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VOLUME 40 NUMBER 1
Farmer's Cyclopedia
QUARTERLY BULLETIN
OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
JANUARY, 1930
NATHAN MAYO
Commissioner of Agriculture
TALLAHASSEE. FLORIDA
Entered January 31, 1903, at Tallahassee, Florida, as second-class matter
under Act of Congress of June, 1900. "Acceptance for mailing at special
rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917,
authorized September 11, 1918."
VOLUME 40
NUMBER 1
V. 4
5l8RA~y
PREFACE
We have ransacked libraries to secure the material used
in this number of the Department's Quarterly Bulletin.
We hope it will prove to be a useful work of reference
for many years to come. Usefulness has been the one pur-
pose and guide in selecting material for this issue's pages.
The title chosen is indicative of its contents. May it be
often consulted and with pleasure and profit to the owner.
NATHAN MAYO,
Commissioner of Agriculture.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA 3
CHECK LIST OF U. S. STANDARDS FOR FRUITS AND
VEGETABLES, FEB. 24, 1928
Date of last issue
Apples ................. ............ June 30, 1927
Apples, export ........................ November, 1927
Artichokes ............................. Feb. 10, 1926
Asparagus ...............................March 3, 1927
Beans, String (wax or green) ............. March 31, 1927
Beets, bunched ............................ Aug. 9, 1927
Cabbage ................... ........... Oct. 1, 1924
Cantaloupes ............................May 20, 1927
Carrots, bunched .......................... Aug. 9, 1927
Carrots, topped ........................... Oct. 14, 1926
Cauliflower ............................. Dec. 10, 1925
Celery ................................ .Jan. 6, 1925
Cherries, sweet ...........................June 2, 1927
Citrus fruits ........................... Oct. 28, 1927
Corn, green ............................ Jan. 20, 1927
Cucumbers, slicing ...... ............. .. April 25, 1927
Dewberries and Blackberries .............. Feb. 13, 1928
Eggplant ............................ April 14, 1925
Garlic ............... ... ........... Sept. 12, 1927
Grapes, American (Eastern Type) Bunch ... June 27, 1927
Grapes, Juice ................. ......... April 21, 1927
Grapes, Table ................. ......... April 21, 1927
Grapes, Sawdust-pack ................. . April 21, 1927
Honey .............................. December, 1927
Honey Dew and Honey Ball Melons........... June 2, 1927
Lettuce .................... ........... Dec. 1, 1926
Onions, Bermuda ....................... March 31, 1927
Onions, Creole ..........................May 6, 1926
Onions, Northern Grown ................... June 26, 1925
Peaches ...................................M ay 5, 1924
Peanuts, Farmers' Stock ...... ........... Sept. 30, 1925
Peanuts, Shelled White Spanish ............. July 26, 1925
Peanuts, Runner ........................ July 26, 1925
Pears .................................... July 28, 1925
Peas, fresh ................ .............May 6, 1926
Peppers, sweet ........................ Nov. 19, 1923
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
Check List of U. S. Standards for Fruits and Vegetables-
Continued Date of last issue
Pineapples ............................ March 31, 1924
Plums and Prunes .............. .. ...... July 8, 1926
Potatoes ............................. June 30, 1927
Potatoes, sweet ...............'........... May 12, 1926
Radishes, bunched ....................... Feb. 25, 1926
Shallots, bunched ........................March 3, 1927
Spinach ............................... Aug. 9, 1927
Strawberries .......... .................. April 7, 1926
Tomatoes, cannery ................. .... March 1, 1926
Tomatoes, fresh ........................ March 11, 1925
Turnips, bunched ......................... Aug. 9, 1927
Watermelons ........................... Aug. 12, 1925
STANDARDS OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
The Florida Farmer, March 16, 1928. Copied from the Revised General
Statutes of Florida (Vol. 1), 1920, Chapter 2372.
The following standards of weights and measures shall be
the standard weights and measures throughout the state of
Florida:
One standard liquid gallon shall contain 231 solid inches.
The weights and measures shall be as follows:
Pounds
Per Bushel Avoirdupois
Corn, shelled ........... 56
Corn, on cob with shuck.. 70
Sorghum Seed ......... 56
Barley Seed ........... 48
Oats .................. 32
Bran ................. 20
Corn Meal ............. 48
Beans, shelled ......... 60
Beans, Velvet, in hulls... 78
Beans, Castor, shelled... 48
Millet Seed ............ 50
Beggarweed Seed ...... 62
Irish Potatoes ......... 60
Sweet Potatoes ........ 56
Turnips ............... 54
Pounds
Per Bushel Avoirdupois
Onions ................ 56
Salt .................. 60
Peanuts ............... 22
Chufas ............... 54
Rye .................. 56
Apples, dried .......... 24
Apples, green .......... 48
Quinces ............... 48
Peaches, dried ......... 24
Peaches, green ......... 54
Cotton Seed ........... 32
Cotton Seed, Sea Island.. 44
Plum s ................ 40
Pears ................. 55
Guavas ............... 54
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
STANDARD OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Chapter 4975-(No. 91)
AN ACT to Establish a Standard of Weights and Measures
of the State of Florida.
Be it Enacted by the Legislature of the State of Florida:
Section 1. The following standard of weights and meas-
ures shall be the standard of weights and measures through-
out the State:
One standard bushel shall contain 2,150 2/5 solid inches.
One liquid gallon shall contain 231 solid inches. The
weights and measures shall be as follows:
Wheat, per bushel, 60 pounds avoirdupois.
Corn, shelled, per bushel, 56 pounds avoirdupois
Corn on cob with shuck, 70 pounds avoirdupois.
Sorghum seed, per bushel, 56 pounds avoirdupois.
Barley seed, per bushel, 48 pounds avoirdupois.
Oats, per bushel, 32 pounds avoirdupois.
Rice, rough, per bushel, 45 pounds avoirdupois.
Rice, clean, per bushel, 60 pounds avoirdupois.
Bran, per bushel, 20 pounds avoirdupois.
Corn meal, per bushel, 48 pounds avoirdupois.
Beans, shelled, per bushel, 60 pounds avoirdupois.
Beans, velvet, in hull, per bushel, 78 lbs. avoirdupois.
Beans, castor, shelled, per bushel, 48 lbs. avoirdupois.
Millet seed, per bushel, 50 pounds avoirdupois.
Beggarweed seed, per bushel, 62 pounds avoirdupois.
Irish potatoes, per bushel, 60 pounds avoirdupois.
Sweet potatoes, per bushel, 60 pounds avoirdupois.
Turnips, per bushel, 54 pounds avoirdupois.
Onions, per bushel, 56 pounds avoirdupois.
Salt, per bushel, 60 pounds avoirdupois.
Peanuts, per bushel, 22 pounds avoirdupois.
Chufas, per bushel, 54 pounds avoirdupois.
Rye, per bushel, 56 pounds avoirdupois.
Apples, dried, per bushel, 24 pounds avoirdupois.
Apples, green, per bushel, 48 pounds avoirdupois.
Quinces, per bushel, 48 pounds avoirdupois.
Peaches, dried, per bushel, 33 pounds avoirdupois.
Peaches, green, per bushel, 54 pounds avoirdupois.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
Cotton seed, per bushel, 32 pounds avoirdupois.
Cotton seed, Sea Island, per bushel, 46 lbs. avoirdupois.
Plums, per bushel, 40 pounds avoirdupois.
Pears, per bushel, 60 pounds avoirdupois.
Guavas, per bushel, 54 pounds avoirdupois.
Sec. 2. All contracts hereafter made within this State
for work to be done or anything to be sold or delivered by
weight or measure shall be taken and construed according
to the standard of weights and measures hereby adopted as
the standard of this State.
Sec. 3. All laws and parts of laws in conflict with this
Act are hereby repealed.
Approved May 30, 1901.
SCALE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES USED IN
MARKETING FARM CROPS
The following, from Section 8060 of the Consolidated
Statutes, is a scale of weights and measures used in the
marketing of agricultural products in North Carolina. This
is a corrected list and conforms to the latest regulations.
"Standard weights and measures, exception; penalty.
The standard weight of the following seeds and other articles
named shall be as stated in this section, viz.:
lbs.
Alfalfa, per bu. ........ 60
Apples, dried, per bu. . 24
Apple seed, per bu ...... 40
Barley, per bu .......... 48
Beans, castor, per bu.. . 46
Beans, dry, per bu. ...... 60
Beans, green in pod, bu.. 30
Beans, soy, per bu. ..... 60
Beef, net, per bbl. ..... 200
Beets, per bu. ......... 50
Blackberries, dried, bu.. 28
Blackberries, per bu.. . 48
Bran, per bu. .......... 20
Broomcorn, per bu. ..... 44
Buckwheat, per bu. ..... 50
Cabbage, per bu ....... 50
Canary seed, per bu. .... 60
Carrots, per bu ......... 50
Cement, per bu. ........
Charcoal, per bu. .......
Cherries, with stems, bu.
Cherries, without stems,
per bu. ..............
Clover seed, red and white,
per bu ...........
Clover, burr, per bu. ....
Clover, German, per bu..
Clover, Japan, Lespedeza,
in hull, per bu. .......
Coal, stone, per bu. .....
Coke, per bu. ..........
Corn in ear, shucked, bu.
Corn, shelled, per bu.....
Corn in ear, with shucks,
per bu ...............
Corn, Kaffir, per bu. .....
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
Scale of Weights and Measures Used in Marketing Farm
Crops-Continued
Corn, pop, per bu ....... 70
Cotton seed, per bu. .... 30
Cotton seed, Sea Island,
per bu. ............. 44
Cucumbers, per bu. ..... 48
Fish, per half bbl. ...... 100
Flax seed, per bu. ....... 56
Grapes, with stems, per bu. 48
Grapes, without stems, bu. 60
Gooseberries, per bu. ... 48
Grass seed, Bermuda, bu. 14
Grass seed, blue, per bu.. 14
Grass seed, Hungarian, bu. 48
Grass seed, Johnson, bu.. 25
Grass seed, Italian rye, bu. 20
Grass seed, orchard, bu.. 14
Grass seed, tall meadow
and fescue, per bu.... 24
Grass seed, all meadow and
fescue except tall, bu.. 14
Grass seed, perennial rye,
per bu ............... 14
Grass seed, timothy, bu.. 45
Grass seed, velvet, per bu. 7
Grass, redtop, per bu... 14
Hair, plaster, per bu.... 8
Hemp seed, per bu. ...... 44
Hominy, per bu. ....... 62
Horseradish, per bu. ... 50
Liquids, gals. per bbl.... 42
Land plaster, per bu..... 100
Lime, unslaked, per bu.. 80
Lime, slaked, per bu. .... 40
Meal, corn, bolted or un-
bolted, per bu. ....... 48
Melon, cantaloupe, per bu. 50
Millet, per bu. ......... 50
Mustard, per bu ....... 58
Nuts, chestnuts, per bu... 50
Nuts, hickory, without
hulls, per bu......... 50
Nuts, walnuts, without
hulls, per bu......... 50
Oats, seed, per bu ...... 32
Onions, button sets, bu... 32
Onions, top buttons, bu... 28
Onions, matured, per bu.. 57
Osage Orange seed, bu... 33
Peaches, matured, per bu. 50
Peaches, dried, per bu.. 25
Peanuts, per bu. ....... 22
Peach seed, per bu. ...... 50
Peanuts, Spanish, per bu. 30
Parsnips, per bu ........ 50
Pears, matured, per bu... 56
Pears, dried, per bu. .... 26
Peas, dry, per bu ........ 60
Peas, green, in hull, bu... 30
Pieplant, per bu. ....... 50
Plums, per bu ......... 64
Pork, net, per bbl. ...... 200
Potatoes, Irish, per bu.. 56
Potatoes, sweet, per bu... 56
Quinces, matured, per bu. 48
Raspberries, per bu. .... 48
Rice, rough, per bu.. . 44
Rye seed, per bu. ....... 56
Sage, per bu ........... 4
Salads, mustard, spinach,
turnips, kale, per bu.. 10
Salt, per bu. ........... 50
Sorghum, seed, per bu. .. 50
Sorghum, molasses, per bu. 12
Strawberries, per bu. ... 48
Sunflower seed, per bu.. 24
Teosinte, per bu......... 59
Tomatoes, per bu. ...... 56
Turnips, per bu ......... 50
Wheat, per bu .......... 60
"But this section shall not be construed to prevent the
purchase and sale by measure.
"If any person shall take any greater weightthanis speci-
fled for any of the items named herein, he shall forfeit and
pay the sum of twenty dollars for each separate case to any
person who may sue for same."
8 FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
CITRUS PRODUCTION COSTS AND PROFITS
Citrus Reference Book
That "short" crops bring growers greater profits than do
"bumper" or even "normal" crops is definitely proved by a
comparison of Florida citrus statistics for the seasons 1926-
27 and 1927-28 compiled by Commissioner L. M. Rhodes of
the Florida State Marketing Bureau, at Jacksonville.
In the season 1926-27, with commercial shipments total-
ing 16,588,800 boxes, Florida orange and grapefruit growers
received a net profit of $10,721,124, or an average of 644
cents per box, after all marketing, packing and production
costs had been deducted from the total sale price of the fruit.
In the season 1927-28, with commercial shipments total-
ing 13,635,360 boxes, Florida orange and grapefruit growers
received a net profit of $25,151,097, or an average of $1.84
per box, after all marketing, packing and production costs
had been deducted from the total sale price of the fruit.
In the following tabulation of Mr. Rhodes' statistics it
will be found that he gives the same cost of production for
oranges, grapefruit and tangerines for the seasons of 1926-
27 and 1927-28. The accuracy of this estimate is question-
able, for production costs necessarily vary from season to
season in accordance with the average production of fruit
per acre.
In studying these statistics, it should be remembered that
the figures given are averages for the entire crop.
Season Season
1926-27 1927-28
Oranges shipped, boxes ................ 9,090,000 6,700,680
Grapefruit shipped, boxes ................ 6,958,800 6,532,920
Tangerines shipped, boxes .............. 540,000 401,760
Total shipments, boxes ................... 16,588,800 13,635,360
Average price received per box, f.o.b. ship-
ping point:
Oranges ............................... $2.75 $4.16
Grapefruit .............................. 2.30 3.28
Tangerines ............................. 3.49 5.28
General Average, per box ................ 2.581/ 3.77%
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA 9
Total value of crop, estimated on f.o.b. ship-
ping point sales:
Oranges ..............................$24,997,500 $27,874,828
Grapefruit ............................. 16,005,240 21,427,977
Tangerines ............................. 1,884,600 2,121,292
Total value all shipments ................ $42,887,340 $51,424,097
Costs of production, picking, packing, sell-
ing, etc.:
Cost of production on trees ............... $10,600,776 $ 8,547,033
(Costs per box, oranges 72c, grapefruit 52c,
tangerines 81c)
Picking, hauling, all packing house charges,
selling, advertising, etc., at $1.30 per box. 21,565,440 17,725,968
Total costs of production ................ $32,166,216 $26,273,001
Total profit realized by growers after pro-
duction, packing, selling cost, etc., are
deducted from f.o.b. sales prices ...... $10,721,124 $25,151,097
Average profit per box realized by growers
on all classes of fruit sold ..............$ .6412 $ 1.84
Transportation charges collected by Florida
railroads for transportation in this state.$ 3,981,312 $ 3,266,908
Value of fruit moved by truck to southern
states and fruit consumed by Florida
people ............................... $ 650,000 $ 950,000
Value of fruit canned in Florida........... ........ $ 600,000
Total revenue realized by Florida from its
citrus fruit crops ................... $47,876,152 $56,241,008
PRODUCTION OF ORANGES.
