Citation
Florida quarterly bulletin of the Agricultural Department

Material Information

Title:
Florida quarterly bulletin of the Agricultural Department
Uniform Title:
Avocado and mango propagation and culture
Tomato growing in Florida
Dasheen its uses and culture
Report of the Chemical Division
Alternate title:
Florida quarterly bulletin, Department of Agriculture
Alternate title:
Florida quarterly bulletin of the Department of Agriculture
Creator:
Florida -- Dept. of Agriculture
Place of Publication:
Tallahassee Fla
Publisher:
s.n.
Publication Date:
Frequency:
Quarterly
Monthly[ FORMER 1901- Sept. 1905]
regular
Language:
English
Physical Description:
v. : ill. (some fold) ; 23 cm.

Subjects

Subjects / Keywords:
Agriculture -- Periodicals -- Florida ( lcsh )
Agricultural industries -- Statistics -- Periodicals -- Florida ( lcsh )
Genre:
serial ( sobekcm )
periodical ( marcgt )

Notes

Dates or Sequential Designation:
-v. 31, no. 3 (July 1, 1921).
General Note:
Description based on: Vol. 19, no. 2 (Apr. 1, 1909); title from cover.
General Note:
Many issue number 1's are the Report of the Chemical Division.
General Note:
Vol. 31, no. 3 has supplements with distinctive titles : Avocado and mango propagation and culture, Tomato growing in Florida, and: The Dasheen; its uses and culture.

Record Information

Source Institution:
University of Florida
Holding Location:
University of Florida
Rights Management:
All applicable rights reserved by the source institution and holding location.
Resource Identifier:
28473206 ( OCLC )

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((NoIume 24


FLORIDA

QUARTERLY


BULLETIN

OF THE
AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT


JULY 1, 1914

W. A. McRAE
COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE
TALLAHASSEE, FLA.

Part 1-Celery, Lettuce, Tomato, Irish Potato, Pecan and
Sugar Cane Growing.
Part 2-Crop Acreages and Conditions.
Part 3-Fertilizers, Feed Stuffs and Foods and Drugs.

Entered January 31, 1903, at Tallahassee, Florida, as second-class
matter under Act of Congress of June, 1900.

THESE BULLETINS ARE ISSUED FREE TO THOSE REQUESTING THEM

T. J. APPLEYARD, State Printer.
Tallahassee, Florida
-HJ)


1C --


Number 3








COUNTY MAP OF STATE OF FLORIDA.



















PART I.

CELERY, LETTUCE, TOMATO, IRISH
POTATO, PECAN AND SUGAR
CANE GROWING.

















IRISH POTATO GROWING IN FLORIDA.



The potato (Solanum Tuberosum) belongs to the family
Solocanacea the same as the tomato, eggplant, belladonna,
etc. Solanin, the active principle, is found in small pro-
portions and is poison to a small extent. This poison is
developed when the surface turns green from exposure to
the direct rays of the sunlight and is therefore unwhole-
some as well as unpalatable when in that condition. For
this reason sprouted or greenish colored potatoes are less
valuable for food even though in the process of cooking
a change is effected in the composition of the tuber.
The chief organic ingredient of the potato is starch,
which forms about one-tenth of its weight. According to
history it was first introduced into Europe by the Spani-
ards from South America. It still grows wild in the moun-
tain regions of Chili. It also has been found indigenous
to Arizona and Mexico. It was introduced into England
from Virginia by Sir Walter Raleigh. It is said that
"The potato is one of the greatest blessings bestowed upon
mankind, for next to rice, it affords sustenance to more
human beings than any other gift of God." It Is one of
the few food products that can be consumed exclusively
as a food. without limit as to time with no injury to the
system; it is a ration in itself that will sustain life and
strength for a great while. It is a wonderful provision of
nature, that the family which embraces the deadly night
shade, and other very poisonous plants, should also have
among its members this most useful vegetable. Of all the
crops of the truck farmer, the potato is the one which
is always saleable at more or less remunerative prices, its
general use among all classes and nativities of population,
makes it perhaps the most universally planted vegetable











known. The potato tuber is not a root, as it has neither
root hairs itself, nor has the stem which connects it with
the stock either flibrous roots or hairs and, therefore,
does not provide the plant with nourishment; neither is
it a seed any more than a stalk of sugarcane is a seed,
"both having eyes. The potato is simply an enlarged un-
derground stem, the eyes of which are also the buds. As
is well known the larger number of the eyes are on the
end of the tuber opposite from where the stem connects
with the plant. When the potato has dried out to a con-
siderable extent and the atmospheric conditions are favor-
able, the eyes or buds will swell and begin to grow or
sprout out. Until roots put forth these shoots are de-
pendent on the moisture and starch in the tuber for their
support, the same as seeds; these eyes, however, are inde-
dependent of each other, which enables the cutting of the
tuber into numerous parts for planting. If the tuber and
eyes are sound, the shoots will grow and make healthy
plants, provided conditions are favorable, whether they be
planted whole 'or in pieces with single eyes.
In cutting potatoes to single eyes, the cutter should
commence at the stem end, where the eyes are fewer in
number, and slice the pieces to single eyes each, in such a
way as to distribute the greatest amount of the tuber-sub-
stance possible with each piece. A good rule is, cut all
medium to large potatoes to single eyes whether sprouted
or not. Small potatoes may not all mature enough to
grow strong sprouts, but if a small potato is matured
enough to put forth strong sprouts, cut it also to single
eyes for very little substance will supply their support,
but if the potato has not sprouted it may be planted with-
out much danger of its putting forth more than one stalk.
A potato delights in a comparatively cool atmosphere
and moist soil and therefore thrives best in cool months
of the early spring and fall. Mulching with leaves
to retain moisture often produces a good crop even
if the season is very dry as the vegetable matter serves to











conserve the moisture in the soil. The soil best adapted
to this crop is a rich sandy loam or a moderately light
clay loam underlaid by a sub-soil of a character to re-
tain moisture. It should be plowed deeply and thoroughly
pulverized. Plow and harrow until it is put in a thor-
oughly good condition and well rotted stable manure may
be applied broad-cast, should there be a lack of humus in
the soil, but in the event the stable manure is applied, it
should be done for spring crops early in the season
or very late in the fall months. If too much green
manure is applied it is apt to produce scab. The land
should be broken a month or six weeks before time for
planting. It should be broken with a two-horse turn plow
and subsoiled if possible. Into these furrows put a com-
plete commercial fertilizer at the rate of 800 to 2,000
pounds per acre depending on the character of the soil.
Mix this 'with the soil and the subsoil by running two
furrows with a long narrow bull tongue plow so as to
thoroughly mix the fertilizer with the soil then let stand
for ten or twelve days before planting. Cut the tubers as
previously stated and plant when ready, covering about
four inches deep.
VARIETIES.

The best varieties for planting in tie South and espe-
cially in Florida, are the early and extra early varieties,
such as the Bliss' Red Triumph, Bliss' White Triumph,
Irish Cobbler, Improved Rose Number 4, Dixie and Extra
Early Sun Light. These are the extra early and the best
for growing in Florida for the first crop. Second earlier
an in some sections be grown with profit, but not gener-
ally throughout the State for commercial purposes.
-Beauty of Hebron, Early Rose and Carmen No. 3 are
favorite second early varieties. Burbank and Peerless
are late standard varieties for little later growing.
The time of planting potatoes in Florida depends upon
the sections of the State. In the far southern portions











they can be planted as early as December growing later
up to March as we go further north, indicating the
change necessary to conform to the seasons and location,
the difference being about ten to twelve days for each
100 miles.
The cultivation of potatoes is very similar to that of
corn. Plow deep at first and shallower with each working
until ready to lay by. In this way the roots that feed
the plants will not be troubled and the process of making
the tuber will not be interfered with. When the vines
turn yellow the tubers are ready to dig which can best
be done with an ordinary pronged potato hoe and the
man. In some of the light sandy soils potato diggers are
successfully used and can be successfully used in most
Florida soils. The digger should not be permitted to pile
them roughly into piles or throw them roughly into the
baskets. The more carefully a vegetable is handled
the better it will strike the public eye and consequently
the more money it will bring the grower. What-
ever may be its size, no cut or' bruised potatoes should
be put in the first quality, but may be in the culls. The
barrels or baskets should be well shaken down and so full
that the heads have to be pressed down. It is better that
they should be double headed and well coopered. The po-
tatoes should be classed as first and second quality and
the culls, the small tubers, should be kept for feed pur-
poses or seed as suggested elsewhere. Cloudy weather is
best for digging the crop, as potatoes should not be ex-
posed to the hot sun and if packed while warmed by the
sun they are apt to rot before reaching the market. If dug
during the sun shine, they should be gathered as they
are dug and carefully emptied into baskets or barrels
and promptly hauled from the field or shaded from the'
rays of the sun. The potato is subject to various insects
and diseases, but in this country a Florida potato grower
has a great deal less to combat in this respect than
those further north and west, but it is unsafe to place full











reliance in this fact because there is no certainty as to
when a disease or insects may attack the plant unsus-
pected. The potato scab is the greatest trouble to the
potato grower in Florida. This is a fungus disease and
can be prevented in a large measure by treating the
pieces of potato before planting with solution of corro-
sive sublimate or formalin and a good plan to prevent
this disease is to burn the vines wherever there is any
appearance of the disease about them. The solution for
treating this disease is corrosive sublimate, 4 ounces to 30
gallons of water. Soak the seed, after being cut, for one
hour to one hour and a half; then drain. The formalin
solution is one pint to 30 gallons of water. The potatoes
are immersed in this latter solution for about two hours.
A good plan to use in immersing potatoes in these solu-
tions is to put them one-half bushel or so at a time in a
gunny sack; then lift them out and let the water drain
back into the vessel. Any other clean sack will answer
the purpose if desired. As soon as this is done spread
them out and let them dry so that they will dry quickly
and thoroughly. Be sure that the solutions are not too
strong or the buds or eyes will be damaged.
There is also a disease known as the late blight which
comes about the time the potatoes are beginning to ma-
ture. This disease can be controlled by spraying with
Bordeaux mixture. In a former Bulletin, the July num-
ber, 1911, the formulas for all sorts of sprays, the Bor-
deaux included, will be found.
FERTILIZERS.
The following formulas are adapted practically to all
soils and sections in the State. The planter can choose
which ever seems to suit his soil best.
No. 1.
1,000 lbs. of Blood and Bone (64-8) ........... Per Cent.
100 lbs. of Nitrate of Soda (17 per cent)..... 4 Ammonia
5000 lbs. of Acid Phosphatte (16 per cent.)... 8 Available
400 lbs. of Muriate of Potash (50 per cent.)... 10 Potash
2,000










10

State value mixed and bagged............$34.50
Plant Food per ton........................ 440 pounds

No. 2.


500 lbs of Castor Pomace (6-2 per cent)..
200 lbs of Sulp. of Am. (25 per cent.).....
900 lbs. of Acid Phosphate (16 per cent.)..
400 lbs. of Sulp. of Potash (48 per cent.)..

2,000


Per Cent.
4.00 Ammonia
7.70 Available
9.60 Potash


State value mixed and bagged........... $33.76
Plant Food per ton........................426 pounds
















TOMATO GROWING IN FLORIDA.

The Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) belongs to the
order Solanaceae or night shade family, which contains
something over twelve hundred species, among which are
three of our most valuable and important vegetables-the
Irish potato, the tomato and the egg-plant. It also in-
cludes the red pepper, and the narcotics, such as bitter-
sweet, belladonna, Jamestown or "Jimson weed,' the to-
bacco and others.
The Tomato was first introduced into Europe from
South America in 1596, but for many years it was planted
only as an ornament to the flower garden. It came into
use very gradually in the preparation of sauces and soups,
and has only attained its popularity as a table vegetable
in comparatively recent years. Its importance as an ar-
ticle of commerce really dates back little more than
twenty years, and as compared with the present it was
then indeed of small proportions, though at that time the
increasing annual crop was 'watched in fear and much
suspicion as to the probable effect on the markets. At
present in Florida it exceeds in volume and value nearly
four times that of the next most important vegetable crop
(Irish potatoes). In 1910 the crates marketed were
2,336,948, the net value of which was $2,528,620. The To-
mato, therefore, is Florida's greatest vegetable crop,
standing next in importance and value to the Orange.

SELECTION OF SOIL.

That the Tomato will resist drought better than it will
too much rain, in fact it stands drought better than most
vegetables; the soil therefore best adapted to this crop is
a good well-drained sandy loam. The Tomato is not a gross











feeder; it seems to prefer, a light soil to one that is too
fertile, or that has been made rich with heavy animal
manures; cow manure in moderate quantities is good, but
chemical manures in proper quantities are best in most
cases.
SEED BEDS.

We do not believe in the extreme views of some growers,
who plant the seeds directly in the field, where the crop is
to be produced. A seed bed is really indispensable; it
makes success more certain and it should be well
equipped to afford speedy and ample protection against
cold, and of ample dimensions to furnish a relay of plants,
if the first setting is destroyed by cold, and even a second
relay is often necessary, for some times even these reserve
forces have to be brought into action.
It is best to have thtee or even four good, large plants
provided in the seed bed for every one the planter expects
to raise to maturity. This is the true wisdom of the fore-
sighted and provident grower, who, by his strong manage-
ment will force success against obstacles before which
weaker men will go down in defeat. The tomato is a fee-
b'e plant in its infancy and an easy prey to frost and
mysterious fungus enemies-yet, if we faithfully -defend
and feed it, it will yield the dollars at last more gener-
ously than anything else except the prodigal orange.
The seed-beds may be of light, rich, sandy loam, raised
a few inches above the level of the ground. It is consid-
ered best to have them six feet wide, and as long as de-
sired, running east and west. Have on the north side a
tight board wall, three feet high, on the south side half as
high, with tightly boarded gables. This will give a shed-
roof with light rafters nailed across, on which to roll
down the roof of cloth, tacked to rollers anywhere from
thirty to fifty feet long.
Let the rafters have no projection, so that the cloth
may drop down snugly against the south wall. Such a











covering of cloth alone will protect the plants against a
white frost; a sheet iron coke burner, such as the pine-
apple men and orange growers use, placed every fifty or
seventy-five feet, will protect them against a black frost.
Make drills crossways of the beds, three to four inches
apart, sow the seed in thinly, say about two or three to
the inch. Cover three-fourths of an inch. Firm the soil
with a board or light roller, and water with a light spray,
as may be needed to keep the soil moist, but be sure not to
overdo it as too much moisture will cause the plants to
damp off, and to grow small and slender, especially near
the front and back walls of the frame. It is therefore
advisable to sow the seed more thinly near the front and
back than in the middle of the bed. Roll down the cover
on chilly nights.
When the plants begin to have four leaves, cultivate
lightly at least once a week. Pull out clumps of spindling
plants where the seed chanced to fall in a bunch. Thin to
three inches by cutting across the drills with a narrow
hoe.
Where the plantation does not exceed a half-dozen
acres, it pays to take up and reset the plants once or twice
to render them more hardy and stocky. To toughen them
against this removal it is recommended to render them
some what dormant. This is to be continued up to the
hour of removal. This may be done without fear as the
tomato is very tolerant of a transfer.

TRANSPLANTING TO THE FIELD.

First, make ready the field two weeks beforehand. Sup-
posing it to have been plowed in November and thor-
oughly cross-plowed in'January, then with a two-horse
plow run out furrows four feet apart and strew in the fer-
tilizer at the rate of 600 pounds per acre. Work in a lit-
tle of the furrow slice and mix it with the fertilizer with
a bull-tongue. Strew in as much more and mix again,











thus giving 1,200 pounds per acre and leaving the surface
level. Set the plants two to three feet apart, according to
the strength of the land. Some growers prefer to manure
the plants in the hill, which probably saves in the amount
of fertilizer required per acre, but either plan is good, one
about as good as another, and is largely a matter of
choice only.
Reject rigorously all weakling plants. Leave them in
the seed-bed to grow; when relieved of the crowding, they
may come on and furnish a relay, if needed. Wet the
ground soft and pull the plants up carefully, running the
forefinger under, if necessary. Wet the rows down again
to restore the level after the upheaval.
We have very little confidence in plantsetting machines
with tomatoes. They are fine, and great time and labor
savers in the planting of some crops, but not for tomatoes,
they are too tender and easily bruised. The way is to set
by hand with the best paid class of men and not with chil-
dren at all. Children are only fit to pick cut worms. Take
hold of a plant and pull; if the leaf comes off, the plant
was properly set; if the plant comes up, the setting was
poorly done. Caution the setters constantly against
leaving airholes at the bottom; make them fill in at the
bottom first, then at the top. Firm the earth; have an ex-
perienced man follow along; place one foot on each side
of the plant; rock a little forward and throw his whole
weight on his toes, opposite the plant.
Keep the plants screened from the sun, in a vessel with
water enough to cover their roots. Let each setter have
his own vessel of plants; take one out at a time and im-
mediately place it in a hole punched in the ground, not
exposing the roots to the air two seconds.

CULTIVATION.

This is as simple as with corn. It may be deep and
close for a few weeks, but keeping further away and more











shallow as the plant advances, ceasing when the bloom
buds come.
There is little doubt that staking the plant and nipping
out the terminal bud above the first cluster of bloom
hastens the maturity and improves the size of the toma-
toes; but it is questionable if it will pay with the present
prices of labor. In a small field tended by the grower's
family, it would probably be profitable. Do not prune the
plants if you expect to ship your fruit to market; you will
get fewer but larger fruit, but it will not pay you.
When picking the earliest fruits it should be remem-
bered that the cold weather in the North will permit them
to ripen very little on the road; hence they should not be
gathered until they have begun to redden slightly. A
greener one would remain hard and uneatable and rot be-
fore it would ripen. Later on, as the weather in the
North grows warmer, they may be picked when they have
fairly turned white, preparatory to reddening. An imma-
ture tomato removed from the plants always remains
more or less tough. This objection may be remedied to a
considerable extent by proper fertilizing. A tomato
grown on a well-proportioned strongly mineral fertilizer
will be comparatively crisp and melting in the mouth,
while one produced on nitrogenous manures will be
tough and wilted.
The tomato, though it is so great a crop, is well worth
being treated as a fancy product, in fact, all the early pro-
duce of Florida is deserving of this distinction. Coarse,
brown wrapping paper cheapens the fruit. The buyer is
only too ready to take it at the grower's own estimate.
Valuable packages are not wrapped in hardware paper.
The best printed tissue wraps should be used, and-let the
fruit also be worthy of the wrappings.

VARIETIES.

There are such a large number of equally good varieties
to choose from that one can hardly go amiss, and while at











one time it was thought that only one or two kinds would
bear shipment, continued improvements with new varie-
ties have so changed these conditions that it is largely a
matter of choice or personal preference as to which is best
in the grower's opinion.

BLIGHT AND INSECT.

With the tomato, as with all other vegetables in this
State, no precaution against insects should be neglected;
prevention is much easier than medication. The one pre-
eminent precaution is to use strong tobacco dust
sprinkled around the plants as soon as they are set out.
Blight is also far easier to overcome in advance. Burn all
the old vines as soon as the harvest is over, thus destroy-
ing the germs of blight or other diseases. It is best to
plant tomatoes in rotation with crops that are affected
with diseases different from the tomato, such as corn, cab-
bages, peppers, etc.
FERTILIZER.
A good fertilizer for rather light soil would be com-
posed of say-
No.1.
Per Cent.
1,000 lbs of Blood and Bone (6-8)............ 4 Ammona
100 lbs. of Nitrate of Soda (17 per cent.).... Available
500 lbs of Acid Phosphate (16 per cent.)..... 10 Potashvalale
400 lbs. of Muriate of Potash (50 per cent.).. )

2,000
State value mixed and bagged..............$34.50
Plant Food per ton....................... 440 pounds
For heavier soils, as the best class of sandy or clay
loams:
No. 2.
Per Cent.
500 lbs. of Castor Pomace (6-2 per cent.). ) 4.00 Ammonia
200 Ibs. of Sulp. of Am. (25 per cent.).... 7.70 Available
900 lbs. of Acid Phosphate (16 per cent.). 9.60 Potash
400 lbs. of Sulp. of Potash (48 per cent.)..

2,000
State value mixed and bagged..............$33.76 '
Plant Food per ton.........................426 pounds













COMMERCIAL LETTUCE GROWING
IN FLORIDA.



This plant has been cultivated for more than twenty
centuries, and apparently continues to increase in popu-
larity every year with all classes of people. Few plants
are more easily grown, and yet with the enormous demand
for it it is still a luxury on most tables, merely because so
comparatively few gardeners take the trouble to grow it
at the season of the year when it is appreciated. The
Best varieties are to a great degree intolerant of hot sun-
shine, but thrive well with very little protection from
either hot sun or cold snaps, from October to the first of
June.
The quality of the lettuce crop is more or less influenced
by the kind of soil upon which it is grown, and while
some soils are inferior for the work, their character may
be changed to such a degree, by careful management, as
to give satisfactory results.
The 'soils may be divided into three classes-light soils,
heavy soils (those containing a good deal of clay), and
medium soils, as the various grades of loamy soils-clay
loam, fine sandy loam and sandy loam. All things con-
sidered, the ideal soils for the development of this crop
are those of the best sandy loam, resting on a clay subsoil
twelve to fifteen inches below the surface and well-drain-
ed. A soil retentative of moisture and plant-food must
have a more or less impervious clay subsoil, for, no mat-
ter how suitable the surface soil may be, unless there is
clay beneath it the plant food on becoming soluble will
quickly leach out and be lost if it is not taken up by the
crop. Deep, sandy soils, though quicker in their action
than heavier soils, if constantly irrigated and fed, are
2-Bul











nevertheless expensive in both fertilizer and irrigation.
In selecting a soil for lettuce growing, in fact, for any
truck crop, it is best to look carefully into the character
and position of the subsoil.
Lettuce thrive best on a very rich, loamy, moist soil,
well drained so there will be no water sogging after rains,
and in common 'with all quick-growing crops, requires a
large amount of humus in the soil. Barnyard manure is
one of the best and surest means of adding humus to the
soil, but because of its scarcity it is not always available,
so the next best and cheapest source of organic matter
is by the use of cover crops of the legume order. Lettuce
growers should see to it that whenever their lettuce soils
are not under crop they should be storing humus and
nitrogen from a crop of some legume; cowpeas or velvet
beans are best. To make lettuce growing a success,
humus must be supplied, and it may as well be set down
as an incontrovertible fact, that where there is no humus
in the soil there will be no lettuce. A rich soil is
absolutely necessary. If you haven't got it, and are not
willing to bear the expense of making it, don't plant
lettuce.
Prepare the land by plowing deeply; scatter broadcast
stable manure or well-rotted compost, and harrow in well
till the soil is in finest tilth and the manure thoroughly
incorporated with the soil seven days, or even two weeks,
before the time for setting out the plants; it is also a good
plan to apply before harrowing from one thousand to one
thousand five hundred pounds per acre of a high-grade
commercial fertilizer, as an adjunct to the stable manure,
etc., and that it may be well assimilated by the soil before
time for setting.
Plants are ready for setting at from four to six weeks
after sowing the seed, at which time they should be from
three to five inches high. Set only vigorous plants, or
they will likely be stunted and run to seed instead of
heading. The varieties most preferred and apparently









19


most in demand by consumers are the Big Boston and the
California Cream Butter.
Preparation of the seed bed does not materially differ
from that of the celery, and the same methods are appli-
cable to a great degree.
Select for this purpose a piece of new, rich land, pre-
ferably hammock, for new land is not subject to the root
knot plague which sometimes troubles roots. Clear the
soil of all trash, plow or spade it deep and rake very fine
and mellow, scattering on hardwood ashes or air-slaked
lime two weeks beforehand to neutralize the sourness.
Sow in drills, as you would turnip seed, very shallow,
and rake in. Firm Nhe soil. Beat down the earth with
the back of the hoe or lay down boards and walk along
them. If planted before October, it is well to shade the
beds lightly for seven or eight hours during the middle of
the day. Sprinkle night and morning with a fine spray,
so as not to pack the land.
Watch sharply for ants; they may carry off every seed
in forty-eight hours. Apply tobacco dust liberally; if
they still persist, give them a tobacco solution, strong;
also as a further preventative, sow grits over the bed.
The ants will take this in preference to the seeds, and
while they are carrying it away the lettuce will have
sprouted and be out of danger.
When the plants are to be transplanted, weed out rigid-
ly and throw away the diseased and feeble plants. A
small strawberry plant, by diligent care, can be fed up to
be nearly as good as a large one; but not so with a let-
tuce plant. With a lettuce, it is a head or it is nothing;
unless it heads it is valueless.
We repeat, it is not worth while to attempt to grow
lettuce commercially for profit unless you have made up
your mind to fertilize liberally, unstintedly. Lettuce
is largely a luxury of the rich, used for garnishing meats
in splendid dinner services, and small leaves, though they
may be just as crisp and high-flavored, are not wanted,








20


because, they lack in spectacular qualities. A single
large, rich, creamy-white leaf or head is worth a dozen
smaller ones.
Fully four-fifths of the failures m lettuce culture in
Florida are chargable to the stinting habit in the appli-
cation of fertilizer. In some localities hundreds of dol-
lars worth of fertilizer per acre is applied, with larger
profits as a result.. One to two ton of ashes per acre,
especially on medium to heavy soils, while preparing the
land will be worth many times their cost. It will make
the soil loose, friable and sweet.
The truckers of Central Florida begin to plant seed the
latter part of August and continue to plant until the first
of January. Those who plant prior to the middle of Sep-
tember seldom succeed in securing a satisfactory stand of
plants. Lettuce is a cool weather plant; it germinates
poorly in hot weather. The few, however, who do succeed
by shading and watering in securing a good stand of
these extra early plants, and who bring them on to a
handsome and solid maturity, generally reap a rich re-
ward, as this early lettuce commands a fine price. It is
a good plan to make repeated sowings, from August 25th
to January 1st.
It is an advantage to select a field on the south side
of a forest, as a screen against wind. A covering of cot-
ton cloth often pays heavy dividends on the investment.
Lettuce, when in heading, is greatly injured by a tem-
perature of 25 degrees; but when not heading it will often
withstand 20 degrees without serious injury. The cloth
is carried on short stakes, care being exercised to bring
the edges well down to prevent the wind from getting
under. If the field is not protected by a cloth cover, cut
all the heads that will do to ship, when you see that there
will be a killing frost; and ship them to market next day.
Following are two good formulas for fertilizing lettuce.
Use the one which seems to suit your soil and general









21

conditions best; or if preferred, use some other approxi-
mating them:
1. Ammonia, 5 to 6 per cent.
Available phospheric acid, 7 to 9 per cent
Potash, 8 to 10 per cent.

2. Ammonia, 6 to 7 per cent.
Available phosphoric acid, 6 to 7 per cent.
Potash, 6 to 7 per cent.

Apply from 1,500 to 2,000 pounds per acre, and while
the crop is growing top-dress with about 150 to 200
pounds of nitrate of soda per acre. It requires about
three pounds of seed to sow an acre, or one ounce to every
250 feet of drill.
Baskets for shipping can be obtained from the vege-
table crate manufacturers in any section of the State.

















CELERY GROWING IN FLORIDA.



Celery has for many years been recognized as one of
the greatest luxuries of the garden, and while there are
no special difficulties in the way of cultivation, it is grown
by comparatively very few. The plant is a native of Eng-
land, where it grows in a wild state in favorable localities.
It is also a native of and occurs in several localities in
Florida in its wild state, though in this condition it is not
fit to eat except by wild water fowl, as it contains a pois-
onous principle making it dangerous as human food.
Although it has been grown for market in various sec-
tions of the country in a comparatively small way for
many years, it is really little more than ten years since
it became one of the most important commercial vegetable
crops. The first experiments in its cultivation were not
without failures by any means, for they were many, but
gradually success was generally the rule, and with well
defined methods, the growing of celery became a commer-
cial success.
Celery requires in both its early and late stages of
growth a cool, moist atmosphere, and consequently does
not do well under extremes of heat or drought. In Flor-
ida the seeds are sown in the open generally, protection
being rarely necessary. The soil must be a rich loam, or
other soil and means added to obtain the same character
as nearly as possible, but it should be loose and rich, soil
that has been previously cultivated and manured heavily
being considered the very best. The seed bed may be
any length desired, but from three to five feet is the best
width, most growers use three feet widths.
Such beds are prepared generally in August and Sep-











member. The most successful celery growers in Florida
prepare their seed beds some two to three weeks before
time for planting the seed, the bed having previously been
well manured, thus time enough is allowed to elapse for
the manure to become thoroughly assimilated. The seed
being very small must not be too deeply covered. Germi-
nation of the seed may be hastened by packing the soil
over the seed immediately after sowing by means of a
smooth board six or eight inches wide and three or more
feet long, as may be necessary. Mark off the rows for
planting the seed across the beds in the following man-
ner: "Take a five-inch plank, three feet long; nail a lath
on each edge, projecting one-fourth of an inch on one
side. With this make marks across the beds by pressing
it down on the beds. Scatter or sprinkle in the seeds
thinly and cover by sprinkling or sifting light soil or sand
over the rows. A good idea is to cover the beds with old
gunny sacks, Spanish moss or by laying a corn stalk
along each side of the drill, but not directly over it and
keep fairly wet till the seeds sprout, which, under favor-
able conditions, will be in from eight to twelve days. As
soon as the seed are well sprouted and show that they
are coming up it is best to cover them as a protection
against both hot sun and heavy rains, removing the cover
in the evening till next morning. Each day as the plants
grow stronger, a little more sunlight can be given them
till in a few days they will, under ordinary circumstances,
be able to remain uncovered all day. Keep the beds moist,
not letting them become dry at any time. When the
plants are well above ground, say about an inch high, it
is a good plan to put a little fertilizer between the rows
and either stir into the surface gently or let it be dis-
tributed by a gentle sprinkling of water, either or both
is good. Good working of the surface to keep down the
weeds should be given once every few days. When plants
are two or three inches high they are about ready to
transplant to other beds, though some growers prefer to











wait till the plants are larger, and some do not transplant
but once and that direct from the original beds to the
fields. None but the best stocky plants should be used,
as spindling plants rarely develop into profitable growth.
Celery has been and can be grown on almost all of the
soils of Florida, the best soils, however, being the low ham-
mock lands when well drained, but any soil loose in tex-
ture and containing a good upply of humus will, under
proper management produce fine crops. As before stated,
a soil of a cool nature should be selected if obtainable, as
the plant develops better, and is less liable to attacks of
injurious diseases. Following in concise form are the
methods used in South Florida in connection with the sys-
tem of irrigation practiced in Orange County:
"The plot to be planted should be well supplied with
water either from artesian wells, steam pumps or natural
sources. Many of the most successful growers are tile-
draining their land, the tiles being placed from a foot
and a half to two feet under ground. The joints are
covered with cinders, sawdust or even moss, to keep the
sand out and let the water pass in or out as necessary.
These drains are placed about twenty-five feet apart, and
are so arranged, that they can be used to drain the land
during heavy rains or to irrigate it when it is dry. After
the draining and irrigating system is completed, no pains
should be spared ,or labor omitted to reduce the soil to
perfect tilth so that the innumerable fine feeding roots of
the plant can penetrate the soil in every direction."
In sections where overhead or sprinkling and surface
systems of irrigation are practiced the same principles
will apply, and can be adapted to suit conditions, but one
thing must be remembered, the plants whether in bed or
field must not be permitted to suffer from lack of water
any more than they must be over-watered. All manures
applied to the soil should be in the most perfect condi-
Stion-soluble and available-whether it be in the form of
commercial or barnyard manure; the latter should be










thoroughly decomposed, evenly distributed broadcast and
harrowed in well. At this,stage, the general custom is
to also apply about a ton of first-class commercial fertil-
izer to the land and harrow till thoroughly incorporated
into the soil.

A well-known authority on this subject says: "When
plants are ready for transplanting take great care to have
those in each row of uniform size. To accomplish this,
put the large and small plants in alternate rows, as the
larger ones will often be ready for market from ten days
to two weeks prior to the smaller ones. There is no use
setting celery plants in dry soil. If there has been lack
of rain as is often the case in October and November in
Florida, then turn on the irrigating plant till the land
is thoroughly moist and then water the plants freely. In
setting the plants remember the rows must be absolutely
straight. Use a line as a guide and run a cleated roller
over the ground to mark the place for each plant. Set-
ting in double rows is seldom practiced, and the rule now
is to set plants four inches apart in single rows twenty-
eight to thirty inches in width, giving about 60,000 plants
to the acre. Droppers immediately preceding the plant
setter, place the plants at the marks along the line. The
plants are quickly placed in the holes made by a round
dibble or garden trowel the depth of the center or heart
leaf and the soil placed firmly alongside of the plant over
the roots by pushing the dibble to the depth of the root
and bearing towards the plant, afterwards closing up the
depression made by the dibble to prevent drying out of
the soil near.the roots,; thus firm the soil. When the soil
is wet, celery plants will usually live even though care-
lessly set."
Either of the following formulas for commercial fertil-
izer are good for celery, and the one which seems best
adapted to the soil and'conditions can be used, or any
other approximately similar;











1 300 lbs Nitrate of Soda..
800 lbs Fish Scrap........9
600 lbs Acid Phos., 13 %. y s 6.9% Ammonia
300 lbs Muriate Potash.. yields 5.5% Avail. Phos Acid
1 7.2% Potash
2000 Ibs

2 250 lbs Nitrate of Soda..
600 lbs Dried Blood...... Ammo
850 Ibs Acid Phos., 13%. 7.2% Ammonia
300 lbs Muriate Potash.. yields 5.5% Avail. Phos. Acid
1 7.8% Potash
2000 lbs

During the growth of the crop from one to two. tons
per acre of the above may be applied between the rows,
and from two to four hundred pounds of nitrate of soda
per acre as a top-dressing in four equal applications at
about four different times.
To make the cultivation of celery a success it must be
worked often; in fact, it is not too much to say that the
oftener it is worked the better, just so it is not disturbed
or handled while the plant is wet with dew or rain, or
while the soil is wet, or it will cause rust to the plant and
pack the soil. The best implements for use near the
plants when small are the hand cultivators with wheel
hoes and small blades, while the middles can be worked
out well with horse hoes on similar, or larger imple-
ments.
When the weather is cool during the winter month, be
very careful not to apply too much water, as it may make
your soil soggy and check the growth of the plants.
Blanching is done almost entirely with twelve-inch
boards placed close alongside the rows of plants. It is
found to be much better, takes much less time to blanche,
and avoids the danger of the loose soil falling into the
crown of the plants, as was the case when blanching was
done by drawing the earth up against the plant. It re-
quires only from twelve to fifteen days to blanche the
plants to the creamy yellow color so desired in celery
where boards are used. The above suggestions are appli-









28

cable to celery growing in all sections of the State by
simply observing and adapting them to the prevailing
climatic conditions and seasons.
Four ounces of seed is sufficient to plant an acre.
Crates of standard size can readily be obtained from
any one of the numerous crate manufacturers throughout
the State.














PECAN CULTURE IN FLORIDA.



BOTANY OF THE PECAN.

The pecan tree is indigenous in the United States in
the rich, alluvial bottoms of the Mississippi, and also
thought to be in some of the rich bottom lands of north-
east Texas. Its northern limit is 'supposed to be about
Davenport, Iowa. In the Mississippi Valley proper it
extends within a few miles of the Gulf Coast, further
west it extends into Mexico.
The area in which it may be grown is said to embrace
within its four extremities the cities of Davenport, Iowa,
Chattanooga, Tenn.; Laredo, Tex.; the region of the head-
waters of the Colorado River in Texas, and even at the
present day as far west as Arizona. It extends furthest
from the center of the area along the streams and rivers.
It is at present grown in all of the Southern States in
greater or less degree. From the foregoing it will be seen
il.lt the pecan tree is a native in parts of the following
States, viz: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, Tennessee,
Kentucky, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, New Mexico,
and Oklahoma. Outside of this area it has been planted
in a large number of States. Its cultivated area corre-
sponds rather closely with that of the cotton plant, though
its extension beyond this area is constantly increasing.
The pecan belongs to the family Juglandaceae (Walnut
family), its near relatives being the other species of hick-
ory, the walnut and butternut. For many years the scien-
tific name commonly applied to it was Cara Olivae forms
Nutt, but in deference to the rules of priority this name
has largely given place to the name Hicoria pecan










(Marsh) Britton. This name Hicoria pecan is peculiarly
significant, since it is truly American ,being derived from
powoohicora and pecan, two words used by the Indians
for hickory nuts.
It is a large, stately tree, 75 to 170 feet in height, with
wide-spreading branches and symmetrical top. The bark
is rough, broken and grayish-black in color. The bark of
the young twigs is quite smooth, liberally dotted with
lenticles, and during their early life, together with the
leaves and flowers of the tree, they are covered with a
liberal coating of rather rust-colored hair. The leaves
are oval, compound, composed of from seven to fifteen
falcate, oblong-lanceolate, sharp-pointed serrated leaflets,
green and quite bright above, lighter colored below, and
when mature, nearly or quite smooth. The flowers are of
two kinds-pistillate and staminate. The former are
produced upon the young shoots, while the latter come
from buds upon twigs one year old. The staminate cat-
kins are usually produced in two groups of three each,
from a single bud, and have very short stalks. The
stamens are three to five in number in each flower, and
borne beneath a three-parted bract. The pistallate flow-
ers have a four-valved involucre (known in the mature
form as the husk) and a two-parted stamina. The nuts
are quite variable in size, shape, color and quality. Some
are long and pointed, others are nearly spherical. In
Texas the spherical, or nearly spherical, nuts appear to
be more common than elsewhere. Selected nuts of some
varieties will weigh an ounce or more each, while of many
other kinds it takes a hundred, more or less, to make a
pound.
As a general rule the husks of most varieties open at
maturity. In some, however, they remain closed, or
nearly so. These latter varieties are objectionable on
account of the increased difficulty of gathering the crop.
Pollenation.-The pecan is well-pollenated. In con-
sequence, there is a great waste of pollen, to compensate











for which it is produced in large quantities. Wet, windy
weather, at the time the trees are in bloom, frequently
interferes with pollenation to such an extent that the crop
is reduced very considerably.
With some species of hickory, notably H. minima and
H. Glabra, cross-polleneation and consequent cross-fertili-
zation with the pecan have resulted in several well-
marked hybrids. None of these found thus far, with per-
haps one or two exceptions, have been found worthy of
propagation.
RANGE OF CULTURE IN FLORIDA.

