... ..........
lernando ............... 90 100 .......... ..........
Levy ................... 90 95 ..........
Marion ................. 100 100 98 98
Orange ................. 90 85 ....... .
I'asco .................. 90 90 .. .
Seminole ............... 100 90 ....... .......
Sumter ................. 40 40
Volusia ................. 90 90
Div. Av. per cent........ 88 I 88 98 1 98
,southern Division.
Brevard ................. 80 80
Dade ................... 100 100
DcSoto ................. 100 100
HIillsboro ............... 90 95 80 80
Lee .............. ... ... 100 100 ..... .....
Osceola ................. 100 100
Palm Beach ............ 100 100
Pinellas ................ 100 100
Polk ... ................. 50 50 50 50
St. Lucie ............... .... ..........................
Div. Av. per cent........ 91 I 92 65 65
State Av. per cent....... 90 I 1 I 77 78












78


REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPECTIVE YIELD.-Continued.


COUNTY. Sweet Potatoes.


Cassava.


"7;-- -7--


'" liii ,..ii | Con.ition. Prospective Condition. IProspective
SYield.\ Yield.
Franklin ................ 100 | 100 .........
Gadsden ......... .. 60 I 50 ........ .....
Hamilton ............... 100 85 ......
Jefferson ......... ...... 50 75 ............ ...
Lafayette .............. 100 100 1. ........ .. .
Leon ................... 100 100 .... ..j...
M adison ................ 100 100 .......... .........
Suwannee ............. 100 100 .......... ......
Taylor .................. 65 65 ..... .. ..... ..
W akulla ................ 90 100 ......... ..........
Div. Av. per cent......... 8( 80 .......... ........
Western Division.
Calnoun .............. .. 80 85 .......... ......
Escambia ................ 80 80 75 75
Holmes .................. 85 90
Iackson ................ 85 90
Santa Rosa ............ 85 90
W alton ................. ,100 100 .
Washington ............. 100 100 .. ..
Div. Av. per cent........ 88 | 91 | 75 75
Northeastern Division.
Alacrua .................. 100 100 ...
Baker .................. 100 100 .......
Bradford ................ 00 95
Clay ................... 100 100
Duval .................. 75 75
Nassau .................. 80 60
Putnam ................ 75 75
St. Johns ............... 100 100 100 100
Div. Av. per cent........ 90 I 88 [ 100 1 100
Central Division.
Citrus ... ............. 100 100 .. .
ernando ....... 95 100 ...... ..........
Levy .......... ...... 90 85 ......... .
Marion .......... ....... 100 100 . . .
Orange ................. 90 100 ..
Pasco .................... 60 60 ......... ...
Seminole ................ 100 110 ............
Sumter ................. 75 75 ...... ...
Volusla .............. ... 100 80 .... .... ..
Div. Av. per cent........ 80 1 90 1 .......... ...
Southern Division.
lOrevard ............. 0 70 ....... .......
Dade .................. 100 0100 100
eSoto ............... 100 100 ...

StLboroue ............... 105 100
PLee ....... ......... .....
Osceola .................. 100 100 ........
Palm Beach ........... 100 125 ......
'inellas ......... ...... 100 100 ......
nlk ........... ... 100 160 100 120
St. Lucie ................ 105 100 ...... ......
Div. Av. per cent........ 97 | 104 | 98 1 157
State Av. per cent....... 88 I 72 V 91 1 111












79


REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPECTIVE YIELD-Continued.


COUNTY. Peanuts, Broom Corn.

Northern Division. condition. Prospective Condition. Prospective
I Yield. _Yield.
Franklin ............... .... ... ............. .........
(:adsden ................ 100 100
Hamilton ....... ... 85 85
Jefferson ............... 75 85
Lafayette ................ 80 85
Leon ................... 0. 0 100
Suwannee ............... 100 100 ....
Taylor ................. 100 100
Wakulla ................ !00 100
Div. Av. per cent ........ n 87 93 1..... .. ..........
Western Division.
Calhoun ............... 00
Escambia ............... 80 80 75 75
Holmes ................. 90 05 ......
Jackson ................ ..00 100.
Santa Rosa ............. 100 100 .......
W alton ................. 90 100
Washington ............ 100 105 .
Div. Av. per cent........ 91 I 6 I 75 I 75
Northeastern Division.
Alac ua ................ 80 .......... ......
Baker ............... 100 100 .......... ..........
Bradford ............. 125 125 .......... .. ....
Clay .................... 100 100 .
Duval .................. 85 85 ..
Nassau ................. 00 100 100 100
Putnam ................. 90 90 ......
St. Johns ............... 100 100 .. ....... ..
Div. Av. per cent........ 0 I 97 I 100 I 100
Central Division.
Citrus .................. 100 100 .......... .....
H ernando .............. .......... . .. .......
Levy .. 90 .85. ... .... ..........
M arion ................. 105 105 .. ... ...
Orange ................. .......... .......... ........ ..........
Pasco ................... 90 90 ....... ..........
Sem inole ............... .......... ......... .......... ..........
Sumter ........... ..... 100 100
Volusia ................. 100 100 ..... ....
Div. Av. per cent......... 97 I 07 ............. I....
Southern Division.
Brevard .......................... ....... ..... .....
Dade ................... 100 100
DeSoto ........................................................
Ilillsboro .......................... .......... ....... .. .........
Osceola ............................................... ..... .
Osceola ................................... ........... ..... ....
Palm Beach ...................... ..... ............
Pinellas ..............................
Polk .................... 100 120
St. Lucie ......... .........................................
Div. Av. per cent.......i 100 I 110 I ................
State Av. per cent......... 94 98 | 87 I 87












s8


REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPECTIVE YIELD--Continued.


COUNTY.


Northern Division.


'Franklin ................
Gadsden ................
Hamilton ...............
Jefferson ..............
Lafayette ..............
Leon ..................
M adison .................
Suwannee ...............
Taylor ..................
W akulla ...............
Div. Av. per cent........


Ilay-Native Grasses.

Condition. Prospective
IYield.
100 100
110 110
100 100
75 75
100 100
100 100
100 100
75 75
100 *100
95 95


Alfalfa.


Condition. IProspective
I Yield.

.. i5.." 25.... ..




602 0

92 02


Western Division.
Calhoun................ 80 80 1. .o I........
Escambla ............... 100 110 I. ::::: .. .
Holmes ................. 85 85
Jackson ................ 00 5 ....... ...
Santa Rosa ............. 100 100 ..........
Walton .........0..... 90 95
Washington ............. 100 110 .. ..........
Div. Av. per cent........ 92 I 96 |.......... ..........
Northeastern Division.
Alachua ................ 80 80 .......... ......
Baker ................... 100 I 100 .......... ..
Bradford ... ............ 70 75 ....
Clay .................... 100 I 100 ..... ..
Duval ............ .... 90 90 ..
Nassau ................. 90 1:00" .. ::..... ...
Putnam ..... ........ .. 100 I 100 ...........
St. Johns .............. 100 I 100 ...:: :.........
Div. Av. per cent........I 91 1 3 ........ ........
Central Division.
Citrus .................. I 110 115 I .. ........
Hernando ............... 100 100 ...................
Levy .................. .. 90 .. .I ........
Marion....... .. ..... ... 110 110 ..... ..
Orange .............. 0 0 I . ...
Pasco ..... 8 .
Seminole................ 100 100 .......... .....
Sumter ..............". .

Div. Av. per cent ....... 99 99 .......... ..
Southern Division.
Brevard ................ 75 75 .......... I ...
Dade ................... 105 110 100 100
DeSoto ................. 100 100 ....
Hillsboro ............... 0 1 90
Lee ............. .... 100 100 ........ ..........
Osceola ................ 100 100 I. . .
Palm Beach ............1 100 115
Pinellas ................. 90 100
Polk .................... 100 115 ...............
St. Lucie ............... 100 100 .......... .........
Div. Av. per cent........ 96 I 100 100 100
State Av. per cent...... 96 I 97 | 96 96


I


I












81


REPORT OF CONDITION AND PRlOSPECTIVE YIELD-Conlinlud.


COUNTY. Velvet Beans Pastures.

SCondition. Prospective1 Coondition.
Yield.
Franklin ............................. 60 70 100
Gadsden ............................ 75 75 100
Hamilton ........................... 95 90 100
Jefferson ............................ 75 85 75
Lafayette ......................... 75 75 75
Leon ............................... 100 100 100
Madison ......................... 90 00 100
Suwannee ........................... 100 100 100
T aylor .............................. ........... ......... .......
W akulla ............................ 100 100 100
Div. Av. per cent.................... 79 0 87 905
Western Division.
Calhoun ............... ........9..... 90 90 80
Escambia ........................ 75 75 100
Holmes ............................. 95 95 00
Jackson ............... ...... 90 95 90
Santa Rosa ........................ 100 100 100
W alton ........................... 100 100 100
Washington ......................... 90 85 100
Div. Av. per cent .................. 91 I 91 I 91
Northeastern Division.
Alachua ................. .......... 80 80 100
Baker .............................. 100 100 100
Bradford ........................... 05 75 75
Clay ............................... 100 100 100
Duval ..................... ..... .... .. ... .. ....... .00
Nassau ............................. 190 100 100
Putnam ........ ..... ......... ... 75 75 ...
St. Johns ........................... 100 100 100
Iiv. Av. per cent .................... 87 ] 90 95
Central Division.
Citrus ............................ .. 100 90 t00
Hernando .......................... 90 0 100
Levy ............................ 90 95 5
M arion ........................... 97 100 110
Orange ............................ 100 100 100
Pasco .......................... ... 00 90 90
Seminole ......................... 100 90 100
Sumter ........................... 60 60 100
Volusia .......................... 100 100 100
Div. Av. per cent.................. 92 91 I 99
Southern Division.
Brevard ................................... .... .. ... ..... .
Dade .......................100 100 1
DeSoto .... ............ .. 100 100 100
Hillsboro ..... ................. 80 80 90
Lee .......................... 90 100 100
Osceola ................... 100 100 100
Palm Beach ..............................
Pinellas ............................ 100 100 100
Polk ......... .............. 100 100 70
St. Lucle .......... .............. 905 100 100
Div. Av. per cent.................. 96 97 83
State Av. per cent................. 890 91 1 95


6-Bul.















REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPECTIVE YIELD.-Continued.


COUNTY. Bananas. Mangoes.

Northern Division. I Condition. IProspectivei Condition. Prospective
___________________ Yield. Yield.
Franklin ............... 50 1 75 ....... ... ....
Gadsden ................ ..... .... ........ ... ....... .....

Lafayette .................... .. .. .. .
L eon ................... ......... .. ......... .......... .. ...
M adison ................ .......... .......... . .
Suwannee ........... .. ....... ...... .. .. ..
Taylor .................. .......... .......... .... .. .
W akulla ....... ...... .......... .......... ........ ..
Div. Av. per cent........ 0 I 7 .......... ..........
Western Division.
Calhoun ................ ...... ... ......... .. ... .. ............
Escambia ............... ....... .................... ...........
IIolmes ........................... ....... .........
Jackson ............... ...... ... .. ........ .
Santa R osa ......... .. ... .. .. ......... ......... .
Walton ................. ... ..........
W ashington .... ........ .......... I .. ........
Div. Av. per cent.. ... I ... ....... I .......... .......... ..... ..
Northeastern Division.
Alachua ................ .......... ..........
Baker .................................... .........
B radford ....... ....... ... ... ........ .....
C lay .............. .. .......... ....... .. .......
D uval .................. ......... ..... ...

Putnam ................ ........ .......... ...... ... ..........
Nassau................. .......... I ......
Putnam .........,........
St. Johns ............. .......... ..........
Div. Av. per cent........ 90 I 75 I ......... .........
Central Division.
Citrus ................. ....... ............. .......... ........
IIernando .......... .... .......... .
Levy ................... ..... ... ....... ........
M arion ................. ....... ........... ..
Orange ..; ........... ........ .. ........ ........... ..........
Pasco ................ ........ .......... .......... ........
Seminole ............... ........................... ........
Sumter ............... ................... ........ ........
Volusia ........................... .......... ....
Div. Av. per cent ........ I ....... ...
Southern Division.


Brevard .................
Dade ..................
DeSoto ................. .
Hillsboro ...............
Lee ....................I
Osceola ................
Palm Beach ...........
Pinellas ................I
Polk ............. ... I
St. Lucie ...............
Div. Av. per cent........
State Av. per cent.... .


60
100
.i66 0
100
9(Q
100
100
100
90


ou
60
100

"" i66.
100
9;o
125
100
100
70


00
75


85

100


60


75

73


- 8 94 1 857f.- 75
78 1 81 1 87 1 75


^ .


**











83


REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPECTIVE YIELD.-Continued.


COUNTY. Avocado Pears. Guavas.

Aorthern Division. I Condition. \Prosective\ Condition. |Prospective
Yield. \ Yield.
Franklin ............ ...... ... 50 60
Gadsden ........... .. ... .
H am ilton ........... ... ...... .. ... .. .i ..........
Jefferson ............... ... ...... ........ .... .. ..........
Lafayette ............ .......... ... ......... ..........
Leon ................................... .......... ........ ..
Madison ................ ............................. ..I.........
Suw annee ............... .......... .......... ......... ......
Taylor ................. ........ .. ........ .... ...
W akulla ............... .......... ...... -.. .......... ...
Div. Av. per cent........ .......... .......... 50 I 60
lVestern Division.


Calhoun .............. .. ... .......... .......... ........
Escambia ..............
IIolm es ................. ..... ..
,ackson ...... .......... ....... ... .......... ........ I ..........
.Tack.son.......
Santa R osa ............ ..... .... ......... ........ .. ....
W alton .......... .. .. ...... ...... ....
W ashington ............. ...... ......... ....... .. ..
Div. Av. per cent...... ...... ......... ..... ... .. ........
Northeastern Division.
Alachua ............... ........... .......... ........
Baker ................. .........................................
Bradford ............... .......... ............................
Clay ................... ......... .......... .......... ... .....
D uval ................... *
Nassau ................. .......... .......... ..... ..
Putnam ..... ................. ..........
P tnam .......... .... ..... ...... ... ... . .. ........
St. Johns .............. .......... .. ...... 100 00
Div. Av. per cent........ ........ ............. 100 100
Central Division.
Citrus ................. I ........ ........... .........
Hernando ... .............. ......... ........ .I ...... .
Levy .............................. ...... ..........
Marion .......... ... ....... .. .
Orange ............... .......... ..........I 100 1
Pasco .................. I..... .. .......... 100 100
Seminole ........................ ......... 100 110
Sumter ................. .................
Volusia ...........................: : :.........: :' 100 110
Div. Av. per cent........ ..................... 100 114
Southern Division.
Brevard ................................. .... .. 9100
Dade .............. 100 | 100 100 I 100
DeSoto ............... ....... .... 100 125
Iillsboro ............... .......... .......... 95 100
Lee .............. 100 100 10' 110
Osceola ............... ... .. I. 100 100
Palm Beach ............ 100 110 95 100
Pinellas ........ ..... .. .. 100 100
Polk ........ ... .. ... 100 1,5
St. Lucie ..... ...... I 100 65 90 1 (5
Div. Av. per cent........1 100 94 907 102)
State Av. per cent....... ) 00 94 | 04











84


REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPECTIVE YIELD.-Continued.


COUNTY. Orange Trees. Lemon Trees.

Northern Division. Condition. IProspectivel Condition. Prospective
S______Yield. Yield.
Franklin ............... 90 100 90 100
Gadsden ................ .... .. .......... ..... .. ....
Hamilton ............... ................... ... ..............
Jefferson ............... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Lafayette ............... ...... ...............
Leon ................... 100 75
Madison .................. ... ........... .........
Suwannee .............. 50 50 40 40
Taylor .........................................................
Wakulla .................................. ..........I.........
Div. Average per cent.... 8 0 75 1 65 70
Western Division.
Calnoun ................ 100 90 100 0
Escambia ............... ................................
Holmes .. .................. ................... ... ........
Jackson ............. ......... ..... ....
Santa Rosa ........
W alton ........
Washington ..................... ................... .........
Div. Average per cent.... | 100 90 100 I 90
Northeastern Division.
Alacnua ................. 100 100 .......... ........
Baker .................. 100 100 100 100
Bradford ................ 200 200 200 200
Clay ................... 90 75 .. .... ....
Duval .................. 75 75 .... .
Nassau ................. 100 100 00 100
Putnam ................ 50 50
St. Johns .............. 90 95 .......... .........
Div. Average per cent.... 101 99 133 I 1:3
*Central Division.
Citrus .................. 80 90 .......... ..
IIernando ................ 90 95 ......
Levy .................... 95 95 .......... .
Marion ................. 100 100 100 1 100
Orange ................. 100 125 ..... .
Pasco ................... 90 90 90 I 00
Seminole ............... 110 125 ....... ..........
Sumter ................. 75 75 ...... ..
Volusia ................. 90 70 ....... ..
Div. Average per cent.... 92 096 I 95 | 95
Southern Division.
Brevard ................ 75 95 ........
Dade ................... 100 100 100 100
DeSoto ................. 80 95 ......... ........
Hillsboro ............... 100 105 90 90
Lee ..................... 100 100 ......
Osceola ................. 100 100
Palm Beach ............ 95 105 .
Pinellas ................ 100 100
Polk .................... 100 110 .100 90
St. Lucie ............... 100 100 100 ,80
Div. Average per cent.... 95 101 I 97 I 90
State Average per cent... 93 | 92 I 98 I 96











85


REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPECTIVE YIELD.-Continued.


COUNTY. Lime Trees. Grapefruit Trees.

Northern Division. Condition. |Prospective Condition. Prospective
I| Yield. II Yield.
Franklin ............... ......... ........ 90 100
Gadsden ................ .......... .......... ......... .... .
Hamilton ................................... ... .... ........ .
Jefferson ............... .... .. .. ..... ......... .. ......
Lafayette ............... ........ .. .......... .... .--- ........ .
Leon .................. ......... .......... 100
M adison ............ .. .......... ... : .. .
Suwannee .............. .......... .......... 40 40
Taylor .................. .......... ........ .. ..... ....
W akulla ............... .............. .. ..........
Div. Average per cent .... .......... I.......... I 77 72
Western Division.
Calnoun ............. .......... .. 100 90
Escambia ............... .......... ..... ............... ........
IIolmes ..... .........................................
Jackson .......... .. ..
Santa Rosa ............ .......... .......... .. .. .
W alton .. .................... ........ ......
W ashington ............. .......... ....... .... .... ...... ...
Div. Average per cent.... .......... |.......... 100 I 90
Northeastern Division.
Alachua ............... .................... 100 100
Baker .................. .......... .......... 100 100
Bradford .............. .......... .......... 200 200
Clay ................... ........................................
Duval .................. .. ...... 75 75
Nassau ............................. 100 100
Putnam ....................50 50
St. Johns .............. ..... ..... ..... 90 95
Div. Average per cent..... .. .......... I 102 103
Central Division.
Citrus ......... .... 90 80
Ilernando............... .5
Lernandovy .................. ...... ...... .... ...... 0 5
Marion ....... .... 100 100 100 100
Orange ..................... ........... 100 125
Pasco ................. 90 90 90 90
Seminole .............. ........ ....... 110 125
Sumter .......... .............75 75
Volusia ............ .. .......... 90 110
Div. Average per cent,... 95 I 95 93 I 99
qNovthern Division.
lieaO........ 40r 00 -o I n


Brevard ................ 40 o 50 8 "
Dade ..................1 100 100 110 110
DeSoto ............................ ..... 90 95
IIillsboro ............... 90. 0 110 120
Lee....................................... 100 115
Osceola ................................. 100 100
Palfn Beach ............ 95 100 95 110
Pinellas ............... 90 90 100 110
Polk .................... 100 90 100 110
St. Lucie ............... 100 80 100 100
Div. Average per cent.... 88 89 91 97
State Average per cent... I 91 91 1 92 92






















PART III.

Fertilizers,
Feed Stuffs, and
Foods and Drugs.































































































r'N'













HOME-MIXING OF FERTILIZERS.

Some years ago there was much discussion in the agri-
cultural Press on this subject, "The Economy of Home-
mixing of Fertilizers." Many writers advocated the prac-
tice, though few practiced it themselves.
For several years the practice has not been generally
recommended, and the advocates of "home-mixing" have
become less in number. Numbers of growers who have
a favorite formula, and who use large quantities of com-
mercial fertilizers, find it more satisfactory and economi-
cal to send their formula to a reliable Florida factory,
stipulating the quantities and particularly the grades,
or percentages, of each material they desire in each ton,
and the final analysis of the mixture to be guaranteed by
the factory.
It has been but a few years, comparatively, that facto-
ries would accept such orders-they preferred to sell their
own particular "brands" or mixtures. Frequently numer-
ous "brands" of the same mixture, and of identical analy-
sis, were sold by the same factory, some recommended for
one crop, some for another, all being the same goods un-
der different names. The multiplicity of brands was, and
still is, confusing to the average farmer or grower.
A list of brands not to exceed ten or a dozen, would
easily cover all the various necessary formulas, five or six
made with organic materials as a base, and the same num-
ber using the so-called "High Grade Salts" as the princi-
pal ingredients of the mixture.
Of recent years, however, the factory has recognized
the necessity of catering to the demands of their cus-
tomers, and few of our Florida Factories now decline to
make the "special mixtures" demanded by their customers,
charging for the materials used at current prices f.o.b.
factory, with an additional charge of $1.50 per ton for
proper mixing and sacks.











I have discussed this matter with a number of our most
successful truckers and orange growers, who, as a class,
are probably the best informed users of commercial fer-
tilizers in the world, generally trained men-often sci-
entists-who know what their soil and their crops require.
from careful study of local conditions; who were but a
few years since, advocates of home-mixing, finding it diffi-
cult, if not impossible, to have their particular formulas
made by a factory, mixed their own raw materials, who,
now that Ihey can procure their materials at ton prices,
and have them properly mixed and sacked under full guar-
antee, at an advance of but .1.50 per ton above the price
of materials in ton lots, have informed me that they no
longer advocate or practice home-mixing.
When small lots of five t6 twenty tons are used by the
individual farmer, I do not advocate home-mixing, but
rather to buy a standard brand of so-called high grade
goods-say 4-6.8 (nominal value $30.10 at factory), which
cannot be adulterated with a "filler"-and apply to his
crops one-half the amount he would use of cotton goods
(normal value $17.80 at factory), of low grade 8.2.2 goods,
which cannot be made without a "filler"; obtaining in one
ton of 4.6.8 360 pounds of High Grade Plant Food, the
normal value of which would be $30.10 f.o.b. factory, while
two tons of 2.2.8 would contain 240 pounds each, or 480
pounds of Low Grade Plant Food (principally acid phos-
phate) with from 125 to 500 pounds of filler in each ton
(250 to 1,000 pounds), in the two tons.
One ton of 4.6.8 goods wold produce better results on
a given area than two tons of the 2.2.8, and save the cost
of freight, drayage and hauling of one ton of low grade
goods.
SHowever, a neighborhood, or Farmers' Union, may join
ilgethcr, ordering 100 to 500 tons of raw goods. They may
establish a local factory, purchasing their raw goods at
car lot prices (at large discount for cash) and, by em-
ploying a competent man to mix the goods-with proper











apparatus-can probably save a considerable sum. A
number of co-operative farming communities are now pur-
chasing in large quantities their supplies of mixed fer-
tilizers of their own formulas, of materials of prescribed
percentages of nitrogen, phosphate and potash, from or-
ganiic sources, or from salts, as experience dictates, and
paying form.them at current market prices of materials in
ton or carload lots, as the case may be, for cash at the
factory, thus obtaining all the trade discounts for a cash
transaction.
Few farmers in Georgia, Florida or Alabama in the cot-
ton regions read Iheir guarantee tags. They do not pur-
chase their goods on account of their value in plant foods,
but base their value on the cost per ton, irrespective of
quality, selecting a "brand"-"Big Boll," "Champion,"
"Sure Crop," "Mortgage Lifter," "Alligator", "Boar's
Head"-as the criterion of its value. Probably seventy-
five per cent of the goods sold in the farming districts-
where the advocates of "home-mixing" are most numer-
ous-is the common 8.2.2 cotton goods which contains 160
pounds of available phosphate, 40 pounds of potash, and.
40 pounds of ammonia, or 240 pounds of plant food in a
ton, with 125 to 450 pounds of "filler." Such a formula
cannot be made without a "filler"-some inert matter,
slate, clinkers, cinders, etc., for a make-weight-it being
impossible to make a mixture of complete goods of so
low a percentage of plant food, of the lowest grade ma-
terials, without a "filler" or "make-weight."
For those who may desire to mix their own goods at
home, the following formulas are given:
For 2.2.8 "Cotton Goods," No. 1.
540 lbs. 2.00% cotton seed meal= 40 lbs.-2.00% ammonia
540 lbs. 2.00% phosphoric acid...- 10 lbs.=0.50% phosphate
540 Ibs. 1.50% potash ........... 8 lbs.=0.40% potash
950 lbs. 16.00% acid phosphate... =152 lbs.=7.60% phosphate
250 lbs. 12.00% kainit ...........= 30 lbs.=1.50% potash
3,740 lb ;
260 lbs. "filler"
2,000 lbs. or one ton=2% ammonia, 2% potash, and 8% phosphate











For 2.2.8 "Cotton Goods," No. 2.
540 lbs. 7.50% cotton seed meal...........=2.00% ammonia
540 lbs. 7.50% cotton seed meal.......... =0.50% phosphate
540 lbs. 7.50% cotton seed meal........... =0.49% potash
950 lbs. 16.00% acid phosphate.............=7.60% phosphate
60 Ibs. 50.00% muriate of potash......... .=1.50% potash
1,550 Ibs.
450 lbs. "filler."
2,000 lbs. or one ton=2% ammonia, 2% potash, and 8% phosphate

Materials for either of these formulas could be pur-
chased in ton lots for cash f.o.b. factory at normal prices
(July 1, 1914), mixed and bagged under full guarantee
as to analysis, for-

Ammonia 2% x $3.50........$ 7.00
Potash 2% x 1.10....... 2.20
Phosphate 8% x 1.00....... 8:00
Bags and. mixing. ............ 1.50

For cash f.o.b. factory per ton. .$18.70

These examples are given for low grade goods with
250 to 450 lbs. of necessary "filler" to make up the weight
of the material to 2000 lbs. Such goods are not econ-
omical. Much better to select one of the formulas
published in each bulletin'. A good general formula
.would be one of those quoted in each bulletin costing,
mixed and bagged, from $27.50 to $34.50 per ton, bearing
in mind that the "unit value" or price per each 20 lbs.
of plant tood in the ton of fertilizer is:

Ammonia ................... 3.50%
Potash .................... 1.10%
Phosphoric Acid ..............1.00%

under normal conditions such as prevailed on July
1st, 1914.
Excepting when materials can be purchased in carload











lots, under full guarantee as to the grades or percentages,
for cash f.o.b. seaports or factories, and mixed by proper
machinery by skillful and competent men, my opinion is
that home-making will not be as economical, or the.result
as satisfactory, as to have the required ,formula. mixed
and manufactured by a reliable Florida factory under
full guarantee as to materials and percentages of plant
foods.
A large number of Farmers' Co-Operative Associations
are now following this plan with satisfactory results,
agriculturally and financially. Purchasing for cash in
car lots, they obtain all the trade concessions granted to
dealers, save commissions to agents, and get the benefit
of car lot freights.