Farm
Boxes Price Farm Value
1925 ...................... 34,896,000* .
1924 ...................... 35,400,000 $1.82 $64,290,000
1923 ...................... 36,500,000 1.78 64,940,000
1922 ...................... 30,200,000 2.10 63,310,000
1919-23 Average ........... 27,846,000 2.25 60,872,000
State Data for 1925.
California ................. 20,400,000 $3.30 $67,320,000
Florida .................... 14,100,000* . .....
Others .................... 396,000 ... .....
Total ................. 34,896,000
PRODUCTION OF LEMONS.
California, 1925 ............. 6,000,000 $3.00 $18,000,000
California, 1924 ............. 5,125,000 2.40 12,300,000
PRODUCTION OF GRAPEFRUIT.
Florida, 1925 ....... 8,200,000 California, 1925 ...... 400,000
Florida, 1924 ......... 10,500,000 California, 1924 ...... 387,000
*Preliminary, will be revised later.
10 FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
FACTS AND FIGURES ON FLORIDA CITRUS
According to the latest report of the State Plant Board,
Florida has 22,026,714 citrus trees. Of these, 17,685,000 are
in bearing and 4,341,714 are as yet non-bearing. The num-
ber of bearing and non-bearing trees of oranges, grapefruit,
tangerines, satsumas and other varieties of citrus is as fol-
lows:
Bearing
Trees
Orange ............................. 10,846,932
Grapefruit .......................... 5,189,679
Tangerine ........................... 1,149,490
Satsuma ............................ 235,503
Other Citrus ........................ 263,396
Total .......................... 17,685,000
Non-bearing
Trees
2,813,529
402,508
527,552
293,320
304,805
4,341,714
The following table shows the leading orange producing
counties of the state, each of these counties having one-third
of a million, or more, orange trees:
P olk ................
Orange ...............
Lake .................
Hillsborough ..........
V olusia ...............
Brevard ..............
3,445,242
1,704,006
1,102,255
837,613
670,701
635,533
Highlands ............ 542,096
Marion ............... 478,018
Pinellas .............. 455,601
Hardee ............... 436,363
DeSoto ............. 366,754
Total .............. 10,674,182
The following table shows the principal grapefruit pro-
ducing counties of Florida, each of these counties having
one-fourth of a million, or more, grapefruit trees:
P olk .................
D ade .................
Pinellas ..............
L ake .................
1,735,320
447,346
395,317
332,127
Highlands ............
M anatee ............
Indian River .........
T otal ..............
The leading tangerine counties of the state are shown by
the following table, each of these counties having fifty thou-
sand, or more, trees:
Polk ................. 255,997 Seminole ............. 64,289
Orange ............... 234,045 Pinellas .............. 60,315
Volusia .............. 188,206 St. Lucie ............. 56,174
Lake ............... 152,504 DeSoto ............... 53,769
Hillsborough ......... 96,843 Putnam .............. 52,155
Hardee ............. 77,558
Highlands ............ 68,343 Total ............ .1,360,198
295,991
278,908
275,634
3,760,643
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
How to Determine Citrus Fruit Sizes
Since prices realized for oranges and grapefruit are being
determined more and more by their size, Florida growers
are showing greater interest in the size of their fruit. The
following table gives the diameter for different sizes of or-
anges and grapefruit:
ORANGES GRAPEFRUIT
Number Diameter Number Diameter
in box of fruit in box of fruit
96 31/2" 28 54"
112 314" 36 5 "
126 3%" 46 4%"
150 3V" 54 4%"
176 2 1" 64 41/4"
200 21i" 72 4Y1"
216 21i" 80 4
226 21%" 96 3%"
Trees Per Acre Under Citrus Planting Systems
Citrus groves are usually planted in one of three forma-
tions-the triangular, rectangler or hexagonal.
In the triangular system, the land is laid off in squares
or rectangles. Two trees are planted in two corners of each
rectangle, and the third in the center of the opposite side of
the rectangle. If the rows are laid off 30x30 feet, the trees,
under this system, will be 30 feet apart in one direction
through the grove, and about 331/2 feet apart in the other
direction.
The rectangular system, which is most generally used in
Florida, provides for setting the trees in squares or oblings.
Under this system, the rows of trees intersect each other at
right angles, and cultivation may be either crosswise or
lengthwise of the grove.
The hexagonal system of planting is similar to the trian-
gular system of planting, excepting that under this system
each tree is equally distant from each adjoining tree. This
system of planting allows about 15 per cent more trees to
the acre than does the rectangular system. The following
table gives the number of trees per acre under the different
planting systems:
12 FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
Tri- Rec- Hex-
Distance angular tangular agonal
apart planting planting planting
10x10 ft. 386 436 501
12x12 ft. 275 303 348
15x10 ft. 164 290
15x15 ft. 175 193 217
20x15 ft. 132 145
18x18 ft. 122 134 142
20x20 ft. 98 108 124
25x20 ft. 79 87
25x25 ft. 64 70 81
30x30 ft. 44 48 55
35x35 ft. 33 36 41
Where the Citrus Grower's Money Goes
When the consumer in the North pays $7.00 for a box of
Florida citrus fruit, the grower should receive a net profit
of $1.67. At least, that is the way it figures out on paper.
The following table, showing the distribution of the money
paid by the consumer for Florida fruit, was compiled by the
Florida Citrus Exchange, and is based on a consumer pur-
chase price of $7.00. When fruit sells for less than $7.00 a
box to the consumer, the grower's net return is proportion-
ately less.
Distribution of $7.00 Paid by Freight, etc. ............ 1.15
Consumer Sales Costs ............. .131/2
Grower's Net ........... $1.67 Advertising ............ .06
Production Cost ......... .77%/ Wholesaler's Profit ...... .46
Picking ................. .06% Retailer's Profit ......... 1.89
Hauling ................ .07/2
Packing ................ .72 Total ................ $7.00
Estimates on the cost of such items as production, haul-
ing, packing, freight, etc., are, of course, general averages
for the entire state, and will vary in the different citrus
localities depending upon their local conditions.
State Agencies Which Serve Florida Citrus Growers
Research work on Florida citrus production problems is
conducted by the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station,
at Gainesville, by its Citrus Branch, at Lake Alfred, and by
the United States Department of Agriculture at a Citrus
Disease Laboratory, at Orlando.
Headquarters for the Florida Citrus Market News Serv-
ice of the United States Department of Agriculture are with
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
the Florida Citrus Growers Clearing House Association, at
Winter Haven. Additional citrus market news service is
furnished by the Florida State Marketing Bureau, at Jack-
sonville.
Enforcement of the state's green fruit law is in charge
of the Florida State Department of Agriculture, at Talla-
hassee, though enforcement headquarters during the ship-
ping season are located at Winter Haven.
Headquarters for the State Plant Board, which has
charge of the state's plant quarantine and nursery inspec-
tion work, are at Gainesville.
State Bulletins on Control of Florida Citrus Insects
Bulletins on the control of Florida citrus insects and dis-
eases will be sent free of charge by the Florida Agricultural
Experiment Station, at Gainesville, to those growers who
write for them.
The most valuable bulletin issued by this state agency
is No. 183, "Citrus Insects and Their Control," written by
Prof. J. R. Watson and Dr. E. W. Berger.
"Controlling the Citrus Aphis" is the title of a bulletin
written by Prof. J. R. Watson and A. H. Beyer. In writing
for it, request bulletin No. 174.
FLORIDA CARLOT SHIPMENTS BY WEEKS AND PERCENTAGE
Oranges
a a dl a a rt a
Sept. 2-8 ...........1 1
Sept. 9-15 ..........1 1
Sept. 16-23 .........
Sept. 23-29 ......... 4 9 1 1 19 34 6 H
Sept. 30-Oct. 6...... 45 .1 60 .4 10 8 1 99 .3 223 .1 37 pj
Oct. 7-13 ........... 154 .4 120 .7 95 .4 62 .3 12 205 .6 648 .4 108 O
Oct. 14-20 .......... 193 .5 206 1.3 214 .9 113 .5 49 .1 336 1. 1111 .7 185
Oct. 21-27 .......... 136 .4 369 2.2 197 .8 263 1.3 227 1.1 282 .8 1524 1. 254 C
Oct. 28-Nov. 3....... 682 2.1 314 1.9 225 .9 381 1.9 805 3.2 398 1.2 2805 1.8 468
Nov. 4-10 .......... 1119 3.4 491 3. 375 1.6 471 2.4 1145 4.5 780 2.3 4381 3. 730
Nov. 11-17 ......... 1016 3.1 771 4.7 926 4.1 781 3.9 1125 4.5 1671 5. 6290 4.2 1047
Nov. 18-24 ......... 751 2.3 935 5.7 1135 5. 1065 5.4 1057 4.2 2221 6.7 7164 4.8 1194 I
Nov. 25-Dec. 1....... 612 1.8 1080 1.8 1383 6.1 1147 5.8 1736 5.8 1489 4.5 7447 4.9 1241 m
Dec. 2-8 ............ 1154 3.5 1162 7.1 1753 7.7 1164 5.9 1885 7.5 1717 5.2 8835 6. 1473 t
Dec. 9-15 ........... 1969 6. 1396 8.5 1421 6.3 1300 6.6 1457 5.8 1993 6. 9536 6.3 1589
Dec. 16-22 .......... 903 2.7 575 3.5 577 2.5 469 2.3 405 1.6 536 1.6 3465 2.3 578
Dec. 23-29 .......... 506 1.5 477 2.9 646 2.8 458 2.3 1062 4.2 478 1.4 3627 2.4 605
Dec. 30-Jan. 5....... 1312 4. 1029 6.3 1222 5.4 724 3.6 1597 6.3 1323 4. 7207 4.8 1201
Jan. 6-12 ........... 1133 3.5 1054 6.4 998 4.4 731 3.6 1231 4.9 946 2.8 6093 4. 1016
Jan. 13-19 .......... 1134 3.5 378 2.2 688 3. 771" 3.9 1197 4.7 651 1.9 4819 3.2 803
Jan. 20-26 .......... 1119 3.5 510 3. 599 2.6 666 3.3 487 1.9 833 2.5 4214 2.8 702
Jan. 27-Feb. 2....... 1086 3.3 624 3.8 1087 4.8 662 3.3 1022 4. 1094 3.3 5575 3.7 929
Feb. 3-9 ........... 1092 3.3 489 3. 1018 4.5 734 3.7 1166 4.6 1214 3.6 5713 3.8 952
Feb. 10-16 ......... 1196 3.6 372 2.2 834 3.7 746 3.7 1074 4.2 1260 3.8 5482 3.6 914
FLORIDA CARLOT SHIPMENTS BY WEEKS AND PERCENTAGE-Continued
Oranges
WEEK
C-
Feb. 17-23 ......... 1226
Feb. 24-March 1..... 954
March 2-8 .......... 1002
March 9-15 ......... 1064
March 16-22 ....... 1040
March 23-29 ......... 1082
March 30-April 5.... 1001
April 6-12 .......... 899
April 13-19 ......... 684
April 20-26 ......... 1247
April 27-May 3...... 1046
May 4-10 ........... 789
May 11-17 .......... 820
May 18-24 .......... 807
May 25-31 ......... 678
June 1-7 ........... 354
June 8-14 .......... 356
June 15-21 .........
June 22-28 .........
June 29-July 5......
Total .......... 32365
2.6
3.
3.
2.2
2.2
2.2
1.9
1.6
1.4
1.4
.9
.7
.6
.4
.2
1034
769
712
589
489
553
613
598
455
322
272
207
172
141
79
53
29
21
12
7
l a
793 4.
764 3.8
757 3.8
602 3.
558 2.8
491 2.5
559 2.8
697 3.5
640 3.2
414 2.1
192 .9
168 .8
119 .6
62 .3
45 .2
27 .1
16
3
1
a a
a a
958 3. 1026 3.1
747 2.9 940 2.9
646 2.5 1294 3.9
559 2.2 1249 3.8
545 2.2 1061 3.2
571 2.2 1249 3.8
462 1.8 1150 3.5
369 1.4 1065 3.2
295 1.1 893 2.7
235 .9 956 2.9
254 1. 679 2.
243 .9 540 1.6
156 .6 484 1.4
126 .5 351 1.
75 .2 273 .8
39 .1 213 .6
18 159 .4
2 74 .2
19
16437 22531 19625 25090
a
5470 3.6
4659 3.1
4910 3.2
4439 3.
4054 2.7
4319 2.8
4091 2.7
3893 2.6
3197 2.1
3395 2.2
2593 1.8
2073 1.3
1843 1.2
1537 1.
1197 .7
693 .4
582 .3
105
34
7
33220 149268
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
The preceding table showing the carlot shipment of
oranges from Florida by weeks and the percentage of the
year's total movement for each week during the past six
seasons, has an important bearing upon possible govern-
mental regulations.
As the figures showing average shipments from Dec.
2 to March 29 inclusive indicate, the total movement for
this period (for the shipment of mid-season oranges)
would be 15,402 cars. From March 30 to July 5 inclusive,
the total movement of late oranges is 4,226 cars or
more than 25% of the movement during the peak period.
Should this average figure of 4,226 cars be thrown into the
mid-season period, the marketing of both mid-season and
late varieties would instantly become a problem of tremen-
dous difficulty.
Because of the period of maturity it is manifestly out of
the question to lighten the mid-season period by moving
mid-season oranges during the normal shipment time for
early varieties. Hence the question of shortening the crop
season assumes considerable importance and is a problem
that may work much hardship upon the citrus industry.