The pecan may be, and practically is, grown in all sec-
tions of the State wherever the soil conditions are found
to be satisfactory. Its culture, however, should not be
attempted in the southern portion of the State much, if
any, below 28 degrees latitude; success would, at best, be
questionable; it might succeed in the elevated portions of
Polk and Hillsborough Counties, but it is uncertain.
The statement is ifequently made, and quite generally
believed, that the pecan will succeed wherever the larger
species of hickory are found in the State. This is largely
true, as the pecan belongs to the same family and genus of
trees, but it should not be relied on implicitly. In no
case must soil conditions be overlooked or disregarded.

PECAN PROPAGATION.

The pecan may be propagated from seed or by budding
and grafting.
Formerly they were grown almost entirely from seed
and seedling trees were planted. But now seedlings have
given place to budded and grafted trees. Why so? It
was announced as a fact, not so many years ago, and
there are some who may still maintain it, that 50 per
cent., or some other per cent., of pecans would come true
to seed. But it must be stated as a fact that neither 50,











nor any other percent., will come true to seed. We have
yet to find a single instance where the nut of a seedling
tree was identical with that borne by its parent plant.
Occasionally they are better, but the rule is that they
generally are vastly inferior to the fruit produced by the
parent plant. Hence, if an orchard of trees of the same
habit of growth, prolificness, regularity in bearing, uni-
form throughout, trees which will produce a crop of nuts
uniform in size, shape, color and quality, is desired, do
not plant seedling trees. Scores of these seedling trees
produce nuts but little larger than chinquepins, and it is
a fact which cannot be gainsaid that the seedling pecan,
up to the time of fruiting, is an unknown quantity, after
which it is too frequently a disappointment.
But seeds have their place. From them are grown the
stocks upon which to work desirable varieties. From
seeds may be originated new and desirable varieties, for
it sometimes happens that the seedling is better than the
parent. Seedling trees may be grown and set out in
orchard form, to be top-worked afterward. This plan
has something to recommend it. It is less expensive, pro-
vided time is not an object, for it takes a longer time to
get bearing trees by this plan, and it is open to the fur-
ther objection that it is more difficult to secure uniform-
ity in size and shape of the trees than it is by setting out
budded or grafted trees at first. The objection in the way
of expense, if that .be an objection, is best overcome by
planting nuts in nursery rows, grafting the trees there,
and then setting them in the field. By no means should
the nuts be planted where the trees are to remain. It is
too difficult to give them the necessary care. Besides,
they are likely to be destroyed by squirrels or other ani-
mals, or the seedlings injured through carelessness in cul-
tivation.
Selecting and Planting Nuts.-Nuts to be used in grow-
ing stocks should be fully matured before gathering.
Some care should be taken in their selection. They should











be of good size for the variety, and should be gathered
only from healthy, vigorous trees. Frequently the only
object held in view is to get as many nuts as possible in
a pound, without regard to the tree on which they grew.
We believe that this is in a large degree responsible for
the unsatisfactory growth made by many grafted trees.
Those nuts which mature first are best for planting.
The nuts may be planted in Florida as soon as they are
taken from the trees, placing them in drills three and a
half feet apart and covering them two and a half or three
inches deep. In many cases it may be necessary and more
convenient to stratify the nuts in damp sand in boxes,
first an inch-layer of sand, then a layer of nuts, until the
boxes are filled. These boxes should be placed in a cool,
shady place, under a building, in a cellar, or buried in the
earth. It is a good plan to cover them with wire net to
prevent mice, rats or squirrels from attacking them. In
early spring the boxes should be emptied out and the nuts
planted as directed above.
The seed-bed should be thoroughly prepared, plowed
deeply or subsoiled, well supplied with organic matter
either from stable manure or from beggarweed, velvet
beans, cowpeas, or some other leguminous crop on the
soil, and turned under.
During the growing season the seed-bed should be kept
well cultivated and free from weeds and grass. A fer-
tilizer rich in nitrogen should be used. Its composition
will have to be governed very largely by the character of
the soil and the care and cultivation given it previously;
but for good nursery soils a fertilizer analyzing three per
cent. nitrogen will give good results. In a favorable sea-
son the tops of the young trees will be a foot or somewhat
more in height, with a tap-root two feet and a half or so
in length. The following spring and summer many of the
young trees can be worked by grafting or budding.
Propagating Tools.-The tools necessary for propagat-
ing pecans-nursery work and top-working-are a com-
3-Bul










mon budding knife, a budding tool, a grafting iron, a
grafting mallet and a fine-toothed saw.
The budding knife should have a thin blade of good
steel, capable of retaining a keen, sharp edge. The whet-
stone must be used frequently to keep the blade sharp to
insure the making of smooth, clean cuts.
At least three budding tools have been invented. These
are known as White's, Galbreath's and Nelson's budding
tools, respectively. The principle in each one is that two
sharp cutting blades are fixed parallel to each other to
insure uniformity in cutting annular and veneer-shield
or patch buds. White's budding implement is especially
recommended for use in top-working. The holes along the
sides are used as a gauge for measuring the stock and bud
stick. In the writer's opinion, the one best adapted for
veneer-shield budding, but the blades are just a little too
close together. A very satisfactory knife for this work
may be made from two ordinary budding knives and a
piece of wood three-quarters of an inch square and four
inches long. To opposite sides of this the blades can be
firmly attached with rivets and by binding with fine wire
and twine.
The grafting iron is indispensable in cleft-grafting.
These can be purchased at small cost, or a blacksmith
can make an excellent one from an old flat file. Three
or four inches of the file should be flattened and sharp-
ened for a blade. In the remainder drill two holes and
attach two pieces of wood to form a handle.
A small-sized carpenter's mallet answers nicely for a
grafting mallet, or a very good one can be made front a
piece of tough wood or a piece of an old wagon spoke.
A leather thong should be attached to the handle, through
which the wrist can be slipped to carry it when top-
working.
The best saw for use in top-working is a carpenter's
back-saw. This has a stiff blade, fine teeth,and leaves a
smooth, clean cut.











IVaxes, Cloth and Twine.-Good grafting-wax may be
made according to either of the following formulas:
1. Resin 6 pounds, beeswax 2 pounds, linseed oil 1 pint.
2. Resin 4 pounds, beeswax 2 pounds, tallow 1 pound.
Melt the ingredients in an iron kettle over a slow fire,
stirring slowly to insure thorough mixing. When melted,
pour out into a bucket of cold water. Grease the hands,
remove the wax from the water as soon as it can be han-
dled and pull until it is light-yellow in color. Wax not
needed for immediate use may be rolled up in balls,
wrapped in oiled, stiff brown paper, and put away for
further use.
Waxed cloth can be prepared by melting the wax in a
kettle and dropping into it sheets or wide strips of old
calico or cotton cloth. As soon as saturated with the
wax, remove them from the kettle and stretch on a board.
For use tear into strips, one-quarter or one-half of an inch
wide.
Waxed twine is prepared by dropping balls of No. 18
knitting cotton into the melted wax and stirring them
about for four or five minutes, or until the wax has pene-
trated .them.
Selecting Cions and Buds.-Cions and bud sticks
should be taken from healthy, vigorous trees. Select the
cions from well-matured wood of one year's growth,
though a piece of two-year-old wood at the base will not
matter. The wood is angular, small and the internodes
long, and the pith large in proportion to the diameter.
Either terminal portions of twigs may be used or por-
tions back of the tip, but the buds should always be well
developed, full and plump. For this reason grafts should
not be cut from wood far back from the tip of the branch.
As stated already, twigs of the previous season's growth
are generally used, provided the growth is not too large.
Grafts are generally cut about five or six inches long and
should be from one-quarter to three-eighths of an inch in
thickness.











It is best that the grafts be cut while still in a dormant
state, and inserted in the stock just before growth starts.
The cions may be kept for a considerable length of time
by placing them loosely packed, in damp moss or sawdust,
in a box. The box should be covered over with earth and
the cions kept sufficiently moist to prevent drying out.
The difference in the condition of the stock and cion, it
should be understood, is not absolutely necessary, as good
results are frequently obtained without these precautions,
but in grafting the pecan a difference in dormancy is ex-
tremely desirable, and it is an important factor in secur-
ing good results,
For bud-sticks, well-developed one-year-old branches,
one-half to seven-eighths of an inch in diameter, and on
which the buds are well formed, or older wood, with
plump, full buds, are selected. Such sticks frequently
show three buds at a node, and if some misfortune should
overtake one or two of these, there is still a chance of suc-
cess, though the upper one, being the strongest, is gener-
ally the one which starts, provided it is uninjured and the
bud takes. The degree of maturity of the bud is impor-
tant, and care should be exercised that only those which
are plump, full and well-developed, are used. It is: easy
to distinguish between desirable and undesirable buds.

GRAFTING AND GRAFTING METHODS.

Top-working by grafting, or the grafting of nursery
stock above ground, should be done in spring just before
growth starts. The preference is for the latter part of
the season, provided there is not too much work to be
done, as the cions have less time to dry out before the
process of uniting with the stock begins. The work of
whip-grafting nursery stock under ground just at the
crown roots of the seedlings can be started in the latter
part of December and continued until February. For this
work the earth is thrown back from the seedlings, leaving












them standing in a narrow trench. After the cions are
inserted, the ground is placed back about them, covering
them up, leaving only the top bud exposed. The seedling
trees cannot be dug up and bench-grafted satisfactorily
in winter, as is the practice with apples, pears and other
fruits. It can be done, but the percentage of unions
secured is too small to make it an economical method to
follow. The only satisfactory plan is to graft the seed-
lings in the nursery row, as described above.
Two methods of grafting are used, cleft-grafting for
top-working and whip-grafting for working both nursery
seedlings and old trees.
Cleft-Grafting.-Having selected the place on the
branch or trunk at which the cion or cions are to be
inserted, the part should be sawed off with a smooth, clean
cut. The end of the stub can then be cut squarely off at
the point desired.
The trunk or branch is then split with the grafting
iron. The cleft should be carefully made, and should be
about one and a half inches in length. In preparing the
cion, a sloping cut is made at the lower end about one
and a half inches long, cutting into the pith from a point
one-half way up the cut, down to the lower end. On the
opposite side, the second cut should not touch the pith,
but should be made through the wood throughout. The
cion should be left wider on the outer side than on the
inner to make a tight fit when inserted. Start the cuts
on each side of and just at a bud.
Having made the cleft, open it with the wedge end of
the grafting iron and place the cion in position in the
cleft-stock. The cambium layers should be in contact and
the cion should be shoved well down until the whole of
the wedge is within the stock. In large stocks two cions
may be inserted, the weaker of which should be removed
if both live. Large stocks will exert sufficient pressure
against the cions to render tieing unnecessary, but if the
stocks are small the union should be firmly tied with












waxed twine or cloth, and in any case the ends of the cut
stock and the union should be covered smoothly with
grafting-wax. Should there be danger of the stock exert-
ing too much pressure (as in the case of large stocks), the
cleft should be made well out to one side of the center.
Whip-Grafting.-Stocks, whether seedling trees or
branches in the tops of old trees, should be less than an
inch in diameter, one-half or five-eighths inch being a nice
size.
A sloping cut, an inch or an inch and a half long, is
made at the end of the cion, a corresponding cut is made
on the stock, a small tongue of wood is raised on each by
making a cut with a knife-blade parallel to the grain of
the wood. The tongue is raised a little on both stock and
cion and the two are then shoved together, with the cam-
bium layers on one or both sides in contact. They must
then be firmly bound together with twine or cloth, the
whole of the cut surfaces being covered over to the ex-
clusion of water, air and the germs of decay.
The cion and stock are preferably chosen of nearly the
same size, but a cion somewhat smaller than the stock
may be used, in which case the cambium layers along one
side of the surfaces in contact must be placed opposite, as
already indicated. In working nursery seedlings by whip-
grafting, the cions should be inserted so that the point of
union will be under the surface of the ground. The earth
should be placed back around the union as soon as the
work is completed. This plan of propagation will not give
satisfactory results except on well-drained lands.

BUDDING AND METHODS.

Budding is preferred to grafting by some propagators,
as they are able to secure a larger percentage of unions
than by grafting. Much, however, depends upon the
locality, soil and drainage. By either method from fifty
to seventy-five per cent, of successful unions must be con-












sidered satisfactory.. The amateur may well be satisfied
with 10 per cent.
The season for budding is when the bark will slip well
during the months of July and August. The season is,.
however, often extended into September. Many of the
buds inserted late in the season remain dormant until
the following spring.
During the season, from the first of July until Sep-
tember, the atmosphere is moist, the buds are in good
condition, the sap flows freely, and better results are
secured than at any other time. The buds commonly used
are those which have been formed just previously. They
should be carefully selected and only those fully matured
should be used. Oliver (Bulletin 30, Bureau of Plant In-
dustry, U. S. D. A.) recommends the use of dormant buds
of last season, but the method has not met with favor
because of the large amount of wood which must be
sacrificed to secure a few buds.
Annular Budding.-By this method branches or seed-
ling trees three-quarters of an inch or less in diameter
may be worked. It is preferable that the stock and bud
stick be of the same size, though the stock may be some-
what smaller. From the stock remove a ring of bark an
inch or so in length. On the bud-stick select a good bud
and remove it by taking out a ring of bark the same in
size as the one removed from the stock. Place this ring
in the place on the stock prepared for it and bandage
securely in place, using a piece of waxed cloth. The wrap-
per should be brought around the stock, so as to cover
the cut ends. The bud may be covered over or left ex-
posed.
In ten days or two weeks remove the bandage, and ex-
amine the bud. A plump, full bud at this time is an indi-
cation that the union has taken place.
Veneer-Shield or Patch-Budding.-If this method is
used, it is not essential that the stock and cion be of the
same size, and so far as size alone goes almost any stock












may be used. A rectangular or triangular piece of bark
is removed from the side of the stock. From the bud stick
cut a similar piece of bark with a bud in its center. Place
the bud in place on the stock and wrap as in annular bud-
ding. If the stock is considerably larger than the bud-
stick, the piece of bark with bud attached will have to be
flattened out somewhat before inserting.
Lopping.-Frequently buds, particularly those inserted
late in the season, act as dormant buds and do not begin
growth until the following spring. The top of stocks
budded during June, July and August should be lopped
up to September first. It is always well to start the buds
out before growth ceases for the season, but stocks budded
after the first of September should not be lopped until the
following spring, just before growth begins.
One method of lopping is to cut the stock back to within
five or six inches of the buds, at first. Later, after the
bud has grown to some size, it should be cut right back
to the bud and painted over to prevent rotting. Lopping
may also be performed by cutting the stock half off two
or three inches above the bud and bending it over. After
growth starts in the bud, it should be removed entirely,
thus throwing the full flow of sap into the bud.

THE NURSERY.

The best soil for the pecan industry is a well-drained,
loamy soil, with a clay or sandy-clay sub-soil. The land
should be put in good condition before the trees or nuts
are planted in it. Crops of beggarweed, velvet beans
plowed under, or a good dressing of well-rotted stable
manure will go a long way toward putting the ground
in good shape. The ground should be plowed deeply and
put in the very best tilth.
Throughout the growing season the ground should be
cultivated frequently. Shallow cultivation to conserve
moisture and destroy weeds is all that is necessary. It












is not possible to grow good trees without thorough, fre-
quent cultivation.
Fertilizers containing considerable nitrogen should be
used at the rate of about 300 pounds per acre. One
analyzing 3 per cent. phosphoric acid, 3 per cent. potash
and 6 per cent. nitrogen is about right for nurseries on
most Florida soils.
As soon as a block of trees is removed, it is an excellent
plan to sow the ground in one of the leguminous crops
mentioned above, to help it to recuperate. The frequent
cultivations, so necessary for the growth of the trees, wear
out the humus in the soil. The legumes will replace this
if grown, and plowed back into the soil, after they are
dead and dry.

ToP-WORKING PECAN TREES.

By far the greater number of seedling trees in the State
have not fulfilled the expectations of their planters. The
trees are pot prolific, or the fruit which they bear is small
and inferior. Such trees, if in good health and vigor, may
be top-worked to advantage. Seedlings may be planted
with the expectation of top-working them, but this is not
recommended.
If the trunks are small, an inch or an inch and a helf in
diameter, the whole top may be removed at once. If the
trees are medium size the main branches may be worked
close to the trunk; and if large, grafts may be inserted
farther up from the trunk. Buds may be inserted in vig-
orous branches. The growth of such branches may be in-
duced by cutting back the original branch of the tree in
late winter. Lateral buds will then be forced into growth
and by midsummer the branches formed from them will
be large enough to bud. The attempt should not be made
to bud or graft over the whole top of a large tree in one
season. Only a few branches should be worked each year,
and in the course of two, three or four years, depending












upon the size of the trees, the old tap can be entirely re-
moved and replaced by a new one of a good variety.
Both cleft and whip-graft may be used, but the latter
can, of course,'only be used on small stocks. The objec-
tion to working very large branches is that they do not
heal readily; two and a half inches is about the maximum
in size. Large wounds should be painted over with white
lead paint to prevent decay.
For several months after the new top has commenced
to grow the cions or buds have but a slight hold upon the
stock, and as the growth is usually very vigorous and the
leaf surface great, considerable damage is frequently done
by strong winds, or by wind and rain together. To pre-
vent this, the young shoots may be tied together or fast-
ened to other portions of the stock.. If this be done, care
should be taken that the twine used does not do injury
by cutting into the wood. To obviate this, a piece of
burlap should be placed around the branch beneath the
twine, and the.twine should be removed as soon as it has
served its purpose. In some cases the top may be sup-
ported by lashing a pole against the side of the trunk and
fastening the grafts to the upper part of this, or a pole
may be driven into the ground at some distance from the
trunk, fastened against a branch or stub of a branch above
and used in the same way. After the top has grown suffi-
ciently to take care of itself, these posts can, of course, be
removed. Sometimes, after the top has made considerable
growth, and particularly if large branches are allowed to
develop opposite each other, they are split apart and the
whole top ruined. If this undesirable conformation exists
it is best to take steps to prevent splitting. A bolt having
a stout washer against the head should be placed through
two branches, a second washer placed on and the nut
screwed up. The bolt will, in the course of a few years,
be entirely covered. By this means the tree trunks are
held firmly together. This same plan may be used to save
branches which have partially split apart. Sometimes a












branch may be inarched from one large branch to another
to serve as a living brace.
Necessarily, a considerable number of wounds are made
in top-working. Branches are removed entirely, others
are cut back to within a foot or so of the trunk and
grafted. Often these fail to unite. Such stubs should not
be left. If branches are formed on them they should be
cut back to the point where these buds start; if no
branches come out from them they should be cut back to
the trunk or large branch on which they are borne. If
left, they prevent the healing of the wound, rot back, and
the rot is carried into and down the trunk of the tree,
resulting in a hollow and weakening the trunk. Smooth
cuts should be made, and these should be covered with
white lead paint to prevent' decay. A little lamp black
may be added, if desired, to make the paint nearly the
color of pecan bark.

SOILS AND THEIR PREPARATION.

The peculiar conditions of soil and moisture surround-
ing the pecan in its native home might be regarded as an
indication that it cannot be grown except on deep, rich
soil in proximity to rivers, ponds or streams. Such, how-
ever, would be a wrong inference, for it succeeds admir-
ably and bears good crops on a wide range of soils. Hence
we find it today in localities far removed from the regions
to which it is indigenous and thriving under conditions
differing greatly from those obtaining in its native home.
In Florida, trees may be found growing on soils ranging
from the black hammock to the less fertile high pine lands.
On hammock soils, however, the trees are often inclined to
develop wood at the expense of fruit, while on less fertile
soils the trees make less wood and bear more fruit pro-
portionately. Pecans thrive well on flat woods; the grove
of Dr. J. B. Curtis, Orange Heights, Fla., is planted on
this type of land. Moisture in sufficient quantity must












be present, but it will not do to plant the pecan on land
that is continually wet and boggy. The presence of a
hard, impenetrable sub-soil doubtless has a great influence
upon the welfare of the tree, and it would be better to
select other ground, or when this is impossible, to blast
out the hardpan. A quick-sand sub-soil is equally objec-
tionable. If close to the surface, it should not be used.
The roots cannot penetrate it. All things considered, the
best soil is probably one which has previously supported
a growth of holly, willow-leaved oak, dog-wood, hickory
and those other trees usually found associated with them.
A sandy loam, with a clay or sandy-clay sub-soil, is diffi-
cult to surpass.
A land intended for young trees should be well pre-
pared. This preparation will depend largely upon the
care and treatment which the soil has received previous-
ly. Land on which the forest still stands should prefer-
ably be thoroughly cleared and put in cultivation for a
year or two before planting. Leguminous crops are ex-
cellent to precede the setting of the trees. Plow the
ground thoroughly, break deeply, harrow it level, and it
is ready for the trees.

PECAN PLANTING.

ButYlin Trees.-Florida has suffered as much from
fraudulent pecan tree agents as any other State. Seed-
ling trees have been "doctored" and sold to planters, and
varieties have been sold which were untrue to name. Un-
fortunately, too few people are acquainted with the
characteristics of a budded or grafted tree.
Those who are thoroughly acquainted with the wood,
twigs and branches of pecan trees are able to tell the
different varieties at a glance. The color of the bark,
the shape, size and arrangement of the lenticles, the size
and shape of the buds are always characteristic, and by
these marks varieties can be distinguished. Every planter










should acquaint himself with the wood characteristics df
the varieties. But, after all, the safest, by far the safest,
plan is to deal directly with honest nurseryman, men of
unquestionable integrity, men who give their business
careful thought and attention.
The best trees for general planting are well-grown one-
year-old trees, from three to five feet high.
Too often but slight attention is given to the planting
of the trees. There is too frequently a disposition on the
part of the person setting trees of any kind to do the
work as rapidly as possible, without consideration for the
future welfare of the plants. Few realize that time spent
in careful, intelligent preparation of the soil and in set-
ting the trees is time well spent and well paid for in the
after-development of trunk and branch. Better a month
spent in preparing the future home of the young tree
than years of its life spent in an unequal -h 1_._lr for
existence. More than that, the tree may die outright and
a year must elapse before it can be replaced. It is gen-
erally stated that the pecan is a slow grower, and yet
trees from twelve to fourteen years old will sometimes
measure from thirty-five to fifty-seven inches in circum-
ference at the base, while under less favorable circum-
stances others will stand still for a period of six or seven
years, or until they have accumulated sufficient energy to
overcome the untoward conditions of their environment.
Distance.-The distance apart at which the tree should
be set will depend in a measure upon the character of the
soil. If rich and moist, the trees should be set farther
apart than on higher, dried soils. Forty feet is generally
believed to be about right for most Florida lands. Two
methods of setting may be followed, rectangular and
hexagonal. The number of trees which may be set per
acre by the rectangular system are as follows:
40x40 .............................. 27 trees
40x45 .............................. 24 trees
40x50 .............................. 21 trees











40x60 .................. ........... 18 trees
45x45 .............................. 21 trees
50x50 .............................. 17 trees
50x60 .............................. 14 trees
50x75 .............................. 11 trees
60x60 ............................. 12 trees
60x75 .............................. 9 trees
70x70 .............................. 8 trees
70x75 .............................. 8 trees
75x75 .............................. 7 trees
To find the number of trees for any distance not given
in the above table, multiply the distances together and
divide 43,560, the number of square feet in an acre, by
the product. The result will give the number of trees.
By the hexagonal system, about fifteen per cent. more
trees may be set per acre than by the rectangular system.
If a double planting is contemplated, as pecans and
peaches, the rectangular system should be used, and one
or more peaches set out in each rectangular formed by the
pecans.
Staking the Ground.-If a good plowman can be se-
cured, the rows can be run off with a plow, running both
lengthwise and crosswise of the field. Ordinarily, how-
ever, a true corner may be established with a carpenter's
square, the field staked out around the outside. For the
rectangular system, the stakes can then be set up in the
center of the field by measuring or by sighting, or by
both. Ordinary building laths make good stakes.
To stake off the ground by the hexagonal method, com-
mence on one side of the field and plant stakes at the de-
sired distance apart where the trees are to stand. Using
two chains or two pieces of wire with rings at the ends
(their length being the same as the tree distance), the
position for the second row of trees may be easily ascer-
tained. Drop the rings over two adjoining stakes and
stretch them out until they form an equilateral triangle
with the base line. Plant a stake at the apex to indicate










where the tree is to stand. Set up all the stakes for this
second row in the same manner, then use it as a base line
and so on across the field.
Planting.-Having set a stake where each tree is to
stand, the planting board should then be brought into use.
This is simply a light board, five or six inches wide and
six feet long, with a notch cut in the center of one side
and an inch hole bored in each end. In digging the holes
for the trees this board is laid down on the ground with
the notch against the tree stake. Two small wooden
stakes are then shoved into the ground through the holes
in the ends and the board and tree stake both taken away.
In preparing the tree for planting, all broken or
bruised roots should be cut off immediately behind the
injuries. This is usually done before packing for ship-
ment if trees are purchased from a nurseryman, but pos-
sibly may be neglected or the ends of roots become rubbed
or lagged in transit. The cuts should be made with a
sharp knife from the underside of the roots and outward,
leaving a smooth, sloping cut. To trim the roots to the
best advantage, they should be held upside down while
trimming.
In setting out a pecan tree, a hole 24 inches in diameter
and 30 inches deep is usually large enough, although
wider holes may be dug with advantage, thereby enabling
more pulverized and richer soil to be put around the
roots, which is beneficial to the new feeding roots as they
form. When setting out the trees, carefully fill in among
the roots -with pulverized top soil or woods earth. Well-
rotted manure or not exceeding one and one-half pounds
of commercial fertilizer may be put in the outer sides of
hole, as far as practicable beyond outer ends of lateral
roots, while hole is being filled, but by no means to come
in contact with the roots or trunk of tree. No fertilizer
should be put at bottom of hole. Work and firmly press
the dirt among the roots, laying each root in a natural
position. No holes or cavities in the soil should be left,











and soil must be in close contact with all roots, especially
the tap-root. The bottom of the hole should be firm, to
avoid further settling of the tree. The tree should be set
at such a depth that after a copious watering and the
permanent settling of the earth it will be, perhaps, a
little deeper than it stood in the nursery row. It is very
important that no part of the crown or root be left un-
covered when planted or afterward, and if at any time
it is found that the earth has settled and left any brown-
ish-red part of the crown or root exposed, it must again
be covered with soil.
The point where the root and crown leave off and the
trunk begins is a very vital portion of the newly-set tree
and must always be underground. Trees should be care-
fully examined after the first heavy rain after planting,
and earth thrown to'tree if soil has settled. It is better
to plant them an inch or two deeper than they stood in
the nursery row than to run the risk of having the crown
of root exposed. If tap-roots are inconveniently long,
say. over thirty inches, they must be cut off by a sloping
cut with a sharp knife. In the larger size trees it is bet-
ter to sink a hole deep enough to receive the root without
cutting shorter than is done before packing. The foolish
theory about a pecan tree not bearing if its tap-root has
been cut has been so thoroughly disproved that it is not
worth discussion. If the tap-root is cut when the tree is
dug, as is often necessary, the cut quickly heals and a
new tap-root (sometimes several) will form. After plant-
ing is completed, loose soil should be lightly thrown
around the tree to loosen evaporation, or it may be
mulched with leaves, straw, etc., in lawns and other
places where no crops are to be planted. The mulching
of newly-set trees is highly recommended. The ground
is thereby kept moist, a slow decaying supply of natural
plant food is provided, and grass and weeds are not so
troublesome, thus avoiding the necessity of so frequently
stirring the soil immediately around the trees. The












ground around fruit or nut trees should never be allowed
to bake or crust, and it is the more important with newly
set trees, particularly the first season.
Never allow the roots of a pecan tree to become dried
out. It is best that the necessary root pruning be done in
the shed and the trees carried to the field wrapped in a
damp blanket, from which they are removed one by one as
required for planting. The tops should be pruned back
slightly to restore the balance between the roots and the
tops, which has been disturbed in the process of trans-
planting.
The best time to plant pecan trees is somewhere be-
tween the first of December or the latter part of Novem-
ber and the first of February. Preference must be given
to the earlier part of this period, as the ground will have
a chance to become firmly packed and the root wounds
will have partially calloused over before the growing
season begins. Besides, the early spring season in Florida
is usually dry and recently planted trees do not stand
nearly so good a show as those planted in December and
January.
CITLTIVATION.

Because the pecan grows as a forest tree in some parts
of the country many people suppose that it can be left
without care and cultivation, left as any other tree in the
fields and woods is left to shift for itself. But if fruit
is required from the tree, no matter whether planted in
the garden or the orchard, it should be given good care.
Too many of our practices are based upon ideas taken
from the native trees of the woods and fields. But all
these trees do from year to year is bear a few fruits,
many of which are imperfect, in the attempt to reproduce
themselves. If that is all that is desired of the pecan tree
well and good; a system of neglect will secure the result
and the insects and fungi will be the chief beneficiaries
of the practice.
4--Bul











One lesson can be learned from the woods. The ideal
soil conditions for the pecan grove is that found in the
forest. The soil there is-filled with vegetable matter and
humus; it holds water and plant food. The aim in the
cultivation of the trees should be to provide and main-
tain a soil as nearly ideal as that.
Whether anyone would have the temerity to advocate
the cultivation of a pecan orchard along the lines applied
to peach orchards and -citrus groves is seriously doubted.
A pecan plantation will begin to bear in from six to eight
years after planting and should produce a very fair crop
at ten years, after which it rapidly increases in produc-
tivity. But during the period when the trees are growing
and no fruit is being produced, cultivation must be given.
This is best done by planting the land between the tree
rows in cotton, peanuts or other field crops, in vegetables,
cowpeas, beggarweed or velvet beans. The last mentioned
crops may be used in making hay. These are the ideal
crops for the pecan orchard. It would be best to follow
a systematic rotation of these crops. As, for instance,
first year peanuts, second year cotton, or first year crab-
grass and beggarweed, second year cotton, and third year
velvet beans or cowpeas.
The area grown in these crops should by no means
equal the total area of the field. The tree rows for a
width of four or five feet on each side should not be
planted in crops during the first year. This strip should,
however, be cultivated during the first part of the season
and about the beginning of the rainy season sowed to
beggarweed. The cultivated area will necessarily become
more restricted each year, and eventually the ground will
have to be given up to the trees.
Then the plan frequently advised is to put the land in
grass and use it for a pasture. But grass is generally
an important item in the cultivation of neglected pecan
orchards. It is synonymous with neglect and bad treat-
ment. It interferes with the growth, development and











fruiting of the trees, and this plan is no longer advised
by growers.
Instead, it is preferable to cultivate the trees in spring,
continuing the cultivation well up to the rainy season.
Later, in August, a crop of crabgrass and beggarweed
may be removed for hay. By autumn a considerable ad-
ditional growth will be formed to cover the ground in
winter and turn back into the soil to restore and main-
tain the necessary humus content of the soil.

FERTILIZERS.

On nearly all Florida soils pecan trees are benefited by
the application of fertilizers in some other form or other.
Large quantities of food materials are taken from the
soil in the growth of the trees and the development of the
crop.
The greatest demand made on the soil by the tree is
for nitrogen, and this can be met by applying stable
manure, or by growing leguminous crops and turning
them under, as already directed. In the fertilizing of the
pecan this is by all means the best policy. The potash
in the form of sulphate or muriate of potash and the phos-
phoric acid in the form of acid phosphate can be supplied
separately.
Formulas.-The requirements of the trees will differ at
different stages of their growth. The needs of the young
trees differ from those of fruiting ones. For young trees,
nitrogen in considerable amounts is required, while for
bearing trees more potash and phosphoric acid and less
nitrogen, relatively, are required. If complete fertilizers
are used, those given the young trees should analyze about
five per cent. phosphoric acid, six per cent. potash and
four per cent. nitrogen; while one containing six per ceit.
phosphoric acid, eight per cent. potash and four per cent.
nitrogen is about right for bearing rees.
ff we assume that acid phosphate analyses 14 per cen'.












phosphoric acid, high-grade sulphate of potash 50 per
cent. potash, cotton seed meal 6.5 per cent. nitrogen, and
dried blood 14 per cent. nitrogen, the following amounts
of these materials, which may be mixed at home, will give
approximately the above analysis:

Fon YOUNG TREES-
Acid Phosphate (14 per cent. goods)...... 700 pounds
H. G. Sulphate Potash ........ :......... 225 pounds
Cotton Seed Meal .......................1,150 pounds

If dried blood is used in place of cotton seed meal, one-
half of the amount, or 575 pounds, will give as much, or
slightly more nitrogen, than the 1,150 pounds of cotton
seed meal.

Fon OLD TREES-
Acid Phosphate (14 per cent.)............ 850 pounds
H. G. Sulphate Potash ................... 300 pounds
Dried Blood ............................ 250 pounds
Cotton Seed Meal ....................... 600 pounds

2,000 pounds

Applying the Fertilizer.-The whole of the fertilizer
may be applied in spring, just before the growth starts.
On the whole, this is one of the best times to apply it. In
some cases it may be advisable to apply only half the
material at that time, leaving the other half for applica-
tion about the first of June. So far as the nitrogen part
of the fertilizer is concerned, this would be good practice,
but the potash and phosphoric acid may well be applied
at the beginning of the season's growth.
In applying the fertilizer to young trees, it should be
put on in a circular band about the tree (closer or farther
away, depending on the size of the tree), and spreading
it around on a strip four or five feet wide. As the trees










increase in size, the fertilizer should be applied over a
larger area until, in the case of old trees, the whole sur-
face should receive an application.

PRUNING.

For such pruning as is necessary for pecan trees, a few
tools should be provided. These will consist of a pair of
good pruning shears, German solid steel pruning shears
being the best, a pair of Walter's tree. prunes for cutting
back long branches, and a good pruning saw. One of the
best pruning saws is what is known as a Climax pruning
saw, or a Pacific Coast saw is equally as good.
It is not advisable to prune the trees during the time
when growth has just started in spring, and the sap is
in active motion. At this time it will be well-nigh im-
possible to properly protect the wounds. The necessary
coat of paint will not stick to the' wound when wet with
sap from the tree.
While pruning may be done during the summer months,
when the tree is in full leaf, all things considered, the
best time to prune is in early spring before growth starts.
There is usually less to be done on the farm at this season
and more time is available for the work. Wounds made
at this time usually heal quite rapidly.
In cutting all branches the saw should be held parallel
to the part which is to remain, and the branch should be
cut off smoothly close up to the trunk.
As soon as the branch is removed the wound should be
painted to protect it from decay. For a protective cover-
ing, nothing is better than white lead paint. A small
amount of coloring matter may be added to it, if desired.
As a general rule, the pecan requires comparatively
little pruning. At the time of planting, the young trees
should be cut back some distance, particularly if they are
very tall. It is well to have the main branches from
within four or five feet of the ground. After this about












all the pruning necessary is to remove dead or injured
branches and cut back those which have a tendency to
run up beyond their neighbors. For this work, as well
as in procuring grafts or bud-wood from the top of the
tree, the tree-pruner comes into good service.
Top-worked trees frequently require considerable prun-
ing to get them started so that they will develop into
symmetrical trees.

HARVESTING AND MARKETING.

The pecan crop is not so difficult to harvest and prepare
for marketing as a crop of oranges or peaches, for in-
stance, and yet some care must be taken to put the nuts
on the market in inviting shape.
Field Equipment.-The equipment necessary for har-
vesting consists of an extension ladder, a step-ladder, a
number of bamboo fishing-poles and picking sacks. The
best kind of step-ladder is one having three legs instead
of four. Picking sacks should be made from ordinary
hemp or jute sacks. The sack should be spread open with
a piece of stick, sharp-pointed at both ends, placed in one
side of the mouth, thus making the opening triangular.
Place a pecan nut in the lower corner of the sack, tie one
end of a piece of stout twine about it as it lies in the
corner and then tie the other end of the twine to the
center of the mount of the stick opposite the stick. The
twine should be short enough to draw the bottom and
top of the sack close together, leaving an opening through
which the arm may be thrust and the sack slung over the
shoulder.
Picking.-As soon as the greater percentage of the
burrs have opened, the crop should be gathered. It will
not do to wait until all have opened, neither is it advis-
able to pick the trees over a number of times. Pick them
clean at one picking. The burrs of those nuts which are
fully matured will open, the burrs of immature ones may
not. The latter should be discarded.