POTASH SALTS. "

Owing to the fact that German Potash Salts cannot
be imported on account of the war in Europe, much dis-
cussion is had at present as to the potash supply. Much
of this agitation is, in my opinion, inspired by speculators
who have secured the control of the supply, for the pur-
pose of increasing the price. That more potash; has been
used than required in ordinary soils, is generally con-
ceded. No great falling off in crops may be anticipated
for the coming season on account of the lack of potash.
There is no necessity to fear a failure.of crops on account
of the scarcity of German potash.
The latest prices obtained were $100.00 per ton for
50% Potash, or 10 cents per lb. for actual potash (K.O),
($2.00 per unit of 20 lbs.) actual Potash (KO).. These
prices have doubtless increased as the supply is limited,
and mostly controlled by fertilizer,, companies and
speculators. .
ASHES.

We are having many inquiries as to the percentage of
potash in ashes, and numerous samples have been.sent












in for' analysis. The average potash content of unleached
hardwood ashes is from 2% to 8%, with some 40% of
lime. We seldom find more than 3%-more frequently
from 0.50% to 2.00%. We therefore caution purchasers
to purchase only under full guarantee of the minimum
-percentage, and of reliable Florida dealers, from whom
collections can be made in case of failure to meet the
guarantees. Understand that in a guarantee stating
from 3% to 5%, or from 4% to 8%, of potash, the guar-
tee is the minimum figure only.
SAshes have been largely used in Florida. Their value
has been derived more from the lime content than the pot-
ash content. Lime can be purchased for $1.75 per ton-
ashes are quoted at $20.00. On the basis of 4% potash
(which is seldom found) under normal conditions their
value would be $4.40 per ton for the potash, the balance
being paid for the .40%, or 800 lbs. of lime (Calcium
Oxide).
GROUND LIMESTONE.

Many inquiries have been recently received as to the
value of Limestone as a substitute for Potash.
A number of newspaper articles have recently advo-
cated Lime as a substitute for Potash.
Lime cannot be substituted for Potash.
However, as Lime, by its chemical action decomposes
soil, particularly soils rich in vegetable matter, it re-
leases Potash and other plant foods in the soil. It will,
to a large extent, improve most crops by making avail-
able the insoluble and unavailable plant food present in
the soil, including Potash.
Probably 90% of our Florida soils would be materially
benefited and made more productive by the application
of from two to four tons of ground Limestone per acre.
Many growers have obtained good results from the use
of Hardwaad Ashes, containing from two to four per cent
of Potash (E20), twenty to forty pounds per ton. These











ashes also contain practically 55% Carbonate of Lime
(1,100 lbs. Lime per ton). At normal prices (Ashes at
$20.00 per ton) 3% Potash as worth $3.30, the Lime cost-
ing, therefore, $16.70 for 1,100 pounds with added
freight.
First class ground Limestone, 95 to 98% aCrbonate
of Lime, can be purchased f.o.b. Florida factories for
$1.75 per ton in carload lots, 1,900 to 1,960 pounds of
Carbonate of Lime for practically one-tenth the cost of
1,100 pounds of the same material in ashes.
Growers.are advised to write to the "Southern Settle-
ment and Development Organization, Jacksonville, Fla.,
for Dr. COrel C. Hopkins for pamphlet: "Ground Lime-
stone for Southern Soils," also to the Director of the
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville,
Fla., for Press Bulletin No. 148: "Using Ground
Limestone." ,
Lime has been used by farmers for centuries. The
old proverb: "Lime makes rich farmers and poor sons,"
is as true today as when first spoken many years ago.
Lime without added manures' (vegetable matter), Pot-
ash and Phosphoric Acid, will certainly deplete soils of
their plant foods.
Lime, however, used intelligently together with ma-
nure, legumes, Potash and Phosphates, will produce lar-
ger crops and increase the fertility and productiveness
of soils.


















































j













COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS FROM THE
MANUFACTURER'S VIEW POINT.

Read by Mrs. N. M. G. Prange Before the County
Demonstration Agents, Gainesville, Florida,
February 3, 1914.



MR. CHAIRMAN, GENTLEMEN:
I am asked to speak to you today of fertilizer from
a manufacturer's viewpoint. The manufacturer has no
particular viewpoint, since to achieve greatest success
he must take truth for his standard and seek real
knowledge. I will speak of fertilizer as I know it after
twenty-one years on a Florida farm and six years' asso
ciation with the largest fertilizer company of the
South-years of actual and successful field work, and
years of careful scientific study.

LEARN TO UNDERSTAND THE TAG.

The first thing a grower should learn about commer-
cial fertilizer is to read and understand the tag. The
tag is the surety given by the State that the contents
of the sack are not misrepresented. It must show the
number of pounds of fertilizer, the analysis, and the
materials from which it is made.
The moisture content is to guarantee good physical
condition-that it is dry and easily handled, instead of
a wet, sticky mass,-while the percentage of chlorine is
given to protect the grower of those crops upon which the
use of chlorides is detrimental. The percentage of am-
monia, available phosphoric acid, and potash, show the
amount of commercial plant food present, and the list
7-Bul.











of materials gives the grower a chance to know whether
this plant food is in a form suited to his use.
Note, I say "gives the grower a chance to know," for,
as a matter of fact, a large percentage of the growers
seldom read their tags, and when they do read them, do
not understand them.
The State stands back of the tag, but a manufacturer
can suit himself as to advertising matter.

THREE DISTINCT VALUES.

Fertilizer has three values: The State value, which
makes no distinction as to sources; the market value,
which is governed by supply and demand; and the agri-
cultural value, which is determined by the field results
secured.
It is the agricultural value in which we are most inter-
ested today. We want to consider the factors of really
good fertilizer.
Though there are ten different elements essential to
plant growth, Nature provides all these in abundance to
the Florida grower except ammonia, phosphoric acid and
potash. I expect some of you are wondering why I do
not include lime, since practically all our soils need lime;
but this need is as a base, not as a plant food, hence
does not come under our present discussion.
While these three essentials of fertilizer all work to-
.gether, each is most active in certain ways: ammonia
inducing growth; phosphoric acid, fruiting; and potash,
hardening the tissues. Both phosphoric acid and potash
are active in plant developments apart from those in
which they enter through actual combination; phosphoric
acid bringing other elements into availability, while
potash is essential to the formation of starch and sugar,
though not a constituent of these compounds.











AS TO DETERMINING PLANTS' NEEDS.

The functions of plant organs are very intricate; they
are not thoroughly understood by anyone, but we will
not attempt even to go into the details that are well
known. It is sufficient to emphasize that plants use in
their growth far different proportions of the various ele-
ments than is shown by chemical analysis, that all author-
ities agree that a chemical analysis of the soil does not
determine the amount of food available to the plant.
This makes impossible the plan usually advocated by the
novice to analyze the soil and take the result from the
general analysis of the crop to be grown in order that
the lacking elements be supplied. Nature allows us no
such cut-and-dried method.
The needs of crops must be learned through actual
field work. It takes years of experience to get this in-
formation, and the man who is depending on field results
for his living cannot afford to test out the many com-
binations possible in fertilizer applications. One season
is wet, another dry; one extra warm, another extra cold;
while other seasons may combine extremes. With these
variations and others not mentioned, how is a grower
to know to just what extent his results were governed by
the fertilizer applied? Very often he forms conclusions
based on his field work that are entirely at variance with
the findings of carefully trained scientific men working
under controlled conditions. Why? Because, in the field,
results may be controlled by factors unnoticed by him.
There is much said about theory and practice in farming,
but when dealing with basic principles, it Is the grower
and not the scientist who is theoretical.
It is not at all unusual to have such good condition
of the soil and favorable climatic influences as to produce
a fine crop with very poor fertilization; neither is it
unusual, especially where people have been experimenting
with all sorts of mixtures, to have such abnormal soil con-











editions as to cause-a most; abnormal fertilizer to give
excellent results; but these are only exceptional cases
and form 'no standard for general work. A man may
spend year after year trying to "exactly meet his special
needs," and each year he will find these needs to be dif-
ferent from those of the year before.
Now, I suppose you are asking, "If he can't do it, how
is the fertilizer man going to do any better?" I will tell
you. The fertilizer man has a very much broader ex-
perience than any single grower. Instead of one farm,
one town, or even one section, he has spread before him
the entire State, and, with less intimacy, the whole world.
He does not try to meet special conditions except in a
very broad way. He furnishes fertilizer suited to the
different crops on different types of soil, but of such well
balanced proportions as to give good general results
whichever way the weather may turn.
How can he do this? Just as the life insurance man
can tell what percentage of his risks will die In the next
five years, or the transportation companies foretell the
number of their passengers, the hotel man- his guests,
the merchant his trade, or any business man who deals
in the law of averages. As the history of other businesses
lies before these people, so does the history of crop pro-
duction lie before the fertilizer manufacturer. He must
know what will be most likely to produce a good crop
under any of the many conditions which may.occur.

MUST PLEASE THE CROPS.

Now, going into the fertilizer business does not givo
this knowledge to a man any more than buying a farm
makes a successful farmer, but it is necessary for him to
gain it if his business is to grow year after year. He may
be ever so honest or of pleasing personality, but his suc-
cess is dependent upon actual field results. In other
words, he may please the people. but his fertilizers must




Full Text

PAGE 1

Volume24 Number4 FLORIDA QUARTERL Y BULLETIN AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OCTOBER 1, 1914. COM.MISSIONER OF A 1.-tICULTURE TAU..AHAS.SF. l:, F l A Par11 L tves t ockQ,owlngand F eadlngln F lolda. P art 2-Crop Cond iti on and Y fl d.'.' Pa,t SF e ,1111,. ,.., F eed Slu~ nd Fooda an d D M.lll-. J 003, UTH~"<:t, ... m;,tt
PAGE 2

COUNTY MAP OF STATE OF FLORIDA.

PAGE 3

PART I. LIVE STOCK GROWING AND FEEDING IN FLORIDA

PAGE 4

LIVE STOCK GROWING AND FEEDING IN F LORIDA fly II S. ET,l,IOT Ch-ief C l er k Depottmwt of AyriC11ltm-c Io di scussing this subject we know that much has been ijllid and written for :ind against the J)Oljsibility <1f li,e ,toek prodnctfon in Florida on a profi ta b le bodil!. lt is cont.ended on theouehan{] hat t hi s S tat eWer~, of catt l e in particular, In vermitting t heir stock to takeca r eofthemselnis frumoneyearto ano t her without atteution, nod to i nbreed promis cu ou sly foryenrs witho ut hindran ce and tbef.CStn t emeuts com priiie a bout the sum of objections raised aga l11st llv e ~tod, p r odnc llon in Florida. ~ bey are simply claim~ based on pa-.it experiences ol the rarlge catile gro., c u, and not on cons i deration of t rue economic cond iti ons, pro1eu by facts all they exis t an(l the experience of i 11tel ligent experimellt by prlval'eindividualfi, lhe stock com p~ ni cs und the State Experiment Station. Among the prl ncipal genernl rea~>n~ why Fl orida is adapted to successfu l Ii sto r k grow in:; o f all kinds, almO!!t without limi t, i~ its unlhrilted and uufalllng water 11upply,wbic b i1111bsolutei.1'e ssentia! tosucceE>Bf"ulstock rni11ing, 1111 areil8 grecu pattu r et1. Another eq u ally im portant con dition Is the s h ort period nece s:,m ry for feed Ing n n d sbe!terjng o r ~lock :1~ compared with other ~ec tlons of the country ,Another o f e,iu nl. if not of greater imporfonce i11 the ndaptabilit~ and cap.1cit I)( the !!Oil!!

PAGE 5

or this State to the produclion of nearly all kiods or grains n1HI fo rage c rop s at a11 small, If not les,cost than any oilier ~ li on of t h e couoti:,. In all ofthi11 1 the equableclimateoftheSfatehasmuchtodo,ofconr11e, but it is bocause of these n d ,anta geii itnd cO nllition A that Florld asb ould nndca n competcwitho.ny undexccl most o f the States 11<1 a Jive stock pNlducing countr,y. Of the cuth-e :ln"J. of Florida th ci-e are approi:!mlltely three milli,m acr-cs in farms and under farm control. Th ere arc appro,i:imatcly tlairty million acrc,i that can be used to a grcn1er or lc.'is cll:tent for the 1iroductinn of gra!llles,forageaudgr11z i ngpurpolif!sforl i, e11lockofal! kinds in every portion of the Sta t e. There i d no question but that Florida h as wlthln her borders the grenleat grazing region east of the 1,Jfr,11issippi river, a nd conse qucn tl _y an almost houmll CAA capac i ty for the productioo ofnlltheforngecropanecessarytom11.intninallthe li1eijt0Ckthntcan begrownnponlt. The nurnberofli1 cstock of all kindd in the Stale i s, in round n mube1s 2,000,000, ha1 in g a value o r about $25,000,000 Instead ol lhil;: small number, there should he not l essthan:20 ,000,000head ,and l0 ,OOO;OO0hea ,lof them should be cattle ; the State can easn,maintain such a number. 1f the rnst area o! idl e lan d s in florid11. a nd the South ns well ller-e pu t to this pur('o!Ml wilh intelligent. direc tion, the!'(! would be no neceAA.ity for the big pa~kerd or the West to go lo A1gcntina !or their meat to supply Amcrie1m consumers. There Is l and enough Idle in the South, lneludi n g Floridu, l<.J produce all the beef t-aU l c, hogs and sheep necet;sary to s npJll Y the (lemand~ n! the people of the United States and also about all of the ei:port trade that t hiseountry can control. In all or this Florida shoul d and ca n bcur a l'lll'Y large and important pal'!

PAGE 6

The soils of .Florida Cmb1 ac c practica l ly all o f tho~ be,it udapled to t h e var i OH$ 11grit: u l tnral purJ)OSel\, In th e \!ere1I seetion~ of the Stat e i,oil s varying fro m stifl' red ,l~y wilh a ll of if ~ gradations of the !onm soils, is fomul in i mmense a~as and all of t h ~ with pol!l!ibly oneor twoexcept ion sa r ep roductiveMils ,so meofthem to a high degree n a turall y an d all can be ma d e so ,rt ~asonablc cost b y p roper me t hods o f control or man agemeu t. On these soils are produced nearly alt of the cro 1 ,s suited.to tl1e tempe, at(l zone and of t h e semi lrop i et,, for be It re
PAGE 7

Miune;ota Amber . 8.6 12 Plnnters l<'riend, No. 36 13.068 Orange 13.818 Goo..em;ck, Ereet 16.907 Plant1:r's f>'riend, No. 37 16.318 Amber. 10.461 Sumac 975.00 787.00 1,366.50 793.00 887.50 11033 .50 429.50 ShaHu . 11.556 2,112.50 Wliite Kafllr. 8 .153 727.00 Gooseneck, Pendant 19,0::11; 856.25 Collier 13.8 96 742.50 Rt'<\ Amber 12.283 1,500.00 Cisne 12.450 900.00 Jerusalem Corn 8.204 458.00 _Tetlow !i.01o. 9.487 900.00 CLOVY-K~, GRMIIJt& A~"D T:JnCIIES. 1 Hairy Vetch 1 Alfalfa Lp
PAGE 8

All Cow o r Field Pen s. Ve h" et B eans. Soy Ben n s. Beggar Weed. Kudtu. P ean u ts. The fol lowing tuble gi1es the a1er..1ge co111poo1ition of a few of the befit hays and Yl"i!l 8e rv eto fm t he r imp re1111 t ho se intere s ted with not only the capaci ty of the soils of t h\ ~ St nte to produ ce t he m ost fal u n blel orngen11 tlh ay 11lants, !mt with the ir h i gh (Jna l i ty and rnlue, a s feeding products. The foll o w ing tab!C1; gi1ea the average composition of ,;ome o f the befi t ba y!!"; ~ ~;:rr: :.: Soy n ean Clover ( R ed). P eauut\"tne. Lespedeui. ro:~~t~ ci~~ u. ., 11.3 1r, 3 H I U 1:1 .2 10. 2 t !i ,. 2 ~ 5.2 ,, ~.G ., '' 2.1

PAGE 9

PerOrnlofDlucttlb le, """t .......... 7~ per rent. Crab Gr,:,,.. 71. ,r cent ... ... ... .. 79 per <;e!Jt. Bf~: .~:L~~ ::: :::::::: I r1~ Ei ::: ::::::::~ E ~ Et S~owlnu V"IH~ of Somerton ........... .. ......... ............ 20.00perton. 19.0~ ver ton . .. 19.0()pert<>n 19.Wpe,ton. 19.(ll'.iperton. 10.00pe tou. 18.r.5 p~r t on Tbe time bas about passed when tile growing o f cattle on 1hc rangca can be done profttably, because, mainl:,-, of tbecnttlngupofthevasttractsofprairieand wood lands and tDrnh,g them int o orehnrds or ,1mall fanns; con~ qnently it become11 neceseacy t o change the method of fo e stock raising. Undoubtedly the change will be bene ficial to the industry and beprod.uctfreorgreater profits, thronghthebuildingupinbothskeandqualil'yofthe animal, for with the change ,,;llJ eome about the snbsti tutiOnofbetterlJreedsof8IOCkandageneralgrndingup

PAGE 10

10 11nd impronme11t lu tho nnthc stocl:. This 111,plit'l! lo ~he cp :uul hog~ u, -.. e ll aa c11ttle \Y e g uggest 111111 Jrom a large n u mber ot impro,ed ])J'fl'ds of catt le, that there are a number which h a,e pro1 en t hem a e]ve,, well 1u.lapted fo Florl<1n eondltton.!!. TheM:! are the Short Uorn or Durham, Ilerc!ord, Aber dL 'E:D, Angus, Jlcd l'olled and Devon. 1'herc nre others n l ~o of great m erit, but these are well known to be a d aJ1led to lhe cond ition and cl i mate In Florida, and heshlestheyrepl"t'8Cntthe1er-y b<beetprod11cingani ma l .e:l n Amer i e11. Ily grading up 11'1th the best or native L'OWS a~d tboroogbbred bulbo!tbeaOO,c mentioned brceds,itwill require but a llhort tlmccompnrntinly to bringaboota complete change. ll"e bnve aliown that our Florida !:l(l i la 1\ 1 '() c11pab le vf no d do produce allot t h e g1iu1sel!, forage and hay p)nnta ne<:ell3ary to "d uppor t all ot the lire stoc k a nd more than 11e ca n rai!ll!. The nut mo st importnnt quelitlou ia lo de tetminethe ~mclhod o f feeding thl .11 forage to the etock We, or coun;e, ean arrange to have the irrazing always with u11. Scientific experiment nnd experience bun: ubmulantly demonatruted Jn tho pa11t rew years, that t h ebestns well n-.i themostecono111lc11.I met.hod -Ot feeding lh-e stock, espec i ally cattle, ia in the for m of ~ill\~, 118 l\"l'll na roughage. Before girlng eon11i d er>1tlon lo the 11 nbject or 11 ilage audltafeedlng, we offer a few11uggestlon11n~ touecessarJ poinl11 to be conijidered I n stock ra!11lng; t1 1ese are, that good p nsture1 are euenthli lo snccesdu l and protltnble lhe stoc k pro duction, e~pecia lly where bee f IM the object.

PAGE 11

l'11epu,.e-bret.1 bull s f or grading t Jl} 1 he nntivestock, a n d be ,mre to selec t the best" heifer s for bl'COOing pur poses. :r:1dicate the tic ks on tbe form ;. the cos t is no t g r ee t. Cre all cool"!!e forage, 1mc h as ~fr nw s ond sta l k!I in tbe fields to assist in ca rr ying th e he N l of bree
  • d hul! s Sum mer fcedip.g o n pasture l s usually mo~ profitable t h 11 nf cedi 11 gin w i nter. TheJ1 11eo fcorn l n ijmall arno ti n td inoddition tocottonseed m ea lh nsJH'01en pr ollta bl e whllcfeedi 11gsttt 1 "11o n grnAA. In feeding your gra i n o r o(h er 11roduc ts in t he form o f s ila ge to l he stock, th u~ c onvert i ng i t info ml'at, you get a higher pri e,i f or bo!h a nd in ad di tion add ferlili1_r to the so il t h ro u gh the manure It converts th efAr 111 inion fodo r y,sotos1~uk, and i t b eco me s the e1~ator of n flni.;hed or mo,~ nearly fin ished pr oduc l, i n H 1 ead or IJ.e in g 1he produ cer or mere raw material. '1. 'hel'(l are I n sonic portion s or the St a t e l arge a 1ea q w hi c h have f or many years been ,Je1 oh:d to ijho r t cotton planting i h at through lack o f pr ope r far m i n g ~y l\lcu s and wor~e methCHfa of crop c u ltivatio n h n,c been robbed or t he ir fortllity to the e. dcnt of practleol ruin, t ha t ca1 1 h e, t hro ug h t he aid of I ii'(! st"ock grow i ng, r eha bilitated and reslorE'<: l to the ir original ferl ile co nditi on. To thefl e ~e,:;tion~, lir r s1oc k !,'rO wing am l feed ing~ho n h \ pro 1e a mau i fo ldbl essi n g

    PAGE 12

    12 All or nearly llll of lhe forage crop,< prevloui,.ly men tioned herein can lo ll made in t o silage elther!!('parately or in ,:ombilmtio n. Tb.e conversion of a crop into silag e enables the mnximiim amount to be saved nnd fed und produces a greater per cent of feed than by n11y other method known. The silage a~s11re11 a succulent feed for a.II the months or the year regardless or favorable or unfavorableclimatlccondltlo11 s When i'ur nedint oh ay gr.:::e11 ceops neeeE.~a lly lo se some of the available food mntcrialconrnined inthcm,b u t with lhnsiloondthc11ro c essor fermentation to which thcsilflb~ is subjected. the food ,alne i s iDcreaKed aml 11111ch -Of the 1011gl, or woody par1~ are made availa\Jle for ihe stocl.:. Corn is the hest arul principal eilagc crop, and with om p,acticet< ol fn s the eomporison most at l!hou ld exJ)Or t ihel >e!!I qunlil.'" ofbeef;l!heca.u dosoif Rhe wlll.