BEARING AND NON-BEARING CITRUS TREES AND CITRUS ACREAGE IN ZONES 1 AND
1 AND 2 (COMBINED) AS OF JULY 31, 1929
Compiled By Clearing House From Figures Furnished By State Plant Board of Florida
Est. No. of
Bearing Trees
In Zones 1
Alachua............... None
Bradford.............. None
Brevard.............. 598,000
Citrus ................. None
Clay ................... None
Duval .................. 800
Flagler. ............... 1,800
Hernando .............. 20,000
Hillsborough........... 170,000
Lake .................. 438,200
Levy .................. 400
Marion ................ 35,000
Orange ............... 1,474,700
Osceola................. 47,200
Pasco ................. 13,600
Pinellas. ......... ..... 300,000
Polk. .................. 614,700
Putnam. ................ 150,000
St. Johns. ............. 14,000
Seminole................ 235,800
Sumter. ............... 1,800
Volusia................. 483,700
Total.............. 4,599,700
(26% of
Bearing Trees
in State)
Citrus Acreage
In Zones 1
1
None
11,417
None
None
Est. No. of Non-
Bearing Trees
In Zoaes i
50
None
132,700
None
None
70
1,200
4,000
115,000
119,400
1,300
17,500
504,200
17,200
4,800
50,000
65,400
40,000
1,800
131,076
800
179,300
1,385,796
(32% of State's
Non-bearing
Trees)
Total Bearing and Non-bearing Citrus Trees in Total Bearing and Non-bearing Citrus Trees in
Zones 1................................ 5,985,496 Zones 1 and 2 (combined) ............... 14,676,003
No. of Bearing Trees in Zones 1 and 2........ 11,667,559 Citrus Acreage in Zones 1 and 2.............. 227,091
No. of Bearing Trees in Zones 1............ 1,385,796 Citrus Acreage in Zones 1................... 91,698
No. of Bearing Trees in Zones 2 ............ 10,281,763 Citrus Acreage in Zones 2 .................. 135.393
Est. No. of Est. No. of Non-
Bearing Trees bearing Trees in Citrus Acreage
In Zones 1 and 2 Zones 1 and 2 In Zones 1 and 2
Combined Combined Combined
50,000 30,000 125
500 100 9
703,429 156,165 13,431
1,000 600 25
1,900 600 39
7,700 4,300 188
17,922 11,730 464
70,000 44,000 1,781
786,000 542,490 20,757
1,251,890 341,188 24,892
1,900 1,100 47
356,300 168,900 8,204
1,638,487 560,275 34,356
179,400 67,600 3,859
217,000 77,400 4,600
814,664 98,550 14,268
4,179,846 444,954 72,263
291,663 79,941 5,853
36,106 3,396 617
314,398 94,770 6,393
53,400 24,400 122
691,054 256,019 14,798
11,667,559 3,008,474 227,091
(66% of Bear- (69% of State's (66% of State's
ing Trees Non-bearing Total Citrus
in State) Trees) Acreage)
13
47
376
4,453
8,713
27
820
30,920
1,006
287
5,468
10,627
2,968
246
4,795
41
9,473
91,698
(27% of
State's Total
Citrus Acreage)
BEARING CITRUS TREES IN FLORIDA BY VARIETIES AND COUNTIES
Lemon and
COUNTIES Orange Grapefruit Tangerine Lime R. Lemon Satsuma Total oo
Trees Trees Trees Trees Trees Trees Trees
Alachua .......... 75,358 4,551 4,402 76 65 3,357 87,809
Baker ............ 164 60 15 1,756 1,995
Bay .............. 5,188 1,274 72 10 40 38,064 44,648
Bradford .......... 1,523 34 4 1,011 2,572
Brevard ........... 510,888 160,480 28,154 1,244 2,218 702,984
Broward .......... 16,877 17,396 443 1,166 1,287 37,169
Calhoun ........... 94 10 23 13 1,363 1,053 r
Charlotte ......... 33,182 15,222 3,533 100 317 52,354
Citrus ............ 18,631 1,707 142 7 38 20,525
Clay ............... 4,753 278 59 3 1,007 6,100
Collier ............. 12,735 13,106 235 155 175 26,406
Columbia ......... 774 36 9 3 234 1,056 d
Dade ............. 157,336 443,029 18,460 6,181 7,118 632,124 CQ
DeSoto ........... 304,568 106,054 36,111 139 714 447,586
Dixie ............. 1,158 33 13 23 8 1,235
Duval ............ 13,371 827 249 8 33 997 15,485
Escambia ......... 341 329 47 11 22 52,005 52,755 t
Flagler ........... 9,364 3,043 5,504 11 17,922 O
Franklin .......... 162 8 2 8 180 d
Gadsden .......... 90 15 250 355 M
Gilchrist .......... 1,131 60 19 13 24 1,147 0
Glades ............ 2,751 3,027 110 299 421 6,608 "
Gulf .............. 1,358 46 16 3 5 575 2,003
Hamilton ........ 48 2 1 9 60
Hardee ........... 353,681 63,639 47,507 294 920 466,041
Hendry ........... 30,637 15,508 1,251 55 450 47,901
Hernando ......... 44,805 21,695 16,123 15 35 82,673
Highlands ......... 482,070 257,617 49,120 1,622 2,092 5 742,526
Hillsborough ...... 593,977 174,784 55,749 248 1,704 317 826,779
Holmes ........... 6 4 285 295
Indian River ....... 174,064 250,101 17,406 1,834 1,256 444,661
Jackson ........... 561 176 24 2 72,919 73,682
Jefferson .......... 69 78 4 1,656 1,807
Lafayette ......... 57 1 1 2 61
BEARING CITRUS TREES IN FLORIDA BY VARIETIES AND COUNTIES-Continued
COUNTIES
Lake .............
L ee ...............
Leon .............
Levy .............
Liberty ...........
Madison ..........
Manatee ..........
Marion ...........
M artin ............
Monroe ...........
Nassau ...........
Okaloosa ..........
Okeechobee .......
Orange ...........
Osceola ...........
Palm Beach .......
Pasco .............
Pinellas ...........
Polk ..............
Putnam ...........
St. Johns .........
St. Lucie ..........
Santa Rosa ........
Sarasota ..........
Seminole ..........
Sumter ..........
Suwannee .........
Taylor ............
Union ............
Volusia ...........
W akulla ..........
W alton ...........
Washington .......
Total .........
Orange
Trees
860,125
203,277
206
4,363
173
109
198,382
317,947
32,340
4,774
260
9
15,605
1,242,290
128,297
46,956
183,756
392,540
3,062,835
227,018
30,419
188,382
97
90,811
236,976
75,836
490
341
607
499,253
42
525
219
Grapefruit
Trees
282,591
229,118
184
127
7
266,265
43,879
44,896
8,902
7
4,898
223,345
37,419
41,884
64,764
374,658
1,628,992
28,732
3,205
157,604
16
73,969
33,602
9,176
38
4
21
76,853
20
200
43
Tangerine
Trees
104,145
9,542
79
112
2
1
5,455
32,462
4,352
2,481
2
752
165,179
19,882
2,456
14,594
45,797
223,710
35,910
1,342
37,583
6
2,375
42,499
3,299
24
8
110,629
3
2
Lime
Trees
1,045
1,102
60
7
541
239
4,380
155,451
544
680
462
4,109
438
287
716
56
10
5,363
1,005
492
139
256
10,846,932 5,189,679 1,149,490 190,849
Lemon and
R. Lemon
Trees
1,528
952
12
36
8
1,499
268
899
8,449
3
2
872
4,702
2,409
4,998
437
902
801
435
230
1,867
3
159
400
437
1
3
2
1,592
96
3
Satsuma
Trees
1,849
734
71
26
676
4,662
256
1
210
6
15
2,268
703
17,201
116
34
414
37
203
634
750
21,157
7,656
52,992 235,503
Total
Trees
1,251,283
443,991
1,275
4,716
183
143
472,142
395,471
86,867
180,057
272
4,673
22,671
1,636,452
188,471
100,403
264,199
814,190
4,917,069
294,419
35,909
390,789
17,353
168,319
314,085
88,921
967
385
841
689,217
812
21,981
7,903
17,665,445
20 FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
IMPORTANT HORTICULTURAL CROPS
Acreage, Value and Principal Producing Areas for Important Florida Horticul-
tural Crops for 1927 and 1928
Crops
Oranges .......
Grapefruit .....
Tomatoes ......
Celery ........
Potatoes, white.
Beans, snap ....
Watermelons ..
Potatoes, sweet
Peppers .......
Cucumbers ....
Strawberries ..
Cabbage .......
Lettuce .......
Eggplant .....
Pecans .......
Peas, green....
Peaches .......
Cantaloupes ...
Pears .........
Pineapples ....
Acres Harvested
Value
1927 1928 1927
$28,400,000
20,150,000
29,800 29,250 7,284,000
4,240 5,350 3,969,000
29,000 31,000 5,633,000
19,690 28,810 3,829,000
29,420 37,840 2,524,000
29,000 28,000 2,268,000
2,700 6,410 1,292,000
7,720 9,420 2,001,000
3,680 3,640 2,001,000
3,010 2,900 459,000
1,840 1,850 476,000
630 1,550 255,000
200,000
700 980 119,000
121,000
420 920 76,000
51,000
25,000
$23,650,000
17,850,000
10,933,000
6,237,000
5,812,000
3,298,000
3,111,000
2,834,000
2,378,000
1,872,000
1,784,000
591,000
506,000
339,000
329,000
135,000
151,000
74,000
49,000
15,000
Area Grown
Cen. & SW
Cen. & SW
SE & SW
Cen. & SW
NE
SE, SW & Cen.
NE & NW
NE & NW
SE, SW & Cen. & NE
SE, SW & Cen. & NE
Cen. & NE
Cen. & NE
Cen. & SW
Cen. & NE
NE & NW
Cen.
NW
Cen. & SW
NW & NE
SE
Florida's citrus production, from 1886-87 to the present
by seasons, has been as follows:
Season
1886-87
1887-88
1888-89
1889-90
1890-91
1891-92
1892-93
1893-94
1894-95
1895-96
1896-97
1897-98
1898-99
1899-00
1900-01
Boxes
1,260,000
1,450,000
1,950,000
2,150,000
2,450,000
2,713,180
3,450,000
5,055,367
2,808,187
147,000
218,379
358,966
252,000
274,000
352,600
Season
1901-02
1902-03
1903-04
1904-05
1905-06
1906-07
1907-08
1908-09
1909-10
1910-11
1911-12
1912-13
1913-14
1914-15
Boxes
974,036
1,465,306
1,954,954
2,961,192
3,794,133
3,801,101
3,250,000
4,634,000
6,100,000
4,600,000
4,750,000
8,125,000
7,651,514
9,700,000
Season
1915-16
1916-17
1917-18
1918-19
1919-20
1920-21
1921-22
1922-23
1923-24
1924-25
1925-26
1926-27
1927-28
1928-29
Boxes
8,370,000
7,649,049
5,581,309
8,407,680
12,495,925
12,109,320
11,883,280
16,886,701
19,200,000
19,200,000
14,700,000
16,588,800
13,635,360
23,239,645
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
CITRUS BROUGHT STATE FIFTY MILLIONS
GROWERS' PROFIT WAS ABOUT FIVE MILLION
By Jack Marshall
Florida Grower for September, 1929
For the 23,239,645 boxes of oranges, grapefruit and tan-
gerines marketed in commercial carlot shipments during the
1928-29 season, Florida citrus growers received $19,986.-
238.25, after picking, packing, selling and transportation
charges had been deducted, according to statistics just com-
piled by State Marketing Commissioner L. M. Rhodes.
Of this amount, it is estimated by Mr. Rhodes that $14,-
947,526.65 was required to cover the cost of producing the
fruit, though this production cost estimate does not include
depreciation, interest or taxes. This would leave the grow-
ers of the state a net return, except for their interest and
depreciation charges and taxes, of about $5,038,711.65.
In the season of 1927-28, Mr. Rhodes estimated that
Florida fruit growers received $25,151,097 for commercial
shipments totaling 13,635,360 boxes, after all production,
packing and marketing charges had been paid. Hence it
would appear that the net profit of the growers on this past
season's crop, which was almost twice as large as that of
the previous season, was about one-fifth of that obtained on
the 1927-28 crop.
While commercial carlot shipments for the 1928-29 sea-
son totaled 23,239,645 boxes, there were an additional 1,527,-
320 boxes of fruit used by canneries, and about 1,500,000
boxes of fruit moved from the state by truck, which would
make the total marketed crop 26,266,965 boxes. Mr. Rhodes
believes that including fruit destroyed in storms last sum-
mer, and that destroyed by the government to prevent the
spread of the Mediterranean fruit fly, that the total state
crop was more than 30,000,000 boxes.
Last season's crop was the largest in the history of the
state's citrus industry, exceeding that of 1923-24, the pre-
vious bumper crop year, by almost three million boxes. The
quantity of fruit consumed by grapefruit canning factories
and shipped out of the state by truck and to foreign markets
by boat also was larger last year than in any previous season.
In studying the statistics compiled by Mr. Rhodes on the
1928-29 crop, it should be remembered that the figures given
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
are averages for the entire crop, and include the best and
poorest fruit produced that season. Mr. Rhodes' report
follows:
STATISTICS ON CITRUS CROP FOR 1928-29 SEASON
Oranges shipped .............. 35,596 carloads 12,992,540 boxes
Grapefruit shipped ........... 25,579 carloads 9,335,335 boxes
Tangerines shipped ........... 2,498 carloads 911,770 boxes;
Total shipments .............. 63,763 carloads 23,239,645 boxes
Average prices, f. o. b. shipping point:
Oranges ......................... $2.12 per box $27,544,184.80
Grapefruit ...................... 2.02 per box 18,847,476.70
Tangerines ...................... 2.90 per box 2,644,133.00
Total value of fruit shipped. ........................ $49,035,794.50
General average price per box, $2.54.
Costs of production, picking, packing, selling, etc.:
Cost of production of total crop shipped ............... $14,947,526.60
(Cost per box on the tree, oranges, 72c; grapefruit, 52c;
tangerines, 81c; not including interest, depreciation,
taxes.)
Picking, hauling, all packing house, clearing house, adver-
tising and selling charges, etc., @ $1.25 per box...... 29,049,556.25
Total cost of production, preparation for market and sell-
ing (average $1.81 per box) .......................$43,997,082.85
Balance to producers after production, preparation for
market and selling charges were paid............... 5,038,711.65
Transportation charges inside state ................... 5,809,011.25
1,527,320 boxes of fruit used by canneries, approximate
value ............................... ............ 535,562.00
1,500,000 boxes of fruit (estimated) moved by truck, ap-
proximate value ................................ 750,000.00
Total gross revenue to state. ....................... $56,131,267.75
Total value of all fruit shipped, canned and moved by
truck ............................. ........... 50,321,656.50
Fifteen Million Box Crop Predicted
While the government and the shipping agencies will not
complete their estimates on the state's 1929-30 citrus crop
for another month, it is generally believed at this time that
the new crop will total about 15,000,000 boxes. Some citrus
men believe that it may even total 16,000,000 or 17,000,000
boxes.
The quality of the new fruit crop is reported to be excep-
tionally good. The state as a whole has thus far escaped
storm damage, such as that which lowered the quality of
last year's fruit. With good weather conditions, growers
expect to market an unusually good quality crop, and with
a reduced volume, receive profitable prices for it.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
COSTS FOR TWO POLK COUNTY GROVES
Florida Grower for September, 1929
Cost records for two blocks in a large citrus grove in the
Ridge section of Polk county, covering a one-year period,
are given in the following tables. They illustrate in part the
cost accounting system for citrus growers suggested by
Mr. Mason in the accompanying article:
Maintenance Cost-Block 1
Period August 31, 1927, to August 31, 1928.
Years 8-31-28. 50% Oranges-50%
Number
Times Per-
Operation formed
Fertilizing ....................... 3
Oil Spray ....................... 2
Lime Sulphur Spray and Dust..... 2
Discing ......................... 31/2
H oeing .......................... 1
Plowing-Tree Rows 1 Way....... 1
Acme Harrow ................... 1
Special Tree Care ................
Maintenance Cost-Block
Period August 31, 1927, to August 31, 1928.
Years 8-31-28. 50% Oranges-50%
Number
Times Per-
Operation formed
Fertilizing ......................
Oil Spray .......................
Lime Sulphur Spray and Dust .....
D iscing .........................
H oeing ..........................
Plowing-One Way ..............
Acme Harrow ...................
Special Care .....................
Cost Per Acre Through Year
September .............
October ................ $ 5.145
November .............. 12.89
December .............. 4.06
January ............... 3.12
February .............. .91
M arch ................. 8.95
A pril .................. 3.59
M ay ................... 2.18
June .................. 11.86
July ..................
August ................ 4.91
Total ................. $57.615
143.2 Acres, Age 8'2
Grapefruit.
Cost
Per Total
Acre Cost
$31.423 $4,499.77
9.32 1,334.62
6.714 961.44
3.152 451.37
3.25 465.40
1.72 246.30
.672 96.23
1.364 195.32
$57.615 $8,250.45
8
67 Acres, Age 71-
Grapefruit.