,The men should climb the trees and pick the nuts by
hand, using the bamboo poles only for those entirely out
of reach. Even this should be done carefully, so as not
to injure the bearing wood of the trees. Care in picking
good nuts by hand will amply pay the grower, because the
beating and shaking of the trees will cause a considerable
quantity of fruit to be lost, and a few pounds saved will
repay all the time and trouble. Of course, in very high
trees there is frequently nothing to do but shake and
thrash the crop off the trees. The plan of covering the
ground beneath the trees with a large sheet would work
well and assist in reducing losses. As soon as taken from
the trees the nuts should be spread out under a shed or in
a building to dry. A very convenient plan, and one which
will save space, is to provide a sufficient number of trays,
three feet by four feet, and three inches deep, with half-
inch mesh -wire bottoms, and place the nuts in these, two
or two and a half inches deep. Racks can be provided
around the room in which to place these. In from ten
days to two weeks from the time of picking the nuts
should be cured.
Grading.-The variety should be made the basis of the
grade; that is, each variety should be picked, packed and
marketed by itself. This, besides, gives an excellent op-
portunity to compare the commercial value of different
kinds. When a grower has a large number of different
kinds of seedling nuts, and a small quantity of each, they
may be graded by passing them through screens.
Polishing.-At the present time practically all of the
common market nuts are both polished and colored.
Coloring should not be resorted to, and in the case of good
varieties of nuts polishing should not be done. In the
case of small or mixed lots, however, polishing is useful in
making the nuts more uniform. It can be accomplished
by putting the nuts, with a little dry sand, in a barrel
fixed so that:it can be rotated like a revolving churn and
turning over until the nuts receive the desired polish. The











better nuts, however, should be put on the market just
as they come from the trees. The marketing, dots and
streaks on the outside are their trademark and should not
be interfered with.
Packages.-For shipping small quantities of pecans by
express, nothing is better than a box. Barrels are best for
larger shipments. For mail shipments stout pasteboard,
wooden or tin boxes or tin cans make good packages.
Frequently shipments are made in sacks, but the sack does
not afford sufficient protection to the contents and should
not be used. As a rule, the box should be made so that a
given weight will fill it, but this difficulty may be over-
come, to a certain extent, by putting in a pad of paper or
excelsior-paper being preferable. Fill the packages on a
solid floor, shaking them down well and putting in all
they will hold, placing the pad, if one box has to be used,
in the bottom.
On the outside of the packages, before shipping, should
be placed the name of the grower, the variety, the number
of pounds, and the shipping directions. Small boxes to
be shipped by express for the holiday trade should be
wrapped in good quality wrapping paper before shipping.
Marketing.-The best plan for marketing good pecan
nuts is to build up a private trade. As a matter of fact,
at the present time but very few of the large, full-meated
pecans find their way into the general market. They are
either taken by seedsmen or consumed-by private custom-
ers. In building up a private trade, advertising has its
place, of course. Advertisements inserted in a magazine
or papers, particularly in those which are published in
the tourists towns of the State, may be found helpful.
The object and aim should be to give each private cus-
tomer a package, bright, neat, attractive and containing
the best quality of nuts. If a certain price per pound is
fixed for a given quantity, then this should not be varied
under any circumstances. Each year the same quality of
nuts should be given to each customer. It will not do to










give large ones one year and smaller ones the next; this
tends to create, dissatisfaction. In some of the larger
cities there are high-class fruit dealers who handle noth-
ing but fruits, nuts, etc., of the very highest quality.
Under some circumstances it might be well to enter into
negotiations with such firms.

VARIETIES.

Although the pecan industry is not old, yet a very con-
siderable number of varieties has been brought forward.
Not all of these are or have been meritorious, and in fact
many varieties are now represented by name only. Other
varieties are comparatively new, and no one can speak
authoritatively of what they will do over a wide range of
territory. Still other varieties have been propagated by
buds or grafts for a number of years, with the result that
they have been tested fairly well over the country. Some
of the varieties so tried have proved satisfactory, others
have not. Of the older varieties, Stuart, Van Deman and
Frotscher have been found satisfactory in nearly all
cases, while Centennial and Rome have proved so un-
satisfactory that they have been cut out of the lists of
many. propagators. It is doubtful whether a more worth-
less nut has even been propagated and sold than that
much-named variety, Rome, Columbian, Pride of the
Coast, Century, Twentieth Century, etc. For the Florida
planters, the best advice that can be given is to plant
neither Centennial nor Rome. They either do not bear
enough fruit or that which they do produce is inferior
or poorly filled out. Van Deman, Stuart and Frotscher,
on the other hand, have generally borne full crops of
nuts of good quality.
A satisfactory commercial pecan nut must be prolific,
of good size, good quality, must not be spasmodic in its
bearing, plump, with a bright; presentable exterior and
preferably' a light-colored kernel. The nuts should, be-












sides, yield sixty per cent. or upward of kernels. All
these things in one variety make a difficult combination
to secure. Undue weight must not, however, be given to
size, for size and quality are usually antagonistic to each
other. In fact, in pecans, as.in other fruits, we must go
to the small or medium-sized ones for the best quality.
No variety of pecan is superior to Santa Saba in quality,
.yet it is a small nut. Other varieties which may be re-
garded as standards of quality are Schley and Curtis.
The former is a medium to a large nut and medium prolific
variety, while Curtis is of medium size, precocious and
prolific.
Moneymaker is reported as doing well in Louisiana,
and, being a medium-sized nut, it is likely to succeed in
Florida; but the shell is rather thick. Georgia has proved
to be a prolific and precocious bearer. Nearly all of the
varieties given in the following list have been reported
upon favorably by different growers.
In planting pecans, no greater mistake than that of
planting a large number of varieties can be made. At
most,, the plantings should be confined to four or five
varieties. If the grower desires to experiment, and it
is a good thing to do, then a free or two of a number of
other varieties should be included in order to test their
merits.
Varieties Recommended.-The following list contains
the varieties which are worthy the attention of Florida
planters. Not all of them have been thoroughly tested as
yet, and the reason for inserting them here is to urge that
this be done-not in large numbers, not in ten-acre blocks,
but in lots of two or three trees. In the mean-time, until
our knowledge of the varieties and their adaptation.is
increased, the safest advice that can be given the Florida
planter by the writer is to confine himself to such well-
known varieties as Curtis, Frotscher, Schley, Stuart, Van
Deman, and Delmas. This list for planting in the western
part of the State may be supplemented by Bolton, Sweet-












meat, and Georgia. Pabst and Russell are also much in
favor with a good many growers. Continued improve-
ments in those we have and equally as valuable additions
are, of course, to be expected and are being added from
time to time.

REMARKS.

While we believe pecan growing to be a fine investment,
we advise conservatism; do not plant more than can be
properly cared for; the industry has come to stay, and
with time it will grow to vast proportions. We do not
believe that any person living today will ever see the
demand wholly supplied, let alone a glutted market. The
best grade of pecans are bringing about 50 cents per
pound, but if this price is reduced in time as low as ten
cents per pound there is more money in growing them
than there is in most of the standard crops under good
management. So we say to the young or the middle-aged
man or woman engaged in, or about to engage in, either
general or special farming, to plant pecans in proportion
to their ability to care for them properly-it will pay
them.


















SUGAR-CANE AND SYRUP MAKING.

By A. P. Spencer.

SOME IMPORTANT FACTS.

1) Sugar-cane is successfully grown throughout Flor-
ida, though it only matures perfectly in Southern
Florida.
(2) Any good agricultural soil in Florida that has suffi-
cient drainage is capable of producing profitable
crops of sugar-cane.
(3) Sufficient moisture is the controlling element in the
production of sugar-cane, from its earliest growth.
(4) Ammonia and potash are especially needed in any
fertilizer applied, while phosphoric acid is needed in
lesser quantities.
(5) Cultivation should be frequent until the crop is well
grown, but always with shallow-working imple-
ments.
(6) The longer the cane can stand without danger of
frost, the higher will be the sucrose content, and
the better the quality of syrup.
(7) Sugar-cane will give a better yield if the seed-cane
has been selected for healthiness and maturity.

Sugar-cane is among the most certain of Florida crops.
Crop failure for the State has never been reported. Sugar-
cane has been grown more or less in almost every county
in Florida, and with a degree of success on almost every
grade of agricultural soil in the State. It must not be
inferred that sugar-cane has no preference as to soil fer-
tility, moisture, or physical condition of the soil. Success
in growing this crop is governed by the methods adopted
in each stage of its growth.












Sugar-cane is a tropical plant. The different varieties
require more or less than twelve months without frost to
reach full maturity. Certain varieties are propagated
successfully and profitably as far as 100 miles north of the
Gulf of Mexico. Below the twenty-seventh parallel, or
the region around Manatee and Lake Okeechobee in
Southern Florida, sugar-cane matures, forming long
sprays of bloom called "arrows." In seasons with little
or no frost, the cane may mature even north of this line.
In all sections of the State it reaches a stage of maturity
sufficient for making syrup or sugar.
Up to the sixties, large plantations of sugar-cane exist-
ed on the low hammock lands of Manatee, Volusia, and
Citrus Counties. At this time the industry was perhaps
the most important one in Florida. At the close of the
war, these plantations were nearly abandoned. Some of
this land was planted in orange groves. Since this period,
little, attention has been given to growing sugar-cane on
a large scale, although nearly every county of the State
produces more or less of it. At the present time the
largest acreage is on the rolling high pinelands of West
Florida.

SOIL.

The greatest tonnage of canes per acre is usually pro-
duced on low rich hammocks where the drainage is good.
However, it is still an open question what class of soil in
Florida is best for producing syrup. The better grades of
high pine land in West Florida are producing from fifteen
to twenty-five tons of sugar-cane per acre, and a superior
grade of syrup. We may conclude that any good agri-
cultural soil in Florida that has sufficient drainage is
capable of producing profitable crops of sugar-cane, if the
crop is grown by methods suitable to the soil. The rolling
pine lands are well adapted without further drainage.
Flat-woods soils frequently require drainage to carry off











the surplus water that is usually present during the rainy
season. The flat hammock lands and reclaimed marsh
lands, for the most part, have usually artificial drainage
to control the surplus water during the wet season. While
sugar-cane is a heavy consumer of moisture, it must have
an open soil with the water table below the feeding area
of the roots. It is a vigorous plant, and succeeds 'well on
any soil suitable for corn or other farm crops.

SOIL-PREPARATION.

Soil intended for sugar-cane should be prepared as long
in advance of the planting time as the previous crop will
permit; before November 1 for fall planting, and not later
than January 1 for winter planting. After the vegetable
matter has been plowed under, the surface should be har-
rowed and pulverized two or three times before the land
is laid off for planting. Soils that have not been plowed
deeply and worked back into condition cannot conserve
the moisture already in the soil, or absorb and store up
the rainfall that occurs during the winter months. Suffi-
cient moisture is the controlling element in the produc-
tion of sugar-cane from its earliest growth. The conser-
vation is one of the main things to look to in the prepare
tion of the soil for growing sugar-cane.
The deeper the land can be plowed, the better for sugar-
cane, because of the extensive root system and the long
season the cane remains in the growing stage. Fields
that have been in cultivation for a number of years will
be benefited by subsoiling until a depth of sixteen or
twenty inches is secured. This may be done with an ordi-
nary subsoil plow, or by a scooter following in the furrow
behind a turning plow in breaking. This gives additional
depth to the seed-bed, and proves advantageous to the
crop, in that it gives large storage area for the moisture
supply needed.












ROTATION.

In rotation, sugar-cane may follow almost any of the
ordinary farm crops, but preferably sweet potatoes, velvet
beans, or other leguminous crops; the latter being
especially desirable because of the liberal amounts of
humus they add to the soil.
Because of its gross feeding tendencies and the large
amounts of fertilizing elements it consumes in the making
of a twenty-ton crop, it is not advisable that sugar-cane
shall follow itself on the same land, unless where it is de-
sirable to grow it from the "stubble" or "ratoons," and
then not for more than three years in succession.

FERTILIZERS.

With the exception of ihe rich hammock lands, sugar-
cane will require liberal applications of fertilizer. Am-
monia and potash are especially needed in any fertilizer
applied, while phosphoric acid is needed in lesser quan-
tities. The richer the soil in humus and decaying organic
matter, the less will be the need of heavy applications of
ammonia. This is evidenced by the very heavy crops
grown in the hammock lands of Southern Florida before
the war, when commercial fertilizers were nearly un-
known here. On high pine land a fertilizer analyzing 5
per cent. of ammonia, 4 per cent. of phosphoric acid, and
8 per cent. of potash, should be applied at the rate of 600
to 1,000 pounds per acre, ten days before planting. The
ammonia should come from an organic source, because
of the long season required by the crop for growing. If
the crop appears uneven and yellow, and shows an un-
thrifty appearance, it will be advisable to give a second
application of ammonia not later than August 1. This
ammonia should be applied in the form of nitrate of soda
at the rate of 200 pounds per acre, and broad-casted. It
matters little in what form the potash or phosphoric acid












is applied, because of the gross feeding tendencies oi the
sugar-cane plant. It is, however, conceded by some grow-
ers that a better grade of syrup will be produced by using
sulphate of potash, instead of muriate of potash or kainit.
This, however, it still an open question.

PLANTING.

When ready to plant the crop, lay off the furrows six
inches deel and six feet apart. In these furrows plant
the canes, after cutting them in lengths of three or four
joints each, lapping them in the furrow a few inches.
Cover the canes with about three inches of soil. If they
are covered too deeply in mid-winter the eyes will be slow
in sprouting, and likely to make a less vigorous growth
than if they sprouted readily. After the cane is well up,
the furrow may be filled in to the level. This places the
roots well below the surface, giving a better root system,
and helps to prevent the canes from blowing over when
the crop is about mature and top-heavy. Canes that are
planted very shallow will often blow over and tangle dur-
ing the heavy winds storms of October. A tangled cane
patch requires more labor for cutting and harvesting than
one which stands erect.

CULTIVATIONN.

The cultivation of sugar-cane is similar to that of corn.
This cultivation should begin soon after the canes are
planted, mainly to prevent the loss from evaporation that
will occur during the spring months unless the surface
soil is kept stirred. The first two or three cultivation
may be done with the weeder or harrow, which may be
run in any direction over the rows. After the canes are
too high for the weeder to pass over, the one or two-horse
cultivator, running shallow, is a good implement to use.
Cultivation should be frequent until the crop is well
5-Bul











grown, but always with shallow-working implements. If
the ground is allowed to become dry from lack of cultiva-
tion at any stage in the growth, the cane suffers. A
maximum crop cannot be made unless the plants have an
abundant supply of moisture. In all probability the rain-
fall will be sufficient between June 1 and September 1,
but during this period the weeds and grass will get a good
start and fill the land unless the cultivation is frequent.
The most likely period for the cane to be injured from
lack of moisture is between planting time and June 15.
It is advisable to keep the cultivation up just as long as
it is possible to go through the cane patch.

HARVESTING.

The first operation in harvesting is stripping the canes.
This should be done about the last week in October in
West Florida, and two weeks later in Central Florida.
By removing the dead leaves the sunlight is admitted to
the ground, which is thought to hasten the ripening of
the canes. As there is a large amount of work involved
in handling one acre of sugar-cane, it is further advisable
to have this stripping done early, so that there will be
no delay when the grinding season begins. The longer
the cane can stand without danger of frost, the higher
will be the sucrose content, and the better the quality of
syrup," as immature cane makes inferior syrup. Cutting
should commence about November 15 in West Florida,
and in Central Florida about ten days later. The tops
are removed before the cane is cut. It is recommended
to leave about one immature joint to every eight mature
joints, because of the glucose contained in the immature
stalk, which helps to prevent crystallization in the evap-
oration of the juice. After the cane is topped, it should
then be cut as low as possible and put into rows, or on
the wagon for hauling to the cane mill. In the event of
approaching freezing weather it is well to cut all the











canes and cover them up with the tops to prevent them
from freezing. A white frost does hot injure sugar-cane,
but checks its growth and hastens maturity. A freeze is
apt to kill the buds or eyes, and so injure them for seed;
but it does not injure the canes for syrup or sugar, unless
they ferment in the meantime.

SEED-CANE.
Sugar-cane will give a better yield if the seed-cane has
been selected for healthiness and maturity. While this
is one of the most general crops in the State and has
been grown for many years, yet comparatively little at-
tention has been given to careful selection of seed-cane.
The loss from inferior seed-cane comes in several ways.
If immature and poorly developed canes are planted, the
stand of canes is almost sure to be uneven. The poorer
canes will have many immature eyes that will not germi-
nate at all, and many more that will germinate slowly,
so that in the next year's crop there will be several blank
spaces and many short-jointed small canes. There is the
possibility of putting diseased seed-canes in the bed;
perhaps causing the entire bed to rot, or at least injuring
the growing powers of even the best canes. The selection
of proper seed-cane is of the greatest importance in the
growing of sugar-cane. Seed-canes should have well-
matured buds, and joints of medium length. If the joints
are short, the cane is apt to be less vigorous in growth.
It will require upward of 1,800 whole canes to plant
an acre. In filling the beds it would be a wise precaution
to allow at least 2,500 canes for each acre to be planted,
so that in case of a loss there will be a sufficient number
left for planting. No canes should be bedded from any
field where red rot is suspected or known to be present.
This disease is described on a later page.

TIME TO SAVE S8ED CANE.
It has been already stated that cane buds are injured











by a freeze. It is important that the seed-canes should
be cut and bedded before a freeze is likely. This date
would be in west Florida about November 20, and in
middle Florida about ten days later. It is to be re-
membered, however, that the seed-cane is more likely to
grow well if it is well matured and if the buds are large
and well developed. So that it is advisable to allow the
canes to stand as long as they are safe from frost.

LAYING DOWN THE BEDS.

The bottom of the bed for the seed-cane should be about
eight inches below the surface of the ground. The bed
should be six feet wide. The seed-canes should be placed
in this bed in even layers about four canes deep on the
sides and a little deeper in the center, so as to give a
rounded top to shed the water. Seed-canes should not be
topped. Each layer in the beds should be about ten inches
forward of the previous one, so that the tops will cover the
joints of the lower layers. The beds should be made as
uniform and even as possible, so that no canes will be
left uncovered and no depressions occur in the bed to
collect water during rains. It is well in all cases that
the butts of the canes should touch the ground and the
canes be moist when laid down. This will help to prevent
the buds from drying out, and also prevent dry rot. "Im-
mediately after a heavy rain is a good time to bed seed-
cane." When the bed is filled, it should be covered with
about two inches of soil as a protection against frost. A
strip about two inches wide may be left open along the
ridge the entire length of the bed to give ventilation, and
one or two furrows thrown up with a plow on each side
to drain the water away. Should water stand in the bed
during the winter, even for a short time, the canes would
probably ferment and the buds be destroyed. If the bed
is located on a slope, there is little danger of water stand-
ing in it. It might be again emphasized that a lack of











moisture in the seed-bed will probably produce dry rol
or drying out of the buds, causing them to germinate
slowly if at all; while standing water in the seed-bed will
destroy the buds and possibly destroy the cane entirely.
If the stubble is to be bedded for seed, it is best to dig it
up by the roots, and bed it with the root attached. It
would not be wise, however, to bed stubble cane in this
way in the same bed with seed-canes; although about the
same protection against freezing, and the same precau-
tions as to excess or lack of moisture are recommended.

STUBBLE OR RATOON CANE.

While it is generally considered that a better yield of
cane will be secured if the canes are planted annually, it
is nevertheless a common practice to use stubble or
ratoons for seed-cane. Unless these ratoons have more
care than is frequently given them, an uneven stand will
result in the following year. This is due to many causes,
most of which can be avoided. In the first place, ratoons
should be cut very low. If they are cut high there will be
fermentation and decay, which injures the buds. A prac-
tice that is adopted by the best cane growers is to run a
light furrow along one side of the cane, and then turn
the ratoons up-side-down in this furrow, throwing a light
furrow on them. This gives a covering for protection
during the winter and prevents decay of the stumps of
the canes.
It is not considered a good practice to use ratoons for
more than two years in succession. Those who do this
seldom get as good yield in the third year as in the second
year.

VARIETIES.

Little attention has been given to the varieties of sugar-
cane in Florida. Nevertheless the best growers usually











select the light-colored canes because these produce a
lighter colored syrup. It is fortunate that the light-color-
ed canes usually produce as well as the red or purple
canes.
In Louisiana the best results have been obtained from
D. 74, which is a light-colored cane. It produces a larger
tonnage of cane than other varieties in Louisiana. It is
said to resist heavy winds, and to be altogether desirable.
It is recommended by the Louisiana Experiment Station
in preference to the purple or ribbon cane. A few farm-
ers in Florida have, also, reported D. 74 to be one of the
best canes for Florida. In Bulletin 129 of the Louisiana
Experiment Station, the author speaks of it as follows,
"In nearly all sections of Louisiana it has given heavier
yields than the purple or ribbon canes. It is reported
to be in tonnage 20 per cent. superior to either green or
ribbon canes. In addition it is reported to contain a
larger percentage of sugar in its juice." The richer in
sugar a cane, the larger the amount of syrup that can be
made from it. With the ordinary process of manufacture,
this high percentage of sugar will cause crystallization
in the syrup, but with the better methods, crystallization
can be avoided in other ways.

JAPANESE CANE.

Japanese cane was introduced into Florida about 1889
from Louisiana. It makes an excellent grade of syrup,
but is it not generally recommended for syrup-making.
It is much harder to grind than other canes, and the juice
is more difficult to extract. It usually has a lower yield
of syrup. There are, however, exceptional cases when
Japaneses cane has yielded as high as five hundred gallons
of syrup per acre. The average yield of all canes in the
State is less than three hundred gallons an acre. Where
this exceptionally high yield was obtained, it was under
very favorable conditions, and in these cases other canes











would probably have given still greater yields. Japanese
cane will withstand ten degrees of frost, and is therefore
a perennial, and can be grown several years in succession
without replanting. Some growers claim it will not re-
quire replanting for an almost indefinite number of years,
but experiments do not altogether bear this out. The
test plots on the Experiment Station farm show a much
greater yield on the newly planted plots than on stubble
originally planted about six years ago. Japanese cane
is not generally recommended for syrup-making, but has
proved an excellent winter forage crop for live stock. Be-
cause of the extra labor involved in stripping the leaves,
and because the hardness of the cane requires heavier
mills to get as high a percentage of the juice, this cane is
less desirable than the other sugar-canes for syrup-mak-
ing.
CANE GRINDING.

Most of the cane mills in Florida are of the small type,
and are operated by horse power. They will not give a
high extraction, and are not to be recommended, except
where only a small amount of syrup is made. It must be
remembered that the greater the extraction, that is, the
larger amount of juice that is pressed out per ton of cane,
the greater will be the amount of syrup per acre. Very
few of the small mills extract more than fifty per cent. of
the weight of the cane in juice, leaving 35 per cent. still
in the cane. (Cane is composed on the average of 85 per
cent. juice and 15 per cent. dry material.) To secure the
full extraction, it is necessary to set the rolls so close that
the pulp or bagasse when passed through the mill will
be broken into short pieces apparently free from juice and
so dry that they-will burn readily. A well designed steam
power mill, when properly set, will extract 75 per cent. of
the weight of the cane in juice, leaving only 10 per cent.
in the bagasse. The most powerful steam mills extract
an amount of juice equal to about 80 per cent. of the











weight of the cane, or nearly all the sucrose in the cane.
A large percentage of the sucrose is wasted on farms
where light mills are employed.
When sugar-cane has been properly grown on a good
quality of soil, a yield of twenty tons per acre may be
expected. As high as thirty or thirty-five tons have been
produced under exceptionally good conditions. The aver-
age yield for the State is perhaps fifteen tons. One ton
of well matured sugar-cane will produce about twenty
gallons of syrup at a density of 33 degrees Baume. The
exact figures cannot be given, since analyses of Florida
canes vary from .9 to 18 in percentage of cane-sugar in
the juice.
Several firms manufacture cane mills of standard de-
signs, and it would be well for those who contemplate
buying new syrup-making equipment to investigate the
tonnage capacity per day amd horse-power required to
operate' the machinery, bearing in mind that the chief
value of a mill lies in its power to extract the highest
percentage of juice from the canes.

EVAPORATION OF JUICE.

As the juice comes from the mill, it contains large
quantities of coarse materials that should be removed be-
fore it goes into the evaporating pans. Thorough strain-
ing at this particular stage is necessary in the manufac-
ture of high-grade syrup. As the juice leaves the mill, it
should pass through a close wire screen to remove the
coarse particles and leaves. Below this would be a coarse
cloth strainer to catch finer pieces, and then the juice
should pass through coarse muslin. Just before going
into the receiving tank it passes through a wooden blanket
which catches most of the finest sediment. These filters
should be stretched on hoops, and a number of them kept
on hand so they can be frequently changed and cleaned,
otherwise they will become clogged and prevent the juice











from passing through. Thorough straining before the
juices enters the evaporating pans will not only reduce
the amount of skimming, but also improve the quality of
the syrup. The receiving tank for the strained juice
should be large enough for a full run in the evaporating
pans, so there may be no delay when evaporation begins.
This receiving tank also n:c't as a settling tank between
the process of straining and that of evaporation. For
plants suited to handle from five to forty acres of cane,
the evaporating pan with steam coils is recommended.
The better pan evaporators are equipped with steam coils
for evaporation, while the smaller outfits are of the fur-
nace type with the pans immediately over the firebox.
The steam coils are to be preferred because of the control
in boiling the juice. These pans are manufactured for
their special purpose and can be purchased complete from
the manufacturer.
When the juice enters the first evaporating pan, it
should boil up quickly. This throws up a large amount of
sediment and scum, which must be removed with a skim-
mer. If this boiling is slow, a large amount of the sedi-
ment will rise to the surface and cannot be skimmed off;
but will pass over into the second pan, from which it is
more difficult to remove it because of the greater density
of the juice in the second pan. In the first pan the juice
is evaporated to a density of about 25 degrees Baume.
In the second pan the evaporation continues until the
density of the syrup is 33 or 34 degrees Baume. With
larger plants the juice remains in the receiving tank for
six hours or more, so that the sediment goes to the bot-
tom. Then the juice is drawn from the top, over into the
first evaporating pan. Most of the clarification takes
place in the first evaporating pan. As the juice becomes
of a greater density it will hold a large amount of the
sediment in suspension. If not thoroughly clarified be-
fore leaving the first pan, it will be almost impossible to
remove the finer particles when the juice has become more











concentrated in the second evaporating pan. A cloudy
syrup results.
When the juice has been boiled to the required density,
it should be run into the containers, and immediately
sealed up. The secret in making syrup of a uniform
grade and high quality is inthe care exercised in secur-
ing proper straining and the proper density in each stage
of evaporation. It is nearly impossible for anyone to
determine the exact density without the use of a Baume
spindle. This Baume spindle is a glass float with a gradu-
ated scale. The point to which it sinks into the liquid
will indicate the density. A small quantity of syrup
may be removed from the boiling mass and placed in a
glass or tin, and the Baume spindle inserted. The heated
syrup in which the instrument sinks to 33 or 34 degrees
has been sufficiently boiled. This on cooling, will give
a density of 37 or 38 Baume, which is the proper density
for marketable syrup.

FERMENTATION IN SYRUP.

Fermentation in syrup is caused by molds, yeasts, or
bacteria. The preservation of syrup consists in steriliz-
ing it, which can be done by continuous boiling until all
the mold spores or microbes which cause fermentation
have been destroyed. This sterilization may be accom-
plished by heating it to 180 degrees Fahrenheit. Fer-
mentation, however, will take place even though the syrup
has been heated much above 180 degrees, unless the con-
tainers into which the syrup is placed have also been
completely sterilized. It is practically impossible to
thoroughly sterilize a barrel under the ordinary condi-
tions around a small syrup plant. In most cases the fer-
mentation that syrup undergoes after it has been stand-
ing three or four months in barrels is due to the condi-
tion of the barrel when the syrup is placed in it. For
this reason, syrup placed in cans or bottles will usually












keep a longer period if the containers have been properly
sterilized by thorough boiling before the syrup is placed
in them. Under this condition, syrup will keep for an
almost indefinite period if the cans are filled while the
syrup is still hot, and are immediately sealed, to prevent
further contamination from outside sources. Steriliza-
tion of both syrup and container is therefore the only
means of preventing fermentation in cane-syrup. Fur-
thermore, it should be borne in mind that cleanliness in
manufacture, from the time the cane enters the mill until
the syrup is placed in the container, is the main thing in
keeping syrup sweet. The rollers of the mill should be
washed with lime water when stopped for any length of
time. The juice gutters and all surfaces over which the
juice passes must also be thoroughly cleaned. The walls
of the building and the surroundings should be kept clean.
Where it is practicable, cold storage will facilitate the
keeping of the syrup. Fermentation of syrup does not
take place at low temperatures, so that if the syrup can
be put in cold storage it should keep almost indefinitely.
It is a mistaken idea that syrup is a readily perishable
product. There should be no more difficulty in preserving
it than there is with canned sweet potatoes, if it has
been handled properly during the process of manufacture.

DISEASES OF SUGAR-CANE.

RED ROT OF SUGAR-CANE.

(H. S. Fawcett.)
The disease has' characteristic marks inside the canes
by which it may be recognized, but is difficult to recognize
externally. It is therefore apt to be overlooked until it
becomes so serious as to attract attention. When the dis-
eased canes are still lengthwise the soft tissue of the
internodes shows a reddish discoloration. In these red
discolored areas are found white spots which shade off











into the red. These white spots are especially charac-
teristic of Red Rot. As the disease advances the central
portion of the stem gives way, forming a long straight
cavity, in which is a whitish mold made up of fungus
threads. The nodes and buds become first brown, and
finally black. The hard outside of the stalk remains ap-
parently unchanged. When the disease has not progress-
ed so far as this, the canes may appear at first glance to
be healthy; but when they are split length-wise the soft
tissue in the internodes will show the beginnings of the
disease as small reddish patches. Because it is so easily
overlooked, the grower should keep a watch for it. There
are other diseases that may cause reddening of the soft
tissue, but if there are also white patches within the red
areas, the disease may be pronounced Red Rot.
Although Red Rot is usually not noticed until the cane
is cut for planting, it may be present during the summer.
In some cases the fungus causing Red Rot may seriously
check the growth of the plant during the summer, and
redden the leaves and the soft tissue inside the canes,
The fungus attacks the plant most easily through wounds
or holes made by borers. It appears. to get to the grow-
ing plant, however, mostly by means of the planted cut-
tings, and does not spread much through the air. Usual-
ly the injury is only slight during the growing season.
At the bedding season, however, the fungus is present
ready to cause serious damage to the dormant canes. It
is at this time that the fungus grows, advances into the
interior of the canes, and kills the buds. In the beds
decay appears to start mostly at the ends of the canes,
although it may also start at other places along the canes.
MEANS OF CONTROL.-1. Plant only healthy canes. In
Hawaii and other places, it has been found that this dis-
ease may be easily and successfully controlled by plant-
ing only healthy canes that show no sign of discoloration.
Any canes showing even the slightest discoloration of the
interior should be discarded. It will be necessary, in












sections where the disease has become prevalent, to grind
all the cane, and get seed-cane for planting from some
other locality.
2. As an extra preventive the selected canes may be
dipped in Bordeaux mixture just before they are planted.
This will kill any fungus that may have gotten onto the
cut ends or surfaces. A large wooden trough is con-
venient for holding the Bordeaux mixture while dipping.
The formula, 5 pounds of copper sulphate, 5 pounds of
lime, and 50 gallons of water, may be used. The cost is
but slight.
3. Whenever possible plant the canes in the fall in-
stead of bedding them. Planting the cane in the fall will
give one an opportunity to discover the disease, if present,
and will do away with danger from contamination in the
bed.
4. Burn all the trash in the old bed, and all diseased
cane.
INSECT ENEMIES OF SUGAR-CANE.

J. R. Watson.

THE CANE BORER..

The most serious enemy of cane is the borer (Diatraea
saccharalis). In some parts of the State this is a serious
pest. Luckily it is not generally distributed, and many
localities are entirely free from it. It is very important
for growers in such places to keep it out.
The borer is the caterpillar of a moth. The female moth
lays her eggs on the foliage. The young caterpillars,
hatching out, feed on the tender leaves for a few days,
but soon enter the cane through a bud or "eye," thereby
reducing the stand of cane. They spend their entire
larval life in the cane, tunnelling up and down, stunting
its growth, weakening it so that the wind may blow it
over, reducing the sugar content, and making easy the











entrance of fungus diseases. Here they go into the pupa
stage, to hatch out as small moths in a week or so, unless
delayed by cold weather, in which event the pupae spend
the winter in the cane.
Control is difficult once the borer becomes established
in a field, hence we urge Florida growers to be very care-
ful about introducing this pest into a community now
free from it, as such a community has a great advantage
over the infested one in the matter of cane-growing. A
little carelessness in this respect now may cause, in a
community, a loss of thousands of dollars in a few years.
Dissemination is almost entirely through infested seed-
cane, as the female flies only a few score feet. Planters
should carefully inspect all seed-cane, and any canes ex-
hibiting holes should be promptly burned.
Remedy.-Once introduced the best the grower can do
is to reduce the numbers of hybernating larvae by burn-
ing the tops and rubbish as soon as sufficiently dried,
cutting the canes low, and destroying shoots that start
from the roots where cane is cut early. Plant in the fall
from sound canes only. Rotation of crops must be prac-
ticed in infested fields.

THE ARMY WORM.

Sugar-cane is one of the favorite food plants of this
caterpillar (also known as the Southern grass worm),
which in some years occurs in destructive numbers. On
cane it can readily be controlled by the arsenic com-
pounds. Use a spray of three pounds of lead arsenate
paste or one pound of zinc arsenite powder to fifty gallons
of water, or dust the plants with the latter, using air-
slaked lime as a filler.

DANGER IN IMPORTED CANE.

There are, in the West Indies, many serious enemies of









79

cane that have not yet been introduced into the United
States, or which are rare here. Among them are the
larger cane-borer, the weevil borer, frog-hoppers, root-
borers, pink mealy bugs, and mites. For this reason in-
troduction of West Indian cane for seed should be done,
if at all, with the greatest care possible and the most
rigid inspection. The Bureau of Entomology of th6
United States Department of Agriculture, recommends
that such introduced canes be grown during the first year,
at least, under the constant supervision of an entomol-
ogist.




























PART II.



CROP AND LIVE STOCK CONDITIONS


6-Bul
e


























































I *












DIVISION OF THE STATE BY COUNTIES.

Following are the divisions of the State, and the coun-
ties contained in each:


Northern Division.

Franklin,
Gadsden,
Hamilton,
Jefferson,
Lafayette,
Leon,
Liberty,
Madison,
Suwannee,
Taylor,
Wakulla-11.

Western Division.

Bay,
Calhoun,
Escambia,
Holmes,
Jackson,
Santa Rosa,
Walton,
Washington-8.


Northeastern Division.

Alachua,
Baker,
Bradford,
Clay,
Columbia,
Duval,
Nassau,
Putnam,
St. Johns-9.

Central Division.

Citrus,
Hernando,
Lake,
Levy,
Marion,
Orange,
Pasco,
Seminole,
Sumter,
Volusia-10.


Southern Division.


Brevard,
Dade,
DeSoto,
Hillsborough,
Lee,
Manatee,


Monroe,
Osceola,
Palm Beach,
Pinellas,
Polk,
St. Lucie-12.


























































































I












DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

W. A. McRAE, Commissioner. H. S. ELLIOT, Chief Clerka,



CONDENSED NOTES OF CORRESPONDENTS.

BY DIVISIONS.

