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Citation |
- Permanent Link:
- http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00077083/00032
Material Information
- Title:
- Florida quarterly bulletin of the Agricultural Department
- Uniform Title:
- Avocado and mango propagation and culture
Tomato growing in Florida Dasheen its uses and culture Report of the Chemical Division
- Alternate title:
- Florida quarterly bulletin, Department of Agriculture
- Alternate title:
- Florida quarterly bulletin of the Department of Agriculture
- Creator:
- Florida -- Dept. of Agriculture
- Place of Publication:
- Tallahassee Fla
- Publisher:
- s.n.
- Publication Date:
- -1921
- Frequency:
- Quarterly
Monthly[ FORMER 1901- Sept. 1905] regular
- Language:
- English
- Physical Description:
- v. : ill. (some fold) ; 23 cm.
Subjects
- Subjects / Keywords:
- Agriculture -- Periodicals -- Florida ( lcsh )
Agricultural industries -- Statistics -- Periodicals -- Florida ( lcsh )
- Genre:
- serial ( sobekcm )
periodical ( marcgt )
Notes
- Dates or Sequential Designation:
- -v. 31, no. 3 (July 1, 1921).
- General Note:
- Description based on: Vol. 19, no. 2 (Apr. 1, 1909); title from cover.
- General Note:
- Many issue number 1's are the Report of the Chemical Division.
- General Note:
- Vol. 31, no. 3 has supplements with distinctive titles : Avocado and mango propagation and culture, Tomato growing in Florida, and: The Dasheen; its uses and culture.
Record Information
- Source Institution:
- University of Florida
- Holding Location:
- University of Florida
- Rights Management:
- All applicable rights reserved by the source institution and holding location.
- Resource Identifier:
- 28473206 ( OCLC )
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VOLUME 24 NUMBER 2
FLORIDA
QUARTERLY
BULLETIN
OF THE
AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT
APRIL 1, 1914
W. A. McRAE
COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE
TALLAHASSEE, PLA.
Part 1-The Citrus Grove, White Fly Control, Remedy for
Mango Blight, the Sweet Potato Crop, Poultry Rais-
ing, Indian Runner Ducks, Improving Acid Soils,
Cowpeas, to Encourage Sheep Raising, Planting
Dates, Useful Information.
Part 2-Crop Acreages and Conditions.
Part 3-Fertilizers, Feed Stuffs and Foods and Drugs.
Entered January 31, 1903, at Tallahassee, Florida, as second-class
matter under Act of Congress of June, 1900.
THESE BULLETINS ARE ISSUED FREE TO THOSE REQUESTING THEM
T. J. APPLEYARD, State Printer,
Tallahassee, Florida
^- 2
COUNTY MAP OF STATE OF FLORIDA.
PART I.
THE CITRUS GROVE.
WHITE FLY CONTROL.
REMEDY FOR MANGO BLIGHT.
THE SWEET POTATO CROP.
POULTRY RAISING.
INDIAN RUNNER DUCKS.
IMPROVING ACID SOILS.
COWPEAS.
TO ENCOURAGE SHEEP RAISING.
PLANTING DATES.
USEFUL INFORMATION.
THE CITRUS GROVE, ITS LOCATION AND
CULTIVATION.
By P. H. Rolfs, M. S.
Director of Florida Agricultural Experiment Station and
State Superintendent of Farmers' Institutes, Uni-
versity of Florida, Gainesville.
CITRUS CULTURE.
CHOOSING A LOCATION.
The character of Florida soils is variable to a consider-
able extent. Even in the same vicinity various kinds of
soils may occur. These vary from a clay to loamy, sandy,
and marly soils. Some of them, also, are muck. soils.
Clay Soil is one of the best for citrus-growing when- it
is found in a warm region. Less fertilizer is required
and the trees are productive, bearing an unusually fine
quality of fruit if the soil is properly handled.
Loaming Soil.-This is the character of the soil that is
most largely employed for citrus-growing and with best
results. Elsewhere this soil might be referred to as sandy
loam. It contains a considerable admixture of clay and
organic matter, with a large body of sand.
Sandy Soil, or sandy land as it is often called, is usually
free from a perceptible admixture of either vegetable
matter or clay. For the most part it tends to be lacking
in water and fertilizer-holding power. When it is almost
pure sand it appears white, and is usually considered an
unfavorable soil.
Marly Soils occur in some sections. After a consider-
able amount of humus has been worked into.the stiff
marl, they make good soils for citrus trees. In their
original state, the marly soils are apt to produce an in-
different growth in the young trees, usually causing them
to suffer more or less from dieback, scale insects, and
other such disorders. This condition, however, passes off
as the soil becomes more thoroughly tilled and has more
vegetable matter incorporated in it.
Muck Soils are not the ideal soils upon which to plant
citrus trees, since they are inclined to be sour, to produce
an exuberant growth, and for a number of years to give
rough and imperfect fruit. After muck lands have been
cultivated for a number of years and brought into a
thorough state of tilth, they produce excellent crops of
citrus fruits, unless the mucks remain raw in form and
contain a considerable amount of humic acid.
THE NATURAL GROWTH As AN INDEX.
Hammock.-It is in our native hammocks that the wild
citrus groves occur. In some regions thousands of trees
have been transplanted from these old native groves to
higher lands. In other places the hammocks were cleaned
up, leaving the orange seedlings standing, to be budded
over to the better varieties. These wild trees were always
found to be the sour orange. At the present time the
hammock lands are regarded as the ideal ones for citrus
culture. The great cost necessary to clear these up thor-
oughly has in many cases deterred people from making
use of them.
Rolling Pine.-The higher pine lands, more or less roll-
ing, upon which long leaf pine trees are growing, give us
some of the best citrus lands we have in the State. These
lands are easily cleared, and quickly brought into service
for setting out to citrus trees. They are usually suffi-
ciently drained naturally to permit the citrus groves to
grow off promptly and produce a lot of fruit. They
are less desirable than the hammocks, on account of re-
quiring a larger amount of fertilizer to bring the trees
into bearing. After years of cropping, however, they will
require little or no more fertilizer than the adjacent
hammocks.
Cabbage Palmetto Hammock.-These hammocks differ
from the hammocks proper in that they are usually more
or less covered with water for a part of the year. The
cabbage palmetto is the predominating tree. Wherever
the land is high enough above the adjacent water, these
lands may be drained and brought into service for citrus
culture. When properly handled, they make among our
best citrus groves.
Shell Hammock.-These differ from the other forms of
hammock in that the soil is composed, to a greater or less
degree, of shell. The trees usually grow off promptly
and make a good showing, but sooner or later are apt to
be affected severely with dieback; and while in many
cases most excellent fruit is raised on shell hammocks
they require a special and careful treatment. This char-
acter of land may safely be used by those who are expert
in handling citrus trees.
Drained Lands.-Lake beds and other lands, sometimes
called prairie, that are high enough to permit of thorough
drainage, have been used to a considerable extent for
planting to citrus. In these lands it is purely a question
as to whether they are sufficiently high to permit of thor-
ough drainage during the rainy portion of the year.
Pine Land, With Oak Undergrowth.--Some of the pine
land, frequently called second-grade pine land, especially
that which has a considerable undergrowth of scrub oaks,
must be looked upon with some suspicion. Where clay is
found within two or three feet from the surface, this char-
acter of soil can be easily employed for locating a citrus
grove, but where the sand is very deep it will be prefer-
able to choose a location elsewhere.
Flatwoods.-This character of land is usually level and
more or less covered with water during the rainy season.
As a rule, a hardpan occurs from a few inches to a few
feet below the surface. This prevents rapid and thorough
drainage. Saw palmettoes are usually absent or scattered
on this character of land. The predominating under-
growth is gallberry. By hardpan, we should understand
a more or less impervious stratum occurring in the soil
at a depth of a few inches or a few feet. It obstructs the
passage of water downward, and also obstructs the down-
ward progress of the roots, causing the soil to become
water-logged during the rainy period, and probably very
dry during a period of drought. This hardpan may be
made up of various matters, either calcareous, siliceous
or ferruginous. The cementing material usually breaks
up and lets the sand fall apart when exposed to the air.
If the hardpan is of a ferruginous nature, it is more or
less poisonous to citrus trees. Various methods have been
adopted for bringing into cultivation land that has a
hardpan under it. Sometimes this hardpan has been
broken through by means of plowing. In such cases the
hardpan was near the surface and in a thin layer. In
other cases, the surface soil has been mounded up so as to
put the trees on ridges. In a few cases the hardpan has
been broken by discharging dynamite under the trees.
Iron salts as they normally occur in the soil have a
yellowship or reddish color. Where these colors occur,
the darker colored iron hardpans are not likely to be
present, consequently it is sometimes concluded that a
reddish or yellow soil indicates one especially favorable
for agricultural purposes. These flatwoods lands, when
thoroughly and deeply drained and the hardpans broken,
make a fair place for producing citrus fruit.
Spruce-Pine Land.-The spruce-pine land, as well as
the scrub-oak land, should not be employed for citrus-
growing at the present time. Splendid citrus orchards
occur on lands of this kind, but they have been brought
out by experts and at the cost of much more than would
have been necessary on lands better adapted for citrus-
growing. In addition to this, these lands produce trees
that are subject to many disorders.
SITE OF THE GROVE.
Immediately upon deciding that one wishes to plant a
grove, he should select the best site that can be produced.
A great many questions arise in determining where a
grove shall be located. A few of these are discussed
below.
Distance From Transportation Line.-The ultimate
object being the selling of fruit at a remunerative figure,
it becomes necessary to locate a grove within a reasonable
distance of some line of railroad or water transportation.
The distance which it will be profitable to transport fruit
by wagon will depend largely upon the condition of the
roads.
Another determining factor in the matter is the cost
of the land. A grove of moderate-sized trees, heavily
loaded, should produce a thousand boxes of oranges to
the acre. Allowing fifty boxes to a load, this would re-
quire twenty trips to the transportation station. If a
grove were located three miles away from the station, it
would probably take one man with a two-horse team six
days to haul this fruit. If located one-half that distance,
it would require only three or four days. Allowing about
$4 a day for this work, the hauling of the fruit from the
more distant grove would increase the cost about $8 per
acre, which amount must be charged as an annual tax.
from this the intending purchaser can readily calculate
how much more be can afford to pay proportionately for
land in close proximity to the railroad station.
Frost Protection.-There are no parts of Florida that
are entirely free from occasional frosts, and in some parts
of the State freezing weather may be expected to occur
during every winter. There are a few isolated places,
however, that are so favorably located that freezing
weather is of rare occurrence.
Under ordinary circumstances, a drop in temperature
to 28 degrees and a continuation of this for several hours
will not freeze citrus fruit. If, however, the drop goes
lower, say to about 26 or 25 degrees, serious damage is
apt to result, especially if it is long continued. A drop in
temperature to 24 degrees is not likely to prove seriously
damaging to trees unless it is of continued duration.
Trees in a thoroughly dormant condition will pass through
a temperature of 18 degrees without the loss of much
wood, but, as a rule, a considerable amount of foliage is
lost at that temperature. This, however, varies with
different varieties and with the conditions of the tree
and the duration of the cold. Even if it does go to freez-
ing, a sudden drop in the temperature and a continuation
of it for a number of days proves rather disadvantageous
to the health of the citrus grove. It is, therefore, very
desirable to have some form of protection against cold.
Water Protection.-Water protection proves to be one
of the best shelters against occasional cold days in winter.
It has been found that regions located in large bodies of
water, or with a northern, eastern and western protection
of water, are much less subject to drops in temperature
than those that are exposed. Quite a number of such
places may be found as far north as 29 degrees 45 minutes
of latitude. Even north of this region some fine groves
occur that have been protected by artificial means. Far-
ther south, at about the 28th parallel of latitude, a num-
ber of locations have been found where water has pro-
tected the trees, and in some cases even the fruit, against
the most severe cold that we have had.
Hammock Protection.-Quite a number of citrus grow-
ers in the State have found that hammock protection is
quite as feasible as water protection. By locating in a
large hammock and securing the surrounding lands, citrus
growers have cut small tracts in the hammock varying
from five to ten acres in extent and planted these in citrus
trees, leaving these small groves entirely surrounded by
hammock trees. To make such a plan practicable, it is
necessary to own the surrounding hammock; otherwise,
one would have no control over the hammock trees which
le wishes to use as protection against cold.
SHELTER FROM SEA WINDS.
Around the coast of Florida the bleak sea winds are
damaging to citrus trees and citrus fruits. The direct
influence of the sea breezes is to cause the atmosphere and
soil to become dry. This stunts the grove and in some
cases makes it absolutely impossible for the trees to
attain a size that will enable them to bear a profitable
crop. In some cases, where groves have been planted in
such exposed places, it has become necessary to erect an
artificial windbreak. This being built ten or twelve feet
high, affords the first row protection against the sea-
breezes. Each row then successively forms a protection
for the succeeding row.
In addition to the direct influence of the sea winds, we
also have the indirect effect in causing the fruit to become
torn, scratched, bruised, or otherwise mutilated, and unfit
for market purposes. The foliage, and especially the
rapidly growing young shoots, are likely to be seriously
damaged by mechanical injury from the sea winds. Where
it becomes desirable to plant a grove within the influence
of the sea winds, it is very important that a strip of ham.
mock should be left as a wind protection. If this is not
available, a protecting row of trees should be planted.
The native hay tree resists the influence of the sea winds
well, but probably a much better tree for the purpose is
the camphor.
PREPARING THE LAND.
Clearing the Field.-In preparing for a citrus orchard,
it is important that all native trees, stumps, and other
material should be removed from the soil. A few cab-
bage palmettoes may be left for nurse trees for some time,
but there should not be a large number, certainly not
more than one hundred to one hundred and fifty to the
acre, and, of course, all of those occurring in the rows
where trees should stand ought to be removed. Liveoaks
and especially pines are found to be very injurious to the
growth of citrus trees.
It is not impossible for a person to make a good grove
in a field that is full of stumps and debris. The chances,
however, are much against his making a success. He
would be the exception to the rule if he did so.
Breaking and Plowing.-After the field has been thor-
oughly grubbed and freed from all obstructions in sight,
the next important step is to plow the land thoroughly.
During this operation a large amount of roots and under-
ground trash will be turned up. This should be removed
and burned. Weeds, grass and stuff that will decay rap-
idly can be left on the ground and be plowed under to
good advantage. It is important to have a large plow
and sufficient horse power to do the work thoroughly. A
fourteen or sixteen-inch plow, or, better still, a thirty-
inch disc plow, will be found useful.
Previous Cropping.-Most people who are intending to
put out a citrus grove become impatient for a crop, and,
consequently, are too much in a hurry to plant trees. The
severe change that has taken place on the land by the
removal of the forest and the burning of the stumps has
set up a disturbance in the soil. The land, therefore, is
in most cases unfit to receive anything but the most
vigorous plants. If the field is prepared in time to be
planted to a crop of vegetables, this is highly advisable.
These vegetables will be less affected by the adverse con-
ditions than are the citrus trees, and even if they should
be adversely affected it would mean only the loss of one
crop and would not be communicated to the succeeding
years. If the season is not a proper one for planting out
vegetables, the field may be planted in some farm crop,
especially a cover crop, such as velvet beans, cowpeas or
beggarweed. If a good crop of velvet beans has been
grown upon the soil, we are pretty certain to have it in
first-class condition for setting out to citrus trees. In
addition to putting the soil in good condition, the velvet
beans will add a large amount of ammonia to the soil,
requiring less of this element in the fertilizer to be ap-
plied to the trees when set out.
Catch Crops.-During the succeeding year vegetables
and farm crops may be profitably planted between the
rows of citrus trees. One should, however, not lose sight
of the fact that the citrus orchard is the main project
under consideration, and that these catch crops must be
removed or entirely destroyed if they in any way inter-
fere with the health and growth of the citrus trees. After
the vegetable crop has been removed from the citrus grove
the middles may be planted to velvet beans, cowpeas or
beggarweed. These plants will continue to add ammonia
to the soil, prevent leaching by heavy rains and finally
return to the soil a large amount of humus, which is very
much needed to produce growth and health in citrus trees.
It is, however, entirely possible to get so much organic
ammonia in the soil as.to cause dieback in the small trees.
When this occurs, the planter loses from one to two years'
time in the growth of his trees.
Perfect Drainage Necessary.-One of our foremost
agriculturalists in the State has said that there is not an
acre of land in the State of Florida that does not need
draining; that even the steep clay hillsides would be im-
proved by being underlaid with tile drains. Our general
experience has been that when people speak of land as
being perfectly drained they mean that it is perfectly
drained during the dry part of the year, and forget alto-
gether about the rainy part of the year, which is the
critical season. A grove site should be so perfectly
drained, naturally and artificially, as to never allow the
soil water to stand above two feet from the surface at
any time. Several instances are known where groves
located on the top of a hill, seventy-five feet above a lake,
had standing water in the soil during the rainy season.
Such trees as are within the influence of this water neces-
sarily become weakened by the exclusion of oxygen and
interferes with the bacterial life in the soil. For the
orange grove as a whole, surface drainage appears to be
the cheapest and most profitable. Tile drains are likely
to become clogged by citrus roots, and much damage may
result before the grower recognizes the defect.
Irrigation.-While much good can be done by conserv-
ing the moisture in the soil, occasional years occur, how-
ever, when the drought becomes so severe that if one had
an irrigating plant the advantages derived from it would
be sufficient to pay for the whole outfit; and during
about three years out of five a sufficient number of
droughts occur to make a good irrigating plant very de-
sirable. The type of plant to use depends very much
upon one's own inclinations and the amount of money he
has to spend. Furrow irrigation, as practiced in Cali-
fornia, is entirely practicable and has been used to some
extent in Florida. This is the cheapest method, and the
one which will doubtless be generally adopted.
CULTURE PROPER.
Object.-Too many grove owners look upon cultivation
in the light taken by a certain colored boy, who, when
asked what he was cultivating for, replied: "Seventy-five
cents a day." During a money stringency the first thing
the grove owner does in many cases is to cut down the
amount of cultivation. We cultivate an orange grove to
admit air into the soil, as a first requisite, to keep up the
bacterial life; and, secondly, to conserve the moisture
present.
Germ. Action.-Plants in general take up the ammonia
in the soil in the form of nitrates. These nitrates, to a
large extent, are formed from broken-down vegetable
matter. They are prepared by the organisms constantly
present in the soil. Nearly all of our fertilizers applied
to the trees must go through this breaking down process.
Possibly the only exception to this is when we use nitrate
of soda and nitrate of potash. To secure the best results
the nitrifying bacterial must be present in the soil in suffi-
cient quantity. The temperature of the soil must range
somewhere between 40 and 130 degrees F., the most favor-
able soil temperature being about 98 to 99 degrees. A
reasonable amount of moisture is necessary, and there
must be a free circulation of air. The nitrates are most
rapidly formed in the soil near the surface, especially in
the first six inches. The depth at which the largest
amount of nitrates are formed varies with the condition
of the soil. From this it will be seen that nitrates are
forming rather rapidly in our soils during almost the
entire year.
Conserving Moisture.-Another important reason for
cultivating is to conserve the moisture of the soil. To
make the fertilizer applied available to the plant, it be-
comes necessary for these substances to be placed in solu-
tion. In the absence of moisture in the soil the fertilizer
applied to the grove will be as useless as if left in the
bag. On the other hand, if too large an amount of mois-
ture be present, the plants are unable to get a sufficient
amount of the chemical elements in the water that is
being absorbed. Conservation of moisture by cultivation
is best accomplished by using some light implement that
will work rapidly over the soil, breaking the crust or
stirring the already loose surface soil, forming what is
usually spoken of as the soil mulch. The appended table
shows the effect of cultivation and non-cultivation on
lands that would be considered fairly good citrus lands.
During the year when these tests were being made there
was a very great deficiency in the rainfall; in fact during
the four months following the first of January; there was
only one rainfall that amounted to enough to wet the soil:
MOISTURE IN CULTIVATED AND UNCULTIVATED LAND.
Cultivated-
First foot .........
Second foot .......
Third foot ........
Fourth foot .......
Totals .......
April 18, 1908.
Percent- Tons
age. per acre.
. 5.35 107.0
. 5.73 .114.6
. 5.17 103.4
S4.94 98.8
.... 423.8
April 24, 1908.
Percent- Tons
age. per acre.
4.71 94.2
5.67 113.4
5.28 105.6
4.95 99.0
.... 412.2
Uncultivated-
First foot ..........
Second foot ........
Third foot ............
Fourth foot ........
Totals .........
2.81
3.17
2.92
2.83
56.2
63.4
58.4
61.6
2.91
3.20
2.99
3.19
58.4
64.0
59.8
63.8
.... 239.6 .... 246.0
Cultivated land, average......... 418.0 tons
.Uncultivated land, average....... 242.8 tons
Diff. in favor of cultivated land... 175.2 tons of water,
or 11/2 in. of rain.
The above table shows that an amount of moisture
equal to one and one-half inches of rainfall may be con-
served by plowing and cultivating.
Increasing Humus Content.-The humus is the dark-
colored material which occurs in practically all soils to a
greater or less extent. Sandy soils almost devoid of
humus are very white. When a large amount of humus
is added to such a soil, it takes on a dark color. Our
pure muck or peat beds may be said to be pure beds of
humus, though the decaying vegetable matter in this
period of its transition is not usually spoken of as humus,
but rather as peat. In the next stage of its decay it
takes on more of an earthly character, and is then spoken
of as humus. All forms of animal and vegetable matter
take this form before changing into distinctly inorganic
substance. Large roots, roots of crops, stalks of crops,
and similar growth, are useful in increasing the humus
of the soil. The most useful of our humus-supplying
plants are the legumes. Foremost among these is the
velvet bean. Cowpeas and beggarweed are also excellent
for citrus groves.
Humus in the soil improves its mechanical condition
by making a compact soil looser and more permeable to
the roots of the plants. It gives the leachy soil a water-
holding capacity, and, therefore, a capacity for holding
plant-food, especially such as has been supplied in the
form of fertilizers. It furnishes a convenient location
and food for the useful micro-organism which prepare
the fertilizers for the citrus trees. In addition to the
above advantages an increase in the humus content of the
soil increases the soil warmth.
From what has been said in the foregoing paragraph,
it should not be considered that humus is an unmixed
blessing. Too large a supply of humus in a grove will
cause dieback, and in a fruiting grove it is likely to pro-
duce what the orange growers properly know as ammo-
niated fruits, as well as dieback. Consequently, the citrus
fruit grower must not attempt to push his trees too rap-
idly, and must also be careful to have his soil thoroughly
drained (drainage for the rainy season), in order that the
life processes in the soil may go on in a normal way.
KIND OF CULTURE.
There is probably no other subject in citrus-growing
2-Bull.
that formerly elicited so much heated discussion as did
the question of the time and kind of cultivation. Usually
the debaters ignored entirely the kind of soil, the char-
acter of their land, and the length of time during which
they had practiced their particular hobbies. We, there-
fore, find that the sects were divided into practically three
schools: The perfectly clean culture men, who considered
it a disgrace to have a sprig of grass visible in their
groves; the school who argued that since our wild trees
never were cultivated in the native state, therefore, the
grove trees should not be cultivated; later, a third school
sprang up that considered it entirely proper to cultivate
during the drier part of the year, but ceased cultivation
altogether during the rainy part of the year. It speaks
well for the hardihood of the orange tree to be able to
endure and produce a paying crop under all of these con-
ditions of cultivation. Some of the school of clean cultur-
ists conserved the moisture of the soil by using a liberal
organic mulch. Some, in fact, went so far as to spend
much time and money in cutting shrubbery from the ham-
mock or piney woods and applying this under the trees
as a mulching, to add humus to the soil and to conserve
the moisture.
Later, and from necessity, a number of orange growers
have had to take care of orange groves that became com-
pletely sodded with Bermuda grass. We might call these
the Bermuda sod groves.
Spring Cultivation.-In sections of Florida, where it
becomes necessary to bank trees to protect them against
the danger of winter freezing, cultivation should not be
begun until all danger of frost or freezing is past. Re
move the heating apparatus or piles of wood that may
have been placed in the grove to protect it against freez-
ing, then pull down the banks and begin to cultivate.
Groves that have been well tilled the year before will
be found in excellent shape for using small tools, such as
the Acme harrow, Planet, Jr., etc. In groves where con-
siderable vegetable matter is left over from the previous
year, it may be necessary to use a cutaway harrow to
break this up. The first cultivation in the spring may be
somewhat deep, since it is not likely that new feeding
roots have been formed near the surface. If, however,
the cultivation is not started until feeding roots have
formed, it is best to avoid deep cultivation. Deep culti-
vation at this time of the year, as at any other time, is a
relative rather than an absolute term.
After the first cultivation, nothing more than a mere
stirring of the first inch or two of soil should be given.
This conserves the moisture so much needed at this time
of the year. Our driest portion of the year is likely to
occur during March, April and May. The more fre-
quently we cultivate, the more of the soil moisture is
conserved. Ordinarily, it is not profitable to cultivate
more frequently than once a week. If our soil is in the
best possible condition, a weeder may be used. It may be
necessary to load the weeder with a small piece of cord-
wood. With such an implement, a man and a horse can
cultivate a ten-acre grove in a day.
Catch Crops.-Where some form of crop is being grown
between the rows of trees, it is necessary to give this crop
the best of attention and an abundance of fertilizer to
keep it from drawing heavily on the young grove. It is a
good practice to keep at least six feet away from the reach
of the branches. Trees that are over five years old are
likely to have roots extending as far as midway between
the rows; consequently, cultivation of the catch crop
should be gauged according to the needs of the citrus
grove.
Summer Cultivation.-Some fine groves and much ex-
cellent fruit have been produced by a continuous summer
cultivation; other groves have been seriously injured and
the crops of fruit have been ruined by such work. The
question depends more upon what the character of the
land is than upon any dogmatic method of procedure.
Ordinarily, it is safe to discontinue cultivation as soon
as abundant rains occur, and to allow grass and weeds to
grow at their will. If the grass and weeds become too
tall and appear to be a detriment to the grove, a mower
may be used to cut them down. During the summer
season these will rot and return to the soil as humus. If
the grove does not need mowing, the grass and weeds may
be allowed to grow, and at the close of the rainy season
the grass may be made into hay and removed from the
field. Where the soil is deficient in humus, it will prob-
ably pay better to mow the grass and weeds and allow
them to rot to humus in the grove.
Velvet beans, cowpeas and beggarweed may also be
planted in groves if the soil is not too rich in organic
ammonia. These legumes abstract nitrogen from the
atmosphere and return it to the soil in the organic form.
There are instances where this has been carried on to the
extent of producing dieback in the grove. Where there
is the probability of getting too much organic nitrogen in
the soil, the legume may be made into hay. If these
legumes are used in the grove, they should be mown in
the beginning of the dry season so as to reduce the number
of plant bugs to a minimum, since frequently these suck-
ing insects cause a loss of fruit when the legumes are per-
mitted to remain late in the fall.
Fall Cultivation.-Whether we should cultivate in the
fall or not will depend largely on local conditions. If we
are having a severe drought it may be advisable to use a
cutaway harrow, or an impelment of this kind, to break
up the surface soil so as to conserve the moisture. If the
moisture is not needed, it is usually preferable to allow
the soil to remain undisturbed.
Winter Cultivation.-In the early winter, before there
is any danger from frost, it is frequently necessary for us
to cultivate to prevent rapid evaporation of the moisture.
We can also at that time incorporate more or less of the
cover crop that grew during the summer season. Care
must, however, be taken not to carry this cultivation to
the extent of stimulating the trees into late growth;
otherwise, we are apt to get our trees severely injured by
an early freeze. If, however, the work is carried on in
such a way as to conserve the moisture and yet not stim-
ulate the grove into growth, much good can be done by
early winter cultivation.
Cultivation and Dieback.-Dieback is a disease to which
practically all of our citrus trees are subject, and one
that causes much annoyance and frequently considerable
loss. The observant grove owner, however, will recognize
the preliminary symptoms of the disease and guard
against it. The disease seems to be due to unfavorable
soil conditions, brought on by too rapid a development
of ammonia in the soil. It may also occur as a result of
a number of other conditions.
Depth to Cultivate.-The depth to which a grove may
be cultivated safely depends more on the character of the
soil than on any other condition. In sections where there
is a deep clay soil, the roots of the trees penetrate well
into the ground. In thin, sandy soil, the roots are apt to
keep close to the surface. This is also the case in our
low palmetto hammocks.
The depth to which we should cultivate, then, will de-
pend largely on the character of the soil on which the
grove has been planted. In general, we should never plow
or cultivate so deeply as to disturb any considerable
number of the fibrous roots, and certainly not to the ex-
tent of breaking large roots.
By observing the depth of the roots in the soil, we will
be able to gauge, in a measure, the depth to which we can
cultivate. This, we will find, varies, however, in the same
grove in different years. Consequently, very much de-
pends on the judgment of the man who is doing the culti-
vation or having it done.
Implements.-Under ordinary circumstances, the heavy
two-horse plow has no place in a grove in good health. A
light one-horse plow may be used to some extent. This
tool, however, is a poor implement, since it wastes so
much time for the grove owner. One of the best imple-
ments for deep cultivating is the cutaway harrow or disc
harrow. For a small grove, the one-horse harrow will be
found preferable. For an extensive grove this is too slow,
and we need a two or three-horse cutaway or disc harrow.
The spading harrow will also be found useful under cer-
tain circumstances. The Acme harrow is also an excellent
implement to use when the vegetable matter has been
worked into the soil. It does poor work, however, when
a considerable amount of vegetable matter is present on
the surface. The Planet, Jr., cultivator or Sweep culti-
vator is also excellent for shallow cultivation. When the
orchard has been put into a good state of tilth, and our
only object is to conserve the moisture, the weeder is one
of the best and most serviceable implements. The ordi
nary spring-toothed cultivators are not good implements,
since they pull up too many of the roots they happen to
come in contact with.
BUILDING UP A NEGLECTED GROVE.
The best way to build up a neglected grove is to let the
other fellow do it. Buying a neglected grove is like buy-
ing an old, neglected horse. Under certain circumstances
it may be done with profit, but under ordinary circum-
stances it is cheaper and much more satisfactory to start
a new grove.
It happens frequently, however, that one has an old
grove, or that part of his property happens to be an old,
neglected grove. In such cases, we wish to know what is
best to do.
Pruning.-The.first step in such condition is to go
into the grove with a good sharp saw, pruning shears and
other implements for butchering trees. The pruning
should be done thoroughly and severely. Take out first
all dead wood; then take out all of the weakened wood;
finally, shape the tree up so as to make it more or less
symmetrical. Do not leave any long, spreading branches,
even if they appear to be perfectly healthy. Head them
back, so as to make a good, compact tree. When an old,
neglected orchard has been properly treated, it is usually
a sad-looking sight.
Fertilizers.-Give the entire grove a liberal allowance
of a fertilizer such as is used ordinarily for producing
growth. A good formula for this purpose will contain
about 4 per cent. ammonia, 6 per cent. phosphoric acid,
and 8 per cent. potash. As a source of ammonia, nitrate
of soda may be employed; as a source of potash, use a
high grade sulphate of potash, or low-grade sulphate of
potash; and as a source of phosphoric acid, the acid
phosphate. The amount to be applied per tree should be
very liberal. More people err in applying too little than
in applying too much. Spread the fertilizer evenly broad-
cast over the entire giove, at least over the portion of the
grove where trees occur.
Plowing.-Ordinarily, such a grove should be plowed
very deep, even to the point of breaking and cutting large
roots. Care must, of course, be taken not to plow so
deeply as to destroy a large percentage of the roots of the
trees. This will vary according to the character of the
soil on which the grove happens to be located. Ordi-
narily, the plow may be made to go five or six inches deep,
plowing much deeper in the middles and shallows near
the trunks of the trees. After the grove has been plowed
in one direction, then cross plow it. In this way the fer-
tilizer is pretty thoroughly incorporated with the soil
and brought where the roots can get it almost imme-
diately. After this thorough and deep plowing has been
completed, cultivation with an ordinary implement should
be continued.
By such drastic treatment, the weaker trees are likely
to be killed out entirely. The sooner these are killed out
24
the more profitable it will be for the owner. He can then
replace them with vigorous young trees. The old trees
that have vitality enough to stand such vigorous treat-
ment are pretty sure to respond promptly.
WHITEFLY CONTROL.
By E. W. Berger, Ph.D.
Entomologist Agricultural Experiment Station.
It is important that the citrus grower whose trees are
infested or threatened with infestation by whitefly, should
have at hand the necessary information which will enable
him to initiate and conduct repressive measures to the
best advantage. This bulletin is an endeavor to bring
together the essential facts of whitefly control in a brief
form. The whitefly may be controlled, though it is almost
impossible to eradicate it. To control this pest is to keep
it in check sufficiently for the trees to continue to bear
clean fruit.
HOW THE WITITEFLY INJURES TREES.
Badly infested citrus trees usually bear but a small
amount of fruit, and what is borne is insipid and covered
with sooty mold. The direct injury done to the trees con-
sists in the loss of the sap which the insects suck at the
rate of more than 15 pounds per month for each million
of whitefly larvae. Indirectly the trees are injured by the
sooty mold which covers the leaves and fruit. This sooty
mold is a black fungus which develops in the honeydew,
a sugary excretion ejected by all stages of the whitefly.
This mold is itself injurious to the trees, because by shut-
ting off some of the sunlight it interferes with the elabo-
ration of food materials in the leaves and also retards the
ripening of the fruit. Tests with iodine solution show
that the parts of leaves covered with sooty mold produce
less starch than the parts not covered.
SUMMARY OF LIFE HISTORY.
The young of the citrus whitefly (sometimes incorrectly
called eggs) are scale-like, and live on the under surfaces
of the leaves. They pass through five stages of develop
ment, increasing from about one-eightieth of an inch to
about one-eighteenth of an inch in length. The sixth
stage, or final one, is the adult winged whitefly. The
first four stages are spoken of as the first, second, third
and fourth larval stages; and the fifth stage, the transfer
nation stage from which the winged whitefly emerges, is
called the pupa.
The best time to spread the whitefly destroying fungi or
to spray with contact insecticides is when these insects
are mostly in the first three larval stages, or while they
are still in the thin, flat condition of the fourth stage.
(For a detailed discussion, read what is said under the
heading of "Experiments in Spraying" on a later page.)
Those in the thickened condition of the fourth or in the
pupal stage, are less easily killed, requiring a stronger
insecticide. The eggs of the whitefly cannot be destroyed
by ordinary insecticides, and it is useless to spray the
winged adults. The whitefly begins its larval develop-
ment about 10 days or two weeks after the swarming
periods in spring, summer, and fall. In other words, the
eggs hatch in 10 to 44 days, and there are three broods of
larvae. The spring brood of adults is definitely separated
in time from the summer brood, the intervening period
being occupied by the spring brood of larvae, which may
be expected in March, April or May, according to season
and locality. The summer brood and the late to early
fall brood are not so definitely separated as the spring
and summer broods of adults, because during the warm
weather the adults are emerging nearly all the time; but
large numbers of larvae are present during parts of July
and August. The late summer to early fall brood is again
separated from the next spring brood by nearly the whole
of the fall, the whole of the winter, and sometimes a part
of the spring.
METHODS OF CONTROL.
There are three methods of control-the fungus dis-
eases, spraying with insecticides, and fumigation.
THE FUNGUS DISEASES.
It is a well-established fact, but not a widely known
one, that insects are subject to diseases as well as other
animals and man. Among the principal agents responsi-
ble for the diseases of insects are certain parasitic fungi,
and the whitefly, fortunately for us, is subject to attack
by at least six of them. These are the red fungus (Asch-
ersonia aleyrodis) yellow fungus (Aschersonia flavo-
citrina), brown fungus (Aegerita webbri Fawcett), cinna-
mon fungus (Verticillium keterocladum), white-fringe
fungus (Microcera sp.), and occasionally a species of
Sporotrichum related to the chinchbug fungus. These are
all parasites of the larvae of whitefly, except the last one,
which has occasionally been found infesting dead adult
whiteflies, and presumably had caused their death.
As it is not within the scope of this paper to fully dis-
cuss each of these fungi, the red Aschersonia will alone
be treated in some detail as a typical fungus, while brief
statements with regard to the others will follow.
THE RED FUNGUS.
This important fungus, the red Aschersonia, has given
satisfactory results in localities where the summer rains
were normal, or where the trees were in good condition
generally, the fungus could always be depended upon
to check the whitefly or to bring the trees back into good
condition.
HELPING THE FUNGUS.-By diligent effort at spreading
the fungus, especially during periods of rain, some relief
can be obtained even under otherwise adverse conditions,
if these be not extreme. In the grove of Mr. W. E. Heath-
cote, of St. Petersburg, Florida, into which this fungus
had been introduced the previous year, and in which it
was not thriving especially well and was giving only in-
adequate relief, a single spraying of the fungus spores
was made in August, 1908, into 6 trees, and the entomolo-
gist counted, as a result, something like 10 times the
amount of fungus in these trees that was found in those
on each side. Ten times as much fungus, of course, im-
plies ten times as many whitefly larvae killed, and indi-
cates that, in many instances, diligent application of the
fungus spores would give results more than repaying the
time and money spent. Introductions of fungus should
be thoroughly made, and if necessary repeated several
times during the period of summer rains. We must not
expect the fungus to do all the work unaided, but must
help it destroy the whitefly by spreading it at the best
time.
EXPERIMENTS IN SPREADING FUNGUS.
In this connection the writer desires to refer to the
results produced by fungus in several groves into which it
was introduced artificially. The first of these is the R. 8.
Sheldon grove at New Smyrna. The first introduction of
the red fungus (red Aschersonia) in this grove was made
by spraying spores under the writer's directions in Octo-
ber, 1906. A very small amount of fungus developed that
fall, but it spread well during the next summer and no
more was introduced before 1908. During the spring of
the latter year some fungus was distributed by pinning
leaves. On August 22, 1908, the writer sprayed spores of
the red fungus into a few isolated trees near the Sheldon
house. But little, if any, fungus had developed in these
trees previously and none had been introduced. By Sep-
tember 13, 66 per cent. of the larvae counted upon seven
leaves, selected from some collected by Mr. Sheldon from
the trees sprayed August 22, were infected by the fungus
and dead. This happened in less than one month. The
empty pupa cases were counted as live larvae in making
the calculations. Following these excellent results, Mr.
Sheldon continued to spread fungus by spraying the
spores during the rest of September. Notes upon the
grove were again taken on April 21, 1909, as follows:
Grove has been practically cleaned of whitefly. There has
been fungus by the bushel, and other people have been collect.
ing it for their use. Fungus is now becoming much weathered
and is peeling off, but there is still plenty. Grove has a fine
new growth and many trees have set a good crop. Perhaps one-
tenth as many adults on new growth as in other groves in town
where no fungus was applied. North third of grove has more
adult whiteflies because it is opposite a badly infested grove that
was not treated.
Considering the fact that this grove was not isolated
but was exposed to reinfestation, the results must be con-
sidered very satisfactory. The whitefly was brought under
control in just about two years. On the other hand, the
writer now believes that the same results might have been
attained in less than one year if the first spreading of fun-
gus had been made during the period of summer rains.
In fact, it appears that the work might have been accom-
plished in something like a month if we had spread fungus
through the whole grove in August, 1908, as was done on
the few trees referred to above.
The first part of the work was an experiment designed
to give us accurate data as to the rapidity with which the
fungus spreads under those circumstances, and the con-
trol of the whitefly in the grove as a whole was a secon-
dary matter.
On July 9, 1910, Mr. Sheldon kindly furnished the fol
lowing data. The crop of fruit for 1909 was abundant, of
good quality, and clean. There were but few whiteflies
in 1909 and very little sooty mold. Whitefly considerable
in 1910 but so far very little sooty mold. Red fungus was
spread in 1909, but so far none in 1910, because fungus
is scarce. No other repressive measures have been taken.
On December 22, 1909, the writer visited the 6-acre
orange and pomelo grove of Mrs. A. P. Gunther, at Pier-
son, and made the following notes:
The larvae were in the flat condition of fourth stage and older.
Perhaps average of one alive per leaf. The first trees to become
covered with sooty mold were observed in summer of 1907. Con-
siderable numbers of larvae dead from unknown cause. Exami-
nation lasted one hour. Mr. E. Gunther says fall brood of adults
hot nearly so large as spring brood. Very good spread of red
fungus (Aschersonia). Dozens to hundreds of pustules per leaf.
The fungus was first introduced by Mr. Frank Stirling, of De-
Land, early in the season; several introductions were made later.
Trees look very healthy, thrifty and good color. Good crop last
year. Tangerines and pomelos bearing small crop this year.
Oranges about one-half crop; some fruit covered with sooty mold
and required washing.
The results in this grove appeared to be satisfactory in
so far as the whitefly was concerned, and but little, if
any, better results could have been obtained by any other
method under the same conditions of exposure to reinfes-
tation. This grove appears to be an instance in which
diligent spreading of the fungus, aided by the "unknown
cause" referred to in the notes, reduced the whitefly to a
condition of comparatively little importance in one sea-
son.
Other illustrations of the effectiveness of introducing
and spreading the fungi artificially under favorable con-
ditions could be given. It is not the writer's wish, how-
ever, to make the fungi appear as a panacea for the white-
fly, since their usefulness may be greatly limited in dry'
localities and during periods of drought: It appears
desirable, however, to briefly report upon the fungus work
of Mr. Frank Stirling, of DeLand.
During 1908 Mr. Frank Stirling, of DeLand, began to
spray fungus spores on an extensive scale. That year he
treated between eight and nine thousand trees, in and
near DeLand. During the spring and summer of 1909,
with one or two. helpers, he sprayed fungus spores into
127,500 trees. That is, he made 127,500 sprayings, many
trees being sprayed many times. This spraying was main-
ly of the red fungus, but some yellow and some brown
fungi were also used. The best results were had with the
red fungus, but the brown did well later in the season.
The yellow fungus (Aschersonia), Mr. Stirling says, is a
"hustler" for the cloudy-winged species of whitefly.
Groves belonging to 58 owners were sprayed at a contract
price-of 2 cents per tree. This spring and summer (1910)
Mr. Stirling is continuing to spray fungus spores. It will
thus be seen that the method of spreading fungus as di-
rected by the Experiment Station is receiving a most
thorough test.
The entomologist has had occasion to examine person-
ally only two of the groves treated by Mr. Stirling during
1909. These are the Gunther grove at Pierson, referred
to on a former page, and the Temple groves at Winter
Park. The results in Mr. Temple's groves appear to be
about equal in two good sprayings with insecticides, but
at less cost. Two sprayings in 1909, with fungus, one in
May and one in July, cost 4 cents per tree; to have
sprayed with insecticides would have cost 25 to 30 cents
per tree. Mr. Stirling is again treating Mr. Temple's
trees this season. On April 21, 1910, Mr. Stirling said
that in the Stetson groves at DeLand, some of which were
sprayed five times with fungus during the season of 1909,
the whitefly was held in check and kept from spreading;
and had not fungus been spread, one-third of the fruit
would have been covered with sooty mold.
KEEPING TREES THRIFTY.-It should be added here that
proper fertilizing and cultivation of the trees is impor-
tant, since a thrifty tree full of healthy foliage presents
conditions favorable for the growth of the parasitic fungi
of the whitefly, and, of course, can better withstand the
attacks of insects. Irrigation would also frequently bene-
fit the trees and favor the fungus parasites of whitefly
and of scales.
INTRODUCING THE RED FUNGUS.