    PAGE 13

    MAKING AND FEEDING OF S ILA GE. J o tOogiderlng thi~ 1111bje(t we ca.nnot do belier tha u ~il e place t o t h e following ar ti cle t al.:en fro m li 'nrmers' J:ull eUn Ko SSG, of the U. S. De1mrt111ent or Agrieul: MAKING AND FEEDING OF SILAGE:. Uy T. E. Wooow rno of the D1.1iru Divi~im. Within th e ln 11t 30 yeor11 iji)age hM CO Jne into ge nera l use throughout the Un ited Slll!t'I!. e,ipecia ll y l o th~ region11 ~he~ the dairy lndu.stry hu~ re~ched i t greate.1t de,e\opment. Silage is unfrersoll~ r('C(li; n ized "" 11 good a n d cl,eap reed to r far m etock, nod J >: 1 rticul11rly Ii,) for 111tt1ean d sheep. Tbereore11ever:1ltt \UIO n11forlh e po 1 ,u l a r 1t. ofsi l 11ge. l. More f eed can be11torOO in n i:inin ~pa(c iu f he rormofailagetbnn i u the form or fo!ldc1orlu 1 y. :?. There is n 1malle1" lou o f food material whim 11 <'r"p lsmnclc i ntosil11i;e1ba n whencnn!i1M fodd erorlrny. :1, Cornlril a geiaa more efficient fe e d th11neo rn f,lodder. t. An !I Cl'C of corn cn n be plne
    PAGE 14

    10. Sil11ge is tile cheapt'll t :uul heo! t for,., in whid1 ::i a ucculent feed can bepro\ided rorwiuterll-Se . ll. Silage ctn be u.l!OO t..ir n11ple ui enting im m"flf! more eeonomlcally than can ll
  • : 1 ielling air rrom plnntli "" i lh n hullo" l' te111 ,1,c h al< timothy unt, and \Jnrle.,, theia e c rop 1 nre 1:u"Cl 1 put in th e ~ ilo Io all p:ntB or the Uni1td $ totes whe1~ the ~ilo ha~ (' Orne int o general use the pri n Mp a\ 1 llng c c ro 1 1 iM corn. One reasoil for tbl1 i s that ordln11 r il y co r11 v.111 prodUC(! more f oodmnterial totilcac'"'!thauaniothercro]lwhkh e11nbegrow n Itl 1moreea11llyh11nestedandpnt i otl tc ,Ho than 11ny o f the b oy cro p 11, auc h 11.1 clO \'e r, eo 1lCft ~ or olfalfa. 'l'hcee crop s ;ire urn ch more difllcul l to handl e niter being cut. Fur t hermor e, c orn rnnl.cs an excellent qnallty ot11!lage. Sorghum mlll.:C$ a sou r Bihige nod the ( ('gu me&,ID Cb asclo1 er a n d n lfalf a,are li a bletorot 011le ss 1 p eci11.l c11re I s t aken to thoroughly pn c k tbc sllAi,! and turceoot tl,cair. 'fb e rermentntiona which take pince in l tg nmin o u silnge11.re moreei:t c nalveand iniMm ceq uen ce Ou I 01111 or food material j g greo.ter tlu1n with COl"O. 'I'he only objedlnn ,.,-hich hn a 1-n rnlscd concer ning rurn sllR/fC ill. th fl f Rct tilnt It co ntain 11. ln~nfficicnt protei n 10fnllym te t therequlremcntaofnnim11.l at ohlchil ma y he fed. Some pe nio n have advil!ed ml;,ciog d o r c ow J IC'~~. or alrolf11. with t he Com when H 1s belnlf p11t i nto

    PAGE 15

    the sllo in order to co r reet t his deficien cy or protcln. Such aprocednreia not to bead1ised, howew i r, if il is at all possibletocu rcth ec\01erorothercroplnt,:,h11y,a ud I! u,ually iii J)Of!slble U h ay cap,,i are uaed. Since l!Ome dry forase .11hould always be fed along with the el. l a~, the leguminoua hay would better be u l!E(] In tblll 11a_T ra ther than hyeooertlngtbeerop lotosllage. 1'bc best l'arlcty or c,:,ro 1o plan t is that which 1dll matureandyicld tbclnrge11tn111ountofgralntothe1U're. 11lnec the grain Is the mo ll1: ,aluable part o f the corn plant. The varict1 commonly gro,rn i n any J){lrt icu lar locality for i,Tllin will 11 1 110 be the mO:!lteathd'actory lo grow for silage. A11 will be 11een from the table below, taken from the Flnt Annual Report of ih e Pen 1111yll' ania Sta10College,G3pcr cent of the digcatiblofood material$ 1reo.entlnthe-cornplantnrefoun tll nthccnr1111nd37 1iercentinthestover. I l 'leldpertte. Coro for 11ilage m ny be plan t ed and c u ltiva t ed in the Ha1mi mnn ner u When grown for grnin. Weed11 aho uld be kept out, ehc the1 will be cot with t~ corn 11.nd nmr irn pnl r the quality or the ~i la ge. The yield or corn silage

    PAGE 16

    .. l lt!r acre will 1ary from 4 or 5 l o 20 lons or mo1e. A 50. huahelperacrecropofcoro ..,.illyieldabout8to l2t o ua of ilage per acre, d epend ing up.,n tbe amount of follage and s1a lk that a ccowpa nie11 the ear. So ulhern 1arictle~ of corn Q.11 a rule carry a larger proportion of the plant in the fonn of stalk an d leave11 than do th e northern grow n varieties. Corn l!bould be baneated tor the silo Ht about the !Jllme time thnt It is harv este d fo., fodder-that i11, when the grainba 11 becomeglor.ed and thel01''erleo.ve3ofthestalk lu11e turned bl'O,m. Tile fol1011 ing tnbla taken from the Eighth Annual Report of the Ne"' York E:1:1.crhnent Station will turniah valuable information na t.:i lhe prOJJel"llmetocuteorn forth ea i lo: \:t~ld p,, r cre Ta,seled I S!lke<\ I ~JIik I Glnzee_ jut,00 .\ugO lng.11. St_,j,t.7. Sept.XI The table sbowa that tbel'(! la a steady lucrenl!(l In the amount of dry m 11Ue r and food ingredients In t h e eo m plnnt uptotheti m e.lt i sripe Immatureoornlsapo,:,r f eed,wbether fedfl'ellhor u1ilage. Th e protein andcar liJdrnte ca~ lall y under go cbnngee from t he lmmo

    PAGE 17

    17 h:re to the mnture stage whiclt illcreage tbeit food value tiilnge made from imrnntureeorn Ulnotonly !eM outri tious but also nhlre ucid than that made from more ma ture oora. The co m should uot be allowed to be(;ome th ol'oug hJy riJKl nnd dry, however, because tlte stalk and fo l h,ge a,e reudered more difficult to dii,.-eat, and, ~side~, the corn can not be packed iu to t he 11110 tightly enoug h to p1-e1 e n t"flre-fanging"w i t hout uijingexc~ai\ eam ountsof water. Tu case the corn i11 frozen before i t ie properly rnaturedforcutting,itehouhlbchnnestcdutonce,bcfore it hua had time to d ry out to any great extent. Enough water should be added to replace that Jost by ernporii tion through stand ing in the field af ter frosting Sorghum i s readily innde in t o silnge. The only advan t:iges whicl, ~orghom h us on,r corn are that it will some. ti rn e!!yieldhenv!eronpoorgroun d andth11tt heoperatlon of b11r1estingm11yeitend over a greaterperiod-tbat i11, it~t,iysintherightsta~forhanestinglongerthancom. Sorghum, liowe,er,makesa poorer qu ali ty of silage, being more neid, n ot so palatable, and le~s nutritiou s. Where torn ,de!ds well th~re is no advantng gr-.:,at care should be e:rnrcised in the tramping of th
    PAGE 18

    18 i" when in foll bloom aruJ 110mc of the tint he:.,J,i are deatl. All 1t11 ted el,a.ewhcre, It l a U.IIUally i 11a d1 ii!able t o u1nkeclover into silage it It can be made into hny, as is th e eesc 111,derwost co11dition 1. It i \Jetter 1,rnctke to grow co rn forailageand u se the dover 111 the form ofha~ aeaaupplcmeuttot h eailagc. <.:OW P t.\11, ALi'A Lll 'A, .u,a IIOY UllAK8, ThefiC Cr-OJ)ll can all be auceesafully wnd o l nt ll ailage by cxe1ti11lng tbe same precautlolll as wit h clo1er. The y ahould be cut at th e aame ti m e aa for haymkl n g. B ow Cl'Cr, itlao rd!u arily pre f ctllb l e, ugwitb c lo,er, to make t hew Into hay r a ther th a n silage Ot h er good tllage materja\a ue k a fl r corn, n 1ilo m aize. tooelnte,nnd~tp u! p. Tho com ia cut for the silo either by hnnd or by innchlnc. Ban d cutting is prn cticed on farma where the 111llount of co rn to be harvested l a" 11 11 1a ll 11~ !o rnnk e the expengc of pun:hnl!ing :l corn hftneP.1er loo gl'$lt io ju11tif y u, uee. Hand cuttln;i: b nl!lO r e,,,,rted to through lloct'll81!y,-heu thecor-n bdownor]O(ljre(l in 1111cl1 n m nn ner Ill! to pre\e nt the U!!e or fl1e mnrhine. T his m et h 01 l of cutt ing howe ver. i!l" ~10,.1m rl lnborioua nml there are proOObly f ew l ocnl i i es no" where the pu~hnije of n hnr1e11ter would no t be 11 11rofll nble imc~tmcnt. In cn~ e the ex11ense I~ e< ,n ~i dered too great t o he borne h_r n ~ in~lc inclivldu al 1 wo or m ore ne ighbon ,nlp:ht well nrrnnge to 11nrehnROll p Mtners hip mn rh lnc. In u11lni:tho Mrv~ter h 11 he fouml n ,:ren! ,u hnn t:i;e to mal.e the b und l~ rnt l, cr Rmft ll This 1'."ill tnl.e 11 1ntetime, huttheextraf!Xpellll01Vl!l bemorethn noffi,,et

    PAGE 19

    19 oy tbe ea &ie o !ba ndl i n gtheb undl e;innd lu f eed ln gt beru i n to the eil o. ge cu t te r Two or tlu'W bo1'ilel, the l a tt e r 1 1re re r a b le a nd one ruon will be r equ ired to r u n th e h a 1 ,este r ,a n d th eyahon l dbeabletocutnbout6ncre11aday. T he ha r vester Bho u ld not ge t so fQr ahead of the b a ui er19 1llnt thecoru1d lld1 7outtonn 1 con1tdel'1lbleei: t en1. l/aulil1g1 0 th e Cutter. T hi& ill ordina r ily done w i th th o commo n ti nt hay fri u nt'I!. An obj ection t o t h eir u se b th a t l t 111 n ocei!!le ~ tollftthegrcencorn!oddertoacong i (lerub l eheightlu loading, which 1' lillrd 1rnrl.. A low-wheeled 'lll'ago ll i" preferab l e to a b igh-whl:!eled one. A 10111-dow n rack quite commo n ly used i n .ome Jl, The loa d should bene lnrge as p;,&
    PAGE 20

    20 Tlw:Outter. fhere are several different mak(lll of silage cutteri;: on the market that wUJ gh-e l:lll ti8factl on Tbe rnpncity of the mnchine to be purcl.tused is nn important conaldera lion which should not be o,erlooked. Ynny persona mnkc the mistake or gettiog a cutter which ls too small, thus making the operation of fllllng the silo ry slow and in terfer ing with the continuous employment of the entire forfeofmen. Itisbettertoget a machiTielargeenough liO thatevecyonewlll beabletokeepbu&yallthe time Another matter t o be considered I& the fnet thnt the large!' c utte rs are equipped with n self-feeding device while the r.nmlle r ai1.ellaro not. Such a device saH.'S ll gre.1t deal of lul>or. Oilier facton t o be taken into ac count in pur<:hnsing a cutter are the amount of work to be done nnd the power available. 0! courac, for the fill ing of a >'Cry small sllo it would not be nlseto buy a forge rnl\ehine. Neither wonld it be advisable to OYcr k,ad the engine or motor by usi ng n cutter which Is too large for tbep,:,wer aRilablc. 'l'h~ Elcootor. Two typell of elevntor11 are in u se-the old-st.yle chain carrier and the blower. The chain carrier requires leu powe r bu t is hnrder to set up and there Is more litter around whe n it ls used, C$;pecla\Jy ln l\'indy weather. F or t h ese reaaons the blower is now fast displacing the ca rrier. The blower should be plated as nearly perpe n d i cul ar ~s p-01$S iblesoastoredn cetothemi n;mn mthefrictionoft he eut com upon t he in ~i rl e of the p_ipe nnd reduce the rlnni;er otclo gging.

    PAGE 21

    Pou:er&quired,. l'he power neeessnry to operate the cutter will depend upon its size and whether theelemto,rlsa chain carrier orablowerandupontherateoffeeding ltispO!!l!ih!eto ked slowly and to get along with less power than would >(' rll()_uired with full feeding. As n. rule, howe\"et, a person ahould hal'e power sullldent to run the cntter ot foll capacity, aud e\ en, a little surplus is ad\isnble. The power required for a cutter and blower, if a gasoline engine is used, is about l horsepower for etHh l inch le n gth in the -cutting cylinder; that ts, a l(Hul"lt c~tter l\"ill take a 15 hOl"l!eJ)Owe1 engine, a11 18 inch c uUer 11 ill require an 18 horscpower e11gine, and so on If II ij t eam euginc is employcd the po,1er should be :1! l e a~ t two thir;hof thut Indicated for the gasoline engine. The mmal length o f tutting urie s from oneha!f to 1 inch. The latter ill considered a litt l e too long, si u ce 1 i eees o f th!e length will neither pa !' k so c l011ely in the silo nor be so completely consumed when fed a s will the shorter !engthe. On the other hand, the l onger the pieces the mo1~ rapidly can the torn be nin through the cutter l'irckh1y /li e SHflyc Ordinm i l, the blower or carrier empties the ,: utcor11 lrito the top of the silo and there are oueor mot'e men i 11 the sl l o 0 to d!stribn t e nnd tr::unp the m:i.terial. Unlefls there ls some one to do this the cut material will be thrown t oo much in one place and the len1es, stalks and 1m1in will not he uniformly distrihutcd thl'Oughout the silo. Thesidesshouldbekep t highertbantbe t cntertmd much of the (ramping dom i close to t h e wall. Various coutril'ances luwe been u,iecl for distrih11tiug

    PAGE 22

    the g\lage Tlu; one most to be r~ornmc1u.ll'd for t hill pn r 1>0se, ho1yc1~r, isa rnernl plpe11imilar to the one in whitl.i the c ut ~or n is ele\ated, but pu t tvgether loOllely in OOC tious. 'l'he corn from the blower pa!!Scs down this pipe intothes i lo,nndbcingloose!yputtogctherltcanbc ~wungso that the material can be place
    PAGE 23

    23 Cot'tfffflg the Silayc. Se,er11l year~ ago it was a eommou practice to eo1 er the sil:,i;e with some nrnterial, such as dkt or cut stra,v, in order to prevent the top layel' from spolll11g. At pre!!ent when any pro1ision at all is made for this pur po,re it con sists usually in merely running in on top corn ~talks from which the ears" ltave been re,uovc l Uy thi s method so nic of the corn grain ill .11aved. The hP.11v~ green eomstalU pac k much betterthnn straw ,loes nndsoex elnde the air more efTectualJy. Tile top is thOroughly tramp(..:l. and then ""et down. Sometimes oot8 are so,n1 on the top beforewetthlg. The heat generated by t hefer meu\ing maSfl will cause the onUI to sprout quickly Qnd forn, n dense sod which serwis to shut oft' the air from the >l'ilagtJ beuer u h, nud in c on~equenee only a 1 ery Mhallow larer spoils J a!>orarnl'J'cr m1aReq,1ircd The labor and tea.me to be used will of course depend upon O,e help iwallable, the length o f haul, and the efll dency of tl1e machinCI"y. Wi t h plenty of Jie \ 1 1 11 short h aul, ond good m:,chinery the following distrihu1 i on of labormightwellhenired: 1 m(m nud3 horse~ to blud tllerom. Z mentolond the co 1t1. 3 men and G h(lrse!l to luiul. 1 man to help unload. I mnn to feed llwu tter. tor::! men to work in tl>e e!lo. l man to tend the engine, !f s 1 eam i ~ used. T
    PAGE 24

    1 man and 3 horses to bind the roru. t ma11 to help teaws1er11 load. 3 men nnd 6 horse!! to haul and unload lnu .1 ntofeed. 1 mnnin thesllo. 'l'o tnl,7 men,9hor~s, 11ud3wngous Agoodmanngerisreguiretltosoarrangetbehe!ptbat each mun untl t eam can do the most efficient work. With out carefu l attellliontothlsmattertheoperatioo offtll ing the silo becomes nccdlcnly eii:peuslve. Co8t of Ilan.-e_ 8ting a,14 Fillinq. Jt is not possible to set any tleflnite figure as the cost o t fillingthesilobecnuseofthegrcatvarlativnlneoudi tionl! in tliffer,:,ntparts or the country .. .But just lo order to gh c 11ome idea of the prolmble cost a few ftgures are taken from Farmers' Bulletin 292. The investigation reported in this bulle tin included the work d.Jru i upon 31 farms in Wisconsin and Miehigan. The labor of ench mnn wns roted nt 15 tc ntspcrbour andthesa.rne 1 nln, plM'ed upon each team of two horse>.<. Engirn) h ire wa~ estimnted atf.-t.50 per day, including the engineer. Twine wa~ rated at 11 cents a pound, toal at f5 a ton, anrl 1taMH11e at 13centsa gallo11. 1'hefarrnel'f! vwned their own cutteN!. In this investigation the co~t per ton vnried from 46 to 86 ce nts InHllltigatioru condncted by the Dairy Di\'i sio u dul"iug t he past fc"I\' year!! with 87 silos in l'arious part~ of the United Stutesindicatethecostofflllingtobe,m a1e1-age of S i N! nf s per ton. Cooperation in Silo Fillil1g. The l,igh rost of slloffl!ing machinery makes it often times n1h"lsnble for_~"cral farmers to cooperate in t he

    PAGE 25

    J-1Urcha114, vr a cu tter and engine, or at leallt a cutter, 1i11ceuuenginel 9 eo.slcr~ntedtha.nacutter. llyv111y iui;: tho time of pla11tiD.g in th e sp ring eacb mun cnn get hi~ silo tilled wheu tho coru la Ill the pro1>er stage ol muturilJ" llesideti tJ.1l the farmer& cn n help one nnother infilling,so th attberencedbea\erysmallcuboutlay. ,\JI with the cost of filling tho.1llo, no de finite figure ca n bellelD.11tothec0&torsilnge. Tb i s wi!! de11end upou the yield per acre, the c O!lt ol growing au acre, uud the c()l!;t ot filling Several ye.a i-a ui;:o the cost ,. o, \'nrlow!ly estimated at from fl to fl.50 per ton. At p l'Cllent thi~ bmuch too low. 'l'ho bcforerneutioncd Untn collected by the Dairy DMsion on the filling of 87 ilo~ in va1Jou11 par ts of the coun try isbow tbeco.t Or growing the silage croptonveragefl.68pertou. Thl sad dedtotbe8i centa, w hic h represents the cost of lllliog, mnkea th e totnl cost o f thoail11g,if2.4!!i !Nlr to n. Tllo c o 1 lof the11!ln11e tor the indivl du11\ farm, varied from Sl.10 to S5.42 per ton. In genera l itmny bertnted thRtfL 50tof3.50 per ton r epre l!Cllli! th e l imifll between wh it h mo a t ol tho 1ilage is pro dneed. When 1 my cro11 ls mode I n to allage Ct!rtai n fermenta tiontnkC11plnre,which reaulhlintheproductiou orae-0n ai d er11bleomonn t ofheota nd theeo n aeque nt loH of food materiol. The extent of this fermentation iii depeudent upon tb enmo nn t of11irinthe 1ilo. Themore 11ir t here ls pre;ieut the higher w ill be the t 11mperntnn! uffermentn lion nod tho gr-enter the !os~ of food ingredlcnfll. Fer ruentntlon will c ontinue until a ll the O;"l}"l!Cn of the a i r ha1bceuul!ednporbnsbeeodiAplncOObyenrbon dloi-id. Io the deep si\06 of the present time the )'ll'('MUN! is go

    PAGE 26

    greet 1lJat 1ery little nir is left in the silo, coneeq ue11tly the Josseaof food ingrcd ieuts a1'l:! reduced to n mlnim11111. Asbe Hage: ""' ., ... S<:,r,:bum .... n~ Clover . /S<>y TI Hn. 0>~ I ... r,:,nn 0.7 ., ,., ., It will beohf
    PAGE 27

    enrhobydiat('II in proportion to the proiein Silage i.i a bulky ,suceu hmlfeed with a widen i,t ritini r atlo, aud for thesereasoo a i t willgivethebest reaulU wben fed along ivith someoiherfeedricherindry matleran
    PAGE 28

    " cempnri n g It with other feeds. The most accurate com puriS'OTI l\'hich ill nrnilablc is found in Farmers' Bulletin :m'l. 'l'he flguroJI ghen below are taken from this bulletin. Energy Val1w of Variou 3 Feeds i11 Thtr'Jll t Pc, 100 Po,md s of lh e Fee
    PAGE 29

    " Supplement flry Feed a Wbilesilagel ao.n exlleutfeeditisuotucomplete oue for dairy stock. It i1 too bu l ky and ,ratery und coo tains i1111uftlcien t protein and mineral m atter to f ully ineet the 1 eq uirementa of the dairy cow. lt ah ould be eo m bioed w i th wme legumiooua bay s uch as eloYer, oo"''pell8, or alfalfa. Tbeeew\11 teud to correct the deflMencieii of.the: ailagi; in dry matter, protein, and mineral co n lflitueuts. A ration of 11ilage and, 11ay, n lful fa hay alone la anli11 rn e tory,hol'iHer,oolyforcowswhichnredryori;ivlpgonly a &mall amount or milk a nd for heifel'9 8lld bolls. Cov,a ir. tnll milk require ,wme more oo n centruted feed than hay o r silage ete Ibey ca o not oon1rume cnongh feed to meet the demands of the body. The ree:ult w ill be that tl, ecow11 I011eln .11.twh and In milk How. A1no11nt to Feed. The nmount of 8llage t o feed 'a co11 : will depen d upon the capacity of tbe aniu111l,to take!eed. She ,hould be roo at muc h n.s flhe will cl ean up w i th o ut 1\'Hte when ron sumed aloog11thher hny nod grain. Rni wo r tower the nmount until the proper quantlcy il! nl!Cf!r ta in ed. Gener, 1111,, speaking, n good cow shool d be fed ju11t 11l1olrt of the Hmlt of her np 1 1etite. If ahe re!Ul!(!A nny of lu1r fool ii 11to uld be reduced nt once. The small hrooch, will ta ke 2ti or 30 poun d~ per dAy; the large hreed11 nbout ~O; and the med!um eited one11 n1nou u ts vnr_, iog bcl\\ cen. Italian~. ll"Onclad dir ec U 0 011 for f eeding 001"1! cn n not he i:t"h eu In general ho\\'e, r. theJ should be !rupplied with all the ro11glmge they \\'Ill ~ l ean up wit h grain I n proportion to hnt! cr f llt J)N)l l uceJ. The hny \\'ll! ordiunril,v r,rnl,!'.c be t,r,een ;j .ind 12 ponnd ~ I JC r to w perdn.v when feel fn eo n

    PAGE 30

    iu:diou with siluge. F o r Hulsteiu s 1 pou11d of coucen l rat, :s !or eaeh 4 pound s of milk produced w!H pro1e abou t right. Fol" J erseys l pound for each 3 pounds of milk or less will come nearer meeting the requlrement11 'l lit grain for o t her breeds will \"Ury bet" : oon these two acoordingto the qua li ty of milk pro h wed. A good ruh lll lo feed lle1en times :1s much grain ns theNl is butterfllt 1,roduted. The following rutiou s will be fonnd goorl : Fo r 11 1.300 pomid eo w ~ -iel iling 40 pound~ of milk test ing 3.5 per reut Por t h<, snme {o w _viddi11g ~'fl J)(lU11ds of 3 ri per cent milk: ' F o r 11 900 p:,nrul (' "" ., ieldin g 30 pound s or r, per cent n
    PAGE 31

    111 caije the boy u~eil is uol of tllis k iOO l>(' corn chop ,nay be 1-ep!aced by li11~ or cottoulleed meal. In many i nlltunce!! dried brewers' graiullOr croshed oab may be profitably aubstituied for the brau. Time to J,'ecd. 'l'he tiOle to focd sllage is diroctly after milking or at !('ast SC\'eral hours before milking. It fed lmwcdintely before milking tile silage od..-.111 may paSll through the cow's body into the ,uilk. Besides, !he 111i.lk may recehe avme ta in ts directly frolII the s 1able 11ir. Ou t he other ?mnd, if f~lling is done snbi!ll(Juenl to milking the.volatile i,iloge odol'!! will ha, e be,:m thrown off before the next milking hour. Silage ill mmnlly fed twice a day. M.aa objectlolls have beeu made to the feeding o( s ilage; some cendensedes e1 eu refu~lng to let their patrons use it. These obj ec tions are becoming leSI! com mou,aincewilk fromcowsfed11ilagein II propernrnnner i~ in no wa y impa;red; bC!lides which there is nothing about sllage that will injure in any way the he a lth of the animals. F'eeding Frozfin Silage. Fro7.t"u silage must first be thnwed befvre f eedh1g lf i r is t hen given immedintely to the cow~ before deeo1n, poaition set~ in n o harm wlll result from r e edjng thi~ kiod of silage; n~ither is the n11tritive n1lne known to he c hongedinonyway. Cnheij may he fed ~ilng e with BDfel,v 11hen ther are nbouf 3 or 4 month~ old. It is perhnpl! of gl"Cate r im 11ortnnee thnt the ~iln,;,i he free frvm mold ordccny when giren to colve!!thon when ei1eu onmt,,restock. Afte1 the cnhe s are weane(l th~ rnn }' be J!h'en al! t he ailage

    PAGE 32

    " they will ea 1 up deau Yearling ,cnh es will e oJJsume about one, h alf as mud, as m atu1e stock, t h nt i ~, from H'i to 20 pounds a dny When supple me nted with some goo d !egumlnoua hay li ttle, if an y grain will be requ ired to kt>ep t he cakes in athrift),growingeondition. There i s a de ci ded opi nio n among some b reeilera of dnir ystoc k that a largeal lowa ncc ofsllugeisdetrime nta J to the b reeding qualities of t h e bu ll. Whether there i~ a1Jy scientific fo un dat ion fo r t his opin ion remai n s to bt: determined. Pending f urther in v estigatiuM, howcn~r, it i ~ ad1 isable t o limlt the a ll owance to about ll'i poun d @ of 11ilugeaday fo-r cach 1 ,000po und so flfrew e i gl,t. When fod i n thia amo un t silage ia tho u ght to be 11 good, c heop, und safe feed for bull s. It s hou l d ot eourse be supple mcn ted wlth bay, and with a muall allowance of grain also in t he case o f bulls ll.oing active serv ictl or b'l'flWing rupidly. Cows when dry w !ll c onsume almost 11s much roughnge as w hen milking. Sllage may well form the p riu d p al i ugred ie nt of the ration, In ,M t, ,,;Ith '.:.b to 41) po,md~ ('I s i lage and a ams.J I supplem entar y feed or el1wer, row pea, or alfalfa hay, say G or G pou n ds a dny, the co ws will krep i n good flesh and even make some gain. Cows in thin flesh should receive In ad ditio n n small cm.:,unt of grain. S i lage wlll tend to k~p the whole BJ Stem ln a state o f h eal t hy ac tiv i t y and In this w ny lessen the t r oubles inci dent to parturit ion. Silage forSumme, J; eed;ng On e of the mos t tryi n g eenso n s or the ~ear for the dai ry c ow ls th e latter part o f th e su mmer and early fal l. At t his season the r,astures a r e often short or dried up, and in 1J1Jeh cases ltls a co mm on mistnl:e o t d 11 i ryme11 t o let their eons dr op off l n flow or mil k through la ck of feed. T .nter th ey find it impo~iblc to t't!!to rc t he mil k flow no matter how the cons are fed. Good rlHlr .v pr~ctice de

    PAGE 33

    33 m11ml 11 th 11t the mllk 0 1\ow 00 rnaint:1iu cdut u h i g h point nil the time from 1 mrtu r ltlon to drying off. It beco1ue11 n ecessnry,therefore, to supply 15,)meteed totnke theplare of the gra.u. T h e euai e st way to do thl11 1' b~ 11Hi11n11 of sil ag e. Si lage is c heaper llDd decid edly more co nvenient to use thnn !!Oiling croJlll. The OWOllllb to feed vdU depend upon the t'Ondition of the pnstnres, v11r yh1g 111\ the w uy from lO pound s to a full ,ii u ter feed of 4.0 pounds. It should be remembered In this eonoettiontb1t1ilageeontalnsa l o"pen:eo1ageo f protein IO that the greater the amount of silage fed the G' reatermutrtbethe amount of protein In t h e snpplemcn tory feed s to prop e rly balance the rulioo. SILAGE POR ll ORS ES. By G E OllC )I. Ro:,ii.n:1,, Chi t f of tho ,l11imoi llluiban4rr Dii:iaion. Sila ge hns not bee n geocrnlly fed to hor11e11 pnrtl.r on :1tt"O u nt o f a certain amount of danger w h ic h 111tend J1 It. 1111(! for this purpoll(', but 1ti11 more, perl mp11 0 11 account uf prejudice Io m o. ny c11set1 ho recs h nve been killed by enting moldy 11ilnge, nn d the ca releq person who fed It nt once blamed tbe sil age It.e lf rather thn n hb ow n car& lcssn ci,a and th e mo ld which reall y waa the cuu,e of the trouble. Hol"l!caare peculiar l y 1JU 11ceptlble to t h eeffect1 of mold1, and under certain C<:1nditlon11 certain mold gro111 on lirilnge whleb a~ deud!y poltonB to both hol'SCII an d mules. Mold11 must have nil' to gro w o ml t h e~ f ol'il llilai:;e which ll! pnckcd ai rtight a n d fed out n 1 pidi}" will not beeome m oldy If the feeder l\"atcbes t he 11ilnge care fully 011 the 1'1'Cntber WP.rm~ up he ca n soon d etect the J>l"('l! e n ce of mold When mo ld appeoJ'$, feed.lug t o ho ne11 or mul es 11l10uM $lop imm ediately. It i9 11 I J10 unsa f e to fttd h ON!tt rro ~.e n si la ge o n aewunt of the dAn~er of coll~. T hi~ r~ p rnctlcall y lmpo!llliblc In 3Il n1.