NORTHERN DivISIoN.-The reports from our correspon-
dents throughout this division show a condition as re-
gards cotton and corn, especially, to be very discouraging.
The stands of cotton have been poor and a great deal of
it has had to be replanted several times. A great deal
of harm also was done to the cotton during the several
periods when the temperature was low and the season
was wet, which also had a very disastrous effect on young
plants, such cold spring weather being almost unprece-
dented in this country. In fact, such climatic conditions
have seldom been known at this season of the year. The
same conditions affected the growing of other crops un-
favorably, but not to the same extent, and, consequently,
the corn crop of this section is in poor condition and can-
not yield other than a very small crop. Although the
acreage intended to be planted was about the same as
usual, it was cut down by the unfavorable weather that
prevented breaking of the land. Live stock has been do-
ing very well in this district, perhaps better than last
year and, taking it all together it is in good condition,
except that some complaints of hog cholera have been
made from two or three localities in this district.
WESTERN DIVISION.-Conditions in this division are
about the same as in the previous one, as the same climatic
conditions prevailed over this territory as over the first.
The crops affected in the first case were similarly affected
in this case and about to a similar extent. Such crops as











field peas, peanuts, velvet beans, etc., are in only a fair
condition, and a general shortage is at present apparent.
Live stock is in fair condition by reason of good pastures
which were not affected so much by the climatic changes
in the first of the season. There has been little cholera
among the hogs so far reported. Warm weather follow-
ing the cold of the first portion of the season has perhaps
had a good effect generally, but its effect will not be
noticeable generally unless favorable conditions continue.
This especially refers to the condition of cotton and corn.
but a number of other crops in this and other districts
are very short, in fact, some of them are, practically,
failures.
NORTHEASTERN DIvIsIoN.-The counties of this district
being further east did not suffer quite as much' from
climatic conditions as the two previously mentioned ones,
therefore, the crops seem to be in somewhat better condi-
tion, except as to cotton and corn. These crops are in
general poor condition in all of the cotton and corn grow-
ing counties. There are few localities where corn and
cotton are either in a normal condition or a normal stand
and, judging from the reports as shown from our corres-
pondents, the corn and cotton crops will be the shortest
made in this State for a number of years. Cotton is
better than corn. Corn in this -district is not in as good
condition as in the previous districts, but the area planted
in proportion is greater and it is probable that what is
lost in yield will be, to some extent, made up by the
additional acreage; Cane and other crops, such as pota-
toes, field peas, peanuts, and velvet beans, show tolerably
well and at this season of the year it is possible that no-
thing further will happen to prevent a fair yield of most
of them. The condition of the pastures is good, and our
correspondents report live stock generally throughout
the country as being in good condition. It is also not-
able, in this connection, that few of our correspondents
in this district make any reference to the presence of











cholera among the hogs as compared with last year, as
only two or three localities have made any serious com-
plaints. It is fair, under these conditions to assume that
the disease is under better control through the agencies
in charge of such matters.
CENTRAL DIVISION.-The conditions in this district show
a slight change, if any, for the better, as this section
was not influenced by the unfavorable climatic conditions
to quite the same extent existing in the more northern
and western sections of the State. True, mention is made
through some of our correspondents of drought in many
instances, but it does not seem to have been of so wide
and disastrous affect. Apparently it was more local than
otherwise though very serious in some localities. This
being one of the principal fruit and vegetable growing
sections of the State, the unfavorable weather conditions
were disastrous to a number of growers. In this district
it is notable that there is apparently a slight falling off
in the prospective yield of citrus fruits, more particularly
the oranges, but we do not believe that the loss will be
of any extent. To what extent the loss will reach, we are
unable to say at present, but it seems that the orange
crop will probably be about eight to ten per cent. less than
last year, while- the grape fruit crop may be a little more
or at least the equal of last year, however, it is too early
to be certain of conditions as to these products. In fact
it is possible that new bearing young trees may more
than affect any loss by old bearing groves. Live stock
in this district is also reported to be in good condition.
SOUTHERN DIVISION.-In this section of the State con-
ditions are about the same as in the previous one,
especially with regard to the condition of the citrus fruit
crops, and also others. It is, however, stated that the
citrus fruit crop, and especially grape fruit in this dis-
trict will, in some localities, be greater in quantity and
superior in quality to the crop of last year. There is,
apparently, also a large increase in guavas, avocado pears,









88

mangoes and some other fruits, and as the demand in
the market for these crops is so much greater than the
supply, it is not likely that prices will be reduced. The
demand for these fruits increases much more rapidly than
the supply. Conditions of other crops in this section have
been good and also the yield. Live stock also is in
a flourishing condition. Outside of a few localities,
Climatic conditions have been favorable to most kinds of
crop production. One notable fact appears throughout
nearly all of the reports of our correspondents in regard
to conditions and yield, and -that is the unusual occur-
rence of what might be termed, spotted climatic condi-
tions, that is to say that the rain or the drought as the
case may be has been continuously confined to certain
limited areas, and this condition has extended from one
end of the State to the other without regard to latitude.











89


REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPECTIVE YIELD OF CROPS,
FRUIT AND FRUIT TREES, AND CONDITION OF LIVE STOCK,
FOR QUARTER ENDING JUNE 30, 1914, AS COMPARED WITH
SAME PERIOD LAST YEAR.


Upland Sea Island Sugar
COUNTY. Cotton. Cotton. Corn. Cane.

Northern Division. Condition. C Condition. Condition.
Franklin ................ ... 90 100
Gadsden .............. 100 60 100 50
Hamilton .............. ... 60 50 70
Jefferson .............. 75 ... 60 60
Lafayette ......... .. 100 50 75
Leon ..............80 60 75
Madison .............. 95 90 100 95
Taylor ................ ... 90 75 75
Wakulla .............. 75 75 80
Div. Av. per cent...... 85 80 I 78 I 76
Western Division.
Calhoun ............... g90 85 50 75
Escambia ............. 75 ... 70 65
Holmes ................ 90 ... 60 85
Santa Rosa ............ 85 ... 70 50
Walton ................. 90 ... 75 75
Washington ............. 85 .. 75 80
Div. Av. per cent...... 86 I 85 67 I 72
Northeastern Division.
Alachua ................ 75 100 4
Baker .................. 100 100 65 90
Bradford ............... 75 75 60 75
Clay ................... ... 80 60 90
Duval ................. .. .. 75 90
Nassau ............ ... 80 80 60 70
Putnam .................... ... 20 20
St. Johns ............. ... ... 85 65
Div. A v. per cent ...... 82 I 87 58 I 68
Central Division.
Hernando .............. ... ... 100 100
Levy .................. 70 75 5 70
Marion ................. ... 90 60 90
Orange ..................... 80 .
Pasco ............. ... 60 80
Seminole ............. ... ... 100
Sumter ............... ... ... 40 75
Volusia ................. ... ... 60 70
Div. Av. per cent ...... 1 70 1 82 69 1 81
Southern Division.
Brevard ................ .. 60 75'
Dade ................. ... 125 100
DeSoto ............ ... ... ... 90 100
Hillsboro .......... .... ... ... 85 100
Lee ............. ... .. .. 150 120
Osceola ....... ......... ... .. 100 100
Palm Beach ............. .. .. 100
Pinellas ................ ... .. 90
Polk ....... .. ........ 60 75
St. Lucie ............. .... ... 75
Div. Av. per cent...... I ... ... I 97 93
State Av. per cent...... 81 83 1 73 I 78











90


REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPECTIVE YIELD.-Continued.


Sweet Field
COUNTY. Rice. Potatoes. Peas. Eggplant.

Northern Division. | Condition. I Condition. Condition. ( Condition.
Franklin ................ 80 80 50
Gadsden ................ 100 40 100 ...
Hamilton ............... ... 20 50
Jefferson ................ ... 40 60
Lafayette .............. ... 80 80
Leon ................... ... 60 75
Madison ................ .. 100 100
Taylor .................. 25 25 2..
Wakulla .... ......... .50 60 ..
Div. Av. per cent.......l 64 | 55 [ 76 I 50
Western Division.
Calhoun ................ 100 6 50 .
Escambia ............... .. 70 60
Holmes ................. ... 80 95 ...
Santa Rosa ............ ... 50 50 ...
W alton ................. ... 50 50 ...
Washington ............ ..... 80 90
Div. Av. per cent...... 100 1 66 6 66 |
Northeastern Division.
Alachua ................ ... 50 75 .
Baker .................. ... 70 100 ...
Bradford ............... ... 60 90 ...
Clay .................... ... 90 100
Duval .................. 90 100 85
Nassau ................. 60 60 75 75
Putnam ......... ...... 20
St. Johns ............... 65 85 90 90
Div. Av. per cent....... 62 I 65 I 90 I 83
Central Division.


Hernando ............... .
Levy ..................
M arion ................. 95
Orange .................. .
Pasco .................
Seminole ................
Sumter ................. .
Volusia ................. __
Div. Av. per cent...... I 95 I


75 100
82 85 65
75 95 85
100 100
80 90
100 ... 60
75 60 75
50 70 70
80 I 86 I 71


Southern Division.
Brevard ................ ... 80
Dade ................... .. 95 100
DeSoto ................. 75 100 100 100
Hillsboro ................ 90 90 85 90
Lee ..................... 100 100 95 100
Osceola ............... 80 80 100 100
Palm Beach ............. ... 100 ... 60
Pinellas ...... ......... ... 75 75
Polk .................... ... 95 65 80
St. Lucie ............... ... 80
,Div. Av. per cent ...... 86 91 | 88 | 88
State Av. per cent......| 81 I 71 I 1 | 73











91


REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPECTIVE YIELD.-Continued.


COUNTY. Cassava. Tobacco. Peanuts. Pasture.

Northern Division. Condition. Condition. I Condition. I Condition.
Franklin ............... ... 40 60
Gadsden ............... ... 105 100 100
Hamilton ................. ... 80 40
Jefferson ............... ... ... 50 70
Lafayette ................. 100
Leon .................. ... 90 85 85
Madison ............... ... ... 80 65
Taylor ............ .. 90 90
Wakulla ................ ... 90 80
Div. Av. per cent....... ... 97 I 79 I 71
Western Division.
Calhoun .............. ..... .. 75 75
Escambia ................ ... 70 70
Holmes ................. .. 95 70
Santa Rosa ............. .. .. 75 70
W alton ................. .. .. 75 75
Washington ............. 50 .. .85 50
Div. Av. per cent....... 50 I ... 1 79 68
Northeastern Division.
Alachua ................ ... ... 65 65
Baker ................ .. ... 100 40
Bradford ........... .. ... ... 100
Clay .............. ... ... 100
Duval ................ 90 65
Nassau ................. .. .. 60 75
Putnam ............ ... .
St. Johns ............... 90 ..80 75
Div. Av. per cent ...... 00 I ... 85 I 64
Central Division.
Hernando ............... .. 90 90
Levy ................. .. 80 55
Marion ................ ... 90 90
Orange ................ 100
Vasco ................. .. '0 80 90
Seminole ................ ... ... 100
Sumter ................ 75 ... 75 75
Volusla ................. 60 ... 60 40
Div. Av. per cent....... 67 90 I 79 I 80
Southern Division.
Brevard ................ 50
Dade .............. .95 100
DeSoto 85 100
DeSoto ................. 85 100
IIillsboro ............... 95 95
Lee .................... 100 .. 110 110
Osceola ................. 100 .. 100
Palm Beach ............ .
Pinellas ................. ... ...
Polk .................... .. 80 100
St. Lucie ... .......... ... 90
Div. Av. per cent ....... 98 .. I 92 98
State Av. per cent......I 76 I 93 I 83 I 75











92


REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPECTIVE YIELD.-Continued.


Velvet
COUNTY. Beans. Alfalfa.

Northern Division. C condition. Condition.
Franklin .................................. 60 ..
Gadsden ............................. ......... 100
H am ilton ............................ ......... 85 ...
Jefferson ....................................... 90 .
Lafayette ..: .......... ......................... 100 .
Leon ......................................... 85 ..
M adison ...................................... 75 ..
T aylor .................................... ...
W akulla .......................90 ..
Div. Av. per cent.............. .............I 86
Western Division.
Calhoun .......... ..... .. 85
Escambia ...... .. '............ ... .......... 75
H olm es ....................... ........ .. .. 75 .
Santa Rosa .................. ...... ........... 80 ...
W alton ....................................... 85 ...
A lachua ....................................... 85 ...
W ashington .................... ....... 90 .
Div. Av. per cent.................. ............... I 82 "'
Northeastern Division.
Alachua ............................ .. ............ 85
Baker ......................................... 100 .
Bradford ........................... ........... 659
Clay .............................. .. ........... 90
D uval ......................................... 80 80
Nassau ........................................ 75 60
Putnam ................. .................... 25 .
St. Johns ................... ................. 75 ...
Div. Av. per cent ............................. 74 I 70
Central Division.
Hernando ................................. .90
Levy .......................................... 73 .
M arion ........................................ .. 85
O range ........................
Pasco ........................ .90
Sem inole ................................... ...
Sumter ...................... .......... 60
V olusia ...................................... 50 ...
Div. Av. per cen ............................... 75 .
Southern Division.

revDade .......................... 100
DeSoto .... ...................... ... ............. 115
Hillsboro ............................. ....... ..90
Lee ............................. ........... 120
Osceola ............................ .................. 120
Palm Beach ......................... ......
Pinellas ...................................... 90
Polk ....................................... 115
St. Lucle .................................... .. 85
Div. Av. per cent ............................... 104
State Av. per cent............................ 84 70













93


REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPECTIVE YIELD.-Continued.



COUNTY. Guavas. Avocado Pears.

Northern Division. Condition. IProspectivel Condition. Prospective
S____Yield. Yield.
Franklin ................ .... ... ..
Gadsden ............. .. .. ..... .
Hamilton .................. ... ..
Jefferson ............... ... .. .
Lafayette ....... ..... .... .... ..
Leon ................... ... ... ...
Madison ............... .. ...
Madison ............... ...... ...
Taylor ..................
W akulla ................ .......
Div. Av. per cent....... .. .I .. .I ...
Western Division.
Calnoun ................I .. ....
Escam bia ............... ... ....
Holm es ................
Santa Rosa ............ .... ... ...
W alton .................
Washington ............. ____ _
Div. Av. per cent....... ... .. .
Northeastern Dicision.
A lachua ................ ..... ..
Baker ............ ....... .
Bradford ............... ...
Clay .................... ... ...
Duval .................. .....
Nassau ................. ..
Putnam .................
St. Johns ............... 100 | 90 __
Div. Av. per cent....... 100 90 | .. _I ...
Central Division.
llernando ............... ... 100
Levy ..................... ... ...
Marion ................ 90 90
Orange .................. ... ...
Pasco .................. 80 90
Seminole ............... 100 100. .
Sumter ................. ... ...
Volusia ............... 50 50 .
Div. Av. per cent........ 84 86 |
southern Divirion.
Irevard ............... 85 100
Dade ................... 100 100 100 100
DeSoto ................. 100 100 .
IIillsboro ................ 100 95 90 85
Lee ..................... 100 100 100 110
Osceola ................. 150 200
Palm Beach ............ 100 90 05 80
Pinellas ................ 100 100
Polk ................... 100 100
St. Lucie ............... 75 70 75 50
Div. Av. per cent........ 101 105 92 85
State Av. per cent....... 95 94 | 92 J 85













94


REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPECTIVE YIELD.-Continued.


COUNTY. Bananas. Mangoes.

Northern Division. | Condition. Prospective Condition. JProspective
Yield. I Yield.
Franklin ............... 50 50 .
Gadsden ................ .. .
Hamilton .................. I
Jefferson ............... ... ... ...
Lafayette .............. ... .. .. ...
L eon ................... .... .
Taylor .................. .......
W akulla ................ .....
Div. Av. per cent ....... 50 50 I .. I
Western Division.
Calnoun ................ ....
Escambia ............... ...
Holmes ............... ... ... .
Santa Rosa ............ .. .
W alton .............
W ashington ............ ... ... I ..
Div. Av. per cent. ....I .. I ... I .. .I
Northeastern Division.
Alachua ................... .. .....
Baker ................. .....
Bradford ............... ......
Clay ................... ....
Duval ........ ...... ...
Nassau ................. 90 50
Putnam ................. ........
Levy ................... .
St. Jons .............. 90 50 ... ..
Div. Av. per cent........ 90 1 50 I ...
Central Division.
Hternando .............. ..... ... ...
Levy ............. .....: I ...
Marion ............... 100 100
Orange ........... ..... ... ... .
Pasco ...................
Seminole ................ 100 100 ..
Sumter ................. 40 40 ...
Volusia ................. ...
Div. Av. per cent....... 80 I 80 I ...
southern Division.
Brevard ................. 90 90 85 90
Dade .................. 100 100 100 100
DeSoto ...... ..... 70 60
Hillsboro ............... 90 00 90 85
Lee .................... 100 100 120 150
Osceola ................. 150 200 100 200
Palm Beach ............ 100 ,5 90 70
Pinellas ......... .. ... .... .. 75 80
Polk ................... 100 85
St. Lucie .............. 60 50 75 60
Div. Av. per cent ....... 96 | 97 I 92 104
State Av. per cent....... 79 69 92 104













95


REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPECTIVE YIELD.-Continued.


COUNTY. Orange Trees. Lemon Trees.

Northern Division. Condition. \ProspectiveJ Condition. I'rospective
| Yield. I__ Yield.
Franklin ................ 90 80 80 70
.Gadsden ............... ....... .....
Hamilton ...... ... .. .....
Jefferson ... ...... .. 6
Lafayette ............... '90 75
Leon ................... 90 75 ...
Madison .............. 50 50
Taylor ................. ... .
Wakulla ................ .. ...
Div. Av. per cent....... 80 70 | 80 70
Western Division.
Calhoun ..... ......... 100 50 100 50
Escambia ....... .... ..
Holmes ................ .....
Santa Rosa ... ....... .. ...
Walton ................. .. ...
Washington ..............
Div. Av. per cent....... 100 | 50 I 100 | 50
Northeastern Division.


Alaciua ................
Baker .................
Bradford ..............
Clay ..................
Duval .................
Nassau .................
Putnam ................
St. Johns ..............
Div. Av. ner cent ....... I


88 I 73 I 85 I 65


Central Division.
Hernando ............... 85 100 ...
Levy ................. 75 85
Marion ................ 90 90 90 90
Orange .................. 100 50 ...
Pasco .................. 80 90 ...
Seminole ................ 100 100 ...
Sumter ................. 80 75 ..
Volusia ................ 70 50 ...
Div. Av per cent ....... 85 1 80 90 :
Southern Division.
Brevard ................ 75 90 85 90
Dade .................. 95 100 80 95
DeSoto ................. 100 80 100 80
Hillsboro .............. 90 95 90 95
Lee .................... 100 120 100 100
Osceola ................ 100 80 100 80
Palm Beach ............ 95 90
Pinellas ............... 85 90 80 90
Polk ................... 90 110
St. Luce ............... 100 90 80 75
Div. Av. per cent....... 93 94 89 | 88
State Av. per cent.... .. 89 I 73 I 89 I 72
















REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPECTIVE YIELD.-Continued.


COUNTY. Lime Trees. Grapefruit Trees.

Northern Division. Condition. (Prospective Condition. Prospective
SYield. | Yield.
Franklin ............... .. ... 80 75
Gadsden ................ ... .... .
Hamilton ............... .
Jefferson ............... ... ...
Lafayette ............... ... ..
Leon ................... ... ... 90 75
M adison ................ .........
Taylor .................. ... ... ... ...
Wakulla ................ ..
Div. Av. per cent ....... ... ... | 85 | 75
Western Division.
Calhoun .............. .... ... 00 50
Escambia ..................... ...
Iolmes ............... ...... ... ...
Santa Rosa ............ .
W alton ............... ... .........
Washington ...P........ ... ... .
Div Av. per cent....... .. ... 100 I 50
Northeastern Division.
Alachua ............ .. ... .. 90 75
Baker ............. .. ... ... 90 75
Bradford ............... ... ... 100 90
Clay .................. ..... ...
Dual .................. 80 0 80 75
Nassau ................. ... ... 100 80
Putnam ... .......... ... ... 75 50
St. Johns ............. ... ... 75 75
)iv. Av. per cent....... 80 I 60 89 I 76
Central Division.
nernando .............. ... 85 90
Levy ................... .. ... 80 85
Marion ................. 90 90
Orange ................. ... 100 75
Pasco ................ ... 80 90
Seminole ................ .. ... 100 100
Sumter ................. .. ... 90 75
Volusia ................ ..... 70 50
Div. Av. per cent....... ... ... 87 I 80
Southern Division.
Brevard ................ 80 90 85 90
Dade ................... 95 95 110 100
DeSoto ................. 100 80 100 70
Hillsboro ............... 94 95 95 100
Lee ................. 100 110 100 120
Osceola ............... 100 90 100 90
Palm Beach ............. 90 90 100 95
Pinellas ................ 85 85 85 90
Polk ........ .... 95 110
St. Lucie ............... 80 75 90 85
Div. Av. per cent....... 92 90 1 96 95
State Av. per cent....... 86 I 75 I 91 I 75












97


REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPECTIVE YIELD.-Continued.


COUNTY. Plums. Pears.

Northern Division. Condition. IProspective Condition. Prospective
I Yield. Yield.
Franklin ................ 90 90 90 40
Gadsden ................. ... .. ... ..
Hamilton .............. ..........
Jefferson ..............
Lafayette ............... 10 90
Leon ................... 100 100 75 35
Madison ................ 100 100 50 25
Taylor ................. ... ...
Wakulla ................ .
Div. Av. per cent....... 97 95 1 72 33
Northeastern Division.
Calhoun ............... 100 75 .. ...
Escambia ............... 90 75
Holmes ................. 90 75
Santa Rosa ............. 60 65 80 70
Walton ................. 50 65 75 75
Washington .............. 75 75 50 50
Div. Av. per cent.......I 77 I 72 1 68 65
Northeastern Division.
Alachua ....... ......... 100 100
Baker .................. 100 100 100 100
Bradford ............... 100 100 100 100
Clay .................... ... .
Duval .................. 95 90 4S 50
Nassau ................. 300 90 100 90
Putnam ................ .. .
St. Johns .............. 100 80 75 60
Div. Av. per cent.......| 99 I 92 I 87 I 83
Central Division.
Hernando ............... ...
Levy ............... 80 90 80 100
Marion ................. 100 100 100 100
Orange ................ ...
Pasco .................. 6 0 60 .
Seminole ................ ...
Sumter ................. ...... 90 80
Volusia ................. ...... 70 50
Div. Av. per cent.......| 80 I 83 I 85 | 82
Southern Division.
Brevard ........................
Dade ................ .
Hillsboro ............... 90 70 95 80
Lee .. .............. ...
Osceola ................. 100 100 100 120
Palm Beach ............. ..
Pinellas ............
Polk ................... 100 100
St. Lucie ............... .
Div. Av. per cent.......I 97 90 I 97 I 100
State Av. per cent....... 90 I 86 I 82 I 73


7-Bul












98


REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPECTIVE YIELD.-Continued.


COUNTY. Peaches. Watermelons.

Northern Division. I Condition. (Prospective Condition. Prospective
__ Yield. Yield.
Franklin ............... 96 60 90 90
Gadsden ................ .. 90 90
Gadsden ............... ... 90 00
Hamilton ............... .. 85 75
Jefferson ............... ... ... 90 90
Lafayette ............... ... 80 80
Leon ................... 75 35 90 90
Madison ................ ... ... 75 80
Taylor .................. 75 75
Wakulla .............. 100 90 80 85
Div. Av. per cent....... g90 1 62 1 84 1 84
Western Division.
Calhoun ................ 100 5 6 40
Escambia ............... 90 65 75 65
Holmes ................. ... ... 90 75
Santa Rosa ............ 75 80 65 65
Walton ................ 100 100 50 60
Washington ............ 55 50 70 75
Div. Av. per cent....... 84 | 69 1 69 | 63
Northeastern Division.
Alachua ................ 80 75 50 50
Baker .................. 90 95 100 100
Bradford ............... 100 100 75 65
Clay .................... 75 50 80 80
Duval .................. 50 50 70 75
Nassau ................. 100 90 90 90
Putnam ................ 75 50 50 30
St. Johns ............... 75 65 80 70
Div. Av. per cent....... 81 I 72 | 74 70
Central Division.
Hernando .............. 100 100 75 80
Levy ................... 90 95 55 80
Marion .............. 100 100 85 83
Orange ................. ....
Pasco ................... 40 40 50 0
Seminole ................ 75 75
Sumter ................. 50 60 75
Volusia ................. 70 40 90 90
Div. Av. per cent....... 75 74 I 72 I 76
Southern Division.
Brevard ................ 75 75 60 60
Dade ................... ....
DeSoto .................. ... 100 10
Hillsboro ............... 100 50 SO 85
Lee .................... 100 100 110 110
Osceola ................. 80 75 100 150
Palm Beach ............ ... 90 80
Pinellas ................ 85 85 90
Polk .................... 85 75 95 90
St. Lucie .............. ..... 85 80
Div. Av. per cent.......I 88 1 77 87 I 94
State Av. per cent....... 84 71 1 77 77












99

REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPECTIVE YIELD.-Continued.


COUNTY. Cantaloupes. Pineapples.

Northern Division. Condition. IProspective\ Condition. Prospective
______I Yield. i Yield.
Franklin ................ 80 75 -. ."
Gadsden ................ 75 80
Hamilton ...... ... ....
Jefferson .............. .. ..
Lafayette .............. .
Leon ................... 85 80 .
Madison ................ 50 50
Taylor ................ ...
Wakulla ................ .. .
I)iv. Av. per cent.......I 73 | 371 j ...
Western Division.
Calioun ................. 65 40 .
Escambia ............... 65 50
Holmes ................
Walton ................. 50 00
Washington ............ 50 50
Div. Av. per cent ....... 57 50 I .
Northeastern Division.
Alachua ................ 25 20
Baker .................. 100 100
Bradford ................ 50 50
Clay ................... ....
Duval .................. 70 70 .. ..
Nassau .................. 90 90
Putnam ................ 50 40
St. Johns .............. 0 70..
Div. Av. per cent........ ;6 63 .. .
Central Division.
Hernando ............... .....
Levy ................... 70 70
Marion ................ 85 80 .
Orange ................. .......
Pasco ................. 40 40 .. ..
Seminole ................ 70 75 .
Sumter ................. 60 60
Volusia ................. 80 50 .
Div. Av. per cent.......l 68 1 63 ... .
Southern Division.
Brevard ................ ... ... 80
Dade ........ ........ ... .
DeSoto ............... ... 100 100
IIillsboro ............... 70 75 85 85
Lee ................... 100 100 100 100
Osceola ................. 100 100 125 175
Palm Beach .......... ... ... 80 70
Pinellas ................... 85 90 .
Polk ................... 100 100
St. Lucie ....... ........ ... ... 50 40
Div. Av. per cent....... 91 | 93 89 92
State Av. per cent....... 71 | 68 89 92












100


REPORT OF CONDITION AND PROSPECTIVE YIELD.-Continued.


COUNTY. Grapes.

Northern Division. Condition. Prospective
Y| Yield.
Franklin .................... .......... ...... 80 80
Gadsden .....................................
H am ilton ....................***.................
Jefferson .................................... ...
Lafayette ....................................
Leon ......................................... .0i66
Madison ......................***..........*.
Taylor ................. ......................
W akulla ...................................... ____
Div. Av. per cent............................. 90 __ 85
Western Division.
calnoun ..................................... 75 60
Escambia .................................... .. .
Holmes .................................... .
Santa Rosa .................................. .
Walton ......................................
Washington ....................... .... ...... 100 100
Div. Av. per cent............................. 87 I 80
Northeastern Division.
Alachua .... ................................
Baker ...........................90 90
Bradford ...................................... 80 75
Clay ........................................ .. 100 100
Duval ................. 85 100
Nassau ......................... 100 100
Putnam .......................................
St. Johns .................................... 80 75
Div. Av. per cent....................... ..... 89 I 88
Central Division.
ernando .............. ............ ...
Levy ........................................ 0 0
Marion ..................................... 100 100
Orange .......................................I 4 "40
Pasco ... ......-.............................. 40
Seminole .....4...................................
Sumter ................. ......... ..0 40
Volusia ...................................... .. 100 100
Div. Av. per cent .............................. 74 1 68
Southern Division.
Brevard .......... ........... ............
Dade ....................................... ...
DeSoto ....................................... 90 100
Hillsboro ..................................... 90 100
Lee ................................. 100 100
Osceola ...................................... 100 100
Palm Beach .................................... ...
Pinellas ............................... ........... 90 90
Polk ........................................
St. Lucie .................................... "90 75
Div. Av. per cent............................... I 94 I 93
State Av. per cent............................ I 87 I 83




Full Text

PAGE 1

Volume Z4 Number 3 FLORIDA QUARTERLY BULLETIN AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT JULY I, 1914 W. A. lllcRAE COMMISSIONER OP AGRI C ULT U RE T AL LAH AS.SEB, FLA Port l--(;c te < 7, L ottu~ T oma t o lr lll h .Potato .Pe cn o n d Sutor Crowin g. Port 2-C...,p Ac
PAGE 2

COUNTY MAP OF ST ATE OF FLORIDA.

PAGE 3

PART I. CELERY, LETTUCE, TOMA TO, IRISH POTATO PECAN AND SUGAR CANE GROWING.

PAGE 5

IRISH PO TAT O GR O WING IN FLORID A. The potato (So l anum 'l'ubero1rnm ) belo n 1,11 to the rami].y Solocnnaeea the ea.mo a. the tomato, eggplant, bcl!adouna, etc. Sola nin, the active princip le, is fou nd in 11ma ll pro portions nnd 111 poison 1o II small extent. This polson is developed w h en th e s u d u ce turns green from e.xpos u r e to the direct rays of the s unlight and is tberefore unwhole some as ....-ell 8.11 unpallttable when In that condition. For thisreawn11proutedorgreeni.1hto l orcd pou.toeea rel eu valuable for food e, en t hough In the proccae of cooking achangelllelflletcd in tbecompositionofthetuber. The chiet organic Ingredient of the potato 1fl eta rch, w hich form11 abou t one-tenth of its weight. According to hlfltory Jt wu Ont lutr(ltlucei l info Eu ropo b J the Spa ni ards from South America. It stil l growl! w i ld in the moun tain regioruiot Chlll. lta!Bohube
PAGE 6

known. Th e pot ato t uber hs not a root u it hn neither roo t ha i rs itself uor !t u the stem which c onnects lt with th e stocke ith er fl i!Jr o u s rootsorbai.-. a ud therc f ore, d oes not prov ide t h e J )lnnt with nourl11. b.me n t; ne ith e r ia it n eeed any m ore th11. n a Btal k o f s u garca n e l a !!OO
PAGE 7

conserve the moilln:re in tl,e roll. 1.' h e sol! bclltadapted to this crop 16 a ri ch s and y l o am or a moderately light clay loam under!ai,l ll~ su lMoil or a chai-acter to re f:,in moistnre. H s hould be 11!owP.d d P.llply and thoroughly pulverized Plow :rnd l11nrow mW it i s put iu a thor oui;-hly i;-ood <..-Ontlilion and well rot\e d stuble lllflllHre ma.r he o._pplicd broadC11St, should there be a l ack of humus In the son, bnt in the eve n t the btable ma nure Is applied it sho u!tll,e douelorspr ingcro JIS early in the 11eason or very l ate in t h e fall rnonth e. II too much green manure ie applied it is apt to produce scab. The l and $ho u lOtatoes in Flor id a de1 ie nd s up on th e sectio ns of the State .. Jn the far a outhem J'Orlion"

PAGE 8

they can be planted as early as December growing later up to Ma~h as we go further norU,, indi cating the change nee~ary to confonn to tbe sea110n11 and location the differen~-e being about ten to twelve days for enCh lOOmiles. Th e cu l tivation of ))Otutoes js very 11imilar to th :i t of eorn. P low deep at firii t und ahnllower witl, eac h working until ready to lay by. In this way tho that teed theplnnt11willnotbetro nbled and thepl'-OCC!!,!!Ofmaking the tuber w!ll not be interfered 1;ith. When the vines turn yE! llow the tubers arc ready to dig which can be,t be done with an ordinary pn:mged potatO hoe ornl t h e man In so me or the light sandy soils potato diggers a,-e suecessrnlly used and can be aucc-fully used In DJOl!l P lori da soils. The diggmshould not be permitted to pile them roughly Into pilea or throw th em roughly ioto the baskets The more carefully a vegetable ia h and led the better i t will strike the 1mblic eye and cons equentl y the n10re money it will bring the grower. Wbat e, er lllHY be its siw? no cut or brul&ed potatoes should be put in the first quality, bnt may be in the cull~ The barrelsorbaskeU!ahouldbewell11l1akendow n nnd110Cull th at the heads have to he pt"f'lllled down. It h better that t h.ey Jlhould be doublehea.ded and we ll coopered .. The po tatoes ehould be classed RB ftn;t and IIC!eond qua li ty and the culls, the11mnll taberg, should be kept rorfeed pur poses or seed as suggested elsewhere. Cloudy weather is best for digging the crop, a s potatOtJ1111hould no t lie U po s e
PAGE 9

relinnee in thi1 f act ~auee there 111 n o eertalnt1 aa to whe n n d i sen~e o r i11 seeta may attack the plant un11u11 pe1.:ted. 1.' he potato 11 ca b 1B thegreat~t troubl e to lhe potato gro w er In Florida. Thill ia a fungua d i aeue and eau be p revented in a l arge meaaure h y t rea tin g the p lecea of potato before planting w i th 10 lution of corro alie Bubli roo. te or fo rmalln and a good plan to pr e vent thi11 dii;ease i.11 to burn lhe vinetr where1 er there Is n n 1 a 1 ,pen r n nee of tbedi.sea8euboutthem. 'J'hesolutlon for treo!ingtbl.ll d h1ense iseorro11iveaubllmnte,4 omu .. -e,, to30 gn ll oll8 of waler. So ak i he seed, a f t er l>cing eut for one h ou r toone bo11rijud a half; tbendraiu. Tlieforum!in ~o lu tion is one1lint to30 gallo n .110! water. Th e potatoes nrelromersed in this l attcr110lution for about two h ouri;. A good plan to u 11e in imm cr&ln g potatoes i n th Cfie wi n ti on, ill to pu t them o n e-half bushel or so at a time in a gnuny 1111e k; tbeu l ifl them out 111111 let the water draiu hack i 11l o the n'IIICI. Any othe r dean sack will 1W.-...cr the purpose it det1ired. Ae 11oou 811 thi11 ie done spread them out and l et t h em d ry so t h at t h ey wlll d ry q u ickl~ and 1horoughly. Be ~ure that the 110lutions are 1101 lr>o ,11ro 11 s or the lmd1 or eye. will be damaged. There ie alllO a dl!Selll!e kno,rn ss th e la te b l i ght wbkb mm ~ 11bo u t lh e lime tbe po1f 1 toe11 lll"
PAGE 10

lO Stat e value o:il~ed and bagger ton .. .. 440 POUU<\a 500 Iba o r Castor Pomace (i 2 1>e r eent) :_ f 200 lb~ of Sulp. o f Am. (25 percent.),,. 900 Ibo. o f AcldPho,ipll&to (l$J>')rcent.) 400! b 1 o!Sul1> .o !Pol.aah(4Br>
PAGE 11

TOMA T O GROWING IN FLORIDA. 1'l1e 'l' om11to ( J. ,yeopen;lcu me!!Cul eotur: u ) belonG; t o the order Solnm1eeae or nli;ht ~bn d e tum i ly, wbid, contain i;on11,1hi u g ove r twelve bnndl)"!d 11 1ieclex, amo u i: whlcb nre thrwo(our most vnlunble aud i111p or t11nt ,egtt11bles--thc Irish pot1110 the tmunlo and theei;g-11lan1. It nl!l~1, IJ,elladonnn, l t11!U!lilto11n or u ,Jlm"oo w~-ed, ': the tobacco nnd olhc 1 'S. 'l 'hc 'fomato wa s f11ijt in t rodu ce d into Europe from South Ameri c a in 1500 but for mnnr renl"II it w u plnntcd 011ly as an omame nl lo the tloe r gur d e 11. It c 11me i n to useverygn1d 11 nlly ill t h e p repnrntlonofsauce11 andl!Oups, ai d t mB only atlnin l~ I U n popularity Ma tnhle 1 getnble iu co1111inra1ive l y l"CC
PAGE 12

reeder; it secw11 to prefer.a light soil lo on e thnt ill too tcrtilc, or that hn11 been UJade rich with bnnvy an im ul lllHllllre!!j eow IU QUUl'Cin moderatequautill01i1\11good, but chemica l m11nure In proper quanti ties ru-e i,ei,, t in most SEED BEDS We do not believe in the us;.treme view, of so me groweni, w hoplantthe&eed11dlrectlyintbetleld,wherethecropi, to be produc ed. A aced bed i11 really lndi11peu11ab le; it mnkel! succe1:111 more eertu l n and It 11hou'd be well equi p~toaff ortl11peedya odampleprot ettlon11galn11t <:0 td,andofompl e dl:m,en 11 lon11 to furnish arclayorp!anta, if theflr11t J10ttingl11 d es troyed by cold, and tl'CU a second re.lay i 11 often n eMllry, for i,ome tim es even th ese reserve toree<1 haveto be brongb t lnto11ct i on, Jti11beflttobavctbt ceo re,cnfour goo d ,lurgepla nt 1 JJrovided inthe11ccdbedfo reveryou etiLephmterc:1peeh to raise to maturity. 'rhb lathe t rue wiadou, ofthefore lg hted nud provid ent grower, who, by M stro11g manage ment wit] force 11u ceeu agai1111t obsta c l es before which weaker men will go do~m In defelll. The to lll ato I s n fe()1,'e plant In Its i nfan cy n o d an euy J) rey to !l'06 t an d u;yt1t e ri n1111 fungu s enem i ea-.re t it e faithfully defend 1U1d feed It, It 11!1 yie ld the dollani at J ut more ge ner o usly than anything e !ae exeept t he prod iga l orange. Thel!eed-beili!mn y beofllght,rlch,lllludylonm,raised a f ewinchC!!abovc 1 hc lei'(! of the ground. Itbrons id, ered be11t t o have them !!ix fee1 wide and D & long 11$ de a ircd running e11.11t and we.it. Hnve on the north g \de a tightboard"all threefeethigh,on t he 110 nlh ,i dehalf1111 h igh w ith tigh tly boanled gablet1. Thia w ill g i ve a. ab ed roof with llght rnf\ era nai l ed DCJ'OM, on w hieh to roll down the roof of eloth, tacked to rollers anywhere from thirly t o ll.rty !ect lo ng. Let th e rarteni hn,e no proJe<-tlon, so that the cloth mnr drop 1low11 ~nug ly nga i net the outh -wall. Such o