Cost
Per Total
Acre Cost
$34.23 $2,293.41
5.44 364.48
9.10 609.70
3.346 224.18
3.59 240.53
2.18 146.06
1.166 78.12
.501 33.57
$59.553 $3,990.05
Cost Per Acre Through Year
September ............. $ 6.50
October ................
November .............. 11.503
December .............. 3.39
January ............... 3.12
February .............. .97
M arch ................. 11.05
A pril .................. 2.02
May ................... 2.90
June ................... 15.28
July ...................
August ................ 2.82
Total .... ............ $59.553
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
COST RECORDS FOR CITRUS GROWERS
Importance of Expense Accounting System
By E. C. Mason
Florida Grower for September, 1929
With the rapid increase in production of citrus fruits,
both in California and Florida, and a consequent declining
price level, it becomes imperative that the producers of
citrus fruit add to their purely horticultural activities the
adjuncts which modern business organization has found to
be invaluable in increasing efficiency.
Among these adjuncts, such as personnel management,
proper financial structure, traffic management, scientific pro-
duction and cost finding, the latter seems of utmost impor-
tance. It is certainly as essential for a grower of citrus
fruits to know the cost of production of a box of fruit as it
is for the manufacturer of paper boxes to know his cost.
It would further seem that with the lowered price level
which is inevitable with increased production, it is equally
essential that the producer of citrus fruit know not only the
cost of production of a unit but also be intimately acquainted
with the cost of each operation or process which contributes
to the finished product, that is, the box of fruit produced.
In fact, this last knowledge is probably the more essential.
To know the total cost of production on an acre of citrus
grove or a box of citrus fruit is valuable knowledge and
determines whether or not the operation for the year has
been a success. But to know the cost of each successive
operation entering into this cost is of far more value since
the more refined the knowledge obtained the more apt the
producer is to obtain such control over his operations as is
necessary to make any changes or modifications in his pro-
cedure which will lower his costs without impairing his pro-
duction.
Further, a serious study of the cost of each process will
result in the most economical arrangement of equipment
from the standpoint of the individual whose costs are being
studied. An intelligent use of process costs should enable
the producer to carry the lowest investment in equipment
consistent with economical production. A study of process
costs will often solve many of the problems arising from the
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
seasonal nature of citrus production. For example, the rela-
tive expense of operation by animal power or mechanical
power within their respective limitations, can be readily
seen. The burden created by idle time of both labor and
equipment can be studied, particularly with relation to sea-
sonal operations.
It is not the purpose of this paper to in any way be a
text for the construction of a cost accounting system. The
difference in the scale of operations of the individuals and
corporations engaged in the industry would make it impos-
sible to establish any general set-up for a uniform classifi-
cation of accounts. For any operator, whether large or
small, there is always the danger that the cost of ascertain-
ing the costs will in itself be excessive. The simplest method
of cost finding would be an accurate record of all elements
of cost pertaining to a certain area with the proviso that it
be certain that all cost elements are recognized. Accounts
must be carefully kept and all expense of a period definitely
allocated to that period. Too often in the record of costs
important items are omitted. Depreciation of equipment
must be recognized. Rates of depreciation are apt to be too
low rather than too high. Often the operator who devotes
his entire time to production may fail to consider his time
as an expense of production. Bills for work or materials
pertaining to the season under consideration may not be
allocated to the proper period because they may not be paid
until after that period has passed. Supplies of materials on
hand may be so large as to distort costs if they are all applied
to one period rather than inventoried for application against
future periods. Small tools may be considered as an asset
although totally expended in one season's operations. It is
simple to state that all material, labor and expense must be
recorded against the operations in a period and yet without
great care there are apt to be many errors and omissions.
It is essential that any system designed should tie-up with
the general bookkeeping system in such a way as to give
conclusive proof that all items of expense incurred are in-
cluded in the consideration of the costs. Many operators
have tried to keep a record of costs of operations which are
more or less independent of the general bookkeeping system.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
It is next to impossible to have such a record accurately re-
flect costs as most of the cost items will resolve themselves
into guesses as to the cost of certain indirect items or these
may be omitted entirely.
In general, the elements involved in ascertaining costs
may be grouped under direct charges and indirect charges.
No matter what the unit under consideration may be,
whether it is the acre of citrus grove, or the operations
which go into the cost of operating that acre, these different
kinds of charges must be recognized and too often are not.
It is generally simple to charge the material, such as fer-
tilizer or spray material used to the operation. It is gen-
erally easy to charge the actual labor involved in an oper-
ation directly to that operation. But even then it is essen-
tial that it be known that the total purchases of direct mate-
rial and direct labor be applied to the operations of a given
period. This can only be done by a proper tie-up between
the cost records and the general books. In horticultural
operation undue emphasis seems to be given to direct costs,
such as material and labor. Too often many of the indirect
expenses applying to the various operations are ignored.
Consequently, the unit cost is distorted and valueless ....
Comparisons are odious and it is hardly the purpose of
this paper to enter into discussion of comparative costs of
production in various sections of the state. It is readily
recognized that what may be a high cost in one section is a
low cost in another. In the industry which is so subject to
the effect of natural agents such as rainfall, winds and cold,
costs of various operations located in different sections of
Florida naturally will vary greatly, not to mention the fact
that costs will vary greatly in accordance with the age of
the trees being considered and the type of soil on which they
are located.
At the same time let me present the suggestion that
individual and corporate operators of comparatively large
acreages could unquestionably gain a great deal through a
uniform cost accounting system. Particularly would this be
true if it be done by any number of operators within a dis-
trict where climate and general soil conditions are some-
what the same.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
MAKING AND MIXING STANDARD SPRAYS
As Recommended by East and Midwest
Market Growers Journal
Making Sprays
Illinois Horticultural Society gives directions for making
and mixing the plant sprays in its transactions of 1926. Not
all authorities agree in every particular as to the proportions
to be used in every spray.
For example, Bordeaux in Connecticut consists of equal
parts of copper sulphate and lime in fifty gallons of water-
a difference of one pound of copper sulphate with Illinois,
but we like these directions and give them here for the good
of the industry.
Bordeaux
Bordeaux is made according to the following formula:
3 pounds of copper sulphate (blue vitriol).
4 pounds of lump (stone) lime-or 6 pounds of hydrated
lime*-50 gallons of water.
*Only the highest grade should be used.
When a very small quantity of Bordeaux is required a
commercial preparation may be used.
Directions for Mixing.-If stone lime is used two stock
solutions should be prepared, one of lime and one of copper
sulphate. Each should be made up at the rate of one pound
to a gallon. The required amount of copper sulphate is
placed in a burlap bag and suspended in a wooden or stone
vessel just at the surface of the water. It should not be
stirred until it has dissolved. The lime should be carefully
slaked with just enough water to prevent the formation of
a dry powder. After the violent boiling is over, it should be
made up to a paste or cream with water and allowed to cool,
after which it is diluted to contain one pound per gallon. In
making 50 gallons of Bordeaux three gallons of the copper
sulphate stock solution and four gallons of the lime stock
solution are needed.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
If hydrated lime is used, only the stock solution of cop-
per sulphate is required, but the amount of hydrated lime
required for each sprayer full should be stirred into suffi-
cient water to make a thin paste.
In mixing, the sprayer should be partly filled with water
and then the required quantity of either stock lime solution
should be added through a strainer. Continue filling with
water until the sprayer is about two-thirds full. With the
agitator going, add the required amount of the stock solu-
tion.
This method can be used either with or without a tank
filler.
Commercial Lime Sulphurs
It is generally more convenient, and where only a small
acreage is to be sprayed it is sometimes cheaper, to purchase
lime sulphur ready made than it is to attempt to prepare it
at home. It is cheaper when purchased in 50-gallon lots
than by the gallon. It comes in two forms, liquid and dry.
Dry lime sulphur is somewhat more expensive than liquid
lime sulphur but it is more convenient to obtain and use.
Home-Made Lime Sulphur
The following formulas as in common use in Illinois:
The 50-Gallon Formula:
100 pounds of ground sulphur
50 pounds of lump lime
50 gallons of water.
The 66-Gallon Formula:
100 pounds of ground sulphur
50 gallons of lump lime
60 gallons of water.
The 50-gallon formula is more generally used. The 66-
gallon formula, however, is more economical of sulphur,
about 6 per cent more sulphur going into the solution than
when the 50-gallon formula is used.
Lime sulphur is prepared by cooking the ingredients to-
gether until practically all the free sulphur has dissolved,
which requires approximately 45 minutes. Cooking may be
done with live steam or in a kettle over a fire.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
Equipment for Making Large Quantities.-Provide two
large tubs by cutting a large cask across the middle. Before
cutting, draw two stout wires around the middle of the cask
about two inches apart, cutting between them. Staple the
wires in place to act as top hoops for the tubs. Bend a piece
of one-inch gas pipe into nearly a circular form so that it
will lie on the bottom of the tub. Cap one end, drill one-
eighth inch holes at intervals of four inches to permit the
escape of live steam, and attach the other end to a steam
feed pipe leading into a steam boiler. A small steam boiler
can be used for the cooking. Various systems of elevated
platforms may facilitate the work, but these depend on the
arrangements in the individual cooking plants.
A mechanical agitator must be provided which will keep
the solution stirred constantly from the beginning to the
end of the cooking. A good form of agitator is made to
work with sweeping arms, rotating on a shaft placed in the
center of the tub. To aid in agitation boards can be fastened
to the tub, projecting toward the center. The agitator works
on the bottom of the tub underneath the screen, which is
described later.
A large-sized spigot, through which to run the solution
from the tubs after cooking, should be provided on one side
near the bottom.
Three inches from the bottom of the tub, supported by
wooden blocks at the outer edge and by the agitator bearing
in the center, place a screen (one-half inch mesh) of heavy
wire cut to fit the tub snugly at the point where the screen
rests.
Depending on the size of the tub, quantities from 50 to
200 gallons may be made at one time. To make 50 gallons,
place 50 pounds of fresh, unslaked lump lime on the screen
near the bottom of the tub, and pour in sufficient water,
preferably hot, to start the lime slaking rapidly. With the
lime slaking freely, pour in 100 pounds of sulphur and add
enough water, preferably hot, to bring the total volume up
to 40 gallons. Turn on the steam and cook until the free
sulphur has disappeared. The solution must not be allowed
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
to fall below 50 gallons. The clear lime-sulphur solution
may be stored in large casks, barrels, or tanks until needed
for use.
Direction for Making Over a Fire.-When lime sulphur
is cooked over a fire, the following directions will be found
practically: Place in a large cooker 15 gallons of water and
50 pounds of good lime, free from air-slaked particles. When
the lime is slaking vigorously, pour in 100 pounds of ground
sulphur and mix thoroughly with the lime. Gradually add
sufficient water to prevent the lime from drying out during
the process of slaking. As soon as the lime is thoroughly
slaked and the sulphur thoroughly mixed, add enough water
to bring the total volume to 66 gallons or a little more. Con-
tinue boiling for about 45 minutes, adding enough water
from time to time to keep the volume at or above 66 gallons.
For making in this way a 75-gallon feed-cooker has proved
to be convenient.
Testing Lime Sulphur.-To be certain of the strength of
lime sulphur solutions they must be tested. The test is
made by floating a hydrometer in the solution. The hydrom-
eter is a weighted glass bulb with a long stem on which
densities are indicated in specific gravity or degrees Baume
or in both.
Commercial lime sulphur should test 33 degrees Baume;
homemade lime sulphur prepared according to the 50-gallon
formula should test 28 degrees Baume; and homemade lime
sulphur prepared according to the 66-gallon formula should
test 23 degrees Baume.
Dilutions Used.-Table 2 shows the dilutions to be used
with different lime-sulphur concentrations.
If the grower does not have a hydrometer available for
testing lime sulphur, he should dilute commercial concen-
trated lime sulphur 1 to 8 for dormant sprays and 1 to 50
for summer sprays. Homemade lime sulphur, made by the
50-gallon formula, should be diluted 1 to 6 for dormant
sprays and 1 to 35 for summer sprays. Homemade lime sul-
phur, made by the 66-gallon formula, should be diluted 1 to
4 for dormant sprays and 1 to 25 for summer sprays.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
Self-Boiled Lime and Sulphur
Self-boiled lime and sulphur is a special spray for peaches
and should not be confused with the cooked solutions just
described.
The only heat employed in its preparation is that fur-
nished by the slaking lime.
Formula.-The mixture is made according to the follow-
ing formula:
8 pounds of lump lime
8 pounds of ground sulphur
50 gallons of water.
Extreme care must be exercised in the preparation of
this mixture and the following directions carefully adhered
to. Lime free from all air-slaked particles should be used.
Ground sulphur which contains no hard lumps is satisfac-
tory.
Equipment.-The equipment needed for making self-
boiled lime and sulphur consists of a barrel or tub, a hoe,
paddle, buckets, and a scale.
Preparation.-If 50 gallons of the mixture are to be
made, place 8 pounds of lime in the barrel or tub with 1 or
2 gallons of water. As soon as the lime is slaking vigorously,
add 8 pounds of sulphur. The mixture should be stirred con-
stantly, and more water should be added as needed to form at
first a thick paste of the mixture, and finally a thin paste.
As soon as the boiling has stopped add several gallons of
cold water to cool the mixture. It must not be allowed to
stand in the form of a paste. Strain into a spray tank, using
the paddle to work through everything that will pass through
the strainer; then dilute to 50 gallons. The mixture is now
ready for application. As the mixture settles very rapidly,
the agitator should be allowed to run a few minutes before
starting to spray, and should be kept going as long as any
spraying is being done.
Dry Mix Sulphur-Lime
Dry mix sulphur-lime originated at the New Jersey Agri-
cultural Experiment Station and is recommended by them
to replace self-boiled lime and sulphur. The formula by
weight is as follows:
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
64% superfine (dusting) sulphur
32% hydrated lime
4% Kayso.
The sulphur should be worked through a screen having
12-14 meshes to the inch to remove lumps, after which the
materials should be thoroughly mixed. The product thus
formed may be stored indefinitely if kept in a dry place. For
spraying use 121/2 pounds of Dry Mix in 50 gallons of water.
For the second summer spray 11/2 pounds of lead arsenate
should be added to each 50 gallons of spray.
Dilution of Lime Sulphur for Dormant and Summer Spraying
Number of gallons of water to be added
to each gallon of concentrated solution
For Dormant For Summer
Degrees Baume Specific gravity spraying spraying
20 1.1600 Y4 21
21 1.1693 3 22
22 1.1788 3% 24
231 1.1885 4 25
24 1.1983 4Y4 27
25 1.2083 4% 30
26 1.2184 5% 32
27 1.2288 5% 35
28' 1.2393 6 38
29 1.2500 6% 40
30 1.2608 6% 42
31 1.2719 7/4 45
32 1.2831 7% 48
33' 1.2946 8 50
34 1.3063 8%V 52
35 1.3181 9 55
166-Gallon formula. 250-Gallon formula. -Standard Commercial.
Lead Arsenate
Lead arsenate comes in both powdered (dry) and paste
forms. The paste form contains about 50% water. This
difference explains why twice as much paste lead arsenate
as powdered should be used in each 50 gallons of spray. The
dry form keeps better and is easier handled. Lead arsenate
should always be made into a thin paste and allowed to stand
before it is strained into the sprayer. If it is not used in
combination with lime sulphur or Bordeaux, 2 pounds of
freshly slaked lump lime or 3 pounds of hydrated lime should
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
be mixed with each 50 gallons of solution as there is always
a small amount of soluble arsenic !resent which would be
injurious to the foliage unless neutralized by the lime.