In order to start a growth of the red Aschersonia, it is
only necessary to spray a mixture of the fungus spores
in water on to the whitefly larvae in the infested trees.
The spores of the fungus are produced in enormous num-
bers in the red elevations or pustules covering the dead
larvae. They vary considerably in size, and 13,600,000 to
as many as 52,000,000 could be arranged, one layer thick,
upon the surface of a square inch. About 40 pustules to
a pint of water have given good results. More can be
used, or less, if fungus is scarce. It is not necessary to
allow the leaves with fungus to soak longer than 5 to 10
minutes, but a longer time does no harm, and the mixture
of spores and water may even be allowed to stand for
12 to 14 hours without injury. The mixture of spores and
water should be strained through coarse cheesecloth or a
fine wire sieve in order to remove all particles liable to
clog the pump. Mixtures of fungus spores and water
should not be allowed to stand in copper or brass pumps
or vessels. It is best to avoid copper and brass vessels
altogether, since the copper may injure the spores.
Growths of fungus can generally be observed with the
unaided eye in about three weeks after spraying the
spores. The most successful introductions of the red
Aschersonia have been made during periods of rain at a
time when the whitefly larvae were young. Thus one of
the most luxuriant growths of the Red Aschersonia that
the writer succeeded in getting was at DeLand during a
period of rain in April, 1908, at which time also the larvae
of the spring brood were in the early stage of develop-
ment and very susceptible to infection by fungus. Gen-
erally speaking, the period of summer rains is the most
certain time to spread fungus and to introduce it' into
new places. Seed fungus can generally be obtained from
whitefly-infested groves into which the fungi have been
previously introduced or in which they occur naturally.
Since the fungi do not spread during the winter, but are
nearly dormant, and fungus is sometimes scarce during
the spring months, but some can generally be obtained.
By midsummer a crop of fungus will have matured upon
the spring brood of whitefly larvae so that fungus is then
abundant. One should not attempt to introduce fungus
after the period of summer rains is over, unless it is de-
sired to spray the spores when seed fungus is most plenti-
ful, preparatory to having an early start when spring
opens, as late as October, November and December, and
while but a meager infection resulted, this spread rapidly
during the following spring and summer, as soon as suffi-
cient moisture and warmth were present. The data and
complete details of experiments will not be needed here
since they were published in Bulletin 97, page 48; in the
Annual Report for 1907, page xxxii; in the Annual Report
for 1908, page liv; and in the Annual Report for 1909,
page xi. On a small place the mixture of spores and
water may be applied by a whisk broom when no pump
is available.
OTHER FUNGI.
The methods for introducing any of the other fungus
parasites previously mentioned are in general the same
as the method just described for the red Aschersonia. Of
these fungi the red and the yellow Aschersonia can be
introduced with the greatest certainty, and on the whole
are generally the most efficient, excepting the brown fun-
gus when conditions for it are right.
One important point in regard to the yellow Ascherso-
nia must not be omitted. This fungus will thrive only
upon the cloudy-winged whitefly. This fact, which is
fully discussed in Bulletin 97, page 52, and in the Annual
Report for 1909, page xxxvi, is important, since it would
be useless to introduce the yellow fungus on the white-
winged species.
3-Bull.
PINNING LEAVES.
Pinning leaves having whitefly larvae infected with a
fungus upon them has been extensively practiced in the
past, but spore-spraying has now almost entirely displaced
this method. If leaves are used, each leaf should be
pinned with its fungus side down to the lower surface of
a leaf of the whitefly-infested tree, since the fungus will
be more readily distributed by natural agencies when in
its natural position.
ARTIFICIAL CULTURE OF FUNGUS.
All the fungus parasites of the whitefly can be readily
grown artificially upon sterilized sweet potato and other
media employed for such purposes. This was proven over
two years ago by the Plant Pathologist, Prof. H. S. Faw-
cett, anid the methods were described in his paper on
"Fungi Parasites Upon Aleyrodes Citri," Special Studies
No. 1, University of the State of Florida, June, 1908. The
brown fungus (Aegerita webbri, Fawcett) is the only one
which has so far failed to produce spores in artificial cul-
tures. Artificial cultures of this fungus can not at pres-
ent be used for spraying, as can those of the other fungi
The red fungus has been grown extensively in the wri-
ter's laboratory on sterilized sweet potato, either in the
form of plugs or finely ground. The best results were
obtained when the plugs or ground sweet potatoes were
placed in one-fourth pint and one-half pint wide-mouthed
bottles, which were carefully stoppered with plugs of cot-
ton batten. The potato was placed in the bottles which
were then stoppered with the cotton batten, and sterilized
by steam. Sterilizing destroys all the germ life in the
bottle and on the potato. This is necessary, for otherwise
the development of bacteria and other fungi would choke
out the slow-growing red fungus. The plug of cotton bat-
ten keeps out all undesirable germs, but allows air to
pass. The spores of the fungus are introduced into the
bottles either by spraying them in sterilized water with
a small atomizer, or by streaking them on with a sterilized
platinum needle. The work must be done in a properly
prepared dust-proof room.
The last culture of red fungus consisted of about 50
bol:les. Fungus grown as just described can be employed
for introducing into whitefly-infested groves as success-
fully as that occurring naturally. This has been repeat-
edly proven in infested trees near Gainesville and at other
places. Since the natural supply of red fungus has been
generally sufficient, it is not probable that it will become
necessary to grow it artificially; but should it become nec-
essary to supply the artificially-grown fungus, this can be
done in ton lots or larger with proper equipment.
While the spores of this fungus germinates in 24 to 48
hours, fungus growth does not become visible on sweet
potatoes for about 7 days. This time is about the same
as upon whitefly larvae. Some spores are formed in 20
to 30 days; and this again corresponds with the develop-
ment upon whitefly larvae. Spore formation appears to
be completed in about 30 to 60 days. The fungus mass
will then be of a light brick-red; in fact, the appearance
of this color may be taken as evidence that spores are
forming. The fungus should be used at that time, but it
will keep for a month, and longer during the winter and
early spring. This fungus does not readily become weak-
ened, or lose its virulence, by, successive growths upon
sweet potato as a culture medium, since successful
growths of fungus have been started upon whitefly larvae
from each of the first five generations.
What has just been stated in regard to the red fungus
holds generally true for the yellow fungus, except that
no extensive cultures of this fungus upon sweet potato
have been made.
TREATMENT WITH INSECTICIDES.
In dry times, and in groves out of condition, the fungi
may not thrive sufficiently, and it may become necessary
to spray with insecticides, or to fumigate.
Spraying with insecticides'has fallen more or less into
disfavor. Operations and experiments of the Florida
Experiment Station during the past year indicate clearly
that effective spraying can be done. The difficulties in the
past have risen from spraying being done at the wrong
time, or were due to a lack of thoroughness, or to reinfes-
tation from surrounding groves. The difficulty of doing
the work so thoroughly that the under surfaces of all the
leaves become wet with the spraying solution can be over-
come in part by taking special care, and by spraying at a
pressure of 100 pounds or over.
Spraying for whitefly can be carried on successfully
during that portion of any season when most of the in-
sects are in the larval or pupal stages. During the fall
(beginning with October and the greater part of the
winter we find the whitefly in the larval stages, and later
in winter in the pupal stages. During a part of April or
May, soon after the disappearance of the spring brood of
adults, there is another period of about a month when but
few adult whiteflies are present and the eggs have hatch-
ed. After May until the end of September all stages of
the whitefly, including the adults, are generally present.
During this period rains occur frequently, while the
adults fly away from the spray, and the eggs are not
generally destroyed by it. Spraying should then be done
only when necessary to save the trees.
EXPERIMENTS IN SPRAYING.
In some orange trees (Mr. B. F. Hampton's grove near
Gainesville) which were sprayed on May 7, 1909, with
"Golldust" at a strength of 1 pound to 4 gallons of water,
91 per cent. of all larvae of the first to the third stages
were dead after 10 days. The percentages of fourth-stage
larvae killed was only 30.
These are the results of counting the dead and live lar-
vae on 10 leaves, selected as representatives of good spray-
ing. On 36 leaves an average of 92 per cent. of all stages
were killed. (An. Rept. 1909, p. xiiii). Allowance was
made for natural mortality, the percentage of which was
computed upon leaves from unsprayed trees. The follow-
ing temperature conditions existed on the day the spray-
ing was made and during 6 days thereafter:
TABLE I.
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURES FOR 7 DAYS.
I I I I
MAY, 1909. I7thj 8thl 9th 10th llth 12th 13th
Maximum ........... 88 82 86 88 87 82 83
Minimum .......... 62 63 66 66 611 6161
Mean of maxima ...................; 850 F.
Mean of minima ..................... 630 F.
General mean ....................... 74.5 F.
The results obtained on some 25 Satsuma trees (also in
Mr. Hampton's grove), sprayed on June 2, 1909, with
"Golddust" as before, are as follows: 99.5 per cent. of the
second and third stages were killed, and 89 per cent. of
the fourth stage and pupae. The average of all stages
killed was 91 per cent. Ten leaves representing good
spraying were selected nine days after spraying. Natural
mortality was allowed for and computed from unsprayed
trees. The following temperature conditions existed on
the date of spraying and during 6 days thereafter:
TABLE II.
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURES FOR 7 DAYS.
I I I I
JUNE, i909. 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th
t I I
Maximum ........... 99 88 82 90 90 90 88
Minimum ........... | 73 75 75 73 70 70 68
Mean of maxima ................... 89.6G F.
Mean of minima ....................72 o F.
General mean .......................80.8 F.
The following table, published in the Annual Report
for 1909, was primarily arranged to show the effectiveness
of the two soaps indicated, but when compared with the
two previous series of sprayings, this table becomes of
greater interest, as is brought out in the discussion fol-
lowing. The larvae were mainly in the flat fourth stage
of development, but no distinction of stages was made in
counting them. The table gives the results on ten leaves
of spraying two or three trees with each strength of soap.
The leaves were selected to represent good spraying. The
spraying were made near Gainesville in Mr. James Cel-
lon's trees, June 15 to 17, 1909, and the leaves were col-
lected 4 to 15 days later.
TABLE III.
RESULTS OF SPRAYING WITH SOAPS.
Strength of Solution.
1 lb. to u gals. water.......
1 lb. to j gals. water.......
1 lb. to 12 gals. water......
1 lb. to 1b gals. water and 3
lbs. washing soda......
Killed by Whale-
Oil Soap.
...91 per cent....
...88 per cent...
...77 per cent...
Killed by Octa-
gon Soap.
....96 per cent.
....95 per cent.
....89 per cent.
...93 per cent...)....94 per cent.
The following temperature conditions existed on the
day of spraying and during 6 days after:
TABLE IV.
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURES FOR 7 DAYS.
I I I I I I
JUNE, 1909. I15th 16th7th 18thI 19thI20thI 21st
Maximum ........... 198 93 93 89 92 88 92
I I I I II
Minimum ........... 70 74 75 72 71 69 72
Mean of maxima ....................94.3 F.
Mean of minima ...................72 o F.
General mean ...................... 83.10 F.
In the above three series of spraying operations the
figures indicate that the June spraying was more effective
than the May spraying. Temperature, as well as stage of
development, is apparently a factor in successful spray-
ing, since we would expect the solutions to be more pene-
treating when several degrees warmer. Thus only 91.3 per
cent. of the stages 1 to 3, and 30 per cent. of the fourth
stage were killed with "Golddust" with an initial temper-
ature of 88 degrees and a mean for 7 days of 74.5 degrees;
while 99.5 per cent. of the stages 2 and 3, and 89 per cent.
of the fourth and fifth stages were killed when the initial
temperature was 99 degrees and the mean for 7 days, 80.8
degrees. The results of June 15 to 17 in Mr. Cellon's
trees on fourth stage larvae with the soap solutions were
excellent, with an initial temperature of 98 degrees and a
mean of 83.1 degrees. These figures, in conjunction with
many general observations, indicate that we should spray
the young larvae in the first to the third stages, and the
thin flat condition of the fourth stage, rather than the
older fourth stage larvae and the pupae. They also indi-
cate that spraying during the hottest summer weather
with the thermometer at about 99 degrees is more effective
against all stages and especially against the fourth stage
and the pupae, than spraying in cooler weather.
FUMIGATION.
Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas is recommended
for winter treatment, no eggs or adults being present. A
bulletin on the subject has been issued by the U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture, describing the work carried on
by Dr. A. W. Morrill and his assistants at Orlando. Those
wishing to consult this publication should address the
Superintendent of Public Documents, Washington, D. C.,
inclosing 15 cents, and asking for Bulletin 76 of the Bu-
reau of Entomology.
WINTER TREATMENT.
Winter is a favorable time to treat the whitefly, because
this insect is then in its larval stages, and there are no
adults to fly away, nor eggs that are difficult to kill.
There are two methods of winter treatment-fumiga-
tion, and spraying. Where fumigation can be employed,
it is to be preferred. Those who have carried on extensive
fumigation experiments claim that it is less injurious to
the trees than spraying with insecticides. Quicker and
better results can undoubtedly be obtained with it, espe-
cially on the larger trees, where it is difficult to wet all
the leaves by spraying. For small and medium-sized trees
spraying can, however, be made nearly as effective.
The growers at Winter Haven have organized a protec-
tive league, and assessed each grower one cent per year
for each tree he owned. In this locality the whitefly had
just started in two or three groves, and the results of
spraying in winter have been so successful that but few,
if any, more whitefly larvae could be found last fall than
three years ago. These spraying operations appear to be
the most successful on record. The insecticide was a pro-
prietary miscible oil. Another grower states that he has
succeeded in keeping the whitefly confined to a few trees
in one corner of his grove for four or five years by thor-
ough spraying with another miscible oil.
For winter spraying the solutions must be used much
stronger than at other times, and whale-oil soap solution
should not be used weaker than 1 pound to 4 gallons of
water.
LOCALITIES JUST BECOMING INFESTED.
Winter treatment should not be omitted in any locality
in which the whitefly is just coming in and is confined to
a limited area. Under such circumstances there is too
much at stake in the form of a protective league as just
illustrated. All the groves in such a locality are threat-
ened, and no grower can afford to omit paying his share
towards keeping the pest confined within its present lim-
its as long as possible. It pays better to help fight the
pest in another man's grove than to have it in one's own.
Work should not be postponed 'with the thought that
something can still be done in the summer, since by so
doing the whitefly is given another chance to spread
during its swarming period in April or May. Fumigate,
if possible; if not, then spray thoroughly.
BADLY INFESTED LOCALITIES.
Where a locality is completely and heavily infested, the
trees should be treated in winter in order to give them a
better chance to set fruit in spring. If co-operation can
be effected, it is possible to do the work so thoroughly
that no further treatment will be necessary until the
next fall or winter. If co-operation for an entire locality
is impracticable, it may be feasible to effect co-operation
on the part of the owners of localized groups of groves.
Where no co-operation whatever is possible, each grower
should nevertheless treat his own trees. In this instance
spraying should be the method of winter treatment. It
would be inadvisable to go to the expense of fumigation
where the grove is not isolated and reinfestation is cer-
tain, but spraying should be done. Later in April or
May, when the grove has become reinfested from the
groves of indifferent neighbors, it should be sprayed again.
There is a time in April or May when the whitefly larvae
are young and easily destroyed by whale-oil soap (1 pound
with 6 to 9 gallons of water, or by any other good insecti-
cide diluted sufficiently to be harmless to the leaves or
young fruit. This period comes about two weeks after
the spring brood of adults has disappeared from the wing.
After that, during the period of summer rains, if condi-
tions are at all favorable for fungus growth (plenty of
moisture, and good condition of trees) the fungus dis-
eases of the whitefly should be introduced. Finally, if
necessary, the trees should be sprayed again in October or
November; in which case treatment during the following
winter will not be necessary. (See also under the follow-
ing heading.)
SPRING, SUMMER AND FALL SPRAYING.
SPRING TREATMENT.
Spring treatment should .begin about two weeks after
the winged whiteflies have disappeared. There are then
only young larvae present. This-period may occur during
April or May, or sometimes earlier, depending upon the
season and the locality. In localities where the spring
rains are abundant and the general moisture conditions
throughout the season generally suitable, the fungi, pref-
erably the red Aschersonia, may be introduced as previ-
ously directed. Where the conditions for the fungi are
not suitable, or where it is desired to depend altogether
upon spraying, the spring period indicated is a most suita-
ble one during which to spray. The advantages of spray-
ing at this time may be summed up as follows: (1) The
whiteflies are in the young larval stages and are easily
killed; (2) they are mainly on the new growth and more
easily sprayed; (3) the larvae are destroyed before sap-
ping the strength of the new growth, and before much
sooty mold has developed; (4) rain is not likely to inter-
fere with the spraying.
SUMMER TREATMENT.
Spraying may also be carried on during the summer
after the second brood of adult whiteflies has passed its
period of greatest numbers, some time in July. During
this time the whitefly develops more or less irregularly,
there being all stages present in considerable numbers at
nearly all times, and rain is generally abundant. For
these reasons spraying at this time of the year is not
generally advised, excepting when the trees are suffering
greatly. The fungi can generally be introduced to good
advantage at this time, and they should be applied freely
whenever the whitefly is present in sufficient numbers,
and conditions are favorable for fungus growth.
FALL TREATMENT.
Fall is an important time to spray for the whitefly, and
treatment may begin in October or November, or soon
after the adult whiteflies of the late summer brood have
disappeared,and after the late laying of eggs have hatched.
The Knight grove at Bay View, and F. M. Campbell's
grove at Anona were sprayed in the early part of Novem-
ber, 1908, with a spraying mixture whose principal ingre-
dient was whale-oil soap (about 1 pound to 10 gallons of
water) and about 90 per cent. of the larvae were killed.
For the late fall spraying, whale-oil soap should not be
used weaker than 1 pound to 4 or 6 gallons of water, but I
pound to 6 or 9 gallons may be used earlier.
It is not necessary to spray two or three times during
fall or winter, as some think. By doing thorough work
95 per cent. of the larvae are destroyed, and the remain-
ing 5 per cent. will not increase until spring. In other
words, spraying should be done so thoroughly that it will
be unnecessary to repeat it for that brood.
The advantages of fall spraying may be summed up as
follows: (1) The young larvae are abundant and easily
killed; (2) they are killed before they wax fat at the
expense of the trees; (3) the trees remain clean for nearly
five months; (4) there are few rains to interfere with
spraying.
SPRAYING SOLUTIoNs.
Since spraying to kill the young whitefly larvae must be
done in spring, summer, or fall, when either tender leaves
or fruit are on the trees, it is evident that a spraying solu
tion must be used that will not injure the foliage or the
fruit. Almost any good contact insecticide can be em-
ployed, provided it is sufficiently diluted.
The experiments reported on a previous page show
that soap solutions of 1 pound of soap to 6 gallons of
water, destroyed all larvae in the first three stages, and
most of those in the fourth and pupal stages. Thorough
work resulted in destroying between 90 and 96 per cent.
of all the larvae. Soap solutions of 1 pound of soap to 9
gallons of water destroyed about 90 per cent. Good's
potash whale-oil soap No. 3 was used, and also Octagon
soap. It is probable that any kind of soap will be effec-
tive against these young larvae. In winter and late fall
the soap solutions should be used stronger, about 1 pound
to 4 gallons of water, but a weaker solution used in the
spring, summer, or early fall, will generally kill as many
of the insects as the stronger solution in winter.
Experiments reported on a previous page show that
"Golddust" used on young larvae at the rate of 1 pound
to 4 gallons of water killed 90 to 95 per cent. Preliminary
chemical examination showed that it consisted of about
25 per cent. of soap, 62 per cent. of washing soda, and
about 13 per cent. of water. When we mixed one pound
of whale-oil soap with three pounds of washing soda and
used one pound of this mixture to 4 gallons of water we
got about the same results as we did by using one pound
of "Golddust" to 4 gallons of water. One pound of whale-
oil soap alone to 9 gallons of water gave about the same
result as the whale-oil soap and soda mixture. The cost
in each case was a little less than half a cent per gallon.
Whale-oil soap is therefore decidedly a cheaper material
to use for spraying than "Golddust." A mixture as good
as "Golddust" can be made at about one-half the cost by
using 1 pound of whale-oil soap and 3 pounds of washing
soda to 16 gallons of water.
ST'HREE SPECIES OF WIIITEPLY.
About two years ago is was discovered that there are
two distinct species of whitefly that seriously infest citrus
trees in Florida. The second species, Aleurodes nubifera,
is spoken of as the cloudy-winged species, and the other,
Aleurodes citri, as the white-winged species. Previous to
1908 is was supposed that only one species infested the
trees, namely, the white-winged species. The cloudy-
winged species is so called because there is a delicate
cloud-like or smoky area toward the ends of the wings.
*It should not be understood, however, that this cloudy-
winged species is a recent comer. On the contrary, exami-
nation by A. L. Quaintance of whitefly material preserved
in the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C., has
shown that this species existed in Florida prior to 1895.
According to some drawings made in Louisiana in 1893
by Prof. Morgan, the cloudy-winged species existed there
at that time. The white-winged species began to be
studied back in the 70's, and was first described in 1893.
So far as records show it appears that both species were
probably introduced about the same time. The present
distribution of the cloudy-winged is quite as extensive as
that of the white-winged one: Sometimes both species
can be found in the same locality and on the same tree.
The white-winged one is the more destructive, and where
both occur together the cloudy-winged species is relatively
insignificant; although when alone this latter species fre-
quently causes severe infestation.
A third species has recently gained entrance to the
State, the so-called' woolly whitefly, Aleurodes howardii.
This species has been known to infest citrus trees in Cuba
and other West Indian islands for some time, but has
only recently become established in Florida about Tampa
and Ybor City. Dr. E. A. Back of the Bureau of Ento-
mology, Washington, D. C., stationed at Orlando, has
written a brief account of the occurence of this species in
Florida, in the Florida Fruit and Produce News for No-
vember 26, 1909, p. 5; and in Bulletin 64, part viii, Bureau
of Entomology, Washington, D. C.
WHITEFLY AND' FREEZING
The benefit to the grower of any freezing sufficient to
defoliate citrus trees may be considered about the equiva-
lent of a fumigation or extra good spraying so far as the
effects upon the whitefly are concerned. The great major-
ity of the whitefly larvae die on leaves killed by cold; but
a few may survive, especially on any leaves that are drift-
ed into some moist place where they do not dry out com-
pletely. In November and January, 1907-8, the writer
collected fallen leaves at DeLand with live fourth-stage
larvae and pupae upon them, some of which matured after
being taken to the Experiment Station at Gainesville (see
Bulletin 97, p. 62). The degrees of cold that have hitherto
occurred in Florida have not exterminated the whitefly
except in one or possibly in two places. At Crescent City
the freeze of 1894-5 did exterminate the cloudy-winged
species, probably the only one present there at that time.
But as all citrus trees were frozen to the ground, and as
this species appears to live on citrus only, it is easy to
understand how the extermination took place. Freezing
destroys directly but few, if any, of the larvae on -leaves
that remain uninjured.
QUARANTINE.
The whitefly can be kept out of non-infested groves for a
considerable length of time. With but a little attention,
growers can save for themselves thousands of dollars.
This should be an incentive to every resident of Florida,
whether a grove-owner or not, to help in checking the
whitefly and keeping it from spreading. Something can
be accomplished by closing private gates against vehicles
coming from infested districts, since the winged whiteflies
are frequently carried on persons and vehicles for long
distances. Nursery stock and ornamentals when brought
to one's premises should be defoliated if there is the least
possibility of any whitefly being present. The whitefly is
undoubtedly more frequently carried long distances on
nursery stock than by any other means. As a special
precaution, nursery stock may be fumigated after defoli-
ating. To what extent whitefly may be carried on pickers'
implements is an open question, but it is easy to conceive
of adults or young larvae being carried in that way. Cer-
tain growers in non-infested localities have very wisely
excluded the implements which have been used in in-
fested localities. Such implements can be made safe, how-
ever, by a thorough spraying with soap solutions or other
contact insecticides, care being taken to saturate all crev-
ices with the solution. Picking bags and outer garments
of pickers may be fumigated in aight-tight containers
with carbon bisulphide, at the rate of 1 to 3 ounces for a
space the size of a barrel, leaving them in fumigation
over night. Hydrocyanic acid gas may also be used.
Gasoline used in an air-tight container will also do the
work.
FOOD PLANTS.
The cloudy-winged species (Aleurodes nubifera) has
not yet been found alive on any plants except species of
citrus. Mr. A. L. Quaintance, however, reports A. nubifera
on some gardenia leaves collected at Crescent City, Flor-
ida, in 1895, by H. G. Hubbard, and preserved in the
Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. (See Bulletin
No. 12, part IX., Technical Series, Bureau of Entomology,
U. S. D. A.). The following is a revised list of food plants
of the white-winged species (Aleurodes citri). With re-
gard to those marked by an asterisk, it has not yet been
determined whether A. nubifera or A. citri, or both, infest
them. The writer is of the opinion that all were probably
infested with A. citri.
Class I.-FOOD PLANTS PREFERRED BY A. CITRI.
Native Species:
Prickly Ash (Fagara Clava-Herculis (L.) Small).
Wild Persimmon (Diospyros Virginiana) (L.)
Wild Olive (Osmanthus Americana (L.) B. & H.).
Green Ash (Fraxinus lanceolata, Borck).
Introduced Species:
Citrus (all varieties).
Chinaberry (Melia Azedarach L.).
Umbrella (Melia Azedarach umbraculifera Sarg.).
Cape Jasmine (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis).
Privets (Ligustrum spp.).
Japan Persimmon (Diospyros Kaki L. f.).
Class II.-FOOD PLANTS SOMETIMES INFESTED BUT NOT
PREFERRED BY A. CITRI.
Native Species:
Cherry Laurel or Mock orange (Laurocerasus Caro-
liniana (Mill.) Roem.)
Viburnum nudum L.
Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis L.)
Smilax (Smilax, sp.).
*Blackberry (Rubus sp.).
*Water Oak (Quercus nigra L.).
*Scrub Palmetto (Sabal megacarpa (Champ.)
Small).
Introduced Species:
Coffee (Coffea Arbica L.).
Pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.).
Allamanda (Allamanda neriifolia Hook.).
*Honeysuckle (Lonicera Japonica Halliana).
*Ficus altissima.
*Ficus sp. (from Costa Rica).
Oleander (Nerium Oleander L.).
Cultivated pear (Pyrus sp.).
Lilac (Syringe sp.).
Banana Shrub (Michelia fuscata Blume).
Camellia, or Japonica (Mamellia Japonica L.).
PLANTS TO BE CONDEMNED.
The cape jasmine, chinaberry, umbrella trees, prickly
4-Bull.
ash, privets, wild olive, trifoliatd orange (Citrus trifo-
liata), and all useless and abandoned citrus should be
condemned and destroyed in all citrus-growing communi-
ties. Destruction of these plants will retard the restock-
ing of citrus groves with whitefly after repressive meas-
ures have been carried out, and greatly check the spread
of the whitefly in localities only partly infested or just
becoming infested. While it is safest to destroy all these
plants, it is the chinaberry and umbrella trees that are
the most dangerous. It has been found by counts and
calculations that a large infested umbrella tree may set
free tens of millions of adult whiteflies during late sum-
mer and early fall, so that a dozen umbrella trees may be
counted upon to liberate hundreds of millions of these in-
sects each year to re-stock a treated grove.
These hundreds of millions swarm about apparently in
an aimless manner, but have been observed to migrate a
mile beyond their place of origin, indicating clearly how
these trees are instrumental in spreading the whitefly to
the outlying citrus groves. The other deciduous trees of
the condemned list stand in the same relation to the
whitefly as the chinaberry and umbrella trees, but being
smaller they harbor fewer whiteflies. The late summer
and fall migration of the whitefly from the umbrella and
other deciduous trees is due to the fact that no new fo-
liage is produced at that time. The whitefly prefers to
deposit its eggs upon new and tender foliage, and when
this is absent, it instinctively leaves the trees, apparently
in search of evergreen trees such as citrus, cape jasmine,
and others, on which to deposit its eggs.
WHITEFLY AND INCREASE OF SCALES.
Scale insects have in some instances increased abnor-
mally in citrus trees that were infested with whitefly. It
has been thought that this increase of scales had been
somehow brought about by the latter insect. That the
whitefly cannot be the principal cause is indicated by the
fact that increase of scales has not always been preceded
by whitefly, and that whitefly infestation is not always
accompanied by increased numbers of scales. The worst
cases of infestation by scales, causing partial or complete
defoliation and much loss of small twigs, were in locali-
ties suffering from lack of rain. It appears that this lack
of moisture is the primary factor, and that the whitefly
made a bad condition worse by further exhausting the sap
of the trees. The lack of sufficient moisture weakened the
trees. It also checked the development of the fungus dis-
eases which normally keep the scales under control. Had
the trees been supplied with sufficient moisture they would
have been able to put on a fairly good growth. The new
leaves would have supplied more food to the trees:
(Leaves are not only the lungs of the tree, but also the
organs in which food is elaborated.) This food would
have been used in part to feed the scales and whitefly, and
in part to maintain the vigor of the trees. These leaves
would also have supplied more moisture to the air, and
their shade would have kept the interior of the trees
moister. This would have resulted in a thrifty growth of
the almost universally present fungus diseases of scales.
It has been noticed that scale fungi and whitefly fungi
often thrive remarkably well even in dry localities in
vigorously growing trees. It therefore follows that the
better the condition in which the grove is kept, the less
likely is it to suffer from the depredations of insects.
When there is a great increase of scales, whether or not
whitefly is present, it is evident that the fungus diseases
of these insects are absent or are not thriving. In this
case spraying with some contact insecticides, or fumiga-
tion, should be employed to give immediate relief.
WHEN TO SPRAY FOR SCALES.
In the spring, summer, and fall, it is not possible to use
strong spraying mixtures, so that it may be necessary to
spray the infested trees several times at intervals of some
weeks. It will not always be necessary to spray the whole
grove, but only the most severely infested trees. When
whitefly is present the spray should, of course, be applied
to these as well as to the scales.
The following precautions should be kept in mind when
spraying for scales in spring, summer, or fall:
1. Spray when many young scales can be seen with a
lens to be crawling about, or to have just attached them-
selves. These young scales appear either as oval moving
specks or as round whitish dots. They are easily destroy-
ed by a weak spraying solution which will not injure the
fruit or foliage in any stage of growth.
2. Any contact insecticide may be employed, such as
soap solutions, emulsions of oils, or good proprietary in-
secticides. Soap solutions of 1 pound of soap and 6 to 9
gallons of water will destroy the crawling scales and
those just set, together with the young whitefly, larvae,
without injuring the trees.
,3. Avoid insecticides that are recommended as useful
for fungus diseases, because they also destroy the fungus
diseases of the scales and whitefly. Whale-oil soap causes
little or no injury to these fungi, and the same is true of
some of the best proprietary insecticides.
4. During the period of summer rains the fungus dis-
eases of the scales and whitefly should be distributed to
those trees in which they do not occur in sufficient quan-
tity.
5. The eggs of the scale insects, being sheltered be-
neath the old scales, are not easily destroyed by sprays.
The old scales are protected by their waxy covering, and
are not destroyed in great numbers by spraying solutions,
unless of extra strength. Hence, repeated spraying in
warm weather when the young are hatching, may be made
more effective than winter spraying.
RESUME OF SCIENTIFIC RESULTS.
1. Less starch produced by trees affected with sooty
mold.
2. Definite advantages gained by spraying fungus over
natural spread.
3. The vitality of spores is probably injured by a brass
vessel when the mixtures is allowed to stand in it.
4. Proof that the fungi grow best in hot wet weather.
5. Yellow fungus thrives only on A. nubifera.
6. Cultures of fungi used for spraying with success.
7. Cultures of fifth generation retain their virulence.
8. Pupae apparently more or less immune to fungus
attack.
9. Use soap solutions for spraying whitefly.
10. Proof that spraying with insecticides is most ef-
fective in hottest weather, against younger larvae.
11. A second species of whitefly.
12. Some new food plants of whitefly.
SUMMARY.
1. It is easy in Florida to start growths of the fungus para-
sites in whitefly-infested trees at the proper time.
2. The proper time to spray fungus spores is when there are
many young larvae on the leaves and the weather is both moist
and warm.
3. The fungi should be put on the trees as soon as favorable
conditions arise, in order that their growth may be helped by
the summer rains.
4. If the fungi are applied late in the season, they will not
increase sufficiently to be of material advantage until the next
year.
5. During a wet spring, favorable conditions for starting
growths of fungus may arise as early as April. Generally speak-
ing, the periods of summer rains is the most certain time to start
fungus.
6. In localities where there is not sufficient moisture, or when
the trees are out of condition, the fungi grow sparingly, and
spraying with insecticides or fumigation should be carried on to
check the whitefly.
7. Spraying with insecticides should be done when there are
few or no adult whiteflies swarming about, and when all or
most of the eggs have hatched, which is about 10 to 14 days after
the last of a brood of adults has disappeared.
8. In April or May, in October or November, and during win-
ter, are the times when the most effective spraying with insecti-
cides may be done.
9. In summer the fungi should be applied, because during the
period of rains spraying with insecticides is difficult, but the
fungi can then be spread to the best advantage.
REMEDY FOR MANGO BLIGHT.
By U. S. Department of Agriculture.
The mango, most delicious of tropical fruits, is now
being grown on a commercial scale in Florida, but the
production has been seriously interfered with by a fungus
growth. The Department of Agriculture is endeavoring
to determine on a remedy for this blight, and has just
issued a bulletin giving the details of certain experiments
in spraying the fruit. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture
served to keep the fruit free from infection although when
applied to the blossoms during the rainy season it was
of little or no value.
Beneath mango trees the disease can always be found
on the fallen leaves. Here these leaves merely await a
favorable moist season to spread the disease widely.
Growers of this newly introduced fruit, which undoubted-
ly would be very popular in American markets if it were
more abundant, realize the seriousness of the disease and
it was to aid them that the writer of the Department's
new bulletin was sent to Florida to study the trouble.
Mangos come into bloom very irregularly. They are
very dependent upon weather conditions. If the weather
happens to be dry at blooming time and until the fruit
is set, the fruit can be brought through to ripening free
from infection, by spraying at certain intervals. How-
ever, if the weather is not dry the blossom-blight flour-
ishes when the tree blooms. In the Department's ex-
periments, spraying the blossoms every day prevented a
set of fruit and spraying the blossoms every other day
did not save sufficient fruit to justify the expense in
spraying.
Spraying was, however, effective in keeping the buds
of the flowers free from diseases even after the flowers
began to open. Experiments seem to show that the buds
should be sprayed at least every 4th day until blossoming
time. From then until the fruit is set, spraying seems to
be of no value. However, after the fruit is set it can be
kept covered with Bordeaux mixture during the first 8
or 10 weeks of its development to great advantage.
The fruits are most susceptible to infection just as they
are setting. Consequently, it appears that it would be
best to make three applications of Bordeaux mixture at
weekly intervals, applying the first one when about one-
half to two-thirds of the blossoms have opened, and fol-
lowing these by a fourth application after a lapse of two
weeks and a fifth one three weeks later. Altogether this
would make five sprayings for the fruit in addition to
the two (or in some cases three) for the buds.
The only solution at present for freeing the mango
during blossoming time from this dreaded disease is to
develop some variety which will be immune. The Mulgoba
mango seems to posses a resistant quality in some degree.
It has been known to set a good crop of fruit when other
mango trees failed to do so. The rapidity with which
the blight works on trees that possess no resistant quality
may be illustrated by a concrete instance. A tree had
been sprayed three times with Bordeaux mixture, and
the flowers upon it opened in full bloom on March 26
with every indication that a good crop of fruit would be
set. On March 28 all of the flowers were dead and dry.
Weather conditions at present make it almost impossi-
ble for the mangos that bloom in winter to set any fruit.
Conditions during December and January are ideal for
the infection. However, at the time of the mango's spring
bloom the weather conditions for good settings of fruit
seem more often favorable than not. This fruit may -be
brought through to maturity in a disease-free and clean
condition by a moderate number of sprayings with Bor-
deaux mixture.
It is never so dry, however, but that spraying will have
to be resorted to in order to keep the fruits free from
diseases after they have set. No amount of fertilization
of the soil will take its place.
THE SWEET POTATO CROP.
By C. K. M'Quarrie.
Assistant Superintendent, Farmers' Institute, University
of Florida.
The sweet potato crop holds an important place among
the general farm crops of this State, being third in point
of value (running a close race with cotton, which is sec-
ond in the list). Its position is more important than cot-
ton, as it is a maintenance crop and for the most part
consumed at home and not subject to market fluctuations.
Because of its adaptibility to all sections of the State,
the possibilities of this crop, from a money-making stand-
point, are great. The present yield could be largely in-
creased by adopting improved methods of production.
And if there is one crop more than any other that can be
depended upon year in and year out with a large degree
of certainty it is the sweet potato crop.
But to get maximum results and put this crop where
it belongs as one of the best farm crops of the State, cer-
tain factors in crop production must be studied and acted
upon. These are: Its place in crop rotation, soil prepara-
tion, the kind of fertilizer to be used, the quality of same,
methods of application, planting, care of the crop when
growing, the varieties best suited to the soil and to cli-
matic and local conditions and methods of harvesting
and care of the crop afterwards.
PLACE IN CROP ROTATION.
The sweet potato crop in the general rotation should
follow a crop that puts humus and fertility in the soil.
Humus enables the soil to store moisture, increases its
temperature, furnishes a certain amount of plant food,
retards the loss of fertility by leaching, stimulates chemi-
cal action, and fosters the bacterial life so essential to a
large crop yield. Crops such as velvet beans, cowpeas,
soy beans and beggarweed are ideal for this purpose, for
they not only increase the fertility of the soil by their
ability to collect the free nitrogen of the air and store
it on their roots in the form of nodules, but the plowing
under of the aftermath of these crops puts humus in the
soil to keep the crop supplied with the needed moisture
while it is growing.
Where any of.these crops have been plowed under in
the fall and a winter cover crop, such as rye or oats,
grown on the land (which is an excellent plant for con-
servation of moisture and fertility during the winter
months), and these crops again plowed under in the
green state early in spring, there will be ideal soil con-
ditions for a large crop of sweet potatoes. Some prefer
to let the oat crop get to the dough stage and cut and
cure it for hay and plow under the stubble. This is
also an excellent method, unless in localities where it
will be too late in the season before the oats are ready
for cutting to be in time to plant the sweet potato crop.
PREPARATION OF THE SOIL.
Plowing or breaking the land in the late fall for all
spring-planted crops is the best method to pursue, for if
we wait till spring the soil is apt to be too wet after the
winter rains to do good work, and the vegetation and ma-
terials plowed under in the spring will not have time to
rot and assimilate with the soil to form humus, and the
soil will not have time to pack back and get into the me-
chanical condition necessary for success in crop produc-
tion. Therefore we want to do this breaking in the fall.
For this purpose a tool should be used capable of doing
good work and plowing completely under all the vegetable
material on the top of the land. A disk or heavy turning
plow should be used for this purpose, aiming each time
to go a couple of inches or so deeper than the last break-
ing was done. An old land that has been some years
in cultivation subsoiling can be profitably adopted. This
subsoiling can be done with an ordinary scooter stock
with a six-inch shovel for a plow, running right behind
the breaking plow and going as deep as it is possible to
go. This subsoiling opens and acrates the lower soil that
is not advisable to turn on top or mix with the already
made soil. It also helps to retain the moisture received
from the rainfall, prevents, to a certain degree, surface
washing during heavy rains, and enables the crop to draw
on the lower moisture strain in the growing period when
moisture is the main factor to a large yield. It also
serves the purpose of soil aeration to a lower depth than
the breaking plow can do, thus tending to promote the
bacterial life of the soil on which crop production so much
depends.
In cases where no winter cover crop is grown on fall-
broken land, after every heavy rain a tool such as a
weeder or harrow should be used, running lightly over
the land and forming a dust mulch to prevent the rapid
evaporation of moisture that occurs if a crust is allowed
to remain long on the land. No deep running tool is
wanted for this work.
FERTILIZER FOR THE CROP.
An important point connected with this crop is the
kind of fertilizer used, and it is advisable to consider this
from the plant-food standpoint and know the formula
that is likely to give us best results. Some of the Experi-
ment Stations of the South have given us definite infor-
mation along this line, which, coupled with results ob-
tained by a number of farmers in growing the crop, en-
ables us to suggest a formula that this crop will generally
do well with. A favorite formula contains 3 per cent
of ammonia, 7 per cent phosphoric acid and about 8 per
cent potash. And in this connection we want to know
the raw materials that enter into the make-up of this
formula. For instance, we know that cottonseed meal
or caster pomace is not the best for the source of am-
monia, because the use of these tends to give the crop
soft rot and a poor keeping quality, and we also know
that for the potash source we should not use any raw
material with chlorine in it, such as muriate of potash or
kainit, as the chlorine in them tends to give an inferior
quality to the crop.
The raw material recommended for an ammoniate
source are either tankage, sulphate of ammonia, or blood
and bone; and for potash, sulphate or potash, or double
sulphate of potash and magnesia.
The farmer who plants a large acreage of the crop can
get the fertilizer manufacturers to compound for him any
formula he wants and of any preferred materials, but
the small grower has either to take what he can get on
the local market or do his own mixing, which is quite
easily done. To mix a ton of the formula given above
and of the materials recommended, he would have to use
about 900 pounds of blood and bone, or bone tankage, 800
pounds of phosphoric acid and 300 pounds of sulphate of
potash.
HOW MUCH FERTILIZER PER ACRE.
Land that is in good mechanical condition with con-
siderable humus in the soil will take care of more fer-
tilizer to advantage than poor thin soil devoid of humus.
The depth of plowing cuts quite a figure also along this
line. A good rule to adopt and one that has been found
satisfactory in practice is to use one hundred pounds per
acre for the right kind of plant food or the formula al-
ready mentioned, for every inch of depth that the land
has been plowed. It is true economy to use enough fer-
tilizer of the right kind to get the maximum yield with
the least cost of production per bushel.
METHODS OF APPLICATION.
It is a well-known fact that the root system is the
foundation on which a crop is made, and the methods
of application of the fertilizer determine to a great extent
the vigor and number of the feeding rootlets of a crop.
Fertilizer applied in furrows, drills or hills tends to make
the soil streaked or spotted in its fertility, consequently
curtailing the root system because the roots of the crop
are not apt to spread through all the soil as they would
do if the fertility was uniformly distributed. There-
fore it is recommended that, on all well-prepared soils
plowed to a depth of six inches or more, the fertilizer be
broadcasted on freshly prepared land and worked into
the soil by means of harrow, weeder or cultivator, a few
days'previous to planting the crop. On soils deficient in
humus, and plowed a few inches in depth, the applica-
tion of the fertilizer had best be in furrows; but in such
a case the quantity used must be small and the crop will
be of a corresponding degree, thus making the cost more
per bushel, for the labor required is the same in both
cases.
PLANTING THE CROP.
Whenever the "draws" in the seed-bed are ready for set-
ting out in the field, enough land should be prepared for
the purpose by making it into beds about four feet from
center to center. The height of these beds should be
determined by the nature of the land. On rolling land,
where there is ample drainage, these beds should not be
more than twelve to fiften inches above the level of the
ground and made with a well-rounded top, not sharp. On
flat woods where drainage is deficient the beds should be
made very high, say two to three feet, so as to take care of
excessive rainfall in rainy weather, because the roots of
the crop should not be in stagnant water at any time.
The best tool for making the beds is a disk cultivator.