    PAGE 34

    nvolJ i n very cold weat h er, etlJ>CCln ily in &0lidwn l l 11il,.1s. lly taking the day' feed from the unfro~ center o f tbe ilo 11nd chopPin g H"a1 t he f.rotcn i.il,ge from the edgu and 1irnng the frozen pieces In the center the m11111will u11unllythnw out in lime for lhened fet.'rse, 11houltl not be cut too green, n11 gour ailaa-e will reault and m ay cause colic when fed. 'file c orn 8hould h e well matured nnd cut "l\hcn the grain i beginning togla:r.e. Theldlo shou ld bl'ftlledrnpldlyand lheeorn ahoul d l,erigorocalytramp ed nndpackedwhileftlll n g Atle11Mthl'CCroe n shouldbe Juside the silo, moving coustanlly, two 11roun d the e d!,'Cii and the third acrou ~nd around the uld not l>cfedtohoraesin thnt~ason 1111lesa 11lnrgenm11~rof anlnn,IB ore gett ing it an d the dally coniJumptiou i~ ~o la 11,-e 118 to preclude the fo rm at i on of mold on tbc ~ur face To c heapen the ra tion of hro,xl mn r e,i in winter n o feed h~11moreraluethan!foodcornsllnge. Tfthegi-aln~ into the 6ilo w i t h th e ~l orer no ndditionnl grain l a need ed for brood mnrc11, hay bdng the ,:1111~ supp lem enturr flied nece.uary. Ifthere is little ~rain un the corn the @ilngc 11hou ld he ~11 1 1r,lcrnen ted with 1 po und of o h! procCM lin seed-oil mc11 l orcottoneed rneo l doi ly p,r 1 000 pounds lfrc weil(hl, sprlnkl('() rl\'er 1he ~l!age

    PAGE 35

    " Hol"l!ell" to ho! v. in tered on a Rilnge and bay 1.tion 11Jou ld L,eaturtOO on nl!out i:i pound,ot &ihtge du lly pel' l,000 pouud11 Ji,e weight, tlie grai n nnd hay ration being grndunlly decreased as the s ilage la hiereaeed >Hl!il th e nnio n i1 20 pou n d .11ilage and 10 pound.11 of hn~ tl11i l y iier l,000 pouudtl'lhe weight. l t wlll require nbou! n mo u t h t o1oocht befullf eedofsil1,ge, b nt tb eperiod111nyhed<, crenacd somewhat, depending on the Ju dgment nu, I 1tkin of the feeder. Mnteafed in thlamani. c r 11ill \Je in splendid co nd\rlou for foali ng and, ~ o far ns the writer' a:perience goes. the foals l\'ill be fully 3JI vigoron a, 1>ith jn&t as much &benn d bone,uift h emaree were fed lh econ,eq1ional gralnnndhayrati,m . Work horses whe11 idle cnn be wintere d satiefoctorily iu t h i.11 manner, but much .11ilagc i $ not ~ommended for ho r >M.'1 at h en 1 y wo r k for l be game rroso n that II dr ili11g hor,iecan notdohi11belltwbll e onw atc r ygrau pnMure Th e writer kno"& ot case11 where 1< tallion1< rccetvc n rat\011 of11ilngc, bu t h a. bu d no erperieneli In feeding them in 1bi,; mnnucr. Th ere sec!m no rca!!On why ,Hag(: shoultl not bea rnlno. bl e.feetl !or stalllona d?riug 1he itlle Bilo.se 1
    PAGE 36

    S I LA0E POR mmi, C ATTU: B.1 II' F W ,uw, .1 hiuwl J/111/:;u.udman in 1J te f Ootl lt J uvcrtiyul/ou r. 'l.'bere is 11 0 rougb n ge whi e b i ij o r mu,-e iln1,urtnnee to th e producer of beef enttle the.n l use. Th e mine o t silage to the beef pr oducer ,nrit!A co 1 uide r nbly uod i d epende u l upon ll l arge number of o t her factor ~. Ir rou b >li fodders uro acan:e or ore higb priced it t h e gr a in ill h igh prked, or if the i;rnin 11 flO near a good marke t tlint much of It ("a n be re:ulily so ld silage wll] h 111e n b"Te11terl'aluethan l ttbeop po,1ltecood i tiouexM. Ith a gl'Cot env er of grain regard l e1111 of whe ther u i 11 to be f ed to 11 tock cattle or rattening cattle. Jt will leuen th e grai n f eediDg 1,y pm c tl e ally the ume a m ou n t pg i ll con tn lned in the 11 ila ~. The value w ill also d e pend 110m wh11t upon the k ind of cattle to which it i B to be f ed. rt lh ere I ~ 11 11 ab undnnc e o f rough fod denr ,di k h cnn 11ot IJll m11rt e t e d, giJage will not be 10 1lu11h l e. But ln a Clll!C ofthl1kindthce.ilngewo uldpro vemoreva l uable if nlled for lhe e alva a.od pregnant e1nn nod the eoar11e fod de n 11~ed for the oth e r 11tock. F or w in t ering tbe e ntir e breeding herd 1here i s o o roughe ge bett e r thnn a il a b-e All of th e enimnls will rcl!sh a ra.tion co ntlllning It nnd it will c rentc n good appetlte fo r all o t her fl?Wf. Col\" ft lhn l are f e d e. 11 of the eil age they will C<> n11ume a l ong with clm.et' hay ,dll i.o through the "'inttlr In lln e ahape imd m ake em nll g:iin e.. If th e amount or 11lln ge ia limi t ed 11 mo!'!! economlc11t 111eH1od of win lering them will he to redufe t h e ~ilni:-e to 11 half tatlo n lettfn g the m hn~c the nm of a ~trow ~tn e k and feeding about 2 poo nd e of couo n l!eed men! n1' oil u,ea l per da;. Rome dr y eo.,nie fod,leror 11 1rnl\ !!h ould

    PAGE 37

    37 al10uy11 be ke 1it before animaill getting ll'i!age, ai:1 it re duce & the amount of 11ilnge consumed ond prel'ents the h,oi,eh1 from becoming too IOO!le. 'l'be 1m cc ul cnt feed will cal.U!e tlu, breediugeowt to give a good D ow ot milk eveu though tb.e cal f be born 1u mi dwinter and a thrift:, calf 1' ill remit. If the llage ill free f rom mold or rotten 1 10ti:1 there ,.,ill be no danger In feeding i t to breeding Silage is es1ieciall1 beneficial {or eal1es which hiwe ju st been weaned. They take to this rntion quicker than t odry feeda.Ddtherel 11us uall y l ittleloealnweightfro111 th e weaning. The ailngc gboul d be 1upplemented with some good legu mi n ous h1y, as alfalfa, eowpen or clover, nn d t.becah-ea5hould hegi,eo a llmllll 11. mountofgrnin A mlxtnreotooe--balftoru c hop and o n e-hnlf cottonseed menlis-enellent. Each farmer will have to plan the ration for hi1 cattle necording t o the amou nt of the various f eeda be bag on hand Stoel.en, c a n be wintered on a i lage and wme good hay, !odder, or stntw but this may not al,,.oya be the most protltable. When bay ia hlgh pri c ed n.nd gt"l.lin is" l"(l1ll10nablycheu1or plenty or silage le avnllahle, it may tM: more economica l to omit the h ay a l together A ration ot co !"ll silage rollowedduringtliewlntcr. When beev eenree.>:pec ted to se ll high in the ear ly rummer and t l 1e ateera are to h e flnii1l1edformnrketatthattlme,ahe11vyroughugerntlon

    PAGE 38

    38 wil l! u 11rn~!l nmount ot grnin ;,hould l,e fed during the 11 i 11ter month. Silage ,dands 11.nt In rnnk of all the rongbab-e tor flnlllhing cattle. 1-'o r merly, dur i ng the era o r cheap eom and other conceutro1eii little 11tte11tion was given to the roughage, aa it wus u,1,mlly to ns ili1hed b y u si ng judgment in 11elect i ng hill roughage with res1ieet to tne grain fed. TW11111111 contin ued until at the pl'elrent time the roughage l"Ceeilct llij much attention as the co ncen tr11.ted fe
    PAGE 39

    " ,.-ill n o t suit a larg e number of fanue 1'11, n or will it be ,so profitable f o r some 111 It will for o th eri,, 90 each farm er must determine for himself j ust wliat eombinntion of feedllbemostprolllableforhiso11e. Ratio., S uit(lb~ for Plm ida 11'h e,e Cotto n ,ccrL l ool i~ of Jf odc ro le /'r iu am / Com11eo an d Other lfoy~ A. r e U11i :, I 0, 1 t/w /:-'arm. l'ound. ~. {I ) 0:>rno lla g.. . . ... .. . .. ........... ... 35 C o ,.peo. ha7 .. . .......... 8 Cottonoeed. m eii l Ull d s.) For cowsgl\'i n g n hen,ierllow of 11111k I t will be n ecesa11 r y to illcrea se the amo un ts,>( feed llC<.'O rd i n gly. No atten1pt has been IU ll(le t o (>!lt\lllU(<.! the COIi! or these rations or to 11ny whi c h l':111 be th, cheap e11 t 111 the pri ceAo f f eeds nry in different place11 'fh e nmounla of each feed beini; given, it ,i l ll be an euy m atter for thedni1.nunn tocnlculnte th e l o c a l C()llt of th e d\ft'c tt nt r ati ou r ll' l I n this wny find nut which will be th e c h enpea t fo r \ .im t o o ~ e. \'tle l 1-llS 1n til e 1 > od . . . .. .. .. .. .. IOpounda J a r .m se,,e ca..e,euffflln hoel< ......... ... ... \Opou
    PAGE 40

    (!l) \'el,ot lJea.Ull Ill 1~ o, 1 >0tlc.. .... 10 [)01111~ Cottonseed mea l ..................... Zpounds J11 1 neoecan e .. .. . .......... .. !Z110t111dll \ehet I""" "' In th o, 1 )0< 1 .. S pouudl! Cowi11:r 1 0 1.ouudfl Ja 1 .. ..-..o e. lO JIOll Ddl! ( 4 ) Co rn ...... .................. 31)DllUda '' ~<,1 bealll! tu t be pod.. 7 IIDIIDda 0,,,.,-ha.y .. ..... .. .. ... . .. .. .......... !ll)ODD(b J npan"""'""""g !J Je.. ,.201,ouoda ( ~) Velvet 1"'11 03 In Ul e J>Od ... .... . .. .. S [IOUudll. Qowpe11. b 11.y .... . . .... .. ...... 1 0 I/OII Dd 8o rghnm, green :!(I ponlld ( 0) 1'efre t bee.oslalhepod S puuud Oow 1 -l!aJ" ... 8 1 >o11Drnl Cr,,t,cru,, 1111 .1 1111011 1Mb Swectpo l atoa ( Orl'll-1"1t) ............... :?:. 1 .. uu ds l be aOOve are well k nown home-gro11 n f eed,, 01 feeds tlrnt can be grown ut h o me. Few11 c a n be gr-Own mo r e chenp l yl h n nt heycn11beboug b t .,ntll ern a rket. llit hese 1 -ati0118, t-owpea hay cun be replac ed by 11.n equa l weight of ~'l,'tlrwced hay n:lvet bea.n hay, or m 1y other good lc{:Um!! hny W h ic h o f these hay ahould be n eed will d epeud I Hrgel y on the COIII o t the hay on tbe market, o r rat tier o n what i t will coet to pr.:idu ce It. On e may he ,o 11l tu at ed 111 to be abl e to grow beggarweed hay or veket J.,e,nn hay,to bcttcrndvantage t ba n cowpea hey. All or the hays in th ese rations are consid e red to be of good quality mt a t t h e p r oper ~tnge of ma tu rit y, n n d p l"(lp er l .1 c ured. (2) ~\~::~; ~::. ::. Crabg ru l!bay ........ ......... ....... 101,0111>\b ti1,ouna. Or,oun
    PAGE 41

    ,., (~) ~~.~ .;!~ :::: u U eet (IUl(I 10 pound 9 ponn41!13 !IOUnda .. .. .. 1 0 J)Ound s 0 JIOUnd A JO pou nd s 0 1u tl~ l! pound 2 0 l)on nd a 8 pou ud a 1 :m nd lri po u nd s 0 t,Ol!lld3 21po1111dB JO pound j J)OU l! d8 (I poun d ; a J)Ollll(l~ 16 ponnd 6 ponndll :n1,ou11dll 12 p oun ds 30 !JOUUdS lt ;;houldl>eurit:ler stoo dt hatth eabo ve ratiou iuenot neecssarilytobcfed i n tile exaetquant! tl~glvenaboni, but ~hould he m od ified to auit local cond ition~ or the 1wtunl conditions 011 encb ln rm. The y aregi\ n to a l, ow app i-tu: irnat e lythe average ninounts and ch a r acter of feed tllatwouldbeeoneumed dailyh y n 1,000-poundateerdur i:J.gthefeedi ngp er iod It i11 well to feed as neat' a balanced ration a s possible withou t materially increa11ing lt11 cost. Sometimes the price, of nvnilable feetli:; are~uch th at a farme r l s ju stlll. ed iu deviating from the 11/andanl. Suc h cond i tlon ij are illustnitcd by the US(! of some of l he ratione g fren a bo\ e 'l'llc ~co nd ra t ion shown ror the South is an eirn mple. mt tha t rati on ls very narrow, but in ccrtllit1 l oe 1 lit fos i t i.i u : .:ire profl tn ble thnn one which is ba l anced by the use of high pr icedcarho l tydratefl'
    PAGE 42

    Two ration a are 11 ho11 n for the West wher-e kaON!Om silage 1, used With 110me fnrmers ii ,rnuld ucdoubtedl1 00 m ore prolltab l.i to use alfalfa hny as u 1uhatitut e for cutto11SM meal while w!tl'I otl1era the 1 m r c l 1nae of the c.-,ttonseed mea l "l\"OUld l)e more eeo nomkol. l l l 8CIU. I .A;';"llOUS C0:,1810J:RATI0'1W Slluge i ~ a qui c k tlnls hin g roughage in that it p1oducef! l11rge dn.ily guin1 an d pMdncell a gl088y coat an d a wft, p/lableskin. :U oreover,itcanbelll!edto11 dv ant11gcnt times t or carrying cattle for a l onge r lime eo 11.8 to paa o, er n p eriod or depre ,~ loo io the market, or to cu rry th11 cattle n lon g io thrlr1.yconditioo to tbcycan beOnlshed a t a later period. Foi many yeon !he belief w o generol thot ca tt le Vthk h ~ehed s ilage 08 a major portion of th e roughage wou ld ha, e tobekeptln wurm barn s a nd not bccxJ)O!IW to the cold. While they do need pro i eetlon from the cold wind.Ii and rain, and ne,ed a dry p! oce to lie d own, It hAA b een dearly demon 11trated that w11rm barn1 ore no t on ly un ncanr:,bot t h a t fa ttened cattle mllke bolh lnr-ger n.od clieoperg:ii n swhe n fedio the open aheds than when coo tl:ned I n bar n s. Stocker or thin cu ttle receiving 11ila ge will ot cour11e oeed moro protect i oo thou onlmnl11 whid, are being f attened. Silage ca n be pnitltably used to arippleme n t the pa ll tur eeforat een durlog n tlme ofdrought,wbcn they are being Onlsl1ed tor mnrkct bu t it I~ atill nn OJ1<; 11 question "bother it con nlllSa be uifCd profitnbl~ for feeding to b reedi n g cattle durlng 11uch t im ea. The theory that s ilng C'fed c ntlle ahr ink ,ery hcarlly in shipping to mark.et la errooeoua. Whit e the aNual ~ hr lnkoge duri og truos i t is wm etimes greater, the 1111 token nt mar ket J~ u~ually gOO( l, oud it good ju dgment iii n!led i n pl'<'porin gthem fo r 1 hi r,pi og the net ah r inkage i~ no gr ea ter than f o r ca _ttle h i th hove IN!en fe d oo dry

    PAGE 43

    " flll:!clH. For 3G h ours J )rcwiouij to 11 hipping nic e bright hay nm] ato,er allould be 11u\iMli tuted for the 11 ilog e i n the r ation . Tf1egener11I irnvrelll!ion that c h oice o rpri me~rca-. cnu not be m a de by the U$e ot auoc ulent feed is e(joally uot.rue, n11 t l iea ilage -fed cnltle u a 11nlly make more desir u b e eatta~ than catt le fed aai111i\11r raliou, excep t that silage wa. re p laced by one of the coa r &O foddeni. Th&e 18 M appreciable diffen11cc in th e percentage of marketable meat that steers will dN!SII ou t whic h h11x e boo11 llni11bed On a 11ilage ration and a dry ration. The m eat l!eellill eq u :illy b right an d the r a t aa well in l erm i:iu :-d 11dth tllelwn. 1t silage woke,; up t h e bulk o f the roughage it will be n ect'lll! nry to hnul large nmoun Ulof beddlngloro the11 h ed11 to keep tl ,e animals dry, 111 t h ere Is no w1111te in s il age, or ela e m ate a ceme n t Door a nd rove r 1'"ltb bedding t o nb.wrh the urine a nd prc,ent the 11ni malJjfNm 11lip p ing nnd to g iY e l hem n warm place to li e do wn. When t h e enormou11 811\'l n g In t l1 e qnnlity and a m ou nt of the feed 1~eo n .11idered, lhi11diudvnntaged oe,, not seem" b ard to o,erco me b.r the 11tockma n 'il'bo ha ll the capitnl to put u 1 1 th e s llo nnd pnve hi s fet.>
    PAGE 44

    said ofltabad ell'e!:t~upo n !lhee p ,but t heaeba 1 earlse u e i t herbe<:auisean inferlorqua1Hy\lt11lagewasfedo r o n a crou n l o r cn r eleu111;1! t o n the 1 1n -t o r the feeder l u no t f eeding it properly. A b'OOO q ualityot t ilage i11extremely pn l atable en d ean 1w red to nil claJ!!eS or sheep ,.ith good l't'SUlU. It Wllllt be OOm ll in mi u d, howeverl thnt 1llage ~hi eh la either 1 r yi1<.lur, m ol d y,orfrote 11 abould not be fed '.l he amount of Hilnge \'risi n g the ration. At n genera l rult f rom 2 ro 4 pound s 11er he a d per dlly \~ CODMl d ered as much nss huul d befe d. l ,amb feed ers luwe found li\age o 1er,, ~ntll!foclory food and tbenmoun t fed rangetfl'(lm l to311011nd,,per dn.1 Wt, erelamba1 1 re on full feedofgmin ,~ nclonaoorn, a n d nre receiving n fni r allowancoor hny, they "''ill, ns a ru le, o n ly co n sume f rom 1 t o2 J~ u nde pe r liend p c rdnJ I n fe e di ng brel?ding ewes liefore lambing n dntly al lowan ce ,;,f fr o m 2 to 3 pou~ h oul d be con ldered a max im um quantity After lruuhlng the amoun t ean be t11igbtl.1 ln e NJa11ed. In feedi n g s i lage or n n y othe r s u cc u le n t feo< l ij II mu st b cbnrm?ln ml n dthnt tl, e 1 lueof11uchfeedston l arge ci:ten1i 11 toaetu11nnppetizer11ndtotee p thedige1t i ve l'IJlltem In b"OOCl oondilion. Under ordi n ary condiliollll "' here ilngelsfedi tsb oul d note,.,1111.ti t u temo~thn n one half o f 1 h o e u t i re rn t lo n a nd It ij h o 1 1ld ho f e d with ot her f eed!! that ~ill properly b~lance the ratlo n f o r til e pur po!OE!intended. S H .OS. r 1o e,-e n re,. ilo 1< 11.nd 11i lo s. N ear ly 1111 of them 11.-ill kocp ,1il~ge. Borne or them CQ!!t more mo n ey than uthcrs

    PAGE 45

    !:,!ome are, on aecouul o f material ,md eomitrudioo, only temporary. Other~ arc permanent. A wan mllBt decide for himself whether be will invest a 11n11lller amount of mone y in a temp,.lrnry .silo that will last Uom ten to tweut .r years, or inn,iil a lurget amotmt of mouey in a vermanentsilo thnt will lust hia metiu,e, aud that of hl l\. (Chilureu perhap s. flowCYer, before building a 81"'1 w1;, should mnl:e so me imeijtigation of the vnrioill! .silos 01t the u,:trket, lettrning their relati1e t-.:ish ond efliciency. A silo i s n ota11i~offurn i ture,neitherlsitapieceof iuu e hinery. Hut a silo mu .st ha1e attention, ju.s~ Jtw.., $.e. This iM a good silo. lt will kcep silnge wit.b n11 little Jol!S from 11poiling as any 11ilo on tbe market, but not better thnn 110nm other 11ilos. 'I'here are many different wooden stave ailOO! put out by rn 1 1ny di,t. ferent company has n strong talking point for il11 ,,articular silo. Howeicr, I t shollld lie re membered that the best are none too good. Thnt is, tbc best ailo that nny eornpimy puts out i s none too i,,ood Jf a won hos not money enough to buy t he best grade of 11i!o offered, he can he excused for taking an inferior one. But Ith! never economy t o buy a cheap silo of an inferior qunlity. IC po6Sib!e, buy only the best grade of lnrnher-, t~c one piece stnvc. The wvnden s tn, e silo demands more attention in the summer-time while lt is empty than at any other time. Since the silo is m111ally empty in the summer t i me it is at to b e neglected. But during t he summer when the weather i~ hot and dry the starel! will eh.rink and the

    PAGE 46

    h OO J III 1,-et l008e. Jr til e nut Dl'C n\ 11 ke 1, 1 uu tlgllt lhlf bOOJ)ll maJ get 80 l<>Oi!e t li a t tbe ,l lo w lll !a ll do "u o r "fall to IJtll\'CB." When the hoov11 nnd ~ta .-.:!il of a ~ilo t,e. come h)Ol!Cjlt110meti111 csdoe11 n ot tnkeu ~erf 11,lrong wind .to blow it dow n, eve n If It l e a u c hun .-d A11ta.vo1ilo11 hould lie l milt ur JHllU ( l l'ijl:ht. Itirho nhl not l ean. It 11h ou\d Il e )-!t:n)etn l ie ul ar. If the Nilo le1 in ~ tlie 11llage1ll0. U thia i a d o n e,wood mo ld wnt likely form i n the wood and rot the ata\'e. P aint the outside wull. 1t ill prote<.> r r ,l wom l from the wenthe r and ndd 1ol h cnpp,:?IIJ'IIIICC Oftbe si l n Th e tnrc 1i l o llH i t COlll('ll rrui u U te COlllJlllllY is ruady to be Jmt together. Ho we1 e r the purd, 1ue r must h aVe p1 cpored a foundation on w h ich'" Jret the iilo Th i R fo u ndatio n cm t be made o f s t one, bric k or conc r ete. T he latter I 1 1refe r a bl e. The ,vall of the fonn tl ution 1\1ould J I(' rrom eigh t Inch!!$ to a foot in thidmef!s, e:
    PAGE 47

    frd p ra c t ice t o make tile f oundatio n wall f oo t thick at t h e bottom, t aperi ng to eight io cbeii at the top, t h e1lope being on t heoublide In tbi11 way th e I nn er w all ii kept perpendicular. After t he wall ia c:o mp le t e I Ho.> r of COIICN?te 11 h o uld be laid 1'he0oor,bonldbeconcave,aeveralinchC11lov.-crinthc centert h a11aro11ndthe11nll. Thetorltofa1tnvcl!ilo 1n ri ee accordi ng to th e alEe nnd qunll ty of lum ber, etc. A s ta1 e s ilo of good qualit y lGi:32 fret together wit h thefoundntion,wllleoetabont337G.OO. TIIIII ~D UD CON C D ffll I JLO. (l.lO~OLITII IC. ) Tb i 11l11oneofthepermo11enl l 011. When built proper J ~ It will In s t longer than A li f etime. It 1\'ill not blow o,c1. No gu,r w!r(?II ore 111:,nry. r t wll! not dry out an,J fall doll"n. It wlll 1101 burn du1C1 u. If proper care i ~ tnl.:cm I n the con,tru e tion t hiH ty 1ic of 11i\o will keep a !lat,>e perfectly, The qu Clrtio n, "Wlll the aolill concrete i,il o l.oov a ileg e?" 11 gruwini; oheelete. Time wai, when theetaveHilomen objected to tlle110lid o.'Oneretei,i lo on t he 1,'1'o und tha t It would ernck nod It would not koop the wi ln1,'(l tbntt oogrcnt 11p c r ccuto f 1 1lngc1C1 0uld spollin it. B owcver,alncewe b are le:irnedbowt obull dconcrete sl1011t bereisleaobj ectlonoft hi 1 nlllurc. ;uu e b tb atb m ; becnuldagalnsttheconcrete1llol1notwarrnoted. h iii true that some c.> nercte alloe have c: r acl.:eo: I and s ilage ha s a poiled i n it0 m e. lint if th e J10 l id conc r ete silo i ~ reinforced in lb e r ib oi, t 'l'IIY it 11' ill uo t crack. Ir the p roper pro port ion of cem ent 11:1nd, and gravel or c ha ta ,~ n!!'Cd in the wnll with en o ng h water to ma k e the m i x t n rc impervlo llll to ai r tb la t y pe of silo will pmre r i,e a llege perfectly. One d ifficu lty h1n been in not Oiling enough cement Ano t h er bn s heen !lrn~ of not getti ng