PAGE 13

13 C0l"erlt1g of cloth alone will protect the plan t, agoin,t u whllo frost; a. abeet Iron coke burner, such aM the pine upple men and ornngo growet11 u11e, 11lnced every flrty or teven t y five feet will prot eet tbern aga.lnat a bl ack fl"Ol'IL l l aked rill acrouwayaof tl, e ueda three to four i nches .1:mrt, ~w t h e e,ecd In thi nly Illy abou t two or three to U1e inch. Cover of an in ch J,'ir111 t ire ,oil wit h a boa rd or light roller, and water with a light spray, n1ma ybeneededt okecptbeao ilmoiijt,butbe 1 ureno tt o ove rdo It as too much m ois ture 1dll c ause t h e plant a to dnmp o!J 01111 to lt'l'O\\" l !IUUJI I H l d slend e r, CJieclnlly 11,:>nr th e fro nt an d ba c k w111l 1 of the frame. It b th e r efore 11.dvitob l e tO&O'I" the11ecd mo!'(! thinly near the front and ba ck !ban i n the m ilMteot lb e bed. H oll down t h e oove r o n c hill~ nigh! ~. Wh e n lh e plnn tll begi n to h:1ve four leaves, culti nue llghll.v n t l ens.t once It week. Pull out cl um pe of sp indling plnnt 11 where th
PAGE 14

thus giving 1,200 pounds per acre and !enving the enrfoce lev el. 8etthe11lantstwotot!Jrcefeetapart,accwdiogto tbe strength of the laud. Some growers prefer to ma1wro the plants in tlie hill, wbicl, p rohabl~ ;mv~ in the amount offortilizer reo:1uired pcrncre, bot either 1,lon i e goo d,o n e 11bo11t n s good us another, and Ill largely n mn tter of c hoice only. Reject rlgoro1ud y all "eakling plants. Lea\"e them in thClse c d,bed to grow; when relieved of the crowding, tbey may come on and furnWi l\ rdny if needed Wet the ground ~o rt a n d pull the 1,lnnte up care fully, rmwing the fo r,. f\ nger und e r, if necessary. \Yet the row e down again to rc~!Orcthc level aftcrtheuphe11n1l. We hani ,erylittlecoufidc nce inplau tecttiug machiucs with tomatoes. Till'~' are flue, nut.I ~t'\!at time and labor savcrsintheplaniingofsomccroJII!, but not for tomat<.lef!, they Ill'\! too tender and eaHily bruised. The way isto Bet byhnnd with t he best paid class of men and u otwith ch i\ dren at all. Children are only flt to pick cut worml!. T,ike hold ofa phm lnnd pull; i f t htJ lcnf comes off, the plant Will! pro))erly set; H th,i plan t cornea up, the settiu;:; was poorly don.., . Cuullou th e setterts constantly against ll'aving airbole!l at t he boitom; make them 1111 in at the boltomllnst,thenatthetop. Fir1111heoorth;ha,ca110: pcrienced man follow along; place ouo fOOt on each aide of the plant; ro ck 11 littlo forward and throw his whole weightonhietoe,i,opposite l heplant. Kt.>eJ the plant& ~cree ncd from t he sun, in a veasel with wat
PAGE 15

11h11llow as tb e pl n ut ndvanc,~, cen~ing ,d, en t he bloom budacome Thereiij li ttledoub1 th11t 111nk i ug theplnnt nud ni pping out the terminal bud nl,ove tbc ftr at cluster o f bloom b8Jlten11 the maturity aud Im proves the 1ige or the toma l ot11; but iti1qucatlon11 blelfit w i ll pii y wit h thepreeen t J ) ri ce. of l abor. ln a field 1ended by t he grower's f 1 11 11ily, it ,,rnuld probably be profi)able. Do not p ru ne the 1 1 ln utsif youex pec tto ,hi p yourfr u it to markel;youw ill gctfewerbutlnrgerfriiit, bu t it'l\ill no t Jlayyou. Whe n picking the e11 rlle<1t fruits it ~ould be reme m bcredthnt t he c old" e11 th e riu theNortbwlllpctrultthem tor i 1 1e11,ery l ittleonlheroad;hencethey1houldnotbe gat h e red until they hue begu n to n'.,.' n o n o well.proJ)Ortioned strongly mine r 11l forllllrer qilJ be comJ)ftratfrely cri s p an d melting ln the mouth, while o o e J lrod. oc ed o n n it nige n ona ma n nr<'!I will be tough and wilted The tomato, thoug h hi ll aogrelltR cro 1 i, 1 well 11orth belngtreal.ed n 11 ntnncy product,in fact,nll llt cea rl y pro duc e of Fl o r ida latlel!ervingof th i11dU!tlnc tlo n. Coanre, brown 'l\'ra1 1 ing pup e r c h e npens the f ruit. Thelmyerla o n ly 100 ready to take It at the gtOl'lu'a 0"'' 1l e11timntc. Valuable p nckng'' are not wrapped in hal"(l. l'lnre paper 1'b ebe1l printed tl111uewrap,,J1hou ldbeused 1 nd letthe fn1it 11IRObewortbyo fthe pping 1. VAR l ET I ES. There are such a large n u mbe r o f (?(!DUiiy good va ri etiee l o chooM f rom that one c11 n h n rdly go amt u, 11nd while n t

PAGE 16

16 onetimeitwusthoughtthaton\yoneortwoklntlswoulol beur shipment, conti nued improvemen ts with new varle t i eB have so c h a nged th ese cooditlonfl thll t it ls largel y a matter of e boi eeor pcR!Onal p~fe re n! a s to which is bl'!! t in thegro,.,er'sopinion. DLIOBT AND INSEO'r. With t he tomato, ru, with all othe r vegetables i n this Sta te 110 prec,iution against insecta should be n e glected; p ro 1 ution i s much eas ie r t h an medi ca tion. The one pr e emlnent precau ti on i s lo use stro n g tobacco dust s pri nkle d ar:onnd the plants Rs soo n as they an:, set out. U!igh t isalsofareosir-,rtoovcrcomeiri ac\vanee. Burn nil theoltl.vlnes11ssoon asthrhnITe st i s over t hus d est roy ing the germs of bligb.t or oth e r diseases. I t i s t,e,;t to plant tom a toes in rotation with <' ropa U111t are affee ted wid, dl seaecsdiff eren t fr om 1 h e tom ato,s u ch as corn, cab b ages, peppera,elc FER'rIL IZER. A good fertilizer lo r r11ther ligh t so il w oul d be com j H)fl(' do fsay Sta l ovalui>mbeda n dba.,o;ged.. .134.M l'lant F'oo d per t<>n.... ...... 440 l>"U nd For heav ie r soib, ns the beat class of Mndy or c la y IO!IID8: 50 0 lb 1 o l C u to r Pomoce ( 11-2 per cent.).} 200 lbs ofSu l p ofAm. (26 percent ,) .. ... 900lb11.ofAcidPhOphat e( lGl>
PAGE 17

17 COMMERCIAL LETTUCE GROWING IN FLORIDA. 'fbi11 plant has been cu!l\va1ed for more tban twenty centuries, and apparently continues to increase in popu lariry every yea1 witll : II classes ot people. Few plants are wore easily grown, and yet with the enormous demand forititissti!l a luxury on most fables,mel'ely because so L>o mparntively few gal'dcner s rnke the trouble to grow i t at the season of !he year when it is appreciated. The best>'arieti!!Sarctoagrrotdegrceintolerantorhot s un shine, lmt lhrive well with very littl e protection from eil .h er hot Hun or cold eriaps from October to the first or June, 'rheqmdiry o f l htolettucecropi~ moreorleS/l inlluenccd by the kind of soil upon which it is grown, and while $omesoilsnreinfcrio r fort!wwork,their<:harudermay be changed tO such a degree, by careful mauagcmcut, as togiveaatisfad or y reaulU!. Thesoil11mayhed.i"ide
PAGE 18

18 11ev erlheltll!II expeneive in both fertilizer and irrigation. In sclcc ling a soil for lettuce growiug, in fact, for 1 1ny truck crop, ili11best to look c1 ucfnlly Into the chara c ter and position of the subsoil. Lettuce thrive beu on n very rich, loamy, moist soil, wclldraincdoothc rewillbenowatcr11ogb,;Ugnf terralns, and in eommon -w-it h all quickgrowiog crops, retJnil"e!! a large mnount of bumu.s in tho /\Oil. 1larnya1~l manure is (H1COflhehc11tnod8m'e!ltmeansofaddinghumnetothe soil,butbecrmscofitss c nrdtyitlsnotalwoysnvalluble, so the next best and chcal)('St source of organic matter is by the uscofcovercropso f the legume order. Lettuce growcrssho uldseeto ltthat ,dieuevcrtheirlcttucesoils are not under crop they sho11ld he ~luring humus and ni trogen from a cro 1 of l!Ome legume; cowpeas or vehet bearrs al'() best. To mnl.:e lettuce growing a sutCe!ll!, hnmus muHt be supp lied, mu! it mny IUI well be set down asan incontro1ertiblefnct,thatwhl)rt!therl) is no humus in the IIOII there will be no lettuce. A l"id, soil is absolutely necessary. If you haven't got it, and art! not willing l o lJenr !he expense or making i(, don t plant lettuce. Prepat'c the la nd hy Jll ow i ng deeply; iscatter broadcast sfahlc m111 1ure or well-rotted compost, an ti hsrrow in well till t he soil i ij in finCl!t tiltli and the manure thoroughly ineo r pornte ,J wi1h the soil seven days, oreveu two !.'eks, l>
PAGE 19

l9 mo,;1 in delllJl.nd by co naum crs are the liig lioaton n nd the <:11Hforuia C ~-am Butl er. Preparation of the & cod bed d oeii not ma ter ially dilJcr trom that of t he celery, and t he 113me u1eU1od1 a~ nppli cabletoagreat d e,groo. $elec t for thlll purpoee a piece of n ew, rich h ind, pl'& f crnloly hamm ock, for new land ia not nhjec l to the root I.no t plague ,,,hlch 10111e1lwet1 troubl ~ root11. Clea r the soil of all trash, 11l ow or spade It deep and rake very tiue n 11d mellow, scntteriug on hardwood ll!l h es o r air .alo k,:,>d l i m e two weeks l>eforehuu(I to ue ut r ulize th e 6o nrness. $ow in drllb, as you would t urnip eeed, very ~hallow, 1tnd rake in Firm ,,, e ,oil. De..1t down the earth with the Imel. o! the boeor lay down boardi an d walk along th e m. I! pl anted beforo Oc t ober, it ia ~ ell to a h ude the 1 >4ed~ !ig h t l yfor8e'l'en or e i ght hour11duri o g t he middle or the t i ny. Sprinkle ni ght Rnd morning with a fine apray, 'ns not topnckthc l 11 nd. Wnt ch !!harply fo r nuh; th e y rnnycarry o tr cverysee d In for1y-e i ght houi-1!. App l y toba cco U11 1t HtJ.erally; if tlu -.1 stlll pel"3ist, give them a tobacco so luti on, ~trong; 11! ~ 0 WI a further pre-. cutnti e, sow gr\U over the bed. The ; 111 ts l'ill take this i n pre fereu ee to th e aeed1, and 'Ahile t he y 9t,!1 carrying i t all""ay th e leltUC1l 1dll have a1rontedandbeoutof d a n ger. Whcntheplnnt.ii11retobeln1.llllplanted,,.,ccdo11trlgid !,, un d thro11 away the db!eaeed a nd fee l. Jle pl nn ta. A smnlt struw berr y plnnt, by diligen t 1;11rc, cnn b e led up to 00 n!.'llr l y as good 1u1 n l nrge one; bu t not 110 with u let ture plan t Whhn lct t nce,i! i s :i.hendor it ia nothing; nu l C.'!l! ii head~ I t ii ml u cleu We repeat, I t l.11 not wort h whiie to altempt to gro,-.. leuuee co mrn erdnlly ro1 prolH unletll! yon h1we m~dc 1111 rour mind to fertilize llhcrnlly, un.stintedly. T ...ett u eil i14 lorgely a lo:ruryof the rich, used forgornlshing mentll In ~ pl e udicl dinn e r ,ierv l ce8, and small l eO v t'!I, though they mnr be just ~ c riijp nnd hi gh-flavored, are not wnmcd,

PAGE 20

20 bttall&l. they lad: in spectacular qualitie S;, A single !urge, ricli, crlNtmy-wbite leaf or head ii; worth a dozen smaller one~ .Fullyfour-Jl!thsofthefailuresrnlettuceculturein Floridu nre drnrgabte to the stinting hnbit In the 11ppli eation of fertilizer. ID some localities hundt,:,,.ls of dol1111,"' worth of fer t ilizer per aero ill applied, wi t h !,u,ger proflb as n result.. One to two ton of R!lhea per acre, 06J)C(' io.lly on medium to benvy soils, while prepa r ing the land will !J.e wortl1 many time11 thei r coat. It will make the soil I0Olle, friable and sweet. The truck(ll'B of Central Florida begin to pltrnt s,ied the latter part of Augu st and con.t i nueto plant un lil the flnit of January Thoso wh o plant 1,rio, to the middle o f Sej} ten1 ber sel dom succeed in 11ecuring a sntisfnetory ,stand of 11la.nt>,1. l,ettuceis a cool wrotbcrplaut; lt~rminntcs poorly iu hot weather. T he few, however, who do sneceed J;y shading and water i ng in tiCCoring a good stand of these m
PAGE 21

co uditiousbelit;ori fpre ferred, u~ su tu eot her npvroiimu t i n g them: 1. Ammon la,5to6J~ree n l. Arnilahle1ll10il! p herieacid, 7 to O pereeut Potuh, 8 to 10 pe r cent. Ammonia, Ii to 7 per ce n t. Ara.llnbl ephoepbo rie11cld ,0to7pereent. Po t n a h, Ii to7 pereeot. A]l]Jly from 1 ,MI0 to 2,000 po und s 1ier ac r e, no d whil e the c rop iii growing to1Klress with nbout 1 50 to 200 pounda of nitrate of aoda per ane. It req ui ttl! about tl n -ee ponuda of geed 10 ,ow an acre, or one o u nce 10 every 250 feet of drill. Unakeh1 for ihipping can be obtained fr om the vege table c rate manufncturcl"l!I In any section of t h e Stale.

PAGE 23

CELERY GROWING IN F LORIDA. Celery hll.B fo r many ye.a.-. been reeogn i ted u on e or the gren t est llll ur ice of I he ga rd en an d while there a re no11pecl11ldiffic u \Ueiiin th eway o feultlvatlon,lli,gro wn b y com parati vely very row. The plan t i n nntlve or Eng land ,w berei tgrow,in a wild state i n fir.-ornblelocnlitie~. It isaliwannti,eornnd occnn in 11evernl localities I n f< l orlda i nit1w il d1t11te thoogh in th i s c ondition i t ia n ot fit to eat exeept b y wild water fowl, as it cootalu11 a poits 0110111 principle mnking It d11 n gcro11& ns human food Although it ha11 bee u grown for market in various t,ee lio n of the co u ntry in a compa r:1 tively swnll way for many years, i t i ~ ~11.lly littl e mor e thnu ten yenu Mince l t l!ecawc on eo fth emo11timpo rtnntc om m ,irci: 1 lvcgct:i\Jk crops. 'l'he llt11t cxpcrlmcntB I n i t s eultivi11io n we r e n ot without faituru by uny means, f or tbey were many, but grnd uoll y auc"'as gencr:1 ll y t h e rule un d ,.,uh we ll defined methods, lh e gro" ln g of celery beenme o eo mmc ci 11 l suc!8"!. C
PAGE 24

" temt.er. 'l'be WOl!t 11 u cceufu l cel ery gro,. er8 lu J. loridu vrcp11re their setld l.leds wrne two to tbree wool.I! l>efwe tiwe for planting the~tI, t he bed havluij: prv iou& ly beeu 'ell manured, th1111 time cuo u gb is allowed co elapllO for the manure to become tho roughly a.s11 i mi la 1t'd. 'l'he lleli d 00\og ,ery lilllllll must 11 01 be too dee11ly covel'\'d. Germi n atio1 1 of lbe seed wuy 00 Juu;;tcued b y packiug t he iwil over the seed h.umed lutely II.leer sowing by 1 ue,i11g or a ijmouth boa rd sii: or eigh t in c hes widt:and l hn-eormore ( eel Jong a s may be lll~-ry. ;>.I,uk oil' the r o1, 1s for pl1111tlng th e 11eed UCl'O H the heds Jo th e lo ll ow ing wan 1ier: "Ta ke a five-Inch plnnk, t hree feet Jong; nall a lath on euch edge, projecting o n e-fourth or a u !nc h 011 o n e eide. With thill mak e m a rl:..8 acl'OI<$ t he bed s b y J ) r cuing It dowu on tbe beds. &:atle r o r 8 prinkl e i n the ireedJil thl11lyandeorerby1prinkli n go r 11irting light 110 il orund o, er thero1'"3. A good Idea lstocon; r thebed11 v,itbold uWJy sacks, Spani@b mOllll or by l aying u corn stalk along each side of t he drill, hut not di rec!ly 0 1 er It and kee 1 1 fairly wet till the tce,Ja sprout, "hlch under fav or ahle com:l iti ona, l\'111 be h1 from eight to t welve day ,. A s 1JQ0 11 011t beseedarc,-, ellapro uted nnda h othatthey arc co min g up it i l;e,8t lo c o ,..er hem u a protection agn ln stbo thh otu n a n d h eavyra in 1,..em o v l ngtheco,..er 111 thee,..cning ti ll next m orni n g. Ea c h d ay 111 the p l n n tll grow at ron gcr, n little more sunlight can be g\nin them till In a few da ys they will, unde r ordi nary clrcumstantts, be a b le to remai n uncovered al! day. Keep the bod11 moist iiot Jetti ng tbem become dry at any t im e. W l 1 e u ib e plantJiare,-;ell abovegrvund,;iayabo ut nninch hlgh ,it b n. goo d p lan to pu t a little fert ilb..er between the row s a n d either 11ti r Into the 1mrl11ce gently o r let It be di.8 t ribo t ed by a ge ntl e aprinkllng of water, either o r both ii; good. Good v,orklng or the surface t o keep down the WL'Cdllshould begivcnonceel"eryfewdaya. W h en plants m-e t wo or three lnchcH high they are abo ut ready to h11n ij p ]a nt to ot her li t..: 1 8, though l!Omegroweni pre fe r to

PAGE 25

25 wnlt1illtheplunt11nrel11rge1,und110medonottran1plnnt but onco a nd that direct from the original beda to the field& None but the best 11tock1 phlQi. 11hould be lll!ed, a s ~pin dllng pl11 n ts1 rorel y de1elop imo J,l'oOtable gro,,,tb. Ct: h ry lu1 >1 h!n nm! can be grow n 011 nhnoet all of the 110ilBof1"1ori d a,rhebeat110ih,ho1.-e1"er,bcingthelo"'h11.m m0i.:k lands when 11>II dra i ned but any .eoil IOOl'M! ln tex ture and l'OU(: 1ining n gOl)(l uJ)ply of humu~ will, unde r proJ>er mani1gem1ho uld bo l!elecied if obtainable, a>1 the pla ntt! eve l oJlfl betler,and ls leu liabl et oatta eb: of injuriou s diseases l'ollowlng in .cond11e form ore the methods Uij~J in South Florida In con n ection with the eye tem of irrigntlon practiced i n Orange County: ''he plot to be plnnted ijh o uld he well au ppll ed 11i1h wnter either fro m 1u1e11ian wdls, ,ter,m puml)I! or 11:itura! 11n urces. ~l1111y o f 1h e most 1111rccssful i;rowert1 ure tile. tlnlin ing their hrnd 1he t il es l.cing placed from 11 fool ur,d :, hnlf to two ftoet unde, gro und. The joiotll nre ro1cred with ~ in.Jer ~ ijn11dust o r even 1u08l!, to kelantca111)Clletrntethe110\linevcrydlrection." ln sections "''here overhead o r prinkllng and anrface wy11tems of Irriga tion nre pra cticed the flame prlnclplee wlll apply, nnd can be adapted to eult conditions, but one thing must be remembered, the pl a nt.I! whether in bed or fi el d mu~t not be permitted to 11uffer trom l ac k of wate r nn.r more thn1, they muat he ovtrwatered. All m11nul'('ll! applied to the aoil s hould be In the mO@t perfe<:1 condi 1ion-110iub l e11nd 11vailab1-.,. hii 1her it beln the f onn of commerdal o r bamy,m.1 rnnnure; the latter s hould be

PAGE 26

26 thoroughly dewmpolled, evenly diatributed bl'Oadeut and burmwtd In well. At thit l!hlJ,,'l!, tht'l g,;ineral euatom ia to also ap11l7 about a ton of Brat-dau commercial fertil bcr to th& land and harrow till thoroughly in co rporated lntotheaoll. A wel l known aut hority on thi aaubject aay 1: "Wheii 11hrnt11arercady fo r transplanting ta ke great carotoha'l"e those in eneb ro11 or un iform size. 'fo accompllah thia, put the lari;e and small pln n t1 In alternate row', oa the larger ODClil 11,ill orteo. be r<)Hdy for market from len daya to two wooh prior to the ou ('II. '.rhero 18 no Uije wttlngeclory ph,ut a l u dry ao ll. UthcrehUbeen lack o f rain us la ofte n Ille ea&e in October an d November In fo'lorid1, then ro1'!:I o n the i rrigating plant till the land la thoroui;hly mo!at and then w11terthe planta freely, 111 eetting the planta remember tberov,, must be absolutely ,traighl. Uac a line as n l,'l lhl e and run a cleated roller over t he ground to mark the 11lace for cnc h plant. Set ting in double row e la seldom practiced, and tho rule now la 10 set plonta four Inches npo rt in ai u gle row hre nt y eight t o thi r ty inchce in width giring aboUL 60,000 plantll to t he acre Dro ppet'II immediate l y preceding the plant ecttl'.r, p lute the planta at th e rnarh along tbe line The plants 11re quickly placed In the hol ee made by a round dibble 01' garden trowel th e d e11t h or the cen t er or hc:1rl leaf and theaoil plueed .drm ly 11longaideo! theptunt over the roota by J'U thlni: the dibbl e to the depth of t h e root and be urlng toworda lbe plan t, dten.rde clo s ing up the derrcseion mad e by the dibbl e to pre v e11t d rying out of lhel'IOilnear theroof,;thuaffnnth ,irDf.l When theaoil 111 ,.,et, celery plant s will 1111u11l l y live even though r11re ll':l!lllyeet." Bither. of tbe!ollowing ronnulas for eo mmerclal fertil lzer are good for celery and the one wh ich neems bellt adapted to 1b 11 l!Oli llnd"condltiona can be U'!ed, or ariy o!her appro:rimately ,imilar:

PAGE 27

27 :: \: t"!":t..~~~ ... ~.. 1teld1 1 300 IN sun.u o, Sod1. } 800ll,1Jl'llh8cra.p ... .. ,..., .. tHO!baNltn.teo r Soda } 600 ]bl Dr1e
PAGE 28

,, cal>Je to ce l ery growing in all ~cctiona of the Stote J,y 11imply observing and adapting them to the prevailing climatie condition s and seaaons. l<'our ounces of ~eed l a sutucient to 11Jn11t an a c re. Crates of standnrd s ize ca n rcndily he obtain{'(} rro 1 n anyoneo f lhenumerouscralcm11nu r 11ctnrcrsthron:lh"111 the State

PAGE 29

PECAN CULTURE IN FLORIDA. 1'he J)C(fm lrce Is indi{::enous in th e United Stateii in lhu rkh, nlluv:l nl bottom11 of the Mil!Jliij:!1-ip1li, nnd nlso thought 1o be In some of the rich bottom lands or north eut Texa"Jt.11 nor1hern llmit is u pJJo!!ed to be nbout Davenport, Io" a I n the )IU!llissippl Vnll e y 11ropcr it extends withiu u few mlle$ of the Gulf Const, further we.it ii extends Int o M exico. 'fhe area io willch it may be gro.,, n i s uid to embrace "'Hltin ils four extl'\'m l tles !he citieii of Davenport I owa, Chuttn uooga Tenn.; J;aredo,Tex ; the region of the bead wntera or the Co l ora do Riv e r i u 'l'c..ii:111 1, nu d even nt the present d:,y at fur west HI Ar izona. It e:1tendi1, furthest fnuu 1hecenterofClte11rea alopS'.thet1n'llms:md riven!. rt is nt 1,resenl gro"n In nil of !ht Southern S!fttel! in gre,.1er or Jes$ degree l ~rorn the foregoi n g it will be seen U:,t ihe~an troe isa 1111\h~in partsofthefollowiug 5:lrntes, viz: ll linoi~ Tmlinna, lo-,-,,a M\1!80~ri, Tenn-. Ke ntucky, Alabnma, Louialnnn, Arknu11n&, Kew Mcxieo and Oklahoma Outside of thi~ aren it has been 11lunted inn Jnr.,:e numb(lr of Stntcs. Its c ul 1htOO nr,en corre spo11d11rntberclOll
PAGE 30

80 1Ma1"tl 1 ) llrltt o n. fhi & n n mc H ioorio ptx:o,i i, vcculi or ly ignlff.cant,elnceitiBtr ul yA merkon ,be in g de ri v ed from p-01 1,1, '(}h ico ra uud pecan, t ll'o ort.l a use d l )y th e lmlium ~ fo rh!ckorynut s. J t iii n l urge, ,tately t l" OO, 7 5 to 1 70 feet in h eight, with w l d e-1 preediog hranch ea and symmetrical top. The bar k 11,rou gh,brok onu nd grnyl h b l o.c k i n color 'l' hobarko f the you n g twi1:9 i s quite amooth, libe r nlly do tt ed with l ent l ele,, 1111d du r ing their e ad y life, t oget h er with th e l eavea n o d ll owe r 11 or th e tree, t he y llre co v ered with 11 li be ral co1ttiug o f rath e r ru~t culorcd hair. The le ave ij ore oval, co mv,oun d, eompollOO or from sen!n t o fir tecu fal cn t c, o blou glanceolo te, 1ba rp-poi111ed aerriucd leatlct ,, gree n a n d qu it e bright abo ve li ght er colored \J.elo..,, 1tnd wh e n m a t u re, n early or q u ite H m ooth, 'l'he llowtnJ urc of two J d nds pls t ilta.te a ud s taminat e Tb e former nre J)rtXi u c cd upon 1h e young s hoot s, .,,h lle t h e latter co m e fr<>m bu ds upon t'lli'igll one yea r o l d. The sla mi n a te cal 1.:iu~ are nl!u ally produ ced in t" o groups or tl n -ee each, fro m a ein!j' l e bud, nnd hnve ,-~r y_ .s bor t >!talks. T he ,1amens are 1 hree to flv c in nut11h<'r in e::icb nower, aud bor n e beneath a three1 i.r1cd br act. The pist atla\e How eni haveaf ou r T alv ediuvol u c re (knol\n inth e mntur form as th e h u sk ) a nd ti two-ported st amina T he nu ts ,u-e l ju lt e vnrlnb!o in si1..i, shape color a nd qnnli y Some are long and poin ted others ne n ea rly s p h erical. In Tex as t he s ph edca l or nenrly sphc r lcn ). nuU aJlpcn 1 to be more common t han e lsell'hcre. Se le(ted nu ts of som e vnrlotleswlll "e lgh a n ounceormorecnch,wh\l e ofmnn y other ki nd .sit t ak~ahnndn!d m oreo r les11, tomnken J IO n n d. All a gener~ l rulethehusk&ofmost variel iN o~ at matur it y. Tn so m e however they ~main clOlled, or uenrl1 so ThMe l11ttcr varieties are o h je(tlonable on 11eeou ntor th e inerem1eddifflcnltyofgatheriugthecrop. l'ol/(Jlot/on.Th e pe cnn l@ ~"t?ll po llcnn !e d 1n con ijeq 11 e n c, th ere i !l a g rP.H I wnijfo o r poll en, lo c omp,en~ntc

PAGE 31

for which it la produced in lal'ge quantities. \\'e t windy -weather, nt the time the trees are iu bloom, frequently iut,!rfore11w i thtJOllenationtosucba11exteutlhatthecro11 isn:duc\.-dveryeon,iderably. With some species of hicko1y, notably 11. minima nnd H. Glabra, cross-polleneation and con5equent croSllfertili zatiou with the llCl.'an have r-esulted in !!.l?Ver:i! wc!J. markedhyl.,rids. Noneotthesefoundthusfar,wltllper haps one or two ezceptiom1, hav e lieen found worthy of prOj)Ugatloo. 1'he pe,::1111 may be uud practkully is, grown in all se<: t ion s or the State wherever the soil conditions are found to be AAti11factory. Iis eultu!'{l, howe ver should no t be attcm11tcd in the southern portion of the State mm:h, it auy,helow 28deg~ la titude;success l\ould,athcs t, he nel!liont1ble;itmightsuc!edlnthedi!vatedportionsof Polk and Blll sbor ongh Counties, hut !t Is une{!rt.ain. The statem ent is ffcqncntl.r made, and qulle generally believed, that the pt.'Can will succeed wherever the lnrger spee iesof hickory are found in the State. Thi s I s !11rgely true,11sthe 1 iecanbe l on,g11tothesamefamllyandgenn s of !reel!, bu t it should not be relied on implicitly. In no cnscmustsol!C
PAGE 32

" nor any ot.ber percent., wi ll co m e true to see d We bave yet tofmd 111;ingleinstancewherethenuto t 11seed!ing t ree was iclcntieal with that borne by it11 parent plant. O cca11ioually lhey are bc(tcr, hut the rule is that they generally are vastly in ferior to the fruit 11roduced by the parent plant. ffence ,i f an or c hard oft~esoftll e same habit of growth proli fic nel!s, regu l arity in he11riug; uni form throughout, tl'C('Swhi e h will produce llCl'())l of nuts unlfonn in 11 i ze, shape, t-Olor a nd <1uulity, is d esired, do not plan t ~eee< may be o riginnted new and desirablnvarleties, for it sometimes happen$ that thei,eetl l i ng !s better than the parent. 1-:!eedling h,_..-s ma~be g1own antl ~et out in ordi:1r,l form, to be top-worked at_lei-wiml. Thi~ plan h assornethingtorecommc ntl it. _Itisleiiiexpeusive pro vitl~l time i s not 1111 object fo r it tnkesn longer ti me In get bwring trees by thi @ plan, ancl it is 01x:u to t h e fur the1 obj,~tio11 that i t ls more difficul t to secnreunlform ityin aiwa ntl&ha peoft h etrcesthnu itisby s ettingont buddedorgrnftedtreei1utflr,,t. Theohject io nlnthe way of expense, i t tha t be 8 n objection, is li es t o'errome by 11lanting nuts in nursery rows, grafting th e tree8 there, ,rn d Oien setting them in the field. lly no means should the unlij be planled where the trees are to remain. It i s too d i ffi c nlt t o give t h em the necrn!sary r:are. Beiiid~ they are likel. to h e destroyed by squirrels or otber ani rna18, or the se()(}lings injured th roug h carelessnell8 In cul tivation. Se/eatiny and Plim tiug Nut~.-N ut~ to btl used i n grow iug srnck8 should be full y mutnred before gnthering. SomecareslrnuldbetakCD int!telr11elcetion. They should

PAGE 33

33 be or good size for the vad ety, and 11 hou ld be gath ere d onl y from hea l thy rigorou 11 ~ FrC(Juen tlyt he ouly olijedhe!din, ie wt 11togctns m n nynut 111111possi blei11 a pound, without !'{!gar( } to th e t ree on which I hey grew. We believe th at U1l11 i si n u large d egreercBpons ibl efor theunsat i sracto ry grow thm lldcbyrnany,gra f t edtree,i., Tho11enutswhieh1naturefir11ta.rebest!orplantiug. The nu t s may he planh i d in Fl or ida a 11 soo n 111, they a r e 1akeu from !he trees, p l ac i ng them in d 1 ills three and a hnlf f ectt1parta ndc,rRl11orsquirrels fromnttn,.,king / h e m, In {_~!l'lf 11JH'i1tg l h e boxl'8 s l wuld be em p tied out and t h e nut s 1,l 11 11 1e ,1 II$ diroct ed above Th ., Ss,ed bed $ho ul10nuiwb a l more i n ~eight, with a ta p-root two fee t and a lialf or go in l ength T !,e follodng sp rl ng and eummer many of t he young trees can be worked by grafting or budd ing l'ro1iagating Tool-!l' Thc tools n~essary for propagat in g ~a l! llUl'S('ry work and top-wor l dng ar e a com

PAGE 34

34 1uon budding knife, a budding tool, a graftiog iron, a grafting nmllet a nd a flne-tootliC? saw. Tbe budding lmlfe ahould have a thln blade of go,;xi sieel,capableofrelaining akeen,sharpedge. The whet stone must he used frequently to keep the blade shRrp to insur e t he waking or smooth, clean cuts. At least three budding too ls have been invent e d. These a.-.:, known as White'.11, Galbreath' s and :Nelson's budding tools re,ipecti,ely. The princip le in each one i s that two sharpcuttingbladesarefixedpamllelcocachotherto immr e unifonnity in cutting nnnuhtr and veneer-shield or pat c h hn ds. White's budd ing i mpleme nt i s e~pecially re<:.'Ommended for use in IOJMrnrking. The hole,, a lo ng the s id~ are used a1agougeformeasuring thc~tock and bud atlck. In the writer's opinion, the one best adapted fo r ,enccr-shicld budding, bu t th e blades nrejust a little 100 close together. A ,;cry .sat isfactory knife for tltis work may be 11iude from two ordinary bud din g kn iv es and n pleee of wood t hre e-quarle111 of an lncli square and four inch es loug T o opposite 11idffl of I his the blad~ ca u be firmly attached with rivets and by biuding with fine wire and twine. The graft.Ing iron ls Indispensable !n clcfq;rafting. The~e can be pu~hased a t ~ mall cos t, or a bla cksmit h c: 01 make an eircclle nt o ne from an o l d flat file. Three or four inch es of the file sho uld be flattened ~ud sharp. cued for a blad e. In the remai n der drill two ho l es and altaeh 1wo piecl'!! of wood to form a handle. A 11mall-11ized carpenkr'a mallet answcl'l! nicely for 11 gr11fting m11Jl et,o ra-rcr ygoo done c11n be ma defro~ll pieec or tough wood or n piece of an old wagon 11poke. A loo t hcr t h ong11hou ldbea tt11ched to th e handle, lhrong h which the ,' ,,;rist can be slipped to tn rry it when topworking. Tho h e.st. 1111w foruse in top-working ls II carpenter'$ back -anw Thi11h11s11 still blade fine teeth nnd lcnve1111 ~mooth, clean cu1.

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" ll'a~&, Cloth and Twinc.-Good grafting-wax umy be wade accord i ng to either of the tollowi11g formulas: 1. U~iu 6 pound1:1, beeswax 2 pound.s, linseed oil 1 pint. 2. Resin 4 pounde, beeswax 2 pounds, tallow 1 pound. Melt thei11gred i enta i naniroukettleoveras!011re, ijl irriug 11lowly to insure thorough mixing. When melted, pouroul into a bucket o f cold water. Grease the hands, rcmOWJ the wax from the water as soon as it can be han lied n nd pull uu til it i~ light-yellow in color. Wax not needed for imm ed i ate u se muy 00 rolled up Ill bnlls, ,nap ped in oi l ed, stiff br01'"n {)flper, and put away for f11nhe1 11 sc. Waxed cloth cun be vrepnred by melting ttic wax in a kettle mu\ dropp i ng iuto it sheets or wide stri~ of oM calico or cotto n clot h. As soon ru;: .lj.(tturatC(J with th<, wax,removetbem fromthekettleandstretch on a hoard. For use ten r into~triJ)IJ, oue-qunrter or one-half of uu inch wide. Wuxed twine is prepuretl by dropph1g balls of No. 18 kn i tting cotton in t o the melted wax nnd stirring them nlxlnt for four or flvemin11 tCl:!! ,oruntit thewaxha.1 pene1rnted.lhem. &elcdiny Ofons und JJuds.---CioM and bud stich "honld he taken from healthy, vigorous tre es Se l ect the don1:1 from well matured 'l\"OOrovided the growth i e not too large. Graft s al'CgencrallycutaboutllveorRi::rincheslong1rnd ijhouldbl!tromone-quartertothree-eighth8of1111 inch in t hiek nes~.