The disks can be arranged at different angles and depths
to make a far better bed and at considerably less cost
than those made by a turning plow and afterwards
smoothed off with a hoe, as is the general practice. It
is not advisable to make more beds than are required
at any one time, because a better stand is secured-when
draws or vines are planted on fresh-made beds, on ac-
count of the settling of the soil about them, than when
plants are put on beds a few days or a week after they
were made.
If.draws are set out in April, the vines that we want
for the main planting will be ready to be cut for this pur-
pose in May. For it has been found that the cuttings
of the vines make a larger yield for table and market
than where draws are used, and it is the usual practice
just to plant sufficient draws to give plenty of vines for
the main planting.
In the planting operation the vines should be cut to
lengths of twelve or fifteen inches (we don't want them
too long), and laid on top of the bed about fifteen inches
apart with butts all one way By using a forked stick for
the purpose, we can insert them into the soil to a depth
of four to six inches, always taking care to have the butt
ends down. The practice of some growers of pushing
the vines in the soil at the middle and leaving both ends
sticking out cannot be generally recommended, as in that
case the vine is ruptured and more than one joint will
root, which tends to a lower yield than where only one
joint roots, which is the case when the butt end is in-
serted.
If dry weather prevails at planting time and the soil
is deficient in moisture, watering the plants immediate-
ly after setting them out is recommended. For this pur-
pose some vessel with a spout on it (such as an old cop-
per kettle) is best, pouring about half a pint of water
in the hole where the plant is set out, taking care to run
the wetted soil to the root of the plant. This should be
done in the evening, and next morning a little dry soil
should be thrown over these wet places to prevent the
evaporation of that watering.
VARIETIES.
More than one hundred so-called varieties of sweet po-
tatoes make up the list of what we have in the State.
Many of these are really the same, but under different
names in different localities.
In selecting a suitable variety two things should be
kept in mind, and the most important in this respect is
the market one is catering to, and another is the late-
ness or earliness of the variety. As a general proposition,
an early variety does not give us the largest yield, and
is not such a good keeper when stored as a later variety
which matures thoroughly before harvesting. A variety
in great demand for early summer shipping to Northern
markets is the "Big Stem Jersey," but this variety is
mostly confined to the central and south-central part
of the State, where it is grown largely as a catch crop
succeeding a winter truck crop. It is not in much de-
mand in the Southern market because of its dry, mealy
nature, the Southern markets calling for a soft sweet
potato of the yam type. Among the favorites for do-
mestic use and of medium earliness are the "Dooly Yam,"
the "Nancy Hall," and "Triumph." The "White Spanish"
sometimes called the "Tar Heel" is the earliest we have,
but the quality is inferior and is not in much demand
after other varieties come on the market. "Southern
Queen" and early "Pumpkin Yam" are medium early
varieties and are of excellent quality. "Dewey," "Yel-
low Bunch Yam," "Vineland" and "Hall's Golden" are
also desirable types and are the latest ripening varieties
for domestic use. These are good keepers when allowed
to ripen and stored properly.
Sweet potatoes are also much used for stock feed and
can be profitably grown for that purpose especially for
hogs and dairy stock. They can also be used to advan-
tage for horse and mule feed along with grain feeds. The
stock-feeding varieties grow to a larger size and are
much inferior in quality to those used for domestic pur-
poses. Among the best known in this class are the
"white" and the "purple" West Indian Yam, "Brazilian
Yam," "Nigger Killer," "Hayti," "Spanish," "San Do-
mingo," "Davis Enormous" and a number of others.
Some of these do better in some sections than others, so
that one has to consider and find out, if possible, the
variety best suited to his soil, location and climatic con-
ditions. This applies both to the domestic and to the
stock-feed types.
CARE OF THE GROWING CROP.
Many of our native farmers think that the sweet potato
crop does not require any cultivation. If it is planted on
new land, little cultivation will be required, as grass and
weeds are not apt to be much in evidence. Nevertheless,
an occasional stirring of the soil, particularly in dry
weather, is useful for the conservation of moisture and
the areation needed to produce a good crop.
On old land that has been several years in cultivation,
grass and weeds will get quite rampant shortly after
planting, particularly if a heavy application of fertilizer
has been put on the crop. To keep such in check, the
cultivator must be used quite frequently until the vines
completely cover the ground, when cultivation may cease,
as by that time the young potatoes will be forming in the
soil, and their growth would be interfered with if cultiva-
tion was continued any longer.
TOOLS TO USE.
The best tool for cultivating this crop that we know of
is a two-horse disk cultivator with the disks set at a suit-
able angle at different depths, so as to run along the sides
of the bed, scraping weeds and some soil into the water
furrow in the operation. After the ground has been gone
over in this way, the angles of the disks are reversed and
rebedding is done, leaving the beds in their previous form.
This work not only cleans up the weeds and grass, but
aerates the soil and tends to a larger yield.
To protect the young plants from being either torn or
covered in the operation, the fenders, with which all such
tools are provided, have to be attached to the frame of the
cultivator. These fenders have to be properly adjusted as
to width and depth to give the best results. Later on
when the vines begin running and interfere with the disks
in their work, a home-made attachment with fingers on it
to lift vines out of the way can be fastened to the culti-
vator and used to good advantage; for cultivation can be
carried on much later than if this was not used.
DISK CULTIVATOR BETTER THAN PLOW.
On these farms where cultivators are not used, the gen-
eral method practiced for keeping the weeds under con-
trol is to use a turning plow for barring off the beds, clear-
ing the top by hoeing, arid then bedding back again. This
takes more time, and is more expensive, because the plow
will not cover more than' a couple of acres in a day,
whereas the disk cultivator will clear at least 8 to 10 acres
a day. Fenders to protect the young plants cannot be
used on a plow, and in the rebedding operation a number
of plants will be covered by soil, requiring an extra hand
to uncover them. When the vines begin running, an
extra hand is also required to rake the vines out of the
way of the plow, thus adding fifteen to twenty per cent
to the cost of producing the crop. The work will not be
as well done as by the cultivator, for the raking of the
vines out of the way of the plow and back again damages
them and curtails the crop.
5-Bull.
Care should always be exercised not to work the soil
when it is too wet, or when the vines are wet with either
dew or rain, for that tends to "scald" the leaves, and is
detriment to a good crop yield.
HARVESTING THE CROP.
The bulk of this crop is not generally harvested until
the frost occurs. The field should then be gone over, and
the vines cut from the crown of the hills by means of a
sharp hoe or sickle. This operation prevents the decay
in the frosted vines from being communicated to the pota-
toes, and so causing the soft rot which shows itself soon
after the potatoes are dug. If we follow this method the
potatoes can ripen in the ground before we dig them, and
their keeping qualities will be improved.
In the digging operation, care should be exercised to
prevent injury to the tubers by cuts, scratches, or bruises,
which are another source of soft rot. Where a consider-
able acreage is to be harvested, it will be a point of econ-
omy to use a regular potato-digger. This works better
and quicker, avoids injury, and ensures the getting of all
the crop from the ground.
After the digging, the crop should be allowed to lie on
the ground in rows for three or four days, so as to get
thoroughly dried and cured by the sun. It is as neces-
sary to cure potatoes, both Irish and sweet, as it is to
cure hay or forage.
STORING THE CROP.
How to store the sweet potato crop in such a manner
as to ensure against loss by decay, is a matter that seri-
ously concerns the farmers of the State. A considerable
loss occurs in this crop every winter from preventable
causes. The method of harvesting the crop are responsi-
ble for a large amount of this loss, and the methods of
storing for most of the balance.
We have seldom, if ever, seen a successful sweet-pota-
to house made by digging a hole in the ground and roofing
in, or by imitating a smoke house; because both of these
lack ventilition. A common practice is to make small
conical piles about ten bushels each, and to cover them
with soil and bark. As far as my observations goes, this
method is frequently a failure, because the contents of
these piles are not properly secured against rain, and
are not properly ventilated. In my own practice I have
found it best to store sweet potatoes in banks on the top
of ground conveniently near to the barn or dwelling-
house. A piece of ground running north and south, of
the desired length, and about four feet wide, is levelled
by means of a hoe or rake, and the potatoes are piled
on this, about five feet deep, tapering to a sharp ridge.
This makes a long V-shaped bank, and care is taken to
have the sides with a smooth and uniform slope. After
all the potatoes are piled in the bank, a good plan is to
allow them to have a few days' exposure to the sum so as
to become thoroughly dry, covering at night with sacks
or hay to keep off the dew. Then the whole bank is
covered two or three inches deep with some kind of hay,
and over the hay a couple of inches of soil are thrown.
The hay absorbs the moisture that is given off by the
potatoes during the sweating that occurs soon after the
bank is entirely covered. The soil keeps the hay in place
and protects against cold. The bank should be made
water-tight by means of boards laid lengthwise, with
lepped edges to shed rain; or a temporary frame of scant-
lings can be made over the bank, and shingles or tar-paper
used to keep the potatoes dry.
If the crop is stored in this way, it is less likely to
rot than with ordinary methods, and it can be held uutil
late in spring, when prices run high.
POULTRY RAISING.
By A. P. Spencer.
Assistant in Extension, University of Florida, Gainesville.
There are about 6,000,000 farms producing poultry in
the United States, but comparatively few of these raise
poultry otherwise than as a side issue. Several large
poultry plants are operated, but their output is but a
drop in the bucket in comparison with the whole amount
of poultry products produced and consumed.
The average housekeeper on the farm looks to supply
her table with eggs from her own poultry yard. At times
she has abundance to spare; at other times her supply
of fresh eggs is limited or cut off, and she depends on
stored eggs or must purchase from a neighbor or grocer,
the shortage usually occurring when prices are above the
average.
This shortage may be overcome if there is a better un-
derstanding of the details of poultry raising and sufficient
time given to carrying them out. Successful poultry rais-
ing requires some skill and experience backed up by eco-
nomical management, constant attention and constant
foresight.
The average hen lays about sixty eggs in a year. Only
about half the eggs placed under hens or in incubators
hatch, and many chicks that hatch do not live to a mar-
ketable age. These figures are only approximate, but
those who have given attention to such matters will not
doubt their approximate correctness.
This is not the best that can be done after allowing for
natural environments, and considering what has been
learned from experimental work and using the artificial
methods devised expressly for making poultry raising
more profitable and less subject to failure.
Poultry production for profit up to recently was
viewed from three principal standpoints. First, produc-
tion of eggs; second, production of meat; third, produc-
tion of breeding stock. A new phase of the business has
recently come to our attention in the production of day-
old chicks for a special trade.
It matters little which phase of the business is under-
taken, some vital principles must be adhered to more or
less constantly or there will be little satisfaction and
less profit.
In all cases it is well to start on a moderate scale. The
inexperienced poultryman must get practical experience,
some of which may be more or less costly. If the start
is made on a small scale and well within the capacity
and finances, if the methods are economical and business
principles are applied, it is reasonable to expect a fair
profit in return.
On the average Florida farm, poultry can be made
profitable, and to do this it is important:
(1) To secure good specimens of well-bred fowls from
productive stock.
(2) To feed regularly with a variety of feeds.
(3) To house comfortably and keep free from lice and
mites.
(4) To furnish a constant supply of green feeds and
fresh water.
(5) To see that they get exercise daily.
(6) To keep a careful supervision over them.
THE BREED TO SELECT.
Three types of poultry breeds lend themselves to the
various methods of marketing.
EGG OR MEDITERRANEAN BREEDS.
Of these the White Leghorn undoubtedly have the pref-
erence in Florida. The Brown Leghorn, Black Spanish
and White Minorca have many admirers, and from the
standpoint of eggs these breeds are unexcelled. They are
pooor sitters and nervous and require high fences to con-
fine them.
MEAT OR ASIATIC BREEDS.
Cochins, Langhams and Brahmas are distinctly meat
breeds. They grow rapidly and make a satisfactory table
fowl, and are usually inferior layers but good brooders.
GENERAL PURPOSE BREEDS.
The American or intermediate types, such as Rhode
Island Reds, Barred, White and Buff Rocks, Orpington
and Wyandottes are best suited to the average farmer
or market poultryman. They are quite generally used
and are well suited to Florida conditions. These breeds
are well established and breed true to color, with the ex-
ception of the Rhode Island Reds, which have a more re-
cent origin, and it is often difficult to secure uniformity
of color with them, but as a general utility fowl the
Rhode Island Red is considered one of the best. Color
markings are usually of secondary importance, although
there is a preference for white or yellow-skinned fowls
in the best markets.
It cannot be truthfully stated that any one or two
breeds are better than all others under all conditions, but
in selecting the general utility it is usually good policy
to adopt one that is known to be productive under fair
management.
FEEDING.
Perhaps more attention has been given this phase of
poultry raising than any other. Laying hens should be
fed for two purposes only. First, to sustain the body,
and, second, to produce eggs. When the body has been
thoroughly nourished and additional food eaten there is
a daily waste from some one or more causes if they fail to
lay. If they are taking on an excessive amount of fat,
some of the food is being assimilated for this purpose.
If there is no increase in body weight, the food may be
deficient in the necessary elements for egg production,
or the fowl may not lay because of indigestion or old
age. For these reasons it is almost impossible to pre-
scribe for a non-laying flock unless all the particulars
about that flock are known.
The daily ration should be fairly well balanced. If
the flock is not yarded and their feed is obtained from
the refuse of the stable lots, insects and worms, besides
some table scraps, the ration will bie fairly well balanced.
Poultry confined will not get this variety of feed unless
it is supplied from some other source.
A mixture of equal parts of corn, wheat, and oats is
a good mixture, as a morning feed; four parts is about
sufficient for fifty hens. It is best to scatter the grain
among litter to induce exercise. In the afternoon a mash
feed (either dry or moist) is given. A good mash feed
would be, equal parts of ground corn, oats, and bran, and
some animal food (fed from an open hopper). Meat,
meat-meal, and ground bone are good animal foods to
use. For fowls not accustomed to meat meal; one-half
pound per day is sufficient for twelve hens, since it has a
laxative effect on the bowels and must be fed sparingly
at first. Later when the fowls become accustomed to it,
the amount may be increased to one pound per day.
Linseed meal may be substituted in part, and is to be
recommended because of its lower cost and adding variety
to the ration.
Hens should have a supply of protein (muscle and bone
producing) as part of their daily ration with animal food
forming a part of it. Fresh meat is best, the hens relish
it better when cooked, and of course it can be kept sweet
longer. Green cut bone is good although some claim it
unsafe on account of the possibility of introducing tuber-
culosis to which poultry are subject. For summer use,
meat meal and meat scraps are suitable' and readily
accessible. In making up the mixture, let the animal food
constitute from eight to ten per cent of the ration, the
actual amount depending on the particular material used,
Skimmed milk is a good source and it may be both added
to the mash and placed where the fowls can drink it.
Vegetable or green foods. The value of green feed for
poultry lies in its ability to aid the digestive system, while
it also provides with some nourishment. It promotes
good health and naturally more eggs. Green feeds should
be supplied liberally, even poultry having the picking of
the grass and weeds that grow during the winter in
Florida are benefited by an additional supply of such
vegetables as cabbage, kale, and dwarf essex rape.
Sprouted grains are generally used by northern poultry
men with young chicks. They are also valuable because
of a ferment called "diastase" they contain that aids
digestion of starch. This substance is in sprouting oats,
rye, barley, and potatoes.
Fouls must have a constant supply of grit. Grit is used
by hens for masticating their food. The supply must be
constant and frequently renewed and unless it is sharp
digestion will be imperfect. Very often it is advisable to
supply some grit even when the fowls have access to a
sandy yard, for if the sand is very fine, it is useless.
Ground oyster shells or coarse sand are among the best
forms.
Fowls must have a dust bath. A dust bath is more
essential than is often considered. Hens must dust them-
selves to rid the body of vermin and to cleanse it and re-
move the scurf that is constantly exuding from the skin.
The dust bath should be frequently renewed and might
contain a small quantity of lime, or preferably wood
ashes.
WATER A CONSTANT NECESSITY.
Water constitutes 65 per cent of the egg and about 55
per cent of the hen's body, and unless the supply is suf-
ficient the hens will suffer for want of it. The water sup-
plied in green feed is not nearly sufficient. Fifty laying
hens will drink 6 to 10 quarts daily, and even more in hot
weather if they are producing a good number of eggs each
day.
Some simple automatic drinking fountains sold by
dealers of poultry supplies are convenient for supplying
clean water, as there is a probability of the water becom-
ing polluted if it is supplied to a large flock from open
vessels.
Materials for feeding must be fresh and free from mold;
musty corn, buckwheat, and bran are inducive of digestive
disorders. Kaffir corn is an exceptionally good poultry
feed when clean, but unless special care is taken, it is
subject to mould during the summer rains in Florida
and should be examined before fed.
It is important to keep the appetite good. A light grain
feed or "scratch" in the morning, a mash feed at noon
(either dry or wet) and a liberal grain feed at night is
recommended by good poultrymen. The crops should be
full when the hens go to roost. This is especially empha-
sized in northern States to induce warmth during the
night and is less true perhaps in Florida.
BROODY HENS.
Some breeds have a greater tendency to broodiness than
others. The lighter egg breeds are less broody than the
heavier meat breeds. Broodiness is a natural condition
coming at the end of a continuous laying period. All
hens have periods for laying and periods for resting.
Whatever may be the cause, broodiness can be most
effectively overcome by good care and regular feeding, to
build up bodily tissue and to get the hen in a good con-
dition for laying again. To starve broody hens is to
increase this tendency. Ducking in cold water or other
abuses most commonly practiced do well to break up the
broodiness.
POULTRY HOUSES.
A high dry location for the buildings is always pre-
ferable to a poorly drained one and as yards running out
from the poultry houses that can be cultivated and sown
to green crops are convenient, this consideration should
not be overlooked. Excessive moisture brings trouble
every time. Good drainage and good sanitary conditions
mean much to a flock of poultry, yet there is hardly a
location however flat, but what local conditions can be
greatly improved by raising the level of the ground on
which the house is to be constructed, twelve to fifteen
inches with a few loads of light soil, thereby making it on
a good location.
The open house is always to be recommended in Florida.
There is no necessity for expensive structures, but only
for comfort, sanitation and convenience. Small flocks
usually lay best; 60 to 70 birds in a flock will give a
higher average than when greater numbers are kept to-
gether, although under certain conditions several hundred
may be kept together profitably. In the first case a
greater number of eggs per hen are produced, while the
larger flocks can be handled with less labor per hen.
Four to six square feet of floor space is sufficient for
each bird. Overcrowding is injurious. With one or two
sides open, or in our coldest weather covered with canvas,
a free circulation of air surrounds the hens and prevents
an excessive accumulation of moisture or foul air. Any
structure so built as to permit drafts on the birds is
faulty. The air should be cool and fresh, but drafts
are responsible for much trouble. Poultry often prefer
a tree for roosting, as they object to being housed in
drafty quarters. A tree gives better protection than a
drafty house, but not nearly as good protection as a
properly ventilated house. A concrete floor in Florida is
to be recommended though not absolutely necessary. The
house can be more thoroughly cleaned and the birds bet-
ter protected from weasels, skunks and rats, when there
is a solid floor and wire netting to cover the open slides,
with doors made to fit.
The roosts should be so arranged that they can be
quickly moved, and all on the same level. About thir-
teen inches below the roosts should be boards to collect
the droppings. These boards should be tongued and
grooved, and closely fitted leaving no cracks or holes to
collect dirt. Clean the dropping board every day and
pour a little kerosene oil over' the roosts once a week.
Sprinkle lime around the roosts each day and there will
be little trouble with bad odors and vermin.
Darken the laying boxes, as a hen prefers a concealed
corner for the nest. Clean the nest boxes frequently,
dirty nests are breeding places for fleas, mites, and lice.
Eggs absorb disagreeable odors, rapidly, and the quality
of the egg will be injured by lying from twelve to thirty-
six hours in a dirty nest. Remember always that sanita-
tion and a free circulation of fresh air are indispensable
to successful poultry raising.
Never permit sickly or weak birds to remain in the
flock. If unthrifty ones are found, remove them at once,
and if the sickness seems to linger, it is usually best to
destroy them and burn the carcasses. Select the breeding
stock from the thriftiest and most active birds of the
yards. Without constitutional vigor and good health we
cannot expect good returns.
Pullets are usually the best layers, but their eggs
should not be used for hatching. One and two-year old
hens are best to select when eggs for incubation are
wanted. Keep the entire flock under three years old and
weed out the non-producers immediately they are found
in the flock.
RAISING CHICKS.
Under average farm conditions most of the chicks will
be hatched and mothered by hens, although incubators
are rapidly coming into general use.
Hens that steal away to nest usually, but not always,
succeed in raising a good brood, although often too late
in the season, so we cannot count on that method for
raising our best chicks. The hens that lay early are
the ones that hatch the early chicks. Furthermore, the
early hatched pullets do the laying during November,
December and January, so that in order to have early
layers one must prepare at least twelve months in ad-
vance. Early broilers bring the fancy prices, so that the
success in both production and getting the best market is
to be two months in advance of those who furnish the
bulk and general supply of eggs and meat.
The egg supply is irregular and is always greatest dur-
ing March, April, May and June, so that the price per
dozen naturally declines during these months. During
the remaining eight months the retail market depends
more or less on the eggs stored during the laying season
and cannot always supply strictly fresh eggs.
The poultry man who by proper methods has been able
to get his greatest supply of eggs during the months of
shortage or October, November, December, and January,
gets the cream of the prices and when the market is
declining these hens are raising chicks for the early mar-
ket or for his laying stock the coming year. There is a
special trade to be developed in every city in the South
for strictly fresh eggs and well fattened nicely marketed,
dressed poultry. The product must be uniform and
strictly fresh and placed on the market in attractive pack-
ages. There is only a small profit in poultry raising if
the product is to go into the ordinary channel of trade,
the grocery and country store, when the market is fairly
well supplied. But there is a liberal profit if the special
trade is catered to.
The Doan Carton Company of St. Louis, Missouri, man-
ufactures egg cartons that will meet the demand of such
a trade. Each carton will hold one dozen eggs, and the
cartons are so shaped that thirty of these will exactly fill
an ordinary 30-dozen egg crate. Immediately the eggs
are gathered, sorted and wiped, they are placed in the
carton, the lid is sealed and the date stamped on the
package. The carton is made of a good quality card-
board, each egg separated from the other, so that there is
little danger of breakage. The eggs are not handled again
until they are finally taken out by the consumer. Such a
package, convenient in size, sealed and guaranteed finds a
ready sale at a higher price than the regular market
offers. The carton bears the name of the producer with
signature over guarantee, and the consumer finding the
eggs according to guarantee wants the particular product
again. The price of the cartons is $6.50 per thousand if
ordered in 1000 lots or less than three-quarters of a cent
each.
DAY-OLD CHICKS.
Another phase of the poultry business that has only
recently attracted attention is the selling of day-old
chicks. In some instances the business has grown to
large proportions. One firm offers day-old chicks at 10
cents each, also offers a paper brooder that is packed and
sent in the same shipment at $2.00. Hence with an
expenditure of $12 the purchaser may start in the poultry
business and under favorable conditions this would be a
fairly satisfactory way to begin. The development of
such chicks will of course depend largely on how they
are cared for and the vigor of the stock. A public
78
hatchery in connection with an established poultry plant
would undoubtedly find some business. In these hatch-
eries the eggs are incubated at a stated price per hundred,
or eggs may be exchanged for chicks.
INDIAN RUNNER DUCKS.
By A. P. Spencer.
Assistant in Extension University of Florida, Gainesville.
Indian Runner Ducks have received attention from
many people during the past five years. Their hardiness
and their egglaying capability recommend them. From
200 to 250 eggs a bird is not an uncommon yearly aver-
age, when the flock is properly handled. The eggs are
readily accepted in our markets in place of hen eggs.
Bakeries find a ready use for the eggs, and the claim is
made that two of these duck eggs are equal in food value
and for cooking purposes to three hen eggs.
Unlike hens, the egg production of the Indian Runners
does not diminish immediately after the second year.
Even up to seven or eight years they retain their normal
egg-laying powers. They are only slightly subject to
diseases, and parasites are seldom, if ever, found to
trouble them. These ducks are wild-natured, and have
little regard for a nest, dropping their eggs in any con-
venient place, frequently in the water or mud. It is best
to keep them in yards. Then the eggs can all be gath-
ered, and with the better attention they receive, they lay
better, the ducklings grow faster, and being less fre-
quently disturbed by strangers they are tamer. A pond
is much enjoyed by them, but is not a necessity. In fact,
some people claim that the egg-production is greater
without any water for swimming. Nevertheless, the
ducks must have an abundance of fresh water for drink-
ing purposes, and this especially must never be neglected.
Indian Runners, like all other live stock, require regu-
lar feeding. A meal three times a day is advocated during
the laying season, and twice a day when moulting. The
feed may not materially differ from a suitable ration for
hens, but as the duck utilizes less grit, it is better when
moistened or made into a mash.
Indian Runner ducks are very poor sitters, so that the
hatching must be done by hens or in incubators. One
of the greatest hindrances to good hatches in incubators
is the want of moisture during incubation, as these ma-
chines are built for hatching hens eggs and duck eggs
require more moisture. Additional moisture must be
supplied for a successful hatch. Even when hatched by
hens, it is advisable to moisten the eggs once a week, and
twice during the last week of hatching.
The eggs are usually fertile if the flocks are properly
managed. Thirty or forty in a flock is large enough, with
one drake to every six ducks. An 80 to 85 per cent. hatch
may be expected under good conditions. If the eggs are
to be bought better hatches are usually secured from
flocks of sufficient size to give quantities of fresh eggs for
shipment each day. While they ship fairly well, their
hatching qualities (as in the case with hen eggs) are
likely to be injured by long shipment or too much jolting
around. So it is preferable to secure the eggs from near
home when possible.
At present, we have two varieties of Indian Runners
although not particularly distinct-the dark fawn and
the light fawn. The American standard describes the
perfect female specimen as light fawn.
There seems no claim to any superior egg production
in the light fawn variety. On the other hand, the dark
fawn is said to produce a whiter egg without the greenish
tinge that more closely resembles a hen egg, and is more
acceptable for table use.
Ducklings up to three weeks old are sensitive to cold
and wet. Getting their feet into very cold water or ex-
posure to a cold rain is almost sure to kill many. Up to
five or six weeks of age, they need a good shelter with a
dry floor. After that they will require little or no shelter
in Florida, and if well fed will begin laying when four
and a half to six months of age.
Indian Runner ducks have many things to recommend
them. They are not bothered with lice or vermin, no roup,
no scaly legs, very little housing, and hawks do not molest
them; but if they have access to a Florida pond, there is a
danger from loss by the large turtles that are quite nu-
merous in most sink holes, streams and ponds.
In addition to the demand for eggs, there is a growing
demand for the meat, and while these ducks are not as
heavy and plump as some other breeds, if they have been
well cared for and kept growing, they make nice roasters,
fryers and broilers at an early age.
DUCKS AND CHICKS MUST BE KEPT SEPARATE.
It is not a good plan to yard ducks and chickens to-
gether. Ducks are naturally good feeders and greedy
and will get the most of the feed, and as they enjoy get-
ting into the drinking water, will keep the drinking ves-
sels in a dirty condition. Separate yards are best.
Indian Runner Ducks, like chickens, can be made profit-
able if they are properly managed. There is sufficient
waste on the average farm to supply a good portion of the
necessary feed, and while the ducks can be handled as a
side issue on the farm, they will not give profitable re-
turns if neglected.
6- ull.
IMPROVING ACID SOILS.
By A. W. Blair.
Chemist Agricultural Experiment Station.
The soil in many sections of Florida are acid (sour),
which is unfavorable for the best development of many
crops. Soils that are low and wet, especially muck soils,
are likely to be acid. It is generally safe to assume that
our pine-land soils are more or less acid if there is no
indication of phosphate rock, limestone, or marl, at or
near the surface. Hammock soils may also be acid, though
in some cases the hammocks have a layer of marl a little
below the surface.
CAUSES OF ACIDITY.
1. Alkaline materials, such as potash, soda, lime, and
magnesia, which can neutralize or counteract acids, have
to a large extent, been washed out of our soils by the
action of drainage waters. (The State Geologist, in
Bulletin No. 1, of the Geological Survey, stated that
dissolved material is being carried into the sea through
the Silver Springs at the rate of about 600 tons per day.)
In this dissolved matter, carbonate of lime greatly pre-
dominates.
2. Organic matter, such as grass, weeds, or stalks,
decays in the soil with the formation of organic acids,
which on account of their slow solubility tend to accumu-
late in soils not well supplied with alkaline materials like
lime.
3. Certain fertilizing materials, sulphate of ammonia
in particular, tend to increase the acidity of soils that are
naturally deficient in alkaline materials, owing to the
plants using the ammonia to a greater extent than they
do the sulphuric acid.
CORRECTIVES.
Alkaline materials generally, will counteract or neu-
tralize any acid. In improving an acid soil, the aim
should be to get an alkaline material that is cheap and
that can be easily handled. To a large extent, lime in its
different forms fulfills these requirements.
Carbonate of lime is the form that occurs naturally.
It is found as crystallized limestone or marble, as massive
limestone rock, as marl, and as shells. It also occurs in
certain soils in a newly divided state as the result of the
decomposition of some of the above named materials.
Examples of such soils are found in the Bluegrass regions
of Kentucky, and Southwest Virginia. Carbonate of lime,
in any form, if ground fine and worked into an acid soil in
sufficient quantities, will correct the sourness. It will
not take effect as rapidly as quick-lime, nor is it as con-
centrated. It should, however, be much cheaper. One
hundred pounds of pure quick-lime are equivalent to 170
pounds of pure limestone; but, because of impurities, it
would perhaps be best to take 200 pounds of carbonate of
lime, in the form of ground limestone or ground shells, as
the equivalent of 100 pounds of pure quick-lime.
Slaked Lime (hydrated lime) is made by slaking quick-
lime with just enough water to convert it into a fine
powder. One hundred and thirty-two pounds of slaked
lime prepared in this way are equivalent to 100 pounds of
pure quick lime.
Unbleached hardwood ashes contain about 25 to 30 per
cent. of lime in addition to 4 to 6 per cent. of potash, and
when they can be had at a reasonable price they may be
used with profit on acid soils.
Basic, or Thomas, Slag contains about 40 per cent. of
lime in addition to 17 or 18 per cent. of phosphoric acid,
and if a moderate application of lime is needed along with
a heavy application of phosphoric acid, this may be used.
In our experiments with pineapples, basic slag has given
good results.
APPLICATION.
If ground limestone or shells are used, and the soil is
found to be highly acid (by testing with litmus paper),
two tons per acre in two or three years will not be
excessive. If the soil is only slightly acid, one ton per
acre may suffice. Only half the amount need be applied
if quick-lime is used. Old, thoroughly air-slaked, lime
may be used in about the same amount as ground lime-
stone.
Lime may be applied at almost any time, though it
would perhaps be better to apply it during the late winter
or early spring, so that it may be thoroughly worked into
the soil before the rainy season sets in. If fertilizers con-
taining sulphate of ammonia are used, it would be better
to apply the lime one month before or one month after the
fertilizer application.
CROPS BENEFITED BY LIME.
Most vegetable and fruit crops are benefitted by the use
of the lime where there is a tendency to acidity of the
soil. It has, however, been shown that watermelons do
best on an acid soil. It has also been shown that lime
makes the conditions more favorable for the development
of scab on the Irish potato.
With celery, lettuce, cabbage, citrus fruits, hay, and
forage crops, it may be used liberally.
COWPEAS FOR HAY AND FOR SOIL
BUILDING.
By C. K. McQuarrie.
Assistant Superintendent Farmers' Institutes, Gaines-
ville, Fla., March 27, 1912.
Our system of agriculture in this State (and in the
South generally) has paid too little attention to growing
legume crops as soil improvers. The farmer has thus
been compelled to make large outlays for commercial
fertilizers, which really never build the soil to the point
of increased crop yields annually. We have been neglect-
ing one of the most important methods of soil building
known to agriculture. One of the best of the legume
family for this purpose is the cowpea, and it is safe to
say that no one crop known can add more to our agricul-
tural wealth. Hay of the best quality can be made from
it, and nearly four times as high in digestible protein as
timothy hay. Its power to collect the free nitrogen of
the air and store it in the form of nodules on the roots,
thus increasing soil fertility, enables the farmer to grow
succeeding crops without expensive nitrogenous fertil-
izers.
PLANTING COWPEAS.
To make the best of the cowpea crop there are two
distinct periods in which it should be planted to enable
the farmer to get hay of good quality. The first planting
should be done as early in spring as possible so as to have
the crop cut and cured for hay before the rainy season
occurs. The other planting should be done in July, (or
early in August) so as to have the crop come off in the
fall when dry weather prevails.
'VARIETIES TO PLANT.
On land where a winter crop that depletes the soil has
been grdwn, such as cabbage, rape, or any of the small
grains, a good plan for soil recuperation is to grow a
legume crop immediately thereafter. The cowpea fits in
there just right, and by making the crop into hay, the
land will be in good condition to bear a profitable fall
crop of some kind suitable to the soil and system of farm
management. The variety of seed to be used should be
carefully considered, for while there are upwards of fifty
distinct types of the cowpea, there are very few that are
suitable for early planting. Another point for considera-
tion is the immunity of the variety we use to root-knot
and wilt. On land where the root-knot is known to pre-
vail, cowpeas of any variety are subject to it, and in that
case we had better use the velvet or Lyon beans for a
legume crop. There are two varieties of cowpeas that are
known to be more resistant to root-knot than others, the
Iron and Brabham, and they are desirable types for hay-
making purposes.
PREPARING FOR COWPEAS.
The land for cowpeas should be well prepared by
thorough plowing and pulverization of the soil. The suc-
cess of any crop depends a good deal on the seed-bed pre-
pared for it. An application of about 400 pounds per
acre of acid phosphate should be broadcasted and har-
rowed in before planting the seed. On soil that is in a
good mechanical condition it will be advisable to sow the
seed "broadcast," using about seven pecks to the acre and
using a drill for the purpose. If no drill is available, the
seed can be sown by hand and worked into the soil with a
cultivator, smoothing the surface with a harrow or weeder.
On thin soil it is advisable to sow in drills about thirty
inches apart and cultivate the growing crops several
times. In that case about five pecks of seed per acre will
be sufficient.
COWPEA MIXTURES.
Some of our farmers get excellent results from cowpea
mixtures; that is, sowing other seeds with the cowpeas.
This practice is generally recommended for the purpose
of easier curing of the hay, as the mixture being of differ-
ent texture cures more readily than if'of one kind. A mix-
ture that is very popular is sorghum and cowpeas. The
Early Amber sorghum is the best, as its growing period
comes near that of the cowpeas. If both are sown at the
same time, five pecks of cowpeas and two pecks of sorg-
hum broadcasted or drilled in is sufficient for an acre.
Cowpeas and German millet are another good combina-
tion, for the period of growth of the millet and the earlier
varieties of dowpeas correspond sufficiently to make the
product desirable, and the millet aids considerably in
curing the hay. Cowpeas and soy beans are also a good
combination, using the larger varieties of the soy bean,
such as the Mammoth Yellow, and the slower growing
varieties of cowpeas, such as the Clay and the Whippoor-
will.
On some of the older fields of the State in the northern
and western portion, Johnson grass has become more or
less a pest. In fields where it abounds, cowpeas can be
disked on the land at the rate of six to seven pecks per
acre. The disking of the Johnson grass roots tends to a
better stand of grass, and the peas mixed with it makes
excellent hay. If the seed is planted in early April, the
hay can be cut in about sixty to seventy days, and will be
one of the best hays it is possible to get. This method of
treating Johnson grass lands solves a difficult problem, as
you cannot grow a cultivated crop successfully where it
abounds.
CURING THE CROP.
To get the best quality of hay the cowpea crop must
not be allowed to get too ripe. At the blooming stage all
the nutriment is in the plant, when it starts to make the
seed to perpetuate its kind. The best time to cut cow-
peas for hay is when the first pods are in the snap stage.
As this hay requires careful handling it should not be cut
when wet with either rain or dew. Cut in the forenoon,
and as soon as wilted rake it into windows and put it in
small cocks the same afternoon. Hay-cock covers are use-
ful if unfavorable weather prevails, and they will then
repay their cost several times over. They can be made
from seventy-two-inch muslin, cut into squares, soaked in
raw linseed oil, and wrung dry. They should have string
loops on the corners, so as to fasten them to the cocks by
wooden pins. Very thin muslin is best, for if thick
muslin is used it causes the hay to sweat, and is no more
effective in shedding rain.
Next day open up these cocks in a loose manner, expos-
ing the hay to the sun as little as possible, or the shed-
ding of the leaves is apt to occur. Test the hay by twist-
ing a bunch in the hand. If no moisture shows haul it to
the barn. It will undergo a sweating process there, but
that will only make it the more palatable, and better
cured. It will overcome the sweat all right, if left alone,
and when it cools off will make a superior grade of hay.
The feeding value of cowpea hay and of its mixtures
has long been recognized as of a high order, the hay being
equal in protein content to the best bran, and high in
carbohydrates. In dairy feeding, well-cured cowpea hay,
cut at the right stage, is equal pound for pound to the
ordinary bran used for feeding.
TO ENCOURAGE SHEEP RAISING ON
SOUTHERN FARMS.
By U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
As Ranges Are Reaching Their Limit of Production
Farms Should Profit by Increased Demand
for Sheep Products.
The consumption of mutton per capital in the United
States is increasing every year, though the amount used
is much less in proportion to other meat than in Europe.
There are good reasons for expecting a continuation of
good prices for mutton and lamb, and the demand for
wool also may be expected to increase more rapidly than
the production. These facts are brought out in a recent
letter from a scientist of the Department of Agriculture
to a Southern farmer who inquired regarding the possi-
bilities of the sheep business.
The Department's specialist called attention to the fact
that while farm-raised sheep have often not been profit-
able, this has usually been because of lack of proper at-
tention and management. Variations in price of wool
and mutton have stood in the way of such general interest
in sheep as would cause them to be regarded as highly
as they should be in the future. Ranges all over the
world are now carrying about as many sheep as they
can support under a strict range system, and an increase
in the production of sheep products must come mainly
from farms. Here, then, is the farmer's opportunity to
take advantage of the increased consumption of these
products.
While mutton can be produced at low cost and there is
a growing demand for it, difficulty in selling may be
experienced in sections where the amount of live stock
produced has not been sufficient to make it worth while
for regular buyers to operate. Slaughtering plants that
can handle carloads are within reach of all sections and
if a sufficient number of neighbors combine to have one
hundred lambs of similar breeding, size and condition
to ship jointly the returns are assured. It will also be
possible to secure visits and bids from buyers when such
a number is promised. The lamb clubs of Tennessee, nota-
bly the one at Goodlettsville, have proven very success-
ful in this work.
The same organization can also be used in disposing of
the wool.
In countries where economy in farm management has
been studied a long time, the sheep is considered to be
necessary in utilizing vegetation on such waste lands as
are not wet or marshy. But the sheep can hold its place
on high-priced land as a meat producer alone. Compared
with large animals it has some important advantages.
First, the lambs mature very rapidly, being marketable at
four months of age or later, according to breeding and
feeding. This is an economy because a larger proportion
of the total feed goes into increase of weight than in
slower growing animals. Second, the sheep consumes a
greater variety of plants than do other animals. Many
of such plants are detrimental to pastures and would
otherwise require hand labor to hold them in check.
Third, grain waste in harvesting can be entirely recover-
ed by sheep. These facts prompt some farmers to claim
that the summer food of sheep costs nothing, because
what they consume would otherwise bring no returns.
Compared with hogs the sheep has an advantage in the
wider variety of materials it consumes. Being a reminant
* it makes its gain with a minimum of grain and expensive
concentrates. This is especially important on some south-
ern lands that are better adapted to the production of
forage crops than to grain growing.
Like the hog, the sheep has its peculiar ailments which
sometimes result in loss as well as discouragement. Un-
like the ailments of the hog, however, those of the sheep
are ordinarily not contagious, and the means necessary
to prevention are the same as should be adopted for the
most economical production, even in health.
The most serious menace to continuous thrift in the
flock is the presence of internal parasites, chiefly stomach
worms. The eggs of the stomach worm are dropped upon
the ground with the feces from infected sheep. The
small worms are swallowed with the grass three or four
days after hatching from the eggs, and reach the stomach.
Stomach worms are frequently present in such large
numbers as to draw so heavily from the circulation as
to cause emaciation and finally death of the lamb. Ma-
ture sheep are much less affected by these worms, though
they usually scatter the eggs.
Keeping the flock upon crops sown upon plowed land
prevents infection. Such practice also furnishes the great-
est amount of feed from each acre and the kind and variety
of food upon which sheep thrive best. Plowing the land
prevents danger from stomach worm eggs dropped upon
it. In warm weather the flock should be moved to fresh
ground every ten days or two weeks to prevent infection
of lambs by larvae from eggs dropped from the ewes. If
lambs are by themselves the time between changes might
be longer, but in most forage crop rotations changes will
need to be made every two or three weeks. Fall-sown
rye, spring oats and vetches or peas, rape, cowpeas, soy
beans, crimson or Japan clover, planted at proper in-
tervals, will furnish fresh pasturage at times desired.
Some of the land can be used twice in a year, as by
having one planting of rape upon the rye ground. The
cultivation of the land destroys all infection from pre-
vious pasturing. Under such a system of cropping and
grazing +he land will improve, as the manurial value of
the crops is practically all left upon the land and is very
evenly distributed. Like the boll weevil, the stomach
worm was considered to be wholly an evil thing until it
was found that the methods of prevention and circum-
vention were also the best methods for economical pro-
duction.
In most parts of the South ewes drop their lambs in
November or December. Stomach worms are much less
troublesome in the cooler months. Also rape and some
other forages will furnish good winter feed if planted
early enough to make a fair growth before the coldest
weather. Lambs marketed in March or April sell at a
premium because of the market scarcity of genuine spring
lambs at that time of the year.
TO PROTECT SHEEP FROM DOGS.
The dog question is a serious one in many sections,
and better State legislation is needed to protect flocks
from the ravages of worthless curs. Woven wire fences
will turn dogs. While it is expensive to fence large
pastures in this way, smaller fields devoted to forage
crops will carry the flock in a more healthy condition
and require much less outlay for fencing. The whole
forage crop area can be fenced and lower portable fences
used for confining the sheep to the particular crop ready
for grazing.
It is seldom that the highly bred and well-kept dogs
attack Sheep. The roving nondescripts do most of the
damage. Communities in which the majority of people
consider sheep to be of more importance than dogs will
have a sentiment that is not heathful for dogs that travel
independently.
SEASONS AND DATES FOR PLANTING
VEGETABLES AND OTHER CROPS
IN FLORIDA.
The following lists include what experience demon-
strates can be successfully grown each month as the
season most suitable for each variety comes around in the
several sections of the State.
NORTH AND WEST FLORIDA.
January-Asparagus seed, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage
Seed and Plants, Cauliflower seed, Collards, Leeks, Let-
tuce, Mustard, Onion sets, Radishes, Rape, Spanish Onion
seed, Tomato seed, Turnips, Oats, Strawberry Plants.
February-Asparagus seed, Early corn, Brussels
Sprouts, Cabbage, Carrots, Collards, Eggplant seed,
English Peas, Irish Potatoes, Kale, Leeks, Lettuce,
Onions, Parsley, Parsnip, Pepper seed, Rutabagas, Sal-
sify, Spinach, Beets, Turnips.