Bordeaux Lead Arsenate
Generally it is found advantageous to combat insects
with the same application that is used against fungous dis-
eases. This can be accomplished by mixing the required
amount of lead arsenate with the diluted lime just before
the copper sulphate stock dilution is added, or it can be added
after the Bordeaux is made.
Lime Sulphur Lead Arsenate
When using lime sulphur and lead arsenate in combina-
tion, first place the lime sulphur in the sprayer and fill to
about two-thirds capacity with water. Then with the agi-
tator on the pump working, strain the lead arsenate into the
sprayer, adding enough water to complete the volume de-
sired.
Self-boiled Lime and Sulphur with Lead Arsenate
It is often desirable to apply lead arsenate with self-boiled
lime and sulphur. After the self-boiled lime and sulphur is
in the spray tank and diluted to nearly 50 gallons, start the
agitator and strain into the sprayer the required amount of
lead arsenate.
Nicotine Sulphate
This material may be purchased in concentrated form.
One gallon will make 800 to 1,000 gallons of spray mixture.
The cost is very high and consequently this material should
be used only when the orchardist is sure that aphids are
actually present in sufficient numbers to cause damage. If
used alone, enough fish oil or laundry soap should be added
to soften the water, i. e., to make the water sudsy when
stirred. This usually requires at least two pounds of soap
to 50 gallons of water.
Lime Arsenate
Lime arsenate* is recommended for some truck insects,
especially the striped cucumber beetle. For this insect, it is
used as a dust 1 pound mixed dry with 20 pounds of gypsum.
*Calcium arsenate.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
Boiled Lubricating Oil Emulsion
The following formula should be used in making the
stock emulsion:
Lubricating Oil ............................ 1 gallon
Water ................. ................... 1/4 gallon
Potash Fish Oil Soap.......................1 to 2 pounds
(To date, the best results have been obtained with oils
within the following limits:)
Specific gravity at 20C., 0.87 to .93.
Volatility not over 2% at 110'C. for 4 hours.
Viscosity at 100F. 90 to 250 seconds Saybold test.
Many waters in Illinois require up to two pounds of soap
to make a stable emulsion.
The water, soap and oil are placed in a kettle or tank and
heated by fire or steam. Boil for five minutes, being careful
not to burn the mixture, remove from the fire or turn off the
steam and pump twice at a pressure of 75 to 150 pounds.
Make sure that all the mixture passes through the pump at
least twice; a somewhat better emulsion will be obtained if
the material is pumped three or four times. Do not allow
the mixture to cool before pumping.
Cold mixed emulsions can be made by thoroughly pump-
ing together one gallon of 4-6-50 Bordeaux and one gallon of
lubricating oil, or by pumping together two gallons of lubri-
cating oil and one gallon of water in which has previously
been dissolved from four to six ounces of calcium caseinate.
Cold mixed emulsions may also be made by a number of other
formulae using as emulsifiers such substances as calcium
caseinate, saponin, glue, skim milk powder, eggs, milks, iron
sulphate, and a number of others. Well-made, cold-mixed
emulsions give very good control of scale.
Such emulsions may be used with lime sulphur. Sufficient
tests have not yet been carried on to be sure of their effect
as combined insecticides and fungicides. Care must be used
in making these emulsions to be sure that they are thor-
oughly emulsified, as otherwise serious burning of the trees
may result from their use.
For making the stock emulsion on a large scale an all-
metal pump is necessary. A rotary pump has been found
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
very satisfactory for this work. For small amounts a barrel
pump may be used. The stock emulsion should not be made
in a cooker which has previously been used for cooking lime
sulphur without a thorough cleaning. It should not be
stored in lime sulphur barrels.
Precaution should be taken to prevent the stock emul-
sion from freezing. If it does freeze it should be allowed to
thaw out gradually, under which circumstance apparently no
harm results to the emulsion. Do not heat or stir while the
emulsion is thawing out.
Spray tanks which have been used for lime-sulphur solu-
tion must not be used for oil emulsion until they have been
washed out with Bordeaux mixture. To wash a tank with
Bordeaux, 8 pounds of hydrated lime or 6 pounds of freshly
slaked lump lime should be mixed with about 100 gallons of
water in the tank, and a solution containing 4 pounds of cop-
per sulphate should be poured in while the agitator is run-
ning. When the inside of the tank has been thoroughly
splashed and soaked with the solution a few gallons should
be run through the pump and hose and the tank drained. In
diluting the stock emulsion it is advisable, to prevent sep-
aration of the oil, to fill the tank with 1/-1/2-50 Bordeaux and
then to add the required amount of stock emulsion.
Equipment for Making Boiled Lubricating Oil Emulsion
A cooker similar to that described for making large
quantities of lime sulphur may be used for boiling the oil
emulsion or a metal cooking tank may be substituted for the
wooden cask. Steam may be used in the same way, but no
agitator is needed.
A second tank with a capacity equal to the cooker should
be provided and the pump and connections so arranged that
the stock emulsion after cooking may be pumped from the
cooker to the second tank and pumped from this into barrels
or other containers used for storage.
Lime-sulphur cookers cannot be used for this work with-
out a thorough cleaning and a wooden cooker that has been
used for making lime sulphur for several seasons is very
difficult to clean.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
CONNECTICUT DIRECTIONS
To Prepare Insecticides and Fungicides
Confer Bulletin 199, Conn. Agr. College, Storrs, Conn.
Lead Arsenate
3 pounds (paste) or 11/2 pounds (dry) lead arsenate.
50 gallons water.
Spray upon foliage to kill all chewing insects. May be
used with Bordeaux or with lime-sulphur mixture.
Paris Green
1 pound Paris green.
3 pounds lime.
100 gallons water.
Spray upon foliage to kill potato beetle, elm leaf beetle,
and all chewing insects. Commonly used with Bordeaux
mixture.
Poisoned Bran Mash
5 pounds wheat bran.
1 pint cheap molasses.
4 ounces white arsenic or Paris green.
1 lemon.
7 pints water.
Scatter around in field to kill cut-worms, army worms
and grasshoppers.
Hellebore
Dust on the plants, or mix with water, 1 ounce in 2 gal-
lons and spray. For currant-worm and other saw-fly larvae.
Commercial Lime-Sulphur
(Winter Spray)
1 part lime and sulphur.
9 parts water.
(Summer Spray)
11/4 to 11/2 parts lime and sulphur.
45 to 50 parts water.
Use winter spray for San Jose scale and peach leaf curl;
summer spray for fungi, to which, as needed, add lead arse-
nate to kill chewing insects.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
Nicotine Solution
1/ pint in 50 gallons water.
Several solutions are now sold containing 40 per cent or
more of nicotine. Excellent for killing aphids and other
sucking insects. Add soap for a spreader.
Kerosene Emulsion
2 gallons kerosene.
/ pound common soap.
1 gallon water.
Dissolve the soap in hot water, add the kerosene, and
churn together with pump until a white creamy mass is
formed which thickens on cooling. Dilute nine times before
using.
Miscible Oils
Several miscible oils are on the market, such as "Scale-
cide" and "Jarvis Compound." Are used to kill San Jose
scale, especially on old apple trees. Should be mixed 1 part
in 15 parts water.
Common Soap
1 pound in 8 gallons water.
Spray upon foliage to kill red spider, aphids and other
sucking insects.
Carbon Disulphide
To kill insects infesting stored grain, in tight bins, use
1 pound for about 40 bushels of grain. Expose for about
36 hours.
Naphthalene
Used in the form of moth-balls and "flakes" to keep
clothes moths out of clothing. "Flakes" scattered around
the borders of floors and shelves will drive away ants.
Formalin Fly Poison
1 tablespoonful commercial formalin.
1/2 cup sweet milk.
/2 cup water.
Mix together and expose in a shallow plate with a slice
of bread in it. Flies will drink the liquid, especially if no
other moisture is accessible, and be killed.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
Hydrocyanic Acid Gas
1 ounce potassium cyanide.
2 ounces sulphuric acid.
4 ounces water.
For each 100 cubic feet space.
For dormant stock place the acid and water in an earthen
jar in the house, drop in the cyanide and close the house at
once for half an hour. Ventilate for ten minutes before
entering. In greenhouse use 1 ounce of cyanide for each
1,000 cubic feet of space.
FORMULAS FOR COMMON FUNGICIDES
Commercial Lime-Sulphur
(Winter Spray)
1 part lime and sulphur.
9 parts water.
(Summer Spray)
11/4 to 11/2 parts lime and sulphur.
45 to 50 parts water.
Use winter spray for San Jose scale and peach leaf curl;
summer spray for fungi, to which, as needed, add lead arse-
nate to kill chewing insects.
Bordeaux Mixture
4 pounds copper sulphate.
4 pounds fresh lime.
40 to 50 gallons water.
Dissolve the copper sulphate in hot water or from a
coarse bag suspended in cold water; slake the lime separately
and strain. Dilute the latter to about 20 gallons, into which
pour the copper sulphate, diluted to about 20 gallons, stirring
the mixture; dilute further to form the forty-five or fifty
gallons; or dilute each to 25 gallons, and pour together into
barrel. Stock solutions of the copper sulphate and lime, rate
1 pound to 1 gallon water, can be made separately and used
as needed.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
Self-Boiled Lime-Sulphur
8 pounds fresh whitewash lime.
8 pounds fine sulphur.
45 to 50 gallons water.
Start the lime slaking, sift and thoroughly stir in the
sulphur, using just enough water to prevent burning and
allow to boil from heat of lime for fifteen minutes. Then
dilute and apply.
Formalin
A. 1 pint (1 pound) formalin in 50 gallons water, for
sprinkling grain to kill smut.
B. 1 pint formalin in 30 gallons water, for soaking tubers
to prevent potato scab.
C. 1 pint formalin in 121/ gallons water, for soil treat-
ment. Use two-thirds to 1 gallon for each square foot of
surface treated; cover for 24 hours after treatment; air
afterwards, and stir soil; allow 7-19 days before seeding
and 10-14 days before transplanting in this soil.
FORMULAS FOR LESS-USED FUNGICIDES
Other Bordeaux Mixtures
Dilute Bordeaux Mixture. Use 1 pound copper sulphate,
4 of lime, and make as above directed. For second and third
spraying of apples to lessen russeting of the fruit.
Soda Bordeaux Mixture. 4 pounds copper sulphate, 11/,
to 11/2 pounds soda lye, 50 gallons water. Use only enough
lye to make the solution alkaline to test paper. Used some-
times for late spraying of grapes, etc., where spray sedi-
ment is objectionable.
Resin Bordeaux Mixture. Melt 5 pounds resin with 1
pint fish oil over fire, cool slightly, add 1 pound soda lye,
stirring. Add 5 gallons water and boil till the mixture will
dissolve in cold water. Mix 2 gallons with 48 of Bordeaux
mixture. Used sometimes on such glaucous plants as aspar-
agus, cabbage, onions, etc., to make a more adhesive spray.
Potassium Sulphide
3 ounces potassium sulphide.
10 gallons water.
Used chiefly in greenhouses, or for powdery mildews.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
Amm. Sol. Cop. Carbonate
5 ounces copper carbonate.
3 pints ammonia.
45 to 50 gallons water.
Use just enough ammonia (if strong, dilute with several
volumes of water) to dissolve the copper carbonate; then
dilute to final volume. This fungicide is not as good as
Bordeaux, but is used to avoid sediment on the foliage or
fruit.
Copper Sulphate
2 to 3 pounds copper sulphate.
45-50 gallons water.
Used chiefly as a winter spray. 1 pound in 250 gallons
water is sometimes used on foliage. Now rarely used.
Copper Lime-Sulphur
2 pounds copper sulphate.
11/2 gallons com. lime-sulphur.
45-50 gallons water.
Dissolve copper sulphate in part of the water, and then
add with the lime-sulphur to the remainder. Apparently a
good fungicide but likely to russet apples as does strong
Bordeaux.
Sulphur Mixture
Various commercial forms of sulphur as "atomic sul-
phur" and "sulphur paste," have fungicidal value, and have
been used by us for summer spraying of peaches with little
or no injury, at the rate of 8 pounds to 45-50 gallons of water.
Formalin Fumes
3 pints formalin.
23 ounces potassium permanganate.
For each 1,000 cubic feet space.
Place bulbs or tubers in 6 to 12-inch crates so fumes can
get at them. To prevent injury to potatoes, fill space at rate
of 167 bushels. Place formalin in large pail in cleared cen-
tral space and drop in the crystals of potassium permanga-
nate. Close room air-tight for 24 to 48 hours.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
GESTATION TABLE
In the following table, the last day of each month and the
10th and 20th of the succeeding month only are given.
Intervening days can be quickly and easily figured. For in-
stance, when the time of service is, say, January 6th, simply
add 6 days to the December 31st expiration date; February
3rd, add 3 days to the January 31st expiration date; March
17th, add 7 days to the March 10th expiration date, etc.
TIME OF MARES COWS EWES SOWS
SERVICE 340 Days 285 Days 150 Days 112 Days
Dec. 31 Dec. 6 Oct. 12 May 30 Apr. 22
Jan. 10 Dec. 16 Oct. 22 June 9 May 2
Jan. 20 Dec. 26 Nov. 1 June 19 May 12
Jan. 31 Jan. 6 Nov. 12 June 30 May 23
Feb. 10 Jan. 16 Nov. 22 July 10 June 2
Feb. 20 Jan. 26 Dec. 2 July 20 June 12
Feb. 28 Feb. 3 Dec. 10 July 28 June 20
Mar. 10 Feb. 13 Dec. 20 Aug. 7 June 30
Mar. 20 Feb. 23 Dec. 30 Aug. 17 July 10
Mar. 31 Mar. 6 Jan. 10 Aug. 28 July 21
Apr. 10 Mar. 16 Jan. 20 Sept. 7 July 31
Apr. 20 Mar. 26 Jan. 30 Sept. 17 Aug. 10
Apr. 30 Apr. 5 Feb. 9 Sept. 27 Aug. 20
May 10 Apr. 15 Feb. 19 Oct. 7 Aug. 30
May 20 Apr. 25 Mar. 1 Oct. 17 Sept. 9
May 31 May 6 Mar. 12 Oct. 28 Sept. 20
June 10 May 16 Mar. 22 Nov. 7 Sept. 30
June 20 May 26 Apr. 1 Nov. 17 Oct. 10
June 30 June 5 Apr. 11 Nov. 27 Oct. 20
July 10 June 15 Apr. 21 Dec. 7 Oct. 30
July 20 June 25 May 1 Dec. 17 Nov. 9
July 31 July 6 May 12 Dec. 28 Nov. 20
Aug. 10 July 16 May 22 Jan. 7 Nov. 30
Aug. 20 July 26 June 1 Jan. 17 Dec. 10
Aug. 31 Aug. 6 June 12 Jan. 28 Dec. 21
Sept. 10 Aug. 16 June 22 Feb. 7 Dec. 31
Sept. 20 Aug. 26 July 2 Feb. 17 Jan. 10
Sept. 30 Sept. 5 July 12 Feb. 27 Jan. 20
Oct. 10 Sept. 15 July 22 Mar. 9 Jan. 30
Oct. 20 Sept. 25 Aug. 1 Mar. 19 Feb. 9
Oct. 31 Oct. 6 Aug. 12 Mar. 30 Feb. 20
Nov. 10 Oct. 16 Aug. 22 Apr. 9 Mar. 2
Nov. 20 Oct. 26 Sept. 1 Apr. 19 Mar. 12
Nov. 30 Nov. 5 Sept. 11 Apr. 29 Mar. 22
Dec. 10 Nov. 15 Sept. 21 May 9 Apr. 1
Dec. 20 Nov. 25 Oct. 1 May 19 Apr. 11
Dec. 31 Dec. 6 Oct. 12 May 30 Apr. 22
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
FAT PRODUCTION AND PROFITS
An Analysis Made of 40,000 C. T. A. Cows in the 1926
Records for Wisconsin.