    PAGE 48

    " therightamonntofwaterintbemixture. If th emi xt ur e i a t oo dr y, there will be porous placea that w ill adm it the ak Aguin, it t oo much water is u sed the cem ent a nd sand will run" l eaving the gr&l'el o r c hn t.11, whi ch cwri sused ,wilho u tenoug hc eme n tt o pre\entcrneking and to exc l ude t he air Some s kl!I la r equired i n building n concrete ail o. Ho we\er, any mun who ha s had expt'ri euce in making co nc re te walks, concrete watering tr ough.II, et c., on t he farm can buil d a c oncre t e silo. It n mnn baa had no erp,eric u c e in mak ing things of con crete, hehu d better sec u re the services of someone who hashndcxperiencetobuildhi!fC-ODCre t esil ofor him He can employ men who know how to d o c-onc r efo work and let them carry ou t his plans,orh e can hav e the silo bu ilt by contr ac t by n man who makes the building of co ncrete s iJOII h i aCbusinesa. Regnrdle!!s of who builds the sil o, the farmer or a co n tra c tor theae two thinga mn st be remembe red: First, use enough cement. Second, use enou gh 1 -ei nfo rc ing material. The m1xturo of cement, sand and gra,el (in s t ea d of grov el, crushed ro,: k or chats mlly be u se d ) b>en erally used i s one or ceme n t, two of s and and four o f grave! This pro porti on is generally des ign ated thus: 1:2 :4. For rein for c in g, w oven wire h as proven very 1Wcccss ful. A woven wiMl f encing, 38 in ch, No !) 11', J~, with n ii or6 inch mcsh,alllll\ersthe purp ose ver y we ll. T he foll o wing estim a te of cem ent, sa n d, gra e l and woven wire fo r n solid concrete silo, Bhlnc h wall, Uh3'2 feet, m ay be of assis t ance in buih li n g IJUc h a silo; r ortla'/;_! n ';;'m~~ t (mil:lore 1 : 2 :4.) . . . . :r~~-Ornve] ..... ...... ... .......... .. 30 cu. Yd. Wol'enwlre (:JR.Inch !enclng,40rod~).2.000 sq. It. The tabl e gi1en below, taken from bulletin 103 :Mh 11onri Experiment Station, gil"es the amounts o f cemen t eand and g r avcl fo i:silos vf different e i~ s :

    PAGE 49

    J/ul e riuf for S i ioa of ru rvi ng Si::u. The fo r ms f or buildini; con c rete 11 \I OII c an be homemade or bougbl 1t tbc fonn s. ar e made a t homr they will cost abou t $50. If tb.ey are bo u ght, the price will 1 ur1 The &tl-el forro.s on the mark et are aeni cea bl e, elll!ily h o.ndled 11o dc11 nbenIDt edo nt fo r e n o ught op11yfor t he ll l'ltcos 1. ll owe1e r in either ea,ie whether b o merna.de o r boug ht, it I advisable eometim es lor !Klveral men i n a co mmunitJ' to sha reequall1 inmaldng or buy i ng the form . All ca n u 11ethema ndtheexpen &e" h ens.haredlnth.i ,s,.ayia n o t 1er yg l'('3.t. TheC011tof1ta o lidconcrete.silo,tG:rS2,sii: ind wall, wlll vary fr om '350 to J,iMI, dependin g upon the J)rice of labor nod cemen t and th e d i tan ce that urn t e rlnl uuatbehau\ed. 'Ibe expense of maintaining t h e IIOZld concret e ailo la pru c ti cn lly nothing. During the summer "hen the ailo I. en1pty th e w11lh 1 bti co me 1 ery dry. ~'or tbia ren~no the w11\h1,bo uld be v;et thoroughly before nel\ ,th1gel put i11. Thia p~autloo s h o uld be tak en i t h all co n crete ailoa, an d with 111.n ve ,H o@ a s ll. It will pr e vent th e nil s from AWlnrbi ng ruo ilt ure fr om th>! si l nge, c,rna ing It t o mold. J u!lasthest11ve s il O& h ou hl bn e!ltrea t me n t orcreoeo tc on the i nsid e once in t w oyears,sosbou l d the roncrete sil o ha1 e a thin coat of cement and wa te r every two yeara. Till s shou l d !JI:! ot the consistency of while "' U h. It wlll K rfl! to sto 11 op all poand t o keep the l\ 0 11 1l 1mo.-.th Tt I~ not claimed th11t the c on crete block silo w lll keep

    PAGE 50

    ,;iluge :my l>etter th1111 ,l'lll the wlid wa ll TYJ>I!. Howen ~r, Che co unete hlod: ullo h uKone ad1ntug eo1c 1 the mono lithic ty pe )'!. e., the hlod.:11 ca n be 11 11,dil at tltues r,heu othe r wor!,. ou the fnrm Is not pr e1<11ing. \u yl>ody <:au m11J. et heblocklfora ooncre te11ilo. Sint-eth e hlochcnu he madeutlcilluretiml!ll aud byche.aplnboJr,and fnrlher si n ce tbeblockllarernoreeuilyhandledthanconen!:le ilo!IUC lllCll preferthi111y 1 oeratllertbautbe1101!d w,dl l)llP,, 'fhe bl0<:k$ !lI'1'l hol1011 (of dlmenslou11 to sui t the huitde l' ) 1rnd are rna de wl,tb II groo,e in one 11lde through which U>1t11sco111pnn.'tl to t hatofothertem1,ornr,1 il0!1 nnd btta n ,ie nalh'e lumber ca n l>e used in i l11 colll! true tl,)n. It is n home,un d e ~!lo. 1'he foundntl on II mude of coneret~ exte,u l ing from l t o 2 rcet into t h e J.:ronml 11nd the ~1une di~t1rn ce n\,ol'e the grou nd Jkfore the fou11dntion11 hnrden ~ n MIii !11 l~id in the top of t h e concrete. To lhi1111ill hn br t.>nr11em1 1 lin,=:1< or 111:uddi n gt are unlled. Th ese 11tu d ,Jinl!)< ~re ,oe t on the1
    PAGE 51

    slteetiug. To the lath~ a ltalf.ineh layer of cement plllilter is applied. Wilen ( his lsdouethe silo,t.houghnotcom p!ete, ran be used There should Le a cement floor, con ca1e low e r in tlte center tlmu a r ound H,e wall. In order to J)rotect t h e innei wall, 1,oxing should Ile vu t ou the 8tudding ouIBitle, and !ht' hvidng 1ai11ted. Vent~ or hole11 shvultl be made in !he boxing below ,md in the inner wa l l ut..ove to allow a free p11s1mge oi air beh,eeu lhe walls. Thik will pre,ent wood 111old fr,,,rn forming am\ destroy ing the sheeting. A oor liliould he 1mt on t o keep the 1ain 01 suow ou t in tile wimcr time. Suow will riot in ju r e the siloge It i ~ diisagret,ub!c to hnnr l le. A 1'00f is necessory to kee1 out water i n Florida t houj;b not euough "ater to injure che ijiluge i~ likely to fall into !lu, 8ifo in winter, but :111 Kilo~ ~hould he eo1ered In .Florida. This type of ~ilo, 1\ 0 he11 properly built, will keep silage 1ierfectly Huwever, it i8 as stated obove, only a tem porary silo. Jtwill lastfrom ten tofl!t!len.yean,aecord !ug to the mater i al used 1111d \he attention it ret-1=i1es I t will las t Ill! Jong 11sthc n1ernge stove silo. It will 11ol dryoutnndcollnpse. Thcro11renohoopE.tokeeptigllte11 ed W h ere all the mn t eriat for theGurler.silo must \Je t..ouglit ,asi lo1Gx32feet ca n bebuil tfo rabout,22fi. If native lumber AA.Wed from timber 011 the f arm can be u sed, the expen"" ,.,m \Je I Cl
    PAGE 52

    numberofhe11.do tatocktbiu1nu11t hefed ,an,J !heh.tig ht ghould be determined by the n 1nnber of da ~ de.ired i.n thefeedi n gperiod. l tllnectll!lll'lrrtofeedfrom an i n rb an d a hnlf to t11 IDchea a day olfo l tb e top in orde r to kec 1 1the11ilage fmb.a ndll>'ffl. ltillreadilybeM!en t h11l if the diameter I rery great nod tb e number ot head ofsloclr.to feed ilirma llthcreilachan ceof havingto tnk e .:nu of th e 110 each doy more 11i l abJilo hold propo rtl onnte l y more s llnge but It -wil_l keep g\lage better. The greate r l\"Clgbt gerv~ to pad, the silngemoretlghtlynndtocxdudethenir,o neoftbehrn agendet11 thnt CRU!lO ~i\age to .!!poll. Since a mature beet nnimn l l''.ill eat about the 61lnl
    PAGE 53

    TaMe No. 1. !{ elation of Size of Si lo to Len gth of reeding f'eriod and Si:::e of Herd Xo. C<>w '" herd. 'fhefnl! mvi ugta ble;;ires furt l ,er figun>s1eg(ll'di11g t he cnpndt~of ~il o s of tli lferent sires: '1 'ableNo .2 (ftrpaoity of SUo 3 of Varying Si::e8.

    PAGE 54

    Afte1 <1 sce rtaiJ1iug the ca {l n clt y ot s il os o f ,arioussiU"S and len rninii: the h:ngth or tiiue th e sll n g e i11 each will lu st wilb a 6'1,eu 11 u m lle1 of ,mlmals lo feed, our n ex t qu estio 11 will probably lie, "flow 11mn r l\C re S of corn a r c 1'(.'(J_ u i,e,I t o fill a ~ l!o of g i ven dhneu sio n s!" 'l'he au~1ni, t,:, t his 11 uestio11 um be fomul in the data gil"en l>e l ow. 'J'hi a Uatn is taken from llulletiu 103, ~Jl ss ouri ExJ)l'ri m ent Station: A ~croyc rield of Sil11ye l' cr A c r e Y!eh.lMc'Ol"ll, ~u"1le lo 00 ., . 00 ., oo '""', :'.{"'" "' Tt \,ill be seen from th e ftgure~ jUl!t gileu that co rn yield i ng (> 0 bushels t o the ncre w ill n1 ake ten i o ns o\ "il11ge to the acre Quoting Prof ess or C. II Eckl,c", iu th e bnlle!in just menti o ned, he ~ rnte H: "Upon the OOsls of to1ol f0ud rnlue 2 tons of il11go ure e,p1nl to om; ton of timothy ha y. This menn~ thuf a ,v iel d o f JO taus o r s iln ge per acre i" equi,nlen! i, l feed in g 1 nl net o4 ton sortl rno thy hn y pern cre Onth es11me l"'11iij, "hen corn i s wOl' th ::.0 ce nt~ per bushel a t, rn or ila1,.-e i H worth f3.3U. C oleulnlecl in tbis way nn acre of eorn .vieldin g r;o bushelij 11er >1C re w l ,en pul into the ~ i l o is worth f33. U0, while nt r.o een t$ )Jer bush el the grain i~ worth ft[i.00." Sometime,; we w ou ld lik e In kllo'iv just how mnny J JOll llUs o r tou11 of ~ i\nge rernoiu in a $i lo aftor we h a,e begun !eP.ding Feeden hare been henrd 10 JUty: "If 1 hnd known that my silage would ru n o ut hefore gross w1111 goodenoughfo rp n"ture I sh on ltl h: 1,o fetln llt tlel!gbt er." l f the11i lage i s p 11 rtly uRet loutofa8iloa11tlwewlsh

    PAGE 55

    i:i5 to sell tho 1 emainder, ,vewuuld likesomem et hOil o( f olll 1,mlng the uumher of toll$ I .h ilt we lll llJ l inve for ~11le. T he table given be l ow $hows the computed w e ight of welJmu t urcd com 8i l uge at lil ferent distances below the ~ u rf : l<'e, n nd the total weight to those di!Jtan c e:s, t"o days after fi llin g. T h e tab l e was comp il ed from Wli,cousln .Hulletin N o.M l: 20.4 :/'J,l 2R i %. 4 2 7 .0 2S.ii HO. I ~! &~.ti 37-1 ml. 7 -io.o "" 42.ij 4 :J.8 4~.o 4 6.2 H.4 4 $. :, 4!l,li 00.11 (il.7 ~2.7 I Tota.I wc!;dt l one""111a r ~ footareatv dcpt~t!'.''~11 ~3!1.1 61 .2 SUI 110.:l 1:r..:1 lilli. ~ "'' 227.r, =' ""' 83 1 .0 "'' 4()'j_Q 447.0 488.3 t,'IO.!l J;i4 3 610, 7 (I(;.';.() 7 1 3.3 7Gl.8 811.4 fi(l2 0 :J.:! I

    PAGE 56

    56 ADD J TJONA I l~FOlDU.TlON o:x Tm : 1mT II ODS O F CALCUiu\'l'IS(l S l '.I.E MID COST 0 1 '' $0 )rE FTO'.\ IE MADE S I LOS, ASD ormm VALUA HI ,E AND SECESSAlll. DATA Oi\' SlLOS FE E 08 ETC. The concrete 11ilo b na the ad, autage on r 1111 othe r s in permanency a nd ,111-bllity A 11 r ell co n s tn eted e o11crde 11ilo 11 ill la11 t indefinitely; there 111 no dang e r o f ltil blo11"ing or buruii:g do" u, rotting out, or being ,u rn c l.:~'(! by vermin. Littl e ottention i roquln.-d to kee p it in good c onditio11 The c hie f objection to It i ll its cOllt. Jut1,eenditi11chcapc 11 t. ll ece nt data o n the e Ol< t or homem ade ell 06 co lteeted fro,n all par! s of the co 111 1 ti-yshov. th efoll o ,dng reh1til-e coiltofthe1hree t.1 pe,, ; M odllled WW,On!n Sta .-e JOO!om orl,,. O, er OOton . Th e fo l!o11't in g tab l e 1''111 sh01'' !he 11ro1ier t li11m eter .Jf tlu :i ~ ilo for her d 8 of dltfcrent s ;te11 to he f e d diff erent nn,011111~ for winter r ew 1u g v.hen 2 i nch.-,: of s ilage nre re1u01eddaily;

    PAGE 57

    Rer,uw,. of ,1,~ of herd to di~w,ct c r of &llo for u,fntcr ferlfflD (on ba 1 i 1o f40 po~nd 1o f S lla!IC!>tl r cul>fcfMt,) Jn,ler or a:~~~:.:t wa1 be fed, l)!a,n. ohUai:e f-~ ~-~-e l erof lnder,U1or 4() I ,o I 20 l(; ello. 21nclles. pounds po tmd>! pou u d>! pomuts r,erhead r,erbead. perbMd JHlrhe,"L l'<'t!I l'Ound t. JI) (;Z4 11 f>U 12 ;::w 13 &l~ 14 1,0'2 {l 1 5 J ,171,1 !1 ~f,~ 18 l,(lf)(I :!O z.oo-i ll 51 "' s: ; "" .\. 900 po und cow v.-ill 01dinar l y consume30 pounds o f ~ilagc n dny; n 1,200-po uncl cow about 40 pouods. Year liDb'S will eat about one.half as much as mature animals; fa tte ning ca ttle, 25 ,.., 35 1 ,ounds for each 1,000 pound~ lile weight. A sheep ,di! take nl>ont ooe-eightll Ill much a6 a cow. HUl'S(lf; shonld l,e lim ited to Hi to 20 pound~ dally. In general, the depth of thesllo11hould uot be Jess than twice nor more than t hree times the diameter. Tho great erthedepththebctterthesilage,onacoountofthepl'e,! ~urefrom :1bove. lf lessthau 24 feet in beight the quality ofll"ilab
    PAGE 58

    A111,rozi,1wl c l'llt> C ft11<,fC11/l""' iCOl iiH&, for I Vell .\lol<<' Cd (,'o,J11illla11e,IH TO)l.!t (From l.l<1
    PAGE 59

    '/'11h!e Sh<>1rfou Re~,rir ~,1 Acrca !}<' ""'l t>t1><."-' ~ cedinu CUf"1 1'1/l 1:;TflJJotoMre i~;;.,~ 0 ,;~;: Iii w ;!, i "' " 5:l 3. 4 1r, 4.G llJ ,. "' 3.2 rn "' u " "' 121 1 .:; z; 00 4.2 ~!; "' 4.r, rn 4.7 Iii 00 ~.U HO (\,; z; "' "' () :? "' 7 :! "" S. 7 ,,., " "" 1 0 2 "' 13 i"~l "" I ~. ;! "" 271 18 S TI so 00 ~w TI ~: .. "' 'rhe co~t -Of I\ s ilo will ,fope ntl on lo-:al e o 11 ,J itio nN :is IO 11rice or J:ibor ond moterla l11; how rn11rl1 labor h;111 to 1i,c p uitl tor; the sizeot !he silo, et c The co mparu tiv e data tor t hec c,~t or two round s ilo 8, 13 t1nd 25 feet in diu1111 i ter, nnd 30 foet clee11, i11 ghen b y l'1of King, nl! show n in the following t ohlc :

    PAGE 60

    60 (Frow .\!"41cm S l ll~C ~letl,od s ) la F~-.:,t lt oA !,k ~;; ~ eet lu s Me Dla me tc r Dlm et<> r Wltl, o ul u oo r. WJth u oo r. $ !~ ,~ I~ j ~; i 3l)S j 13'2 I The fol OYl'i ll g l' Ul e for fe eding good dairy COll S i s n ufeo uc to be guided IJ ~: Fee! actual chem ica l an a ly ~iA of tlle prodn ets: mentlone,;l and includ es the en ti re co n te nts of the nni o ua feedl! Th e nex t t able show s: t he a, erage am ount of digef!tlble nntrienta in t he mo re commo n Am e rican fodd ers, grain!!' and by-products and i11 t h e table thnl sho11ld he usecl in formu lating rati on~ The tn hl e gh-es the nm nher o f po und s of diges t ible nu trle n ts contained in 100 l bs of the r ee ds a nd these fig u r es co n, th e ref ore, be used i n figu ring ou t th e amoun t of dige~tl ble n u tri en t s in nn \" gh-cn nmount of a foo rl mnteria l

    PAGE 61

    ;tz;~~t il:i u i :~ (::IOT~ Slla,... 72,0 ~.6 ti SoJn ne a u sua~e 74.2 2 .s 4.1 C..w-r>efl \'lo e Sllas:e ..... ~ 'leld i,e,, \' I 11 e !:'llap, ... .. eo ,u.., ll usk~ ... Com('flnner1rer u ... eu 1 ,. .... 14.t .r. 1.11 1' ee,('ll11'y l!f...., 1 6.S 1 .ll 2.8 ~ri: !,uw !:'llap. 7 G.l I.I .8 Corn""'JR ll mrn Slln~-e .. .... llll lt,,r"" Ja l~n Sllai;e 79 0 2.8 :.u ~ ll1 t !:'llo.g,, ... ... so.a 1.0 2.4 A1 1 1le l 'oma t
    PAGE 62

    " (lhjn l lta. a. -~ nryl'oddec am !Hny 1 0.2 ll .6 12.~ 14.S 12.7 8. i u .o "' H. l ,., u i .3 0.11 11. 3 1,3 H.0 !l i n

    PAGE 63

    On l ll ~r ........... U::tftn dl' ea llay .. 01'<'1,u d (lro ....... l'n,lr!e G lled T or> .. r1n >Of hy .... ~:~1;;~,th~. \\'lohe l lul;r ..... ...... :~! "".b.':" l .. ~ _i~-~ ~: :: O o rn ~!I d Colo lleal. ... <:..>n t"<> h . Co rn IIT1ln . ........ Atl ao fl l\ n oo :u ... 1.. :;: ;:: 01:"~ ~ ~i ::. OlulyC h o 1 . .. )'.t>1rrh n !t:tl. wet. ~~:::::: ::t .u ~~i::: C t1 !W11~llfo!l o '-" ~ 111111 :UettL . ?.: ~ ~;:: ......... 0Ulf "'1,oh l!ll' O<._, _ 0 11 M flll,nrw ,,... c~rel Ml on 1,1 .,, 1 fil? t:~'::: .: ... ::: : ;: ~.~ Sbo rl K l' .... . ...... Qnnkrr n a! ry)'""'I Tty ~ ......... ....... 1 \lfi ~ .~:~~_:: ... : : I Wl oent llrftn ...... . ... 1 ~~~~!n~.:::: : 0 1.l 6:1 .4 oo. 87.5. \ll.l ,.,.. au 8~ () ., 1,.:: t : . )2.1) '' "9. 1 A. 7 fH. S l!l 7 2~ .3 3.11 il {:!: Ii ~1 ::~ "',,.,, 1~ :~ "::,' i 1 ll ;,',: ~H .. !<7 0 I 1,''.: i_: :'.. L 1.fl 1.fl L< 1.7 LS .., r..4 ~.;: :l t,

    PAGE 64

    From earlicet t!me1 man bas 0 1<,ued Hock and herd~ ol live s t ock It hat been from time immemorial one of tbemO(lt u11iver11al a nd pro6tableindrr-trie s. fo f ac t it 11'111 in auc i eul timea, 1111 I t ia 110,.-, tbe great oece6Sity for WRDJ' 'i;eomfort and 1 upport; i 1 Will hi11 greatl!l!t 1t0urce o f llrellhood u well as of wealth, being his ch i ef oc<:upa tion. At prt:11C11l Hn 1 ~tock is growing scarcer all the time; already this year the nurnber of hogij haij de crcnscd over t eo J >e r ce n t a m! c attle over twehe J)(!r cent aa com 1 mr e d "llh Jaet year. 1'h e 11hort 1111pply ha s i11c~ased thedemaud and, cousequently, t h e value all!(). Another point not U811ally co n sidered ii,., thot our land11oreuyet cht'l1pbycomJ,lllrJ>!On,aod ther eforeaa ad ditional reason why lil'e 11tocl,; production in Florida m u 5t be profitable. Aod unolher i11 t hat the condHio n of th o wrecf aud rulu that is blighliug buwo.ulty across til e seas, is de;itroylng mill i oos of Ji1e ijtoc k that mus! be cplat'(! d e itb crform1111'a11ctil"eJ)hy11ical u ,;e,0 1 food The dematalion thnl follows ln tlie wake or war ulwuya incN.'fll!Efithedemandfo r 1bencec;;sitiCH0(lire. !twill be d oub l y true l a t b la ln~tance be(.~11ll!C of !h e magn i tu de o r tbe occa.1!011. Therefo r e, gro\\" eat U e bogii. Weei', horses and mull!II. All l hntcan begro11 a, will belo de mand in the near futurt, nnd grow them by model"l'I methods, h ereill Hngge11tcd. The pre.ient.opportualty for t hi s hnlustry ia wit h out exa mp l e iu recent liniea. ln thcforego i ni;:page!!""ehaveeodeavoredtoconvinee thOl!e i n tereited In lhi~ 'l!nbject, ot the ab ili ty of thia Sb 1t e to pr oduce live 11tock 8 U ceesi f u11y and proll.tably, nnd toahow how thl& intl uatry ca n be malata!oed There can be no 1 -ea,1,:11m. b le 1lo uht of it s practlcablllty. We lune the soit11 t o produce t he gra 1111ea, forage c r opa and i:;ra\ n e ropi; a climate fav o rable t h roughout the year, a

    PAGE 65

    " bl e1<11 ing ,.-1,ich we b111 e not yet c, en 1 ...,g 1111 to uppre c!nte at it 11 ful! v,1lu e, yet ii !s oae or t_l 1c nrn~t umrked und s ingular nd, anhlgt'11 O r th e State ~hen ii i s realized 1b 11 t, in ruor1: northerl y $tn tes, Jin ~ ~tock mu11t be ho u sed andfedNix toeight ruont hso f tbeyenr. Innn1porto r F lo r i da three mon t h i, am1 1l e time. J n the not dista..11t J Jast, F lorida 11 hlpped a l arge nu m ber of ca ttl e to Cu ba an d other nenrby c ountries. Tlie11e we 1 e geucra ll y mnge I/lock, bu t in recent ycal'I! these count.Mes hw.ve tu a great OXtc n t aup p llc,l their o n ma rk et. Th e t oek ranges of thol!C times o re pra ctically JJ RSl!ed, fo r good a iid H l a .,,.,,11 that it i aw. In th e po.st I t may h ave hl!en goo d b u,inCflll po li cy t o 111.lopt the 1 nethodB the n punrued, but i c b maybu ebtt n so ond policy In one con dition of all"a i n may be Juu t h e rcn!: r se i n 11110\hcr. We ha ve n e\erava iled ouraelve.1o f1b e r ullnntur alre1 ourcea11'itb wh ich o ur State It blCllllCd. Ou t h e eontrory "''e II.ave eit her overlooked or wuted 't he m. Il 1Jc h oove11 n 3 to turn our errorH 10 good account, :tnd when we hav e nvailed ouMmh eaorthC11Cnat ura l ~urccs, havegraaped t h e re: meaning of new d ells and n U 011ted modern met h ods of agricultura l an d in ,lu3trlal &e lence we will < 1u lc kl y n lt al n a d egree of pl'OdperU y which wlll make 011r Sla t en mun el of'een this J)rOgre,lllive age.

    PAGE 67

    PART II. REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPEC TIVE YIELD OF CROPS.