March-Beans, Beets, Brussels Sprouts, Cantaloupes,
Carrots, Collards, Cowpeas, Cucumbers, Early Field Corn,
Cotton, Eggplant, English Peas, Irish Potatoes, Kale,
Kohlrabi, Leek, Okra, Parsley, Parsnip, Pepper, Pump-
kin, Radish, Rape, Rutabagas, Salsify, Squash, Sugar
Corn, Watermelons, Tomato, Turnip, Sugar Cane, Jap-
anese Cane.
April-Beans, Cantaloupes, Cowpeas, Cucumber, Egg-
plant, English Peas, Irish Potatoes, Kohlrabi, Lettuce,
Okra, Parsley, Parsnip, Peppers, Pumpkins, Radishes,
Rutabagas, Squash, Sugar Corn, Field Corn, Sweet Pota-
toes, Cotton, Tomatoes, Turnips, Watermelons, Sorghum.
May-Beans, Butter Beans, Cantaloupes, Cowpeas,
Cucumbers, Eggplant, Okra, Peppers, Pumpkins, Squash,
Sugar Corn, Sweet Potatoes, Tomato Plants and seed,
Watermelons, Sorghum, Velvet Beans.
June-Butter Beans, Cowpeas, Eggplant, Peppers,
Squash, Sweet Potatoes, Tomatoes, Watermelons.
July-Cowpeas, Eggplant, Parsley, Peppers, Pumpkin,
Rutabagas, Squash, Sweet Potatoes, Tomato Plants and
seed, Watermelons, Sorghum.
August-Beans, Beets, Cabbage, Cauliflower seed, Car-
rots, Cowpeas, Cucumbers, Collards, Eggplants, Irish
Potatoes, Kale, Kohlrabi, Okra, Onions, Rape, Rutabagas,
Salsify, Spinach, Squash, Tomatoes, Turnips, Celery seed.
September-Beets, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Carrots,
Cauliflower plants, Celery plants, Collards, Cowpeas,
English Peas, Irish Potatoes, Kale, Leeks, Lettuce, Mus-
tard, Onion sets, Parsnip, Radishes, Rape, Rutabagas,
Salsify, Spinach, Turnips.
October-Beets, Bermuda Onion seed, Brussels Sprouts,
Cabbage, Carrots, Cauliflower plants, Celery plants, Col-
lards, Kale, Leeks, Lettuce seeds and plants, Mustard,
Onion sets, Parsnips, Radishes, Rape, Spinach, Turnips.
November-Beets, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage seeds and
plants, Carrots, Collards, Kale, Lettuce, Mustard, Onion
sets, Parsnip, Radishes, Rape, Spinach, Turnips, Oats,
Rye, Strawberry Plants, Vetch and Crimson Clover.
December-Cabbage plants and seed, Collards, Leeks,
Lettuce plants and seed, Mustard, Onions, Radishes, Rape,
Oats, Rye, Strawberry Plants, Vetch and Crimson Clover.
The following list includes what experience demon-
strates can be .successfully grown each month as the sea-
son most suitable for each variety comes around in the
section of the State mentioned below.
CENTRAL FLORIDA.
January-Asparagus seed, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage
seed and plants, Cauliflower seed, Collards, Leeks, Let-
tuce, Mustard, Onion sets, Radishes, Rape, Spanish Onion
seed, Tomato seed, Turnips, Eggplant seed, Oats.
February-Asparagus seed, Early corn, Sea Island Cot-
ton, Beans, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cantaloupes, Car-
rots, Collards, Cucumbers, Eggplant seed, English Peas,
Irish Potatoes, Kale, Leeks, Lettuce, Onions, Parsley,
Parsnip, Pepper seed, Rutabagas, Salsify, Spinach, Wind-
sor Beans, Beets.
March-Beans, Beets, Brussels Sprouts, Cantaloupes,
Carrots, Cauliflower, Collards, Cowpeas, Cucumbers,
Early Corn, Eggplant, English Peas, Irish Potatoes,
Kale, Kohlrabi, Leek, Okra, Onion, Parsley, Parsnip,
Pepper, Pumpkin, Radish, Rape, Rutabagas, Salsify,
Squash, Sugar Corn, Watermelons, Tomatoes, Turnips,
Sea Island Cotton.
April-Beans, Cantaloupes, Collards, Cowpeas, Cucum-
bers, Eggplant, English Peas, Irish Potatoes, Kohlrabi,
Lettuce, Okra, Onion Plants, Parsley, Parsnip, Peppers,
Pumpkin, Radishes, Rutabagas, Squash, Sugar Corn,
Dasheens, Sweet Potatoes, Tomatoes, Turnips, Water-
melons, Velvet Beans.
May-Beans, Butter Beans, Cantaloupes, Collards,
Cowpeas, Cucumbers, Eggplant, Okra, Peppers, Pump-
kins, Squash, Sugar Corn, Sweet Potatoes, Tomato plants
and seed, Watermelons, Velvet Beans, Dasheens.
Jwue-Butter Beans, Cabbage seed, Cauliflower seed,
Celery seed, Cowpeas, Eggplant, Peppers, Squash, Sweet
Potatoes, Tomatoes, Watermelons.
July-Cabbage seed, Cantaloupes, Cauliflower seed,
Celery seed, Cowpeas, Eggplant, Parsley, Peppers, Pump-
kin, Rutabagas, Squash, Sweet Potatoes, Tomato plants
and seed, Watermelons.
August-Beans, Beets, Cabbage, Cauliflower seed,
Carrots, Cowpeas, Cress, Cucumbers, Collards, Eggplant,
Irish Potatoes, Kale, Kohlrabi, Okra, Onions, Rape, Ruta-
bagas, Salsify, Spinach, Squash, Tomatoes, Turnips,
Windsor Beans, Celery seed.
September-Beets, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Carrots,
Cauliflower plants, Celery plants, Collards, Cowpeas,
Cucumbers, English Peas, Irish Potatoes, Kale, Leeks,
Lettuce, Mustard, Onion sets, Parsnip, Radishes, Rape,
Rutabagas, Salsify, Spinach, Squash, Turnips.
October-Beets, Bermuda Onion seed, Brussels
Sprouts, Cabbage, Carrots, Cauliflower plants, Celery
plants, Collards, Kale, Leeks, Lettuce seed and plants,
Mustard, Onion sets, Parsnip, Radishes, Rape, Spinach,
Turnips, Strawberry Plants.
November-Beets, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage seed and
plants, Carrots, Collards, Kale, Lettuce, Mustard, Onion
sets, Parsnip, Radishes, Rape, Spinach, Turnips, Oats,
Rye, Strawberry Plants.
December-Cabbage plants and seed, Collards, Leeks,
Lettuce plants and seed, Mustard, Onions, Radishes,
Rape, Strawberry Plants, Oats.
The following list includes what. experience demon-
strates can be successfully grown each month as the sea-
son most suitable for each variety comes around in the
section of the State mentioned below.
TAMPA, ORLANDO, TITUSVILLE AND SOUTHWARD.
January-Beans, Beets, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage
plants and seed, Carrots, Cauliflower seed, Collards, Egg-
plant seed, Irish Potatoes, Kale, Kohlrabi, Lettuce, Mus-
tard, Radishes, Rape, Spanish Onion seed, Spinach,
Tomato seed, Turnips, Corn, Oats.
February-Adams Early Corn, Beans, Beets, Brussels
Sprouts, Cabbage, Cantaloupes, Carrots, Cucumbers, Egg-
plant seed, Irish Potatoes, Kale, Lettuce, Okra, Onions,
Pepper seed, Spinach, Squash, Windsor Beans, Field
Corn.
March-Beans, Beets, Brussels Sprouts, Cantaloupes,
Cauliflower, Cowpeas, Cucumbers, Early Corn, Eggplant,
Irish Potatoes, Lettuce, Mustard, Okra, Onions, Pepper,
Pumpkin, Radish, Squash, Sugar Corn, Tomatoes, Water-
melons, Velvet Beans.
April-Beans, Collards, Cowpeas, Cucumbers, Egg-
plant, Kohlrabi, Okra, Radishes, Squash, Sugar Corn,
Sweet Potatoes, Tomatoes, Onion plants, Pepper, Pump-
kins, Velvet Beans.
May-Beans, Butter Beans, Cowpeas, Eggplant, Okra,
Peppers, Pumpkins, Squash, Sugar Corn, Sweet Potatoes,
Tomatoes.
June-Butter Beans, Cabbage seed, Celery seed, Cow-
peas, Eggplant seed, Peppers, Squash, Sweet Potatoes,
Tomato plants and seed, Watermelons.
July-Cabbage seed, Cantaloupes, Celery seed, Cow-
peas, Eggplants and seed, Peppers, Pumpkins, Squash,
Sweet Potatoes, Tomato plants and seed, Watermelons.
August-Beans (snap), Cabbage seed, Cantaloupes,
Carrots, Cauliflower seed, Collards, Cowpeas, Cucumbers,
Eggplant, English peas, Irish Potatoes, Kale, Kohlrabi,
Lettuce, Mustard, Onions, Peppers, Pumpkins, Radishes,
Rape, Rutabagas, Spinach,. Squash, Swiss Chard, Toma-
toes, Turnips, Windsor Beans.
September-Beets, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage plants
and seed, Carrots, Celery seed and plants, Collards, Cow-
peas, Cucumbers, English Peas, Irish Potatoes, Kale,
Lettuce, Mustard, Onion sets, Radishes, Rape, Rutabagas,
Spinach, Squash, Swiss Chard, Turnips.
October-Beets, Bermuda Onion seed, Brussels Sprouts,
Cabbage plants and seed, Carrots, Celery seed, Collards,
Kale, Lettuce plants and seed, Mustard, Onion sets,
Radishes, Rape, Rutabagas, Spinach, Swiss Chard, Tur-
nips, Strawberry Plants, Oats.
November-Beets, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage plants
7-Bull.
98
and seed, Carrots, Celery seed and plants, Collards, Kale,
Lettuce, Mustard, Onion sets, Radishes, Rape, Rutabagas,
Spinach, Swiss Chard, Turnips, Oats, Strawberry Plants.
December-Cabbage plants and seed, Celery plants,
Collards, Lettuce plants and seed, Mustard, Onion sets
and plants, Radishes, Rape, Spanish Onion seed, Swiss
Chard, Oats, Strawberry Plants.
99
SOME OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION.
LENGTH OF TIME REQUIRED FOR VEGETABLE SEED TO
GERMINATE.
The following periods are about the time it takes to
sprout after being sown; of course, these periods vary
somewhat according to the age of the seed, but more so
upon thq conditions of the weather and the soil.
Beans ...........................from 4 to 8 days.
Cabbage and cauliflower ...........from 4 to 8 days.
Beets ............................from 8 to 15 days.
Collards .........................from 4 to 8 days.
Carrots ..........................from 14 to 20 days.
Celery ...........................from 12 to 20 days.
Corn ............................. from 5 to 9 days.
Cukes ............................from 4 to 10 days.
Egg Plants .......................from 7 to 20 days.
Lettuce ......................... from 3 to 5 days.
Muskmelon and cantaloupe .......from 5 to 10 days.
Watermelons .....................from 6 to 12 days.
Mustard ......................... from 3 to 5 days.
Onions ..........................from 6 to 12 days.
Parsley .......................... from 20 to 30 days.
Peas ............................ from 5 to 10 days.
Pepper ..........................from 8 to 15 days.
Radishes .........................from 3 to 5 days.
Spinach ..........................from 8 to 15 days.
Squash ..........................from 6 to 9 days.
Tomatoes ................. ...... from 6 to 12 days.
Turnips ......................... from 3 to 5 days.
THE AVERAGE TIME IN FAVORABLE SEASONS FOR PLANTS TO
MATURE, FROM THE SOWING OF THE SEED.
Bush beans, from 40 to 50 days, according to variety.
Pole beans, from 60 to 90 days, according to variety.
Beets, from 60 to 75 days, according to variety.
Cabbage, from 60 to 100 days, early varieties.
Cabbage, from 100 to 120 days, medium early varieties.
Cabbage, from 150 to 190 days, late varieties.
Carrots, from 60 to 75 days, according to varieties.
Cauliflower, from 100 to 150 days, according to
varieties.
Celery, about 150 days, Golden Self Blanching variety.
Corn, from 70 to 90 days, according to variety.
Cucumbers, from 60 to 80 days, according to variety.
Eggplants, about 120 days.
Lettuce, from 60 to 90 days, according to variety.
Melons, from 80 to 90 days, according to variety.
Mustard, about 35 days.
Okra, about 70 days.
Onions, from 120 to 130 days, according to variety.
Peas, from 60 to 70 days, according to variety.
Pepper, from 100 to 120 days, according to variety.
Potatoes, from 85 to 100 days, according to variety.
Radishes, from 25 to 35 days, according to variety.
Squash, about 60 days, for early varieties.
Squash, about 120 to 150 days, for late varieties.
Spinach, from 50 to 60 days.
Tomatoes, from 110 to 130 days, according to variety.
Turnips, from 60 to 90 days, according to variety.
QUANTITY OF SEED REQUIRED FOR A GIVEN NUMBER OF HILLS.
Pole beans .................... 1 pint to 100 hills.
Corn, sweet ..................... pint to 100 hills.
Cucumbers ..................... .1 ounce to 50 hills.
Watermelons .................... 1 ounce to 30 hills.
Okra ............................1 ounce to 100 hills.
Pumpkins .................... .. 1 ounce to 30 hills.
Squash .......................... ounce to 30 hills.
Muskmelons .....................1 ounce to 50 hills.
QUANTITY OF SEED FOR A GIVEN LENGTH OF DRILLS,
BIeets ................... 1 ounce to 60 feet of drills.
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PAGE 1
FLORIDA Q UARTERLY BULLJi]TIN O PTBE AG RI CUL TUR.AL DEPARTME1''T A.PAIL 1, 1914 W. A. lll c AA E OOMMI.SSIONER OF AO RlCUL'J:'IJRE TAU..A tt AS.SEE, FLA. Part 1T he Cllrua Grove, While Fly Control. Remedy t~ M a ngo B119~1,the Swe e t P otato crop, Poultry R a l Ing, I ndian Runner Ducks, lmprovlr,g Acid Soll, Cowpua, to Encourage 8h .. p Ralaing, Planting O a te a, Usefu l lnfomu,tlon Pa11 2-Crop Ac.,.a11u a!>d Condnlono. Par1 SFartlllze..., Fud 8 tufla a nd F ooda a nd o,... gll. Ent fJuoo.1'00, T.J.APPI.11lT,UID,81at l'r1nter, Tal la bu...,,Florld& -
PAGE 2
COUNTY MAP OF STATE OF FLORIDA.
PAGE 3
PART I. THE CITRUS GROVE. WHITE FLY CONTROL. REMEDY FOR MANGO BLIGHT THE SWEET POTATO CROP. POUL TRY RAISING. INDIAN RUNNER DUCKS. IMPROVING ACID SOILS. COWPEAS TO ENCOURAGE SHEEP RAISING PLANTING DATES. USEFUL INFORMATION
PAGE 5
THE CITRUS GROVE ITS LOCATION AND CULTIVATION By P H R o l b, M S. Direct-Or of fi'lorida Agricultural E zpcrimtnt Bt oti Ofland State S11pcri nttndcnt of Farmcrll' J n,tituttl Uni TJtrlity of Flortda, Oain.uvil le. CITRUS CULTURE. CUOOIIING ,1, L OCAT IO N. T h e character of li'loridasoil1 la variab le toa conalder able e:rtent. E,-en in t h e eamc vicin i ty ,arion1 kinds ur 110i111 mas occ ur. Th eiic ,ary from a cla,r to loamy, M ody and ma.r l y .so ils. Some of t h em, oJso, nre muck 1oll1 Olay Soi l is one of t h e bcllt fo r citru&-growing w b cn it i s foun d In a "''arm region. Les!! f e r liliEe r ls req u ired and the tree3 aNJ p roduc tive bear ing 110 unu sually fin e qua li ty of fruit if th e so i l ii 1 > r ope dy haudled. Loaming Boil.-TltlN i s t h e character of t b e soil t ha t is JU (ljjt largely employl'il, or anndy land 11~ it Is oft e n ca lled h1 u au nlly free from a perceptible admixture of ei ther vegeta li le matter or clo..y. Fo r the mot pa r t it tends to be l ucking in wat er and fcrtlll1..er-bolding JM)wer. When it 18 almOl!t pure sa ndltappea J'flwhite and lsu sua\lycn n ltl eN?de.n unfavorab l e 110 il. Jforly&l iftoccu rlnsome i,ecti o llJI. U tcracoruiider nb le amou n t o f b.nmW! h 113 been worked into tb e "til'C
PAGE 6
m11.rl, they make good soils for citrus trees. lo thei r or!ginnl state, the marly oil!! arc apt to produce nn in dlft'erent growth in the young trcea, uaua!ly causing them to ,u/Icr moll! or leaa from dieback, scale lnsee t 11, and othcrsuchdlM>rdcra. Thi acondlti on,howc"er.1)1188e80tr u tl1e wil becomel more th oro ughly tilled and bu more T ~table m a ttcrin corponi.tedi nil. J fu c k Soiu n re not the i d eal soilfi upon which to plant e ltru11trees, 11ince thcynreinclined t obel!Our, to p roduce an exuberant growth nnd for n numlJer nf yea r.Ii to give rough and im11erfo<:I fruit. After muck landB have been cultivated for a number of years and brough t Into a thoroughstatcoftllth,they11roduceexcellenteropllof cltrua fruits, un] egs t he rnucke rema in rav. In form 11nd con tainacon aldernb l camountof h umica c id. Tm::: N.t.TUR,\I, OIIOWTH All AN lN OU. Ramm0<:k.-It !Ji In our native hammocks that the wil d citrus groves occur. In AArnc re i:io n ~ thousand& of !TI)($ have been trnnsplnntcd from the se old native grovl'I! to hii:herlanda. Inothcrpln cea thehammockawerecleaned up,lea1' in gtl11 orunge~lings11tnnding,tobehodded o"fer to the better varl e llt'IIThese wild tree, were alwaya f o und to be the 1J011 r o rnnge. At the p re.ent time the hammO<'k land s are r c>gnrded 11.s the ideal o n e11 for clt r11 11 culture. The grcnt Cllflt DCCCflijary to clear these upthor oughly ha11 in m1111y tnees deterred people from mnking use of them. Rolling Pine. Thc higher pine Ja11d11, more or ICWJ roll lng, upon v.hicb long lea f pine treei:, are growlng.,:ITI' UII IIODle or the bel!t dtroll land s v.-e have In the Stale. 1'heee lnnd11areeaally clenred,an(l quickly brought lnlo ae rvlee for 11CHing out to clt rn a tree,i.. Th ey are u s ually Mufti.. dent!y drained naturally to permit the cit.rus grovee to g ro,, off' promptly an,l JJroduce a lot of fruit. They nre ]ells desinl.ble limn the hammoek~. on ne<:onnt of l"1!'
PAGE 7
quiring a l arge r amoun t o r fertililer to bring tbe ln:!1.!1:1 i n t o bearing. Afte r years of cro p pi n g, bouer, the,y w ill ~uire llt tt e or n o m ore f ertiliwr I.b a n t b e 11. dj11. c:e 11 t h ammocks. Cabbage /' almcito l10 11 11 11ock.T he,je b a w moek11 d i ffe r fl' orn t he hnmmoe k 11 proper i n j h at t l ,ey 1 11 u s u all y more or ICIIII 001 eree, most excd l ent fr u it i s rnise d 0 11 ~ h ell h a m moc b 1 hey n. '<.1 ul reas~c i ala n (l c aref u l t reat m e nt. Th is ch n r 11e t e r o f lu utl m~y ~afo ly be u sed b,1 t hOlle 11 11 0 n i-c e:qie r t i 11hnu dli n gcitruatl"OOI!. D r ui n e(I: Lund,. r .ake beds a nd o 1 he r J11 u d11,, so m e t imes enl!e d ,ir1;1irie,that11rebig h eno u gh to perm it of t horo u gl, tlrninage h ii ,e been 1111ed l o u eunll.iderllble eii:tent for planting t o clt ru l!. I n these lands II h, purely n quest i on 1\8 to hethe r they are solHci e nlly hlgl1 to permit o f t h or oug l drainage during t he ro in _l' I Hlrtion of t h e yen r P i ne /,Qnd, W it/I. Oak Undergro,ct~ Some o f the pin e l and, fr eo' 1 uently ca lle d !ICCOn d g11ule 111 n e land, espeein ll y that which h a~ 11 oom;idcl":lble u ,nder,::rowt h of l!Crn b oak~ mu s t be l oo ked 11 1 10 11 with Ro me B uspiei o n. Wh e re c l ay i ~ f o undwlthlntw o orlb ree lc e tfromth cs nt! aee, tblae h ar, nct c r o f s oll ca n beea a .ilyempl oy ed o r l o ca ting II d tru a gn> v e, h u t w h ere th e ~ and ill ve r y d ee p It will be pre f e r a b l e t o c h OOfle a l oca tion e ll!ew h ere. F'lahoooda.Thi s c h a ra cte r o f l a n d la usu ally l eve l n n d m ore or JetM co,erecl w ith wate r dur i o g t h & rain y aea.,,o n.
PAGE 8
All a rule, a hardpan occurs from a few incl.Les to n few feetbelowthe11urface. This prevents rapid and thorough drainage. Saw palmettoe11areu11uallynbsentorscaltered -On this character of land. The Jlredominating under growth ls gallberry. Dy lmrdpan, we shoul d undentand a moNJ or l elll! impervious stratum oceu rlng In the soil at a depth ora few inc hes or a few feet. Itohstrueti, the JmHage of water downward, and als o obstn:Jcts t he down ward progress of the roots, causing the wil to beeome water-logged du ring tb(l rainy period, and probably very dry during a pcrloU o f drought. This hardpan may be made up of various matters, either enlcareom1, siliceo\ll'I or fcri-uginous. The cementing material usually breaks np an cl lets fhesanil fall u1mrl wlien expos.id to the nir lftl.Lehardpanisofn ferruginousnnture, it ls more or less poisonous to citrus tre~s. Various methods have boon adopted f o r ])ringing in to cnHivation Janel that has n hardpan under it. Sometime11 this har, l pan ha11 been broken through by means of plowing. In sucli cnses 11.te hurdplln was near the surface and in a thin layer. Tu ot h ercasei;,thesurfacesoilha.sbeenmoundedupsoasto put the trees on ridges. la a fewcMithe hflrdpan hn8 b(>en broken by discharging ,lynamite under the trees. Iron salts as they normally occur in t he IIOi\ have a ye llowship or reddish color. Whei:e these colors occur, the darker colored iron hardpans al'
PAGE 9
a:rolng. In addition tD thl.e, these Jand11 produce tl'ee'J! th nt arc 11t1b ject to ma.uy d!Aordel"II. SITE DF Tllll GKO\'J':. !111mediate l y upon deciding that one wMie11 lo 1,lant a grovc,l1e,ho u!dseledthebe3tr,ltclhntcaubeproduced. A great many que!llion11 ari11e in determining where a grove shall be loented. A. few of t h ese ure dillCuSl!ed below. Diltaooe Prom TraMportation Liffll The ultimate object befog thc11elling of fru it at a remunerative figure it becomeg neeesgary to l ocate a gro,e with.l o a rellllOnable d l atanceo f 110me line ofrailro1ul or wa t er tra nr.portatlon. The dl"ance w h ieh it "'Ill be profitable to transport fr uit by wugon wlll d epend largely upon tbe condition ot the ="' AnoUie~ determining factor in tile m atte r is t.hc coat or the land. A grorn of modorntc l!Jic d trees, heRvily loRded, 11 h ouhl produce a thou.san(l bo:r;c, of ol'llngea to the acre. Allo,ving fift y boxes to u lo ad, tliia wonM r e q11 i rct"cntytriJl!ltotbctranaportationalatiou lf11 grove werclocntl' d three mile1111w11y from the station, It would prulmbl7 11 ,k c one llllln 'A 0 lt h a tw oho~ team 11i:r day11 to hau l thlll fruit. It locnted one-hair tha t di tance it would require only thrt1:!orfourday11Allowing about $1 uduyforthis"ork ,the hauling oft hefmltfromthe more distant grove w ould incrca.&C the C06t about '8 per acre, whic h amount mu s t be charged u an uonual tax. from thi! the Intending purchaaer can readlly culculate how m11ch morebecannfford to 1 111y proportio11alely fo r land In c lo !e proximity t o the 1'111\roa( I stat ion / 'ro,t Prolcction..-There a rc no pnrll! of Fl o rida tha t are e ntir t l y frt1:! from occulonal fl'Ollt~, and iD ~ome par~ of th e State freetlr,.g weather m11y be expected lo occur during every winter. There are II fc1', Isolated plaeee
PAGE 10
however, that are so fa,ombly located that frec:Mng weathe r isofmreoccurre11ce. Unde r ordinary c ir-eomgt 11nces, a drop in tc111J >e rulnr e to28degreeiiudacontinnationofthlsfo r 11eVeralhonn1 1dllnot f ~cltrusfruit. Ir,however,thedropgoes IOl'l'er, 11ay to about 20 or 26 degreea, i;erions damage I,; npttol'Ulult,espccially ifit I s l ong contin ued. A dro11in temperature to 24 degrees iB not likely to prov ei;eriolll'IIJ \Ulmaging to trec11 unlel! l!I It i11 of continued durat ion Treeii in a thorongh l y dormant condition will pa1111 tbroogh 1. temperature o f 18 dcgl'(lf.9 w il hont the l Ollli or much wood, but, as nrulc, n considern blenmou nt or foliHge is l~t llt that temp er ature. 'fhl11, howrotcctlon.--Wnter protection pro,Cfl to be one otthebest,heltersagnina t occat1lonal colddny In winter. ltl1n11becnfonndlhntreglon l oeatedi nlargebodleao r wa tcr,orwlthauorthe1'11 ,CMtc rn andweatern protection or water, are much leu 1 mbject to droJ)!I in temperntnre than thooc that are ei:poeed. Quile a nnmber of r.uch placea may be found ae tar north ft.8 29 degrees 46 mlnutoo of l atitude. Even noMb of thlB rec[on l!Ome 11.ne grove11 oceur that ha re been protected by artillda l mean .. Far t her south,.taboutthe28thparallelotlatitu d c,annn1 berof l ot'atiODII hue been foundwherel\aterhu pNltectedthetreee,andinoomeeaia.e11eventhe frnlt ,agalnl'1 1,lm m011t severeco!tl that we have hnd. Hammock J>rol~-ction.-Quite n number o( citrus g row Cl'II in the State hue fonnd that hammock protection i~ quit e u f ee.tlb l e u water pro tection. By l ocating i n n la rge hamm oc k and teeming the lnm>n nding lands, eitrnK grol\'Cl"II ha,e e nt Mn'lall trae!B In the hammock .-a r yin,::
PAGE 11
from the to t e n a\!tee In extent n11d ylanted theee In cltru~ tret:'lf, le:1, i ug tl 1(.'l!e 1u ua ll sro,ea en t irely 1urronnded by han 1wock tr. f o make a uch a 1 1! 110 practicab l e ii fg 11 ecce1111. r y t o ow n l he 11urro 11ml i n g hammock; otherwise o n e11ou ldh a\'"e n oco n1r o l overthe h a mmock tre0i!I which hewi11he11 touse1111protectlonug11 lll8t co l d. S m.: lll'CII F BO M S.u W!NDll. A. ro und thc.:011111 of f,'J,.wida th e b len k gea 11, i ud g a r c d.awogi n g to cit r us l l'OCII 11 ml eit r u B f n 1 il 11. The direet i nHuen eeofthescn b reeie& i111oenuse thentm 1111 phcreand aoi l to beeo me dry. T L! g 11t nn11 th e grove and in 110me eru.ai m ukea It 11bl!olute l y impm 1 11 ible f o r t h e treet1 Lo 11t tllln u 11i1.e thnt w HI en abl e t h em to bcn r a prontaMe crop. In s orn ecnstt ,wheregro, a bn,ebeen planted In 11u~h e xpo ise .-1 pin ce", It bu s be(ome nccesaary to erect an urtlncial windbr('llk 'fhl & be i ng l)llllt t en or twelve feet high, nffor d s the fif"l!I row protection against the ije9. bree~e,i Ea ch row 1h e n @uccellll l ni l y formsn p roteeii o n ror t ho11llt\! Cet lln g l' OW In addition t o thedh-cct ln tloe1H. -e of th e IICll 11inds, we al,oha\etheimllredeffocti n c1111singt h e fniitt obccome torn ,sc rnt c hed bruised, o r nthcrwleemutila ted and unnt f or market purl)Ol!CS. 1 h e fol!age nod eepednlly t he rnpidly gro11 i ng young 11 h oot11, are likely to be l!Crfouely dnmngcd b y LD C
PAGE 12
12 it ii Important that a ll native trees, 11tumps and other materht l 11hould b e removed from the 10! 1 A fe111 cab bage palmett~ mfly be left for n urse trees for aome time, but there should n ot 00 a large number, 1.-e.rta inl y not more thB.II one hundred to one hundred and fifty to the acre, 11.nd, of course, all of those occ uriug in U,e ro where trel.9 ahoul d atantl ought to be remo,cd. Liveoak.II a nd Cllpedally pine D.NI fo und to be VCl"J' lnjor i oia to the growth ofcitrm:1 t tce11. lli11notlmpoa11lblcforapersontomakeagoodgrove ln a 11.cid that 111 lull of stumJIII and
PAGE 13
13 year~. lf the ~eason i s n ot n proper 011e ror planting our ,egetables, the field mny be planted in ,o me form cro11, ~11pccially a eo ver c r op, 1111c h Ill! \_elvet beans, eowpen11 or beggnrwced. If a good Cl'QJ}Of velvet beans h n bD grown upon the 11011, we are pretty Cl!:r ln in 10 lune it in ff.111t~la.ueonditlon tor11ettiog out to citrus 1.-. _In add i tion to polliug the iroll in good oondltloo, lh e velvel belallll 11 ill lldd n lnri;enmount or ammonill to tbesoil rec 1ui ring 1 1!111! o r thi s c l emen t in the fertllher to be DJ) plied to I.he trees when tel out. Catch Crop8. Du1iug Ille l\uceeediui; year vegetable!! and fann crope mny be proff.1nbly plant ed between the ro11 ofeitl'll.l! treee. One should, howe1cr, not l0&e aight or the fact ti.int the citrus orchard is the main project u n der OO[ll!ideratlon, and U 1 at the11e catd.1 croJ)II must be removed or entirely de11troyed if they in any wa y inter ere with the h ealth and growth of the cltMUI tree11. Afte, theveget11blecropl111 1 bec nremovedfromth eci tro 1grove the middle11 m~y be J)lnuted to velvet beaaa, eowpe1;1s ot beggarweed Theee J)lnnts will continue to ndd 11mmonln to the iroil, prevent leaching by h eav1 rnl n s nnd llnally retnmtothe1oila l 11rgeamonntofhumllf!,wbi(hi,very mm:h needed lo produce i:;rowth and health In cltl'WJ 1-.. It lfl ho,.-ever, cotlrely !'Ol!l!ih!e lo get so much organic ammonia in the soil aa.to canaediebaek in theimialltnies When thia occoni, the planter lo&e11 from one to two yeal'II' tiri1e in the growth of Illa trees. Perfect Drainag e Ne-ct" ~ IOry .-On o of our foremost ngr!colturalista in the Stn t ebn.seu ld th11t theNl It not an ncre of land ln the State o f Florida that d0e11 not need draining; that even lhe a t ttp clay hlllaides ,von l d be I m proved by being underlaid with tile drains. Our general eJ:J)e!'lence hiii been that whm people apealt o f land a.a being perfectly dn1,lned they mean that it Ir pe r! ei:lly drnincd durin g the dry rt of tbe;rear, aml forget alto get her about the rnlny pnrt o f the year, which h1 the rrlllcal &eru!On. A g r o\e it e should be IIO p e rfectly
PAGE 14
drained, natnrally and artificially, as to never allow the soil water to stand above two foot from the 11urlaee at nn_y time. Several in stances are known where g roves located on theto po fahill,scventy.fkefoetabovcalake, had 11tandi!lg water in t he soil dnrlng the rainy sci.son. Su.eh t~a as are within the influence of this water nceel! Mrily become wenken ed by the exclusion of oxygen and interfer~ with the bacterial llfc In the goil. For the flrange g rove !Ula w hole surface drainage appears tobe the chenpelit and most profitable. Tile drains are likely to become clogged by citru~ roots, and much damage may re1111lt before tJ,o gtower recognha the defect. Jrrigotio~-Whlle much good can be done by conserv Ing the moisture In the soil, oecaaional yeani occur, how ever,whentbedroughtbecomcssoirevcretbatifonchad an irrigating plant tbc advantages derived from !t would be sufficient to pa_y for t he whole outfit; and during 11.bout three yean. out of five a eufllcient number of drnughta occur to make a good irrigating plant very dc ~irnble. The type of plant to nse depends very much upon one's ow n inclinations and the amount of money he has to spen(l. Furrow irrigation, as pruelieed in Cali fornia, is entirely practlcuble and has been used to some extent in Florida. Thlels tbe cheopcst method, and the one wb.ieh wil! doubtless be genemlly adopted. CuLTURl!l l'norE~ Object. 'l'oo many gro\"e owneMI l o ok upon cnltivatlon io the light taken by a certain colored boy, who, when asked what he wn s eulthatiog for, replied: "Seventy .fiv e eentsaday During a money etr i ngencythe first thing the g rove owner doe11 in many cases is to cut down the amount of cultivation. We culth'ate an OM!ngegrove to admit air In.to tlie 1111ll, as a ff.nit reqnislte, to k~p up the bacterial life; and, seeo ndly, to co nserve the moiaturc present.
PAGE 15
Gernt Actio11.-l'lantii in geueral tak e up lhc -.mmoni11 in the .oil ib the form of nitrute11. Tbt'lle nltrnte1. lo a !nrge eitent, nro formed from broke n dowo -,.egetahle matter. They are prepared b y the organi.s:,n~ eonatnntty present In the ,011. : Near l y all ol our fertillxel'9 applied to the trees m111s t g o through thl.s breaking down proces1 P OMlhly the oo l ~ exce11tio11 to thl.s 111 when we U.8e ni trate of M>tla and nitr nteof potash. To secure t11e lie8t reau\111 t h e nltrUylng bar.terinl muel bc pl"C!lent in the 110il in suffl, cient 11unntlly. The temperature ot the soil mu,t range ~ omewh e re between 40 and 130 d e grees F., the moet fa1or ab l e soil tempemtnr e being about 98 to 9!l degree,i. A rea~onab!e amount c,f moisture ie neecsaary, Jltld there 111u11t be a fre
PAGE 16
wasnvel"J' g r eatdetl.elelley in the rain f all; l11 tact duri n g tbe four months toJ\owiug the first of J anuary; t h ere w as on!yoneralufall that amounted toe11ough to wet lhe110 il : lJ Ol8Tlla.t IN Cut.n VA TED A!
PAGE 17
17 ! added to auch a w il it takt:11 on a dark co l o r Om pure muck or peat beds1n.ay beaald to be pure bed11of h umUB, thougl, the decaying l'egetable matter 111 thi is periodofitt1tranaltlonUlnotu a ually1poke11orn.11h11mUJ1 but rather 81 peat. In the next B(uge or it, decay it take!!onmoreotnncurthlychnruder,andi11U1en11pokc11 o( ns hum Ull. All form,s ut llDlnwl 11nd vegefohle watter take thiB form lie!oreehauging into distinctly I norga ni c ulwltance.. Largo n>otl;, roots o r crops, 11talk1 o r cro p!! a nd aimilnr growth, ore usctul I n lo erea1ing thl! h umu o r the soil. The most usefu l or o u r humu1 uu ppl _vi ng plantll are the legumes. l ~or.!most 111uo11g these ls the 1elvct beau. Cowpeus und loeggarW<.'
PAGE 18
~8 that formerly elicited Ml much hea ted dh1cnuion u did thequestionoftbctlmenndkindofcullfration. Ul!uall,r the debn'tel1il ignored entirely the kind o f &oil, the char acter of their land,nnd the leDgtb of tim e du1fog wbicb they hnU practiced t h ei r J)artieulnr bobbl ea. We, there !ore ,fl.necult,ivnted; ln ter,ntbir dechool ,p rnngupthntconsldereditentirely11ro11e rto c ultivat e during the drier pnrt of the}'ear, butcente
PAGE 19
IO ~iderable n-gelnb l e matter i.r, l eft 01er from the prev i ous Jca r it may be ul'e('tlMry to uae a cula"'ay harrow to break this up. Th o OMii cu l Hvatloii. in the,priog may be i,omewhat d~ I ), 11.ince i t is not Ukely that DC'tl' f eeding roou have been formed near the eurface. H, howeve r the eu ll ilation is not sfnrted un til feeding roo1, h a v e formed, i t is I.IC11t to 11.1o id dce 1 1cultln>.t i on. Uee 1 1 cu lU vat i on a t thh1 time of the year, 11811.t any other time, is a relatfrernther than a o nbwlut e term. A f ter the tlrgt culthation, n othing more thon I meN! 1tlrring of the Ont inch or two of !!Oil ahoult.1 be given. Th i a consern ?S the moist u re llO much needed nt t h is time of th e year. Our d ri es t p ortio n of t h e y ear ill likel y t o oec u r during Mu r ch, Aprll an d May. Tbe more fn! quently we cultirnte the more of the soil moisture is ronsert"ed. Ordlnarlly, It 11 DOI J)roBtable to eult i nle more f requently th.au oneea \\'eek. Hour110i l i in the be&tpos1ilbleeonditioo,a1\'l:edermnybeused. ltmuy be oecet11a r y to l oad the weeder wit h u small plcee or eonl wood. W iH, ,ueb nu Implemen t n ma n and a honw., cno cultivateateo acregroveinaday: Cutclt. Crop,t -Where som e form or cro11 i11 1.leiug gro1t'Il bct"'een lherow11of treea it isneeeli!U r y togi1 e tl ,i,crop thebellto f ntteotloonod nnabuodiioreoffertll!ze r to kecp i t from drawing h eav i ly on the young grove. It i a a goodprnctilto k eepat l eastsil:fcrlto w oyfrom t h e reac h of the branchCI. Tree11 tbnt oro over 6ve yeurs ol d are likely to ha.e rooteei:tend i ng n far 1111 midway betwecn the row.; eon15eque11tly, c11ltiullon of th e catch c rop ehonld be gaugt>d according to the needs o f th e citrn grove. Summer Cultiooh'on.-Sorne fine grovea and much er celle n t frnlthave bt'CII produced by a eontiououa summer cultivatloo;otber gro,CHhavebecnserlona l ;,injnreee< l urc.
PAGE 20
Ordin11rily,itla8a.fetodilll'onlinuecultivationu,ooo u ft bundu nt r11it1 11 occur, and to allow grit.Iii! al l( weeda t o grow a t thei r will It t he grlil!S und weede become too lAllandappear tobeatlet rlment t ot hegro1e,a mo,rer mu.,y be uised to cu l th em down. During t he 11nmme r 11eaao n t h ese will rol 11nd re1uru to t h e aoll aa humus. If tile grove dllell not ne e d mowing the grtl.111 nnd weed!! may be a!lo"''ed to grow an d a t the cllllle or t h e r;iin y sea11 on t h e gra~ may be made into hay and rerno1 d from th,:, Held. Whe retbe11o i1 lH de fic ien t in humu s, twill pro b ably pay better t o mow the grasa u nd weed11 an d allow t h c mt o r otto h umu&l n theg rov e. Ve!ret beans, cowpem1 a nd bci,1:"urwecd moy al eo be 1 1lantedl n gro1eaifthesoilis11ottoorichlnorganic 1U11111011iu. Thel!C legumes nblltract nitro ge n f rom the atmOl!phel'1!A nd re t urn it to th e aoll In th e orga nic fonn Th ere ore in.stnnceewl1ere tbla has IK.-eo curried on to the extent of producing dleback in the gro1e. Where there ia the 1J robnbllity of getting too 1 nucl1 orgn n lc nitrogen iu t h e ijOil, tbc l egume mny he m ade into hay. If these leguml'!! are used ID t b e grove, the y lhoul d be mo111n in thebeginningotth edry11ellto n son11toreduee tbenumbcr of pl.ant bugs to II mi n imum, ,i n ee f requcnllf lhet!e and: Ing i n sects cause D. !nu or fru it when lhe legumeB ore per mittet1 to r en111i n lu!e in the fal l. Fall Culli tnlion. Whether we a b ouhl cu ltivate !n the fallornolwill d eJle. ll d large l y on loenl co n ditiol!ll. Ifwc nre haring u ijeve r e drougl u i t may be o.d1h 1 uhle to u-'>C u cu t av.-ay h arrow, or 1111 lmpelmen t of thia kl n tl, to l ireal.: up t b c a urlo ~ an ti GO a, to con.serve tbe moisture. H the moi st ure ii n ot needed I I l .s u.suall1 p~f crab le to allow th e l!Oil to remai n undistu r bed. 1Vin1e.-Ct,llii::afi01t -ln 1he cnr lfwln t er, b e forethere 1$ any danger from t r
PAGE 21
21 must, ho1\'e\'er, be taken not to cnrry this ealtivation to the v:1cnt of stimu l ating the tree!! Into l ate growth; otherwise, ,,eareapt to get our tree11everely inj u r ed by llD ea r l y freeze. If, h owe 1 er, the work i s carrictl o n In "'eh a way u to conser,c the mo i ,ture and yet not 1tim ul ate the grove into gro>Ath, mu c h good can be d one by ea r ly winter cultlfatioo. Cultivation and Uielu1ck.-Dieback ls a disease 10 whic h rraeticallyollofourcitrustree11urosubject,andone that causes much anuoyancea nd frequently con1ddcr11ble IOM. The o b 8ervant grove owner, bo~e.-er, w ill recognize the p relimlna ry 11ymptoms of the disease and guard against it. The d i sco~c &~ms 10 he
PAGE 22
22 light one-horse plow may be ueed to some extent. 'fhis 1 001, ho wever, is a poo r imp le~ n t, ei..llee it WllBtU IIO much time fo r t he Grove ow11cr. One of the best impl mcn t.t for d '-'tlP cu ltl vnt ing i11 the c ut away horr-0w or di 11 c h arrow. } 'o ra11mallgr0Ye,tbeo11e-borscbarrov. wlll be fo 110 1l pttferable. Ji'ora n extenaiveg r ovetllia 1, too slow a n d 11 needa two or l.bree-bon1ec u townyordl&c!Ja rrow. Tb eep1u li11g hnrron will also lltl found useful under cer tai n cln:uuuda n cee. J'be A<.:wc b nrrow i ~ als,o a n excell ent imJ)lcment to u11e when the Vt'{;Ctnblc matter hu a been worked Into the ao il. It doai jJOOr work, how eve r when ,. con1hleroblenmonDtof nigelal.flematteri1pre11eutoo the ijU rfoce 'l'!Jc l'lnnct, Jr., c u llil'll!Or 01 81'.'CCJ) cnlti vatorl anls oexcellcnt forllhnllowcultivatiou. When h e orchnrdbnsbei.!np11tintoago<1(l 1ta teoftilt h ,on dour on l yobjtttlstocoru1en-ethemols1urc, th cwecdcri8011e of the befit aml m ost &el'Viceablc lmpleme ut 11. The ortli nnry ll)ring.tootbetl cultiva t ors 11\'i? not g001I im 1 emenl~, ~ in t.'e Hl<'Y J)Ull up too mnny of t he root11 thc,v hnl)pe n t o oo m o In 1.-onlnct wit h B UIUIINO Ur A Nl:01.tCTIW Gon :. Th e l oe11t wny t u build U I) 11 r1eg l ccted g,.-01e 11 t o le t th e o th er fellow Jo it. ll11 y ing n neglected gro1 e 1 1 like hu y ln ga n old, neglected h ome. Underrt :iin circuwshlnec!! it IIUIY be done wi th l)Nlllt, bot under ord in a r y clrcum 11 tan ~ It !11 cheaper sod much more aatldoctory lo sta r t a u ew grove. It hnpJ)('nll frctp1enfty, however tbot one hn 11 n o old gNlve ;o r t h at part of his properl y h11ppen11 to be an o l d o eglectedgro,e I.n 1uchcue1J ue11i11htoknowwhatl11 besttotlo. Pruning.-The flnt 11tc p in sncb con dl tlo11 I s lo go into th e grove with a goo, s h a rp saw, prnnlng ~hca r11and othu tmp!ementii for but e h erl n g tt'ff!!. The 1\roolog 11 h o1 ,l d be done thoroughly ond ee,erely. Tak e out O nt
PAGE 23
23 ab dead wood; tbe11 la k e o ut nil o f tbe 11't!ak ened wood; II.Dally ,Kh11pe t he tree11p1on.11 to ma.ke it more or less 11 ym metrical. Do not l e8\e a n y long, 1preailiog br a nches, even if th ey appear to be perfectly healt h y l:I en d them back ao us to mako II good, eompact ~. W I.t en an old, neg l ec t cdorehord h o,beenproperlytrt"ated,i tl .11 u s ually a 53d Jooking 1 igh 1 Fcrtili z~ .-Gil'e the en ti re grove n l ibe ral ollownuce of u f crti l il:l! r suc h as l.11 u sed ordinu r ily for producing: growth. A goo d formula fo r d 1i.11 11mposc w!l! contain abo11t4 Jioerceni. :1mmonl11,6per cen t. p h osphoric acid an d 8 1 ie ri::ent. potllllh. AIIOl!(llll'Cf!O r nmmon111, nit r ate of ~orln may be em]l loye, 1; 1111 a IMUN:
PAGE 24
" !he more protl.t11ble it wlll be for tbs owuer. Ile can then rcplnce tbt>Ill wit h vigorous young tree!!. The o ld tf'eEII fhnt hn\'e vltallt 1 enough to Rland ,uch v lgorou, treat ment are pre!ly IJUT1:! to respo nd pro mptly.