The Wisconsin Farmer
One of the most vital and interesting studies worked out
from cow testing association records is presented herewith.
It shows the relation between butter fat production and
profit in 1926 on the basis of actual records kept on 40,015
head of Wisconsin cows enrolled in cow testing associations.
This data was compiled jointly by the Wisconsin cow
testing headquarters and the Bureau of Dairy Industry at
Washington. These figures could not easily have been as-
sembled in this manner without the aid of expensive mechan-
ical calculating apparatus, owned by the government.
The table for 1926 gives a range in production between
57 pounds and 546 pounds, showing the actual losses, gains
and costs by items.
The 1925 reports were too meager to make data worth
very much, although the officers have kept the records for
future use if necessary. The 1926 data clearly gives a fair
line on what cows will do under different breeding and feed-
ing conditions.
To Determine the Quantity of Hay in a Rick.
Generally, 512 cubic feet of hay in stack or mow weigh
1 ton.
To determine with reasonable accuracy the number of
tons of hay in a rick of average shape, multiply the over
(that is, the distance from the ground on one side to the
ground on the other) by the width, then the length, and
then by 0.37.
RELATION OF BUTTER FAT PRODUCTION TO PROFIT AS SHOWN BY 40,015 WISCONSIN C. T. A. COWS
IN 1926.
Av. lbs.
No. of Butter Value Roughage Grain
Cows Fat of Fat Cost Cost
57 $30.13
109 53.99
156 77.66
204 101.54
250 125.97
299 151.61
347 176.61
396 202.25
447 227.30
494 255.27
546 281.00
$37.71
34.36
35.00
35.16
36.70
36.36
38.68
39.48
40.81
41.13
28.14
$ 7.98
9.25
11.68
14.98
19.02
24.06
28.97
34.20
40.15
47.91
57.60
Fats
Feed Overhead Total
Cost Cost Cost Profit Loss
$45.69 $37.00 $ 82.69 $52.56
43.61 39.00 82.61 28.62
46.68 41.00 87.68 10.02
50.14 43.50 93.64 $ 7.90 n
55.72 46.50 102.22 23.75
60.42 49.50 109.92 41.69
67.65 52.50 120.15 56.66 0
73.68 55.50 129.18 73.07
80.96 59.50 140.46 86.84
89.04 64.50 153.54 101.73
85.74 69.50 156.24 125.76
53
403
2,367
6,893
10,551
9,599
6,050
2,641
1,068
292
98
40,015 279 140.95 36.87 22.36 59.23 50.46 109.69 31.26 Average
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
The 40,015 cows are more than 50 per cent of all cows
enrolled in cow testing work in Wisconsin. It thus repre-
sents a good cross-section of dairy progress in the state and
might be safely used for that purpose.
The average may be taken for what it is worth as such.
It shows a net profit of about $31 a cow on the basis of 279
pounds of fat valued at $140.95. But the real interest lies
in the figures above that average.
The figures for overhead are intended to cover cost of
keeping a cow aside from feed and are based on farm man-
agement studies, though none were found exactly applicable
to the wide range in production here considered. While
they are not claimed to be perfect, they are the best that
could be found for use at this time.
The cows are grouped according to production with steps
of 50 pounds of butter fat between groups. It is interesting
to follow the regular improvement in returns with the in-
crease in yield. This regularity ceases above 500 pounds
fat which indicates that some factor enters at that point
influencing results.
"We had guessed that the law of diminishing returns
would begin to operate on the average somewhere between
the 400 and 500 pound marks and possibly we have some
support for the theory in these tables," says R. T. Harris.
"At any rate they give some definite basis for an aim in
herd production and we have come to know quite well that
to have a certain reasonable goal in view is the better half
of success in any undertaking."
Material is at hand for other useful comparisons which
will be made as soon as time permits. The office expects to
begin publishing reports on proved sires. It will not be pos-
sible to give results on all of them, but they can report on
such as will call attention to demonstration in breeding and
possibly lead to a better appreciation of the value of a good
sire. Some means of recognizing them earlier and prolong-
ing their usefulness is urgently needed.
Today's calves are tomorrow's cows. What kind of cows
will they be? Good breeding and proper feeding will deter-
mine.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
CREAMERY COSTS ANALYZED
Southern Dairy Products Journal
A recent study of the cost of operating creameries, made
by L. C. Thompson, of the University of Wisconsin, reveals
some interesting cost figures.
The average costs of operating a creamery are shown in
the following table:
Supplies ............................. 39.38%
Labor ............................... 31.50
Depreciation ......................... 12.33
Fuel ................................ 7.53
Interest .............................. 3.43
Ice ................................. 2.40
Taxes ............................... 2.40
Insurance ............................ 1.03
In this study, a questionnaire was sent to all of the
creameries in the state. Forty-seven creameries in 23 coun-
ties responded, which during the year of the survey made
27,000,000 pounds of butter, or 19 per cent of the state's
output, so the figures can be taken as fairly representative
of the industry.
While the figures may not apply to all sections, they will
give the creamery manager a fair idea of how his costs
should be divided in operating his plant, and may result in
a study of local costs and a resulting increase in the efficiency
of the plant.
They are worth pasting up in the office for comparison.
To Determine the Capacity of a Silo.
To find the capacity of a silo, multiply one-half the diam-
eter, or one-half the width across, by the same figure, then
by 3.1416, and this product by the height of the silo. If the
measurements are in feet, this will give the number of cubic
feet in the silo. Multiply the number of cubic feet by 35
(the average number of pounds of silage to the cubic foot)
and divide by 2,000 to determine the number of tons.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
DIRECTIONS FOR SCORING
Bacteria Per Cubic Centimeter-Perfect Score, 45
Points
500 and under .......... 45.0
501- 1,000 ............. 44.9
1,001- 1,500 ............. 44.8
1,501- 2,000 ............. 44.7
2,001- 2,500 ............. 44.6
2,501- 3,000 ............. 44.5
3,001- 3,500 ............. 44.4
3,501- 4,000 ............. 44.3
4,001- 4,500 ............. 44.2
4,501- 5,000 ............. 44.1
5,001- 6,000 ............. 43.9
6,001- 7,000 ............. 43.7
7,001- 8,000 ............. 43.5
8,001- 9,000 ............. 43.3
9,001-10,000 ............. 43.1
10,001-11,000 ............. 42.8
11,001-12,000 ............ 42.5
12,001-13,000 ............ 42.2
13,001-14,000 ............ 41.9
14,001-15,000 ............. 41.6
15,001-16,000 ............. 41.2
16,001-17,000 ............ 40.8
17,001-18,000 ............. 40.4
18,001- 19,000
19,001- 20,000
20,001- 21,000
21,001- 22,000
22,001- 23,000
23,001- 24,000
24,001- 25,000
25,001- 30,000
30,001- 35,000
35,001- 40,000
40,001- 45,000
45,001- 50,000
50,001- 55,000
55,001- 60,000
60,001- 65,000
65,001- 70,000
70,001- 75,000
75,001- 80,000
80,001- 85,000
85,001- 90,000
90,001- 95,000
95,001-100,000
Over 100,000
Flavor and Odor-Perfect Score, 25
Deduct for disagreeable or foreign odor or flavor accord-
ing to conditions found. When possible to recognize the
cause, describe it under "Remarks."
Sediment-PerfectScore, 10
Examination for sediment may be made by means of a
sediment tester, and the resulting cotton disks compared
with standards; or the sediment may be determined by ex-
amination of the bottom of the milk or cream in the bottle.
In the latter case allow the milk or cream to stand undis-
turbed for at least an hour before the examination. Raise
the bottle carefully in its natural upright position until
higher than the head. Tip slightly and observe the bottom
of the milk or cream with the naked eye or with the aid of
a reading glass. The presence of the slightest movable speck
makes a perfect score impossible. Make further deductions
according to the quantity of sediment found. When possible
describe the nature of the sediment under "Remarks."
Points
. ..... ... 40.0
............ 39.6
............ 39.1
............ 38.6
............ 38.1
............ 37.6
......... . 37.1
............ 36.1
............ 35.1
............ 34.1
............ 33.1
............ 32.1
............ 30.1
............ 28.1
............ 26.1
............ 23.1
............ 20.1
............ 17.1
............ 13.1
............ 9.1
............ 5.1
............ 1.1
............ 0
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA 47
Temperature (Street Samples)-Perfect Score, 15
F. Points "F. Points
40 andbelow ............. 15.0 51 ...................... 11.0
41 ....................... 14.8 52 ....................... 10.0
42 ....................... 14.6 53 ....................... 9.0
43 ....................... 14.4 54 ....................... 8.0
44 ....................... 14.2 55 ....................... 7.0
45 ............... ....... 14.0 56 ....................... 6.0
46 ....................... 13.6 57 ........................ 5.0
47 ....................... 13.2 58 ....................... 3.0
48 ....................... 12.8 59 ....................... 1.0
49 ....................... 12.4 60 and over ............... 0
50 ...................... 12.0
or -
Acidity (Prepared Samples)-Perfect Score, 15
Points Points
0.18 per cent and less. ....... 15 0.22 per cent ............... 5
0.19 per cent ............... 14 0.23 per cent ............... 1
0.20 per cent ........... 12 Over 0.23 per cent .......... 0
0.21 per cent ............... 9
Bottle and Cap-Perfect Score, 5
Make deductions in score for dirty or chipped bottles;
and for caps which do not cover the lips of the bottles, or do
not fit properly in the cap seats.
NOTE-Any sample failing to comply with the legal standard for
bacteria, fat, or solids not fat, shall be debarred from competition.
VALUE OF DAIRY COWS AT VARIOUS AGES.
THE VALUE OF DAIRY COWS AT VARIOUS AGES, SHOWING
HIGHEST VALUE AT AGE OF SIX YEARS.
The accompanying tables summarize the results of this
subject, showing the estimated rise and fall in value for the
different breeds and grades in percentage of maximum value.
It is believed that within certain limits this table will be
of use to the average dairyman in determining roughly the
values of classes of cows other than those specified.
Thus the per cent column for the cow worth $80.00 at
3 years of age should be approximately correct for the one
worth $70.00 at that age; likewise the figures for the cow
worth $100 at 3 years should hold for the one worth $110
at that age. On the other hand, however, the figures for
the $300 pure-bred would not be applicable to the cow worth
$600 or more at 3 years of age.
Influence of age on values of dairy cows, shown in per cent of
maximum value.
(Average of 1.844 estimates)
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
GRADE COWS WORTH $80 AT 3 YEARS OF AGE.
Age. Holstein Guernsey. Jersey. Ayrshire.
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.
Birth ................ 10 11 11 9
6 Months ............ 24 24 24 20
1 Year .............. 38 40 38 36
2 Years ............. 60 62 62 57
3 Years ........:.... 78 81 87 81
4 Years ............. 89 92 94 88
5 Years ............. 98 100 98 96
6 Years ............. 100 100 100 100
7 Years ............. 97 97 98 99
8 Years ............. 91 91 94 95
9 Years ............. 82 83 82 90
10 Years ............. 74 74 77 79
11 Years ............. 66 65 66 71
12 Years ............. 59 56 56 62
13 Years ............. 51 48 47 52
14 Years ............. 43 42 39 45
Estimates ........ 107 101 144 137
GRADE COWS WORTH $100
Age. Holstein
Per cent.
B irth ................ 9
6 Months Old ........ 21
1 Year .............. 36
2 Years ............. 59
3 Years ............. 82
4 Years ............. 92
5 Years ............. 98
6 Years ............. 100
7 Years ............. 95
8 Years ............. 88
9 Years ............. 78
10 Years ............. 68
11 Years ............. 59
12 Years ............. 51
13 Years ............. 47
14 Years ............. 39
Estimates ....... .159
AT 3 YEARS OF AGE.
Guernsey. Jersey. Ayrshire.
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.
10 10 10
21 21 21
35 36 35
57 60 59
79 83 81
92 92 90
99 98 97
100 100 100
95 98 98
87 93 94
76 84 86
67 74 77
56 64 67
48 53 59
39 43 50
32 34 41
103 134 141
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
PURE-BRED COWS WORTH $200 AT 3 YEARS OF AGE.
B irth ...............
6 Months ..........
1 Y ear .............
2 Years ............
3 Years ............
4 Years ............
5 Years ............
6 Years ............
7 Years ............
8 Y ears ............
9 Years ............
10 Years ............
11 Years ............
12 Years ............
13 Years ............
14 Years ............
Estimates .......
PURE-BRED COWS
Age.
B irth ...............
6 Months ..........
1 Y ear .............
2 Years ............
3 Y ears ............
4 Y ears ............
5 Years ............
6 Years ............
7 Years ............
8 Y ears ............
9 Years ............
10 Years ............
11 Years ............
12 Years ............
13 Years ............
14 Years ............
Estimates .......
Holstein. Guernsey. Jersey.
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.
S24 22 18
S34 33 27
S46 45 41
S62 63 61
S78 78 80
S91 90 91
S99 100 99
S100 100 100
S96 96 96
S89 89 90
.80 79 79
S69 70 68
S59 59 55
S50 49 45
S41 39 35
S32 30 26
S114 70 137
VORTH $300 AT 3 YEARS OF
Holstein. Guernsey. Jersey.
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.
S26 23 17
.36. 34 25
S48 48 38
S66 67 59
S86 86 85
S94 95 94
S99 100 99
S100 99 100
S95 95 94
S87 88 87
S76 78 76
S64 67 63
S55 57 51
S45 47 40
S35 37 30
S27 28 21
S148 115 96
Ayrshire.
Per cent.
17
27
39
57
76
88
97
100
98
93
85
75
63
51
39
30
79
AGE.
Ayrshire.
Per cent.
18
27
38
58
82
91
97
100
97
91
81
68
57
46
35
24
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
WEIGHT OF FAT CATTLE
TABLE FOR ESTIMATING WEIGHT OF FAT CATTLE
Girth in
Feet and Inches.
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inch
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inch
Inches
Inches
Medium Fat
Fair Shape. Good Shape.
Pounds. Pounds.
850 900
875 925
900 950
925 975
950 1,000
975 1,025
1,000 1,050
1,050 1,100
1,000 1,150
1,150 1,200
1,200 1,250
1,250 1,300
1,300 1,350
1,350 1,400
1,400 1,450
1,450 1,500
1,500 1,550
1,550 1,600
1,600 1,650
1,650 1,700
1,700 1,750
1,750 1,800
Normal Weight For Calves.
The Minnesota College of Agriculture, in Bulletin 215,
reports the normal weight of growing calves to be approx-
imately as follows:
Holstein.
Birth ....................... ........... 90 lbs.
20 days old ................. .............. 110 lbs.
40 days old ................ .. ............ 135 Ibs.