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86 ltl sbestt l, atthegrart,1>eeutw hi lestillinadormant ~rnte, en d h iaened In tho toc k ju t before growth B tart&. The do u a m uy be kept for 11, co u ij iderah le l e ngth or t i me b y 1 tla ci ug tl1em loosely 1 11 1cl. c d i n dan1p m Ol! o r KUl'l dnst, ioal.,ox. 'l'h eOOxel o u ldi,ew,eredol"erl'l' ith e11rth and t lo e cion11 kept ,ufflde n tly w o i t to p r.e v ent d ryi ng out. 'Ihe dilf cr enee l u the co n dition ot the stock : m d c iou it ,;h ould h e unde ,.tood I not al,go l utely n ecesiiary, u good n!RUll.sarefrequentlyol>to!nodvdthoutthe,ieprecantforui, bu t ingrn f t ing1be~a n ndilTer-encei nd o nmu, eyise :1:. trc m e l y d ct!rnble,u n d It 1,11.n im1)(1riant fnetori n J!ecu r ing good retn il B. l<'or bud Btleks, 'e ll d en,lo 1 Jed o n e-.rea r-old bnrnehea, oneha lf to 11even-cighthwofnn lneh in tliameter ,: md o n which t h e l,11!\ s UNl well formed, or olde r wood ith 11l um p foll hn i l s, 11ro f!Clect ()d. Such s tick s freq uen tly 111, 011 1 hr ee bud 11 fltnno de nm! if ~omomi11fortuue11ho uld ornr tnk eo n eor two o f th e!! e t h eN! ii! ~t \1111 chnute of suc <'CAA, lh ong h t h e upper one, l>e ln g th e stroni;e~t, i s gener ,,uy n,e mw whi c h /ll nrt l!, 1 l ro1idcd it 1, uuit,ju~d 11n,l 1hfl ln11 l tnk e11. 'fh e d egree or m n h1ri ly or the bud iM lmpor tm1 t, n nd c ar e 11hould b e excrc i ~~ l t h nl only 1hosc which are 1 1 l ump, full no(l "l\"ell-deve l oped, nre used. It l$ ca ~ r t o di11tingni11h bo.!twcen de5 i rnb! e nnd und ct1i rnble lmds. G11.\FTINO A'-'D 01tAnlNG Mr.T ROD!!. T -0 11-working by grnftlns-, or t h e gr aftini::ef n11t11erY 11tock :.OO, eground, s h ou l d bede n e in sprlngjust hefott g n: n.-th 11t nr1, The pre fere n ce is fo r ih e latter pnrt of 1 11P, ,caso n pro vi d ed t h ere i, not too muc h work to b e done n ,t hecioo ahavele1111tlme todryou t bcloreth e J lt"llttlll! of u niting w i th th e ,tock begln8.. The wort. o f whip-gnifli ni::nu nie r y ~toc k uncler w-ouull just at the crown rool8 or the l!eed lin ga ca n be 81 rt ed i n the la tte r pnrt of D ecem b e r 11n d co n tln 11 ed until Vel,rnar y F o r this rl,: 1 he ea rth i11 thro\\ hack from the f!Ced lin gii, lea-ri.ng

PAGE 37

theu1 ataniling in a nnrrow trenc h. Alter the cious are inireMed, the grom tl ii; 11laced bnck nbout them, C-Overing them u1, fonving only the top bud exposed. The&eedling tl'Cfls cannot be dug up and bench grafted satisfactorily in winter, as i s tbe pl'llctieil with apple!!, 1iears antl other fruits. It can be done, but the 1 ien-entngeor unions securedistoosmnlltomakeitan economical n,elllod to follow. The only satisfactory plan is to graft the seed lings in t he nu~ry row, as tk~cribed above. Two methods or grafting ure used, clert grnfLiug for top-workiDg and whip-grafting for working both. nursery eeedlings and old trees. Gle/t OrafHng .-H nving scl~1ed the pl9 c e on the branch or trunk at wh.ich the cion o r cions are to be in s erted, the port shoultl be s awed off with a ~mooth, dean cut. Theendofthestubcnn 1henbecutll<}unrclyolfllt the point desired. The lrunk or branch is then split with the g,aftiug h-on. The eleflsbould be care fu lly made, and should be about one autl a half inches io length. I n prepariog the cion, a s l oplag cut is made at the lower end abou t one nnd a bal! in(hes long, cutting in!o t h e pith from a point ooe-hnlf way up the cut, down to the lower end. On the opposite side, the second cut shou\tl not touch the pith, but 11hould be matle 1hro11gh the wood throughout. The cioo should he left wider on t he outer sid(! than ou the inner to make a tigllt fit 1;hen in serted. Start the cut11 011 each side of and ju.stat n bud. TTnving made the cleft, open it with the wed!,'"!l end of the grafting iron and place t he cioo in p o ~ition in the cleft-stock. Tlie cambium k,ye,a 8hould be in COllk:Wt ,md the cion should he shoved well down until the whole o f the wedge ls within thestnd;:. Jn large stocks two dons may be inwrted, the weaker of whi c h shoul(l be removed If both live Largestocl: s will e:i:ert snllicieot pr(!f
PAGE 38

38 wued twi ne or cloth, and 111 any cue lhe ends of the en t 1rtock1111dlheunlongho uldbe eoveredsmoothly ,. ith grnfling ,vux. Shouldtherebedangerotthestocke::i:ert lngtoomuch preMuro(a s in tbecaseoflurgcatocks ) the cleft s~ould he malle well out to one e ld cof the ce n ter. ll' llip,Gr11/lin9.-8 tockll, whether seed ling trees or h re11cbe11 i u 1he Iop a of old t ree.1, ahoul d he le.is th1111 an !ncb i udinrueter,on11 hnlforflvc-cighlhluch1Jeiugnnice s!w. A alopiog cu t an inch o r an inch nod o. hnlf long, ia 11111d ea 1 thee ud o f t h ecion, aoorrtt!pondingcut ill rnmJe 011 the .11lock, a .11 mall tongue o f "ood is raised on l.'llch by making a cut "ith a knife-blade 1111nill e l 10 the grain of th e wood. 'rhe tongue is raised a littlc ou boU 1 "ock and cio n u,ul the t11 oare t hen ahoved togell,er, with the cam bluru layers on one or both sides In contnct. 'l'hey muat then be firmly bound together with t,du .i or doth, the whole of t h e c ut surfucee. being cove r ed over to thee:,; ch111io u orw nter,>1ir11ml tb cgc rm .11or d ccuy. The don uud st ock are prefer:,bl y cho~cu or ocurly the .1111 1111~ 11izc, hut a cio11 tWtuewhai sma ll er thun the s tock m ay I.le used, in 'l\" hicb cal!e the cambi um Jnyera along one aiileor thesurfnce11 in co n tact mu d 00 placed o pp os i te, ~s aln~1dy indkated. I n working 11ul'll('ry l!Oedllni;s by grafting, lhecionhould he im1er1ed so th at t h e J>Oi n i of union wlllbennderthe11urfareofthcgro1111d. '!heeerlh , ho uld be 11h1 ced back around th e union n tsOOn :,s the work la com 1 1Jeteil. Thia plm1 of 1 irov11gution wfll 11ot give iw.ti11fnctory re.8ultaCJ:ccpto11 welt-drninf!(l lnnd11. BunorsG ,1;,;p Mtn'II ODll. Rudropagators, H they are 111Jl1i to ireeurea larger perrentngc of unions 1han hy grafting, Much, how e-er,
PAGE 39

39 sldered antisfactory. The amateur may well be satiefied with 10 perceut. The season tor b uddin g is when the bark will slip ell duriug the 111onthll of July uod Augwit. The sca!!On is,. however, often lll:tended into September. l>lany o f the bud s inserted Jute i n the sea,on N:mai n dormant until the following spring. During the season, from the ftn,t of July nu1il Se t tembcr, the nimo11phere it moist, the huds are in good comlition, t he llllJ' Hows frt: ely, and hd te r re,iulhs nn : s ec:nrod thau at nny other time. The buds commonly used are those which hnve b e<:,n formed just previously. 'l'hey 11ho l1ld be curefully seleded uml only th Ol
PAGE 40

40 may be UijOO. A re<:tangular or triangu l ar pieee o! bark is~ino1edfromthesideofthestock. Fromthebndatiek cut11a iwilarpieceofbarkwithabodinit sc enter. Place thelH1-dinplaceon thci;tocknaclwrapni,, i u annular bud ding. Ifth e,; l ockisconsiderablylorgcrtban1 h ehud stick, the piece of bark with bud aHached will ho, ,i to be (lnttened out somewhat before inserting. L<>pping. Frequc n tlyhuds,pnrticularlythOO(!insertc d lute in th.e season, n et as dormm t bud~ and do not begin 1,,,rowtlt until the following !cl<.s h 111 lded during June, July ond August ahou ld bo lopped np 10 September firat. Itis always wnll to start the buda outbefon:,growth ceases forthe11enso n bu 1 atoeks budded ofterthcflM!tofSeptember~houldnotheloppcd until the followhig spring, just before growt h b
PAGE 41

is not possible to grol'I' good trees without thorough, fre quenteultivatio11. 1''er'tillzerscontainingconsiderablenitrogenshouldbe used at the rate of about 300 pounds per acrt>-. 011e anulyzi11g 3 per cent. phosphori c add, 3 per cent. potash and G per cent. nitrogen ls abou t right for nunierics on mo~t f'Joridnsoils. A s soonnliaMockoftreesisremo,ed,ttisaue.xeellent ph:111 to w1v the grou11d in one of the leguminous crops mentioned above, to l1elp it to renperate 'l'he fl"wn, and p!owOO back into the soil, after they n~ dead and dry. [ty fur t hegrt!llle,nurnberofl!eedltngtreesin the State ha1e 1101 fu lfilled 1heu~ 1 ation8o t their planters. 1'be tree s arenotp1-ollfic,orthefruitwhichthcybe11ris!'.lllall and i nferior. SuchtrcC11,i{ i ngoodln;alth andvigor,rnay be top.worked t o advantage. Seedlings may be planted witbtheexpeclation of top-working them, hu tthis is not re<:omrnended.. Ifthetrunksaresmall, an inch or11u iu eband nhelfin diameter, tho whole I.op may be rem o vc,I itt once. 1f the trees aril medium si~ tJ1e main brrwch
PAGE 42

upon the size of the treeJ,theold tavcan beentheiy re mon~l and replaced by a new one of a good v,u-iety. Both cleft and whip-gruft may be used, bu t tbe latte r :an, of cuur-sc, only be used on small stocks. Tlie objee tion to working very large brunchea is lhat they do not hen! ,cudily; tv.ound a half inches is about the ma:d urn u1 in size, L. argewo und!! shonld be Jlll in ted over wlt!J white lead paint to prevent d ecuy. I'or soverul mouths aftet the new top bus commenced to grow the cions or budshuve but n ijligltthold upon the stock and us the growth is u s u ally very vigorou~ and the lea!s urfa cegrcat,co11sidei-ah ledamag e isfrequentlyd o ne Ly stro11g wi n ds, or by wind ,uul rain together. 'ro pre v entthUl,theyo ung s li oolijmaybet:ied togetl,erorfast enedtootherportlonsofthcstock. lftbishcdonc,cure should he taken that the twine used docs not do i njury b y cutting iuto the wood, To obviate this, a pie<:e of burlap shoultl be placed around the branch be!leath the twine, and the.twine should be removed nsroon as it IJ1111 served its purpose. In ~orne CD!ICII tlie 1011 may he sup 1 K1rtedbyla11hiugapoleagalnslthe11 idcor t he t runk,11,d fostenlngthcgra f i.stot!Jeuppervar1.oft!Jis,ora 1 K1le muy be driven into the ground at som(l distance from the trunk,fastenedugainst obrancb or stub of a bra1ichabovc and \Jije,j in the same way. Afte1 the tup has grown sun! cientlytotllkecareofitself,thesepostscan,ofcourse,be r emoved. Sometimell, after the top has made considerable growth, n nd purticulnr!y iflnrgehrancheaurc allowed to de\elopopposlteench otber,tbeynresplit apMt an d the wboletoprulncd. Iftblsundeslrabieconformatloncxis1s lt Is best to take steps to pre\ent splitting. A bolt hn~lng a stoutwas her ngalnat theheadsb.onld be placed throngh two bnind 1 ea, n seeo nd wa11ber placi'd on ~ml the JIU{ 11Crcwe
PAGE 43

,, \,,ranch 1.11 11y be i nnrcbe d frorn o u el ur b'l!!bru n c h to a no the r to.ervea ,alfr lugbrnee. ~11< eu 11rlly 11co 11 s iderublenmube1fwo111\d ure tn ade in to 1 ~v,orki n g. Br n nches nre ~moved ent irel y, ot.her1! ore c ut back t o within n fool or J!O of tho trunk and grafted. Otten thcaefail to un ite. Suc h Ht ul.os sh ould not be left. It brunchel! nre formed 011 them th ey a bould be cut buck to the point wh e r e thete b ud a atn rt ; i f no br:mcbee come out f rom t hem they abo ukl be c ut b ock 1 0 t h e t ru nk or l :1rge bran c h on whkb t hey are bo rn e. If 11':ft, tliey preven t tl ,e hell;ling o f the wo uud rot tm c t, and !be rot h1carriedintoa nddo w 11 lh e lrunkofthctre.e, rel'lu lllu g i 11 n b0IJ011 and weakening the trunk. S111i>0III C!llt 1h0t1 14 be flmde, 111,d fllf!t( holUd ~t oooerea with Khitc lead. paint lo pr~1tl deooy. A little lump bloct Wily b e ad d ed, if desired, to nm ke the paint n eu rl~ t he color of 1o<:-.:nu 1,nrk. The pec ull a r oo uditious of soil and m ol11 t ure & u rro und ingthepeca11l 11lt sun ti rehomemlg h tbereg111"ded uu11 iodl eut l on that It ca nno t be grown e1u:e 1 )t on deep, rieli aoll In proi: l11 1ity to ri\'ers, ponds or streun,. $ud,, how t'\1! r would be wro ng infereoo, for It euc~ l ll ndruir ab l y and bean good uopgo n a "ide ru oge o f ao il a. Ben ce w e llod it today in lo cali ti es fa r removed f rom the region~ to wblch it i $ indii:: e n o u s and thriving u1ul cr 1..xmd i lion~ dl lT c r l u ggrent l yfrom tb 01Jeo btalnlngln ltsnalke home. In Florida, t ree, mny be found grow iugo11 soils !"flu g iog f ro m t h e bln c khnmrnoc kto theteijafcr1!lel1igh 11ln ela nd s On h ornn1ocksoils,bow ever ,tbe t ree,n r oofte 11 l11cli uedto d e\elo p wood R t t heexpeoseof fruit while on le ll8 fe r ti le 1111ila th e tr etH ma ke less wood nnd benr more fruit p ro port l on.tcly. P e.:11.n, t hri .. c w ell on not wood1; tbe grove of Dr. J. B. Curtis, Orange H c.ighta, Fi n., I planted on Thi" type or l ond. M o i,tun.in uRlclent quantity muet

PAGE 44

be present, 1,uti! will uotdo to pln u tthe pecan on land tbnt is continually wet !llld boggy. The presence of a hn1'tl., i mpcne trable$ubsoildouh t lci,;shnsagrcatinllucncc upon the welfare of the tree, an d It would l>e better to seleet ot h er ground, or when this is Impossible, to blast out theha1 pau A q uick aand s ub-soil is equally objee tionab l e. Udoseto thesurfaw, it should not be used. 'l'horoo!scannotpenetrateit. Al\thin~cousider1.,-d, the be~t soil Is probolJly one whic h has previously supported a grow t h of holly, willowleave ( \ oa t. dog wood, hic korJ andtbOl!(lothcrtrccsusuallyfoundm,:sodatcdwithth\.'111. A sandy loam, with a clay or sandyclny su&wil, is diOl cu!tt-0~nrpau. \ lnnd ime n detl for yo1111g tree s s hould be well p re p.tr c d 'l'hi ~ pre J ll rat i on will dep ;: nd largely u1oon 1hc cur e and !rcrllment which t h e ijQil has recehed pr,wious ly, L und on whicl, the fot-ei!t Htill sta nd $ sho ul d 11refe1 nhly \II) th o roughly cleared nnd put in cultivation for a y~~lr or two hefore plnnling. J ,eguminou s erops ll l 'e C.'I: ccllent to pre<:ede the s ett i ng of the tre, i s Plow th e {iround thoroughly h1-e11.k deeply, harrow it lev e l, nnd it i s re,uly for t he tr ee/! 1Juyi"9 Trcc a .-Floridn ha s ,mffered ns m u c h from f raudulent peenn tree ngent s as any other Stnte. Seed ling tre es have been "do,ctorcd" a nd ~o ld t-0 plantel'l!, 111Jd varietie s have been so ld which 1''ere untrue to name. Un f ortunately too few pl'Ople are acquainted wi1h the charactcristics-0fabuddedorgrnftedtrce. 'l'hOl!e whonl'e thoroughly ncqunfnted w i th the wood, twigs and brunches of pecan ti"C'C!! are able to tell 1 he dilrerent varieties at II glance. '!'he color of tl t e hark, thellhape,Si"
PAGE 45

s hould ucquaiut himHelf with th e wood clrnrllclcri ~l lc ,i f tbernrletlei.. But afterall, tilesuf('Qt, by far tt. e&11 (e11t, plan is to de:il di rectly with bonttt nurseryuia u m en t,f un qne111io nabl e luteg ri ty, roeu who gi v e t hei r bu&lnC!;S cn rcfnlthoui;:htanda t t c ntion. The best ll 'l!Ci for general pl untini;; a re well grow u o n e year-ol d trecs,fr o m tht-wtofiv e feel high . Too often but ~ IIJ ;: bt ntte ntl ou Is :;i v en 1 0 t h e pluutiug of the t r ees. Th ere I & too freo:1ucnlly a d ispoijltion o n ihe pnrt of U, e J ier&On 11C t1ing ll'fl!fl of u ny kind to d o the v.ork 11~ r a pi dly '" ( IOll8ibl e without con,i d ermlo n for I .he ft:tu re w e l1 11. r o o f the plan ts. F ew r e: 1 fae t hat tim e apen t In careful, iut c llli:rent prepnra tlo n of tbe ijOil ml In ~ct tinir the trce9 l B 1h 11 e well spe ut nnd well paid for i11 l he after den-lopmc nl o! trunk und branch. B ette r a mo u th l Jt> n t i n pn:parin g tbe fu ture home of tb e .,o uni: t ret lhnn yein< of il 1 lif e ~pent In an unequnl ~ trnggle for ex:l11te n ce. Mor e l baut b o t ,1 b etl't'C m ay di co 11 trightnn d n ~cnr nm11t elapr,e OOfore it c:m l>e r e pl:iced Jt IR g ~ n crnlly s taled tl,o.1 lh e J>ec : 111 lR n 11\ow grow e r 1ut d .ct (ree,i from twc h e to fourt ee n yenrs old will 110metime11 111~1111 ure from tblrtyflve to tl f ty 1eve n Inch es in ci l"C mn fl.'rence nt the b 1&e while un de r lt'IB fav ora b le c il"C nm Sl1t rtcc.'!e~et will dcpe ud Inn mc11 a ure111 K1 n tb eeharuc1crof th e 110 1 1. If ric h 1\lld m o i st, l hc tr ee11 ,ho u l d be~t !nrthcr :1 1 1: 1 rt ih n n o u hi gher, dried soil s Forty feet 1 1 genera ll y h e li e \ ed tohe :,bo u t right for mOIII Fl o rido l und 1. 'f'wo m et hodli of l!Ct!ing mny he f o ll o w P.< l, re, : htnb'llnr nud h cxago nnl. 1 'he number of 1 ~ which mny I Hl ~et 1 ie r 1trt'e b y the ~tn n g ul n r ~y~ t c rn nrc n B follow s : 4 0x40 . .... 27treetl 40x~!; .. 40i:50. .2-4 1 reet! . .... 21 tree.

PAGE 46

4.0xUO 45:i:45 !50xf>O 50x60 50x7l'i GO x 60 60x75 .. 70x70. 18trea: ... '.! l trees 17 tr .. Utrees Utrces .. ... 12 trCCJs 9het,s Streei! St reu ;; 7tr Cl'll To llud themm1licr of trees for any di s tance not given iu 1he uhove table, multiply the distar1ceij together aml dhide 43,560, tho nun,bcr of f!<111u r e feet in nn ncrc, by the !!odud. The result will give the number of tree,;:. B ,r tb.e hexagonal system, about fifteen Jl r c ... ut. m o re Heesnrn.,heset Jlracrethan b y the rectangular system. 1f a double pla.otlug is eontemp!nted, as f)C('nns and l<.'ntheO!, the reetnngnlar system should he used, and one nrmo r epcacliessetout iueachrectaugulnrformedbyt h e 1.ecnns. Staking the {',round. H n good pJo,,man can be se ,ure,l, the rows can be run off with a p!ow, rtmniug both leugt.hwise and erm~wisc of tbe Held. Ordinarily, how eve l', n true corner may hecst11hlished with a c arpenter's ~,:l'mre, the field staked out a r ound the outelde For Ille re cla ngulor sy~tem, the stakes can t hen be set up in the ce nter of tho field by ~asuring or by ~ighting, orb;, both, Ordinarybnlldlnglaths makegood1,tal
PAGE 47

where the tree is to stund. Set up all the 11takcs for this secon d row in !he same manner, iben use itasa basll line 11.ndaoonaerosathefie!d. Plan[iug. Baving sel a lltake where euch tree is to 11tand,the plautiugboard!l.hould then be brought i ntouae. This i11 simply a light board, five or six inches wide and 11ix feet Jong, with a notch eut in the center of one ai1rd and tree stake both t~ken away. ln prepuring the tree for plan t ing, all broken or bruised root:11 ~hou!d he ent off immediately behind the injuriel!. 'J'hb1 i~ n~oally done befo re pocking for 1,hip men t iftl'ael! are purchased from a nurseryman, but pos11 /bl ]mnyhe ne.;lededortheendsof roots~omerubbed or :,gged in transit. The cuts should be made with a sh arpknifofromtheundeit advnrungc, t hey llhould be held UJ)llide down while ttimmiug. 1nllett.ingoutnr,ctontroe,ahole24inchesindiameter und 30 inches deep i s usuallJ large enough although wider holes may be dug with advantage, the r eby enabling mon, pulver i zed and richer soil to be put around t he roo ts, which is beneflcial to th enewfoe ding roo ts ns t he y form. When setting ou t the tree,i, care f ully fill in among the Mots rd 1h pulverized to p soil or wood s eaMh. W
PAGE 48

48 andaoil muatbeinclooecontaet with all roots, espec i ally the tap-root. The botto m of the hole should be firm, to avoid f urtherse ttllngofthetree. Thetreeshouldbeset al ~ueh a depth that afte r a eopiollll watering and the permanent BL'itllng of the earth It wi!l be, perhaps, a liltledeeperth11.,n ltatood iuthcu urs ery row. It is ve ry important that no part of the cro.,,.'11 or root be left un conire d when planted or aftenrnrd, a nd if at nny time i t i s found that the earth has settled and l ef t any brown ish red J)flrt of the crown or rootexJ)Of!Cd, it must again becovet"ed with soil. 'l.'he point where t he root a nd crown leave olf and the 1mnk bcglnsisnvery v ital portion ofthenewly-irettrce null mnat always be underground. T r eo..'11 should be ca n .~ ftt ll J examined after the first heavy rain after 11 la11 ting, and earth thmw 11 to'n-ce if 110il ha~ S\Jttled It is Lett~r to pl:mt them un ind or two dcepe1 than they s1ood iu the 11111 -xer.1 row than to ,un the i-isk o r having 1he nowu of r oot expooed If tap-roots nre in~>ouveni en tly lo u g ~a rov e thirty Inches, they mns t he cut otr l.oy n slv11ing cul with a shnr-p kuife. In t!le lllrger size !I'()(,'!!! it is \Jet tertosiuk a hole deep enough to 1-e,.~ive the root without cutting shorte r thun ls done before packing. The foolish 1h00ry nhonl n pecan tree not L,e,iring i ( its t npr o ot hu, !~enmt hHSLP.ellHOtltorooghlydisproved thnt itiBUOf rth discussion. l!tlte tap-root.ls c ut wheu tlte tree is dug, as is often necessary, the cut 11ukkly henl~ nn d H new tap-root { sometime,; sevel'nl) w i ll f orm. Aflc, 1,hm t ingi s completed, l oose soil should be lightly thrown aroiiud I he tree tci loosen maporation or it may be mulched with leaves, straw, etc., in lawns nn d other pla t es where no crop!! are to he planted. 'l'he mnlching of newl yset lfft'll is highly r-ec<>mmended. The gronnd i11thnrebykeptmolst,aslowdecaylngllupplyotnnturn l plnnt food Is provided, and gra&11 and weed s ""'-' m,t SO 1ro11blesome,t hu s avo id ingthen ()('USi1yo f wfl"e(Juentl.r stirring tlie so il immetlinte ly aroun,l the 1rees. Th e

PAGE 49

" ground around fruit or n u t treef! 11hould neur be allolled t o bate or eruu, and it i11 th e more importanl wi l h ne,ly iset treeri, pardculnrly the Hniti,eason. Never a ll ow 1he roots of 11 1iet:an tree to bet,ome dried out. Itl11bcl!tthntthenCCC!! 11ll ryrootprunlngbetlonein the ahed nnd tbe trees carried 10 the fleld wrnppcd in u dnmJJ blanket from which they are removed one by o ne n11 required for 1 1ll111tlng. The tOpil @hould be pruned back 1 li gbtly to l'ftllore the balan ce bel" 'eetl 11.i e rool.a and t he lope, which. hill b<,en di.liturbed in t he pro,:ese of trans planting. The belll time to plant pecan t~ ia 1011 11 :"'here be1n een th e flratof December or the lntterpart ufNovem ber and the tlr11 t of February PrefeN'llce moll be given 1otheearlierpartofthiaperiod ua th egro uo d"IJlhave 11. cha n ce to beeomR llrmly JIII Ck ed an d the root wo undij will h J IM11a lly culloul!Cd over before tb e growing ~eason begiu 8. Ret1ides, the enrly 8p ring season ln Florida Is u~unlly dry 111111 ,.~:ently planted trees do not ij(a nd neorly so good 11 show a s thoee planted in I)('C('mber aud Januory. Ct1LTIVATIOIO. Il(ll!au se the pan grow s n, R foreM t roo In 110 111e parts of t h e country many people 111ppo11e that It can be left withoutcnreandcul!lvatlon,leftuanyothert~lnthe !lel(bi and 1rood11 !11 left to shift for itM!lf. But If fruit l11 required from the tree, no matter wh etilLT pl11nled i 11 1 1, e ga r den or the orchard it h oul d be gi"1!Il good care. Too mnny o f our pr11ctice11 ne based upoii Ideas ta ken from the mtllr e trees of Ute 11oods and field ". But nil 1h e11e tree11 do from year to sear iij bear a r e11 fruits. manyofwhlchar,cimperfec t,l n theattem pt toreJ)roduee therruie l 1'ec. If tha tl,a ll that t, d el!i redof t h eJlll(Hn tree wtll 11nd good; a 11y,ttm of n (!j!']('Ct wi ll !ICClll'C t h e res ul t "nd t he in1JeC1t and fungi will I.Mi the chief benefld~riN of th e prncli ce.

PAGE 50

60 Oue leMOu can be learned rrom the "'oodi. The id eal i!Oll conditio n s for lbe pecan grov11 bi that found in th e fon:st. The110il there is-tilled 11tith vegetable matter and b unu u,; it holds wnter an d p lant f ood. Th e aim In the cultivat i on of the trees should be to p rol'lde and main1Rin DM1 il 1U1 n oo r lyldeal uthat. Whether anyone wo u ld hue the 1emerity t o advocate the c ul tiva tion of a pe1:an orehnrdalong t ile lln ee applied to1 ieachort hard11nnd c itru sgrovt'8ieaeriou1 l y d oubt cd. Apecanpla11tetio11111illbegintobeari n frumaixtoeigh t :,eara llfte r plentlng and should pn>dnce a very fRl r crop at t e n y ea r11 aft e r whi c h it r>1J11d ly increa ae, In produ tiv it y. Hu t durin g t h e 1 1eriod -.. h e n the tl't'C9 a re growing 11ml no fruit is beiug produecd, c nl tivutlon mu~ t begin,JJ. Thia l best done by plantins the lnnd between lhc t ree !'0111 i n cotton,11ennut1i orotherfleld crops, ln \'Cgctubl e11, c o ,,pe as, hegganveedo r velvct bean s. Thell'lst mentioned crops may be nsed In making hllJ" The se ore th e ideal crop s for lht:i ~All o r c h a rd. It wo uld lMl be s t to follow a ey !em!tl i C rotation of thl'l!e crops. A s, f or lnalance lll'll t y e nr pcanut 11, eeond year cotton. or ll l'!lt y~\r crab gr ll.8ll and heggarl\ eed lll!COnd year cotton a nd t h ird y ear velv e t bennsoreowpen s The 11rea grown in the se cro()II s houl d b y no m ean s cituHl the totol nrea of the fi eld. The tree fQl\"8 for u width ot rour or !Ive feet on ench side 1hould not be plan te d i n erope during the fi r,rt y ea r. Thi trip h oul d how !l1'e r, be cu ltiY11ted dnri ng thetlM1t partof t he s ea!IOD 1111d about the beginn ing of th e rainy sea~on s owed to bcfl'gorwced. _The cultivnle d l'IN:!11 w ill D ec'Cll~nri l y become morere9trictedea c h y c nr.andcv e ntn11l ly th eg round will hnv e l .obegivcnurt o th e l rce11. Thtn the phm freqnentl .l' ndvilled is to pu t th e land i n grn ~ nnd u se It fo~ n pasture '. But grnS!I le gcnernJ]y nn lm po" rt 11nt it em In the cultivellon or n e,g l ee tcd pecan orclw.Nl s H b ,Y110nymOU3 wit.l ffaj'lec't oftd bod 1,ivzt. m,:,i.l. It in t erfel'Cl!I w ith th e growth d ri e\0pine n t irnil

PAGE 51

51 fruiting of the trees, a11d this plan ia nu lu11ge1 aJvi~m l hy growen;. ln.stead,itispreferab!e t ocultlvatet.hetrtesiuavri11g, eontinuiug the cultivation well up to the r-ainy sc11sou. Later, in August, 11 crop of crabgrass and bt,ggarweed may be rem oved for hay. By autumn a cou~iUer-able ad dithmal growth will 00 formed to cove r the ground in ainter nnd turn \Jack into the ;ioi l to imtore and maiu lllin t he11ccessaryhmm1$conten1oftbeHoi l. Un nearly all 1,'loridn soi l s peeo n trees are b<>netited hy l hcapp licntiono ffo rtil ir.c re in s omcotherformorother. l~nge 1 1uantities or food matcrlala are take n frum t he ~oi l in the g1-owth of the trt!(!l!iw tl ihedevelo pmcn to f the ,op. '!'he gre11test demnu,1 made on t he aoil by the t r ~ i s fo1 nitrogen, and thiij can be met hy applying $lnhle manure, or by gr<>l\ittg leguminou s crops nud turning them under, l!B a lre ady directed In the fercilir.ing of 1he p ct nn [l,lg is by nil means the best policy T h e pot a s h i11 U,eforrn or s ulph n1co rrnuriateo f pot:,sl, and th cphos ph o rienchl in the rorm of acid phosphntecnn be supplied sepnrntcl i-. ~ormu1a .:._Tb.e requiremen t~ of the tree~ wlll dilfet nt dilfcrenl stogcsof tlieir growth The Dl>eds of the young trel'l!ditfcr from thOOeoffruitingo n cs I' oryonng err.es, nii:rogcn ln consldern hl e nmoUnts is required, while for b
PAGE 52

i,l1o.111)1ioric '11.'. id h;b gl'>ldl! 11ul1ILBh! of JIOlll"h 50 Jier cen1. poho.Hh ,o ttou aeed uJeUl ti.(; 1 ier c e ut nitn:,gen, und llr\00 l.,lood l..l. 1 ier ~ent. nitrogen, the following amounts uf !hc @l;lJ.URterio l s, which may l>e rnixctl ut ho m <', will g i ve up11roid11rntely the uhuHJ am11, ~i14: POK )'out.uTm;r.&Acid l'hosvhate ( 14 per cent. i;(H.)(!).. iOO pounds [ I. 0. S ulpliale P otash . .. . : . ....... ~5 pmmds Cotto n Seed lfea! ..................... 1,160 pounds H dried blood la uaed In pla t>e of cotton eced m e al, one bnlf o r th e amount, o r 57l'i po m uls, will gin ~ a 11 tm u.: h o r a ligbtly more nil~n than lhe l, l fi0 po11nd 11 o r ootton aectlmen l. F oROw T11 r.Acid T'ho@Jllu11e ( 14 per cent.) ... S(;O pounds H O. Sulpha t e Potash . ............ aoo pounds Dried Ulood.. ......... ....... 250 poumle Cotto n Seed :\leol . . ... ...... ....... 600 pounds 2,009pouod$ Applyi11g the /i'erlili:er.-Th e whole or th e fertillf.Cr m11y t,e 111,lied i n s pring jnat before the growt h .11t art11. On th e 11 ; holc th i 11 i11oneor l h ebetit Hmeoitonpplyit. I n some CHell It may be advhabl e lo apply on l y half !he materlnl MthRttime,leavlngtheother l 11tlt fora1rliea tlon ijbout the tint or June. So far e g th e nitrogen flll.rt of1he f ertillier ia con c erned, th i~ would h e good practke, but Hlc JlO lll t!ll and phosphoric 11.cld moy well be applied attbebeginningoftheseuon'sgrowth. In applylng the fertilizer to young treei,, it elioul d be put on In adn:ula rb andabout tbetrEe { CIO@erorra r ther away depl!nding on lhe s i i.eof th e tree ), and tp readlng i_l omun d on R 11t rl p four or t\n! feet 11lde. Air. the treee

PAGE 53

intrease in si~, thefertiliier shonhl bellvplied 01er 11 larger urta until, in thea1se of old tree.i, lhe whole sur fate should receive nn upplitution. Pm : s,:,,;c;. For sueb pruning as i s m:, ~ -casary for 1ie<:an trees, u few tools should be proy\ded. These wltl consist of a pair of good pl"l}ning sheal'I!, Gerrnun solid 11tcc l 11runing ijhenrs b<:ing t he b e u,apalro W:1lter's tree prunes for cutting bad,: long branchel!, and a l,'OOd pruning saw. One of the bc s t pruning s aws is wha t is knmm as a C!ima:1e prun i ng s1111 or n Pacifi c 0,ast ea11 i s equall y a s good. ll is not ad v isable to prun e the trees
PAGE 54

,. all the pruning nece ss ar y is 1 0 reino1e dead or injured br-.1.nd1ts and cut back th 08C 1\'hich hav e a teuden cy t o ruu up beyond their ueighbon. For t hi s work, as w ell as i n pffi c nr:ing grafts or hud wood from t h e top o f the tN>e, the tree-pruner comes in to good sc r,..ic e. To p-wo rked f~uently requ ire con~hlerable 11mn ing t o get hem sta rted s o that they will develop in to symmetrical tree!!. '.1. 'bepeca n cropis notaodillkulttob ar v cs t and prepare for marketing 11s a crop of oranges or pea c h~ for in stane<;J, Hild yet ~ o, ue cnr" mu s t he token to put the nu ts onthem11rkcti11inv i t ingshape t,' ield Equipment.-'Ehe equipment necessary for barost ing con&iste of on cxten.si on lnddCl' n stc!>"ladder, a number of bamboo ftshlng-pol es and pi dd ng sncks. The be!
PAGE 55

The men s hould climb the trees and picll the nuts by hand, using the bamboo poles only for those entirely out of ro:neh. E ven this should be don ~ eal'(lfully, so 11.S not to injure the bearing wood. of the t rws. Care In plcking goo d nntshy h a nd,.,IJlamplypay thegrower,beeausethe bealini; and sha king of the trees 'W ill ca use n considerable l)U antity of fruit to be los t, an d a few pounds saved will NJJmy all t he time and trouble Of cours e, iu very high trc,:;,,i t here is frequently nothing to do but shake and t hrush the crop off the trees. The plan of covering the ground beneath tlte trees with n large sheet ll ould wor k well and uMid in redu c in g losses. As soo n as taken from tbetreesthe nu tsshoul dbeap rea dou tuoderashe ickiiv,; t he n u t,i ~honld b e eured. Gniding. 'rbe variety ~honld be mude llie liasis of the grade;thatls,eachvarietyahonldbepiekcd,paeked:111d ma rketed by i1self. Thia, bes id es, give,; an excellent 01~ lM >ttunit y to coIDpure the commerc i al ~ a!ue of di ffere n t kind~. 1Yb ,a n a grower bas a large numbe1 or diffeNJllt ki 11ds ofseed!i11gnuts, andasmull1]ua11tityofeaeb, they rouy be graded hy passing them through screeu11.. Polishing At I.he pr esent time practically ,ill of the common market uuts are ho1h polished and coJo,.etl. Colorini;ijhonldnot hete8 orfedto,nndin t heeuseofgood variet ieso f u11tspol i shingsbo11ld1totbedone lnthe caseofR m nl\orm ixedlot e, h owe1er,polishiugisusef11! in mnkl n g the nuts more uni form. It c:m be accomplished hy putting the nuts, with n litlle dr .v sand, in a barrel fixed so thnt-lt can be rotated like a r c volv iug churn nnd turning over until thcn111sreceivethede;,ircd po\iah. Th e