PAGE 25
W H ITE F LY CO NTROL. B y E. W B e r ge r, P h. D EnlomologiBI ,igriculturo l Ezperimf:flt 8!ation. II is irnpr,r tan t that t!Je citrus grower whose trees n1e infested or threatened with i nfestation hy wbitctly, sh ould ba1cathandthenecessaryinformutlonwhich will enable h i m to initiate and co nduc t rep~sive measures to the beHt advnntage. This bulletin is an enden,or to b ring together the CS1Sentiul fuel s of whitefly control in a br i ef form. The whitelly may be oontrolled, though it is almm 1I huJ K;llibletoer adica te H. T ooo ntrol this pest is to keep it in cheek sufficiently for the trees to rontinue to bear elenn fruit. How .r11t: TI lr!TI; .. LY INJl/tl 0:8 TRl'.:F.!!, l.ladly infested citrns trees usually bear but a ,imall amount of frnit,und what is borne is in~ipid and covered with. sooty mold. The direct injury done to the fre('!ICOn sists in the loss of the sap wh i c h the inseets 11uck at the rate of more han Hi pound11 p er month for each mil lio n or whitelly larvae Indire ctly thetree11nre!njured by the ~ool,\' mold which covers the leaH?I! nnd fruit. Th is sooty rnolol i11 a black fungn11 which develop!! in the hon eydew, a sugary ,:xerelio 11 ej,etctl by all singes of the whitefly rills moltl is itself lnjnri ous to the t ~es, ~c,rnse by ~hut t ing off some or the sunlight it intcrferea w i th the elabo 111tionoffoodmaterlnl11inthelenvcsnndn!soretnrdsthe ,.ipening of the fruit Tests with iodine solution show that the 1 1ar1s of lenv es covered with 11ooty moM produc e ll'lll' starch thnn the jlllrt~ not e,we~d. s,nnuav OF L! Fll H ISTORY. The younl!:' or t he citrus whitefly (sometlme11 lneon-ectl y
PAGE 26
26 called eggs) are scale-like, and IIY eon the under Burfal-eB or th e leavei, They pa1111 through five st ages of develop mcnt, Increasing from about one-eightieth ot no in ch to about one -eig hteenth of an I nc h h1 l e ng t h. The sirtll stage, or tlnal o ne is t he ad ult w in ged whitefly. The firstfourstnge11arespol.:eno t a11"thell.nit,seeond,thlrd n nclfonr t hlarvalatnges;andthefi f th stage, thetrnndor rnnt i< m atage fl'flm ,vhkh the winged whltctly cme1-ges. is called tlie pu(l a. The bcllt time to s1 rwd the wh i te fl y des t roying fu ngi or to spray wi th. contact h1seetlcldcs Is when th ese in !l(!(!t~ a~roostly i o the ftl'8t t hree !n n l si n ges, o r wh il e they are s till in the thiu, flat oondi1.ion of the fourth stage. ( F or II detalled dh : u ~sion, rend what is said unde r the heading (If "Ex11er i ments in Sprn.ying'' on a later page.) T h ose In t be tl,lctencd c o ndition of th e (nnrth nr in the pn Jll1 l fiiuge, nrc l ('M easily killed re<[uirln g n stronger insectici(le Theeg gii o f the w hitefly cao n ot he ,Jcstroyed by ordina r y iillleCticide s and it is n~eleAA to sprny the win;:,,ed adults. The whitetly begins i ts l nrvnl de1elop ment about 1 0 days or t wo " lll!i.:s n f tcr th e swanning periods in spr ln g,!!ummer,and tall. Ju otherword.o; tbe cggsh a tchinlOto44!la .rs,1rndt bereaNJthr ee brood sot lanne. The spring brood o f adults iadefinite l y separated In time from the eummcr b r oo d, the inte r ,ening period bclni::ocenp i ed b y the s prin ghron d n!larvue,whicb ma y l>e expected i n Marc h, April or Moy, according to sea!! OJl a nd l ocality. The s ummer brood nnd the la te to early f all brood are not go ddlnitely separated"" t h e spri n g and summer brood s o f :ufo lt 11 because during the warm weat h e r then,lnlts nreemcri::ingnenrlynll thetlme; bnt lnr i::c nnmbeno o f l" r,oe nre pre.sent dnrini:: pnrt1! o f ,Tnls and Aui::n.st. 'I'h e latc~ummerto e nrl y fal\ b rood iMni:-o!n iscpnrnlt' d f rom t henext~ 1 1ring brood by near l y the whole oft hef oll,thewholeofthe winler,nnd s om e t i m es1tpart ofl h espring'
PAGE 27
27 ME'l'IIOIAI OF CoN'fJlO L '!'here u1-c t hree me 1 h otl11 or coll tr olthe fu11gu11 di ~ ~ires,sprllJ'illgwith ioseetieldes,an dfuml gation. l'm,.1<'u:so usD1SE,1.SEII, 1 1 iij a well.e,;tablished fact, bnt not a widely known one, that i1111.,"Ct11 are subject to di sea!ICS as well a11 other animals anU 1na11, Atu<.mg tlic principal ui;eu ts responij i hie for t he di sea~ c s of i n ~L'C1s are CCl'tnio 1mrn~i tic fungi, nlHI t hew\Jitef!y, fortmmtely!or us issubjeet tonttnck \Jy at le:iij t six of ihc1n. 'l'he~c ure the red fuu~,u~ (A~ch rreouia 11/cyrodi8) yt>llow r ungus (Asc/1er8oni11 flato eitl'ina), browu fungus (Aeycrita webbri Fa wcett), cinna u1on foogus (Vc1/icil/in111 kctcroc/adu111), white-fringe rnoguij (.lficroccra 111,.), aud oceMionnlly n lll)(!Ci('ll or s,~>t'01richurn reluted to the chinchbug fungu~. 'rh~e are :ill 1mrn s ik11 of the lurn1eof whitelly, cxecpt the last o ne w h ieh ila>S occasionally been found infesting dead a d ult whitenics, an fungi, the l'(!(l AJ!chcnonia will alo n e he tlt'llted in some d e tail r,s a typkal f u n g u s, while b r id ~tatemcnta with regard to the ot h eMI w ill follow This itnJ){lrtRnt f ungus, t he red A.schel"60 n ia, hn~ given AAlisfoeto, y I"Cllnlt,s in !01:n litie11 wh ere the 11urr111,er rain~ ''"ere normal or whcl'(! the tre eh were ln good condition g
PAGE 28
28 cote, of St. Petcnbur g, Plorida, into which thl 11 fungu11 hnd been introduct!d llie previous year, and In which it wi1.11 1:1ot thriving llll t Je<:lally well nnd wu. gMng only in adequate relief, a 1lngle 1 praying of the fung\lJI 11 1,orea wu made in Au gm1t, 100 8, into 6 f l'('t'IJ, a nd lhe eutowolo giat counted, as a rc11ult, 1iomething like Hi tlmeti tbe 111non nt o f fun gu1 In thl!1e l.l"CCII th a t was f o und in 1hOl:le on eac h s,ide. 'fen time. u muc h !ungu', of eounie im plics ten 1lmeii a1 many whitefly larvae kll!ed, nod ln di ca te a that, in many in st nnce11, diligent nplicalion of the fungus eporee would glvc results more th nn repny lug t he time and money spent. 1ntroductione of fongu11 s hould bC! thoroug h ly made, nnd if neee!l89ry repented 11e1eral tlme11duringthepcriod o f 11ummc r rain&. W em m 1 t not ei:peet t h efun~atodoatl the1>ork unaided,b11tm1U1 t help i t destroy t h e ,-hltelly by llpreading It nf lhe beet time In tbls connection the writer dCll.il'Cll to ref~r to the re11ultaproduced by f unguain se1e111lgrovu lnlowhieh It 11a11 introduced artlllclally. Tbe fir11t of tbNe 111 the R. S. Sheldon grove ot Ne11 Smyrna. Th e llrg t introduction of tbe red f nngu g, (NHI ANChen,on i a) in thl~ g rov e was made hy s praying spores und e r the writer's d!reetl ons in Octo her, 1900. A very 11mnll amo un t or fllngna develored tha~ fn ll but it spread \\"ell during the nett s ummer nnd no more wa11 i nl.rodnced I K!fore 1908. Du ring the 11p riug of lbe latter yenr llOme fungus was dl!1tr!buted h y Jlinnfng l eDl"CII. Ou Anguat 22 l.908, the writer ~ m,yed &JlOtell of the red fungus Into a f ew \ijoJated tree,i near the Sheldon houee. But li ttle. if nuy, fnngm 1 had de-<"eloped In these lrel'I! preriously and none bud been ln l roiluced. Hy Se1,. temberl3 66pert!l!nt.ofth e larvaeco11ntedupon11evcn le nve11 8eleeted from l!IOme collected by Mr. Sheldon from lbe !!'CCII sprnyed August 22, were ln f eded b.r the fungus and dcotl. Tlal e happened In les9 fhnu one month. The
PAGE 29
,. empty pu11a CM> were counted n11 live larvne in making tho calcu l ationB. J<~ollowlng these excellent rceulle, Mr. Sheldon eontinued to apre!!eet11111 It f or their un. FD!l#\11 11 ""' beeo111h1r much weathered and a pe,e llng o!T but th e r e lo otlll l)lcntr. Grou h M II nn ~ new gro wth a nd maey treH have 1 et a 100 d erop, P e rb~p one t~nlb u many adu l tl on M"a' r:rowtb "" In other grovea In town where no fun gUI u 1pplled. North tbtr d ot g roH has more adu l t w blte ft l u ~et11>N tt la 0pJ101i tn a badlY Lnt ut.e d ll'O>'I that w u n ottreated. Considering t h e ta ct th ut th ia gro,-e w1111 n o t i wlnt ed but11, uc:iposedtoreinft>t,lntlo n,there3nlt t mnBtberon ldered very 1111.tidoctor,r. Th e whitefly wll ll br o ught u nde r control in just about two years. On the other hnnd, th e write r now believe11 lh nt the 11, u ue r e>! u lts 1nlght h an~ been nttninedlnlessthnnoneyeariftheilnt11pl'('adingoffun gu11 had been made during the period of a ummer rninl!. I nfac t ltappcara t h a tth el'l"Orl:: mightbn vebec oaceom l'li~ed i n 11omethl ng 111:: e a month if we hnd s 11read f ungu11 through the w hol e gn>l"C In August 1 008, u wu d on!) o n thofe1'1tree e reforl'Cdto11bo\e. 1'heflM!t port oftheworkwaenn cxperirnenl d ei; igned toghc u1111cenrotedntn nij to t her1tpid ltywilh which the fungus Rpread11 und e r th Ol!e d rcum stnnC(>fl, and t !lc con trol or the whitefly ht th e gro ,e as II whole wne n IICC(JD dor y matte r On July 9 1 910 Mr S held on kind ly fn rn 1 i; hed the fol lo 'l<' ing data. Th e crop of f rnlt fo r 1 009 wnaabundnnt, of goo d qualit y, 11nd clean. There '!<'ere hut f e w whlteflies ln1909nndveryl!ttl e11ooty mold. Wbltcllycon eld ernbl e In 19l0bnt11ofarveryuttle&00ty mold Redfnn:,1 11 wa11 t prend In 1909, but so far n o ne In 1910 becnu~e funi,is l1111Carce Noolherrepl'f!f!11h-emcan:rrl?8hnl"eheentaken.
PAGE 30
30 On D~emb('r 22, 1 009, the writ er vl e11t d the G acre or nnge und pome lo g r o1e or Mr11. A. l'. Gu nther, a t Pier JIOn, nnd made I.he following not es: Tb lanae Wfffl l11 tile l'lat coodlUOD of l a11rtb stqe ud older. ~rl:laps a,erage or one 111 Ml l e af. nnt l1'en to become ~"~ '"(7 "'Clld wen, o._.,"ed 111 mmue r a l 1001. CoD114enble numbe,. al hin'H d ead r rom uolu1o w a eia u M, E:dml 11atlo11 laatod On& hour. Mr. E. Gnntl>er .. ,._ f all br<>Od al bot nearlr IIO tari:e a l!"111&" bmod. Yer7 good 11,-.11. or red !ungu, (A ehenoola). to buodred a or 1111 1 111\ u p er J ed. Th e run;u.o ,. .. 6111t In troduced b )' Mr. Frank 8tl rll11 1. or De L&nd e ar l:r I n tbe .eeuoo : H .. ral l11t.ro1l11ctlona were made la.t e r. Tr Ha look Yer7 b ealthr, tb:l r17 a. nd JOOCi!rloeo p0meio. bearing 1m1U crop tbl a year. Or&11,g na bolltone-h.&l l ,:rop; IIOD>lfnt!IQ)H,-dwi\beootrmold a ndr equl~w ... h111.&, Theresu!tslnihl agrovea pveared lobeut1 s ractoryi11 1111 far ru the whitefly wa11 eo n ~ r oeu, nnd but llttle, if any, better rc11 ult 11cou ld hu 1e llcen obtained by uny other rnethod umle r the same cond i tlollll or cx 1 io11ure lo rcln fe s tat.ion. Thi s gt'OTI! appenr11 lo be an luston ce In which diligent 11 p re11ding ,:ir Ili c r ungn11 n ld ed b y the"unknown Cftuee" rererl't'd to ln the Dot es, r educed tl1e ,vhitelly to a to ndit:ion ofcompat11tlvely li ttle in 1portnncet n onegea O th er lllu sttolio1u1 o r t h e elfecthe n CQ o r I n troducing u ml ij])~ uding the fun gi nrtifldnlly under fovoruble con diti o n 11 could be gl1e n. It 111 not the wri t er, wish, h ow Cl'Cr, to muke the fon gi 11ppear u 11 panncen f o r th c wh i t c fly, 11ince t heir u sef uln ess muy be greatly llmited In dr. l oca ll tiCl!li nnd cluring 1 oerioda o r drough t: I t a 1 1pean, dCl!lltoble, bowe> er, to br iefly repor t upon the f n ngua wor~ of Mr. F'l'ant Sli r lini; or De Land During 190 8 Mr. f'rank Stirling, of DeJ..ii ud bega u to s pra y fungus sporee ou an cx 1 e n l!i Y e 11ea l e. That yea r h e treait! l between e i ght a ml nine thou 1111 ,ul t r cea, In and ne a r DeLand During the s pring and ,ummc r o f 1909,
PAGE 31
81 with 011e o r two helpe.l'll, he aprayed f ungu, 1 po re11 in to 127,i;OO t rees. Th11t le, he mu de 127 ,500 sprayiu1,'!J, many trees IH! ing sprayed mnny tlmee. This spraying "M main ly of the I'll(! long1111, hut oome yellow and gome brown fungi 111ereall!o ulled. Tbebelit regult1were had with the red f uogua, but the br own (.l i d 11e1J l ate r In thettnaon. The yellow foog111 (A11eher11011ia), Mr. Stirling aayg, ii a hustler" for the elo ud y-v tin ged 1pttie11 of whitefly. Gro\"eg belongi n g to GS owneni were .r;prll.J'ed at a contract prlce-0f2ce11t &pert r ee. Thisspringaudeummer (19 10) ~ lr Stir liu g ia cont!m1lng t o sp rn y fuo gua apores. lt will thu s be seen that th e method of.r;preadlngfun g unsdi rccted by the Elfpi!riment Station l-11 reccMng a mOl!I thorough test. The entomologist l 1 u had pce:i.r;io n to uami n e person11.lly only t .. oo f t lo eg r ovt1trroted by l. l r. Stirling during Hl09. TbC!!e nn:i the Gunther grove nt l'Jerson, re f erred to on a fonner ))llge, nnd the T emple grove,, nt Wl ut c r J.'nrk. 'I'lie rct"'!JC!nts condition~ rn,ornble f o r the growth o f the par11 ~t rle fung i o f thel\hlteny,and.ofe<111T1Je,en n better1'>'llhf11ndthe 11ttaeho f ln~ecls. J rrl,!l:Atlnnwoul d nl1JOfl'C
PAGE 32
82 In order to Btart n growtl1 o f th e red A 11c heraonia, it ifl only ll-llllll'Y lo IIPl'!IY a mldUrt! of the rungllll llj)Ol'CII In wate,ou lo the whitefly larvae In t he !nfetiled treeg. Th e 11pore111 of the fungu11 nre produced In enormous num beni ln the red ele1tion1 or pu11tules covering l he dead Jar1ae. They 1 11ry conslderub l y in 11i,:e, nnd 13,G00 000 to a, mmly a, 52,000,000 co uld be arranged one la yer thick, upon thesurfoceofnMJ.unreinch AboutdOplll!tuJesto a pint o f wate1 h1wo given good rcsult11. More can be usl!d,o r !CS1,iffun g usi1111enree. Itisnotnece!lsnryto a llow the leavea with toug1?1 to wok longer thon r, to 10 minutes but a longer time doea no harm nod the mi:i:lure of B JKlrtS and 1' 0 11ter may C'{Cll be allowe d to sta nd for 12 t'o 14 houni without I njury The mislure or ,pores n nd wntcr1.1Lonld be s trained thN.>ugh coarse chCCI\Cclo t h or n fine wire s i eve In orde r to rt!m0ve 41\ partlek'II liahle to clog lhc pump. llixtnr
PAGE 33
" nearly dormant, and fun;::ns !11 sometimes scarce during the spring months, but some can generally be obta i ned By midsummer 1t crop of fungus will lrnve matured U!'Oll tbeaprillg broodot whitefty lnrvae&o that fungus is then abundant. One should not attempt to introduce fungus aftertheperlodofsummerrnin11i s orer,nnle1111il is
PAGE 34
Pinning lt:iivcs h a,i n g whitclls l a rvae int c.-<:te d with 11 fougu11uonthernluu11Jeenei:ten1ivelypr11ctlC(ldJnthe pu11t, Out 1porc-11 pr o.yin:; hllB now alm os t CD ti rely Uia11laced thi 11 m ethod. lf tea, es are wied, each leaf 1houlu be p!n11ed wit h it11 tu11 gllll .llide do wn to t he lower 1urface of n lcllfofthe w hit ellylnrcst1,-d tree, 11 h1 ee the run g u11 wHI l,e mo re read il y di8tributed l>y nutural ugend c& wh ell iu it11 m1t11ral i JoO&itlo n All ibe fungu, Jmras l teo. of the whlteOy can be rea dil y gt"Ol\ D a.rtincia ll y 111Jo0n 11te ril i.r.ed sweet ) JoOla lo n nd othel' media em11loyed for 11ueh purpo sell. Thia ,_.-n.11 prurcn over t wo yent'll ngo by the Pl ant l' atho l oglat, l rof. U S. Faw cett, nii. d the inetJ, o d s l\'ere d CIIC ri lled in his paper o n "Fun gi l' n raaite11 U po n Aleyrodea C it r i," Sp ecia l S tudie s No. I Unh e"'i ty of the State or Florida, Ju ne 1008. The b ro1rn fu1111us (Ae~ila webbr i F awcet t ) Iii t l 1e only 0 11 e wh i ch hll lil!O far failed to p roduce tj)Ol'tl! in nrtillcinl cul tu re 11. A rt ifld ul e u lt u l'lc i;cr111~, bu t 111low11 ni r to
PAGE 35
" l~lllS. The liJ)Ore& of tlJe fungus 11.re introdnced into the hottleri either by spraying them In aterilll.ed v,atcr with 11 s m all 11tom iz er, or by 11trcnking them on with a stcrllbcd pl:itinnm needl e. Th e 1\"0 r k mn t be done in II vro1icrly JJreJmred dust-proofrooiu. 'fhe la11t eullurc of red fun gus eunaistetl of abc u t oO hnmeio. 1''uogur. grol\'D aa just d eli!Crlbed can be cmJ>loyed fo1 introducing in!o whitcflyinf es tcd groves 1U1 succes11 fully :111 tlmt oe<: 11ri11g naturally. This luu been l'(lpetJ.t e dly11 r.11e 11 inlnfe.tedtree11near011ineuUlcnndntotber 11lnt>tJ11 Binet! the nntuml 1 up11ly of red fungus hn a been ge nerally 11nfficient, il l a not probable th at it wlll \Jtromc nca,u;nry to grow i tartHlcinlly; buts h onhl it become nee e8l!nryto1mpply theartlfleia!ly--grownfuugus,thiaean be done in ton Jote or larger l\'lih proper equipment. While Ote IIJ)()l'eS of lhis fuogos germ!nateti in 2-1 to 48 houn, fungus growt h docs not become vblble on 11weet potatoes for about 7 day11. This time i i about the ~ame as upon 1\'hitcfl1 l nnae. Some Sl)On!:9 arc formed In 20 to30 tlnr s ;nnd thisag11ln colT<.'6pond11wlth the develop me nt U J )O n whitefly larv 11e. Spore form11tion appenl"II to be com11leted in about 30 to r,o dQJ" s. Th e rongu, maDJ willihen IJP.orn lightbr!ckred;lnfact thenppearance or this culor may be tnkcn as eviclcnce t11~t spores are fonning. The fungur;s hould be used at tha t ti1n e, but it will kee p forn month, :md longer during the-..inlerand early 11prlng. 'l hi a f un gus docs not readily become weak coed, o r IOlle its vini l ence, by 11neeemil"c growth upon 111\'t>et J)Olalo DI n cu l ture medium, 11i n,:c llllCCC!Bl!fo l grow th9 o f fuoi;u~ have l.,ccn starlotl upon whiteHy lnrvne from each of the fin,t fivegcnentlons Wliathujn~tbccnslnted in ~go. rd t otheredfongue holds genera lly true for the yellow fungn s, excr11t that no exlen 11ive cull o J'Cll o f !hf11 rungn 9 11p<1n 9weet p<1tAto hnvebttnmade.
PAGE 36
.. Tlll'IATl1t:NT WITH INSJ.:CTIC I DJ::11. In dry time11, and lngro1eaontofconditlon, the fungi lllaJ' not thrive auDlcic11t ly and it may become uecewa:ty to spray with insecticides, or to fumi gate. Spraying 11ith l 116'Cticidef has f a ll en m ore or l es11 into di8faror. Operationt 11.nd experiment. or th e Florida Ei:perlmenl Slalfon during the J)rull ycnr lndlcate clear ly thllteff~tive.11prny!ngcanbellone. 'J'h edlffle ultl eal ntbe pn.111 have r i gen from .l!J)l'tly ing being !lon e 1tl the wrong lime,orwereduetoa l11ckofthorougbne ss, ortoreinfni< taHon from surrounding grovca. The difficulty of doing the "'Ork so thorou g hly tha t theun deraurtuceenfall th e lea ve11 become 11et with the .11pra.y ing .olntion can be over come In part by taking .11pecia l care, a nd by aprnyin~ at a pretJSUre o f 100 pound.II or over. Spray ing for whiteAy can be carried on .11ntteM!ully during ihat portion or nny lle ll l!O ll w h en mOflt of th e in 11eet e arc i n the lnnnl or pupal 111: gee. During the fall (bepna ing wllb October and the grea t er J)llrt of the winier we find the whitefly in the Jarvnl 11tagee nnd later In winter in the pnpt1,l 6lage11. Durin g a po.rt o t April or May, M)()n n fle r thedi'1lppearaneeof th e11p rlog brood of adn l ts,t b erei11aootherperlodofabout o m ontli whe n bot fewadnltwhlteftlct1llropreseritandtheeggahnreh:i.tcb ed. After Ma y un til the end of Se1,tember all !tagiia of the wh i tefly. incl111lin,r tlie 1ulolts, are generRlly presesit. During t hi8 period rnln~ occur tre11ucntly, 1;hilt l ht> adult@ fly away from the ~Pl'flY and th e e,ri,i n r e not genernll;v destroyed by it. Sprnyinj!' 11bould lllen be don only when neeeMllry to 114l'C the t-. In aome omnve trCCl!I (11fr. B. F. Jlampto n'e _i:rnl-'e near Onln""vl1140\ which 'lf'~re ~prn.ved on May 7, 1 909, with "OohlrlnMt" 8111 "t rent!lh of 1 p01md to 4 cmlloM o f water, 91percent.ofnlllnrv1teofthefll'8tfothethlrd"tnge11
PAGE 37
87 weni dead after 10 days. The pen:.:11tage11 of f\ludh1otag,:, larvae killed WU only 30. The,;eare the results of counting the dead and Jh-e Jnr 1 aeonl0 leaves,i;eleetedurepre15entativeisof goods pr ay ing. On36Jca\'eso.nuverngeof02percent.ofallstages were kilk-d. (An. Re11t. Hl OI), I' xi iii ), Allowance wn11 made for naturnl mortality, the pcn:eotuge of which WM computed upon le1ffea front unsprayed trt.>es. 1' be follow ing temperatul'
PAGE 38
38 'l'AB L E JI. MAX/IIUH Al\"0 M!Nl)!Ul! TEJ.H't:IU'l'Ull&S nm 7 0.AYS. J u sE, i 909. \2nd 3rd 4th lith Gthl7m 8th :::.:.~~-I :: :: :: : 1 ::1 :: I : I I I I Menn of max i ma. !Jenn of miniraa .. Genera l mean. . 89.G 0 }'. . .. 72 F ... ... 80.8 F._ 'fhe following table, puhlif!hed i n the Annual Ikpo r t for 1 009, w1111 primarlly anangcd to show the effectivene!IB ot the two aoops indicated, but when eom11ared with tJ,e two previoua aeries of apmy i ngs, this table beeomea o f greaterinleN'St,11alabrougbtoutlnthedlscuR11ionfol !owing The lnrvnc were mainly in the Hat fourth stage or development, hut no di11lincti o n of stages wa11 made in counting them. The table ghea the results on ten leaves of r.prn:fing two or three trees with each strength of ~oap The leaves were selected to represent good spraying. The apr11yi11ga were mad o near Gainl'sville In Mr. ,Tames Cel Jon's trees, June 15 to 17, HlOfl, and the leaves were col 1ected 4 to Ui dnys 1 11ter.
PAGE 39
80 TABLE I ll St~r>gthcfSo lu Uon Ollloap ton Soap Klll cdbyWha!e-1 KllledbyOcu l lltlOPl water 9lperce11t H percent l lb toJgn!o water 88 1> er cent PS per cent I lb toU ga.1' w &ter 71 per cont 89 per cent I lb \<.>lijpb waterand3 lbL.,.ublnj;soda 03 per cent 9 4 per cent The fo\101\'lng temperature eoo tlition ll e:riatet.l on the tl11 yors prayin gu ntlduringGtl ay.11r, fter: TABL E JV 1 1 A.X111UM A. NU M'tSl)LU JI T:R11l'~ltATURY-S ron 7 D AV!S. In lbe abov e three eer iNI of spray ing opera ti ons tile flgu rel!lnd kat e tho t theJ une~praylngwna rn otee ffe d i, e th nu th e May s praying Tempernture, [lij we ll ns @ ta.e:e of development i ,aJJ f )(ll'Cntlyafaetori n.11u c~11lapr:1y io g,alnce we ~onld expect lheao lu tlon!i robe rn or-e p,:ne
PAGE 40
ll1tt i11 g when several d C3rec11 wanner. T h us only 9 1 .3 per ce 11 t.of the 11t n gcaltoU,a11d80pe r cent.-Of tb e fo11rth Mtui,::c were killed with "Ooldduat" with an J11Jllal t emper nture of88 d egr-ee11 a n d n mea11 for 7 days of 7Hi degree11; -,.bilefi!l.5 perc c.nt.o f themtages2a11d3,and89perce ut o fth etou rthaudfifth 1tageawerek ill ed-,.,hent l tei uitial temper-at ure 1\"IIJ 00 degrocl> n ud the m ea o tor 7 day,, 80.8 degree11. Tl e reaults of Jun~ 15 to 1 7 In Mr. Ce\1011' 1 trtt11onfourth atagclnrvaewitb the11ou1111olution1were ex:cellen t,with a n Initial tcmpernt u reof 98degree11nnd a mcrmof83. l degre ol:8, T!!Ckcflgnrcs,inconjun c tlonwltb many general observntions, lnd i caletltal we ahould 11 pray the young larvae I n the flr11t to the third ~Inge., and the thi nfiateouditl ono ft hefourth1tage, rnth er tbanthe olde rf o urih 1t11ge l armeandtbepnpne. Thcy111'oln di cnte that 11pn.ying J n ring the hott est summe r weather wit h the thermometer a t about99( l egreea ia moree ft tt live ngain11t nil 11ta ge11 and eapee!al ly agairtst the fourth &Inge anrl th e pupa e, O u m 11 11r 1ty iug i n coo l e r went h er. 1-'utn !gal i o n -,.itb hy d rocyani c 11ei d ga,, ii recommended for winter t reatment, n o eggii or adult s be in g pre11ent. A bulleti n on the aubjci:t bu been issued by tb e U. B. Department of Agric1 1l tul't', d eae rlblng the worlc"carried on by Dr. A. W, Mor rill a nd hlM 11.u l sta nt & n t Orlando. ThOIM! wiH h l ng to consult t ble publlcnt lon ijho nl d 11.iM r C\18 the Superin tendent of J> u hli c Documc nlll, ,v al!h ln gton, D C. h1cloldng u; ecnt11, and asking for :B ulletin 76 or t he Bu reau of J.]n tom o l ogy. Wln terba f1norn blet itn e t otrea ttliewhlteny ,bec3.u11C !hi, Insect is then i n ite lar,al gtages, an d there nre 110 ndull!I to fly away n o r eggs that &1'1:! difficult to kil l. There are tw o methods of 1\'ln ter t reatment-fum iga
PAGE 41
tio11, aod ll]lraying. Where fllml:;atlon ca11 be employed, ltt,tobepreforred. Th011ewh o hav oca rl"ied onextc11sive fumigation C%perlmen1$ claim that it 11 I DU Injurious to lhe trthon epra,yi11g w ith in~t!ddC/1. Quicker 1111d hc1tcrreaulth can undoubtedly be obtained with It, et1pe c!11lly on Ille lnrger treell, wliere It 111 d!ffienlt to wet all thele ll \'Cllbyeprnylng. For11m o ll 11 nd medlunHl:&edtrecs a pruylng can, howe ver, be made nearly III elreetiTI!. Th e growcra 111 Winter H a r en ha,-e organized a protee tile k!ngue 11nU al!l'leeSed each grower one cent per year forcnch tree he o,-.ed. l n thl1 l ocality t h e whitelly had Jn I atarted ln two o r tbtee grovtl!>, and the rean l tll of a pn. ying in winier ha"e been IIO auefll!fu l that but fe,v if any, mol'1l whitefly Jan-ae could be f oti nd l ut fall t han three ycnn ago. ThClle spraying opera.tlon, appear to be th e m~t auccelldul on reconl. Th e lru,ectlclde WIii a pro priet11r, mi11ciblc oil Anothcrgrowcrbto.teetbathehaa ,ucceedtu ln keeping the whitefly confined t oa few trees lo one corn r of hl11 gro\e for four or five yenl'II b y thor ough al)raytng with onother mi.s!:lhle o il For winter Bprayl ng tl e aolnlio 11 11 mlll!II be m1ed much ,trongt rth nn nt othertimea,aud whale-oiloopaolution Rhou!d not be u~ weaker than l pound to 4 gallona of wate r Winter treatment Fhonld not Ile omitted I n nny locality In which the whitefly b j\1.81 coming In an d la eonllnl'd to 11 llmlled nrea. Under 1mch el~11rn,ta n effl there im too much 11.t etnke In th e form of o prot e ctive leagnc 8.11 jllllt llluetrated. Al l the gro,cs i n such n loca lit y are threat ened, om] nogrowereannfford to omit paylng hie 11 hlll' e towar(lkeeplng thepestrooftned within It pre,,ent lim lta 8ll long Ill pogslble. It pnya better to he l p fight the pc11t In nnothermnn'a gro 1" ethan to have It I n one'a own. Work e bonld not be pod})Oneu with the thought that .eometh ln g ~n atill be done In the aurnmer, 11lnce by l!O
PAGE 42
" Joiug the whi t cUy 11, given ano t het c b nuee to spI't'_aJ UurJng t h &warming JIE!l'i o d in April or MR y. Fumlga 1e, ifpossible;lfn ot,the u ap raythorough ly, Wheron localltyiseomplete l yand h envi l yi n fl:lllteil, th e trees should he tr eat ed in v,int e rln order togi1e t hem a bette r chan ce to et fruit In spr i ng. If co-opera ti o n cm, he effected It la poss ibl e 1o do t h e work so thoroughl s that no fur ther t reat m e nt wUI be n eccasary until the 11e1:tf11llo rwi ntcr. U co-o perationfor11t1entirelocality is im 1 1 racticable 1t may he f easible to effect Cenl!e o f fnrnigntiou w h ere t he gro1e l a n ot I s olated and relnfcetntion i s cc 1 tai n, but e p raylug ~ h ou ld be don e. L oter in A1 1ri l 01 .\l o,y, w bcn the gro1e l uu1 beoome relnfeiited from the grol'eso finditrerent neighbors,i t sbo111dbe11 pra yedag ain There i11 a t ime in A!)ril or .\la y w h en tl 1 e ,vh i tcHy l 11r, 0 ae areyo un ga nde uily O C'lllroyedby ,vhale-oill!Onp ( 1 pou u ,J 11dth G to!) gul!o n e of wnlcr o r by ney o th er good in ~li clde di l uted s ulli cicntly to be ha nulcl!& to t h e l ea n s 01 you n g fruit. '!'hie pc)riOO comel! about two we e k ~nfkr tbe a pringbr oo d ofa dult s hlll!disappenredfrom thew iug After thHt, durin g the period of e u nmer rnloe if con d i tloue are a t 111! fnl'Orn h lc for f ung1111 g rowth ( vl c n ty of m-0l11ture, 11.nd good condition or tr-eeiJ) th e fnngu dl ~ cll.8efl of the whlteRy 11 ho u ld 00 introdue<:d. F inally, if uecemary,thelrl!t'6thooldbeeprayednguin in Ocroberor November; in which CnBe treatment during the fo\l o wln g winter will not be necei;snry. (See oleo unde r th e fo llm: In g head i ng.)
PAGE 43
" S PRJ NO, SUMMJ::R AND J;'AL I S PRAYI NG. S pring trea t m e n t shou hl begi n about two week!, 11fte1 t il e w i nged whltcttics h11Ye disappeared. There are then only youngla 1nepresent. Thi s-period may occur during April or May, or 1K11ne tim et1 enrlier, de pending upon th e seawn and the loc ality. l n localities where the spdng rn iu s a reabun d ant.au d th e ge neral moi1.tureeonditloni! throughonttlteseasongenerallys u itable,t h e!u ngi ,prcf ern b ly the red Allcherso n la, may be Introdu ce d as previ ously directed. Where the co nditi ons f or the fungi are notsuita ble,o r l\hcrel t l!Jde!l ired to depend altogether uponsprayio g,thespring peri o dinclica ted i snmostsuitn L!c o n e during w h iclJ to spray. The ndvanfages of 11pruy ing at this time ma y he summed up as follows: (I) 'l'he white/lie~ a r e in tl,e young lar vn l 11h1gefl um l a l"() easily ki ll ed; (2) they a NJ mnin l y on the new grow t h and more eusilyaprayed;( J ) th e lnr \aearedestroyedheforesap piog the stre ngth of the new growth, and before much aoo1ym0M h as1 1 e,e lopeil ; (4) rai n is not like l y to inter fere with tbe spraying. 81 1 raying may u l so be enrrie d on during the 911111me r a f ter the second brood of ad ult wh1tet11C11 h as p:U!SCd it g 1 JoCr iod ot greatest numl>el'll, oome time i n July. Du ri ng tlih time the ,d 1itefly den:10118 more or le ss irregularly, tl ,ere being all .stages pr n t i n eonsidemMe n um bers at nearly nll ti mes nnd rain is ge ner ally abun dant For these re1u,ona apray in g nt this time or the year is no t ~enerally adl'ise d excepting when the t ree!! are Sufferin g g r eatly The f ungi ca n generally be Introduced to jtOOd ndvnntugeatthiat.ime, 1md tluiy s hould be a p plied freely whenev e r the 1\'hilefl;v is prese nf in sufficient nu m ber~ :i m l co mlltion a are fnvnrnblc for fungus growth.