60 days old .................. ............. 160 1 bs.
90 days old ................ ............... 200 lbs.
Jersey.
55 lbs.
70 lbs.
88 lbs.
108 lbs.
155 lbs.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA 53
Homemade Stock Feed
The stock and condimental feeds that are generally
bought on the market, which are represented to be condi-
tioners, tonics, and fatteners, have for their foundation
simple and well-known drugs and feeds. If a tonic or feed
is desired, one of known composition may be mixed at home
with entirely satisfactory results. The following two formu-
las are suggested:
I. II.
Pounds Pounds
Glauber salt .............. 2 Glauber salt .............. 5
Soda ..................... 1 Saltpeter .................. 11 ,
Salt ...................... 1 Fenugreek ................ 1
Fenugreek ............... Gentian .................. 2
Linseed meal ..............25 Linseed meal .............. 50
A heaping tablespoonful of one of the above mixtures
fed with the grain 3 times a day is sufficient.
When a tonic is needed it is advisable to investigate
why it is needed. The horse should receive daily attention
regarding feed, water, salt, exercise, grooming, sanitation,
and comfortable quarters. Neglect of any of these factors
is usually an underlying cause of the poor condition of an
animal.
Remedy to Keep Horse Flies Off Farm Animals
It may be impossible for the man who has droves of cattle
on the ranges to apply a remedy to keep the flies from
drawing their blood and vitality, but that is not impossible
for the man with a few cattle on the farm, especially dairy
cattle.
Many fly-control preparations are on the market, some
of which are good and some of which are worthless. In
order to be safe use any one of the three following formulas
which are recommended by Professor J. R. Watson, entomo-
logist of the Florida Experiment Station:
54 FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
No. 1: Laundry soap ................................... 1 pound
Water ........................................4 gallons
Crude petroleum ............................... 1 gallon
Powdered napthaline .............. .............. 4 ounces
No. 2: Fish oil ....................................... 100 parts
Oil of tar ................ ................ 50 parts
Crude carbolic acid ................................1 part
No. 3: Laurel oil .............. . ..................... .1 part
Linseed oil ............................. ...... 10 parts
One may buy the ingredients and prepare the solution
himself and save considerable money thereby. All must be
thoroughly emulsified by running through a spray pump
after which they are ready to be sprayed upon the animals.
Any of them, if properly prepared and applied, should keep
a cow or horse free of flies for at least a day.
Homemade Hog Tonic
Experienced hog feeders have asserted that a mixture
of charcoal, ashes, lime, salt, sulphur and copperas kept
where hogs can eat it will tend to prevent worm infestation.
Though there is no positive experimental evidence in support
of this idea, the mixture is of value as a source of mineral
matter in the diet and perhaps as an appetizer and tonic.
Following is a formula:
Charcoal ...................................... 1 bushel
Hardwood ashes ..................................1 bushel
Salt ................................. ........ 8 pounds
Air-slaked lime ............... ................ 4 pounds
Sulphur ............... ... ... ............... 4 pounds
Pulverized copperas ............................. 2 pounds
Mix the lime, salt and sulphur thoroughly and then mix
with the charcoal and ashes. Dissolve the copperas in 1
quart of hot water and sprinkle the solution over the whole
mass, mixing it thoroughly. Keep some of this mixture in a
box before the hogs at all times, or place in a self-feeder.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
PRESERVING AND CANDLING EGGS.
By Jos. Wm. Kinghorne.
U. S. Department of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin 1109.
Preserving in Water Glass.-To preserve 15 dozen eggs
in water glass, the following directions should be followed:
(1) Select a 5-gallon crock (earthen or stone) and clean
it thoroughly, theri scald and allow to dry.
(2) Heat 10 to 12 quarts of water to the boiling point
and allow it to cool.
(3) When cool, measure out 9 quarts of water, place in
the crock, and add 1 quart of sodium silicate (commonly
called water glass), which can be purchased at almost any
drug store. Stir well so that the solution becomes thorough-
ly mixed.
The solution thus prepared is ready for the eggs, which
may be put in all at once or from time to time as they are
obtainable. Care should be taken in putting them in the jar
not to crack or break the shells; also make sure that the
solution covers the eggs by at least two inches at all times.
Put the crock containing the preserved eggs in a cool, dry
place and cover with a tight lid or waxed paper to prevent
evaporation.
To preserve a smaller or larger number of eggs, the solu-
tion should be mixed and prepared in the same proportion.
Preserving With Lime Solution.-If water glass is not
obtainable, lime may be used. It is not considered so good as
water glass, as in some instances eggs preserved by this
method have tasted slightly of lime, although at other times
lime water has proved entirely satisfactory.
To preserve with lime, dissolve 2 pounds of unslaked lime
in a small quantity of water and dilute with five gallons of
water that has previously been boiled and cooled. Allow the
mixture to stand until the lime settles, then pour off and use
the clear liquid. Place clean, fresh eggs in a clean earthen-
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
ware crock or jar and pour the clear limewater into the vessel
until the eggs are covered. At least 2 inches of the solution
should cover the top layer of eggs.
If best results are to be obtained the eggs should be fresh
and clean and preferably infertile. For this reason it is
always best when possible to candle the eggs carefully before
preserving them unless they are known to be strictly fresh.
If an egg is only slightly soiled a cloth dampened with vine-
gar may be used to remove the stains, but eggs should not
be washed with water or soap and water, as water removes
the protecting coating that is on the shell and may tend to
cause the contents to spoil. Under no circumstances should
badly soiled or cracked eggs be used for preserving, as one or
more such eggs in a jar may spoil all the others.
Using Preserved Eggs.-Fresh eggs preserved according
to these directions will usually keep from 6 to 10 months and
can be used satisfactorily for all purposes in cooking and for
the table. If, however, preserved eggs are to be boiled, a
small hole should be made with a pin in the larger end of the
shell before placing them in the water, to allow the air in the
egg to escape when heated and thus prevent cracking.
Fertile and Infertile Eggs.-An infertile egg is one laid
by a hen that has not been with a male bird for 2 or 3 weeks
and the germ cell of which is not fertilized. The length of
time varies somewhat, but ordinarily all eggs will be infertile
after the male has been separated from the flock for from 2
to 3 weeks. If the germ cell of the egg has not been ferti-
lized the egg will not hatch, and it is impossible for a blood
ring to form in such an egg when exposed to heat, which so
often happens with fertile eggs. Infertile eggs will keep
much longer than fertile eggs, and are best for all purposes
except hatching.
A fertile egg is just the opposite of an infertile one. It
is an egg laid by a hen that has been allowed to run with a
male bird within 2 or 3 weeks and the germ cell of which is
fertilized. The length of time required for fertilizing varies
somewhat, depending upon the vigor of the male. Generally
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
speaking, however, a good percentage of the eggs will prove
fertile after the male has been with the flock from 2 to 3
weeks. Fertile eggs are the ones from which chicks are
hatched, and are desirable for hatching purposes only, as
they spoil much sooner than infertile eggs, often resulting
in heavy losses.
The male bird makes the egg fertile, and the fertile egg,
if heated, develops a blood ring, making it unfit to eat. If
you do want hatching eggs, then allow the male to run with
the flock during the hatching season, but take him away
after the hatching is completed. The hens will lay just as
many eggs without a male as with one.
Candling Eggs.-By the term candlingg" is meant the
discarding or sorting out of the bad eggs from the good ones
by holding the egg before a strong light in such manner that
the rays of the light come to the eye through the egg so that
the condition of the contents can be seen.
The shell of a new-laid egg has a soft "glow" or "bloom"
which is a visible sign of perfect freshness. This glow or
bloom is destroyed by handling and in any case disappears
after the egg has been exposed to the air for a short time.
After that it is difficult to tell a fresh egg from an old one by
the appearance of the shell; therefore candling becomes nec-
essary if you would be sure that the egg is good.
Eggs can be candled best in a dark room, by the use of a
bright light inclosed in a box or case having a hole a trifle
smaller than an egg directly opposite the light. At this hole
the egg is held for examination. An ordinary hand lamp, a
lantern, an incandescent bulb, or a flashlight may be used.
Any box that, set on end, is large enough to hold the lamp
will do. In addition to the hole opposite the light there should
be a hole at the top end of the box, otherwise the heat from
the top of the chimney would set the box on fire. A tester
chimney made of tin such as is used on a lamp for testing
eggs in incubators may be used for candling. When such a
chimney is available the box is not necessary, as the eggs are
tested by means of the hole in the side of the chimney.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
The box and light should be placed on a table or a shelf
where most convenient. Place on one side the eggs that are
to be candled and on the other side have separate boxes (or
anything that will hold the eggs) for the good and the bad
eggs. Hold the eggs, one by one, large end up, close to the
light.
A perfectly good fresh egg shows "full" and "clear" be-
fore the light. There is almost no air cell at the large end,
and the yolk outline is only faintly visible. A fixed air cell
of one-eighth to three-sixteenths of an inch in depth indi-
cates a fresh egg as eggs run generally. A larger air cell
with a movable lower line indicates-according to sizes and
fluctuations-a stale egg or one becoming weak and watery.
Very small dark spots which sometimes may be seen are
usually blood clots. Large dark spots, blood rings, and shad-
ows are due to heat and germination and indicate the first
stages of decay. An egg that looks very dark or black, ex-
cept for a large fixed air cell, contains a chick at an advanced
stage of incubation. An egg which looks dark when tested
in the same way but shows a large air cell with a movable
lower line is usually in an advanced stage of fluid decompo-
sition, or what is commonly known as a "rotten egg."
At first it may be a little difficult to test the eggs as here
directed, but with a little practice it becomes a very simple
matter.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
PERIOD OF INCUBATION.
The period of incubation varies with different species of
poultry, as shown in the following table:
Kind of Poultry. Days. Kind of Poultry. Days.
Hen ..................... 21 Peafow l ................. 28
Pheasant ................ 22-24 Guinea fowl ............. 26-28
Duck .................... 28 Ostrich .................. 42
Duck (Muscovy).......... 33-35 Goose .................... 30
Turkey .................. 28 Pigeon .................. 17
The period of incubation 'varies somewhat with condi-
tions, so that a hatch may run one or two days over in some
cases, because of an accident during incubation or a low
temperature throughout that period, or it may come off
earlier. If through any accident the eggs are chilled or
overheated, it is advisable to continue the hatch, testing the
eggs after a few days to determine the extent of the damage.
PRESERVING EGGS
PRESERVING EGGS BY THE USE OF WATER GLASS.
Use pure water that has been thoroughly boiled and then
cooled. To each ten quarts of water add one quart of water
glass. Pack the eggs in a jar and pour solution over them,
cover well. Keep the eggs in a cool, dark place. A dry, cool
cellar is a good place. If the eggs are kept in too warm a place
the silicate is deposited and the eggs are not properly
protected. Do not wash the eggs before packing, for by so
doing you injure their keeping quality, probably dissolving
the mucillaginous coating on the outside of the shell. For
packing, use only perfectly fresh eggs, for stale eggs will
not be saved and may prove harmful to the others.
Water glass is a very cheap product, that can usually be
procured at about 50 cents per gallon, and one gallon would
make enough solution to preserve 50 dozen eggs, so that the
cost of material for this method would be only about a cent
per dozen.
Water glass is sodium and potassium silicate, sodium
silicate being usually the cheaper. If wooden kegs or barrels
are used in which to pack the eggs, they should first be
thoroughly scalded with boiling water, to sweeten and purify
them.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
PERCENTAGE OF PLANT FOOD IN ANIMAL
E7 nnr,1T flrTmcI
Exc
XLC^riivriEiN 1
Kind of
Animal.
Portion.
Horse.. Solid ....
Water.
%
75
90
78
85
92
86
80
97
87
60
85
68
55
S Phosphoric
Nitrogen. Acid.
% %
0.55 0.30
1.35 trace
0.70 0.25
0.40 0.20
1.00 trace
0.60 0.15
0.55 0.50
0.40 0.10
0.50 0.35
0.75 0.50
1.35 0.05
0.95 0.35
1.00 0.80
rement.
%
80
20
70
30
60
40
67
33
Liquid ......
Mixed ......
Cow . Solid .......
Liquid ..... .
Mixed ......
Pig .... Solid .......
Liquid ......
Mixed ......
Sheep. Solid .......
Liquid ......
Mixed ......
Hen ... Mixed ......
COMPOSITION OF DRIED OR WATER-FREE EXCREMENTS.
Kind of Portion of
Animal. Excrement.
Horse .... Solid .......
Liquid ......
Cow ..... Solid .......
Liquid ......
Pig ...... Solid .......
Liquid ......
Sheep .... Solid .......
Liquid ......
Nitrogen.
%
2.20
13.50
2.65
12.50
2.75
13.00
1.90
9.00
Potash.
%
1.60
12.50
0.65
17.00
2.00
15.00
1.15
14.00
Phosphoric
Acid.
%
1.20
1.35
2.50
4.00
1.25
0.35
PLANT FOOD CONSTITUENTS PRODUCED ANNUALLY IN
EXCREMENTS BY FARM ANIMALS PER 1,000 POUNDS
OF LIVE WEIGHT.
Phos-
Nitrogen phoric Acid Potash g
Kind of_____
Animal U a cv a C .c
Horse ...... 79 49 43 .. 58 45 23.60
Cow ....... 76 80 38 .. 19 108 29.60
Pig ........ 101 49 92 12 73 55 30.60
Sheep ...... 62 57 42 2 38 88 24.25
Hen ........ 85 .. 68 . 32 .. 18.70
Potash.
%
0.40
1.25
0.55
0.10
1.35
0.45
0.40
0.45
0.40
0.45
2.10
1.00
0.40
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA 61
ROTATION IN THE GARDEN
Rotation of crops is desirable in the garden as well as in
field crops. Following is a suggested plan of rotation for
early and late vegetables in the small home garden:
Distance
Followed Apart.
Vegetable by (Inches)
Beets, early ..................... Celery ..................... 15
Radishes ......................... Celery ..................... 15
Lettuce ................. ......... Celery ..................... 15
Early Potatoes .................. Spinach .................... 24
Onions, plants or sets ......................................... 24
Beets, late .......................Spring Cabbage .......... 18-24
Peas ............................ Fall Cabbage ............... 30
Early Cabbage ................... Fall Beans ................. 30
Early Potatoes ................... Fall Radishes, Lettuce ...... 24
Beans, bush ......................Scotch Kale ................ 24
Beans, bush .................... Siberian Kale .............. 24
Tomatoes, early .................. Turnips .................... 36
Tomatoes, medium and late ........ Turnips .................... 36
Tomatoes, late .............. ........... .............. 36
Eggplant and Peppers......................................... 24
Cucumbers................................................... 48
Sweet Corn ......................Fall Potatoes .............. 36
REQUIREMENTS FOR STORING FRUITS AND
VEGETABLES
Where fruits and vegetables are stored in cellars, barns,
pits, or other places, there are certain requirements that
must be met in order to avoid decay.
Only products that are free of diseases should be stored.
Often lack of air causes rotting. Dry heat will cause spoiling
more quickly than any other condition. When these prod-
ucts are stored in a dry place and begin to shrivel, sprinkle
the floor with water frequently, every day if necessary.
When put in storage pits, lack of ventilation is often the
cause of rotting. Pits should be provided with a flue or
chimney in the top so as to give the proper ventilation. It
is during the first month or two of storage that most venti-
lation is needed, as that is the time when the most moisture
is given off.