    PAGE 69

    DIVISION O F T HE ST A TE BY COU NTIES . l<' o!Jo111'ing tu c t!Jc ,J ivi li-lou11 of l lie J;t 11 1e, ,mt! tlite ct> \l.11 lltwcont:1 i n1,'11incnc b : Frank l in, G11 dede n Ha milton,, Jefl'c n on, 1 ,afay e ttc Leo,, Libe rt, ll adiso.11, Su\O'anuoo, Tay l or Wat-nlla11 Western niv !& lo n ]Ja y, Oalho1.1n, F. SC11m l,i11 H olme1<, J ack110n. S11 nt a U OM., WaUou, Wa ij hingto u 8 Al achull D oker, llr utl f oN.I, Clay, Col11u1bl11, U mn l !'.i'aunu Putn am St. John &-9. Central l )i~igio n. C i tr u" D crn11 11d o, Lak e, ~\ ')", l la rion Orange. Pa& co Seminole S um ter, Vo h 1" l 1110 Sn utbem DiNio n, B reva r d Dade, DeSoto, H illAborou,rb Lee, M a na! !)!?, ;\J onroe Ol!Clla, Pa lm llCflch, P inell a ,. Po l k St. l ,11t l e12

    PAGE 71

    D EPAR TMEN T OF A G R IC ULTURE CONDEC',SEO XOTl:S 01;, COUUJ<]SPONDB.NTS. lhD1ns10:--i s NORTH~R.,.1)1ns1os. ~ Prom careful reports by.our reapondtut s thl'f/ughout this district, the conclW!ion is readllJ' arrived at that the crolffl gcnorally, with one ex ception, are from 10 to 20 per cent poorer than last year at this time. Cotton is the exceptlou and uadoubt edly co!ton lll:iows the best condition and the beat Ind! cated yield that i t has shown for wveral years. We, thercfore,canno t helpbutconcludethatthecottoncrop la th i s gection will be as large, if not larger. thaa yet produced. The other crops, as before stated, arc con siderab l y decreased. Corn a, erages from 20 to 25 per C
    PAGE 72

    72 of 1111 kinda iruli t:a hi nOO u t. the sa m e com,litiou nn l'OllflCC lfre ytcl d of the crops, el!pecia ll y the import nn t oncH. Ootton I& a li ghOy a b orter In this dlvi.slon t h an ln rh e J Jrevio u l! onea, but in thb d l,ltion ialand cotton p1 'tl1 1 )()(! inlly when we com p aTI! it with lhii condition of th e ind icated yiel!l of th e corn cro p. One requi~ n 1111iforu1l y warm and d r y temperature, the othe r u n ifo rmly molt' and moilerate tcm 1 >ernt 11re. The tlMtt oondit ion baa preva il ed througho u t all the f oregoing dist r icts. The fn, i t in th i B dJ~trict I nd ica t es a "Sligb tl_v better crop than l11>1t ycnr, nud the con di tion of live ~toc l,; I s a\~ o goo,l :1~ In the rnrmcr. N o reporh or lliiiea,:;e,i hU\'I! been made. c~"T nAL 1}1v1~10~. 'l'he1-e l s no u 1 1 1 ne<:lnble dllferen ce Ju th e co nditi on of crop~ i n t hi s dh-i1-ion und t ho f!e jn~t aboni con~hlcred. In thiij 11eetion of the 1 $ntc the cil n1 ~ frui t Cl'QJlf< begin to !lbow 0 1 1 in prcpondc r nm -e u r U.c othcr.s, hu t the u ~ u nl f nno l'l'O I IS :ul:Ipted to 1 h11t i,ect iou 1 b o11;a bout t li c1111111el>o n dition n11d i11dicn!odyleld a J1t hc f ormer l!eetio ns. I t s h ows th at there hns been II remark ttblc uniformit y hi cl! nrnti c c ondition g throu;:bout th e S ta te for tl tis to oc cu r. Ther e i~ little cotto n g ro w n in 1hl~ l!CCMon, bnt whnt i ~ g rown i~ in goo. I co ollltlon and

    PAGE 73

    i11dlta t e11 :1 good yield. The eondl!lnn o r l ll" e 11toc k i n t hi 8 111.~tinn i1111 1 110 good. SouT l!ICll:-IDI V I II J O!f.-ln thl s divisi on th e cl imntieeon d i tlo n s-tha t pre vailed were about the 1111.rue 11>< lh11mghout other sec ti ons or the State. There ha 1 been !Htle rain in l!Otne aeet ion 11 and mueh lees than wu n ocellll:l r y for t h e regular crop1, bu t lliey hae don e to l en. lil y well eon ,lderlog t h e 11 light precl1Ntation t h lli h1111 fallen through out t h e district, and it i~ quite po1111ible t hat" w il h t h e im11rmemen t of the ]net f e" weeks t h nt the grape fruit an, 1 ora nge e rop will be somew l rnt s ll pe rlor t o th nt of lu st year. The 1 1rinclpll l i ucrense, in t h e opl o lo o f the correspo nden t11,wlll b eo n the pl!rto!grape fruit wl, i c h t h ey e:rped to l!l.'C fnr e,:ceed nny fo rmer ero p. H is, therefore, polll!ible that the dtr n~ fru i t erop o r !h i sea W111'1" ill ei:<'eed that o fl a11tyaarby l 0tol2per<'ellt.

    PAGE 75

    118/'(H/7' 01' tJONDIT/ON ANfJ PROJJPF-CTIYE YJEU! 01' 01/01'1!. FfW/1 'A. NO PRU/TTIIEf:fJ,AND COND ITION OIi I.IV H8 TOOK. n m Q U .lf/TliJR BN/11.\'Q i!IJP1'. so, 1 9 14 u COJJl'AJIBl) ff/1'1/ 1<,UfBN'!IUOD LA BTYE AR I ,,,, _, ..... I """~ "" . 1 1< IV{~ :t \.\\.\H I . .. : .. : . 1 : .. ~t :~~ ~:. ~;:::::::~ : / ..... .. L (. C.1

    PAGE 76

    RK1'0RT OF COSDIT!Olf A.SD l'flOBl'ECTIVIC YIRLD.-C,,,,,tln ... d

    PAGE 77

    !LE l'O IITOVCOSD!TIOS \Sil l'!IOSn; ,; TJ\"E \ IJ t.H ~ Co otlo ll
    PAGE 78

    18

    PAGE 79

    ,,.,.,,.. m.,., ... ~~b "' I : i I I~ ~,:~ ~ :~. :. ::~ . ~ l f~f:+< I I 11 rn .A, per
    PAGE 81

    8L I ,,,,, ..... ,~ : ~-. -:.-~.: __ . ._ ;; I 1~ I ~~-.. > : ~ :~ ii ~, 7,.a . . .. :."i :ooi, l oooo t,J i!., !;~. .:. . r :;\:::j::i::::::_: ~-~-:~~ 1 :ff :~ " iil
    PAGE 82

    1 r+ + ~: :~~'.:, Whl4Jg ;::.; i: ~: ~:~; : ;: : : : : : :::1: : :I .. I : I ff ,-n,.

    PAGE 83

    ifflll-~~ 1 ?f:~i:.. + < I ... 1 .. ,., ~: -,.: ~ '"''... I.. .. j IOQ j .. ~.

    PAGE 84

    .. ~-~~m..... 'r;~] ,-:70 ~=z:":j~~~, = b: ::

    PAGE 85

    .. :' '.(; : \"":~ ... : .. ::y:::::: :1:::::: :::I. lw i W ;;;~~::: .:.;: 1 T ;., 1 00 ~r~~::-~;~; 1 '.~

    PAGE 87

    PART III. Fertilizen, F e ed Stufb and Food, and Drua:1.

    PAGE 89

    HOME-MIXING O F F ERTILIZER ~. Someyean;ago therew11s111uch dillCussionin thengri eu\tural l'ress on t his subjP,tt, "'.rhe Economy of Dome mixing o f Fertilizers. ,\hrny writel"!I advoealed ib e prue tiee, though few practiced it theimelves. For JlllYCral years the prnetlee has not been generall~ <'i.'Cllmmcndcd, and the advocates of "home-mixing" hnn: lie<..>ome leSll iu numbCl'. Nuiuloi!rs of growers who lnnll nfavoritefornlllla, and wbouse la rge quantities o f com mercial fe..tilizeni, tind it HIOl't! satisfactory and c cou omi eal to lilllld their formuln to a relial,Jo Florida factory, stipulating the 110:rn t ities and particularly the gr11des, orperee11tngcs,o fe ach mater i al tl,cy dcsirclneaeh to n, and the final analysis of the mixtur<;J to he guaranteed hy thefactory. It has been but a few years, compnrui i veiy, tltat facto ries would necept such ordcr~ they prcfcrl'Cd to sell the i r own Jl!lrtieular "brands" or mixtures. Freque11Uy nm11cr ous "brands" of t he Mme m i .s; tul' e,and of identical unaly aia, were sold by tbe sii.me fnctory, some re<.:ommended for onecrop,someforanother,all t.eing the Bllmcgood s un der diffel't!ot names. The multiplielty of brands was, nud ~ti!! is, eo11fusingto tbeaveragefarmerorgrower. A list of bra11dl! not to exceed te n or a dozen, would easily eo1crnll tbe1arlousnecessary formu l as, ftveoraix made witli organic materials as a base, and the same num b er m1iug the so-calle d "Iligh Grade Salts" as the princi pal i11gredicnta ot the m i xt11N!. Ot recent yeam, however, t he fnctory hacs recognized then~esaity of catering to the demamlsof thciicus tomer~, a11d few of our F l orida Factorie11 now decline tu makethc"apecialm i xturee"demandedbythelreustomers, charging for the matei-lals used at currl'nt prices f o.b factory, with an add iti onal charge of 111.W per t on for proper mixing and sack s.

    PAGE 90

    lhove di scuMedthisumlterwi!hanun berofourmo6l s nece Mful trncke!"ll and orge grow,:,l"ll, who, as a class, are probnhly the beat i nfo, : ,.,cd nsel'>! or conune r cia l fer tilfaers in the world, general l y trained mell--()ften sci eu tls t11--whokuow wha t 1helrsoilaudthelrcrop,!rctJulre from corefu! atudy of local c on
    PAGE 91

    91 a111i.wntus---ca11 J >r'oha h ly l!.llve a eo u glder11ble ,um. A. 1 rnml.oe rot co opcrn 1 frefR rm iogco mrn u nlti ellO red percen t ogeN o f 11 i tro<,;en, ph03pbate nn d J lOtiu,b, from o gnnlit l'IOon:e!-,or f rom 1111ll5,asexperlencedlch1te11,a n d paying form.l!lem at cnrr< iu Ol'tlfgln J, 'Jor id a m A l;i h niru h, lh e co t ton l'('g i ons read 1 h l:'it gm a ran!('(l tnl(I!. 1'~ cy ( lo not pu cluu ; e their goo-d~ on nf'<:ount of their vnlue in plant foot111, h ut ha~ thelrv11hw<1n theeruo l. per ton lr rc&peetheo r qunlilf, ,seJee tlng 11 "brand" ~ U ig Bo ll ," "Cl1am p ion, "f:inre Crop ," "Mortgage Li fte r ," "Alligator", ''Boar-'11 H esd''-as lhee r iterlon ofita vn l ne. Proba b ly i,eventy f he1ie r ren t of 1b ei;:oodB110 ld in t he fnrmlnfl"dil!triet. where t h e a d vocn!e11 o r "ho rn ,H n i x in ~' arc mol! t n um e r oui ij t h e c om mo n 8.2.2 cotto u i;ood~ w h ic h con tu in~ l f .O po t m d M or avu il n l, le 11h011pliate, 40 pou n d11 o f poln bo.phot1e a dd .. 10 ll> L 0.50 % pll ospb ate ::: :::: 1~:: : =~ .. ;,;,~~te::: : 11, : \::: : ;:: : ~i!~~-to Z50 lb~. JZ.00 -;f knlnll ... ..... 30 Jbs ... l.lO 'l, potash L~: \~!: '"!lllu r"' ~oronem 2~ nn,monh .2% uornoh, .. nd8 % i,h oa 11hMe

    PAGE 92

    92 F or 2 2.8 "Cotton G ood-,~ N o 2. ~40 Ibo. 7 :SO Cotton IOCed mci.! -2.00'1'a ammonia MO Iba. 7.r.<1% cotton 11
    PAGE 93

    93 lul s,t md 1J t otheg rad csv r perceo t11 ge,, forca-.i.h f.o.b. ,;ea1iort, or taciorieg, and mieOlle of incre1111i n g the price. Thnt mo r e potagb h:u l,ee11 used lhu u required in ordinary soi ]~ ii gc n ~J'.RIIY con ceded. No gt,:>at"f:allini;: oft In croJ)II may be nnlicipntcd for the corulng !!eaSOl"l on accoUnt or lh ~ lac k or J Mllni!. h. There is no neeet111lty to rear a failu re pf cro,1>~ on n~cou nt or the scarcity of Oennaa potub. The Jateiit price11 obt ained were 1 1 00.00 per ton for r, O 'jl, Potaah, or 10 ce nh per lb for actunl potW (K,O) ($2.00 pe r uni t of 20 lb s.) nct1m l Pol'n ~h ( K ,O). Th t!~e prlCC11bnve1lonbt.iell' d ioeren9e
    PAGE 94

    . in for .. a11aJy11la. 'l~ o; 1 1n :rngc polnsh c outcul of unlencbcd hunl ~ood ub!lil i 11 from 2 % to 8%, ,wHb llOme 40 5',, of lhoe. We 11eldotn fh ul mo~ t h1tn 3 ?i, -more frequeotly f~m o.r.0 % to 2.00'7,,. We th t-re!ore co.utio n p urchul!!!rri fo purch11se only u n de1 lull g1111.rn n tee of the 111i nim um 11e~t.ftge,nndofreliableFlo ri dadealcri,,fro 111 ,rho n 1 .co lleclioru, can be 1i11ulc in cnse o r fnllure to meot tile 1:1 1 0.mnteCII. U n i l el"Ml/tnd Ou1t h a i-:uu1ntoo 11 l11 t ing fro m 3 % to Ii%, or fn;,111 i% to 8% of otash, lhe guar tee i11 tlleminimurn tl.gureonly . Aehcti h111e loet-n l arge ly ll !lfd ln Florida. Thcir 1nh1e Jin~ boon d crire d mor e from the lime cont(mt than the po t 11~h con1cnl". J.i111e cn1 1 be p11rcl1:1!1W for t! L'i" ,'.; pe r 1on n1
    PAGE 95

    ash e.i tilso co ntn i u )llowticull,1 5..'>% Corbc1Date of Lime ( 1 ,100 1h11. Lh r11? l lel' toi,). ;\\ uorrnnl 11rieC11 (A.sh~ tit tt:l0.00 pe r ton) 3% l'otn~h l lH worth f:j.30, the Lim!? C(l(;t ing 1herefore, $16.70 for 1, 1 00 po1111d11 w i th added freight. First cla81! gromul r,it11l ~ tone 95 to OS% aCrl.lotmle of L ime : can be 1mrclm~~1 f.o h. Florido. fac t orlet for $1.76 per to n In cnr lond IO I ", 1 000 to J,960 JIOUnd,a o f Cul'bonnte of l.im e for pructicnllr one-tenth the ~t o f 1,100 pound11 of t h e ~nm e ,uuterinl in a.11het1. Gn,wen-n~ advlijed to wr i te to t h e "Southern &tlle menl und Development O rgirni,-at ion Jnc~rillc Fin ., for Dr Cj,re l C. llopk iu f or 1 ~ 11nJ )blct: "Gro und l ,ime 11tone for So11thcrn Soils," al..o tQ tile Director of the Florid11 Agrkulfur:11 Ex 1 Jllr iment Stal.ion, Gai1ieii,ille, Fl:i., for P l'el!s Hnlletiu No. H S; "U@ ing Ground Lime!ltone." J.lmc hns been n"Cd b,1 former!! for ce n t nri ea. 'fbe old pron i rh; Urn e mal:.CIS l"ic!J farmer~ anti poor IIOn~," is U IS true today us 11be 11 flN!t ~ pol:."en runuy yeurs llg'O. L ime without ndded munm 'Cll (vegeta bl e matter) J> nt ns h nnd Pho s 1 Jbo ri e Acid, 11!11 oe rtaiul y deplete 901]~ of theirplnntfo.,,b. 1 ,lme h owever, u11e
    PAGE 97

    C OMMER C I A L FERTILIZ E R S FROM THE MANUFA C TURER 'S VIEW POINT Rcml by JJ ,,i N. lf. 0 l'i-;wy e JJefore tl u i Coui,ty Demou,trution. tl9c, 1ls, f/ai11 ui:: ill e, lorida Pcl>rua1113,JIIJ.t. MR. CBAJR !>J A...:.V, OENT LEll EN: 1 am u.ked to spe3k co you todny or fc.rtllizer from a manufacturer'tt \iewpoin!. T h e 1111rnu fo clurer has n v partlc n l n r l'ie w polnt, gi n ce t ,;,, aehit:rn gn:11.1e11t succeii~ li e m ust tnke t ruth for hid ita ndurd and 11eek real kn owledge. 1 will spe ak of fei-tilizer ll8 I know it a fte r twenty o11c y ea rs on a Flor id,, far m n m\ six yen r a' u ~w clnt i on with the Jurgea t fl.lrtillzer company of t h e Sout h -ye urs of actual anil s u c
    PAGE 98

    " or ma1erlnls gfrefJ !be gro,.er a ebance to kno,v v.hedier thi'd plant too il ls inn form suited to h\ suac. :Note, I s.1y "ghe11 tb e grower a chance to know," for 1\11 a matter of fact, a Jar~ percenleb'l! of the gro"er"' seldo m rend tbeirtaga,andwben they do read them.do notunderstnnd them The State stan d s back of the tag, but n monufnernrer c11n suithim&e lfas to nd1ertising matter. TURSS DIST !iCT VA l ,lll:~. Fertilir.er bu three value~: Th e Stnte 1al11e, ,..t,kh makes oo diHtinction n& to i!Onrces; t h e murket n 1 l11e, bi ch is go,erned by supply a nd demand; and the agr i cultural value, which 18 detcnnined b y the neld re,mlts ee;:ured. It i~ the agricul tu ral vnluC In which we art 1no ~t lnter e~ tt:d tod ay. We wnnt t o co 11M ide r t he factor & of renlly gOOOfertill.e r. Though there nre ten dllferent element es11euli,1l to 11lnnt gro"tb, Nnt u re1)ro1idesa ll th~e inab nnd ance to tbe Florit.l n gro11er e:,;cept ammonia, 1 1h011phorlc aci d a nd 11otash. I ei:11('(:t eome or yo u are ,rnm l eri n g why I do notincludelime sineep r octicallya ll our&0il111eedlime; b11t this need is os II base, not ns a phmt food. hence doeanoteome underourpl'(':!le n tdlseuulon. While t h e.ie three ~wnti al s or fcrtlliii:r nil wo rk t,i. gcthcr, each la mOl!t Mctive in certain wuys: o mmonin Inducing growth; phosphoric acid, fruiting; and potash, hardening th e ti unea. Both ph 011pboric'ael d and potash are aet fre in p l ant d enlopmenfa apart from those in whkh the yenter through actnnl combination; phOl! p horie acid bMhging other elemen11 in to avllllabllity, wlLile potnah l e essential to the formation or ~tnreh nnd B U)l'nr, t hough not a eon"tllncnt of t~e!IC eo mpounds.

    PAGE 99

    'f h e f nnetionisof plum orga.naarevcry intl'k.,11i; t h ey ur
    PAGE 100

    "'" ditio1111 a 11 to ta u ~u H. mo11t abo,n_uu1.I f crtil! r.el' lo gi1~ ei:cclleul ()>11111~ ; I.Jut these arc only cxccptlo,ml case.< o.nd form no st11nd11 1 d for 1 gcncruJ work. A m~n mH~ &pend yeuicafler ycu 1 tryiog to "~xud ly 111~'(!1 hla liJ><.-cial ueed~ and e,u : b yeur he 'ldll llnd th e>e11o(i,oil lmt o r 11 u cb 1rell bnhuu:ed proJ10rlio11 11 u to gini good geneml reru l ~ -.. hitbever way t h e "eatber moy turn. Row ca n be ilo tbl1 ? J uet 1111 the lire ln1111r:1m ~ man Cll11 te ll w h a t percentn1,-c of hi~ r isk~ will die tu the n ext five yean,, or tbe trou11portiitiu n torn11Hniea foretell t he number of tlieir Pft~11engen;, the hOt P.1 mnn-hla guests, the merchant 1Ji11 tratle, or any businCSII mnn who deals in the law of a1 ernge9, All the history or other b uoinCll.SCS llesbefonithtl\epeopl e,110 dOt:11 t hehU.tory ore rop p ro duetlon lie before th e fer tilizer ma n ufacturer. Be must know what will be mo! likely to produee a good crop umler any or the mun y ('(lndlllon~ l'ohic b. mny occur, MUl!T ll.V.AIIJ; '1' 1-JF. C1t01' ~. N01", going inlo the ferHJi~r b u 1 i n ~ d oes not g i n thi d knowledge lo a n u u1 1111y ,nore than b1 1 yln,:i a fanu rnakl'tl 11 ~uccHt,ful farmer, bot it ie Dtte!ll'a r y r o r him to gain it if hie buelnese i to i:-rm,, ,vror ~rte r fear. De mar be tfP.t so h o ne11t ur of ploo itinii pen,ouulhJ, but h111 HUC ce.<~ ~ tl e 1 ,eudc 11 t upon nctunl field re,iuJU. I n o t her wordK, he may 11\co @e t h t prople. hut 11111 f (r li/i;:er m11at I

    PAGE 101

    '' p!caf () the crnf}8. H thccro)Jll do well, his buyer wants more fortilizer,nnd tlteneighborsv,nnt11ome ; i f the crop~ Uo1101flour i sli,lrade l 11ngn i s ltes;s0Irepeat,tbereisno particu la r l'ie"l,oint of l hll 11uality of fertilizer for the manufa clurer. Hig nim mu~t h e to su11Pl.1 the needs of the crop. ,vhat a r e these rieed11? lam goiw.; to m11ke a sln!e ment 1hat may be unpopu l ar nt fir~ t, but it we wke a li1tle review of other pha l;(.'I! of life we mny become i n n mensur
    PAGE 102

    102 pt,Sedly "apoc i a l eondi1ioug, aud Bill J o 11 e11 11Jgo has 1 1 l entyof1.vm ( J(lny. Speclol o Cl! d a" isn term thati 1 1 tlyo,e1worked,aml l'l!pecinlly wllen aJ)plier e lack i 11g, 11 11,1 t h ough 111 ~ome or th e ilender Jand a t h e nuunOnla h Jacldug to u less extent thHn In th e light ~oils, ge11c r ally speaking, t he gro,.,er ha ,. to feed. tlt e 1,.n; p a with l ittle l'(!gnrd for n atural resouttl 'l!. Througho u t P lori da, prnctl ca lly 1pc11kiug, CRCh particulnrcrop n1,.-! from 1111' "'1 o ree,i of nromonin, lrn t 6Uffi ci euj t o make the pructi ce e1111e n1la\ 10 l!'OOll fnnn mou 11~<::ment. l n fllcl, tbeN!.iBl!Omu c h t qbe 1 n 1ldon tbe8nb

    PAGE 103

    103 jeciofsvil building,tbat i~, t he establish mento fopt immu an lltion, moisture, ,md hacterial action, i t ia With ditli cu l iy I touch upon itijo lightly, lrnt my time is limited and my subject a lnrge ~o ne. Jmt1llltheplantueedsright~oilconditions,sod0t'iiit UE'ed rightly balaoeed. plrtbl food. Since t he n1rinnrc i 11 the co nten t of plant elements i n our F l orida soils i s Hy slig ht indeed, lhe changeij in the fertilizerH for th() siime C1'0J ) are fur more to m f!et so il con dition s than to si111plJ 1uo1"() or les s of any of th v 1lon t foo d clerncntij, thougl, in num ~instouces t he uaturul ammoula mus t ll uf flo d a ii,;equal nsa base tolirnetl,at w o11 ldcMtfonce:i t>
    PAGE 104

    ''" from Nitrate of Sodu, it is conser vafo e to BllY that two thirds of it will leach away befo re tho plant eau use it, theexuetamonntbcingdep,:mdentupontextureofsoiluud amount and distr ibuti on of rn i nfall. Hence t he !."'ower runsngoodchan!Xlo f losiugbetwC,m$ iX and8e,endnl! a, .,. worth o f plant food i11 the attempt to save forty eenta. Jf he &~ks to avoid this loss by frequent IIJ!plicu(iQn ~, I will lea,e it to you to work out how much he l!e1~ for his labor. To my m!nd, forty cent ~ could bCl more easily enrnedinotherl\'nys. 'fhe cffee!ij ou th e chemic11l co11di1ion of the ~oil other thau acMity :ire far-rcnching. Fertilizer materials mny either hring more p hmt foO(l in1 o lll'11i lobi lit~ o r combine with rendy nrnilable plant food to form less avallable compouml~. 'l'he} cn n also, by the>c11s up clay so i l ~ :rndftllsin6ilndyones. However,cventhismu11tbeust)d wilh dtl! c r
    PAGE 105

    1uh anslr11Lle for Jri s l p<,n~ throu~h lhc effe ct On th e pliy~lca!, cl,eml r~ l nnd blologien l co nd itio n~ or th.~ oil. The ~e n r c -.-er.1 (o mpl.-x: oft"" we

    PAGE 106

    uiust end ure the leosHer e,il for ~ he sake o f the grealer good and mo r e oflen, a las, the no, ice !lecll only n lc~sc1 good which is a cc ou,punied by a grcuter C\' il. 'fhe ~ohing of t he,,;c detnil s i,; beyond thec,qmcilyof rn on to th e pre ~ e111 date. I t istruenotwosoilsaree,cuctlyalike;uei th er cu11therebefound t wovlauts,orcH'll two len1esexacily alike, bu t would:rn y of us dui-csny twosimilarlea, es did not scne the s,uue purpo se nml 1espond to t he sam e treatment? Whe n goiugiutosoil in1ricud~~ hu s it O ccurred to you that no soil i 8 ever exnctly nlike ut any two different times? That under clwnglng climatic conditions the ,ariauces in HOil from the same ~pot ~-m be e,ery bit /Ul g, -ent u~ between soilij from similar Jlelds? No one, not e, en tile be st of chemists, con tell the exact l'CE!onrces arn ilal,le to 11J e 11la11tatanyonetim e,a 11d certai ul y won!d not JH'C:llunH!to fore t!.'ll to a ni cety the reiiultof uncert~in we.ather conditions. In fact, with nll due respe c t ill 1he knowledge nt our command, t he c111"1:ful sl 11d e11i mu~t con cedethalthedifferenceswhichexi8tundc r sirnilorcondi lion sa r efnrtootlneforourunderstandingoradjustmeut, and H i ~beeo nseof 1he utte, i mpo~sibillty of getting the e.rnct an swe r tha t t he average of wide e....:pcrience;, is f;-0 valuable. l do not wont to be understood ns claiming tbnt n!J commertia! formulas represent thi s desired a1era g c, or (hnt no spec ial mixturea can repres<:ntlt. I have nlread~ ~tated that buying a ferti!lzer plt1n t did notgh-e th(' lrnowl edge to the nw.nnfncrnrcr, aud we mlll
    PAGE 107