PAGE 44
l'all iij an i mport anl time t o spray for the whiteOy, and t rC11tment may begin in Oc tobe r or Novcmher, or soon afte r t h ca dultwbitefliesof th e late summer brood hn1c ,iiAAJlpc1ued,nnd artcrthc lntillnyfogo f egg,,havehatched 'Che .KD.lght gro,c at Bay View, and F. M. Ca m pbell's g1:01c ut Anonn were sprayed i n tJ, e early pnrt or Novem ber, 1908, with a spraying mirtnre whose p rincipal lngre die n twaswhale--0 1 1 soap (a bontl pound to lOgalloneof weter) nnd about 1J0 per cent of the larvae were killed For the la te fall spraying, wb11le-o il soap eh o uld not be used weaker t h11n lpoundto4orGgallon eo fwaltlr, but 1 poundto6o rfl gnllonsmaybcusedearlier. JtisnotnecCAA.'\t'Y tospl'Ry twoorthreetlmesduring fa ll or winter, as some think. lly dolog thorough wo r k 9;; per cent. of the Jn1,ne nre destroyed, a n d the rem a fo ingUpercent.\\j]\notincrcaseuntilspring. lnother words, spraying shou ld be done 80 t h oronghly ll u tt it wl\1 be unneeeunryto repoo t ltfo r thatbroo d The advantaga;i o f ta ll !!pray in g may be summe d up aa follows: ( 1 ) The young lllrvae 11m abnndant and easily k illed; (2} the y arc kllll'd before t h ey 11ax fat at the ex pense of t hetn:-e a; (3) thetr ee.trcma l ncleu nforn car ly [ice mon.th .t ; (4.) ther e are few raiM to interfere with ~pray ing SrRAYINO $oLUTION8. Since spraying to klll the young whitel'ly larvae most be done in 1,pdng, aornmer, or fall, wlum eit h er tender !cnvc a orfru ital'c o n tltetrees,ltls1Jvi d e n ttbntaspraylngsolu tlon must be used that will not injure the fol ia ge or the fruit. Al m ost any good contact im;eclicide ca n he em ployed, 1 irovided i t is eufHclcntly diluted. The e:,:periments rtportlld on a prevlon a pa.ge ~ho w that 1:10ap so lu ti ons of 1 pound o f so a p 10 6 gal l ons of wnter,dCl$troyed all larvae in tbe ftl'l!t t hree s! ageR ,n ml
PAGE 45
most of t hose ill th e fourth and pupal atagCIJ. 1'horough 1\"0rk resulted in destroying between 90 and 90 per cent. of nil the larvae. SOllJJW l nlionaofl pound ofaonp to 9 gallo n s of water lleetroyed 11bout 90 1 ier eent. Oood'a 1 10taH1, "' hale-oil &Ollp No. a wu used, and also Octagon ,oa p It is probabl e that any kind orsoa will be etree tive ngn i nat lbCf!eyoung lar\ ae. lo winter and late fall the soap soluttona s h oul d be used stronger, nbout l pound to 4 ;;allons of water but n weaker s olution 1u1e(I in tlle s pring, smmncr, or eur l y fall, will b'Cncrnlly kl!l us u,nny of theinsc ctsa.sthe11trongerw!n1lo 11 i n winter, gxperiments reported on n previou, 1~1.;o 11ilow that "Gold.dust" Ull(!d 011 yo ung hu nt the n1ta of l pound lo<1g .. 11ou ao fwut erkHledOOt oOaperctnt. l'rer cent. of wap, 02 per cent. of washing: sod11.. and abod 13 1ier l-ent. of water. Whc11 we mixcil one 1oound of 1bnle oil soa 1i with t hr ee ponllds of wa.shlllg soda a nd u st>d one pound of tbl s n1b. tnrc to 4 gallo1111 o f wnter we i;otnbon tth esnrnel'el:!ultsn11wed i d Uy t:slugo n epoun d of ''Oolddu11t" to 4 gullonij or wnter. One pound of v.bale oil .ooa p alone to 9 gallon11 of v.nter gnvl) abont. tbe same result II.I! the hnle-oll s oap and 110,1:t mi:i:ture. The cost ineaeh ca11ewua little lea thanhalfn cent 1iergal1on. Whn\e--0il soopis tl,ercfor
PAGE 46
trce11, name ly th e whit~winged 11pec l e11 Tile cloudy winged speeie11 i & fJO cu lled bey aus e there Is n delicate cloud-l ike o r smoky area t owa rd the eud of l he wiug.. It sho u ld nol be unde111tood, how ev er that th l8 cloudy wiuged1pecie& l sareo.-en t co m er. O n lheco n tra r y,eu.mi uution b y A. J ,. Quai n t.auce o ( whitefly mnteri11l p re!!Cned I n th e Bureau of F. n tomology, Wn shi u glo n D. C ., hu 11 h ow 11 tha tthl tspec l ese:s. i sted inF !or ld n prl o rtol 89 :i. Accor ding to M>mc drnwinge made i n J. o ul s lnn n i11 18 93 b y Pr o f. Mor gn 11, ih ed(, m]y .wi nge 1 ijpecic& e):J$te d there a l that tilll
PAGE 47
lentofafumigntlonorextragoodaprnyinggofnra. th e clft.-eh&UJ)C)n t h ew hilellynrecon eilrned. Tl1eg~atmajor ltyot the whtlefly Jnrvuetlieon Jeme killed by eol d ; hnt :1 rew mny s urvive,espeelo.llyon o.ny leav that are drift e ,1 lnloHomemoiat plac ewhel't! they donottlryoutcom pletely. In :November and Ja n uary, 1 907 .S, the wr i ter eo l!ected fallen lean s at D eL11nd with live lourth-11 tag e !o.r1nc nnd pupne upon lhem, some nr whkh matured nfter l.oelng taken to t he Expl.'riment S t o.Uon nt G11lne.11vil!e (see Dulletln97,p.62). Tliede;,'TWl!ofeold tlint have hitherto oce ure d in Flotilla have not m: le.rmin a t a.1 the white.Dy e.xcept In ooeo r !)(Wlibly in tw opln cCfl. At Crescen t City the free,-.e o t 1 89H5 did exlerminnte t he cloudy-wi n ged ~peclCII, prolmbl y 1he on ly one prl!l!enl th ere nt that time. But ns n il eltru-, treeg 11'ere frozen lo the (;l"OU D (l, lll( l a.s thh t.pcclee nppcnMI to lh-e ou dt1 only, lt la ea11y to nndcr11tond how the extetmhmtion took place. Free1,iI1g deatroys direr.Uy lu1t few, if ony, of tlie lnrvne onlenvea thn t renmi n uui n ju red. Q UARANTIN~. 'l'he whitefly canllekeptoutofnanlnfettedgrovea f or 11 comd tl ernblelengt b ort;me. With hu tnliltle11lt entinn gN>IHf!I cnn 111we for thcm11Ch"e$ t bousn mh1 of < l o llal'II. 1.'hl11 .should be nn i nce n tive to etery resi dent of Florida. whether a grove-Ow n er or not, to l 1e11, In cheeking the whitefly nod keeping it from r.pl"{llu li ng. Someth ini; can he n.Omp\ialted by closing prhat e gn!flll ngninst \'ehieles eom!ng from infe,,;ted distric t!!, since th e 11lnged whitellfos :ire fmiuentl y enrrie d on 11e1n~ ,uul hi cle" for long ilisln n ce.11. Nurllery stock nod Ol'llllltlenlnl s whe n hrougill toone'spremise ss llouldbeddollntedlflhereistbeleast poRSlbility of n ny whitefly being JJ1'C 8Cllt. The whitefly is undoubtedly more freque ntl y curried long dietnnee,i. on nur1
PAGE 48
" in11)lemenl.il i11an open question, but It lsoohy toeonee1'e ota dultsoryoungl11rl'aebeingcarriedl11 t h11twny. Cer tain growel'II ln non-infe11ted locnlltf u have very wi&ely excluded th e implement11 which h ave been uaed in i n rested localities. Such iwvlements can be malle nfe, h ow111 er by a thorough 1 1roy i.Dg with 11oa 1 1110 l 11tiona oiolheT contacti n seclicides,cnre!M!ing t akento t nturotenlle re v ICC!J with the 1K1lution. Picking OOg a nod oute r garment& o f pickeMI may be fumigated in night-tight coutaineu witbcnrbon \JiH1 1J phide ,a t thero.tcofl to3ouncc,forn 11pa~ the sb.e or n barrel, lcuing them in fumigation o,e r night. llydrocynnic aci,I ga11 nmy all!O be used Oa.aoiiuetl.SC(jinanai r -tightconlaincr,dl!al110dothc 11ork. The cloudy-winged 8peeies (Aleurod e ,subife-r-11) ha.s not yet been f o und 1tlln1 on any plant, except apeciCII of citrus. Mr. A. L. Qu 11 lntaoee, however, reports A. nubifcru on somegsnlenla Ica,ca collected at Creacent Cit1, Flor ida, in 1 891:i, by D. 0. H ubbard, and prnerl"ed ln the Bureau of Entom o l ogy, Wash in gton D. 0. (SetBulleti n No. 12, part I X., Tec:hnicii. l Serie11, Bureau of EutomolOgJ U $. D. A.). 'I'be foll owlng la a rel"iaetl 1l,t or f oOI! plants of the white winged pecks (Aleurode, ci lri ). With re gu.rd to thOIIC marked b y an aal e r[a k, It ha~ not yet been determined w h etllcr A. nubifera or A. cllri, or bot h, lnfelll them. The writer i s of the opi ni o n that all were probably infCl!lted1'ith A.citri. CIIWI 1 .-Fooo l'f-A :fTS l'unauo bY A. Crm1. ;\ atiu81)Ct 1: P r i ckly A~h (F'11gara Ola'IXJ,,Hcrcul;, (I,.) Sma ll ), Wild P eulmmon (Dio,pyrt11 Vfrginlana) ( I,.) Wild Olive (Osmanlltu, Americana (L.) B. & B.). Orttn A8 l1 (Frtl.l'in111 lanolata, Borek).
PAGE 49
.. f ntro1liwed Sl)f:1,-ie,; Citrus (a ll \'arietle 1). Chlnaberry ( Aftli a A:edarach L.). Umbrell:i (Mdia Azedarach t1mbr11culi/er-a S.rg.). Cape J asmine ( Gardenia jMminoid u E:1111). Pri 1 eh1 (IA9u 1 tn1m .tp p.). J apan Pe l'llimmon (l)la1pyro1 Kaki J ,. f.). Pmi:Ft:lll!.t:ll BY A. CrTltl Naticc Specie.: Cherry Lau n.!l or iUock ornnge ( Lauroc e roau, C6rolinio:11a ( 1l ill. ) R oem.) l'iburon,11 nudum J ,. Uuttonbuish (Cepl,ofont l ,ur occidenlolla I .. ) Smilax (Sm iloa., @ 1 1.). mackh(>rry ( Ru/Ju Hp.), ater Oak (Q uercu, nigro L. ). St::rub l'nlmetto (Sol.al m tf faCm pa {Champ.) Small). lntr 0t l 11ce d Specie,; Coffee ( Calfta .1r/1i w J .. ). r omegr:mo t e ( Pun/co Grall(l:lum J .. J Allnmanda ( Allowanda ncriifolio Hook.). noneysuckle (Lonlccra Japonica flr.1Jlia,rn ). J,'ie11s altiuima. Ficus @p. (from Co s ta Him). Oleander (Neri1111~ Ole1l11dcr J,. ) Oultlrntl'd pcor (1'111 111 ep.). T..il ne (Syri1191J ,p.). Bnn1u111 Shrub (JficAdia fu,coto Ill ume ) Cnmellia, or Jnponlea (Jfomc1fia Jrs,ion.ica L.). Tht, ca pe jasmine, c hlnnben-y, umbr-elln trees, prickly
PAGE 50
60 ash, J)rirnt11, wild olhe, trifoliat{ orang e (Oilru, t ri/O lillla), a11d 11.ll ll ijCltss uud abandon e\l clt ru ll s hould be co ndemnednnd (I C6 troycd in all citrua g rowiugcommuo l t ies. Dct1tru c tl on of these plantai will retard the restock i n g of citr n B i;ro1 e.11 wit h whitefl y niter repn:1111\ve mea ~ H l'Cl!lh a vehee n ca rrl cdout,a ndg reall y e b ecktho11pread or t he whitefly in localities only 1 1a rtl y in f eJ:t ed or j ust h eco minginf e11ted. Whlleitis ga f eatt od ut royallU11:'11e plonts,lt ls tboehina~rry and umbrell n treea tbatare t hernostdan gcrous. Jt haJ!beenfoundbyeo unl8and colcu lnti ons th a t u ta ri;e infl'Sted umbre ll a tree may set fri tens of mtll io n of a,\ult whtteni cs during l u t e @n m mer a nd early fnll ,ao tbota dozen umbr e ll a trees may be COUDted u pon t o IJl.oerute b und red 11o fm illion11of th ese In He<: l se:i cll y '3 r to rc-il l ock II ln::nted grove Th ese hundredll of m illions swarm nbo ut ap paren tly In annimh.-ssman ne r bu thavebeeu o b&e n' e d to migrnten mile beyond their pince of origin, ind!cnting elenrly how thCHC tteet4 are hlllt rum cntnl ln spreading th e whitefly t o lh1i o ullyi11g eltrusgron!fi. 'l'h eothe r df!f"lduou s t re,;, a or 1h1i condemn e d lis t 11\and in the 110.me re l at i on to U1e white fly aa th e ebl n ahe rr y a n(l m nbrella tree., but being 11mnller they l onrhor fe, .,. er w hi teHi<'II. l'he ll1te um m er 11n d foll m i gmtion of t he whitefly from the mnb ~ lla and oth erdeeidu ouetree11i11 du etolhe f ae t t h ait no11 e"fo llage is p ro du ced nt that time T h e whitefly prefeni t o depo sit il l! CRQ:1 upon new and !coder foli ai;e, aud wl.ien thisi sahsent,ittu 1in ctll"c lyleavesth e t rees ,npparently in l!ell rch o t everp:ree n trce11 suc h as d tru ~ cn 1ie j asmine and o th en<, on which to de J)Ol!i t Its egg~. 8(:D:l C in11eet11 h n.-e in so rne instanee11 inCreal!ed nbnor mal!y in e i tru~ tree,; t hat swere inf e11ted wi t h wbltetl.y. It hn beolntbou g btth.a!thisincreneeof 111: al C11 hadlieen ~ omehow brough t ttOOut l iy the latter Insect. That the whitefly cann o t Ill! t h e11ri 11eips l caul!Cl s lndlcated by th e
PAGE 51
'1 fact tbat increue of scales has not a lw nys been pf'1!<:eded by whjtelly, and that whitefly iD.fe11talion i11 not nlwass accompanied by incrl'!Ured numben; o! 11cales. 'l'he wor11t casesofinfestntionbyscales,causlng partial or complete defoliation and much loos of small twigs, were in Joeali tles sutlering from lackofrn.ln. It appears thntthis lack of moisture i s the primary factor, and that the wl/.itefly madeo bad condition wol"!leby furtherexhaustingthe1111p o{thelrl?l:s. Th<.ll>1ckotijufficientmoisturcwcal.e11cdthe tree11. It also checkel likely is it toeulferfromthe dep redn tion11ofin11 ect11 Whentherelsagrcatincrcascofscale11,whctherornot whitefly is present ,it i se,ident Oiat the fungus disea11e,; of these insects are nb11ent or nre not thr ivi ng In t hi11 ensc spraying with some contact insecticide!, or fnmiga tion,should be employed tog lv eimme dl11terc !ict Inthesp r ing,s ummer ,ao
PAGE 52
52 weeks It will not uhv 11y s be noceasary to spray th e whole grove, but only the most senire l y infested tree11. When whitellylspresentthes11myshould,ofeourse,beat1plied to thcseas wel11111 tot hcscale,;, TLefollowi11gp recaution1111hou ltl be kept iu mind when ~praying for scales in spring, snmmer, or fall: 1. Stlrny when many yom,g scales can be se(lu with 11 lenstobcc rawlingabout,or tohn vejustnttachedtbcm se!ves. rheseyou11gscalesnppearel t berM01,a[moving spe<:ks oras round'wbitlsh do ts. They nreea!lily destroy ed by a weak spmying solution which will not injure the fruit or foliage in uny stage or growth. '.!. Any conta ct in~c...;:tidde may be employed, such ns sou11 ~olutio 11 s, .e rnn l~ions of oils, or 1,,ood proprfolnr y in 1$(!Cticides. Soap so lution s of l l)(>UDd of soap and 6 to 9 gallons o r wnter will dest1oy the crnwling sca les und 1ho8ejust set, togct l ,er with the yomg whitetly, lurv ae, without injuring the trees . 3. Avoid inseeticidc,, that are rocommended as usefu l for fung11s d i seases, because they also dlll! troy the fung ns diec a11Cs of the scales and whitefly. Whale-oil wap cauaeii little or no injury to th ese fungi, and the same i s trucot ~ome of t he best proprietary i u sectici des 4. During the ~iod of summer rninq the fungus dis ca~cs of the scales and whitefly should be dlstrih11ted to 1hose trees in which they do uoloc cu r in sufficient quan tity. ti The eggs of the IICale i11BCc ts, being sheltered be nea th the old scatea, nro not easily destroyed by sprays The ol d scalee are protected b y their waxy covering, and llNlnot destroyed In grcatnu~beta byspr~yingw lu liona unless of extra strength. Hence, repented sprayi ni:h, warm went.her when the young arc hatching, may be macle more effective than winter spray i ng
PAGE 53
53 I. Le ss s t a r ch produeed by treeti affec t ed wlth fOOt y mo l d 2. O eflni t ead1n 11 tnge11ga in lld bysprnyh1 gfu11gug o, er oa t urnl e.11read 3. The -,,i tnli1y or ,porei. is probably in j u red b y n bra1111 rnue.l whe n the mlxturee is allowed lo stand In it. 4. Proof t h a t t he fungi g row befit lu bot wet weather. {; Yellow fun g118 thrives only on A. nubifera. 6. Cultmes ot fungi used for spraying wit h suceess 7. Cultu~s of llftb generatio n retain th e ir 1irulc ncc. 8. P upae appllrently more or Jen immu n e to fungu5' attack. 9. Use ~oap 110lt1t i ou fo r s pra ying wh i tefly. IO. Proof that spray ing with in 11eCli cid e11 is m Q8t d fecth-e In h ottCl!t wenther, agains t .ro uni:: cr larvae. ll A second ~pedcR of whitefly. 1 2. Some new fo od 1 1lnntti of whitetl .l'. 1. ll lleuyln Fl orlda tol rt ut"'""ho fth funguapa r alUa In wh ltefly-ln l u!N !NIH a t l hc p r oper time. 2. T h e ~rQper t lme to 1p,1y f ung11 1 opo r u 11 when l he r-e i re m a ny young l a rvae o n the luvu and the wu th o, 11 b<>th moil! l ndwurn, 3. The f ung i 1hould b1pulonthetrU IHIOOn H f l vorab1e conditlo.,.ar i u, I n o r d e r that their gro wt h rn1y be helped by 11te1urnrnerr 1lna. 4. lrth efunglaNappllod l ate ln t heHHOn,theyw;u not inc ru 11 1uffklen1Jy to be of material adv1nt1g1 untu the nut y.a r 5. Ourl ng a Wit ~ring, f avora b le condltlon1 for 1torling growth& o f fung ,.. rn1yar1u .... rtyu ,\p r !I. G en erallyapu l< lng,theperlod1of1urnrnerraln1\1lhemo1tccrt1lnllme t o1tart lut1gu 1 &. l nl0<:1lltl uwhare th e r e11no t 1u fn clentrnol1t ure ,orw hen
PAGE 54
the 1reca ate out ol condition, t he fungi grow aparlnglr, and ap r aylng with in uc tlcid ea er fuml;at!on ahould ba caled on t o checkthewhltefly, 7. Spraying with lnaoctlcldH ahould be done when thOu l, and when all or m.,.lcftheeg911ha~ halched,whlch ls abou t 10to14da)'f;alter the last cf a brood cf adult& h H dkappured. I. In Ap r il or May, In Octol>er Cf' No~mbu, and during wir,. Ur, Ire the Umea Whffi the mo.11 effeetlve apra)'lng with ln1c d l, ctdumaybedone. 9. ln1ummerthf11nDl ahou ldbeappllcd,beca11 1e d11rjngthe porlod of r alne s prayin g with lnuc t icldca 1 dllllcull, but the fungi nn thon be aproa d to l.~e but ad~antage,
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" REMEDY F O R MANGO BLIGHT B y U S D epa rtm en t of A g ric u ltur e. Th e man~ m os t d ellciou11 of tropical tru l tll, ill 001'1 being grow n on a com m ercial 15a1. l e ln Fl o ri da, bn t the p rod u ction J ae ~n 11erlou111J' inierfcred wi t h b y n h mgu ~ gr o wth. Th e D
PAGE 56
" beorno1alue. 8 0'lll'ever, a!t er tbefrultl 18et ltw.n~ kept con red with llo rd ea. u i: mi xtu re dur ing the first 8 or IO weeks of illl d eve lopment to {:reat ndvnnlftge. Th e fruit1aremo s t 1111see 1,tilt h1toinfectio n ju sta,, the 1 an: 11e tlin g. Co1u1ei1uently, it appeal'# tha t It ,.,ould be bellt to make three a pp li cati on s of Uordeo.ux mixture at W8.'kly !n tenal s, o p1 1ly lng t he fl l'li l o ne w\Jen nbout on hatr t o two-t hird s of lh e bl OS!l0illij h ave 011ened, and fol low i ng t hese b y 11. fourth appllcatlon after n htJ)l!C of two wee ktlandaflft b o n e 1hrcew eek:sla ter. A ltogethe r tbi.r; wou l d mak e fiye 1pmying,i; for t h e frui t in a dd it ion t o t h eh,o(or in someca&e11three) f orth e buda. Th e o nl y solution at J! N!sen t for fr ooing t h e mango duri n g Llossomlug tim e from thl ij d ea,le, \ dl l!CQSC ls to devel op 60 me rnriety wh ich will be Immune. Th e Mulgoba 111n11 goseem~ 1o ~a re11is la nt qu a li ty I n 110n1edegree. It h a bee n kno~n t o kl II goo
PAGE 57
fi7 THE S W E ET POT A TO CROP. B y C. IC. M'Qu arrie A8~i6f
PAGE 58
" rnl nctiou, nnd fosters the bacterial Hfe 80 essential to u lurge crop yield Crops such as ,elv ct beans, e-0wpe11.S, soy beans and beggarwet:d nreldenl for this purpose, for they not only Increase the fertility o f the soil by their ability to collcc:t the f.-.;e nilffigen of the air and store it on their roota in the form or nodules, but the plowiug under of the nftcnnath of !lwse crops Jluts humus in the so i l to keep the crop supplied with the needed moisture while it ie growing. Wbcre any of .t hese crovs have been plowed und,:i iu the tall uud a winter cover crop, such as rye or oats, grown on the l and (which is an excellent plan t for con ser,atlon of mol!ftu1-e and fertility during the winter months}, and thC!le crol)S again v lo wed nmler in t he green state early in ijpring, there will be ideal soil oon ditions for a large crop of 9wee t potat(IE:jj, Some prefH to let the oal crop get to the dough stage aod cut and cure it for bay and p lo w under the stubble. This is also nn ex~llent rnetho
PAGE 59
togo a conpleofinc h es or so deeper tha n the last break ing was clone. An o ld l and t hat h as !J.een 110me yean1 lncul t fration11ubsoilingcnni,eprofitablyadoptcd. thi s ,iub6oiliug can l;e d11nc with an ordinary scooter stock with a ijix-inc h shovel fo1 a JJ low, l'n nning right beh i nd U,c brc nk i ug plow um l g oing 1111 deep as i t is possible to go. 'l hissub soilingopens a nd aerates the lowe r s oil thrit is no 1 ndvisable to turn on top or mi x with the a l rcad~ made soil. Ita l go h clps to retai n t h e moisture received r rom Uie rainfal l preve n ts, to u eerlaj n cleg,cc, s urfn ce wl!filli u gdu ri ugheavy rains, ande nubl esthec rop (otl raw o n the lo wer moisture strain i n the grow i ng per i od when iooisture is the main factor to a large yield. It also 11enes the PD'1 JOBe of soil ae r ation t o a lo w er d ept h than t he breaking plow can do, thu l! tending to pl"OmO t il the bactcria l iifeo!t l! es oil on which crop production so muc h depends. In case s where no winteroo1crcrop Is grow n on foll 1,roken land, 11fter c1cry h,:,avy rain a tool s ud, aB a weeder or lmrrow s h oul d b e used, runni ng lightly O\'el' th e l o.n d o.nd fo rm ing a du6t mul,:,b to prevent the rapid el'aporatio n of moisture th at oecurs if a c r ust isallowll
PAGE 60
" the 1aw materials that en te r int o the make-up of thill formula. For instance, we know that eottona~-ed menl o r easter JJOID !ll-C is not the bel;t for the source of am inonia, because the use or these tends to gi,e the crop soft rot and a poor keeping quality, a nd we also know that for the potMh source we should not use any r aw material v,ithch!orine!nlt,such aemurlateofpotaab.or k ainit, as the chlorine in them tends to ghe an lcferlor quality to the crop. The raw material re<.: ommended ror an nmmoniate s oureeare eithertankage,s 11l1 1ha t eo!ammon ia,or blood andbone;nndforpotash,sulphateorpotash,ordoublc sulphate or pota sl, a 1 nl magnesia. The farmer who plnntll_a large acreage of the crop can get the fertilizer m:.mufllcturers to compound for him any fo rmula h i! wa11ts and or any preferred matcrinls, hnt t he small grower hns e ilhe, to t ake whn t he ca n get on the local market o r do his own mi xing, wltich i11 quite eaeily done. 'ro mix n ton or the foMnula given above am! o f thn mat,wi,ila reeommemled, he would have to use about900poundsotbloodandbone,orbouetankage,800 pounda of phospborleneldnnd300poundso(sulphleof pota6h. l~ind t h :it 111 in good mechanical co ndition with con Hidernlil e humu s in the son will tn.ke care of more fer. t ili 1.e rto aikant1 1 geth:1n poorthiniroildevoldofhumus. 'rile deptli of J)lowing c11t11 qu i te a Agure also along this line. A go01l rule to rtilopt and one t ha t h rus been found sntisfactoryinpracticei sto useo11ehu11dred{'OUDdsper acre fo1 tbe right kind of pln11tfoodor the f o rmula al ~111ly ment.ion e d, for e,e r r i11 c h of depth that the l a nd bas been 1J!o wcd It iH tru e e<:ooomy to use enough fe r tillzer of the right kind t o get the maximum yield with the lea~t cOflt of 1 irodne t io n per bushel.
PAGE 61
61 lt is a well known fact tlmt lhl:' r oot 11y1 t cm la the roundntion on which a cro 11 Is mad e, ali d the methods o f applicat i o n of thetertH!terdetermi n e to agN!at ex t ent the vigor and num bero! thefoedlng roollelsof a crop. Fe r tilizer applied In f urrow s, drllls or hills tends to make the soil streaked or ll J IOtled in its fertility, CO D SCI I UCDtly c urtailing the root sy~tem ~a,1,;e the roota of lhe crop ure11ot11pttoa111eudthro11ghn ll t h eeo lla ij lh cy"''O U l d do if the ferU!ity wn 11 uniform ly di11tributed. There fore it ls recommended that, on all wellJlreJlored 110ils plowed to a depth of six !ncbea or more, the ferli\iu,rbe hroad cu~ ,eu on fr eshly pr epared l a nd and 'fl'O r ked into the soil by means o f h lllTtlW, "'eeder or culti,ntor, a few d aya p revious to planting tbecrop. On &oils dell.cient in tmmus, and pl o1:1ed n fe" inchea i n de 1 1th, the uppl\ca1io 11 of t h e fertillzl.'r I.l ad b est be in furrowij; IJ ut in such n case the q u a nti t y 11~ ed mus! besrnulJ uno.l the cro p will he ot n correijponding degre(!, Ums mak i ng the COIII more Jlt'!l' IJushel, for the Int.or l'NJulred is the 811.me in both WIHlnHert h e" draw 11"i ut heseed-bedarereadyfor11et tingo u tin th efleld,enough l11.nd s houl dbe p repnred fo r ( li e p11r 1 msc by muklni;: It into beds about fo ur feet fr om liln t er to center. 'l'l: e helght of thClll! hedll ~ h ould I)(' Jctermincd by the nnturo of the l and. On ro\llng lnnd, whero t here is ample drai na ge, these beds aho uld n o t be 1 uore than twelle to fltten Inches abol'e the level o f the grouod ond ma d e with n well-rounded to p Mt 111:irp. On flatwoodswhere d rninRb'CiBdeftdent the beds Rho,ild be mndeveryblgb,sayt11otot h reefeet,110nstotokecnN'!of ezce;i;he rainfall ln rainy weather, bccau,ie tile roots of O m c r op Mhou!cl not be in Rfagnant water nt nny time. Thr, best tool for mnking the bedll is a dlk c nltlv ator.
PAGE 62
62 'l he dlskll can be a rrun gec l at diffe rent nng l ea 11nd depths t o make a far bette r bed and at con1ldcrnbly l ess COBt than th06e made by a t u rning plow and afterwards smoot h ed off with a h oe, lUI is the genera l practice. It is not nd\'V!ab l e to m11ko more bed s than are required at any o ne time, becltue a better .rand I t aecu rcd wben tlra1'ts or vioeii nre planted o n fl'Cllh ma d e beda, on a co 1,mt of t he 11ettli n g of t h e 110i1 about them, tbnn when plants are put o n bed11 a fev. day 11 or a w eek af t er the y were made. H.drnws are set -lil t in Apr il the vi n Cl! that we want f or the mo.in plnntiug~,ilJ be ready t obeeu t f or this pur !)06C in May. For Jt h as bee n found that th e cuttinga of the vines make a l arge r yiel d for tab l e and mlll'ket t h an where draare used nt1d it ie t h e u t ual proctiee jllllt to pl ant s umeient drnWIJ; to gl~e plenty or rines for lhe main plantin g. T n tb e phmtin g operntlon t he vines sbo u ld becut to !eugth11 of twelve or 6.ftee n in c h e11 (we dou't want t hem too long), and lai d o n tup of the bed about fift een i nebcs apa rt with butts all one wny By UB!ng n forked stick for thepu r poi,c, wecani n aerttheminto th eflOll t oadept h o ffonrto11ii:i n e h ei;, 11lway s ta k i n gcarotoh11v e tl t ebutt e 11d1 dowu. The p ruetlee of 11ome gro,vera of pushing the ,i n l'!J in th e !!O il at the middle nnd lenl"lng both ends atkki ngou tcanno tbegenerall y re commende d ,aei n that Clll!(l th e vin e ls ru pt nNld and more th an one joint will root, which tends to n l ower yield t h a n where ooly one Jo int root", w hich i 8 the cue whe n the butt end is in lCl'led. 1f dry weall1er pt'eVllil l at p lanti n g time and the so il is deficie n t In molllture, watering the planta Immediate l y a fter 11ettlng them ou t is recommend!!(). For this pur poee 110me VMl!ei with a 1po u t on It (such u a n old cop per k e ttle) 13 b Cll t po u r ing about h alf a pint of wate r in t he h o l e where th e plnnt ill set out, Inki n g care to run the we tt ed ijO i\ to t h e root of the pl o n t. Tbi B s h o uld be
PAGE 63
63 ,Jouei n theevening,and n ex t i n orningalitt l e ,.k ysoil 11!,o u t d !Jc t h rowo over t h ese we t pl aee, to J) rl!ve n t th e evaporation of thn t wate r ing .Moretllanonehundreda o .calledvariellC11of11vteetl" t1 1I OC11 make up the Uat of whnt we have In the Stale. M u n ,r of t h ese a r e really the sume, but under d i fferent names in different lo<:ulltlea I n selecting u suitable var i e t y two thing!! B h ou l d 00 kept i n mind,and them(lllt imJ10rt1111t in thl11'Cllpeeti11 d i e market one la catering to, and another la the late 11tsliore:irli n e1111ottheV11rle1y. Aa11b<1mera l pn.,po11ilion, n n enrly,:1rietJ doeauotg i ,eua1b e lnrgeuyield ,a 11d i11 not r.ueh n good kee 1 1er ll' h en etored III n late r variety whkb matures t horoughly before hnn-eiiting. A variety in gren t de m and fo r curly 1111mmer sb.i p JJ i ng to Nort he r n m arket.II Is t h e ''Big Stem Jer sey," 1 m l t h lij ,u ri e t y is mogtly co nfi ned lo lhe ce n tra l and eouth ctn t rn l par t O r tile State where if la gro\\n l argely at a catc h crop succeeding a winter truc k crop. It i t not lu much de man d in the Sout h ern mnrket because of Ill! d ry, ruealy n11 tu re, th e Southern mnrket11 c 1111ing fo r n 110rt s w ee 1 po t ato o f the ynm type. Among the r1worit e11 for do me1;tic use nod of mtdinm earlinel!t a re the "Dooly Yom, 0 tile "Nancy Ba ll ," nnd "'l'r i mn p h." The "W h ite Spa n ish" xomnt i ruee ca ll ed 1 h e "' T ar llcc l i s the (mrllee t w e have \mt t h e quality is lnforio r n ud i a n ot i n mucli dem11.nd a!ler o ther ,.,.rie!ic,i come 0 11 the m1trket. "South e rn Queen" and early P umpkin Ya m nre mcdinm early wa rietlee and are of excellent quali1y. D e we_,-," rel low Bu n ch Ya m ," "Vi neland" and Hall 's Golden" nre aloo desi rable tyJ)Cll!I and are the lnte11t ripentng rnrietiee fo r domestic use. These arc good k eepers w h en a ll owed to r ipe n n nd tto r ed pr ope rl y. Swee t pota toee arc n!BO muc h u sed f o r s t ock f eed and
PAGE 64
" cn n be profitab ly gro11n fo r U111 l pur1J06e e11J>eeia l ly for hog1111.nrl dairy stock 'rhey can nhu be u &c( l to adv11n tnge torhorse8ntl mule feed along with grain feeds. The s tock feeding mrl eties grow to a la rger @izc 11nd urc muc h Inf erior I n qua lity to thooe u 11t.>d for do m e11tic pur Am o n g t h e bes t l,::nown in t hi a claf!S are the uw bi te" an d the 1 1urple'' W es t In dian Y am, l.l rai:ilian \'11 111 ," "N igg e r Kill er," Elayli ," "S 1 iani11h," "Sa n D-0 mingo," "Da\ is Enomi o u " nud a numb e r of other~. Sn rn e of lhe!!e do bett er in some seetlon11 than o( h e~, 110 th at ono has to oousiclll r uial lh ul out, U p o911 !ble, t h e v:tric1ybca t 11uited tohis@o il !oca t i on a n 1 l e llmntleoon diti on K. 'fb b np11lle,, both to t he dom e. li e nnd tn 1h e 11l ud,-feet1 tJ1Jel'. AfH.ny of our na t i ve formcr11 th ink thnl 1 h e Hwcct potat o c1-o :~ d o eH not roqulreuny r.ultimtion. I f it !s plonted on n ow l o nd, llttle cultivati o n wlll b e required, mi gra u nnd weed~ are no t ap t t o be much In i dence. N ever thelesll o n oec1U1io nal s tirring or the goil, artl c u !a rl y In di:weather, is usefu l for the oonser 1 ti on of molf>tnre and the nrroti on needed to p roduce a good c r o 1 ~ On o ld l a nd tha t h na 1 ,een sevcralycnrs I n cn ltiv ntio n gral!fl ond weeds wm get uite r mnp1mt a hortly nfter pln nt i ng, particnlnrl_v Jr a li e uvy nppllcntlon or f ertil i zer hUBbeenputonth ec rop 'l' o keepKu c hin chcck ,thc c u\tfralor mu at be ned 11uite frequently until the i: in ('/11 com pletely ooi:er I ll e ground, wh en ru!tivn tl o n may ce~ ns b y t hat tim e the .i:o u ng potn toe:!I w ill be tonnlng in the 110!1, and thcirgrowth 11'0uld be inter f ered r .-l1h ltcultlrn t ion w1111 co nt in ued any lon ge r 1'he best tool for eultlvnt!ng this crop th at we know of
PAGE 65
is 11 two-horse disk cultivator with thcdiska set e.t 11 su it nblolungleatdifferent depths,so as to run along the sides of the bed, scraping weed1, and some i!O il into the water furrow in the operation Alter lhc ground hm,been gone over in this way, thenngles of the disks arc reversed and re!Jcddingisdone,leavingtheLedsinthdrprcvionsform. T his work uot only deans up the weeds and gr-.u!ll but nern t esthesoil nm! tend& ton lar ger yield. To p rotect the young plants from Leing eitlier torn 01 ,;o,tmid in d1coperation,tliefcuders,wltl1whicbullsuch tool>1nrepl'Ov idcd,l ,p,e tobeattncl1ed totheframeo r the cultfrator. The6etendersbavetobeprope rlyndju stcdns to vddth a nd depth to give the best result s, l.c.tcr on wbcnlhcvinesbegin1unningandintcrferewiththedisks in their work, a home.made attachment with fingers on i t to lift vines out of the way can be fastened to the c ult i ato nnd used to good nd,antage; for c ultivation cnn be c111ried on mu~h later than if this wns not used. 011 thcae fal'lns where culth1ttors are not used, the gen era] m~thod 1m, ctiee<.l for keeping the weeds nuder con trol istouseaturuiugplowforharringoff lllebeds,cieur ing t he to 1 1 by hoeing, arid then bedding back again. Thi~ takes more time, and ls mo1e expensfre, beenuac the plow will not co,cr more t!Jau a couple of acres ln a day, whcrcostlici ,li skcnltkatorwi1Jclearat!cast8to10acl'(!8 a day. l' cn,lcra to protect the young plunls cannot he used on a plow, and in the rebedding operation n number of plants w il! h eco,ered by soil, requiring nu extra hand to unco,cr them. When the vines begin running, an ex!ra ha nd i s also rC((Uircd to rake the vines out of the way of the plow, lhus aclclillg fifteen to twenty per cent to the cost of producing the crop The work will not Le ne ,,:ell done ns by t he cultfrator, for the rn.kiug of tho 1inea out of the wayoftltc plol'. nnd back agnln dnmagcli" thf.m1rndcurlails1liccro11
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" Care s hould always be exercised not to work the soil when it is too wet or 1\hen tl,e ,iues are wet with either dew or fain, for that tends to "scald" the l eaves and is detriment to a good crop yield. The bulk of this crop is uot generally harvested until the frost occurs. Tbetl.cldsbould then begone over, and the vines cut fNHll the crown of ll ie b.ilUI by means of a sharp boo or sickle. This operation prevents the deeay in the frosted vine~ from being communicated to the potn toes ,n nd RO ea.using the soft rot which &hows itself soon after the potatOell are dug It we follow this method the potatoescanri~ninthegroundbeforewedigthem,and their keeping l]naliti es w\!J be improved. ln the dig(:'Ulg operation, care l!honld be exercised to preventinjurytothetubersbycuts,scratches,orbruises, which are another souree of sort rot. Where a eonsidr.r nble acrenge ls to be barve~tcd, it will be a po;nt of econ omy to u&: n l'('g\llar potatodigger. This works better and quicker, avohls lnjnry, nnd ensures the getting of a l l th!lero p from the ground. After the digging, the crop s hould be allowed to l ie on 1be ground in rows for three or l our days, mi as to ~t t horoughly dried and enrcd by the sun. lt is as neces sary to cure potatoes, both Iriah a nd sweet, as it is to cure hny or forage. How to store the sweet potato crop in such a manner aa to ensure againstlOSl! by decay,ls a matter that seri ously concerns the farmers o f the State. A considerab l e l088 occurs ln this crop every winter rrom preventable cam.es. The method of harvesting the crop 11.n) rei!ponsi ble or a large nmount of this losa, and the methods of storing f ormostortbebalancc.
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67 We h e .seldom, Ir ever, see n n,eet-1.ota. tohou&emaJebydlgg:ingjlholeln the ground anO roollng in,orbyimitatioga11mokehou,;e;beeau11ebot hofthe11e luck cntilitiou, A L'
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68 POUL TRY RAI S ING By A. P S pe nc e r. A81i1ta11_t in E:etc111ion, U11ii;eraity uJ Plorida, Gainurille. 'J'here 111-e about G,000,000 f arms produci11g poultry iu t he t:'nHcd Stutes, hut compnrntivcly f ew of these raise" p oul try otl,erwiSI:! than as a side issue. Several large ponltry plilulll a~ operiited, but !heir output is but a drop in the bucket in compnrison with the whole amount of poultry products produced anil consumed. The a verage housekeeper on t he form looks to s upply he, rab!e with eggg from her own poultry yard. At time~ >o lie has abundance to spa re ; at other times her sup p ly of (!'Esh eggii is limited or cut off, and she de pe mls Oil stored ea,:g11ormust purchnscfromn neighbor or grocer, the s hoctage u s uallyoc c uri u gw hen prieesarea hove thl'.l average. Th i ~ shortage muy be 01er co me if there is a better un dcrstandingo f t hedctai l sof poultry rai s i n g and sufficie n t lime given to carrying them out. Successful poultry re.is i ng1'(!quiressornesktllandexpcrience b a cked up by coo,. no 111ic11l management, co1111lant attention and constant f ol'f'sigh f. '.rhe a,erngc hen ln~ a aOOut sixty eggs in a year. Only about half the eggs vtaeed u n der hen s or in incubator~ ha tc h,and manych i ckatha t hat c hdon o tlive ton m a r ketable uge. 'l'he~c figures are only approximate, but t!Joee who havcgi1 c n attention to auch matte!'ll w i ll not doubt their approxim ate correctness. Thi s ls not the best that can be done after allowing tor na t ural environmenta, and considering what has been learned from experimental work and using the artificial methods dc,lsed cxprellllly for making poultry roislug more profitable and less auloject to failure. P oult r y rMdm;tion ff!r profit up to recently wn~
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69 vle11i't:d f rom three pr in cipal e tondpoh1111. Fint, produe tion o f eggs; isccond, J )roduction of meot ; third, prod u t ion of breedini; stock. A new phnse of the bu.e.ine88 has recently come t o o ur alten U on in t he produ ction of day o l d ehich for11 .11pccla l trnde. It matters little w hi ch J.oh a!IC of the bu.11ineu i11 under t aken, 110me vital prlnclplee mut be adhered to more or lll811 cotllltantly or there ll' ill be li ttle 11atillfacti on and l etl!I proftt. l o a ll case. it i 11 well to ,ta r t on a moderate sca le. The ineipcrienced 1 ioull t ytnrtn mo 8 t get p racticnl experience, ~ome of vd,ich may he more or \cu coetly. If the ata rt it wade 011 a small scnle nod well within the capacity a ndfinnn ce11, Ut.hem ethod1areceo norniealan l lbu11inC!!-8 p tineiplea11reappllcd,it la re.1110nnhle toexpeda fair 1 1ro6tinreturn. On t h e averai;e Florldu farm, po u ltry can be mode ro6 ta ble,11ndtodothl11ltiRlroportont: (1) To JMJture good ~ J 11.'<: l men11 of wellbrcd fo wls fro1t1 produet11estocl.::. rnJ To feed rcgulurly with rt vnriety of feed~. (3) 'l'ohouseeomfor111blynnd l.::ee11freefrom l icea nd mite&. (ol) To furnish n con1t,mt 1 u pp l y of g~n feeds twd fre11h water. ( I>) 1'o seelhattbeygeteicereillednily. ( 6 ) To koopn cn rdu l suver\Jslon over them. Three ty p es of poultry brceda len d tbemse\ ~ es to t h e vnriou a methods of marketing. Of thC6e the White Leghorn 11ndoubtedl7 luw e the pref ere n oe in F l orida. 'f' he D rown Leghorn Black Sp,nnl@h
PAGE 70
70 aud Whiie Minorca have muny admirers, and from the ~ttt11dpoint of eggs these breed s are uuexcellcd. ThcJ are pooorsittel'8 and nerrnu.s and require high fen'!! to con fine them. Cochi~11, J.anghains aod Rrab1J1ns are dibtinctly meat breeds. 'l'hcy g row r11pidl y an d 11utk1Jll satisfactory table fow!, and nreu.suu lly inferior lay ers but good brooders. The American or intermediate types, such mi Rh o de lslli.lld Reds, llnn-ed, White and Duff Ilocke, Orpingt on and Wyuodotteaarc ~tsuited to the average furmer or market poultryman. They are quite generally u sed and are well f.Ulte d to Florida conditions '. Th ese br eeds arewellcstablll!hed and breed true toeolor,wlth the ex ception of t he Ilhode Island Reda, which b.ave a more re cent ori gi n, and it.is oftcn difflcult to eeeure uniformity of c o lo r with them hut as a general utility fowl t he Rhode h!nnd Red Ja oousidcrcd one ot the best. Color mark ings a re usua lly o! Sel:ondary importanCt!, a l though there i s II preferen ce for white or yellow-skinned fowls iuthebcstmarkch It cannot be truthfully slated tbnt auy one or two breedaarebetterthnn all others under all conditione, but i n selecting the general utility it i s usually good policy to udopt one that is known to be productive under fair management. Perhaps more attention hn.s been given this phase of poultry l'tt!slng than any other. Laying hem should be fed for two purpose s only. FirM, IQ l!Ustain the body,
PAGE 71
71 1 111il,11econd, to 1 1roduceegg11 When tho body has b e en thoroughly nouri shed nnd add!Uounl f oo t.I c111cu there l a a daily waste from 11ome one or mo ro Cfl llR CII if th e y fuil fo lay. If t hey art! taking on a n exeeJJ11i,e a m ou n t of fn t w m e of the f ood !1 b eing nsi; imi lated for lhia pn?'f)OM!. Ir h en! Ir, no l n cre11flC in body v.eiglot, the food may be deficien t iu the ncecssury e l emcnl for egg prod uctio n o r the fo"I ma y not lay becauae of iudig e11 tlon or old age. For th ellfl r euo 111 1 il is a l moBt lmpo411lblc to 11~ ac ribe for n n o n -lay ing flock 11nl Ell8 all t h e p11 rlicnlars 11bontt hnttl ockaro kno.., o 'fhe d ai ly ration 1ho u ld be fu ir ly well b.1la11ced. If t h e flock ill n ot yarded an d their foe() l a obtained f rom the rcfnr.e of the ltable lotB, i n lM!CI& and wo nn s, besides 110mc ta ble acrapg, t h e rat i o n w ill lie f11lr l y well ba lan ced. P o u lt ry co ulin e d w\U not get t hi s variety of foe d un l et'B it i s s up pli etl from some oth er source. A mixture of equal l)lU 'IB of cor n w h cnt, a 11d oats is a goo d midur e, 1111 11 morniug feed; four 1m rt11 i ~ n!Jont s uffi c ieutforfif ty h eu8. lti she!! t t o 11Cu 1t ert h egrain runo n glittertoinduceuercise. In 1henfternoonamash f eed ( either d ry or m oist) is gi >en A good m as! fee d wo u ld be J!CIU&! parb o f grou n d ~rn, oata, :m d hnm n.n d some anima l food (fed from nn open h o p1 1e r ). Meat 1J1tat rueal, nnd grouod OO n eu!'ll goo d nnlmnl food! t o use. F o r fo wh, 11ot u ce118!0 11,ed to 1J1eat meul; one-half po uml pcrdn y i ssumetc n tfo rtwelve h e 11 B,H in ee It hasn lnxot h-e effect o o li te h o wel s a od mu st he f e d s pnringlr nt Hr11t. Later wlum chc fow ls become nccus!o rn e ,l to it t h e am ou nt may be inerea.sed to o n e 1 10nn d pe r day. l ,i n !!eed men! may be s u bgtituted i n rart, and j g t o be recom mended beea u M! or ibi lowe r -1 11ml ~d dln::r arief." t o thcmti on. Hen11shou ld ba1ens 11ppl y ofprot ei11 ( muedennd hone 1rodnd n g) n" port ot their dally 1'11tio o wltl an i mal food f orm i ng a pnr t or It FN?t!h mea l ie IK:-ll t the !Je o &re li s h it betterwhen e(l() ked,am l of eourselt cn u l>e k ep Kweet
PAGE 72
longer. Green cut bone ill good although 11ome clai!n it unearconaccountoftheJ1061libllityoflntroducingl11bcr cul o11b to whic h poultry are ,ubje,ct. }, 'o r summer use, moo t meal and w en t IICl'8!liJ are 11uil a b\e an d readily a ~ lb lc. In m aking up t. h e mixture, !el the uui ruul food CQ1111 tltu te from eight t o ten per ilt of the r ati o n, U,e actual amo un t d epe nding on t he 1 ~1rticnlnrmnterla l u11ed, ~kimmed mill. 11 a good ,ource and it may be both ad d ed to th e mllllh and placed 11 h ere the fOl\'18 ca n drink i t. Veg e table or grecrofOQd t The vulueof green f ee( l for poultry lie~ in it nbili 1 y to u ld t bed i gcsUve~yBtcm, while i t aleo proviUel! 11il b 110 me nouriBbment It pr<>motet1 good hea l th an d nt1turn lly more eggii. Or~n f eed.a r,bould be 1m 1 1 1 1 lietl liberally, even 1 ,011 ltry lrnving the pi ck ing of the g1n~8 nud w ee d~ t h ut gro w dur iu g the wiuler i11 Ploridn llt'(! b e n efi ted by n u uUUitional 1up ply o f 1mch vegetn Lt e,:i u cabbnge, knle nud d, n. r t l!l!se:i: ra pe. S 1 1n.mt edg rai n 11 nregenCrll ll y used by northern poultry men with young chicks. 'l'hey nre also \ Uluable beenu.l!e of n ferm ent called di ll8 tase the y con tain U1 at aid!. Ulf, 'O!!liou o f 1tarc h Thill 11 111.l sta n ce I.I In aproutiug oat11, r ye, h arl ey aud potatOl"fl. Fou~ muet llot 't! Cl t.'O n tl ant aupply of grit. Grit b u11ed by h e n for mutlcatlng their food. The 1 upp\ y m\Ult be c on ,tnn t n nU f l't.'( 1 ue n tly l't!lltl\ed 11. nU un less i t ii 11 har p U ig e11Uo 11 ,, ,m be i mper f ect. Ve r y o rtco It i a adfi.uble to 11u11 1 ,ly Ho me g r i t e ven snb eu the fowla hm'e acC CMI to a 11a111.ly ya rU, tor If clie M od is ,ery One, i t i11 uwler;a Ground OJjjter H.hells or eonrse und are smong tbe ~t fonn11. 1"owl11 m u a t ltn1; e o du 1 t bath A dUl!t bath i s more es!l('utinl than 111 oflen consitlercd. U c n 11 must du11t t hem 11c!n to rid thcbodyof1ennin and tocleo.u1elt11nd re mo,e t he RC lll-f that is co n sta nt l y exuding from Ul e ski n. The du11t bat h ahoul d he fr eque ntl y l't!ncwed and migh t contaiu a 11 111 11 \1 quantit y of lime, or 11re(crabl y wood ash es.