PAGE 56

" better nuts, howeer, l!.bou!d lie put on the mur l:et juat u they come frvm the tree s. The marketings, dots and ijtrcaksou theontsi,lcnretlieir t rademarkandsbouhl not. be interfered with. Puckl'l:!1111 for the holldny trade sho uld be wrapped in good quality wrapping paJ"!Clr before s hipping .llarkelin_q.-The I JC1ol plan for marketing good peca n nnhl is lo build up o vrivat.t, trade. A s u matter of fact, at thepreseat t im e but very fewoftbelnrge, f n ll meatOO p,octlllllfind their way into the general market. The y are either taken byseedsmen or consumed-by prlmtecustom ers. In buildiogupaprivatetrade,advertieing has its plat -e of conr'!!e. .4.d,erti11emenhJ iniJerted In a maguine or ]ipers, paMicnlarly in thost.i 1,hich 11re puhli~hed in t he tourist11 towns o f the State, may be found l,e l pfnl. Tim object and aim should be to give eaeh prfrate ens tomer a pHkagc, bright, nent, attractive aad eoutalnlng tile best quali!~ ofnu1s. If a certain price per pound is fixed for a given quantity, then this should not be varied under any drcum$tRnt'e$. Each year the same quali ty of nol 6s hould be given toeucheuetomer. Ttwlli not do to

PAGE 57

give luge ones one year and smaller one11 t he next; this tends to creute d!ss.o.tUlfaetlon. ln 11ome of the larger cities thtJro nr(.\ highcla!lll fruit dealeI'I! who h an dle noth ing but fruiis, nms, etc., of the very higheet quality. Under some dreums 1 ances it might be well to enter into 11egotiations11ithsuchftr111s. VARl"1"11 1 ij. Alt h ough the pecan industry is notold,yet a very con s i 1forablenumberof ,arietieshas been brought fol."1\ard. Kot allofth~ areorhaveh ee11meritorious,audinfaet m,rny variet..iesareuowre 11re sentedhy name only Other vnridieij are l'OlllJJara ti vely new, and no nm, can speak nuthoritatively of what they will do over a wide range; of ter ritory. Still other varietles have been p ropugated l>y buda or grafts fora number of years, with t he re11ult tha t they haveb
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sides, yield ai:xty 1ier c~t. or upward of k eruele All these things i n one ,ariety make a difficult c oml:ti1Jalion to secure Undue weight must not, however, be gil'eD to ijiie, for sizo and quality arc usuu!ly nntngonlstlc to each other. In fact, in pecans, as < in other frnits, we must go to the small or medium-sized ones for the best qua l ity. No variety of ~un i s superior to Santo Saba in quality, yet It is n email nut. Other n1rieties which m:1y he re gnrded as stan d ards of q uality ~re S c hley and Curti s The former Is a medium to a large nut and me<:lium p r olific ,ariety, while Curtis is or medium slze, precocious and p rolific. Moneymaker ls reported as doing well lD Louisiana 11nd, being a mcd i um-11ir.ed nut, It la likely to succeed in 1''1orida;bu tth es h cll isruth 0 ertb.lck. Oeorgiahasproved to be a prolific nnd pl"eCocious bearer Near l y all of t he ,arietle11 given in the fo ll o1dng li st have beeD reported upon faorably by different gl"(lwel"I!. In planting peean~, nn gn:,nter mietalrn thaD that of 1 1 \nnting a !m1i:e number of varieties can be made. At moat, the plantings should be co nfined to four or five varietieB. Jf lhe grower des i res to experiment, audit ill a good thing lo do, then a free or two of s number of otbervnrietiesHbouldbeincludedinordertote11ttbe ir mer i ts. Varieties Recommcnded. The followlPg list contain~ the varieties which arc worthy t h e attention of Floridn planters. No t nil of them have been thorough l y tested a~ yet andthercasonforinsertingthemherfli1iourgethat t h i$be done--notiD]argennmbers,notintcn nei-eb1o e k ~, hut in lotsoftwoo r thrcetre C:!!. lnlhemean-tirne,unt i l our know l edge of t he varietie s and their adaptation.is in e l'(lased, !he safest advice that can be !!iven the Fl o ridn pl8nler by the w r iter is to eonilne hirn$elf t o s11ch well k n own va r ieti~ as Curils, F r otl'.Cher, Schie_, Stunrt, Vun Dem8n, a1.nd nelmn~. 'J'hi~ ll~t for plantinJ!: fo tl1e w
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" meat 11. 11d G~'ll'.iil. l'nbet 1111d Uu 1111e ll ore ol8
PAGE 61

SUGAR CANE ANO SYRUP MAKING. By A. 1. i,'p,oiwcr som; IMI'ORTAN f FA(..'TS l) Sug11r-ceuo is aucet1111fnlly grow n through o u t Fl or ida, t hough It on ly m atures perfect l y In Bouthern f<'lorldo. (2) Any good 11.grlc u ltural 8()11 in F l odda that ho aufll dent drain age i111 capable o f 1,roducing proft ta ble cropaofaugar-cane. ( 3 ) Sufficient moi,turel.at tbeco 11 tro lling elemeot ln the t )rod u cUon of augar-ea o e, from Its earllest growth (4) Ammonia ,rn d potash ore e pec ially need ed ii.i any fertili zer 11pplled, w h ilo phOl!phorlcad d l needed iu J rquautlri et1. (3) C u ltha t lo n abo uld be frequent until th e ero11 ii well grown, but ahn 1y 1 w ith eba lloW -"ll"0 rk ing irnpl e, me n t.i. (0) The l onger the ca ne can ,tan d without dfrnger of frot!t, th e hlghe r will be the & ucrose con1ent, and t h e \Jetler thequn ll t y ofay r u p. (7) Sngaren n e will glTe a helter y ield if th e aeed..,,a n e h a~ beeu 11elecled for hea Uhin l'l!l!I and
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SugitN.-ane i 11 a 1n:ipical p\11nL T h e diffeti!Dt nrieti el requlti! mo"' or les.1 rly ev ery c ounty of t he i;tu te produl"ell more o r leu of it. At the pte8e n t time t he \a~tncrengcl1o n t h erollin~ h igh 1 1ineland ofWe,.1 Fl n ri,ln Th eg ren1e11 tonnag e of can e, [)e.<'11 e rei1u1nn!Jy pni d uttd o n l ow r i eh b ammoch w l n!re t he d r ain age i s good. ff o1,ever, ii I" 11 tlll n n ope n queet!on 11 hnt clalM! of so il !n Flor lda is best for produ c ing kyrup. 1'h ebe tter g rude 1 of high pi n e hind In Wes t Florida t\re producing f rom flft l'l! n to tw e nty.fiv e 1on1of11ngar-cn n e p c ra c re ,11 nd n1upcrio r gr:1< l e of sy rup. W e may co n cln de th11 t 1my good ugri c ult ur-al eo ll In Floridn t hn1 b na ~nffi cic n l dra inag e i" ciip,ab l e ofp rod ndngp rofltnblecro[W! O ftn pr une i f lhe crop t s grown b y me1hod 11uitnblet o th e so il. Th e ro111n g Pine J nuds nre well 11 dnpted with onl further d rnl n sge. Jl'lat l\'O(M fa 110 111 trequ e nll y re()Uiredrninagt'! to carry off

PAGE 63

63 the surp l us water that !1usuaHy prescntduringt h erainy ~ason. The flat hammoc k land s an d reclaimed marl!b l11neenjn cultivation for a ,mm b er of yeal'I! will l,e t,cue6tcd l>.r sub!!Qiling until a ,J c pih of s ix teen or twenty im :hes ia sec ufe,;l '!'h is mnybedooe with a ll or d i nRQ' subsoil pl o)', ,or by a scoote r following in l ii cturrow IM.> himl a t urning plqwin brealdng. This gives Additional d e pth to the seed bed, and prov e!! AdvRntugeous to tl,e c rop, in tbatitglve!J a Jn,r,e stor,lgearcn f or the rm)isln~e 6npply nciided

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JIO'I'.ITIOS. 1n rotntioo, 1111g1ucllDe may folio" 11.lmoat uuy of the ordh1aryfor n, erotJ11,l,utpreferablyaweetpot11 t ~,velve1 beftna, o r otber lei;umloou s ero 1 111; t h e hlll!. r beiog e,ipecially de1;l rob l e beeam1e of th e l ibe r al amou n ts of hum ua they add to th e 110i!. U e,:uuse of it gron fee ding h:uthmcies and t h e large umOL1n1, of ferlili!ing eleme nt s It conaumes In the waking of a : "eoty tonerop, ii is u ot Ud\iatlble 11.Ja t a ni;u~:uie shall followit11elfon tlieaamelan d uulCB:11 h crelt lade sirnble to grow It from the "11 tul,ble" or "rotoons," a od tl.teu 001 formor,1111111 thl"Cf!yenn in a uceeola!l on. \\'l!h the :i:eept ion of the rich hum1u~k li111d11, augur cane will rtquire llbernl appllcatiu11, o f fcrtil ber. Am moniu nud pot ash nree11pcelally n ~ed in u n y rentllzer 11 1 iplied, while Jlho ~p hork 11dd i t needed in letMtr quau tHie11,. Tberlehertbe110II inbum uaa n d decayingorg:rnic 111:itter 1h1:1 less wlll be the need or heavy a p plic,uio n ij of ;1111111Qu ln Tl ,ia i~ evide uced b,r the niry heavy Cl'QJ)II l,'.NIW h1 t h e l11 u nm ock Jnnde of Bou t.h em l' 'lol'lcln hefor,; the 1rnr, v,he11 oommercia.l ferliliU! l'll were uenrl y nn kno 11' 11 here. On h igh 1 1lne lnnd R ferliliur 11n1ilyzing 5 per cen t, of ammo o iu, 4 per ~nt. phoapl1oric: a.dd, 1rnd Speree11t.o fpot nsb,11 h o uldbe111)pllednttb eruteorGO0 to 1 ,000 1 .o unds per ncr~, ten d 11ya before pluntl ng. The a.mmoniR ij lrnuld come from an organic: wnrce beeuul'e of tJ,e long 8elll!OD required by the c rop f or gro,l'ing. If the cro 1 1 1t p( JeRl'll oneTen 11.nd yello11, a nd aho..,, nn nu tbrlf1yappearance,ltwlllbeadvlaabletoglv ea~ oncl 1tpp lkatlo n o f 1tmm on ln not lat er than Auguet 1 Thlll ammonia s hould he applied in i h e f orm of ni l"!,le of aoda nt t hernleof200pound!lperacre,n ndbro ad-caated. 11 mnlfer HIiie i n wh!lt form the pola a h or phOl!phoric acid

PAGE 65

115 it a1111lled, becaw,e ol the gl"OU reeding tendt'llciell 01 the ,ugar-eane plant. It ll!, howel'l!r, conceded by ,ome gn.>W era thnt a bclter grade of 11yrup w i ll lie produced by Wling ,ulpbntoofpotaeh, lnateodofmurl ateof pot11.11ho r kahilt. Thia, however, It still an open que11tlon. PL.I.NTING, When ready to plant tbe crop, lay otr the furrow, al:s: inche11 decJ1 and lli:s: feet apart. In tlle&e furrowa plant the cnueii, a rt er cut1ing them in l e ngt!J 1 or three or tour join1 1 ench, lapping them in the forro., a few inches. Coverthecanesw ilh oboutth~inchet1of11oil. lft h ey nre OOl"C?ed too deeply in mid winter 1he eyt'll will be 11101'>' ln ijprouting, and likely to make n le.ii rlgorou.11 gro11b than lftheyapronlt>d readily. A!terth ecnnel.11 11,ell up, th o furro,,,. may be ll.lled In to r he level. Tllla place11 the roo r ~ wcll t.e l ol\ the surface, gi\ing 1 better root ~yucm, 1md hclJI\! to l""''ent the cane>1 r~nu lllowing over whell the c rop i 8 nbo11t nmtllre ,md to11 h~vy, can~ tbo l are planted l'Crysbnllowwill often biol\ over nnd tangledur. h1g th e heuv 11inds stornll! of Oc1ollf!r. A tangled cane Jlll.ll'hrer 1 nireemorelallorforcuttini;n11dhnr,l'!lti11gthan enc whic h Nlllndiierect l '1 t i.T!l"AT I OS. Th e cultivntion o r ~ ugar-cmu:ib 1a lmllnr 10 that nftnr n. 1'h [11 c 11Hh-11tlon ~bould begin II.OOH 11.rter the Cfllll'l'I ll]'e J)lnnted, mainly to prevent the loq from evuporntion thtlt will ocem duri ng the 5pr i ng mo n 1bs unle gs the ~urface Mil Is kept stlrrod. T he first two or three c ultivnli ous mn.1bedone v;lth the 1;eederorharro-v.. which ma;r be run In 011.v direction er the rows. After the c:,nes nre loohli;:hforthe11ee1.fortopaS11oer,thenneort-A-ohonie c ulthnt or, runn ln .ii: g ballow, !11 a good lm))lement to ul!e. Culth-allon 11.hoold be frequent until lh e crop 111 11ell

PAGE 66

.. gro1m; bot 11!,vay11 with sh a llow -wo rking lmt)lementg. H the gro1rnd 111 allowed to be<:ome dry from lack of culliva tion at any ,tngo lo the growth, the cane ,utrer11. A maidmom crop cannot be made uoleflll tbo plant s have an abundant supply of mol11tnre. In nll probabUltJ the rain fall will be11ufficleut beteen June land 81:ptember 1, bul dur i ng t hl& period the weed and graa HI get a good ,tart and fill the land uDICIIII the cultivation Is !niquent. The most likely period for the cane to be injured from lack of mobtu re i1 between planting ttmc and June HS. It i11adviS11bletokeeptbecultlvatlonupJuatulong 1111 lti11 JJOS2iblet ogothroug htheeanepatch. 8 .A.R\'E81'1NG. The li r11toperntlo n lnh11M'et1t l~ UltripJ)ingthecane11. Thi s should be don e a bo ut the Jut week In October in West Florida, and two weeks In ter In Cent111 l .l:'lorlda. Jly ~mov in g the de/Id leovcs t he sunlight l a admitted to the grou u rl, wh i c h i& thought to ha s ten t h e ripening of th e ca m ll!. Aa ther e ll! n large amount of work in volved lnbandlingon e11creofa ugaN."ane ,lt i1furthere.dvisabl e to hue 11ti a ill rlpplng don e ea r ly, go t h u there will be no de la y v,hen the grin ding i,eason beg i n11. The longer thecanecan11tnndv.ithoutdangeroffto11t,thehigher will be the 1u cr011e content, and the better the quality of a, nnp, 8.1! immature ca ne ma ke11 in ferlor ay rnp. C utting Nhould commence about November rn 111 We at Florida and in Central Florida abollt ten d ay1 lat er. The toptl ~re remO"fed be f ore the cane i! cuf. It I recommended rolea-reaboutonelmmatorejoiu tt oe"feryelghtmatnre join t11, becarurc of the glnCOl!e contained In the Immature 1111.l k, which helpe to prevent cryatalllutioa In the eva})" oration of the j uice. After the cane 1, topped, It a hould then be cut aB low u pollBible and put I nto ron, oi011 the wagon forl1nnllns to the ca n e mm. In theeffntof nppl"Oachlng f~lng ,..eatlu:'I' it 111 well to cut al l the

PAGE 67

67 CUlll'!! and cove r tberu up with the toJ)I to prevent them from f~ing. A white frost doe& Uot injure eugarcane, \Jut chccka it growth nnd has t ens mnl:urity. A fro~ is nt 1o killth e b ud1ore1es,a nd1oinj11rethemforaeed; !mt i t d-0.1.i,;L Sugar -ca ne wlll g iv e a better yie ld If the seed-('one h11 B be,;in sc:leetcd for hcnl thi 11ess nnd maturity. While ilti B in one of th e most general cro1111 in the Stntc and h a a been grown f or mony y enl'II, yet OOUJ()&Nllively little nt ten t ion h ubec n gl~nt ocor-cful"l ectlono f &eed~anc. The lo ~ from i nf erior l!eCd-c-an e comes I n llel'Cn. l w ays Tr im m a t ure a nd poorlyde1"elopcdcao e11a re 1 1lanted, th e st/\ nd of ca n eiJ i a alm011 t a un.i to be uneven. Th e poorer cn n es dll ha'f C m a n y im mature eyee tbnt will not genni nntc at nil, a nd many more that wlll ge r minate slowly, wt hatin tbcne1"tycnr'11c r o 1 1thcrew\11 b e several blank S J"lces and ma ny abort -j oin t ed ~mall eanee. There i s the po1111ibility of putting diseased aeed-cnne11 ln t he bed; per ha p11ean11i n gthee11t irebedtorot ,o r11.tleu tl njuring the growing powel'9 of e vea tho bee t cane.. The &election of proper toed-ca n e Is of tl 1 e i;real ei t importance In th e growing o f auga rea n e. Seed-can ee 11h nuld h ave well mntnrcd bud s and joints of medium l engt h. H the join t~ are short tbe c nnelB apt to bcleu v igoro u s In growth. I t will rei:1 u ire npwnrd of 1 800 w h o l e cnnCI! t o pla n t nu acre. I n fllllngthebedk It won l (I bea w i se pre e autlou to allow at lea 11t 2,600 cn:1e11 for each 11 ere to be plantcc l 110 th a t in ease o f a 1 0~11 th e re will be a 111 1ffleient number le ft f o r planting. No c anes ~ h ou ld be bedcled f ro m an y field where red rot l 1111 uspected or known lo be present Thi s d ise as el11dCl!trlbed on n later pagt. TO 8111D OJ.NII. 1t h u b eena l rea d y11 t a ted thatcanebnd11arel nju red

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68 [)y ll freeze. I t J I important that t\J eseedClllll.!OI ij h011]d 00 c ut a ud bedded before a frecie i s l ikely Thia date "'0 11l d be In aest 1''1orida abo1 n Novembe r 20 irnd 111 mi d dle Florid a 11.bo ut t en da ya lte r lt i s t o lie re membered, ho wever, that th e ~en ne 1.8 mor e JU :.ely to grow ,n i ll if It 1 11 welt matu red nu ll If the bud s nro large and well Ue, l oped. So thnt It l a ad1ia11ble to allow the c 11ue,,lo11tnndu \o ug11atheyn re1 nrefromf l'Ollt f ;.I YI NO [)ow 1, TIii l h:DI. The bottom of th e bed fo r tbC 1 eed~11 n es h o11 ld Lo e ubou t l!i,; ht in che a be l o w the 1urface of the grou nd Th e bed ~hould be slx f eet 1''1de. '!'he 11eed-C Hlll'O! 11hould he pln<.'ffl ln thl1 bed in e1en l11yel'8 nlio ur f o ur ea ne,i deep o n thl' 1 ld l'tl an d II li tt l e d eeper i n th eecn ter so aa to f:'IYe,. roundl'd 1 op1011hed t he 1n 1ter Seed~llnl'!! ahou ld n ot be 1opped E ach la ye r i uthebed $1!ho u ld benbout ten i nctu .'8 forwardofth epre viou11oue, sot. hnt th oitoj)s"ill l"Overthe joi nt11 of t h e l ow e r loyel"ll. Th e beds s hould h e urnd e us "uni form 11 11d e-en 11s possi b l e, IIO t hat n o e an eii w l1\ be h flunroverednndnodep n!ll.l! i on11oecu rin t h e hed10 ro ll ec:t wn l l' t dur ing m i11 11 I t 1 11 well i n all c u t h ul the buth, ot th lJ c 11m !l1 $ honld touch the groun(l n nd O, e l"nneKl:H;l rnoi att1he nlniddo1rn. 'l 'hi11v.illhel 11t o11rov ent t hobuill!fromdr yl ogout,n11dal ao 11rev entdryrot. Im mediately ntterahen,Jroi n i 1111 good time to b ed IM. 'ed c 11111 e." W hcn th c bedi.sftlled ,i t aho uldberoverOO""lt h a bo u t tv. o in che.of11<1 il 11s aprocection agnin &t f rott. A 11 trip about hlo l n ch e11 ~id e mo y he le f t open a l o ng the rldget beentl ro l e ngth ot thebelltogiveventll atlon, nncl one or two furrow s thrown up with n plow on en d, 8 lde to dr:1in the woter nway. Shoul(l w itter ~t1 nl( l in tlu ~ bed d11 r ingthew l nter,eveuf orai,hor t tlme the eanCJ1v.o uld 1 1 rob11bl y fermen t nod t h e bud 11 h e d e11tro yed If th e bed 1~ l oca ted o n II a lope," t here i 11 llttlednng<-r o f wnle r 11 t o nd i111! in it. It might be :.i;::o l n em p hn11lud tho t n !Htk of

PAGE 69

" moisture iu the st.'ing out or tile buds, causing tliem to germinate s low ly if at u!I; while sllrnd ing w ater in tbe Jreed-bed will 1.'Uded!o,secd,itisbesttodigit up by the roots, and bed it with the root attached 1t would not be wise, howe cr, to bed stubble cruie in t hi s wa.y in the same bed 111 1th sce1:J..canes; although about t he 11ame protection against freezing, and tlrn sa me jll'ti cau tiousus toexccuorlac k ofmoisturearcret:ommended. Whileiti.sgencrallyronsidcret1 lhutabctteryieldof t011cwill besecurod it t hecun 1lly, it is uernM heless 11. commo n pr a ctice to use stnhble or 1ut oo 11 s for seed cone. Unless these ratoons have more cn -o than Is frequently gil'cn them, an uneveu atnnd will reaultin thefollowingyeni-. '!' his i s duetomanycnu-, m o 11totwhich can bf:lav(l\,Je
PAGE 70

&elec t the llg~t-(!O]Orod eane11 beuullt! theise produce a lighter to l ored 11yrup. It is fortunate that the Jlgh t -(!Olor ed ca 11 e11 wmally produee l!l ,.,ell n@ the red or purple In Loul.s i nna the bes t res u lts hare bee11 obt11i11ed frorn D.74,whlcbbullg h t-colo r edcnne. Jtp roducc11al ::i rger to11n111,,'0 or c11nc t h nn othe r ntrlctlea lu Loui,lnnn. I t is eni il lorel!let h env y winds, and to be nltogether de.slrnblc It is recommended by the l,oul eian11 Ei:eri,neut Statio11 111 l )l'C f crence to the p urple or r ibbo n cane. A few fa rm en In Florldu hn1'e, alw, reported D. 74 to be one of th.i bel t caDl"C for Jo'lorld a. I n Bulletin 1 29 of the Louisiana Experiment Station, the author 1penkll of ii RI! followH In n~ rl J all aec:tion1 of Lo \l.Uln nn H hu g h eu heavi er yield@ tha n the purple or ribbon eanea. It 1 1 re ported 1 0 be in tonnage 20 per nt. ~uperlor to eithe r green or ribbon canes. In addition It iB reported to eo nt nl n a lnrger percentage of ijUgar in it~ Juic e ." The richer iu s u gnr n eune, tho l urgcr t h e amount of IJ' r up th11t can be r nade from it. With the ord i nary proeeu of mnn11faet11re, thl & high p ereenh 1ge of sugar 'l'.'UI CRU&(l cry1talll~ntle o in t he 1y r11 1 1, but with the better me t hod s. cryataltl1a tion can be nvoided In otherwayti. J 11pa n e11Ce11neuui ntrodu cedin l 0Flori du11boutl 889 fro m rA1ul1lnn11. It make an CJCce l l e11t grade or 11n1p, h n 1 l it not geuerally recomrnen(l e d for 8yrup-rnakiug. It iernuchhardertogr l ndtha n o t her cnne!r, 11nd thej ni~ I s mor e d!fflcnlt to extrac t It. uennlly ha ~ n l ower y i eld o f NJ r n J ). There are, however, exceptional cnse, when Jap a. n e11&1 ea no ha 11 yielded as h i gh 118 nv e hundred gullon, of,yl"'l! p per acre. Thenverngeyield of ull cnn~ in the Sta1el11le.uthe.n threehundred gallon,an acre. Where tbi exception nlly blgh yieid waa obtained, it ..,.Ill! undei very fa1'01'11ble coodltions, and in theeeea.lK'II other caneti

PAGE 71

71 wou ((I pro b a b ly ha v e gh'e o 11 ti ll greate r yicllanting. Some i; rower11 clai m i i wlll not 1 u l re repln nt ing tor a n a lmost i nd efin it e u u m berotyear1:1, b ut ex p e rirne ut a do DOt a lt oget h er b e a r t hl a out T h e l eat pl ots on th c E xpe r i m e n t Station f n1 111 a h ow II m u c h greo l ,:r yield on t he n ew l y p lanted p lot than on s tub bl e origi nnlly ph 111 ted 11bo u t aix yeuni ago Jnpa u ese co ue i w 11 0 1 ~encra ll y recomrneo d etl for 11y nip.mnklng, but hM pr oved an excellent \\"inter ror.,g e c rop for l e atock Ile. ea u ac o r the extra h ,bo r i nv o lved i n 11trlpplng t he l eaveg andbttnusethehar d neB11,ofthee n u e~nires l 1earier mll1 1toge1u blg h 11pereentag eo fthejui ce, th i11ea n eis le u desfrnhle than the other.a u g111eane11 fo r 11yru 1 .. mu k l u g U.1:-1:GIIINDltll 8110 eloscthnt t he p ulp o r ba galll!e w he n p 11B11e< l th r ough the m ill 1',"ill b ebrokeni n to8 h o r t p i e cet1a p pareu t! y free from j u i ce an d s o dry t h /It t h eJw tll b u rn re nd il y. A well dt,;,ign ed s teo m power mlll, T>"hc n p ro perl y set, 1t1 11l extr a ct 7 5 per cent. o f the weight o f t h ecunc in j n lcc, lenvingonly 1 0 Jlef'Cent i n the b a glllllle T he most powerfu l alenm mill ~ extract 11n 111oount o r juice eq u a l to nbo u t 80 per eeut o r t h e

PAGE 72

72 weight of the e11ne, or n e11rly all the 11 u e roiie in the cane. ,\ lar ge 1ic~eutuge o r I he s u Hoae i11 11aMcd oo f,u m .11 w h ere lig ht m il h1nree m 11loy ed. \\'hen isugaN:uue hn~ IJeen p ro p e1Jy grown on II good 1 1 u11Jity o( wil, n y i ':ltl o r tweuty to n s 1ier acre may be ex 1 -ted. ,hhiglin,ttb ir tyo rthlr tyfl. 1eton ,s ha1el>een 1 woduced und e r ei:ec p tlonally good cou,Jitlon.l!. The aver age yield for the St nt e i perhaJ)I! fifteen ton,. One ton of 11el1 1 natured 9.UgllN!UILC will produ ct :100 11 1 twenty g111lo n a or ~yrup nt u denMity or 3.'I degr ~>eB Iln u, ue. 'l 'lie e:<:oct fl g u rtJsc1u 1u ol l mgive u ,A in cen11ii.ly!;\lllo fl?J or l da c anes vnry from 9 to 18 l o 1-erceut ngc or cunc-~ugu r in the juke t:!eve rnl finrui m nn u facture Calle mill i!of s111 11d ard de 8ig u s, and it "ould be well for tll oi;e wh o ~-,: mtlclll.plue buyiw,; new ayrupmnld u g e< 1 ui 1 1111eu1 lo iuveatigate the 1011naw:; CS.JM1clty Joet da y m,d horte-JIOWcr reqnired to uperute the mnchlnery, beoriug in mi n d thut t bc ~hief va lu e of n mill lleti In itll powe r to exlr lu; t l h u h i gh eH t pe11:entngeofjnkefrom t h e en 11 eic. J':VAl'OilATIO:< Of' J UI(;!:. ,\ IJ the j uice eomee fro m the mill, i t con tal n11 la~ ,111unti t iesof e<1llr&e materinls that Ahould be n-100\'ed be fore i t gOE" s Into the e'l'nporu t i ng pan a. Thorough ij{rai n i u gnlt h ieJ)llrt:lcul11ratago i s n e'l<311 r ylnthe m a 11 nfac t n reof h l gh -gru d eeyr u 1 1 As the j uice le1rve11 the mill, it altould p al!ll through II close l\' i re~rooo to l'CIJlot"ethe eo11rsepar ti e!ei,uml l careii. He!owth\ ,,. ou l dbeaconl'f!e doth etr11iner 10 catch tlne r plecea, and then t h e j n ice should J)ll!!II through coarse mnslln. Juat before going ln t ot h erecelringtanklt pusl!el!tbroughaoodeu bla n ket ,1"1,icbcatchCl'lm0&toftheflnest11e1.liment. T h et1ellltel'II ~hould be at retcbed o n hoop11,aud a number of t h em kept ouha n daoiheycnn b cfr eq ue utl yc h nngcd11ndclca n ed, ot h ery, se t h e,v wll\ l ,e,;,ornc clogg ed nnd J l revent the jni ce

PAGE 73

73 from I Ml!ll:ing through. Thorough ,trai ni ng \Jefore th e J u ices entcn!I the e.-nporating pa1111 will not only reduce the amount of skimming, b n t 11)90 Improve the quality or lhe ayrup 'Nie receiving t ank f or the &train ed juice 11hould be large enough for II tull run in t he evaporat log pan 11 llO there may he no delay when evnporntlon begins. 1 '1li11 l't"!Cdving l itnk alao neh 111 n flettllng tank between the p rooos11 of atra ining and that of entpora tioo. For plan ts suited toho.ndlefromflve lo forty aeresofea ne the ev aporating pan wHh 11lea1u coils la recommended. The helter Jmn entporatoni are equipped with flt ea.m coil.ii forenporotion wh il etbe11 111 a ll e r outll. t 1aroofthel'llr IU\ ce t ype ,dth the pans Immediately o.-er the firebox. Th er. team coll11.nreto be pffierred bec:auseof t h ec;ontrol in boiling the juice. The11e pan 11re rnannfo.ctured for their a 1 NX i nl pur1IO!le and cun be pun:bMed complete from thcman'ufncturcr. When tbe Julee enter s the flrst cvaporo.ting po.11, it 11ho11 ld l,oll up quickly. Thi a throws up II hHge amount o f M:idime nt and 11e um, 1\'hich m11~t r emoved wjtL a skim mer. If !h i ~ boiling i 11 Mlnw, n large nn1onnt of the sedi ment w \Jl ri 11Clo th cs ur faceand cannot beaklmmed oil'; but wllJ J>MIS over in to the lll!CODd pan, fro m which it ia morediMcult to remo,eil becam!eof th egn:a ter density of lhejuleeln t h e second pan. In the 6rat JlllD the juice i 8 cl"aporatedtoadensityofnbonl:.!5d~Baume In the r.econ d pa n the e,aporat ion oontin u e11 until th e deutty of Uie Hyru,, i M 33 or 84 degl'CEII Bau.me. Wl!h lnrgerphrntHthejuiceremnlnsln the receiving tank for s i:11: houl'Sormore, so that the1Je
PAGE 74

" concenU'ate
PAGE 75

k~ 1 1alo11gerperlodifthecontalnel'llbnebecu properly lltc rili zetl b y thoro ugh boiling before lh c e yrop i e p laced In them. Under this rondit i on, syr up wit! kee p for an almoat indennite (Mlriod if (he cnn.11 are tilled while the .11yru11 l s .liitlll hoi, and al"
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Jnto the red. The11e while spot~ are espeeially charac teris tic of Red Rot. As t he dl!leuire advanceij the t"tlntral po1-tlon of the s tem gi1es way, formiug a long straight cavity, in whiclt is a whitish mold made np of fnngns threads. The nodes and !Ju ds become ftl"l5t brown and flnally black. '.Mie hllrd outside of the stalk. remai ns nJ) parently nuclumgcd. When the disease ha s not prog~s e d so far as thi s, tlrneanes may appear at fll'llt glance to be healthy; bnt when thCy a~ Bplit length-wise th e wft ti ss ue in tl ,e internodes will show the beginnings of the disea$e as 111n a ll reddish palelies. Recauil\l i l i s ll{l e,u,ily overlookP.c l tliegrowershould keea watch foriL There are other di.sea.sea that may ca11se r,;:ddeuing of the soft tissu e, but if there are also white pat ches within the l">..'d areas, the disease may be pronounced Red Rot Although Rod Rot is mmally not noticed until the cane is cut for planti ng I t m ay be present during the summer. Ill some case~ the fungu s cauaing R e d Rot. may seMously che<:k the growth of the plant during t .he summer, and redden the leaves and the soft tissue inside the canes, The1"nguijattackstheplantmostensilythrougb.wounds orholesmadebyborer 11. Tt ap 1 1ea~ togettothegrow ingp!ant, however,mostly by means oftheplantecl cuf tlngg,and doe11 not sprendmueh throughtbca1r U su al l y the injury is only slight dnring the growing season At the bedding SM,.on, howe,e r, the fungus is pl't'seut ready to cause 11eriou~ damage to the dormant canes. H ill ot this time that the fungus grov,'S, advonce11 into t he interior of the canes, and ki1111 the buds. In the beds decay ap pea rs to start mostly at the endl! o f the canes, altho11J::hitmay11l11ostart11lotherplaee11alongthccanes. :', I F:A!
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seetlo11a "" h ere the dise1111e h at berome prevalent, to grin d all th e ('llf1e, anrl get seed~a ne tor 11 lnntln,r from ~o m e othe rl ocn llt y. Z. ,\Ji nn extrn PM! n mtfre th e ..e l ~ l e d CllDCS m:1.r he lli ppe,.l lu l klrden1 1 :tmil:turej11ntbefor e the y11r-e 1 1!n11ted. T h i s will k ill nny fungu& t hnt in ay h n1e goffe n onto the cut end, or 6 11rfn ce1t. A lnr.:e woo d c 11 u -o u g h ;,,. t 'O H cnicnt ror b ohling t he Bordea u x ml .r. !IIM! wlllle d i ppin g. Th e formula, 5 po unds o f co p per ijnl 1 lhnte, r; poundri of lime, and 50 gallons of Yl'ntcr, mny he m;ed. The <'Ol!t i11 b11 t aligb 1 3. Whene,er J)OSll ib le plant t h e canes In th e fa.II in tcad o r bed d ing t hem. P l anting t h e ennc i n 1 b e fall -i ll gi v e onti n n oppo r t nnil y lo di ~co.-er the dillease, If pre11en t and Yl"ill do awny ""Ith danger from t.-onhuninntion in Ole beTdh we,ikcning il 1!<1 Hu:a ihe wi nd mn.v h l rn,, it 01er, ~ncln,: thJ?sugnrconlen t n od mnklng e11.1,1 y t h e

PAGE 78

18 e ntrance o ffungu s dl 11en~. Beretheygo lnto t hepnpa ~'tage, to hatch out u sm 11\l mo th ln a week or &0, un]es ij de.iny ed by co l d we a ther lo w h i c h e enl the pupae spen!l t hewinter l nth ecnoe. Co nt ro l iadlffl.coltonce the bore r l,c,coml!l!lei!l tahli llhed i 11 a field b e n ce,ve u rge Florida gro'fler11tobev ery care fu( abo u t Intro ducin g 1h ls peat in to a eummunity nO'fl' free from it, n,i ~ nch a commnu\ ty baa a gruil 111 11a nl age ( ner t h e inf efl l e l one ht t.be matter of ca n e-growi n g. A little carel(!l;F,OCl!a In this r.!spe ct now may c11u se, ln n 011u n 11nity ,n loeaofthousa ndi!ofd o 11 Al'llin n f e w ycnno. nil!S'cminnti on is o lrn O!! I entire l J l h roug h Infested seed c 1mc, 0 1 1he f emale lli eii oTily a f ew ~re feet. Pl ante..,. ~ h ou ld c11re r u111 l n ~ pee l a ll seed-ca oe nod any ca n e!! U hih i t in g holf'fl ~ hould be promptly bu rn ed. Re,m:dy.-On ce iutrodn~ th e bellt the gl"Ol\'er ca n do is t-0 1'(l(in~ the number s of h yhernating larv a e by burn ing th e tope 011d rub b ish ae eoon u anfflcicntly d ried, cuttin g the cn n es low a nd d el! tro y in g ah oota that sta rt from the l'-O()IR where cane i~ c o t ea rl y. Plant In the full from gonndcn u eiio n ly Ro tationo r eropemus t be p rac r i cedin[nfe.tedOc l d Sugar--conelone ofthe f a\o rlt e f oodpln11teo fth ia cate rpill ar ( nl flO koowu ae the Southern gra e s w orm), which in aom e yettl'!I ~ urs io d ei; tru c !iv e numbers. On ca ne it r,nn readil y be co n trolled b y the a r sen i c om pounds. Use a sp ra y of three poonde of lead anren a te 1111-ateoronepoondo f t-i n cari,enltepowdertoftftygallons o f 11'a h r o r dnat the plants wit h the h itter 11!1.ing ai r. s l a ked limeasafll l e r. There are In t h e \Vest Jndlel!, men y a erlo u a e nemle11 of

PAGE 79

cune t hat ha.e not yet beeo Introd u ced in t o the United Statea, or which Rre rare here. Among them are the t11rger c:a.ne-borer, the .. -eevll borer, h-og hoppe 111, root borers, pin k mealy bug:a, a.1ul mites For this r-ea31m iu troductlo11 of West l udlan cane for 1eed Bhould be doue, if a t all, with the greatest e a re poas i bl e and the roo,et rigid iuepediou. Th e Unreau of Entomology of tbt!I United Stall.'I! Departmenl of Agriculture, ..:ecommend.8 thatsucb introduc ed e11nesbegr-owndoriogtlie lll'lltyear at least under the eo nstaol euperv i elo n of an entomol oj?ist.