    107 $11cb11gro'l'lerijtnd i eshislleld11uU thcworkofuthcr;i; h eu11etou ly acom (o{lratlvely11,1D111l plotforexperiu1cut, 11111ld11g hi m~iu crop with regular commcrcin l fo,.m 11 1,,, kno11n to b o 11d11pted to hi11 11eeil11 or J )088 ibl y wi1h a ;,pi.~ dn! mixtur e h e hn11 worked 0 11 thI"Ouyh pr cv i ou6 cxpe ri menb. When ijllCb ,pce ial m ix t ure ij how s ill! &u 1 ~r i o 1 i ty over the comme t ci al br a nds o n lht! 111urket :o t tlmt ti me, it immediately becomes n commcrcinl b rnnd for it i11 fo r ju 1t ij U Ch ln11t11oce11 that the enleq)rising f e rtili1cr 1111mu fncturer i s !oo.klng. The renll~ good ('()rume,cio l formul1111 ore deniloped,in thUI wlQ' -thro ugh actual 11.e l d C-'fperi ,neot g-'whi cla a re o f te n CO-Operatfrc bel\\'ttD u,e manufoe+ lur e r nr,d the grower. The ca 1 1.1ble fertili1er m,mufae turer off'el'1 to you in the rommercinl formuhu 1 the best he cn n llndfrom,l' h :tlefl'rsourct",nmlhc h nsn"'ideontloo k. Wt. do not wn nt to ~lo p !n ou r 11e11 r c h f or k nowle d ge, but for the grower, w h o h M not the ti m e or the gift to 110lvet h e&e prob l em8,andwhol111enotlearncdatc n tbpnrt of the knowledge :it tbe.cornnrn n d o r nnyonc who 111 11d i es t ho anhject, It id a wute or time an d money to 11lr11ggle along with cr u dl'combina tio n e whl'n t h ere is at hi seom nm11dnt 1 "uw n:1b l cpricetlteverybeeto r 1 )l anl foodrni:< rn"'n&mea"Url'llbythehumn11k 11 owle
    PAGE 108

    'J'b.e fertili~,_.,. manufadur<;Jr sho~ld he d11.s11ed wit!J uther manufacturers and inerchantJi. H e is no more a "Beast ofl're y"tb11n l 11any otherm 11nw ho11uppli C11you r m!ed11 Ju r hi 8 m ove fo r fnrm im1Hwement there is no juRlice i n tl,u attitude taken by man~ that tl u: only ho pe of th e f arm el' is to down t he fertilizer man, which, whe11 atte m 111 i s made to Jm t it into pr act i ce, m eam, rn erely to down the f ertilizer m en of bi11owD State, fo r he hi111 to supply his ncedi; from some fer lil fa er company. It is well to cons id e r carefully whether a compa n y 1dt h large Florida lnvcst mcut r eally the ln t e 1 cst o rthe FIOritla grower l es,, at heu rt lln 1n people w h ose i,n {'S fm e n h,, i n l<"lodda are wp re se nted by thei r h otel hills'. Probnblytbcreisnotone of the 8\lllPlies sold rO the Florida grower t ha t is furn i she d to h i m w i th stw h a <.'OlllLianti o 11 of high qua lit ~ , low Jl rofit, Co-Opernlio!l for SIJCC<'Ss i n it11 llf!C,nnd c o nC !$Sio n sin re, gard to Jhiym<'nl ns I s the 1 f crli1 i1.crsold by t h e flor ida man11fa c tnrer I am spcok i ng of ltlorida eonditio 11 ~ an d Ploi-idH mannfocture1'f! 1nm;., 1 1:s; l'Olt IIO~IY. ~liXlN"ll C0)';8[Df:r.,:r,, ll cre a r c som e of the a,g~men t s for home mixing: (1) "Pay no freight ou filler." W'heu we gel dght down ro Ute trut h of th e matter, ver y little filler i~ u~cd I n making fortili1.er. T he exc ep tio n~ a re w h en n lo w an alysi11isd('rn:l.111]('d f rom ruaterinl11 of hlgh nanly s i s 0<' n ('rally Sl)('llki n g, the f e rtili zer materials carry th<' ft~l<'r with them. Rem embe r t h ere is only scvent(J('n pounds of plont food in a lrnndred P
    PAGE 109

    UHJI e urtc~ tlmn m,t thut at fh-ij! t1th:mpl J u pro11tn-1iu11 Ing h e Jrn ~ un l' two !.11011~:u1d ponud g iu hi s H UJI\ IO>SCd Co u. i ~ ) Bny your 111 aterlulH so us to know what yvu aie gelling.'" C a n any uf JO U tell ea ch of the diffc1cut fer tlllzc r materialli by a igh 1, and can you tell If they are unaJul1e1111cd! I am Hu r eyou cann o t. A u malfcrof ruc1, no o ne c:rn tell the 11u111ity of fcrtili~ muteri.-J& ithout chcwlcul nnalysl,. J.'crtiliz.er rn11terlIH al"1! bought on the tfoaler~ guurnntee. H he coo be !rus1ed 011 material8, wl,y not ou mixtures ? 'l'o be~ure, in rr,nrein11tnneeswhen a Ormhllll t Ore allzeon IIJJ11tock. fi11d1 in11tnnces are the grt'ler'11 good luclr If he c an hene-. flt L.1 lhem, but nreno more II criterion ror 11ie prleCI' of ~ntid 6rmq than nre f orted sa le~ or m erclumtlil!C n ::-nide for 1,ricea in l,.'!'llerul 1ntde. Then 1 h ere i~ H l wn,~ lh+>~11111 u ho woulcl hnve !!Old yo u f6r lesi:; thun yo n pA i1J or whn

    PAGE 110

    will 1 ulk \"ery am11ctilel y u11ti l.you down to li1U1!11es;i, t; btn yo u ll ill fl ud thi B, tb111 and the othe r HliJJU l ll t io u. U OW'l'Oltl:.!. 1 ,l.l' l< .IH:.\IO M'.\. '.l'bc on l y way tu i;.1 1e 111011e y le l o d o bu siness i u H n cb : ll'l'ay thnt i t ca u I.Ith aud led ~,eouom\ea ll y 1111d t o 11ee thut :y ou i;ut 1 hc s uvln, ,; t husmude .. \u yll.rr.upn!fe 1 -.thiach 1 S11 of !rad <:, whether in ~t1 11igh t m nk riuls or i11 r~gu l11 r !Jra n ds. Find the peop le be s t eq u ipped t o give yo u co:0 11 o mi ca l &e ITke. A s u11 exam p le: O n e 11111 11 ma y ghe you a coutract pri ce ou 11t umpl 11 g you r 1 11 11d aud e h u r ge o n ly ~'.,:.ii ::t ;: e t~, : : 1 : 11: : 0 :!o ::'r :: ~i::::~i~~::, :~~s~ 11 :t ~,: u1 1t odntea tum11 p u lleruud still makeu good J>rofit m, the job The ..ol um e of h i s l.nlllineea 'll'a\Tants s u c h eo: 1 ul11mc tn, a nd yo u can get theben e6t all i n II goo d , 111..aig h t, fai1ivuy. I P e o pl oi n husin ei.ii loo k 1otholrow 11 int ere11ts; t h c ])Oint i~ t o 11111 1 ln yo ur U ca ling~ som eo n e wh ose in 1e r ee t R d epend 11 1 10nyo ur 11. Who co n ldbeaothol"O Ughlyd epende ntu po n rnur K U crel!l! as the Flor id:i fert i liur w t1 1111fa cture r t 1.our & u cces,; mn kes h ls h uaineu.llegheyou 1Jelter1 1tlne ln o n eo f hi sbrnnd e th1 morl etrnight materi n l &, r o rwben golld re $ ult eareo btnlned fr om th e u ee of 1 h n l br a nd h o ls t h e only one1mppl yi ngit, Bo 1h e e:drn tr11de b aure fO come l o him. I say bette r u lu e, for yo u get lbe actual :,;~~~t ::: ;:;:~a~ ~~ =pri : am\ gilt it i11 rig b l pmpo r No~, J ierh npa we come to / h e q11 e~ Uo11s "Wbnt dOCl! he p: i ni i n thu t brund 1lmt o th eni ca nnot s u pply, co n 11 ltler i ng Hult the anal:fl!i$ and wnterlals n r e plR i nl y t ated on the t11i, n nd "' hen!. in i a t h e commerci ally m ixed f onn u h1 bet tcr th.in the hom e mixed ma ~e along the tame lln !!!!?" If
    PAGE 111

    ~upplylng lhe atumouiu ,.m e the phOllphorie add, and oue tl11, pot111ili, au~ manufacturer can copy it if be SCS of different bi-,1nds will show thot some ehemistHdofllrlessaceuiate workt h an otbel'I!. In tbehomernixedgoods,iftherebeagoodlycuntentof 01-gnniernntterthegrcatest troublcw:ill he uueveumi:xing 11. C .\foorc of A!lanta, Ga., bas done eon siderable worlt: in stt uJying the r<:sults of crude mixing facilities. l"rom a longarrayof6g1u~s l seloctusrcprcscntativeloursam pleM of a mixturethut was intended to analyzell '.l-;J . '\s a nrntte, of fnct, tbe.pl.tm!JJhoric acid in these samples nctunll~ run from e i ght a nd a qll:1rter to nearly fi f teen and n linlf (8 .1 8 to 15.35) per c ent lheamrnonia from slightlyol'erone-hulftouenrly 1hrce (.U(ito2 89) percent, nud the potash from Jess th:1n one half to three and a qua t rer (.43 to3.27 ) percent. Whnt"Wollld you soy t o the m11r1nfn et11r er who ga1e yo u such variable 1"(>1mlts as this~ l would suggest lhnt you have a reputablediemist nnal.r7.e some of your o wn l,ome mixtures. The re!!ult ~ migbth eofi nterest. T hen. too it mu st be l'ememhered that iu J iome mixing t he material s nre reckoned to give the ex,u:t nnnlysiij de sired, while in eommercln! formulas there must be a slight ,we rrun to i11suremeeting the State's requircnients. For hi~ own protection the mauufrte!ure r l~ h ound to give lib <"ral nwnsure. In everyi n ~tnnee this ovenuu of plant food nbo,e theguaraut.ee np than a home mix1.urn of supposedlr the-~nmf nnnlr~i

    PAGE 112

    1i1:! Hut in the case of chemic~l11 which Set w!Jen first com bined whllt docs the o>'dinary farmer know of ';co ndi tio u eni,"' (and why should he kllow, any more than to know how to temper t he 11te1ultB, and results kl what he must get tu bring tr ade hence l h~ expensive but absolut e ly neeessary machin~ry. JUDG"ENT ,\NI) K:'< ~ \\"I-EOGI: r:> :QU Ul~ D. I Theu,too,the cepabletertlliztrman do (:f,untmixma leria\s that make volatile Or unavailnbJe compoun d s. I know one g o od trucker i o ye;,ira gone by wl:10 alway s 1 nt ashe sw ithhisfert i lizerbecauile ( hey' ;m adeit 31 lstrong." lli s reason for thinking it wus ~lr1l'l!per ton,yethc thought heh 11da!iren1ide11. Reuse
    PAGE 113

    lHI p lHi rk add 1111d pot a11h is sulllcierit w rnr H ccono, u y i11 coucerucd,n.11 ueitherot th esee.lllen!iul11leuch Ul\'ilY tonuy extc 11 t,b ntwbe.n wecona id crtbnt11ractieally11llnv11ilnhlc tt.mmc.m in UI aubject 10 leaching, the proporciouiu-;;: of um rnon i at~ to in a ure n Sll!llily 11U (l )Jly of uitrntc wil h n min mum 11mo11 11 t ,..f loll!I la u uttilion of va11t lmporlnme nm! t he key to the UilJeren ce in field wori: ofe<,mwen::lal for. muln11ofthelillltlle:rna l yBi11a ndi 11gred ien1 a. Tltcre ~hould be enough nitrate to B u1 1 1 >1y tbe needi. of the 1,l ant until the Sulphate of Au11nonia 1X1llles ilno 1wai l 11!,ility, and enough Sul 1 1hate of Ammonia to ll111t u11til the 1. 'ankal,'C or ot h e1 o r gunic m lll t er h o& been .-e,Iuced t o uitrute form. 'fb. c l ower am1non i ates do not become 11v11i\11ble11\111 1o nce ,110i ftbeproportionlngisrlgbtt.bere isveryHttlel01!11 lr, h owe1er,1he,eistooi;-rea ta11111por tlon of u itru1ea la r i;e iwrt isllkoly io leach away !cnving n u t 11 ~u11J den t 11 up1 1ly for tho J111 e r growth fo r remember we hnve o n ly a definite nmoon l of ammonia i n the formnla "" lndienh i ,1 by the 1rn11 ly s i 11. On the o1he r !mud, if we nhve too little nit rate there i i 1111tunting periOl.l ut first and a per i od l ater, per b api, of wu t e or perb.ap!i of 01e1 l,"l"Qll'th. The i;nme uub,1lnnel?d con diti on ncc 11 n; by the use o r 1ws m allortoogreut' J ll"OJ10rtlon11oflhe11lower111tunon !ates. Th e point is to l1ave f ood for the plnn111when they need it an,l just n11 ll llle 11 ij J)()ISl:li ble In a f orm "h jec t 1n11nste. 'flu~e 11roportlon~ 11re( liff erent!or d llferell1 e ro1 ui. For in ~tll nel? l f the tomnl(> plnn1 i 11 11tun ted d uring it,i e11rly 1 icrlo d of gro11 th t h ough It ma y beco m e 11. mo st l11x11rin11f phult !nte r ,itnever" ill beprolific Onthe ot herhnod,if cor n \11 pu she d loo 11 111d 1 n t lirsr, it ill n o t prolific L a ter on. t h e tomnlo Moom 6 may be thrown by an over nhu n dance of nl\r11 t e, wh i l e the com need~ an e.-c lra appll elll ion of u itrn t eju~f ar ~il\d n :; time I f the gre11te11t yie ld J 1 t o be

    PAGE 114

    11' -=ui-ed. Differeut croJ)!I have d\lferent need.Ii; dil!'ere11t soil11 needdifferenlm11nagellH!nt,11odcan usetobeltnd vantagt1dHferentfertl!i!etmat erlal11, buttbeeeneed11 have bcic11 cnre fullycon ~hlered 1111 thegreot numbe roffert Hizer forrunlnaaho\\', l'h e worth of these formula 1 1 Indicated by their fie l d worl.:, and the.field work is Indicated by the volume of trade and the cl1t u of people 11.1 cuatomeu. M 0011urereeperce 11t,and themo11t proirperout and beat i ufonocd growere, generally ul!C the reglllar brnnd!I of the ma r tet. The f e,1 l!Xce pti on1111. re where a~cial wixtul't'I! :i.re made at t he fa et'ory from tho grower's own formula or more 1'1lrcly whcro t tio grower nppl!OII different fer!illzerm11terlnla ~parately; but there le not to my knowledge a Kiugle inetance wl,ere a grower of St.ate-wide prominence f ollo w1 lhe pr actice or home mixing. They ha-ve tried home 111lxiog anti discarded it na expenahe and inc/Tectfre. Tn fnct, It Is gc ncrnlly co n ceded that "Be who ltno1is enough to mil" ill ~ ow n fer tilizer knows en o ugh not to." :.ms. N. M. G. PRANGE.

    PAGE 115

    THE STATE OF FLORIDA D e partm e nt of A g riCultu re. Rf,:OUJu\.TIO.NS GOVERNING 'HE TA.KING .-\NI> FO R WAilDI:KO OF SAMP l ,U:S Ol< 001,ornuc 1 AL FEElHNO STUFF TO THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRTCU L T.URF. FOR ANA L YSIS BY T D K STA'l'E CHEMIST The following regulations for drawing, preparing uml sending sampl~ of Commcrc!al J<'erti!izer and Commer cial Stock Feed, 1 mder 1he au t hor i ty gfren 10 Section JG of Chnpter 41Ci0, Act11 of 1901 (See. 1277 General Slat utCl!), aml SC(:. Hi, Chnpler 5452, Ac t11 of 1007, are thi~ day a
    PAGE 116

    l!hall retai n one-h a l l of this pl'tlpared 15ample for 1mnly11.ia ; the remaim1er <1hnl! be plaeed i11 u gh 1 sa bottl e, i,ea.led, nn d Identified by \be Lnboratory number, and date, a nd pla ced in 1he cuJ1tody of t he Co1mniAAlonc r of AgticuJ. ture. Thet!e duplicate 1111.mp lc,, f!hnll be retained for 11. period of 11,ree month11 from the date of the cerliflcate of aunly 11 i11, !n eol!(! or nppeol from 1rna l yaig"of th e Slate Cheml~t (wit hin three monfha from t b11 d11te or the cer tillcato) th e Sllm p lc ijl,1111 be retained in~eli11ltely nntil t he final diapo,!ltion of !lie ease. Sl'EOIAL S.AMl' l E S.----Samplcs d!'8.wn aud trnn~mit ted by the JIUrch aser under 8cctionll O of bolh the Com mer c ia l J;' ertlli~ er nud the Co:nmerclnl Stock J,'eed l..i~ 'I!. The pul'(:hnse1 or ow11er of tlte ma t erial to be sn m11led, when the lot or Jihlpmcnt contai u A ten or m ore origina l packag e. of 1he same hmnd, ti h a ll take i n the l'l'Cl!ence of tv,o wil.De86Cf;, an npproiimately equal quantily frolYI each of ten paeknges of the ,mme hrnnd (n ppr oximntely apiutor1tpound),nfterc11r'Cful l yni1dt ho ronghlym i :xing thesee.amplea,nfalrsampleof them l zture, not !CH than apmind in theeaseo f commereial r crtillzer,nn d notll'!l!I than one.half 1 ,ound in the Clll!e of co m111en:i11\ Mtock f eed shall be 11l u.cer0\ 0 eut damage iu tran apor t ation In c11i,c the loto1 ablpm eo t con t:iin 1 l lll!ll lli ao ten originnl 1 111ckageao f theume brand, end 1 pa ckage ahnll be 1111mpled 1111 prov i ded in the foregoing parugn11,h t he anmplcsmlzed,an d nfairu. 111pleo fthelot,"oneormore paekng lJH", Alll 1 l l bed r nwn and trnnMuitte tl ag p ro vide d In the foregoing pa r 11gri111hR. 'l'be Jmn:hnser or ,iender or l he t,1t1tnple, ~ !,all nlso a d dreM a letter to theCom m i.88\oner of Agriculture, ad

    PAGE 117

    '" v i tinghlmof t he8E-11'1i11go f thel!8m J lle. Thil!letl"ermns t not beenclo.sed!nthe 1,nckug e. The object of th et.ea led bottl e o r ti n c11n i11 to prevent th1i e>'nporntlo n of 1he moi8tUl"ll from tll e 11umple---fl. n im portant deter ml nntiun. s.-.,1rt.t:11 Iii' r AL'~II Oil ~001.l~li' r.CKA( :J:s wrr.L NOT 111: The l!C regul:iliona n l! :1do p ted to i,ecure r u!r i,:un ples of ~umcient ~ i ze to nllow the presenntlon of o d o 1 1l ic ate sample in ease of protest or nppeal. This duplicate anm J)le will he preser1 for thrw mouth from tile do te of eert i flcnteor : rnaly 111,. The State Chemi9t 1 11 uot the p ro11er offi~r to recel1c ij J J(!(:lnl1111 mpleafrornthepurc!io $ei 1'he propriety of 1he method or draw i ng a111l ~endi n g sa1n1Jtesu1111J:edbylawiaobvioug. The drawing nnd 11end!n: of special aamp lc,i lq in rare eiu.eti i n compl ian ce with law. Sii111 1 1!et1 are tr e.1ueDtly sent hi paper boxe11, b:idly packed, nn d freqnenlly in very l!lnall 11unntlty ( l ees lhau .an ounce); fn ~ 1u ently 1here are no rnarl:11, nnmbtr11 nr otller meana of ldentitlcatlon; t h e IJOl! l mark i n m any h1alance:t1 being abseDt. The allen tion or t h o..e h o desire to a 'llil therruielves of this privilege ia Clllled to Sec1ion~ 9 aiid 10 o r the ln,.:, which nre deo r ,n11! exp llcll NOTE.-ITEIIEA.-ru ST RICT comf,IAl"llTILIZl:R OR ONK-IIAIF N)l / NU 011' lfTOCh: ll'l!ED, IN A TlN CAN on DO'M'I.E, 811:A l ,!ID AN U AD PI\Cl!IIJ:n ro l' ll ll CO)!).I I MH IO NER 011' AGll:!C'U l ,TUllll, T UE PUIICIIA S l:R 1 B NA).IE AlR>!se, ANO Tllll NA.Ill 01 T>-11: BBNDl!R, IUIIT Al .BO DI: ON TIJIII l'ACKAGI':, Tlits auu: Ari'l.V 11<0 TO llrKCIAJ. IIAllrl, l':11 or 11''/l l ~Elt!I" OR CO)llotl!RCl.11, NOTt:.-A on 11(1n1ul baking powder tin can, proper. ly cleo.ncd, filled with a fa i rly drawn, we 11 mixed /llllll jll e dra11n all directed i ~ n 11roper ~rnple. lT )1(1111' 8K H&.
    PAGE 118

    1 18 ANI) AllDR>:!1!11m TO TUR Co1uu1;11rONEJt OF AGnlCULTt :1111:, AT 'l',11,t,AllASlw.&. Tur. rUllCIIA81:R'B NA lJII: AN!) A!)l)RJ,;M, ,\.NI> TUE N,ou: 011' TIU: BCNIIBR, UWI: Ai.SO Ill: l' l..\CRO ON TIU: I v .MOJU: THAN OSlll 81.Mrl.JI IS SL'fT a..l'lSSl:NT!NO Oil" P E IIE"-"T llLL"DR,TUI: UIIII'LEl! llUST!ll: SUJ,,IBE I UUI ISO All TO IDCNTlf'Y Tlll':lol. ALL THIS S HOULD K i;; oosi-; IS TIIE l"IIES EN CII OF Tflll WITNt: ISl! t: 8, ,1,,;o T i n; \>ACK ... OE lU,11.M 0 11 C X I'll&Sl!EOBYADl8JNTERP.8TEOl'l:lt!ION, NOTE.-The ta g11 oil' the ~uch , ,ilh aua ly ses,nod nume1,1 o r muuu facturcrd i;ltoulcl be rctnln cd by the 1,ur cluu1er, to compare with the ccrti.tlcatc of unulyijl8 when received, a n d NOT BENT TO Tl!IB O~ll'ICE. Tm i OATt: 01' THE DU.WINO .U
    PAGE 119

    THE STATE OF FLORIDA Department o f Agr icul t u re nuu:s ANO R EGULATIONS covrmN I NO '!' HE ANALYS T S OF WATER SO IL S, COM:\ IER C I A L SAM PLE S, AND SA MPJ.g B INVOLVING CRIM INAi CASES. WATfJR ANALYS I S. 'fhc State Lnborutory will analyw llll.mplM o f water from publicl y-owned waler su11plies, municipa l pltmt.11, etc., owned and operated by t h e city o r town, whe n ac compa nied by the certificate of the mayo r o r other rity officer, that the water ia furnfahed the public b y the city or town. Tt will not 11.naly:tc wnler for ludlvld11al5 or corpo ra tion 11 sclllng water to tlie 1mblle water eo m Pft ni ..a:, Ice COUJJ)(lnfe.11, mineral spring~, l1 e 11lth re80r1a, etc., main tained for Jlrofit Such 81llllple~ a hould be gent to a com mercial laboratory. Th e State Laboratory doe! not make bacteriological e:i:nm i nntlonaford.iscaacgcm111. Such examinaliouaare made by 1be State Board of Health, at J ackl!Oov ille Fla., which h uentlrec h argeoflhe publlchenllh We
    PAGE 120

    From a k n owledge ot the chemical analy 8i8 of a water, u unerompanicd by a 11y fur 1hcr information 110 ~'O ne l u ijio n a& to the potability u ucl heulthfuln eSB or the water cn n bededuced. Therefore, we r ~ quil'e the foll ol\ ing illfon n n t l on to bl' ghen In regard In the110 urc e of the "ater: { I ). The source or he wat er : sp rin g, l nl.:e, n .. er driven well, dug "e ll bored well, artCl!ian well or tl ow lng ,..e ll; and olw t h e de pt h. of tb.e water ~urfnc u6ed fo r othe r s uhs tn ncea (molat;!
    PAGE 121

    12t There 111 b ut li ttle info~tu.l!tiOn IP be derived from a !!Oil imn l ysla t h at wo11J, l lie or \Jcn e flt t o farmer~. So muel depends on tilt h dmiunge c ultul'il a nd other phy~ien l couditions,lhat an annlysismndeunder lnbol'atory eondi tlon s i, o f little value. A chemical analy 1 lls of 110il m ny indica te a ,er-y ferti l e to il, rich in plan t food while the fneh 1 are 1 h e &oils are not producthe. Th i, is instanced by the rich Sa.,gl"IWI mucl: landd aud river bo!toms of the atnte, Otat are fer tile c hemically, but n o t pro c l uclive umn properly drain c d ; 11IM0, by the n1ld l am \ ~ o f 1he W est, rich ln the e l e mentM of plant food, but" uot p r od 11 Cth-e untll ln-lgnted OtherMOils,with l ei,~ plant food, but on 11c ooun 1 of proper phy11icalcondillons,cultnrcandtilth,nrcei:edingly prodnc~ife. The average o f thom,and1 of nnalyo f Florida. so lla nmde by the F l orida Agrlcullur:al E:rpcrlmco.t !:!tntton a1u l Hie Srate Lo.borntory Is u follow~: :Nitro ge n ( 1 1er Cllnt.) . ..... ... ........ 0.0418 P9tn1!h {pe rl:ll fl t.). . .. 0.0091 l 'hosphorie Acid (pereen t .) ........ ... 0.1635 Thi i11 a fair nve ru ge of n11 of the Norfolk nod l'orl.9 nwuth l!Oil f!l'J"illlloflhe 81ate,11 hid1 comprise by fo. r the gr\'l.ter portio n o f 1he State. l n thlll conncetlon we quote from t l.i e re!)or1 of the l n dln m Agricultnrn l Experime n t Sfntlo u l'm l ue U n h-er ijl t y, Lo f uyette, lndlu1111, 1008, ns f o ll ow @ : "&JIL ANALYSIS 01' 1 ,1'.M'l.1: Y Al,Ull IN" $110\VINO f '>:11.'tlLI 11:R n;,qu111.1:1n:NTS.. -' fhe Cbemlcnl Department" i~ called u1 >o n to an~wer ho n dreda of lettcnr of \o.qu l ey In relation to agricnltnral c hemical problem@ from people all over l h eStnle. Io th i s connecti,0 11 i t might be"ell to11ny th nt t lL ereiHU1'1'ideii 1 1~ d idea(hatthec h cml8tC11no.o.alyzea AAmple of ~ oil nnd, ,,ltJ1011t further knmd(..:lge of t h e co n di t i o n!!., wr ite 01,t n prescr i pt i on o f a fertillier whld w m nlltht!neecl1<0flh11t111uticulnrsoi l.