PAGE 73
73 Water constitutes 65 percentortheeggand nbout 55 per cent of the 1,en'g body, and unlcu tho supply 11 1mf. flcient the h ens w ill su lferlorwun torlt. The.,,atersup piled in grt,'e 11 feed h not nearly 11 uffi ele nt. Fifty laying hen s wlll drlnk6 tolOquarllldaily,und even more in hot weather if t h ey are producing a i;ood number of eggs each ,.,. So111e 11im 1 1te automatic drinkiog fonotntn a -sold by dealel'f! of pou l try aupp li eii an! convenient for a npp\ying clea n watcr,Htlien! i aaprobabilityof1b ewa terbeeom Ing polluted If It la supplied to a large fl ock from open vel!l!ela. llnterlnlaforreedingmuslbef l'l!ll handfreefrommold; mu11tyeorn,buckwhent,nndbrannrohldueil"eo ldl gcstlve dl&oNlers. Knffir corn is an eu:eptionnlly i;ood poultry feed when elenn, but unless special care b taken, it ig s ub ject t o mould during the mm er r1tln& in Florida n11d ahould beeJJIII lilionld be full when lh e h e n .sgo toroosl. Tblal s e8peel ll y CIOJ)lul gised in no r thern Stnleii to induce r mth during the night and le lea true perh11J}II In Florida. Somebrcedshaven greatcrtcud ency1obroodineutban ot h e111. The li ghter egg bn-cd.s nre leu broody tbnn the hc1tvlcr meat breeds Broodineu le a uatnra l condition coming at the end of n eontlnuoUII luyiug 1 ierJod. All heua linr e period.ii for laying n.nd periods for l'Clliing. W h afmer may be the cause, broodine JIII can be m011t elfeetil'cly overtGme by good care 11. nd regular f eeding, 10
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74 build11pbodilytissuean1[toi:;ettheb.eninagoodeou dltion tor laying agaiu To slarve broody heru i a to increase th ia teudeucy. Du ck in g In cold water or other abmes most commonly practiced do well to break up the broodine11s. A high dry location for the birlldings i s always p~ terable toa poorly drained onennd asyan.ls runni u g out from tbe poultry houses that can be cultivated and sow n togl'(.'Cn crop!! a~ c onv e n ien t thia considemtiou should not be overlooked. Exc CS11ive moistun, brings troubl e every time. Good drain age and good Mnitnry conditlone meon mucl, t o a Dock of poultry, yet thoJro is hardly n location however On~, but what l ocal wnditions can be greally improved by raising the level or t he ground on which the hou~ Is to be C<. ll\Slru et ed, t weh'e to fifteen inchei, with a few loam! Qf lighl soil, thereby making It on a good location. 'l'heopenhouseiaalwaystoberecommeudedinFlorida Tltcre is no necess ity for expcnsil'c structures, b ut only for comfort, saiii ta t i on and eon1e11ience Sm a ll flock~ Ul!Ually hty bellt; 60 to 7 0 birds in a /lock will ghe a higher average thau when greate r numbers are kept tr,. gelher,a l t houghundcrcertnincondl t lomseveralhundred may be kept toge ther pwfttabl y. In the Jl.ret case a greater num ber or eggs per hen are p l'Offuced, while the la rger llockscan behaml!ed w it h less llll.oorpcrhcn. Four !.o s i x squore fe.. t of floor space i ~ sufficient for eachblrd Ovcrcrol\ dln gh1l njurlous. Withoneorlll'O el d ei1o pe11, orinourculde>1 t weathercoveE"ed withcanvaa, a free circulat i on of airsurronnds the bene and prevents a n cxcessi1 c necumulation of moisture or foul a ir. Any 11trnctu rc IIO built ne to permit drafts on t h e blrds is faulty. The air $hou ld be cool nnd fresh, but drftfUI ar e re11pouslble for much trouble. P o ultry o fteu prefer
PAGE 75
a tree for row.ting, IUl they object to being housed In drafty quarters A tree givCI:! better pro t ecti o n than 11 drafty hou11e, hut not nearly ae good protection 1111 a properly ventilated hou11e. A concrete floor ln Florida ls t o be recommended though not nb11olutely necessary. The houseell.ll be more t h oroughly cleaned and the birds bet ter protected from wcu l,hen t!Jere i11 a ~olid floor nnd wire netting to cover the open sllde11, wit!, doo1':llmadeto Ot. The roosts should be so arranged that they can be quickly mo,ed, and all on the same level. Abo_11t thlr teen inches below the roost 11 should be bonrds to collect the dro1Jpings-. Th e!!e bon rd s should be tongued and grooved,ondcloselyO(t edle nvingnocracksorhole e to col1ect dir t Clean the droJ)l1iog boanl every dny and pour n little kerosene oll OTer'thc roosts once a week. Spr i nk l e l i m1J around the roost11 each day aml there will belittle trouble wit!J bad odors n11 (] vermin. Darken lhe layi n g ho::
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7G 11-ced o u t th e non 1 roduce111 i mme< li ate l y they are found intheOQCk. U nd er average !a r m co r ullt\o n a 111011 of t h e ebickli wi!l be b atched and mothered by ben t, although locnbatora arerapldlycom in "g int ogeneral\J.8e. IIen that ,teal 11'1\ 'aJ' t o neat usually, but n o t alway s, succeed in ral aln g a good b rood, alt hough o ften t oo la te lo the 11et1110n, e.o ll'O cannot count on that m et hod for ra.i si u g ou r beti t cblcka. The h ena that lay earl[ e.re the ones that hatch t h e ea rl y cblckl. Furthermore, t h e early hn tc b ()d pullet. II do th e layi n g during No\cmbcr, December and J an u ary, IIO lha l in order to h1u-e early laye u one rou.11t pr epare at lcn1t twelve m onths I n ad vance. Early bf'Ollers br i n g t h e la uc y pric e., 110 that t he s uccel!Bin both pro11ucli o n and ge tting the best marke t is to be two months lu udvan e-0 or t h oae w h o fu r ulsb the bu l k and ge n era l eupp l y or egg, nod meat. Th e egg 11upp l ,r i s irregular an( l l a alway fi greateiit dur Ing M arc h, April, M 11.y 11 n(} June, 80 i h at l h e pr ice p e l' dozcn n11t11ni.lly dedlnl!ll during the11e mo nt h. During the f\l lllJlining eight m ou\1111 th e retail marke t d epe nd ij more o r leu OU t be ew 11tol'1!( I dur i n g the lnying II Cl U I OII and can no t always upply st r ictly fre11h eggs. Th e poultry m an who by p ropct" methoda hu been abl e l o ge t his grenteMt 111 1 1 1 1 1 1 of eggs during the n10 n tbs of ahor'lage o r October, Novembe r ; Decembet-, an d January gets t h o cream o f tbe pr i ces an ti when the ma rk et b dec\l n i D g th es e h erui arc rnblng cblckll for th e ea r ly mar ket or for bi s layingatoek t h e comi ng yea r There i ll 11 spec i al trade to be de 1 l o 1 iet1 In eve ry dty l o t h e Sout h fo r strictly fro.h eggt no d well fattell('d n icel7 m a r k et ed drt'lllle po11l tr y. T11e J!rodnct mllfl t be unif orm a n d strictly f rei,hand ph1eedou the marke t lo att r ac tive pack aga!. Tb el'fJ i a o nl y a s mall 11roftt in J J( mltry M1isi n1t if
PAGE 77
1hcpl"Od11Cll1togoh;to theordionr yc h 1 wneloftrade, lhe g~ery nod coun t ry sto,e, when the mnrket i& fairly wdl supplied. nut there is a liberul J lrolit if the 11peei11l trnde i s catered to. Th e Doan Carton ComJ)any of St. J ,0ois, Mluouri, rnao 11 fa<:turet1eggenrlo n thn l v. ill meet the demand of such a trnde. Each carton will hold one dor.c n egg11, and th e earl0illinresoshaped that thirty of these will exactly fill un ordinary 80-do,:cn e1,,g crate. Jmrnedintely the egg,, nre gathel.'ently n ttmetcd nttcntion is the eelllng of da,-old chicl.:11. In some I n stance!! the busloe1115 hn s gro'lll'n to large proportloDI!. One firm olfeffl dnyo l d chlckll at 10 eenhl each 111!,o oll'e1'8 a paper brooder that hi pa.eked am] 11e nt in the 11ame a hlpment at f2.00. Bence with an expenditure of fl2 the pnrebaser m11y ,tart in the poultry bminet111 and nude r favorable condition, this wo nld be a foirly s11.tisf11ctory way to begin 'l'be development or ~11cl 1 chich w ill o r course depend la rgely 011 how they :ire Cl'II"P,, l for a ncl the \ i gor of 1l1e stoc k A public
PAGE 78
78 hatchery I n ooouectlo u with an ee l ablllbed poul try plant would undoubtedly find Mime bualneu. In these ha t cb erice tbe egp are incubnted nt n e tnt ed prl~ per hundr e d o r eggt1 may bec:s:chnnged for chicks.
PAGE 79
'/9 INDI A N RUNNER DUCK S. B y A P Spenc e r lndla11 Hunner Duck e \J n,e re1:ch'cd 11 ttcntio11 from m n ny J IOOJllcdW" ingth e)l(lstO,eycan Tbclrhardiue113 11111 1 !heir egglaying capu\Jil i ty recommend lhem. From 200to250eg;;.ahinlieno t :1 n1m co 1 11m onyearlyavcr11ge when the fi01:k iF; pro pe rl y l 111111 ll ed. The eggs nre readily ncce 1 1 t ed In our mar ket.II i n pi nce of hen eggs. Bal: e rl eti Hod a ready use for the eg;,-R, nod lhc claim i@ mm .le that h\o of th e11e du ck l'gl:!l are equal In food nli u c nndforCQ()k.lngpurpoae9 tothreehencgp. Unlike h en11, the egg produ c tion of th e Indl11.11 Runnct1! d OC!I not diminish Immediate l y nf t e r th e seco n d year. Ev,m u p to ijtve n or e i ght y enn th ey retain t h eii:nor m al cgg l nyln g powcn. They are on l y ~ li g ht l y 1mhjed to d illell.llCIII, and parasites are ec ld o rn If eve r fouod to troub l e t h em. These due l.a are w ild na tured, and have l ittl e regard tor a n est, droppin g t h ei r eg{:8 in a n y oon l'enle u t place, rrequeutly in t h ewatero r mnd. It l 1100llt to keep them In yard.ii. Then the cgge can a ll be gnth ereil and wit h t h e better attent i on tbeJ recei1'e, th ey l ay better th e ducklin gs grow raster, a nd being l ea .fre quently dl&turbed b y snn nge ns they arc t a m e r. A pond i11 rn11cl1 enjoyed b y them, but is notn nece@lllly. In !act, "O rn e 1>e0pl e claim that th e egg prodm :tlo n 111 g reater wilhout nny water for ~wimmin g. Ne1c r t.h e l efllj, th e duck s must have n n abundance of fr es h l\ Rt cr for d ri n k i n gp, 1 rpogea ,a nd Ibis especially munt nev e r be neglected Indian Runncr11, li ke nil oth e r live s t ock, reqoh "' tegu Jar feeding A mea l three thn eii a do.y la advocated during the !eying aenaon, and twi~ a d ay when moulting. The f~\ m ay not materia lly di ffe r from n 11uit 1 bl e rttUon fo r
PAGE 80
80 heu.s, but as the d uck utilizel'! less grit, it is better when moistened or made ioto u mash Indian Runner ducks are \'cry poor sitteM1 ,ao t hat the hatching m11st Le done by hens or in incubators. One o!thegreatei;thindtane~togoodhatcheslnincubators IB th
PAGE 81
81 in Florida, and ir well fed will begin laying when four and a half toslxmonth11ofage. Indian Runner duc ks have many thinga to recommend them They are not bothered vdth lice or vel"IIlin, no roup, noscaly l egs,veryliltlllllousing,andhav.kadonotmolest them;butlftheybnveacee1111tonFlorldapond,therei6n danger from loss by th e l arge turtles that ltr(l quite nu merous in most sink holes, Rtreama and ponds. In add! t ion to thedcmand for eggi1, there is a growing demand for the meat, and while these ducks are not as hemy and plump as aome other bn:ed6, if they ha\e been welt cared for and kept growing, they make nice roasters, fryel"II and broilers at an early age. It ls not a good plan to yard ducks and chickens to gether. Ducks nrc naturally good feeder.s and greedy and will get the mol!t of the feed. and n~ they enjoy get ting into the drinking water, will keep the drinking l'eli IK!l@ in a dirty oondltlon. Separate yards are best. Jndia n Runner Duch, like chicken s, can be madtl profit able if they are properly managt!d There i a s nffieient wnstcon the average farm toanpplyagood portion of the necessary feed, a n d while the docks can be bandied 111111 s ide iAAne on the fa=, they will not give profitable I'{! t nrnsifneglecte_d.
PAGE 82
82 IMPROVING ACID SOILS. By A. W. Bl air. Ohcmiaf AgriC11ilural E~mel'lt Statum. rh e ~oil Jn many iiection ~ o t Florida nre acid (Bour), which la 1111fD.vorable for thcy IM! llt ,llw e loprncntot many cro pe:. So H ,thata rolo-,, and wet e.peeio ll y U\UCk11<1ila, arc like l y to be acid. Itisg c ncrnlly 111.tetousu me t h at our pine-l a nd soils are more or l l'l!II ncld it t he.-c I B no inditflt i on of p h os ph ate rock, li me,ito n e, o r m11rl, n t or 11('11.r th e surfllcc. Ha mmoc k 11o ilB mn y al eo be llc id t hough ln some ca!ICS 1 he ha mm()(ka ba1'C a lnyer of marl a littl e hc l ow th e 11 urlace. 1. Alkaline malctials, 111 1 eh 11 11 p ola@h, soda, llme nml magne11la, which can neutralize or eountcrnct acid s, have to a htrge exte n t, been washeJ o u t or our a ol!B by th e aclion o r dra in111,-e walel"ll, (The S tat e Ooologiet, in Dnllelln No. l of t he Geological S u rvey, stated that dlu ol ~ed m a t eri a l is being car ried in to t he ~ n l h roug ll the Silver $ p rings at the rate or abou t GOO to u s pe r day.) In thl t diaolled matter curbonate of li m e gt"Cn tlr pre domi nate&. 2. Orgn n \e matter suc h u gn11111, .,..oo l a, o r sta lks cl eeaya i n the soi l with th e formatio n or org a nic neids, w h ic h on acco un t of their slow ijO l ublllty ten d to nceumu hi. te In Ao il not well supplied with alkaline mat erlal B like llme 3. Ccrtnln fertillting ::naterlnla, ~ ulpltal e of n,nmonln In parti c ul a r, tend toincreasctheacldltyof&01l a that are n at11ra1\y deficie n t in alkal i ne m a terial ,, owing to the pl 11.ntl u al n g the ammo nia t o a greater ex t e nt lhnn they do the u lphu rica cid.
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s:J Alkalhie materials gcn r cent ot p hosphoric ac id nndi f amoderatea p11licatio noflimeisneedcdalongwil h a heavy application of phosphoric aci d thi s may be used Tn cur experiments with pineapples, bn1ic s l ag has ghen good results
PAGE 84
" If gro utHI linu::11tone or shells are used, and the sol\ is found to be h!gb ly ncid (by testing with litmu, papc r), two t~ns per acre in two or three yeaTI! will not be excessh-e. If the 60il is only slightly neld, one ton IM'r ac re may suffiC(!, Only ha!{ the amount need be applie d if quick-lime ls u sed. Old, thon,ughly rt ir-s laked, lime may be used in ahout the SllllH! amount as ground lime stone. Lim e may be applied at almost any time, though it would perh aps bcbettcrtonpplyitduring the late winter or early SJ/ring, so that it may be thoroughly worked lnto the soil before the r alnyscason sd~ln. It fertilizcu,::ou taining sulphate of ammonia are u ~, it would be better toupplythc!imeouemonthbeforeoronemonthufterthe fcttilizernpplieation. Most,egetableandfruitcrop!!lll'ebenellttedbytheuse of the lime whel'(l there is n tendency to acidity of the soil. Jt h as, however, been shown that watermelon@ do bcijt on an aei,l ~oil. It h as also been Wown lh nl lime makes the eondit ion ~more favorable for the development ofl!Cabonl.helrishpotnto. With celery, lettuce, ca bbage, citrus fruits, hay and fo rnge eropt<, it may be nsed liberally.
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BS COWPEAS FOR H AY AND F OR SOIL B UILDING. B y C. K. McQuar r i e. ,h1iirlcrnl S111wriNtC11dcn,t 1-'anntrt' l111tltulu, OoinU villt,f'la.,Jlarc,.'l1,191i. Our 5yst,:, 111 of ni;r!cu Hu l'e i n 1h i~ Stntc (n nd i n t he iwuth generally) hns pnid too littleuttenUon io growi n g legume e1"0ps P$ son lmproven<. The farmer has thus been wmpelled to mnke lnrge ontli1y, for commercial tertili~el"II, "'hic h really never bum.I the 1Wil l o l h e JJOinl of lnereai;ed crop yields nnnllally. We ha.ve been neglect iug one or the mO!lt I mportant methods of Bo il hnilding known to ngrlculturc. Oue of the bP.tlt or the lc:;umc family for t hi s 1 mr110 se i s t h e cowpca, nm .I It ls 1safo to ~uy t h at no o n e cro 1 know n ~u o ad d more to o u r n g ri c u turnl m! n l t h. H ay of the beiit f]un\ily CQn be ma d e from H, nntl nearly four limeii nR high in di:; e,itible prote i n at ti m ot hy bay. [t g po11er toeollect tile treeuitrogen of the air and ,tore it iu the fom1 o f nodulea on tlle root;; th111inereasing soi l fertility, enables t h e farmer to grow a11e-;:..,,_>di ng erop e withonl cxpeni;lve ultroi::eMUI! fe r 1il l1.er11. To make the beet of the CO'l\"Jlea erop 1bere 111-e two dl1Unet pcriod11 in which it ,hool d he planted to ennhle tlletarmerlogethay o fgoodqnallty. Thefl.n. t p l a n t ing 1 h ouldberlngas 1 101<11ible110a, 1 ohave the erop eu t an d c u red fo r hay before t!Je rainy seturon oceure. The other 11lantlng sbou M IHl ilone I n I nly (or ea rl y l o A ug u s t ) MO llij t o hav e t h e erop come off in th e fa ll w hen dry wl!lllhl!r prevail~.
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86 On land where a winter crop that depletes the soil has h~n gr0wn, such as-cabbage, rape, or any of ihe small grains, a good plan for soil recuperation is to grow a !egu mo cro p l mmedi nte ly thereafter Theeo wpea IIU! in there j ust right, and by making thl! crop i nto hay the lan,I w ill be in good conditio n to bear 11 pro fttnb l,:i fa l l cropofaomeklndsnitable tothcsoilandsyatemorfarm management. The variety of seed to be used should be carefully comddered, for while there arc upwards of fifty distinct types of the cowpea there are very few that Ur(: suitable for early planting Another }Joint for con8idera tion ls the Immunity of tha variety we use to root-knot and wilt. On land where t he root-knot is known to pr-e vai l, cowiieas of any variety are subject toit, and in that cnsc we hnd better use I.he vc\,et or Lyon beaM for a legume crop. Th ere ate two varicttr.s of cowpeas that arc known to be more resistaut to root-knot than o thers, the Iron nnd Bra b h am, and they arc desirable type s for b ay making pnrpose11. The hmd for cowpeas, should be well prepared by thorough plowing and f )ulver ization of the iroil. The suc CE!!ll! of any crop depend 11 a good deal 011 the 11eed-bed pre pared for It. An 11p pllcatio 11 o f about 400 po11nds p er acreofacidphOl!pbateshouhlbebroadeos t edandhar rowed in before planting the seed. On soil that is in a good mechanical condition it will be atlvisnL\e to sow t he sced"broadcn.st,"uslngabout.sc.-enpeckstotheacrea11d usingadrlllforthepurJJO!lC Hnodfillisavallnblc, the seed can be sow11 by hand an d worked into th e soil with n eultlvator, i;moothlng the surface '1'.' li b a barrow or wce,dcr On thin soil It ls advi sable to sow in drills about thirty i nchCll llp!lrt and cultivate the growing ~rop11 !l(lVCral
PAGE 87
87 times. 1n that case about live pecks of seed per nere wlll be sufficient. Some of our farmers get excellent results from cowpen mixtures; that is, sowing other 1!ed11 with ihe cowpeiu Thh practice ls generally recommended for t he purpose ofeasiercuringofthehay,asthemixturebeingofdifTer (mt tertnro cures more readily than i f of one kind. A mix turethatisnry populurissorghumand cowpcas. The Early Amber sorghum i!i the best, as its grow!Qg period come111nearthntofthccowpeas. Ilhothareeowunt the 11a1ne time, flvepecb of cowpea11aod two pecks of Aorg hum brondcnsted or drilled in I s sulllckntfora n acre. Cowpens and Germnn millet are nnothcr good combina tion,fortheperiodofgrowth of the millet and t h e earli er varietie s of"
PAGE 88
88 To iet tl,e best qunlil y o r h ny the cowpea crop mu s t n o t boallo wedtogcttooripe Atthebloomlngstageall the nutriment is in the p!aut, when It s tar Ul to make the f!.eed to per petuat e ita kintl. The loeat lime to cut c ow peas for hay ls when the first pods a re in the snap s t age Astbishay requir ea careful handlingit ah ouhl not he c ut when wet witb. either rain or dew. Cut in the forenoon, aud as soo n as wilt e d rake it into w indro wa a nd put i tin sma ll eocks t b e Sil.meafte rnoon Il ny-eockco el'Sarcusc Cul lf unfavorable w eat her prevails, and they will thcn rep ay their oost sc cral tim es over. They cn n be made from s eventytwo -inc h mu~liu, c u t in to sq u a res, soaked iu raw lins eed oil, aud wrung dry. They ~h ould ha, e a lri ng loo 1 >11onthccorners,11ou11tofa11lcu them t otheoocksby wooden pins. \'Cry thin muslin is be st, for if t hicl. mu all n is uscU H cuusea t he buy t o sweat, a nd i e no more e ffecti ve in shedding ra i n Ncxtd11. v open up t hese cock!! i n a loos c m a n ncr, e:,;po s ing the ha y t o the s un a s li ttle as poss ible o r the !lhe(l Uingofthe lc lwe sisapttooe<:ur Te at the h ay b y twiU iugahunchiutl,chaud Huo m olstu re aho w sha u l itto c hc barn. It will unde rgo a s w cnti ug p rOCC!!Jl there, but that will only make It the more 1,alatab!e, and bette r cured. ltwillo\ reom o the swoot all ri ght, i f le ftalo ue and when itcooleoff will ina kc n su periorgr adeo t hay The fee din g vn l u e of eowpea buy and of i ts mi xt ure s has longlJee nrecogn~n aotahig b o rd e r,t hehayb e iu g equa l in pro t ei n content to th e bes t b ra n a nd hi g li i n car boh ydrates. In dairy feeding, w elJ c ured cowpea hay, c utatth cr!ghtstage,iJ;equalpouadfo r ro undt othe ordi un ry brn p u~ed for focding.
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89 T O ENCOURAG E SHEEP RAISING ON SOUTHERN FARM S B y U .S. D ep t of A g ricult ure ,1, Ron!JU Are Reoclling Their Limit o/ Prod11clion. Farm, Should Profit by J'IIC'ml1cd Demand fol' Sheep Product,. The conaumJ\liOn of mutton per capita In the U ni te d Stntee ls Jncl'i!msing every year, though th e nmou11t used I much IC81:1 in proportion to other meat than in Europe. T h ere are good rc11aona fo r expeeting a eonlinuntion of good price; for mutton and lamb an d the demand for wool alw ma y be expe<:ted to increase more rapidl,y than tbeprodnction. Thcse f act11arebro u ghtoutlnarei:eul letter from n scklntlst of the Departm ent or Agricll l turc to 11. So ut hern fr,rmcr who inquired l'i!garding the po$lli bt!Hlcs of thcHhcep hu slneu. The Depnr tme nt ~11pcclnliat culled attention to h e fact that w hil e fnrm-rnlsed sheep luive often not been profit. able, thia hall" uaunlly been becau&e of lack of proper at tention and manngem e n t. Variatio1u1 i n price of wool nndnmtlo11have1llood 111 the11rayof11uch i;eneral interest in ahccp as would canse them to he regarded !UI h ighly u they should he ln Ill e future. ftnng ee all over the world are now cnrrylng nbout as miiny aheep na they can s upport under II atrlct range ~yatcm, nnd nn lnc=e In the J )roduetlon or sheep prodncla mlllll come mninly from !anus. Here then, lB the farmer'a OI\JIOrlunity to take a d vantage of I he incrrosed eonenm 1 1tlon n f t hew product s Whilemultnnean 1:Je11roduceda t low coat and lh erei.11 n growing d emand r or It, difficulty In 11,e lllns:: may he experien<:
PAGE 90
90 canhandlocar!oadsarewithin1'(lacli of all $C<.:tionsand ifallllffieientnum\Jtrof neighbors eombine to have one hundred lambs of 11imilar b..eeding, ll.ize and conditiou to ship jointly the returna are nsaured. It will alho b e p<:ll!slble to secure vl81ts aud bids from buyera when such a number ill promised. Tlte lamb clubs of Tennessee, nota bly the one at Ooodl ethvllle, have proven very 6 U eeess ful in this work, Thei;ameorgan !zation eanalsobeusedlndlsposiugo f t he wool. Jc countries where economy in farm uianagement ha ~ bee n atudied a long time the sheep is considered to be necessary in utilizing vegetation on such waste lands 116 are not wet or marahy. But the sheep can hold itt. p lace ouhigh,priced l andaaameut prodneern!ouc. Compa red with la rge anima l s H hu a l!-Orne important advnn1ngee. Ji'irat,th elambsmaturevcryra pid! y, being marketable at four month, o f age o r Inter, accordiug to breeding and feeding. This is an eeonomy because a larg er proport ion o f the total feed goes into iucreaw o f weight than in ~lower grow in g animals. Second, the sheep consumes a greater variety of plants tha n do other animals. ~!any of such pl a u te are detrimental to pa$ t u~ 11111 1 would otherwise require hand fabor to holtl them in c h eck. Third, grain waste in h arve11tlng can be e ntirel y recover ed by eheeJJ. These facts promp t some farmers to claim that the sun un er food of Rhe(lp costs nothing, b_ 1 ,se what they consume would otherwise bring no retnras. Compared with h og;, the sl ,~,ep hall an ad,ant11ge in !lie wider variety of materia l$ it consnmes. Being n remln1u11 it m ak es its gain with a minimum of grain and expenshe conce n t rnt efi. Thl $iij cspc cially lm portanto n MOrneeouth ern lands that are bettc a
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91 nre orUinnr ll y not contnglona, nnd th e m ea111 uccet1sary t o pre1ention nre th e same as should be 11tl op t etl for tl ,e mo1t econom i cal productlon,cve n in healtlt. The mot1t serioua menace to contlnuo111 thrift in the Hock is the p reaenceofioternal paruiteiY, chiefly 1tomacb worms. The egg1 of the stomach worm ii.re ilro11ped upon the ground with the fec l'!I from i nfeded sheep. The aniall worms n r e swallowed with tlie grnu th\'ee or four dnysafCer h atchingfrom tliecggs,and reneh the stoma ch. Sto rn uch worm.s arc frequently present l n s uch lu r g ~ numben. us to d r n"' JI() heavily from th e clrculntion as to ca u11eemadalion and flnnlly death of the lamb. Mn t ore sheep are much leu alfecled by t h e11e "orm~ though t hey u6ually acntter the eggs. Keeping the H ock upon crop11 l!OV.' u U( )(m J> l owed land J)N!!renlll infection. Such practice also ful'tltshe1 theg1-eat elll nmountoffeedfromend1 ucreandthe.klodundva r iely ot food UJJOD which 11 h e
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ve11tio11 were al.so the bet!t melhoda for eco n omical pro duction. In moat parts of the South ewe11 drop t he ir lambs in November or December. Sto m ach worlllll are m uch lct;S troub l ei;ome i n t he coo l er mout h s AIIIO rape and some other forages will furn i sh good winter feed if planted ear ly enough to ma k e a fair growth before the cohlest weather. Lambs marketed i11 March or April se ll at a premiu1U be<:auseo ft bemarli:etscnrdtyofgenulnesprlng !a u ,1111 at !h at lime of the year. The dog ,1uestion is a serious ouc in many sect io ns, and better State l egislation is n eeded to protect Hoch from the ravage,; of worthl$1! cuu. W oven wil'l:l fences will tu rn dogll While it ls expensive to fe n ce l arge pa&tures in t h !s way, smaller fields devoted to forage crope will carry the flock in a more hca\U,y cond i liou a n d require much \e11 s out l as fo r fe n cing. T he whole forage crop area can 00 fcnC
PAGE 93
93 SEASONS AND DATES FOR PLANTING VEGETABLES AND OTHER CROPS IN FLORIDA. Th e following Jis t11 incl ude what e,:perience dem on atratc ll ca n be 11uecC118fnlly grown ea cll month U the irea!IOn mo~tsultnbleforeaeh varie ty comes urounil in the several sed io u s of the S tate Januory-AI!parago11 seed, Bru ssels Sprontl:I, C.,l;lmge Seed 111ul Plants, Cauliflower seed, Collards, l ,eeks l ~ t tuce, Mustard, Onion sets, Ra diE hes, Rape, Sp a nish Onion sced, Tomato seed, TurDlfW!, Oats, Strawberry .Plan ts J~ebruanJ-,l..sp11 r 11gW1 li~>i...:I, Early eorn, Urm ;seh; S p rou t ll, Cabbage, CILI'rohl, Collards, Egg pla nt English Pe as, Irish Pota toes, Knie, Leeks, Lettuce, Onions, Parsley, Parsnip, Pepper !leed, R u t ab:1gns, Snl sify, Spinach, Il ee tll, Turnips. Mar chDcD.ll11, Boeta, Bru~ !!!, Turni(IB, Watermelon~, Sorghum May-Beans, BuHet Beans, Ca 11tnloupe e, Cowpeos Cuc u mbers, E gg11 lun t, O kra, Peppe rs, PumpklD$ Sqnruih,
PAGE 94
Sugar Coru, Sweet Potatoe s, Tomato Pla11ts and seed, Watc11nelons, SOrghurn, Velvet Beuns. June-Butter Deans, Cowpens, l~gb11lunt, Peppel'II, &)uur.h, Sweet Po tatoes, Tomatoea, Watermelons. July-Cowpea11, Eggpla n t Parsley, Peppers, Pnm pk iu Rutubngas, Squash, Sweet l ota t01's, Tomato l'ta11 ts and seed, Watermelolli!, Sorghum .-1ug118t-Beans, Beet-'!, Cabbugc, Ca nllfiower IIC(ld, Car t"
PAGE 95
&eed llDd plllnta Cnullflowe r seed, Collards, LeeQ, Le t tu ce, ?Ju,tartl Onion 11etl! ll n d iah ee, Hape, Spani&h Onio n !leCd, Tomato ~d, T u rnip11, Eggplant eecd, Oat1, J,'c~ruary-A11pa.rag 11 11 eeed, E arly cor n Sea hla n d Cot l0n, U eana, D r ussele S p ro u ts, Cabbage, Ca nf aloupn, Cnr rota, Co ll ards, Cuc um bers, Egg pl a n t seed, E n g li s h P e n s T rl a h Potatoes Kale, Leeks T.ett n ce, O11ion11 Paniley, P nnn1p, Pepper seed, Rntabagns, Salsify, Spl n nch, Wi nd ,or &?nna, Bee _UI J farcA-Deans, Beets, B rmisel a SJ>r1>1ita, Can t a l on J )e!l, Carrots, CauliOower, Co ll ard,, Cowpea.g, Cuc umbers Early Corn, Eggplant, EnglUlh Peaa, lri h Pot a t oes, Kole Kohlrabi, Leek, Olr.rn, O n ion, Parsley, P al"l!nip, P e pper P um pki n Radish, Hape Jlntabag u 8all1ify, S<]t111s li Suga r Corn, Watermelona Tom11loet1 TnmiJll! Sea hlnod Cotton. April-Dea n a, Onn l a l oupes Col h mla, Cowpea!I, C u cum bcra, l~gg pl n n t, E n g li 11h P eas, T ris h P ohl t oea, K o h lrabi, Lettu~, Okra, O ni o n Pl n n ti!, P nr aley, Pnran l p, P e ppers, PumJ)ki u Rndi@hes Rutabngllll, Squub, Sugar Corn, JhahHne Sweet l'otatoce, Tomatoes, Tur n ipe, Water me lons, Velvet Bea n s. .lfoy -Bea 1 11,, Bu'tter Beao11, Cantnloupe11, Collardl!, Cowpens, Cucumbera, Eggpla.11 1 O1.ra r e ,pcra, Pnmp lr.ius, Squndi, Sugar Cora, Sweet Potntoe ,, Tomato 1 1 l a n ta a nd -1, "'atermel o n a Ve l vet Ilean e, Dnebeeo a. Ju.no-Butter Beans, Ca b bage 91!ed, Oanllllower lleed Celery 11eed, Cowpea~, E gg pl ant, Peppc 1"tl S<]na a b Sweet P otu t OOII Tom11.tocs, W at ermi :lo mf J1,1ly-Cabbnge seed, Cnn talonJ)CII" Cauli fl ower see d Ce l ery IK!ed, Cowpeae, E ggplant l' nnley, Peppers, Pump kin, R utnbagn s, S qu a eh S w ee t Potatoe s, Tom11to p l ants and seed, Walennelolll!. ,hg u,dB enns, Beel.I!, Cabbage Cau ll ll.ower seed, Carrots, Co"'JICU, Cress, Cm : umbe r-5, Co l lards Eggplant, T ri t h PotatOC:11, Ka l e Ko h lrabi, O1:-rn O n ion s, na pe B nta
PAGE 96
96 bag tu, Salaify Bpln1tc b Squash, Tomatoeii, Tnrnlpa, Wind!IOrBean1 Cng e pllrnta and seed, Collards, Ll!ekll, LcttUC(l plnnta and aoo l Mu st ard O n lona, Radi s h~ Rape Strawherry l' lanta, Oats The follow i ng llt Includes what. ezpetience demon tratell e nn be n ca11full1g rowu eae h month a11 the sen n mo s t suitable f or each varletJ comea around in t he url lo n of th e State men tio ned below. T,U,IPJ., ORL.lNOO TlTU!W ll.t lO ,._ND IIOUT II WARD J11nu11r)'--Beans Beet., BruMel!1 Sp r ou t s, Cabbage plauts and &eed, Ca rro t,, Caul iH ol"er -1, Collurd1, Egg. plant seed, r r iah Pota tOCB, Ka le, Kohlra bi Lettuce, tnrd, Rad i she11 R npc, Spnnillh O ni on SOOll, Spinach, 'J'omalo seed, Tuml))I!, Corn, Oat&. Pc~rii111"11-AdnmB F.urly Corn, Bean @, B eet~, Brn~el1 S11rout11, Cnbbagt>, Cn ul nlou 1 )ell, Ca r r ots, C u cumbers, Egg p l ant !!eOO, T ri~ lo l'otntocs, Kni e, T ,ctt u cc, Okl'!I. Onlou,
PAGE 97
'7 l' ep1ier ~eo:,d, f.pinncl,, Squaisl,, Witul tur Be.ill', ~'ieJd Corn. March-Beans, Beets Bnll!Sel Sproo1s, Cantnloupe11, Cn ulillower, Cowpeas, Cucumbers, E:11rl1 Corn, Eggptani, J rl s h l'olatOe!I Lett u ce, Mu&t11rd, Okl1l, Onions, Pe1 ie r, l'umpkln, Radls\J, Squash, Sugar Corn, 'l'omntoe, Wnter tneloua, Velvet Benns .Aprll-Ileans Collards, Cowpcas, Cuc urnlien, Egg plant, Kohlrabi, Okra, Ha d i F-he8, S()_uush, Sugar Corn, Sweet Potatoes, Tomatoei,, Onion plants, P epper, Pump ldn , Ve l ve t Ileana Mny-Beang, Butte r Beans, Cowpcu, Eggplant, 0km l'cppcr11, Pompkin a, Squash, S u G"ar Cor n Sweet P otatoei,, Tomatoes. J1m ol.lutter BenD..11, Cabbsge -1, Ce l ery f'...ow pea.11, F.gi;plant -1, Peppe u, Sqnn.sh, S11eet P ota toes, 1" omuto plan ts and seed, WatennclonB. July-Cabbage seed, Cantalou 1 ~, Ce l er y see d Cow pen,, EggJJlnnt and seed, Pepp en, Pmnpki n s Squash, 81,e, Ca u liflo1rer seed, Collarda, Cowpeu, Cucumberl! Eggplant, English peas, Iris h P otatoet, Kale Kohlrabi, Lettuce, Mustard Oniona, P epper11, Pnn1pldos U ndtehes, Rn11e Rut a b a gna, Spinach, Squash SwlBI! C hard Toma tQ(!II, Turnips, Windsor Beans. Scplcmber Ueets, Brussels S11routs Cab b age pla nt 11; and &Ced, Cnrl"Ot a, Celery seed and 1 1tan ta, Collnrd3, C-Ow r,oos, Cucumbel'l!, Eng lish Pen", 1r1Rh l'o tntoea, .Knie, T. ettuce, Mustard, Onion sets, Radi s h es, ltnJie, l t11tabnga11, Spinach, SquMh, Swiss Chard, Turnip@ Oc.tobm'-Beets, Bermuda Oalon see d Uru8'!cla f:lprouts, CnbbAgc plnn h ntid seed, Carrot,, Ce le r 1 11ee d Co ll a r d$ Kal e T,ettuce plant8 nud seed, Mustard, Onion set,;, R a
PAGE 98
" and seed, Carrow, Celery seed and plants, Collards, Kale, LeUucc Mustartl, Onion sets Iladlshea, Rap,e, Rutnbafin~, Spinach, Swiss Chard, Turnips, OatB, Strawberry P l ant s. Decc,11~cr CuLb11ge p l a nt s i1nd SCOO, Celery pl11nf11, Collard~, Lettuce p l ant@ and seed, Mu star d, On i on 1,et11 and plants, Radi~he.e, Rape, Spanish Onion geed, Swiu Chard, Oats, Strawbel'l'Y Plants
PAGE 99
99 SOME OTHER USEFUL IN F ORMATION r.t:li'OT JI Ol'TUII: RJ:QUIRl:D F()R\' ICOn'ADl,B SE t ;DTO The fo ll owing 1 >eriods nre nbou l th e time it tah-e to spro ut 11 fl er being g(m'n; o r coun;e, t h ese periods va ry ,wme"hat 11ci:ordiog lo the nge of the 11ced, but more !ftheweother11nil t h e1toil. Belllle . .. fr o m 4 to 8 day~. Cabbage nod c1 rnlillo,rnr .... ...... from 4 lo 8 dayN ileets. ......... from 8to 15daf11 Collard!< .... ........ ...... .... f rom t lo S dap. C11rrot11.. ................. f rom H to 20 da yJ., Celery .... ..... . .. f rom 12 to 20 da yg_ Corn. .... . .... .. !roo1 {> to 9 daJII. Cokes . ..... from 4 t o 10 day11. Bgg Plant s ........... ............ from 7 t o 20 d 11J't. L ett u ce .. .. .... .. ...... .. f rom 3 to 5 dny11. On i on1 Pnl'llle y PeM Pepper Ru d i shr:JI Spinad1 Squn~h Tomnlot'$ Turnip,;! 5 to 10 day~. 6to 12d RJ"M. 3 to fi d11.y><. Gto l 2dayto 201 030day11.. iitol0dny1o. StoUidayM. ...... from 3 to 5
PAGE 100
100 lleeta from 60 1075 d ay,;, a ccord i ng to vari ety Ca t.lmge fr o n, GO to 100 days, early vari eties. Cabbilgc, (rom 100 to 120 day !, medium early a rl etiei,. Cn lihll i;c, from 150 to 100 day, la1e v11rlct!Cfl. C11rroh1, fr o u, GO lo 7 r, days, according to varletle.. Cu uli!l owc1, from 100 t o IGO da ys acc ordi ng to arietl ee. Celery, about 1 50 duys Golden Se_lt Bl ancl i ing variety. C orn from 70 t o 00 dnyr., according to vorlely C u cum bcn,. frtJm 60 to 80 dny necordl n g to nricly. l >ggplnn!g,nbout120days. 1 .ett u cc, f rom GO to 90 rla ya, aceoroliog to vn rl e l y. lfol ona, fN11n 80 to 00 da ys, o tto rdin g to 1a r lety. Mn 11 t 11rd,ftbout3ii da y, Okro, n bo ut 7 0 day s. Oniom,froml20 to 130dnys ,aec ordi og to\'ll r ie t y. Pea s, from00 to70 days,oe<:ordiog to vn ricty. Pepper, from lOOio 1 20dnyi1 ,ncco rd i ni:; to1nrl e ty. l'otnt oc ij, from 85 to 100 tluy s uccortllng (o \'Uri e t. r Und i11ht'I!, from 2!:i to:15 ,ln y,. n ceordiug t o : 1rie ty. f5qu,111b, ulJ.on t GO day a for early rnri etle11. Sql1118li, 111J.on l 1 20 t o l!iO dnye, f or lnt c vnrlctlee. B plnn c h from 50 10 GO days. Toma I~, fro m J 10 to 1 30 days accord in g to 1riet,-. T nmip s, from GO to!l0i N U) ll! ~R OIi' 1111..1 .11. Pol e ben11 11 . 1 1 1i nt lo 1 00 hlll~. Coru, sweet. . .. p i n t to 1 00 hill ,.. Cucumbcl'll . .. .. .. .. .. 1 ounce to ti0 hill s Wntorrnclon s .. . ..... 1 ounce t o 30 htll s. Okrit. . . .. .. 1 o nn e
PAGE 101
IOI Bean11, bush . .... J>int lo 5 0 f eet of drill~. Carl'(lt ll . . ... onnce to 1 50 {eel of drill11. Okra . ... 1 ounNJ to 7G feet of drill s Oni/.ln s, 11eed. . ... --ounce to 1 00 k>et of d r ill~ O11io1111, 11et11 ........ 1 IJOart to 401eet ofdrilh1. Pa rsler ...... .. 1 ounce t o 150 feet of dr i lls Peas . .... lqua r ttolO0fectofdrill11 l fadis l.t ~. Spinach Turnips . . louncet olO O f eetofdrills. .touncetolO0fcetofdrill 11. .. 1 ounce to 175 r ,.,~,t of drills. QUA:<:TJTl OF SE!,10 ll l)QU IHI;;() F'OI\ Gl\"1-1:<: NO~ l lll:R OF i'l..\NTS Cabb:ige. Cauliflower Collards Cele r y E ggpfont L et.tnce P eppe r 'f-. .... l ounccfor3,000plants. .. 1 ounce tor 1 ,ti0ll plants. ... .. 1 ounce fo r 3,00 0 pion!,;. 12inche,;by 3inclles .. t 2ineb.cs b yl2i n ches .. 18inchcsby 3incbe11 .. 18 inc h es b y12 t 8inehcsby18 24in ches by18 2-linchcsby24 30incbes b yl2 30i n che!!by20 30ineb.esby24 30 inchea b y 30 36inchesb, 3 3Gi n chcs b y 12i nche!! . 36inchesbyl8incbea ..... .l i 4,240plau111 . .. ..... 4i,5G61J!unts. .116, 1 60plan t ll 2 fl,040planis. 1!1,3(;0 plant~ 1.4,5 20 11l11nt ~ 1 0,8 90plu Dl8 17,424 plunt~ 10 ,454plnnts. 8,712 p lants. 6,970plant s., fi8 ,080 plant11 . . 14, 620 plants 9,680plant s.