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PART II. CROP AND LIV E STOCK CONDITIONS

PAGE 83

DIV IS ION Of THI S TAH BV C OUNTII S. Followfog are the d i'flll ioD.11 of t h e State, and th e t uuo ties contaioed io each: Nortbcro Di 'fi.alou. Pran k lin, Gndade n Efo mllto u Jefferson, I llfayette, Loo,, Li berty, :Ua diso n, Suv.-annee, T-.i y lor, Walmlla-II. \\'egtc rn Dhialon. Bay Cn lhooo, EsCflmbla Bolme11, Jackw n S:inla ll Olln, "Walton, Wn a hlngt o n -8. Nor 1 1ea1teru Dlrl a lon. Al achua B ake r B r adfo rd ClllJ', Columhi o D u vul N1111113.u, Putnam, St. ,JohnB-9 Central D higiou Cit.rua, H e rnnndo Lake, Levy, :\ l nrton, O r ange, P nKO, Seminole, Sum~r, Volo1la-l0 Southern Dlti~lon. ere .,n rd O ade, DeSoto, Blll a borou g h, Loo :\la natee, Monroe, 0 !!('en l a, Pal m Beach, PID ell na P olk, St. l,nde1 2

PAGE 85

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CON DJ: .:NSlm NO T I SS O F COlmESPONDENTS. H v D1V!SJONI!. No11r111:ns D1n ~10J<". 'l'be rcpo rl~ fr o m o ur corregpo n dent11 throughout t hiR divi ~ l on eb.ow n co udltion us re i;:11r tl s cotton u ntl coru, e11peeia ll y, to be very dl3(()uragiog. T h e stu nt.l s of cotto n h n n : l lef! n poor and n grcut dea l of it h:t11 !,a d to be re11h m te d 11everal timff. A great deal o f h11rm ta l!l() wa s done to th e cotton during th e Her era\ p erio, l s when th e temp era ture 11,aij low ttnd the 8eaoo n wn ~ w et, whi ch al s o h n d n 1ers diS3str011~ : IT1;1,:l nu youni; plnnt~, suc h cohl ~1wlui;: we11t1,er !Jein,:: nlm o&t unpreee denied In thl s <."-011011~ I n foct, suc h clim n ti c t'-Ondit lons h11n ~ eldom l>e(" u know n n t this ~eti8 ou o r t h e year. The ~ nm e rondition~ a fl' ec l ed the grovdng of other c ro111! un ru1omb ly bn t 11 ot l o the 1111 me ext1u11lnint11 o r ho,_,: c holera have bee n m.1 de f rom ll\"O n r t h te.! l ucn lit le>1. in o, ;,. tlie l rlet W 1::1m:1ti.D1 1ra10.-:.-C:.:, nditl nn1< i n thi11 ( l i~ i 11ion are aho11rtheMmea .11\ nthepre1 l ou.11one,ns 1h cf!Jlmecl! matic cou ilitiouspre1 11ill i d o1 c rthi .11 tcrri10ry11 ,overl hetlN!!. 1'be crops ntl'eded u lhe fiN!I cu~ were s lmllnrly affecte d I n thl~ tnse nud abo u t l o n 11lmlla r extent S u c1 1 crope 1111

PAGE 86

.. tl e ldpea11,p ea uu t11,ve lv etbean11,e tc. 111 '(li110 11J y nfair corulit io11,11nd11 ge oeral 11hor t11gei 1111tpre1eotnppare ul. f.,i\'e 11 t ock i11 in fo..ir oondltion b y re ason of good 1111~tures which .,, ere not ntrcded 110 much by th e din111tic ch8.11 gel! inthe.llr11tofth ete asoo. Thei:ehH~nliitle c h olera a mon g the h ogi; so far re po r ted. Warm weatl 1 cr follow i n g the cold o f the ft.rat po r tion of tlm .l!l!l\l'(lll h u perhaps ha d a good efl'eet ge n erally, but ih1 e ff ect .,,.Ill not be n oticea ble g eneri 1ll y u nless fn.-orable con d itto1111 co ntinu e. Thi a eiipe cinlly refel"I! to t h e con di tion o f cotto n and corn but n m1ml rerofother crof)llin thi s and o th crd i .l!lrict11 are very sh or t In f11~ t, some of t h e m nre, prn ct l ca tl _y, fn il nl"U No11r11llAirru:-, Dm 110N.1'h e co u nties or thia d~trict being further en111 di d not su lfe r quite a11 m u c h from cli m 11ticco ndit io u 11a.l! thct.,,o p n,vlously menti o n ed o n e., lhercl ore, t h e e r of)fl geem t o be in a~mew h nt be tt e r co odi 1 l o n except a11 to cotlo u 11nd corn. Th e e crope ore in gm 1er a l poor rond ltlou In nll of thc ~ otton 11. nd co rn i;ro w Ing co11nt.le11. ').'here nre few localiti e11 11here co rn and ootto n are e! th crin 11 normal condition or a norm a l ~ tn.nd and, judg ing from the reports as sh o ovn from our cor re s pondc n t@, th e corn nii d cottone ro Jlll will be thca h orte11t ma de in lhi s Shtle f or a number ot yeul'I!. Cotto n iii beUer than coru. Co ro I n thi s di st r ict is n o t in 111 goo d eo ndlti onna in the pr~wlo n a d ietr i cta, hut the area planted tn 1 1ro 110rti o n l M grcnil:r a nd it i s pro ba bl e tl lllt what i s oat io yield will be, to irome exte n t, m o d e 11p b .r the additionnl acreage : Cane a nd other eroJ)ll, !! u~h u~ pota t oes, fiel d J)Cllll, pennut ~, and velvet bea 11 ,, @ how tolerably ,,ella nd at th i111en110noft beyC11 ri t la 1 10SS lbJ et h nt no. thlngf11rtherwill h111Jr1eu 1o p re~n 1 aflliryle ldorm oe t o f the m. T h ccondltionor 1h epo5tu~ la~ood 11n. iour c o rref! JIOnde nb report live 8 f
PAGE 87

a ; tholeru Rmong he hog & as co mpared ,<'it h la11 t year, 11 11 only two or three loc11l i lil'II have wade any eerion a ~-om plalota Tt is fair unde r the11e eout!ltiona to MSume th>tt thedl seueiaunderbette r co ntro l thronghthe age nd ea in d1argeo f 11ueh mane ni. C.1:1''TIIAL D11 a10N.-The con ditlon a i u thia dl11tr!ct a h o w a 11 1lgh t change If a ny for the better, a11 thin ~tio ii watnot influenced bythenof 1vo rabl ecll m a i.ieconditlon11 to qull e the game extenl exitting in the mo~ northern and we a tllr n seet ions of the St ole. True mention ia made tlll'ough 110me of our correspondents of 1lrongbt In many inatan ~-ea, but il does not &eem to have been of IIO wide a uddi 11ut rou nffee t. A 1 1p.1rent1y ii ""Hmoreloeal than otherwise though very seriou, ln aome localltl ea. Thiij being o n e of !h e princip a l fruit and vege table growi n g f!el:t l o oa of tli e Sta te the uut avo rabl e weather co11dltlo1111 11 ere t lisagtrou loa number of growe111. ln thi di st rict iii notnble that th e re iii ,,ppo.reotly a al ight folllu g off i n t h epro s1)C{:til eyi el d orcitrus fruit 11, morepo.rt lc ularl,} the orn nge8, but 11 e do not beliC1e t hnt t he !oq 1''111 be of uny ext ent. ro what exh:' ll l the l oM '!>'Ill reach, we are unbletosayatpresent,bntit-m11thattbeon1 n ge crop1' i!I proliubly bcnbout c ight to l,: 11 p e r~eot l et111 tban h~t yen l" whilethe grap e fruit ero 1i tu ay he a l iH le more or Ill lea~t the equal of ln 11t yea r h owe, cr, ii i~ too ta rl y tohe~rtnin ofeondition11," lo 1hesepf'Oduct11. Ju fact it is p o~sibh.' tha t new henring younj! \reel! mny more than 11/T ee t a n y l o~~ b y old bearing grmes. Lh' e ij/ od.; tnthl s dlstricti 1a l sol'(! portedtobelogoodoooditlon. SoUTHtll!'f D1v1$101<.-In fhi ~ section of the State oo
PAGE 88

88 mangO('S and IIOIIJC other fruits, and II.-' the demand in t h emarketfort h Cf!Ccro psi ssomucbgr
PAGE 89

89 1/EPOIIT' o, 'D l'/108/'IWTI V /J YlB,U> QY fl/WPS, t'/lf l/T A.YD FRrNT rm:IJ!l, JND CO!iDl'l'IDN ()F LIV I'/ 81'00ll:. FOIi QU A J<1'l,J1' 11.\'lJJ.\'Q JU N B 30 IOH, A /J (JQ!(/'ABl/ D WITH :J All/,J'l
PAGE 90

90

PAGE 91

91 RE P ORT OPCO~DITlOl;AND P ROSPEC'l'1''11l Y IELD. -C ootlou'I I ...... f ,.,_. f ,-... I ......

PAGE 92

92 ,oo ..... I :~ .,-----, c:r::::::n:::: ~.; ', :r:~~ ,::..,:;_;;: .. .-. . . '. _. _... .......... : :: : :: :: :: : 1 ii'g ::,'-__ :::: ::::: :: . :::.:: :: :::::I :~ .:!:>:::::;::;~/( :: ;;;:::";: ~tt Dl,.A,.porcont...... .... ...... 1 ---i!i ~ ,.,, A Dff .. a,

PAGE 93

93 II EPO kTO l'OONOl'l' lON _.N l>l'R061'ECTl\'EYH ;f .D (.'onUm 1"1 I I-~ ... .....,,

PAGE 94

.. I .. w... I it' i 7 <1l '"'":"1 l ''1""'1"""'":~ 1 r.~'"' T1~I~~f1 .: ::: ::: :: ::::::: ::: :: : :: : : : E~:~ 0 ~, ~?~::' I la! M I ~~.ii::::< I

PAGE 95

" ,a:rORTO V CO NDITION AND PllOS{,:ctl'Vlll'.IELO.-CoD.tlnoO. I ,-~~ I ~-,,., t l'"'f/" ;r l" "'T 1----'-;,a---'~-------'-fo

PAGE 96

" HEl'ORT OF" OONDITJl\:-1 AND l'R 0ij l'Wfl\ IO YIEl ,IJ.---C0<1t! nuI ~,.,. t pn ,.. ,., I I

PAGE 97

97 REPORT OF COXDlT!ON ,\SD PROSPECTIVE rmr,o.-CoaUD.ued.

PAGE 98

98 Dad< .. 0.&>10 .. ... . ~~:::.: .... . ; ::;~: : ~ ... : :: . DI~. A.po,OH>.!. -~ StateAr';"'

PAGE 99

KEPOllTOl'COi.OITIO!'I A:Sl>l'llOSl'ECTIVE n 11:t. O .-(: ODUa Ufd I I i~l':T:T [ ::i fir... : i'.i I .. ; I ill ~ ;::; ~ : I ~ JG

PAGE 100

f. ~:;-~.:..-~ .. ... .. -. ------+.' "';.:: i~-:i= : ... L~:~::> iOO 'Ml ~!~~~--~~--~;:::."'' ........ ...... .. ..

PAGE 101

101 Rll:l'ORTOrco~DITION AN O l'ttOSl'ECTIYEYU : r. o.-Cot1 Uoned I ~r.:~ 1 ,., .. I .... I i i'..ii:o"".' . I iH :H ,gg ~?:.:: .. : ... ; a j gg [~id~:: : ; l e fi :::::: :

PAGE 102

102 l UWOHT OF CO.'lntTIO"I AN D P RO>!i'llCTJY E TI I:LD.-Cont!nu,~. ......... 1.w~I J! Dl, .t.., .. .. . . .. ....... I .1 -,-., ~ iL,, U.:I ..

PAGE 103

PART III. Fertilizen, Feed Stuffa, and Foods and Druae.

PAGE 105

REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE TAKING AND FORWARDING OF FERTILIZER on COMMER CIAL FEEDING STUFJi' SAMPLES TO THE OOM M I SS I ONER OF AGRICULTURE. SEC T ION 15 OF THE LAWS. SJ)('du! stimvles ol .Fertilizers or Commercial Feedlug Stuffs sent i11 by 1mrcbasel"I!, u nd er Se
PAGE 106

"' be required. The 16-mplc mH8t 11ot be leas than oni:,-half pound, fn a tin can or bottU, gcaled and addrused to the Oommi&8ioner of Agriculture .. The eenkr': name and addr et1 8 muHI also be on tlrn package, thiR rule applying t a /)edal a amp!e s of fcrlilizcn or commarcial feeding duff. A o u e,pound baki u g pow der tin e au, properly cleane
PAGE 107

We do not n~ke a !!:mitary analy 3ia. W e det
PAGE 108

108 )! lls, driven well and arte11ian welle-ge1:1emlly ery pure and whol~one, wi th \mt little mincrnl Impurity, and th at 11uch u 11n, not harmful, E x~ pt In CMet o r grrui1 carelt:lllK11<~!!11,lnallo11d11gaurfacewatertoeontaminatet he ,rel\ or aprlng, the. w11ter11 of the State nrc pure and 'Wiholett0me. The d ee p ell11 o f the State art no ted for the ir J)Dritynml healthfulness. \N -\LYSIS 01<' 1''00DS AND DRUGS. Samples of Foods a nd Drugs arc drawh under apecial reg11lations. Application s s hould be made to the Co mlqioncr of Agri culture or Slate Cbeml11t for the n~es ury blanb, iruitnu : tio n t, etc., for drawing an d tra n 1 miUinggampl e,; otfoodsnnd drugii l ncl udi ngdrlnk!Jof all kind!. COPIES OF 1 ,A WS, UULES ANO REOULATJONS, ANU STANDAR D S. Oltl1.ens o f th e Stole interested in tertll\1.ers, foods and drug,i and ~toclc. feed ~on obtain, frw of cl 1 arge, the res pective Lew& lncltl(ling Rules 11.nd Regulations and S t andard&, by applying to the CommiA l oocr or Agricul ture o r State 01emist. Application fo r t h e Quarler l y Bulletin o r the Stale Oepartment of Ai:rlcut111re ahould a l llO be made to the Commlaloner of Agriculture or Sta~ O h emillt. The Bulletins of the Flor lcla Agrlc\llt\lra\ Ex p erimcnt Station can be .had by appllcatlo n to the Director at G11.ine11vllle. AN AT ,YSIS MADE BY S T ATE T ,ABORATORY O nl y snth runterlals 118 are of public lnlere&t aN? a11al,-,:c d b.r the State l bora.to ry such u are dire<:ted by th e PUN? Food the } 'crtilizc r and Stock Feed J.nw11. 'l'here ure no fee8 or charges of any kind made by t he State Laboratory.

PAGE 109

1 00 The State Laboratory la not permitted lo compete with, <:Omaierc i a l laboratorll!fl. :Xo ,.-ommerela l work of any kind i .11 accepted. The S ta te Labor11tory does not analyie i;amplu for ln divid1ull accou nt 11hereln the public is not lnterea ted. Such i;ampleti lhou l d be gent to a coounerci a\ l abora rory. ANALYSES I N CRIMINAL CASES. The State Laboratory doet1 not rn11ke post mortem v: a minnti on1, nor furnlsh evidence In c r imi nal cue. { v: cept a.11 pro 1 ided by th e Pure Food Fertilizer, and Btoct F eed I .av.)Such analy11e11 an d unmlna t!on s are ma de by $peCiaH.11t.11 employed by th e grand jury and J) rosee n ing atto rne 1, t h e co, 1 be ing tuetl al other crlmtn nl ;.>Oll tl!, by thecon r t $O IL ANALYfHS. We frequently hav e .aamplee of eoll1 aent in fo r nnalyl!a "'ith a reqne.t to 11dYi.11e u to the belt 111 eth od o f fer ti l iz ing. There la but little i ntormaUon to be deri~ from a eoil ana.lyal1 that would be of benefit to fllrmenJ. So much depend s on tilth, drainage, culture and ot her phy~lcnl cond it ions, that on nnal ystg made under Inborn lory condltlonsla ofllltlevo.lue A chemica l analyala of l!Oil may lndknte a el')' fertile soil, rich in plant food, while the f acts are th e gotls a re not productive. Thi la lnstonced by the rich Sawgra u mu .)k J anda an d riv er b ottoms of the State, that nre f er tile chem:lcally, but n ot productl~e until pro11erly drn ln ed; a l to, by the a rid lanth of t h e Weat, rich I n tbe ele men ta ot plant food, bot not productl~e until Irriga ted. 01ber110ila,withle111 p lantfood,butcmaccountofpro pel' pbyalcnl condition11 cult ure aud tilth, nr e ucced lngly productfre. Th e O'l'erage of thoueanda of analy11e11 of Fl orido ao iUI

PAGE 110

110 mmde b y t he A gric ultul'fl l Excriment Stn ti o n nnd t ill' Sta r e Lsbora t ory i us f olloWII: Nitrogen ( 11ereent.). ... 0.0-113 I'otnsh ( 1 1e r cent.) . 0.0091 Phosphori c Add (per ee 11 t.) . . .. O.Hl.% Thill I a fair 1werage of all th e ~o rfolk aod P ol't8 mouth i;ol! aeries of the-Stnte, ~ hieb com prfse by far the gren ter p o r tion o f the Sta t e. Ju th! wnne,::tion we qu ote from the rep,o1t of 1h e I ndiana Agriculmrnl Experim en t Statio n P urdue t:nl er:i;l ty, Laf11yette, Jud 1909, aa foflo11 a: "Son. Al i s a widespread idea that the e ll em i,1:t ca n analyze a Mlll ple of aoil and without further 1::uowledge of the ~ondit ion s, write oul 11 11reseri p t!on of a f ert ilize r which will 011 the needs of that partlcu l ar soil. '"J'be E:qierimen t Stat i on tlOCl! no t annl,~ 111111111le11 of 11o i l to det e r mine the fertilb c r rCftui~nentl!. 'fhereis no chemical method kn own t h at will show reliably t h e av n i l ability of the planl food elenientl! prcaent l n t h e !!Oil, na 11,is ii! n ,-nrinble fae 1 or, infl11ei1ced h y the ki ml of crop, t h e type or soil, the climate 1 111d biologlen! conditions; henre we do not reco mm end tb!l!met h odof t e11 l i ni. soil. "The method reeommemle
PAGE 111

1:1 11 ch te111!1 fo r more tlum one yeilr before dnndng defini te conclus ion s. There l a poaitilcly no c11Hier or ahor t er r 11 etho d otte11tingthe&01lt hn t wefeel snfe ln reeommen ing. "So il cfln be grea tl y lmprm ed by :1n i n telligent rota tlonof
PAGE 112

SPEC IAL SAMl' L ES. Florldai 11 th eon l 1 State in the Un i o n that provhle11 f or the ''apecl a l aamp l ~,"druirnbytheeon1 11m e rorpun::hu;er, u oder proper rulet and regu \atlon11 lixed b y l aw-to be &e n t to t h e State Laboratory tor aon lysi11 free of cost. A ny citi zen in t be S tat e who ~M J )n r c h ll!le d t c rt1U zer11 or f ee
PAGE 113

113 MARKET PRIOE S O F CBEMICALS AND FEHTJl W ,. INO Y ATERIALS AT FI ..O RIDA SEA l' OUTS, JIJI,T 1, 1914. Nitrate of Soda, 17 % A1umonin .. ...... $ Afl. 0 0 S ulph a te of Ammonia 259', Ammonia ... 76.00 Dried Blo 0d, Hi % Arnmonl 11..... r,;;.oo Cy n a namld, 1 8% Ammonia. . G0.60 P OT.1S 11 Hi g h Grade Sulphate or l' oc111U, 90 S u lpha t e, % K ,O . ...... $ W .llO Low Grade Sulp l11 1tP. o r l' otagl1 4. 8 % S u lJJlmtc, 26 % K ,O .. 30.00 Muri nle o r l' o!a.sh, SO <,; ; 48% K ,O .. ,l ll.00 Nitrat e o r l' otas h imported 1 5 % Amm o n i, '-' % Potn~ h K, O.. 1 07.00 Nitrate o f Potiu.h A m erlcnn, 1 3 % Am m on io 42 % P otiuh K ,O. 100.00 Kniuit P otu~ h, 12 % K O.. 1 3.00 Canada H a r dwood Allbee, i n bags, 4 % K O Pot ~ 19 .0 0 ,\ l,l ~O N l .l .-No ]>11oa r11 OJIT C Acm W a1er Solubl e Tani.age, U % An1monia .. . .. S 0 0. 00 Hi g h G rad e Tankn ge, 10 % Ammonia 1 0% Ph 011 ph orle A cid. 46 .00 T a~bg e 8% Ammonia, 1 8% l 'hoepborlc Achl. 40.00 L o w Grade Tanka ge, 6% Ammonia 12 % l'ho g. pborie Achl :!5.00 Ei ot cl rnnka ge, 6 % Ammonia 7 % Ph 011phorie Acid 2 8. 00 Sheep Manu ~, groun d 5 % Amm on ia . 24..00 8-B ul

PAGE 114

lmt )(lr ted Fih Guano, 11 % Ammonia, % l'h Ol! ph orie Add . 60.00 Pure Pin e Steamed Oround B on e, 3% Ammonlo, 22 % PbOl!pbori c Acid 81.1)11 Haw Bone, 4'% Ammonia 22 % Pho pho r ie Add. 37.00 Orou od Castor P o ma ce, % At m noola, 2 % l'hoep borie Add.. 26 0 0 Bri g ht Co tton SeN M ea l, 7 1,,% Ammo o la. 30.00 D ark C
PAGE 115

116 :mw YORK WHO L ESA LE PRICES, CURRENT JULY 1, !OU FERTILIZER MATERIA[,S. Ammouia, sulp h. for.:! i gu, prompt.. 2 S0 @ futurei;. 2.80 C Ammonia, sul 1 Jh d o m~t ic, spot . 2.60 @ futu~ ........... .. .. .. . 2.60 0 Fi$b !!C r op, drietl, 11 p. c. amuionia aud 14 p c. bone phos~u1 te, r o. b n~ h wo r ke, per nn i l .... : @ wet nc i dnlated 6 p. ~ammonin 3 p. c.phosp hori cnci d ,d eli'l"Cred @ Ground ilah guano i111ported, 1 0 a nd 11 p. c. ammon i 11 nnd l!'i 17 p. c. bon e pho ,Jlhatc c. i. r. N X. Halto. or l'h lla. @ Ta n hg e, 11 p. c. and 15 p. c. f. o. b. Chicago 2.75 & 1 0 Tnni.'.nge 10 1111d 20 p. c., t. o. b. Chicago, grom1d ................... 3.00 & 10 Tankagc, 9 nnd 20 p. c .. r o. b. Chicago ground . .... .. . ... . 3 .00 & 10 Tankngc co n ctntrated, H to Hi ve r c ent r.o.b. Chicago ..... .. .. 3 .10 & 10 Gnrbnge, tankltge, f o. b. Chicago . .. . 0.00 @ Sbeep man n rc, concentrated f. o. b. Chi \.'lll!:o, per ton. .. ,,13 00 C R oofmcal, f. o. b.Cb!cago perunlt ..... . 2.60 fl 2.70 D ried blood, 1 2 p. c. ammonia, f. o b New York .. . ... 8.80 @ Chicago ... .. ..... 3 15 0 Nltrateo f .11 od11, 95 p c. spot pcr 100 lbs ... 2.22 0 futn l'ft.,95p.c .. ....... ........ 2.12 0 Acid pb o,pbate, per unit. Bones, roug h h ard per ton. 4. 5 0 60 .... 22 50 6 24 00

PAGE 116

"' ~ort @t etn n ed unground ........... 21.50 022. 00 gl'Ound,,1eamed, l p .c. bon e ph OllJJhat e. . .. 20 .00 6' 2LOO ditto,3and50p .c.. .. ~ .GO 0 24.00 r11>1 g round 4 c. ammo ni a uml ('i0 p.c. bo u e 1 Jh01,1 pba te. ...... ::S.W 0 30.00 So o t h Caro l i na phosJ ) h n te ro.:k, kiln dri e d f o. b. As hl ey Ri ver. .. . ... 3.C.O O 3.75 l-'lodcla lan d 1 1e l;bl e p h o;; 1 1hate rock, 68 1 ie r ce n t,!. o b. Por t Tun1pn: Fin . . . 3.00 0 3.25 Fl orida high grade pi, Ol! ph ate !i nnl rock 77 percen t f o. l.f. Fl o r iil n J)Orl/ 1 .. .. ... r..71i O G.25 Tenn el!SCe pl1 011 pba te r oe.I, :, f o b. Mt. Pl e11s1mt, d omCl!tlc 7 8@8(1 p. c., per to n . .. 5.00 @ 5. 60 7 /i p c. g 1u 1 r an teed . .. 4.75 0 5. 00 680 72 1 1C.. . .. 4 2i; @ 4 .50 l OT.\11111111, Mnrl n te of potash, 80 -&i per ce n t., ba B i s 80 per ce n t ., i n bags .... .. ... .. ... 39.0 i C M u rinle of p o tn~h. m in 93 per ee nr., bn t1i11 SOpe rc c n t., in bllg & . ........... 40 7 5 @ Mnrl n t e o f pot nsh m in. 98 p er ce n t., b Mi~ 80 pe, nt .,i n bag3 . ....... 41.6 5 0 Sul J> h ate of po1nsh, 90 pe r L-E' nt. bn s l~ 80 perce n t., in b11!(l!. .47 .5 7 0 Double manure 8:llf, ~ 8.@ 11e r cent . b m1 i 11 48 percen t in 1.,1gk .......... .... 2 5.0 ~ 6 Maunr e '111 11 1!, llli n. 20 per oont., K O. In bulk .. . ... .. . .. . 13 .5 8 0 U a rt aait, ruln t6 per ce nt., K,O in bnlk .. 1 0 .87 0 K a inll min. l !!.4 pe r ct?nt., K O in hnlk .. 8.:JG O

PAGE 117

STATE VAL UA TIONS f'or A1ailnble and I nsoluble PbOIIJlhoric Acid Ammonh1 an d Potllllh for the Season of 1914. ,\1'allab l e pho,pborlc Add. 5c a pound In.soluble Pho,pborie Acid.. le a pound A m monia (o r l t& eqnin l ent in n i trogen .. 1 7ica pound l'otneh (u& nc t ne l pota h, K 1 0) ... ... .. 51:c a pound If calculated b y n ni h 1_ -\vallable PhOllph o rlc Acid .. .. fl.00 pe r unit [n~olublc Ph os 1 >horlc AcM . . 20c !)er unit .-\mmonln ( orit,equ\vnlentl n oltl"Ogen ). 3 .50 !)er un i t rota.sh . 1.10 pe r unit Wit h a unifonn allow,nee of i t. r..o per ton for mixing an d baggin g A uni t I B twenty pouml ~, or I pe r ce n t ., i n a ton. We Hnd thlt to he tbcear.ie.t a nd quickest m e thod forcal c u laling the mine o f f ertlllzer. To illu1tmte t h b. hike forexnmplea fertilizer ll' h lcb ,n11.ly1.e tM fo ll ow .I!: .\vu i lable Plu :ll! pboric Acld ... 6.22perc e nt.xit .00-$ 6.22 lnaolnb l e Phllf!pboric Acid .. l.Mlpercent.x .20 -.30 Amrno n la . ......... . 3.421io r ccnt.x 3.rifl -11.0i Po tu. h ... 7 .23 perceut.x 1.10i .!15 ll h::iug a.ntl Oa gging . .. ...... l.60 Comm ercil:r.l Y!llue o.t 1:1ea ports ..... ... .... . .. $27 .04 Or 11. fntlliier 11na ly zln t aa follow~: Avn ll ab l e Ph osphor i c Acid ..... 8 1 iercent .x$ l.OO---$ 8.00 Ammo n ia .. ... 2J)ercent.:i; 3.60-7.00 Potaah . .. ... 2percent.x 1.1 02.20 lll:i. i ng and Bagging .................. .. . 1. r .O Commercial ,a l o e u !lea port~ .. f l. 8.70 The State Y aln a tion a are for e,~h for mderi1 l a d elh el"C< l 11t Florida i;cnpo rt ~, na d they can be bough t in 011 e ton l ob a t th~ p rl te!! al the d n t e of l11&uing thla Dolle

PAGE 118

ua tl.11. Where fertili1:er11 lll'1! bought a t Ulterior points, the additional freight to that point mu 1t beatlded. The -.alnatlons 11nd ma r ket pri~ In preceding illu s trn tlona are baaed on market prltel'I fo ro ne-ti:io lot1;:. STATE VALUES. Jtlanotlntendcd by the"St ate va l un tiou" to Jb the pclce o r commen:ial valoe of a gi,en brand. The "Sta.te values" are the marke t pricea for th e vario 1111 approved chem i cals nnd mnterlnla n~ed in ml1ing or mnnutnetur ln g con n nen:lal rertiliurs or com o1en:ial 11tock f eN! 111 the da te of iQuing n Uulletin, or I.he opening of the "1easo11.'' The1 may, but 11eldom do, rary from the markel prices, and are made liberal to meet imy 1,l\gt1t advxnce ordedine. The y are compiled from price li11ta and commercial re 1l0rb b y rl!pntab l e dealer11 and jou r na!s. The que,ition ii frequently uked: "What la 'Smltl\'1 Frnit ancl Vine'worth 11er too?" Such u quClllloo co.nnot be 11. n 11t1cred catego r ically. By analyI. the 11mmoulo., avnllnble pho11plwrfonc1d nnrl polo.Ab ,nay be determined and th e Inquirer Informed 1
PAGE 119

H O COMl' O SITION OF F EU TI L I ZE R M A T E RIA LS. N I TROO !:N OUB MA T ER I ALS POUNDS PEil IIUND R ~ A mmoola I ~~II:~:: ;:;:_ t~~d A~tuRl I Am nJ.a Pho1. Potub mo Acid l! ~fl.,;:: .. 1 1 1. Cotton Sffd H ull A ~ he 1. 15 to 30 ... WOOIIAbe,uoluch.el. !to I. Wood Ahea, Je...,J,ed, 1 to 2 t !O 11 1 J5 to t O f.~~1~~1#\ '!} I.:.~.r.:r .!..:.,is.! !,:: .: ~,!:.! 1111:ed B l&ble X UIONI. t.U

PAGE 120

120 FACTORS FOR CO NV EU S I ON T o Cl) II VC l 'tA mmonla I nt o n it rogen, multlp ly by .... . ... 0.82 -t Ammonia ln t o protein multipl y by .. .... . ii,H; N i tr. th l3 nitrogen i cquiT11 l e nt to then mult i ply 15 .6.~ 1 ier ce nt. b y L214 and you ,;et 1 8. 90 per C
PAGE 121

121 lowing; Ammoni11, lij 'J', ; avnuable phOE1pbor1c acid, 6i%; an d potM b %The follow:l n g formulas 11 furn i.11hthenecess11rypl1111t food In abou t the abov1p~ portion. I havepnr:I IOacly avoided tbeuseof1111y f r action of JOO po undB in tl11 ll! e fo rmula s to alm 11 lify l hem ~ Vtt!uee u-e taken from pr lcella:tafn rni shed by t. h etrade January 1,1!112. F or cotton, co rn '1'\"C(lt pot:itoe a and vegetnhlea; Am monio 8%; avnilnb! c phosphoric add 6% ; potash. % (A) VEGETABI.E ." P e r Ce nt. ,00 poon
PAGE 122

122 ( ll) u 1, m1 T AN!) VINE." l"tu!h, M e lona, Btrawbu.-lca, !rl ab Potato.,., Annnoo1 a 4 por C<1nt.,AVt111AbloPhoabPOrlcAcld7p e rc,enL,Potub l 0peroont, St &l.e value 1t1I. Ud an d b&ffod .. . ... ... ISi .Mi Plant f" ';""" pe r 1 011 .. 44 0 pa11nd Per C e nt. 500 lb 1 o l C ut o r Pomace ( 6-2 l>.o!Am ( l 5))(lrcent ) ., ... .. UO Av~tl a bl e ~00 J bt. o f Add Pho op ha W (IS per con t ) . . U 7 Pot .u h 4001 bt. ol8ulp.o!Po tae b(48i,erc o nl) Stale nlue ml Hi! a.ad bassed , , .... U l .H t lao!Food.t,erlOII. 4$r,oondl

PAGE 123

.\ VE IL\G E CO)IPOSITIO'.'< OF COllMERCIAL FEJ::D STUFPS. BrlglltCot'oSeedMeatJ 9.SG 39.70 28.60 7.80 6.80 Onrk Cotton Seed Meal 20.00 22.90 37.10 5.50 (i.00 Linll(?e(I llcal, old pro. ('e!l,I 7.50 a:i.7 0 36.00 7.2 0 ~.3 0 L inseed Meal, n e,,, 11ro8.40 30.10 30.70 0.20 Wheat B rnn. 9 00 15.4,0 53.90 4.00 11.80 Whe111Middlinga. 5.40 1 5.4 0 5!HO 4.10 3.20 Mix ed!o'ced(Wheat). 7.80 IG.90 liUO 4.80 11 .30 Shi11 Shllf {Wheat) ... 5 00 U. 60 59 80 5.00 3 .70 Corn (grain) Corn Meal 2.10 10.50 69.60 5 .40 1. 110 1. 0 0 9.70 08.70 3.80 1.40 Corn Cob,. 30.10 2.40 54.00 O.&O Oom end Cob Men l 6.00 8.6 0 IU.80 3.50 u;o Hom iny Feed. 4.05 10.60 GlS.30 7 .85 2.55 CoMI lllld Onti,, equal part ... 5.80 ll.15 64.05 fi.20 2.25 Berley ( grai n ) 2.70 1 2.40 69.80 1.8( 2.40 Harley nod Oa i., equa l parts 6.10 1 2.10 (H.76 3.40 2.70

PAGE 124

1 2 1 A VE HAGE co m '0$1'l'l0N 0~' CO~UtF:UCIAL flmD $TUFFS-{Co11tinued.) Oata (grai n) . Rit'1! ( gralu) .. I.lice Brun . Rice Bulls Wheat ( graiu) I [UiO ll .80 59.70 6.00 3.00 0.20 7 .40 79.20 o.o o .o (Um 12.10 49.90 8.80 10.00 M. 7 0 3.60 38.60 0.70 13.20 l.80 11 :90 71.\10 2.10 L S O Dry Jap Sugor Ca ne ... 26.22 2.28 62.65 Ui5 2.77 Cow l'eii Cow P<>n Ba y . Veket Beans .. 4.IO 20.80 115.70 3.20 20.10 16.60 42.20 !.20 7 .00 6.70 23.08 51.28 5 5 7 3.00 Vehe t llean D ulls 27.02 7.40 44.56 1 .5 7 4.32 Veh et lle11ns and H u l ls 9.20 10.70 5 1 .30 4.GO 3.:IO Vehe1l!.e(inU,1y .. lleggo.r m~ed llR~. 29.70 14.70 H.00 1.70 !':i.70 2.LT0 21.10 80.~ 2.30 10.90 J11pan~ e Kudt.u Boy . 32.14 17.48 80.20 1 .67 6.87 Cotton 8~ (whole) .. 23.20 l !U0 24. 7 0 19.90 3.50 Cotton Seed llnll t .. . 44.40 4.00 36 60 2.00 2.60 Gluten Food Ci.SO 24.00 5 1 .20 10.60 1.10

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125 OOMlllmCIAJ. STATE VALUES OJ,' 1m1m STUFF J.'OR 1914. For Uie 11ea1tO n of 1914 the following "Stnte mlueii" are fixed ,u; ll. gu ide to purellasers, quotation Jannnry 1. ThClic n1lue, 11~ based on the current price s ot cor n which hn8 loeen c hn!'n 98 11 atnnt.hird ln fl:ring the co~:~:7;;1t~:1;:v:e ::: :ii;::: ;~:,rn~:: a~;,~t:.~rent, govColU.!a11C1At. V ,U,Ul".3 o r FE &D B-rurn ,Olt 1!114. Ind ino corn bcing thestand:1.rd@$35.00 per to n (f l.7 6per1111ekoflO0lbfl:.,fl&perb u. 561bl!.) To find tho:> commcn:ial State ~,due multip ly the per eentagct"by the price p,er nnit. A unit bei n g20 po und s (1%) ofa ton. l'roteln,4.Sc,rerpouud Sta ch nnd S ugar l. i;6e. per p ou n d Fats, 3.1'.ic. per ponnil l'dUlrt.1No I. CORN AND OATS, EQUAL l'ARTSper unit per unit pei-unlt P roteiD ... 11.lG i OOc, ,10.11 Starch a nd Sugii. r , .. G,1.G CI i 3 1 c, 20.0I 1'at.. .1'.i.20e, a.G-t Siute \'!line per ton. ..f34.49 E:r.1.mt.El No. 2 Protein Stareh nod S ug1tr }'at ..... i;;.t,,teva\u e perton .... .... t0.ti0xOOe ,,10 ,os ....... G0.00 x3 1c 21.57 .5.40 0e, /.l.78 ... $35.43

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DEPARTIII S IIT or A GR I OULTU R &-111 V 11110N o r CHDIIIITRY """"U""'TllIZH..,."1.TR>B, l> H -c-.... n 1tnLIHR ~ ~UN>. ...... c.... .. T ..... ,.,_o_.._, ~ ... u.

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0.11. DEPARTMENT OF AC !!,_~ ~~~S lON OF CHEMIST RY

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l;)Ef' ARTMENT OF AG.R I CU L TIJR-DIVISION OF CHEMISTilY ~ ....... --u.-,~ ---'"

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