    PAGE 122

    122 ''Tbe E:s:perlmi!ut Station docs uot anal~e eamples of llOil t'o determille the fertilizer requiremeuts. There is no cliemica\ met\Jod knowll that will ~how reli ably th e a1ail ability of the plan t food elements present in the wit, as this is a variable factor, lnfluen!d by the kiDd of crop, tbetypeot s oi!,theclimalenndbiologicalcoriditious; hence, we do not rCC-Ommen d this method o( testing soil. '"fhe method recommended by tbn Indiana Stutl'-'n is the de!d fertilizer te st or plot ~ystem, In which lcrn g, narrow strips oft.he fleM 10 i,e te.ited are measured off s ide by side. The crop is planted uniformly over each. Different fertilizers are applled to the dllierent plotl!, e,ery !bird or fourth one being le f tunfertili~. The produce from these plots Is harvested sepa rately and weighed lll thisrii.anner t hefurmercan tell what fer ti !izerls best suited tor his 11eeRJJ(: IIAMrLES NOT l\ltAWY AND TIIANS)!JTJ:a!I ACCORDINC TO L AW WJU, NO'l'Jll: ACCl:1"1:!;I) t'OR ANAl,YSJS

    PAGE 123

    123 COPIES OP LA WB RULES AND REGULATlONS \ND STANDAUDS Cltlien& of the State iotereste
    PAGE 124

    by 8ped11ljsta cmJJloycd l!y tile grand jury and proseeut i1!g11ttoruc)', thcCOllt being tuco.l as otlicrcr!mlnal eosts, bytheooul't. W.A. Mcl?.11:, Connni,;sioner ot Agriculture. R. E. Rosr., S t ate Ch cm iMt. 'J'allalm~,t~, l'lorld~, R.e11tcmber ri, 19 1 4.

    PAGE 125

    Sl'EC J AJ. SAMT'I.E8. Florida i5 the only State \11 the Un i on that provide. for tbo "a pecia l sample," drawn by the consumer or pu~hnser, under 11roper ralee "and regulndone fixed by law-to be 11e nt to the State Ulborutory for analy e i a fn:,e of 0011t. Any clt\,ren lu tJ,e State who hnM 1mrcbaeed fertilizcrl!I or feed for hil own use may draw n 11ample of the same,. according to \n-,., a nd ha, e the 11ame analysed hy the State Chemist free of coat. And i n case of Jldu l teratlon or de tl.ch!nC J can, on e11tablllhing the fa ct, recclve double the coet of price demanded for the good Th e law requin:11 tbe "1pecial Ml'npl et'' 10 be drawn in a manner to 11reveot themubmiBBlon ot1pu ri ou,1111mplc.; rules nnd ~gulation1 are publi s lied in t'lery Rn\!ctin for draT
    PAGE 126

    126 :'i l w YORK 1, 110LE SALE P RICES, cu m mN 'l OCT. 1 1 9 1 4.F ER T lLIZER llA T E R I A.LS Und er um;ct tJ cd t'U u ()iU, m s, quotatio n s are WH OLL Y NO MI NAL. Awmoolo Sulfi,.., roreign, 1 1 rom p t.. Am mo n ia, Ru l ph d ome$tk, ij j JOt.. fut u re,, Fil!h S.::1'11. i l, dri e r 11 p .c. A u mo n in an d 14 p.c n e Phospbat c f.o.b. lh1h works ...... .. . ...... ym u nit "mt, aciduatct.1 (i p.e. Ammouin 3 p c l'bosphork Add dcl il-ered ... O 1 ou ud Fl sbG u nno, i mported, l 0nud 11 p c. A mm on!u a n d 1r,.17 p c Bone Pbos p l1ate C:1. r. N. Y ., IL~ll i m ore, or Ph i ladelphia 1'unkage, llp. c. a n d 1 5p .c. f.o.b Chicai;o Ta n ka,:: e 1 0 and 20 p c. f.o.b Ch i cago, groumJ Tn n lr:ago, 9 and 20 p ~., t. o.t, Cbic ago ._ g round .... . .. ... . ..... Tani.age, co n centrated, f.o.h. Chicago, 1 4 t o Hi p .c., f .o. b Chi cago .. Ga rba ge, ta n kage, r.o .b C h icago .... Sheep Ma n ure, C0DCNllr11te d f.o.b. Oiicago.. .. ... ... per to n. Hoof ucal t .o. b O h i cugo ... .. per un[ t Dri ed Dl ood, 1 21 :l ,,.c. Ammo u ta, f. o. b. New Yo r k C lo ieago Nitrate of Sodo, 95 ,,.c. ~/IOI, per 100 lb s f n t ur es,9!'i p .c .. .. 2.00 @ 2 70 2.55@ 2 5~@ 2.SO -@ 3.3U@ 1 0 -@ @ 2.95@ 10 3 .05@ 10 3.0U @ 10 2. 91i@ JO 9.00@ 13. 00@ 2.G0@:!.70. 3 H'.i @ 3.00@ 1.!10 @ J ."8 0 @ 1.90

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    127 l'IIOSl'IIJ,Tli:S. Ac.i d P bOflphatc, ,, .. ........ per unit 46 @ 50 Bones, r ough, har11.. . per ron 22.60@24.00 softsteamedunground... . 21.50 @ 22.00 ground, stenined, lp, c. ammonia and 60p.c.llon el'hosphate ... 20 00@21.00 ditto,3and50p.c.. .. ..... 23.50,@24.00 raw, ground 4 p. c. Ammonia and ti0 p.c. Bonel'hor!phate ...... 28.50 @3 0.00 South Carolina Phoephn1e Rock, kiln dr ied, f.o .b Ashley RinJr. . 3.50@ 3.75 Florida Land Pebble l'vhOllphatc Rock, 68 per cent; f.o.b P,:,rt Tampa, Fla. 3.00@ 3.25 F'lori dn high grade l'hosphate har(I l'o ck 77p e rcent. f.o.b Floridaport ij . 5.75@ 6 .2 5 Tenuessee Pho sphate Rock f.o.b. ~ft PJensnnt, dom es tic 78 @80 p. c. per ton .. T;:ip.c guaran fee d .. . 68@72p. c . .. MurlAte of l'otnsh 80-8!\ per cont., bl:lsis 5.00 @ 5.50 4 .7 5@ ti 00 4 .2 5@ 4.50 SO percent., In bags... Nominal Murinte of Potot<;li, min. 95 per cent., bn"sis 80 percent., in b11gs .... )l11rioteMPot.1sb,mln.98pe r eent.,baah 80perccut ., inbag8 .... Sulphate of Pola!!h fl0.fl5 p nccnt., basiB" 80 ,~ r c ent., i n ba g,i .. O oub lc'.\lanureS 11 lc,48-53percent.,Jmgig 4 8pcrccnt.,inbn.!rf! . Manure Snit, 1nl n. 20 per cen t K,O, lnbu!k. Kninit, min. 12.4 per cent. K,O. in bul l:

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    MAJIK!.-:1' l'IIH..:ES OF C H E!tl!C.\ L ~ .\~U l'E B TI L IZ l'OH'l'S, OG'f. 1 U H. 11 der nose tt l~ oo ndltloo", qnotntlo1111 11re wholl, nomloal." ~ltrate of Soda, 17 % Alllll\OllilL .. Sulphate of Ammonia, 25% Am m o ni u .. IJried Blood, 1 0 % Ammonia .... Oynanamld, 18 % Ammonia .. JJlgh Grade Sulphat e of Polllllh, 90 % ..... f 5 1.i.OO H 00 i0.00 f,0.00 Su l phate, 4.8 % K 0... Nominal I .ow Gra d e Sulphate of P otnB h 4 8% Sulphate, 26% K,O .. Uuria1e o f Potuh, 80 %; ~8 % K 0 .. X!tra t e of Pota11h, Imported, 15 '},.~m monia 44 % Potn !h K O .... Nl!rnte of Pot aah, American, J3 % Am monia, 42 % Pot Mh K ,O ... Kainit, Potash, 12 % K,O.. 1 8 .00 Onuada H ardwoo(l Airl1C11, in h~i,~. 4 '?, K O Pot1111h. 20.00 Alli,iONIA ANO PHOl!PllOIII C A c rn. \\'ater Solub l e T ank-age. H % Ammon in ........ G.).00 mi:h Gnde Tn n lrni: e. to ';" Amu, 011111, 10 % Phn~ pl,orie A r i ,1. .(9.00 Tankage, 8 % A1111non la, 1 8'}',, P h osphori e Add .. (3.00 T,o,.,
    PAGE 129

    129 Ho te l T anknge 6 % Ammonia, 7 % Ph,)IJ" pl rnrlc Add 35.00 Sheep Manure ground 11 7,, Amm o ni a.. Zi 00 Imported Fiah Guano, 11 % Ammonia, rjlf..! % Pbo a pbori c Acld 1:0 .00 Pllre Fine Steamed Oroun d Bone, 3 % Ammoni a, 22 % Pb 011ph orlc Acid .I L OIJ Raw Hon e 4 % A m m o nia Z'.! % Pb oa phor lc Aci,1 38.00 Ground Cllator Poro aee, % Ammonia, 2o/,i Ph 011pborlc Add 26. 01 1 Bright Co tton See d Meal % Amm on i a.. 25 .00 llnrl. Co t ton Sa-ti M en ] 4 1/2% A mm onin.. 22.00 l'IIO B l' II O lll C A C ID High Grade Aci d l'h011pba te, 16 % .ha ilable Ph os phoric Aci d . .... 1 :;.011 Acid Phoaphate, 14 % Availab le P h011pho ric <\cld 1'.00 Done utack 17 % Available Ph oapborlc Add. 25 0i lfl !ICILJ,.t~KOt l l<. Blgh Gr a de Gro unJ Tobacco Stem , 2 % Ammo n !a, 7 % l'o tll.B h. .. . .. . f :! t OU Bi!!h Grade G round Kentuck. 'T'oh ncc o S t e m ,, 2 % Ammonia. 1 0 % l'Otllllh. . :? S. 00 Tob acco Dut No. 1 2% A mmoula, 2 % Pot ash. 24.00 Cut Tobac co Rtem , In ~n...-b, 2 % Am m o ni a, % Potn a h 20. 00 Dark Tobacco Stelll.!, bnled. 2 % A m mon ia. 4 % Pot a, h 22.00 La nd P l aaler, in u d.:, 1 2J)(I The c h a r gea by r epntable m a nnfo ct nren: for mixing and bagglogaoy a pe ela l or regu l nr formu l a are$1.1 ) 0 per ton In txcel!ll of nhon i p ris.

    PAGE 130

    "' STATE VAL UA 1 IONS. ( lllU H! d o n co mmercial \ luea, Jul y lit t !) H ) For A1a il able an d ln 1o lu ble l'hOl:!phoric A cid, A mmonia and l'otaah,tortheBeai.onot19U. Avallable ph03phorlc Add.. Ge a pound ln801uble Pbo1pboric A cid.. l e II po und Ammoni11 (or ita eqnll'Alent lu n itro gen .. 17 ic a polllld Poti111 h {u actual po t ash, K,O) ... .. .... 6lc a pon nd If e alcu lated by unit &A:n.llable l'h011ph oric Acid ..... .. .. .. $1.00 per unit lneolublc l'hoaJlboric Acid.. 20 c per unit Ammoni a (o r ibl equiva le nt In nitrogen ). 3. 61) pe r uni t P ata.eh .. .. .. 1.10 pe r u n it Wit h a unlform a\lo11, ance of it.50 per ton f or mixing an d bagging. A un it l1 tweAty ponoda, or I per ~nl., I n a Ion. We !lntlt hl atobetheeule11tandgulckel'llmethod r orca lcu lating th e 1 a! u e ot lertiliz e r. To illu~ tmte thla take fore:1:ampl en t crtilizerwh i ch 11na !yZe11a f o \lo,v 1: \, 11ila.bl e rh oa phoric Acid .. 0.22p,;reent.41.00-4 6.22 !oeolub l e Pb 0111 ph orie Aeld ... 1 .50pe r ce o t .x .20.SO Ammoni a. . .3 .42pe rceot .x 3.60U .97 P otaab ... . ........ 7 .23 percent.x l.107. 95 .\li :dn g anc l Bagging . .. . l.50 Oom m erela l va lue at sen port .. .. .. . .. ... : ... '27.94 Or a f r rtlllu>r analydog as f ollo"a, Availnble Ph otph orie Aei d ..... Sper~t.xf l.0 0-$ 8.00 Ammonia .. .... 2pereen t I l.l.607. 00 Potaiih . . . ... . 2pe rce n t .x 1.10 2.20 llhiug and Bagging .. ... ... .. .... ...... 1.50 Co mmer cial Vlllue at~ porte ......... .. .... ., $1 8.70 The nluati 0 D and ma r ket pri cer; in preceding illustm t!on~ nre l iued on market prlcee f o r one-to o lo ts.

    PAGE 131

    ,;1'AT~: VALUES. ltil!J outinteml~ IJ.Y tlier'Sta t evnination" to flx th e 1,ricc or co mm erela l 1.Jue of a given brnnd. The "S tate 1 al uea" are tb e m u r kel 1,ril-el!J for th e 1arioul!J appn.,,ed chetnieal and materlnla used in mixing or manufnctur i ng commen:ial f e rtili ten or oommerelal 11toek feed a1 lbe date of \111min,i 11. Bull eti n, o r the ope ni ng o f the "eea,on.n They mny ht1t seldom do varj trom til e market prices, and are made libera l tu meet any r,!!gbt aclm n ce or decline. 'f bey a re compiled from price lists a n d co mm e r ci al rv por UI by repmablo deale" a nd Journal,. The que111tion i a f te11ne ntl y as ked; "W hat l a 'Smith Fruit an d V in e'worth pe r lon?" Such aqueatlonen.Dnot be answered catego r lcnlly. By analyI, t ho ammonia, arallable ph Ollphork acid an d pota~h may be determi ned nndt he l nqulrer lnformcdw h att hec oato f t h e o ~y mntcrl11Jtooom1ooundtoatonofgoocla11imilarto"Smlth'11 P ru it a nd Vine'' on ld be, usi n g non e but acce p te d and .. ll knoWll mnter!ala of the be3t q11 allty. State va lnei do no! eonsid er "tra1le llt!C'l'elll, loss on bad b ill ', COB t of advertlsemeols n od upenof eollee tlona. Th e ''State vn l oe" ls ~imply th a t 1 1rice at llhi d t tbe v a ri ous l n gredlentll ncceMnry to uac in compound ing u fertiliz er, or f ee(], can bepurchnsed forw11t.in. Ion. lot 1 11/ f;'/orida ~ea})Of' t f Th <:$0 p ri ce lief JlUbllhed in t h !~ report. ,vjfl, l h
    PAGE 132

    OOMP081T(0N 01<' I<'ERTILlZER MATER IALS. NITROGENOUS MATERIALS. I POUNDS PEI! HUNDRED Ammoni a I Ph~~rc I Potub I POUNDS PER HUN"DRED Ammonia I p~; ~ l 1~ ] ~ I i!: !:.l'l~~ Flo rl d11.P a hl.ol e Ph<>11pllit e1 ~ 2 Florld nlloek Pbo pbate.... . 33toS& fi~:1 t:iEr:~ ~ ~ ~~:a:,~: n,.f:, i !! E ii ~ IAohed Bone. ... .... .. 13 lo 15 2 to I POTASH MATERIALS AN"D FARM MAN U RJ,;S. Pbo s. Acid ::~:=~ ) Ammonla l 1------t-

    PAGE 133

    133 !< 'ACTORS FOR CONVERSION ToconvertAmmonia into nitrogen, mu!Up l y by . .. .. .... 0.824 Ammonia into protein, multiply by ... Ii Hi Nitrogen into ammon i a, multiply by . ........ 1.214 Nitmte of 11oda lllto n i trogen, multiply by ..... 0.16t7 Nitrogen into protei n multiply by. . . . . .. 6.25 Bone phosphate in t o p h oapbor i e acid, multlply by 0.458 Phosphoric aci d into b one pboi;phate, mu l tiply by 2.UW Murlateof poUu, h lntoaetual potash, multiply l,y 0.63'.! A ctual potashiDtomur i ateofpotnsh, multlplyby l.u83 Su l pbn t e of potaah Into actua l potallh, multip l y by 0.U Actual potae h i n toaolpba.teofpotaab, multi pl y by t.85 Nitrate of potaah into nitrogen, multiply b y ... .. 0.139 Carbo u ateo f po l aah into actual J)Otasb,mu l tlplyby 0.GS l Achml potash in to carbona t e of potll!b, multiply by 1.466 Chlorine, iu "ka in lt," multiply potash {K,O) b y .. 2. 33 1' 'or lustnnce, yo u buy 95 per cent. of n ltM1te of aoda and want to k n ow how much nitrogen la l n It, mnltlply 95 per cent. by 0.164 7 you will get Hl.65 ;.,er CE! n t. nitrogen; you want t o know how much ammon i a th i e nitrogen lll equh'!lent to,then mnltlply 15.Gapercent. b y l.2Ua n d you get 1 8.99 r,ereent.,theequiva!e n t lnammonla. O r to co nv e r t 90 per ce n t. carbona t e o t potuh I nto a ctua l vutae b (K,O), mu ltiply 90 by 0.681, equale 61. 29 per ce u1 1,ctual potash ( K O). T'OR M ULAS. 'l'here are fre
    PAGE 134

    "' lowing: Ammon ia 11%; an t, 11blc ph 011phor1c acid Gt %; and potneh 7t % The fo llowlng: formula ~ will furuieh the neceunr y plnnt food in ubout t he 11bove pro portion. I hnl"e purpo M!ly avoided t he n ee of nn r frac tion of 1 00 poundaintbeiieformul:ts tos im1 1 ll fy !he m. Values nre t ike nfromprl celistsf nrnl~h e tl hyt h et rnrle.J1inuary t Hl12. Fo r c otton, w m, ,., eet potalOetS 11.nd v ege lalJles : Am monl~, 3%; uul!abl e plt08pboric add, 01: 'k; potosh. %( A) "VEOET,\ IlJ F.. B ue on Commtirc l:II \'aim Ju ly 1 HH. No l. P <1rCen L too p<> und ,.. o r C o uon So! Mo l (1 l -2ll) .. , S.%& Ammonld SOOpo und lAeldPbos1>ltate.(ISi:,ercent) . ,, G.O,h llabl
    PAGE 135

    185 (R)."FRUIT AND VI:NE." ~rult a Me]ono, Stra.wb n rri u Ir h h P ot.o.loer~nt, 2.000 State value 111!,;ed and bagged .. P laotFoodpertoD . Statevo.lueml:,edandbai;i;.ed. Plant Food per ton .. . nuo HOpo11nd 500 lbs.o(CottQD Seed Meal (?j-21-lfJ,. Pie~ Cent. 100 lba .ofN!trate ofSt>
    PAGE 136

    136 AVERAGE COl!POSlTJO~' OF COMMERCIAL FEED STUFFR. Bright Cot'n Seed Mea l 0 .3 5 39. 7 0 28.60 7.80 5.80 Dnrk Cotton Seed Meal 20.00 22.90 37.10 5 60 5.00 L~d Meal, o ld pro 7.ri0 35.70 36 00 7.20 5.80 LiMeod Menl, new pro~lll! 8 .4 0 36.10 3G.7U 3 .6 0 5.20 Whe:it l)ran. WheatMiddlingii 9.00 lfi.40 53,90 4 .00 5.80 5.40 15 40 69.40 3.20 Mixed Feed ( Wheat) 7.80 16.90 54.40 4.80 5.30 Ship Stuff ( Wheat).. 5.60 14.60 59.80 5.00 3.70 Com (grain) 2.10 10.50 69.00 5 .40 1.50 Com l f cn!. 1.90 9.70 68.70 3 80 U0 Corn Cob3. .. . 30.10 2.40 54.90 0.M Oorn and Cob Meal. 6,60 8 uO 64.80 3 .M 1.50 Hom in y Feed. 4.05 10.50 fJ5.S0 7.8 5 2.55 Corn nnd OntM, equal pnrt~ .. Bn1lc,(grain) Hnrlev and Oats, equal l'ur"i6 .... 5.80 ll ,15l64.G5 2.70 12.40 1 "" G.rn 1 12 .rn r.4.75 5.20 2.25 I.S O\ 2.40 3.40 1 2.70

    PAGE 137

    137 A VEHAOJ,; COMl'OSl'flON OF COMMERCIAL FEED STUFFS-(Gontinued ) Ont a (gra in ) 9.50 1 11.80 69.70 6.00 3.00 Ri<.:e (gra l~ ) 0.2 0 7.4.0 79.20 o.,o 0.40 Rice Bran. 9.50 12.10 49.90 8.80 10.00 Rl c eBu1!1.. 35. 70 1 3.60 38.GO 0.70 13.20 Wh ea t { grain) 1.80 11.90 71.90 2.10 1.80 Dry Jnp Sugar Cane . 26.22 2.28 62.55 1 55 2.77 Cow Pee ~-10 1 20.80 lil'.i.70 1.40 3.20 Co" Pea Bay 20.10 1 6.60 42.20 :!:.20 7.YI Velvet Benns . 6.70 23.08 51.28 5.57 3 90 \ehet Benn Bu ll a ... 27.02 1 7.46 1 44.56 1.57 .fi.82 Velvet Bean a and Bulle 9.20 19.70 1 51.30 4.lSO 3.30 ' Veh et Bean Hay .. ... 29.70 H.70 U.0011.70 6.70 Beg"garweed H ay ...... 24.70 21.70 80.20 2.30 10.90 .Japauese Kudzu Hay .. 82.14 17.48 80.20 1.67 6.87 Oottou Seed ( whole) . 23.20 18.40 24.70119.90 8.50 Cotton Seed Hulls .... 44.40 4.00 36.60 2 00 2.60 Gluten Feed .. 5.30 24 00 5 1. 20 10.60 1,10

    PAGE 138

    138 OOMM,ERCIAL STATE VALUES OF FEEL) : STUF1'' FOJt 1914. For the sea.wn of l.914 the following "State ,alues" are d:i:cd ns n guid e to purchasers, q11ot11Uon January l. 'l'hese value;,. are based 011 the current prices of eoro; which hos been cliosei i as a standard in fixing the com. mei-c l al vlilues; the price of corn, to a Jnrge extent gov erning the11riceofotherfeedB, pork, bee f etc.: COMM~llCU L VALUES OF rEED 8Tull'FS FOK l9J4. I ndian corn being the ~tnndard '35 .00 per ton. (,1.75per113.cko f 100\bf!:.,98eperbu.56lba ) To find the COmrnerdal S t ate value, multiply the per centages by the pdee per unlt. AuniHieing20poundl! (I%) ofa ton. P rotein, 4. &, per pound per unit Starch B.lld Sugar, 'l .51ic per pound 1ier unit Fats, 3.Jc pe r pound per unit COHN AND OATS, EQUAL PARTS~rotein .. ... .......... .... ll.1-6 : x 96c, $10.71 Starcli 11ud Sugar. . . ... .... 64.Gfi x 31c, 20.04 ~.. -=

    PAGE 140

    DEPARnlENT OF ACJUCULTUR--.[) I V1S I ON Of CHM IST1lY. ..

    PAGE 143

    I .:r .>l >lllln: .,,,.__ : : ::-1. .. L . .~ -.. -. I.I~"'"'"'-"'""' , ... w-. :' : .. Jo"'."':_"-"' ,_,.l _,,... ,.,~oo.n .,,.,. '"' .. 1 --:: : :: 1 :: :::~

    PAGE 145

    DEPARTMENT OF A(:. Rl CULTU R LDIVI S I ON OF; C H EM I S TRY 'LN.-~:E.= :::~ nn,uua =.:~..::-=;:ol>;-._-.

    PAGE 165

    ~::..J"TTJ' ~-:::: ,,_,. .. ~-ij;;::: :.H .l9.;_: _

    PAGE 166

    a.a. _____ ,__.,.,... ._'ULT-IOlt..__,.OUEIO._.-.,___________ ,~ .......... __ .. __ _____ ., _ ,._,_ ..,_

    PAGE 174

    ; : ,; c... ~ .~ ~ J:' .. ,:n'-. .. .... " ... C...

    PAGE 175

    , . .. >=...,,_,,..:::...--

    PAGE 178

    onctAL ffl <>o
    PAGE 180

    ... ~P .. 00 n~TRW, ,..,_,,___ .... -.... .... -T '_ "l-..... -~-!-