PAGE 102
3tiinc h tw l! ,v24 in c h e11 36 inchl11 b y : IO iuche11 .. 481nchesb y241 nches .. 48 in c he11 by 30 iuche,i,, 48 inche1 by 36 tnches . 4 81 nch Cfl by4 8lnch ee . 00 i11cht'8 by 30 iuel1es . t;()in c 1L eal,y48 1nchee '"' 7 ,2 tl0pl n ota. 4,SlO plaota 6, H 5pla nt114 ,35 011fanta. 3,030 plants. 2,723pluntl!. 2,00L11lante. 2,178 plant11.
PAGE 103
PAR'l' II. CROP ACREAGES AND CONDITIONS.
PAGE 105
DIVI S I ON Of !Hf S TATf BY COUNTJfS Following nre tho dlvialon1 of the State, and the co un tlee conta ined in each: Northern Diviaion Fran klin, Gnd5deu, D am i l t o n Jelle l'l!O n Lafayett e, ""'" Libert y, Mad ison, Suwannee Tn y l or, W akul h t11 W es tern Division. Day Calhoun, Eacambi n, Holmea, J ackson, Snnt a R o11a Walton, Wn a hlngton -8. Northea 1tern Divi sio n Alachua D aker, llr adford, C_ la y, Columbia, Du nil, Na1111M u, Putnam, 81. Johns-9. Ce n tral DM alon. Citr u ij, Hemn nd o, Lak e, Levy Marion Ornnge, Pasco, Seml n ole Sumter, Vo\uel11-l0. Southern Oiviaion. Dre vard, Da d e, De So t o, H lll@boro ugb tre . Man a tee Monroe, ~eo l a, P a l m Beach, Pln e ll ftll, Polk St. Luele-12
PAGE 107
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CONDJ:NSED NOTES OF oommSl'0Nl)BN'r8 NUJ IT ll ~ N N Dl\ IIJIO>I.-The cHUUl.lic l-ODditio n 11 ex i 11t io g in tl1i11 di&tric t are con,idcrable di1Te1-ent from I n.SI year nt th!, timfl. The n the 1\"hole coun t ry, practlcnlly, Yl'ftll delngcd with e:.:eC88ive rniii11. Thill ll('aK O D the @Xa!llllini r aiuarenlJ~utbut theepriug ha~l~n unuaunllyeold. 1 rho rain s that we have hnli have fall e n prcUy generall.v un, I hn1e lie,;n of benefit more t lurn othcrnli.e. On nc count or the coo l weather e:dirtlng plantlng hn & bC!Cn l;1te llh'llhi thin yen r n u lete
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"" if climatic condltions co n l i nue n11 at presen t d ry. fn this d istrlet tho pl 1111ting or the 11tn 11 dnrd field crop,< h nll if ctinmtic condltion11 oontinnn ns 'lt pl'Cl!ent, dry In fnet,lhere i11more!Lttention pn i d to thegrowiogofatan11. a r(l fteld eropa than fon n er l y, c:l(:\ushe or cotto n On e l'CflWll for thi i s tlia t more attention il be i ng given tu t he gro"iog o f li ve stock, and to ma kl' lhe 8ICK'k growiug worth "' hlle it I s D< .'CelllW ry lo plant n lnrg e acr,:,ni:e of stnndnrdnndforn.c::ecrof'li'. NonTIISASTWltN D l\"J"'"-Abont he M a me condi t ions exist lu thlH dll1lricr as i n t he Jlr e ,ioua ones. T here J,i really lit!le differen ce in conditions in the whole north em an d WCl!tcrn i,ccUons of the State, the climatic con di t i ons being: prodically the 11:1me nnd lhe character of crop growing OOing nllo ut the ll!lmc. Of co urse t h e ne 11. r er t he enatcni -tlon o r t heSt a l e n llU1e more diversi on In erop11 ii! obt11inOO thro ug h the grow ing of ,-egctublCII formnrket u IYCllu fr nlts that nrcbetterndnp l l!d to tlu1l sectiou tilnn the no rt hern nnd we!!tern. Ill t his &cction crope nro phrn!cd rnrlier U11rn In t he others nnd 1beelinracteror the soil bei11gdlfl't,rcnl lutheCl'l ,tem seetiou it l~ in" e ultiw 1l, ltl c o nd ition cnrlier th1rn In the no r thern nnd we11h:r11. A11 far ns prceipito ti oo is con ce rned in nlt or these seclions It lm8 been jnst ;tbout rightrorthcbrc:ikir.goflan,l:tn!lthe1,lnntingorthe Cl'Op!:(. The diffi eulty ""~ heen tha t It bas been UDSClll!Oll ably COl'I I n n d lllle cold snapi; in vnr\ou, loealit.i.es li u,e 1o aomeexte n t lnj u redn few ot the te n der an d foremost of the vegetabl e crope. At thi lime, however, all or thcsceropsarcingoo,Jconditiononditlae:rpectedthar 1,-ood l"t'i u\111 will be nlll1[ned. I n 110me,ectio n,o( tbi11 dl,trict llf!tl i !!lnm l et1lt0 11 is gro"'" ton eonmderab!e cxlent, but tho ncren~ p l anted nnd lJ.ei n g planted to 5 en ial1111d co tton 111 bart!ly hollling Its o,n with yea!'II 1ioat. It i, early onongb, huwe1er in tbe ~oos o n to pla n t n d ditio n n l crop11 n n i l increase th e ncrcngo s h o1 1lll I L be des i re d ornppearproDtnble t o d ol!O.
PAGE 109
1 09 C1:!'lnt,u, Dm8 1 os.-Tbere i a prnctieo.lly no difference in c l imo l ie conllltious in this district fn:1111 tllOfle :d10,c ~fcrred to. 'T'he snme conditiolUI,, 11rnctlca.1Jy, obtalu throughout the State os a ma t ter of !net. The vcgetn bl e crop11 are not doing!,() well ln t hi s di stric t n11 l1111t year in some ]ocnllticB, bot in o th er l ocll. l itiell tboy are Im pr ove(] Ol'cr lost year. There hos bee n no CXCCSl!lve ruin full of eonl!e(lucnee to damage crvp11 In tilla scdiou. Only In one or h;o localities ha11,rny Jnmuge bee n in flicted b y thcelcu1e11t1, bolos nwholethl 1 di11tri ct i s in gooJconditiou. T hefrnittreei,intheMut b crn po r tion or tile 1li11trict f"IJl'Ccially, are J)Uttini; o n an unusu a lly h e: i, y bloom and 1 he indic:itioD.11 nrc that l bc fruit crop thi~ yeur will be la r ger 1h1111 ever \Jcforc. fi0IITUKUN O JVl8 !0N. .\s far DB climatic condWon~ nr;i ccm su\Jjcct tu nltont the gnme inflnen cei! thnt ;,e rest o r the Stnle hu .11 h ud to co ntend wlth. In ncnrl.Y nll 11ections of thi s dkl11ion c 1 11:1 hiwe ~n;,'Ood,onlyin nr cwlocn li tiC1J h ll\etbcyl>cenufl"ect ed by uu 11Pu1<0 nab le teuiperatme or other c l imntlc 1.'0D dition1<. 'rhe fruii ll"Cf'snre in e..'"!cellent t.'O n dWon nnd ou r rcportfl show thnl In a ll &CC!lio ns t h e bloom o n bolh thcorang:cnndgrapcfru i ttreesbgrentcrthanhnsbcen for many ;rcara, thu r. indicating: nn nnn g11111ly l1 cnvy cro1 of fr uit. T here i.11 in lhi~ di11tricl a notnlile iocTP.a se in n nnmberofwbnt b.ARherctoforc hc,:!n 11C11N:ecn.i p1<, ns nYocndo pear11 1 mangoes :md o the r s. Thi~ .,ci,r the"" e1)l< bid fnlr toeicceed any forn1er eropl! h.r n Jnrge \Jel' ce n tnge. 11 dOCII not matter, however, h ow 1.ui:-o the out pnt of theRc crops wl\l be it will h e mn n y yenn, befo e they ca n ho pe lo ~up11ly th e dem[lnd, conse<]uently, we look upon these fr uit~ as amon~ t1109e moat profttn bl e to ,:::row and thnt wlU be for many yean lo come. The in dicntion ii n r e genernlly throughout thi11 11C11110n for fine crol)ll,. Acrcngct1hll'l'Clnthemnjorltyoten -bee nin r.n-rucd 1 11d clin>atie oondit i onB hae bee n in gen c rnl
PAGE 110
110 quit e fovorable. Under thege circmn~tnn~ wHb lh e n ~un\ core nn d dl ~lion there sbouM be nbom l nnl ..rnl'fl 1 ohn r "Cl!tnoxt fall.
PAGE 112
11 2
PAGE 113
ll3 ;..::r. : :~;,.~;.~, ... .......... .-.-.-::[ [ HO I h~ ,__ ... ;: ~ I .~: = r;~ ..... 1 :::::: j t iiO P.i~i., 1 . I :gg f.I!~~: ................ ~" :, :~:. ,_;;_, _;;;_J _::: I I Dlv \nn~ P,,-tol>!. ... "'"'"'""'"'" 00 "'
PAGE 116
!1, n,llto n. 1 ... 1. ot ... ki 1 ~!!n: ..... o, nt
PAGE 117
117
PAGE 118
ll 8
PAGE 119
"' 1 1rrrn--~ rn Aw-, .,., ,.. "'"' I no I '"' I t~ I -,,. ;oo I I : :
PAGE 120
120
PAGE 121
m cou1,"T 1 K11,. j c ~,. ,. ..... l~"lllI-r ,v.,., ..... l)<""lclai tio "iii ; ~ iOO ii:i iOO ;~
PAGE 122
122
PAGE 123
123 i~ I 2~ ;, ; ; l~
PAGE 125
U d ... ll mu,.., .... ...... !:!: '.' ~:: ~:;rz.. ~/:-~r, : ... 125
PAGE 127
P.A.RT III. Fertilizers, Feed Stuff ., and Foods and Drugs
PAGE 129
SPECIAL SAM P LES. Florhla i l heo nly Sl111el n th e Union t h at prov i dm for the"B~h1.IB!lmple,"tl1'11'll nbytheco11sumerorpun::hal.er, nntler propcor rules and regutntion11 ftied by lnw-to be se nt to lh e State Lnllorutor.r f or a1111ly11i,s free of eost. Any ei1ir.en in the Sli1l e who ha!! 1mrebn11ed ferti l i zers or ft-ed s for hi11 ow 1 1 U l!e mny d raw a 1im11ple of tlte 11;1me, according to la"'', u nd ll n,e the,iunenna!yl!ed b y the Stale Chemist free of COl!t. And in cnoo of ndultcrntion or de8clenc1 he ean, on e11tab ll g\1!ng the fuet, t'CC(!i1e double the eost of 11 rice demundetl for th e G'l)O,l11. 'l'he law retjllirc the J>ec i ul ~nmpl1:11" to be druwn in aru1111nertopreven t the11uh111iq.Jon oft1p nrioa.11sample6; rul csa ad~ulntlon enre pubJi 11he d lne, ry Uu\letin f or drn11ing and trn 1 u1ml ttin g ~5pe<:iu l l!Jlmple~." Thia11p,eci11 I 80 I U]ll e lrn A~ n o rn o 6 tpotent factor in enfore i ui:; Urn l uw and
PAGE 130
l!EGULATION S GOVE RN I NG THE TAK J);G AND l 'OllWAllD IN G OF Jo'EHTJl.\EH O U COlDllm Cl ,H FEEnna S TUFF SA~IPLF:S TO THE cmnrISSIONEU OF A GIUC UL T U JIE. SE CTIOX 15 OF THE LAW S Spec ial sa mple s of Fer tiliT.crs or Commercial Feeding SturT11 ~ent in by pur, : hn~el"l! u 11 de r Sec 1io 11 fl or th e law s ~hall be drnwu in th e pre se n c e of two ,li11i111ere11tctl wit n esses, f rom one or m ore packages, !horoug:hly mixed,nnd n YAm s ... 11u : o~ Till: SA~lE OF !!. T hi~ rule i ~ adopted to l!l 'C tlre fair ~amp!es or ~uflicient si ,.e to m : ,l.:e Ilic n~c..:s~ 1 ry de c cr mination,s, niul to n!low th e pi-cscl'vntio n of n duplicate smn i, leincus eo fprotei;to r appeu l. 'l'hc.edu plic ates a rn plcs will be 11~ne1 l for tw o months from <.late of t-c r tiflenteo fa nal_rsis. 'fire S tille Chcn 1is t is uot the pr,-;p ~r offirc r t o receive s11eda l samp l es from the pu rch nsc r. T he proprie t y of the method of drawing and sending t he sn mplcs a s fixed b y the law i s ohvious. The d r awin!l" nn 1 sending -0f ~lll'Cin l s ample s in rnre ca s e>1 isin compliuneewitb Jaw. S am p l es n re frequently sent i npn perpn ekngesorpr~rh o xcs,bnd lyp nckerl.a nd f rcqucntly in very smal l qua nt ity (less than oun ce) ; fr e quentl y there n r e no marks numbe rs or other me n n q of i len t if,cntion; the postma rk i n some instance s bc i n;: alisent T1'onld call thentt ent ionoflhOl
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be l'equired. 1'hc ,am pfo m111t not be l eu th1111 one half pound in a li11 can or but/le, ,e u/CU und urldn:u 1.1d to tile (,'0111miuio11cr o/ Agri cu lture, 1'/u: cm/er, nu me u11d ad a, u, m"'i a/10 be 011 th e iuc~agc, fhi 1 rule up1,l yii1 9 lo r,ecialumplc1u//c-rtili::crarcotnmerdulft-edi11yd11/J. A Olll:'J>Ouu ,I b:iking 1ouwdcr tin cau, 1 1 -.,pcrly ~ l c uncd, fille d with u ful r ly di uwu, well mix ed 11:rn1plc 1,1 h 11 frow l!Cn i tu! &1 ckil b1 11 J>1-opcr ~:tm jlle. It ,hou/d be .c,dcd amt ad drcutd t o ti re Comm~iuuc r of A!].-icullure 11t fa/l a, /Ju nu. 7 1,e ~c udt~J na,m : and a ddrer, ~/ u,u/,J 111,r o be pl aced 0111/, c 1 11 u:k<19c. Jf "10l "C t/1<11 1 QIIC ~ (IIU[!fo ir !'{:fl t, th e 1amplc111/ou / d be numbtred "' a, to identif y them All thi, 1/tou/11 be done in tl,c prc,-cu cc of t he 1eiln~11u am/ f ile pa, kuy e muile 1l or c~preottl by Qfl C uf 1/tc wit 'f hc t:1s,iso!Tthc1<11chijhouhlberet n lnedbythc11em ler lo co 111 JJ ; lre wit !i t li e c e r l ifk11 l c o f nnuly11i11 whtn ~ i d nod nut sent t o th i 11 om ce. 1 hc dat e of 11 ,e dnuci11y and U1td iny llu : a !tl ~/1 /c, a1td namc 6 of 11, e wi tnr,aoc ~ fl ou /d o/~o bo retained bJj th e ter.dc r; na t ,e ut to I/ii i 11wcc SOIL ANA IS S J S. W c f rcq u cnt lyhn 1errom 1 Jleso f 1111llsen t i nfor n n nly11i11 llnd n request t o ndviseo 11 to the be 11t mclhod6 o f rcr tilir. !n ~. E:i:ccp ling in e:i:tremc CnlleS, 11uc b 0 11 B l!llvy Cloyt. Pure Snnd (Ind 3ln ck l. tm d s, 1 h c1e h, hu t l iUle In fo rmat i o n to be der ived fr o m n so il aunly~i~ hut would beo! h e n eflt t o form cN!. P...omuchdcpend $ nntilth droloage,eult11rtnn,l oth e r p h yslc11 \ co111J i tlon11 thu t on on al y 6.is m n dc under loOOnit nr .c, mdlti oms i11 o f lilll e i lne. A chcmicnl nnulyl'!'is or n s oil mny imlieate n ~l'J fer tllc w il, ri eh in 1,Junt food "ltilc tll e focts nre th c ,oi!e nn: notproductl.-e.
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132 Thia /g iOJ!tan eed by the rich Sawgnt&B mu ck l and& and rll'er botwma of t h e State that are rerlil e clrnmicully, I. mt not prodm;ti1 e unti l J 1ro 1 1er l ,.I' dralnetl ; also b J t h e arid hn1d.8of:hewut,rich i n 1h eeleme11taofplant food, but notproductil"euntilirriga t etl. O ther &oils, with leu plan t food bu t o n account of 1 1roJ1erphy11-ica l eond iU on11,cultureand1illh,aree.i:oee
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"'' the field f ertl liter t est or JJlot 111, in 11bicb long, 011.rro11 ,trii,aof the field to be te11ted 11re measnredolf 11ide by s ide. Tbe crop hi planted u niformly mer each. Dltfor e n t f ertilizer!! are llJJpl i e d to t he tlitfort>nt ('lots, ernry third or fourth one lie i ng l ef t unferlill w ,1. The pro d u ce from these pl ots i s hur1 cM t e cl 11epnrute l y n od weighed. lo this manner the forme r cnn t e ll whnt fe r tlli1.er Ill be8t suited f or bl11n eed11. Aa cllmutlc coruJitio1111 may lnt!ueucethcyieldwithditTercnl fctlill~"' it i11bcHI toCJ1rr .1 011 uchta1t11for111 ore th a noneyeurloeforedr,,w Ing ddlnlle cuodu1ion.s. Thero i. J IOdtln,ly no easier or 11 h nr1cr method of testing ,he 11 oil tb11.1 11e fee l ~a fe in re(-Omn1cudlug. Soil CUD. be greatly im1 1ro.ed b y an I n telligent rotation ofc1'0lll<, 1heeon!ler 1 ationof11tnblcmnnurc,nnd l hc use o f s nr11e k\n d ofcommercial fertili1.er I ~a rru e, need have no r c,ir 1hut the proper a111licatiou or co1ru 11e n: i :d fer tlli ic r will injure the lttud. WATER ,\NAl,YS I S. We f requently a nolyze 11nter for 1 mblic 11 -it .. to11n 1111d nr. i1: l 1 hm lmod111111plie3;HJtrin g1111 nd nrtl'!l l :,n "ellB in 11h i c lt tl ,e 11ultlic i s inlereiite,1; w lt en Romeec.~mu m ic 1111cs t101 1 b oile r, laun dry or 0 1l1 er h,duatr!nl u>. Suen MA~ll'LES IUOUl,11 llC Ul'IT 'I'() A co:.DJERC!AL W.llOIIATO(I\", TIIE ~Tai.TE LAIIOIIATIIIIY 001;8 1'"0 T CO~J l' t:TE WITII t'(U l ~!f:11.Cl~l, f.Al!OllA TOU II :~. Al~o we do not make lmeterloln(!"ic11l e:rmmiuntionN uor u111nination,r for di 11e1t.11,; gern111. Snch einm f n nlinu,r and ann l _r!ICI! are made by th e State llonrd of Uenlth at Jack101u lll e.
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We do not make a sanitary nnnly!!i!, nor a eom11Jete qu:iuUtathc delcrmiuMion (~eparating each mineral and stating the quantity tbe~or). Such an an11l~~is wnuM he ens!ly in time nnd lnbor, andofnorcal\alnctothc i nquircr. We determine the totnl d i ss ohed M l ids in the ~O.m!-'le, and report them ae parts per 1,000,000, nnming the principal ingrc11o rn 11:11ts ), Silica (sand), nud ltnu, i11 the general order of their pre '.\o,u lnnncc th01 1::: h on the coast, where the total dlsnlhed solidll amonnt~ to ;;,000 or more JlllftS per 1,000,000, Sodi u w Cl,lnridc (~1,lt) ls the pre
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13' o lb er pur~ 11 are neer pro11er lJ d en ned rnr sending 11n m pl1:Aufwulerfornnulysis. Cork11,onceur-ed f o r other a uhl nn n et:11 (mofaSse!!-, vinegar, l'd.tl~ke y, keNJS(!ne, e!e.), nte ne1 r pr o p e1 lycleoned. In 11ampll11gn wel l wuter the 1tugnM1 t n 1!e r in the 1mm1, muMt tl r M t be l"'"'J >ei l off Th ej ug11m Rt lir>! I berinbt!d with !he 11:iterto l..:~anipled, em1 1 tled,1111tlthe11filteJ AMrnpl e of 1 i ii n11",ri1 rnrlnl.e wuter I N 1 11,"'I tnkeu (after l'io ~! n g the ju'), by n llo win;; th e Jug to fill nf1er im111en;ion ,aome di i;t: rn ee uud er the 1urfuce ne11 r th e ee n !e r of 11 e loocly o f wnler. N OTi;;,-We find the ,n1teN1 of the Btult.~prlngti, welts, dd nn ,,.ellM n ud nr H :,sin n we!h1 -gene rnlly ~ry 1 ure nm.I ,.,bnlc1mme, l\"ilh bm little mioernl l111 1 mrlly n nd that r,uch o ~ I s not lumu(ul. l~n -e 1 ,1 i n en11 or ~nllll care le111melll!, i n ull owi11;; surrnc-e willer t o conh11ni11ntc the we ll o r ~111fog, l he waters of the St o l e or e pure 11 11d ~ho leo gome. The dL'('P well~ or the S t n t e are noted for the i r pur lt ynnd h enlthfu lne ss ANALYSIS oF FOODS AND DR UG S. Bnm11 l t'II or F oods nod Dru :,1 nre drnwn under spee inl re:,:-n l ntlon ~. Ap1, llci1tlo n s h nu ld be mncle to t h e Com miin
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136 also be made to the Commissioner o! Agriculture or State Chemillt. The Ilu!lelin11 uf tbe Florida Agricultural E:c11eri1mm t !:\tntion can be had by upplit:atiou to the DJrector at Gainesville. INSTR UO'l 'IONS TO lfA"NFAC'l'UREltS A ND DEALERS. Each package o f Cormnereial Fer ti lizer, and each pack age of Commere i:il F e,i diu g Stuff, must have, ~eeurely attached tl!ereto, n tllg wlth the gmuautred aualys\.s re qu it-cd by law and the stamp showing the Jmynicut of the lnsl)t.'(:tor's fee. 11tl& pl'O Vi&io o or tb!-will Joe rightl y enfon:e~ ertil i zers or Commercial Feetling St11ff that does not bear on rnclt package no :.1naly11is t ng 'll'itl, the gunrrmtce requh'i!d by law, nnd the stamp11hO'll"illg the pnymenl of the ln~pector's fee. Goods not ha,ing the guarantee tug and stamp are irreg ul ar and fraudulent; ihe abllcnce of the g1uuuntee nnd stum 1 1 being eviden<"e that Che ma nu facturerordealer h a11nole<.>m1,lied wilh th,ilaw Witb out the gm rim100 tag and stump s!Hlwiug what the goods arc i:narunll-ed to contnlo, !l ie purcb11~er has no recouf'l!e againfit the muuufocture r or dealer. Sud, i;:ootls nre sold illegally mid fraudnle11t1j ond arn generally of lit tle value. All reputable munu fuct ttrer11 and dealel'll now comply stric tly v;!th the law and reg n !atfon~ by Jilac i ng the gunraDtee tugaud stamp on cuch 1mckuge.
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137 INSTUUCTIONl-1 TO SHERIFFS The attention of Sheriff~ of the vnriou s eono!ics i11 called to He<-lio n 3 or l,oth lnws, dcflnini:tluiir rlufiC8. Tb!s llepnrtmcnt expeds eneh ~herifJ to m si ~t in 11min tuining the l aw ond protcctin;;th~ citizens of the ~tate from tle impo,,,. it ion of frau d ulent, inferior or delleient Commercial Fe,.tilizel'II or Commercia l 1 eediI1g Stufft:1. IUWUL \T[ON 42-A"!l.'AT.YHEA MADE BY STATE LABOBATOlW. Only /luch nmterinls :111 nre of public intere~t are annl~ ~e d by the Htllle l.11bor:1 tory, such n11 ure tlirected by the \> nr e Food the Ferllli7. er and Stock Feet! T ~w. ~1,e...:, are no fe el! or chari;t'I> ot any kind made by th e StateT.:ihoru1ory. The Htate l.nborntory Is not permitted to compete with commercial taborntor!Cll. No comme1,;:lnl work o! nny kind l 11 a ct e pte! \. The State Laboratory doe~ not unul,vze Bamples for indh id ual :i ee o nnt whereio the public is not interei; ted. Such samplell shoul,l he lieut to a eornmerci.al laboratory. REGULATION 43 A~ALYSES 1N CRIMINAf CASES Th!l fltate Lnborntor y ,Joes not make 1>0 s t mortem exnrniuatfun~, nor fnrni~h e, i dcnee in criminul cases, (exe,pl n s pr
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138 aecoting attorney, the cost being taxed as other crimina l costs by the court. MARK ET l'RTCP.~ OP CBIDrICAT,fi AND FP.RTIJ,17. IXG MA'l' ET:IAT ,S AT F I .ORIDA SEA POHTS, Al'RIL 1, 1014. A:UJJOSU.TEB Nitrntc of 0 8,;ula, 1 7 % Ammonia ... .. .... $ 5G.00 Sulphate or Ammonia, 25% A n m 10n ia .. 70.00 Drk >
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T11:1kltge, 8 '}(, A m monin, 1 8% Ph orrpho r !c Acid.. 40.00 f ,0w Grnde Tan k a ge, 0 1/!% Amm o ni a, 12 % l'hoi,-pllorle Acid. ~-00 H ote l Tnnlmge, G'lo Amm o nia, 7 % l'h n~ phoric A c i,J 28.00 S h eep l'lr nnu l"I: g-i-nn nJ, 5% Ammoniu.. 2 4.00 llu1 ,
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140 bo.gglng 11.ny lpc<:" ial o r regula r fom1 u!a are f l. 5 0 per ton nex l-cllll ofabon? priCCi! N~;w YORK WHOLE~,\ L E PBICES, CURHENT APRl r. 1, 1914-FER'l' ll,I J',1,;R M,\TER IAI ,~. Ammonill ,u!phate, foreigu, 1 1ro111 1 1t. . 2 .83 /4y fulun:11 .................. :? !10 Amm,m tn, anlph., dome11tic 11pot 2.8.:i rniure. ........................... 2.90@ ~'i4b l!C l'!IJ! dril-d, 11 p. <'. urnn, onlrt ond 14 1 1. c. lione l'hOl!phnle, f. o, b. ftsl, worb per u11it. 3.GO & 10 T>'<'I, acidulated, 6 p. c. ammonia, 8 Jl,C. pho;,phoricacid, dclilered .. @ Ground O~h guuno, imJ )(lr te d, 10 um l 11 p c. ummo11iu and 15-17 JI c. bOttt! phol phofe, c. I. f. N Y., Daito. or Phil a .... !I.GO & 10 Tankai:-c 11 JI C a nd 1 5 p. C. t. o. b. ChiC8go ............. ... 3.17& 10 Tank1111e, 10 anti 20 J! c. f. o. b. C bl cu~..-i gronnd . ....... ... : ............ 3.00 & 10 Tanl;oge 9 and 10 p. c. f. o. b. CILIC!l~'O 8 1' 0Uhd . :tOO & 10 Tankiq;e. coneentrnt<1, r. o. h. Chicago, l4 to Hi per eeut., f .. o b. Cblea.go ...... 8.10 & 10 011rbege, t11nknge, f. o. b. Chicago ..... tl.00 Sheep manure, concentrated, f. o. b Cldcago, per ton ... ... ............. Hl.00 @ Uoofnwut, r. o. b. Chlcngo, rl()r unit .... 2.GO @ 2.70 D rie d blood, 1 213 p c. 11mmonl11, t. o. b. Ne"' Yoi k . .. ............. 3.3~ @ Chfcogo .... .................. 3.!!0 @ Nltrateor~oda,9Sp.e.epot,perl00lbll .. 2.2'.? 1 @ fn t nrl'#,95p. r .... ..... ........ 2.22-@
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PIIOlll'IUTJ.:s. Aci d p bos p lta!e, per uni t 45 @ 50 l.lones, rougb, l111t1 .I 1ier ton .. .. .. ..... ~. 5 0 @ 2,.00 IIOrt J.ll11.llll'II Ull)'.;TOUUd ......... 21.5(1 @-22. 00 ground, steamed, I p. c. ammonia and (jU J ~ C. 1.,one J>bosphale ...... 20.00 (W21.00 ditto,3um l o0J).C ................ 23.50 @2-1: .0 0 mn g r uuml, 4 p. c. nmmo n ia a nd tiO 1 1 c .b o 11 c p ho1< 1 ,h11te . . . .. .. .. 2S.aJO @l!il Oo So u th C a r o lin n p ho 11p h HIC r o,: k k i ln dr:led t. o. b . \11hlc;v m~cr ... .... .. .. .. .. ;um @ 3.75 Florida fond pcbhle 1,h,.,.1,hate rock 68 pct N!nt., f. o. b. l' ort Tampa, Fl a ....... .. 3.00 @ :l.20 Floridn h ighi;r11def>h Oli!J1 h11tehnrdroek:7 i 1.ercent~ f. u. b. Flo r i,111 !10r!11 ........ 5.7r, @ 6.i!l'i 1'enn et!~ ee phO!
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142 STATI~ VALUATIONS. F or A1luble nnd Jn 11o lnble rho sp horic Aeid, Ammonia and l'ot1uh,fortlieSc.w u11 ofltl11. Ava llnt,le 1,ho s 1 1hnric Ad d.. 5c n pound l m1oh1ll !e l'ho"vhortc A c id.. lea J)OlUnd Amtnnniu ( or it s ci1nlY11 lent !n nitr o gen .. li 1 c o I JOund P o1n H h (n~ actual J)Oln h, K ,0). ... ,,, r.}c II JJOUild 1f ca l cu!nted t,y m1i11 1-A1; \lnl ,lc l'h oo1,ho t le Acid ... . $1.00 per unit ln1<0lu b!e l' h
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143 tin. Where fert!Hzers nre bought at in terio r Jl(lillhl, the af!l!Cnt ly nske
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l U COMPOS IT JON OF FE RT rLIZE R llAT E UIALS NITROGENOUS M.ATl::RlALS, I l'OUND S PER RUNDnl::O Ammonfa I pt;~t~~:~ J 1 ~~-l~~i:J 1'lol'ld& i'ibb l PIIO p &I., 103! J"lorldaRnc k Pho ph ate. .. ....... . S3to36 rtor!rta Su11er J>b oa pht" too I to3 6 gf::~:ln~~.;:::.... 3, 8 r,; .. : : :: ;i 1i J2!uohed Boo .... 13 IO 16 lo PO'l'.4.SII MATF.RIAUl AND )'ARM MANUR~S. POUNDS PE"ll. HUNDRED _ ~::::~ Ammonia 1;.,~
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FACTOBS FOR CONVEHS I ON. Tooo m er i Ammonia into n i trog e n multi Illy by ........... 0.824 Ammonia Into protein, mu l tip l y by. . ii.Hi Ni l rogen into u m monla, multlp l 7 by .......... l 214 N i tr-.,tfl or l!Oda into nitrogen, multi p ly b7 ..... 0.1647 N i trogen i n to protein muh i J>l1 by ............. 6.2,5 Bone p h 011phnte i n t o 11h oapho ric acid, rn11lti p l7 by 0.438 PhOBphor i c acid into bone Jl h Ol!lpbate, multi p l7 by 2.18' Al ndnte of potas h Into actual poh111l,, multi p l7 by 0.632 A ctun l pot1111b.lntomurlnteofpotasb mnltip!yby 1.583 S9lplmte o t J lotuh into uctuul p otash, m u lt i p l y by 0.U A ctunl potm1b Into sulphnle of J)0tllHh, multip l y by 1.85 N i trate or potn~h Into nitrogen, nrnlttply by ... . 0.la9 Cat"boun t e of J IO t ash h1to actunl potash, mu l tlply by 0.6S 1 Aet n a ] J)Olallh i n toca r bonnteofpot11Bh,multiplyby 1 .4. 66 01 l ori n e, i n"kninit," rn ult( pl ypo t as h (K,O) by . ~-33 F o~ iu~tuucc, _yo u bu,r 0 5 per cent. 0t ni trate of !!Oda a nd wnn t to kn ow bow mu cl 1 n itrogen i s I n i t, mu lti 1 ily 9:-0 perce n t. by0.16 47 ,yon will ge t 15. 6 5 pe r ce n t. n it ro ge n ; you wa n t to kn ow how mne h PJil tn On ln this n i t rogen is equh-nleut to, t h en n uiltiply 15.65 p er cent. h y 1 .2 14 a n d you get 1 8.0!) perce n t., !he eq1 1 halent i u ammonio O r to convert 00 pe r ce n t. ca r bonate of potash I nt o actual potash (K,O), mu l tiply 00 by 0.681, equal!! 6 1 .20 per cent. actual f io0f1111h ( K ,O). COPmf:. OF T fl~ ~ F l mT I L IY. lm STOCK FEED AN D P URE FOOD AND DRUG LAWS. Cople:a ot 1 h e LG .. -.. Regn l atlona an d Sto n dnrds .,..Ill be r nrnlllhetl hy the Commluloner of Agriculture on appll ca t ion.
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U6 A VF.RAGE COMPOSITION OF COMMERCIAL FEED STUJf}'S. Bright Cot'n Seed Meal 9.35 39.70 28.60 7. 80 ai.80 D ark Coltoll See il Meal 20.00 22.90 J7 .10 (i.50 5 .00 Linseed Men!, old pr-0 Llnseed Meal, new pro Whe at Bran. Wbeat)Iiddtingll .. 7.50 35 .10 :U.l.00 7.20 5.30 8.40 36.10 :io .7 0 3.GO 6.20 9.00 15.40 5:l. 9 0 5.80 5.40 15.40 69 .4.0 uo 3.20 Mix ~ d F eed (Wheat) 7.80 16 90 M.40 4.80 5.30 Ship Stuff (W h eat) .. 5.60 14.GO 5!1.80 5.00 3.70 Corn (grain) Corn Meal 2.10 10.tiO 69.60 6.40 1.50 1.00 9.70 GS 70 3.80 1.40 Co rn Cobs 30. 1 0 2 40 54.90 0.50 Ool'II 1111d Cob Meal.. 6.60 8.50 G-1.80 3.00 1.50 Hom lnyF~. 4.05 10.i,O G5.30 7.85 2.55 Corn nnd Oatil, equal pa r U! 5.80 11.15 04.65 5.20 2.25 Darley ( grain) 2.70 12.4.0 69.80 1. 8(] 2.40 Tiar!e_v and Oats eqnnl parta. 6. 10 1 2.10 64 .75 3 .4 0 2 70
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AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF CO.llMEUCIAL FEED STUFFS-(Co11tinued.) Oats ( grain) Rke {grain) Ri eo B run H ice Hulls. Wheat (grain) 9.50 11.80 59 .70 5. 00 3.00 0.20 7.40 79.ZO o.-tO 0.40 !l.50 12.lO 4!l. ~0 8.80 10.00 35.70 8.00 38.CO 0.70 13.20 J.80 11.90 71. 90 2.10 1. 80 D r y ,Top Sugar Cane .. 20.22 2.28 &2 50 1. 55 2 .77 Coll' Pen 4.10 20.80 55 .70 1.40 3.20 Cow P ea Hn y 20.10 16.GO 42. 20 2.20 7.50 Vekct Benn Hulls. 27.02 7.46 44 56 1. 5 7 4.32 V ell'et Ileane and Hulls 9.20 lll.70 5l.3fl 4.50 3..!10 Vehet lleanllay .. Beggar-weed Ray. 29.70 14.70 41.00 1.70 5.70 24.7 0 21.70 80.20 2.30 10.90 Jnpnnese Kudim H11y .. 82.14 l7.43 30 20 1.67 6.87 Cot t on Seed (whole).. 23 20 18
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" 1'"010.IUJ.A$. 'l'hcre aref~uent lnquirieis fo r r ormulq for nr i on crope, and there are hundred a of 1 ucb formulu pnbli.Bhed; and,whlle th ereare buodred tof"b randl,"thenriatioll!I In thCIII! grudell An? 1 urprl alng l y little, Do iens or b r a 11d11 pot up b y tho u.me manufa chlrer are ld e nli u. l good11, the only difference bei n g I n the DQl!le printed on the tag o r Met. A good ge n er,il formula for ll e ld o r garden might be railed n ",egeia b le !o nnul n," and v.ould have t h e fol lo wi ng : Ammo n ia, 31%; ual\able 1>ho s pbori c add, %; a11d pota11h, 7 %The fol1011lng form11la1 will f urnish the nece1111nry plant f ood In about th e above prq portion I havepu t'J)Ol!clynvol ded th euseo fnn ykact lon of 100 poun d s In t\ie@C form n ln s to sim plif y them. Value ~ are taken from prlcellsl1furnlshed by t h e lrade Jan u ary 1 1 9 1 2. For cotton, corn, ewcet J I-Ota t oes and vcgetnblC!l: Am monia, 31%; R'l'n!ln b !e phosphoric ndd 6! % ; potash 7 %, / A ) "VJ,;OBT AJ) L K" P erce nt. 900 vound1 of Cotton Seed llea! (7i'!l lll .. 3.U Ammonia 800 poundaofAcfd J> ho1phate (JS pe rc ent) ... 6 .40 An!lab\e 300 poundaof Muri.at e or (Sulpllale)(Mlperc t at) '1.50 J>otul! 2 .000Statenlue mlxe
PAGE 149
P erCe11t. 1 ,5 ts~ f!iitp~E; m Etb~ i : :::. f i: ~t:~ COO Iba of Lo w OraJ antll'oodper\011.. '26pou11d1 IOll l b&.<>fColtonSeecl~eal(71-li) .. l!'et-Ceot. 1 00 lbs. ofNltrateofSod4 (11 per.,.,al) ::::: 1.97 Amm oo!a 100 lbs.ofSutp.ofAm. (25pe r ce11t) ....... .. 8.30 900 lb 11..ofAc ld Pllo1pb.ate(Uperco11t) .. ,, l.9 7Potasb. 400lba.ofSulp.otPot ub. (48peroentl mixed aed bag,:ed. .. '33.5G Plaut l'ood. 1, ,,. 1011, .. ..................
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"' OO~lMERCIAL S TATE VALUES OF FEED STUFF FOR 1914. For tho ~eawo or l914 t h e following "State aluCll" are bed ns a gni d e to pun::hue"", qu otation Januo.rr 1. The&e'l'o l uesare 1,e,&ed on 1.hee ur renl price.of corn, 1d1lch bus bee n cb o1en 1111 11 ,tan dard in 0 xi n g the co m merdal value11; the price of co r n, ton large e:i:tent,gov erningtliepriceofolberrecds ,po rk,beef,etc.: COllMJO:RC!AL v u uu O F }'r. io S1.urFS i'O D J9J4. Indian com being IIL e1itandnrd@$3G.OOperton. ($1.T5persnckof100 l bl!.,98c perbu.56 lba. ) To find the comme~ciul St11te 11tlue, multiply the per ct n tages by th e price per unit. A unit being 20 pounds (l%,) 0 o f a ton. Prot ein, 4.!k, per po unc\ Sturch nod Sugar l.GGc. per poun d Fat.II 3.5c. Jl(ll' pound E,:,u,,1rr. No. 1. oou~ AND OATS, EQU AL l'ART Spc r un! t per un lt J >c runit l 'rotein. .. 11.1 5:1:06c,$10.7 1 Starc h a nd Sugar. .. .. 64.05 x S i c, 20.0-i Fllt. ti .20 X 70c 8. G,1 $talc 'l'n\ue pe r to n .. E:u1t1 u: No. 2. ..... ,84.49 I Protcl n .......... .. 10 .50 :z OOe, Sl0.08 F.ltardt e.nd Suga r . . ..... .. 6!1.60 :z 3 1 c, 21.5 7 Fat. ... 6.40 :z 7 0c, 3.78 Stnte v11h1e per ton ... .. f3l:>. 43
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PAGE 152
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PAGE 158
DE.PilTJdl!:NT0FAGRICULTUR l[l l VIS I0 N0J'CHJ!)ll6TRY Ul
PAGE 161
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