62 FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
HOW LATE TO PLANT VEGETABLES
In planting the fall garden, it is well to plant a big
variety of vegetables-practically all of those planted in the
spring. It is usually best to make the last plantings so
they will mature just before frost, provided they are kinds
that will not withstand frost. The table herewith lists some
of the more common vegetables that will not stand frost and
the number of days it usually takes them to mature under
average conditions. This information will enable us to
determine how late we can wait to plant these vegetables
and have them mature before frost: Days
Vegetables to mature
Bush lim a beans ................................... 70 to 80
Snapbeans .............. .......................... 45 to 55
Black-eyed peas ................................... 65 to 75
Lady peas .............. .............................. 60 to 70
Irish potatoes ...................................... 75 to 100
Cucumbers ....................................... 55 to 80
Squash ................... ........................... 60 to 80
Tom atoes ....................................... 100 to 120
Vegetables which will withstand considerable frost, but
not very hard freezes, and the number of days it ordinarily
takes them to mature are listed in the following table:
Days
Vegetables to mature
Mustard .............. ............................. 30 to 40
Turnips ............... ........................... 60 to 80
Carrots .......................................... 65 to 85
Beets ................................................ 65 to 70
Swiss chard ......................................... 45to 65
Radishes ............................................. 20to 30
Lettuce ............................................. 60 to 75
Onions from seed ..................................... 130 to 150
Onions, sets for green onions ........................... 35 to 40
Kohl-Rabi ............................................. 65 to 75
English peas ..................................... 40 to 70
Cabbage ......................................... 90 to 120
Cauliflow er ...................................... 100 to 125
Chinese Cabbage ....................... .............. 90 to 110
The following list of vegetables will stand in the open
throughout the winter in most sections of the South, and
may be planted well into the fall: Days
Vegetables to mature
Spinach .. ......................................... 30 to 60
Kale . ........................................... 90 to 120
Rape ............................................. 90 to 120
Collards ............... .............................. 100 to 130
Salsify ........................... ................. 150
Parsnips .,.............. ............................ 150
Rutabagas ....................................... 80 to 100
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
POISON BRAN MASH
For poisoning cut worms, army worms, grasshoppers,
and the central powers of wormdom, now driving against
the safety of garden and field crops, "Poison bran mash" is
the Browning gun of immediate relief. The following is
the formula:
Paris green or powdered arsenate of lead (whichever
you prefer or can secure), one-fourth of a pound; wheat
bran (coarse preferred), 5 pounds; one or two oranges or
lemons ground or cut into very, very small pieces; molasses
or syrup, one quart; water, three quarts, or as needed to
make a crumbly and not sloppy dough.
Bran and Paris green (or arsenate of lead) should be
first mixed together in bucket or other receptacle.
To the water, first add juices and pulp of oranges or
lemons. Add next syrup or molasses, mix, and then pour
onto the poison bran and stir thoroughly. Add more bran or
water only as needed to make a crumbly mash.
Scatter on ground alongside of plants or sow broadcast
if you have a large area, and increase or decrease bulk of
mixture according to amount of ground to be "doctored."
POISON FOR MOLE CRICKETS
The West Indian Mole Cricket is becoming quite trouble-
some in some parts of the State. This is a pale brown insect,
which, when full grown, is over an inch in length.
Like other crickets, they avoid the sunlight. They live
in the ground, deep into which they go during the day. But
at night they come out to feed. The following directions
may be used against the native species as well as against
the West Indian one:
To reduce their number in the ground, plow frequently
during their spring breeding season, which is from March
to May. Allow chickens and especially turkeys to follow
the plow. They are fond of these insects and will eat all
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
that they can find. If possible pasture hogs in the infested
field.
During March and April, when they are flying (they
do not fly much at other seasons) they are attracted by
lights and may be captured by light traps. Suspend a
lantern over a dish of water that has a thin skum of kerosene
on top.
Sulphur placed in the seed drill is said to repel them to
some extent. They may be kept out of seed beds by gauze
bottom and sides. At the time that the seed bed is made up,
place the gauze in the ground at the depth of a foot, more or
less according to whether the plants to be grown are deep
or shallow rooted, and place soil over it. The gauze to be
at all enduring in such a situation should be of copper or
galvanized iron.
Plants set out in a field may be protected by banding
them. For this purpose melt off tops and bottoms of tin
cans and place the resulting cylinders around the plants,
pushing them well into the ground, but allowing them to
project at least an inch or two above the ground. Instead
of the tin cans one may use tarred paper.
The moles may be poisoned by a mixture of cottonseed
meal or bran and Paris green. Thoroughly mix a pound of
Paris green with twenty or thirty of the cottonseed meal
and moisten the hole with diluted syrup.
Like other insects which live in the ground, they may
be destroyed by the use of carbon-bisulphide. Sink into the
infested garden several holes for each square yard. These
can be made with a cane if the soil is moist and should be
pushed to a depth of a foot. Pour into each hole an ounce of
the liquid and quickly cover up and tramp solid. Keep the
liquid as far as possible from the roots of the plants or
the latter will be killed also. Also keep the liquid away
from fires and lights, as it is very inflammable.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
LAW BANS CERTAIN SIZED HAMPERS AND BASKETS
The standard containers act of 1928 passed by the
Federal Congress fixes the standard for hampers, round
stave baskets, and splint baskets for fruits and vegetables
and for other purposes.
This new legislation defines standard hampers and round
stave baskets for fruits and vegetables to be of the fol-
lowing capacity: 1/8 bushel, 1/4 bushel, 1/2 bushel, 5/8 bushel,
3/4 bushel, 1 bushel, 11/ bushels, 11/2 bushels, and 2 bushels.
For the purpose of the act a bushel, standard dry measure,
has a capacity of 2,150.42 cubic inches.
This act describes standard splint baskets for fruits and
vegetables to be of 4 quart, 8 quart, 12 quart, 24 quart, and
32 quart baskets. The standard quart, dry measure, for
the purpose of this act has a capacity of 67.2 cubic inches.
The enforcement of this act is in the Bureau of Agricul-
tural Economics of the United States Department of Agri-
culture, and on and after November 1, 1929, it will be
unlawful for any manufacturer to sell or offer for sale
hampers, round-stave baskets, or splint baskets for fruits
and vegetables that do not comply with this act. This
applies to both intrastate and interstate shipments.
This law was brought about because for the fact that
many containers were made which gave to the untrained
eye the appearance of having a greater capacity than they
actually did. For instance, 7/8-bushel hamper is not readily
distinguishable from a bushel hamper to the untrained eye.
Those wishing complete information concerning regula-
tions may obtain it by writing to the Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
FLORIDA VEGETABLES-HOW AND WHEN TO PLANT.
2 $ Rows apart a,
A Z--0- r _5-*
NAME OF o
VEGETABLE r. oQ It
U1 a) 5|Z
Asparagus .......... 75 plants. 4 ft. 3 ft. 18 in. ......... Dec. y'ng shoots 3 1 year
Beans-Bush ......... 1 pt. 3 ft. 2 ft. 1 in. ........April pods 2 40 to 60 days C
Beans-Pole .......... 1% pts. 4 ft. 3 ft. 1 in. ........April pods 2 50 to 75 days
Beans-Lima ......... 1 pt. 3 ft. 2 ft. 12 in. ........ April pods 2 55 to 80 days K
Beets ............... 2 oz. 3 ft. 18 in. 3 in. ........ Feb. roots 1 60 to 75 days '
Brussels Sprouts ...... 4 oz. 3 ft. 21 ft. 2 ft. Feb. Mar. heads 2 90 to 110 days r
Cabbage-Early ..... 1 oz. 3 ft. 2%/ ft. 18 in. Jan. Feb. heads /2 90 to 110 days O
Cabbage-Late ....... ./ oz. 3 ft. 3 ft. 2 ft. ........ April heads 12 90 to 110 days
Carrots ............. 1 oz. 3 ft. 18 in. 2 in. ........ Feb. roots / 75 to 100 days
Cauliflower ........ oz. 3 ft. 2/4 ft. 2 ft. Feb. Mar. bloomhead % 95 to 120 days
Celery .............. 1 oz. 4 ft. 2 ft. 6 in. ........July leaf stalk % 120 to 150 days
Collards .............. 4 oz. 3/2 ft. 2 ft. 22 ft. ........June leaves /2 125 to 160 days
Corn-Sweet .......... 14 oz. 3 ft. 3 ft. 1 ft. ........ March grain 1 70 to 95 days
Cucumber ............ 1. oz. 3 ft. 3 ft. 3 ft. ........ April fruit 1 65 to 80 days
Eggplant ............1 pkt. 3 ft. 2/2 ft. 2 ft. March May fruit 12 100 to 125 days
Kale ................ ./4 oz. 3 ft. 2 ft. 6 in. ........ Feb. leaves 1/ 90 to 120 days
Kohl-Rabi ............ ./ oz. 3 ft. 18 in. 18 in. Feb. March enl'gd stem 1 60 to 80 days
FLORIDA VEGETABLES-HOW AND WHEN TO PLANT-Continued.
NAME OF "
VEGETABLE
0)
ca
Lettuce . . . . . . .
Okra .................
Onion- Seed ..........
Onion-Sets ..........
Parsley ..............
Parsnips .............
Peas-Garden .........
Pepper ...............
Potato-Irish .........
Radish ...............
Rhubarb .............
Salsify ...............
Spinach ..............
Squash ..............
Tom ato ..............
Turnip ...............
Turnip-Rutabaga ....
'/2 oz.
1 oz.
1 oz.
1 qt.
1/ OZ.
'/ oz.
/2 pt.
1 pkt.
/2 pk.
1 oz.
33 plants
1 oz.
1 oz.
1/2 OZ.
1/ oz.
'/2 OZ.
1 oz.
-Southern Cultivator.
Rows apart
o= or
3 ft.
31/2 ft.
3 ft.
3 ft.
3 ft.
3 ft.
3 ft.
3 ft.
3 ft.
3 ft.
4 ft.
3 ft.
3 ft.
312 ft.
31/2 ft.
3 ft.
3 ft.
18 in.
3 ft.
15 in.
15 in.
18 in.
18 in.
2 ft.
2 ft.
21/2 ft.
14 in.
3 ft.
18 in.
18 in.
3 ft.
21/ ft.
18 in.
2 ft.
4i
ci
C0
ci;
9"
6 in.
2 ft.
2 in.
21/2 in.
6 in.
2 in.
1 in.
18 in.
1 ft.
1 in.
3 ft.
1 in.
4 in.
21/2 ft.
2 ft.
2 in.
3 in.
c
2)
a%
o .
Oct.
March
Feb.
. . . .
C
0
4-
(a
o
P4
oo
Feb.
April
Feb.
Nov.
Feb.
Feb.
Feb.
April
Feb.
Feb.
Dec.
Feb.
Feb.
April
April
Feb.
July
ci
leaves
pods
bulb
bulb
leaves
roots
pods
pods
tubers
roots
stalks
roots
leaves
fruit
fruit
roots
roots
1 90 to 125 days
3/% 140 to 160 days C
3/ 90 to 110 days
1/2 85 to 110 days
1 120 to 160 days
2 50 to 75 days
1 95 to 130 days
4 95 to 140 days
/2 25 to 40 days
3 1 year
1/2 110 to 125 days
/2 60 to 100 days
1 65 to 80 days
/2 90 to 120 days
1 60 to 85 days
1/2 75 to 100 days
1-
I
68 FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE?
This Table Shows How Much Time It Takes, on the Average,
to Do the Ordinary Farm Jobs, Over the Country
as a Whole:
(A Work Day is 10 hours of Man or Horse Labor)
OPERATIONS Work Days
Production of crops, (per acre): Man Horse
Timothy, alfalfa and clover hay per cutting........... 1 1
Oats, wheat, barley, rye, buckwheat and millet ........ 2 3
Corn husked from standing stalks.................... 2 4.5
Corn husked from shock, or for silo ................... 5 5.5
Corn for silo, Central States ....................... 3 5.5
Corn husked, Southern States .................. ..... 4
Sorghum cut for hay................................ 3
Irish potatoes, Northern States...................... 11 10
Irish potatoes, Southern States................... .. 13 7
Sweet potatoes .................................... 10 5
Sugar beets .............. ........................ 6 10
Sugar cane for sirup, Georgia................... ... 16 7
Tobacco, Kentucky ............................... 35 8
Cotton ......................................... 13 6
Peanuts (harvested), Georgia. ...................... 5 3
Peanuts (hogged off), Georgia.................... ... 3 2
Watermelons, Georgia and Florida ................... 5 4
Field Beans ...................................... 4 5.5
Rice, Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas ................. 3.5 5.5
Cabbage, Northern States ......................... 13 12
Cabbage, Southern States ......................... 20 8
Onions, Texas (sold by crate)....................... 68 14
Onions, Ohio, grown from sets (sold in bunches)...... 93 10
Onions, Ohio, grown from seed (sold in bunches)...... 149 10
Tomatoes, Northern States ......................... 15 11
Tom atoes, Florida ........... ..................... 17 7
Cucumbers, Florida ............................. 32 10
String beans, Florida ............................... 22 7
Strawberries, Florida ............................. 74 9
Citrus fruits, Southern States ..................... 10 7
Radishes, Ohio (sold in bunches) .................... 45 5
Beets and carrots, Ohio (sold in bunches) .............. 82 8
Apples ..'......................................... 15 5
Caring for live stock (per year, except feeding steers and
feeding sheep):
Horses, corn-belt States ............................ 8 .75
Horses, Eastern States ............................. 12 .75
Dairy cows ................ ...................... 18 2
Young stock, cattle, colts, etc. ...................... 2.5 .2
20 feeding steers, per month......................... 2 1.5
10 hogs, corn-belt States ............................ 10 2
10 hogs, Eastern States.............. ............... 20 2
10 brood sows and raising pigs to weaning ............ 30 5
100 ewes ........................................ 50 5
100 feeding sheep, yard lots, per mo. ................ 3.5 3
100 chickens (well cared for) ........................ 20 2
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
WATERMELON LOADING RULES
Georgia Market Bulletin, July 5, 1928
FIRST-Cars shall be ventilated on sides and ends. No
cars shall be deemed standard loaded without such ventila-
tion.
SECOND-Melons shall be carefully handled, stacked
and piled tightly.
THIRD-No cars shall be deemed standard loaded unless
papered around the side and ends to the full height of the
melons. The floor shall be properly bedded with either ex-
celsior, pine straw or other suitable bedding. In no event
will sawdust or shavings be accepted. Do not close vents
with paper.
FOURTH-Melons shall be graded as follows:
Average Min. Weight Max. Weight Depth Count
18 lbs. 16 lbs. 20 lbs. 5 deep 1600 melons
20 lbs. 18 lbs. 22 lbs. 5 deep 1500 melons
22 lbs. 20 lbs. 24 lbs. 4 deep 1150 melons
24 lbs. 22 lbs. 26 lbs. 4 deep 1050 melons
26 lbs. 24 lbs. 28 lbs. 4 deep 1000 melons
28 lbs. 26 lbs. 30 lbs. 4 deep 960 melons
30 Ibs. 28 lbs. 32 lbs. 4 deep 880 melons
32 lbs. 30 lbs. 34 lbs. 4 deep 840 melons
34 lbs. 32 lbs. 36 lbs. 4 deep 800 melons
36 lbs. 34 lbs. 38 lbs. 4 deep 720 melons
FIFTH-Melons shall be fresh clipped from vines and
loaded into cars within 24 hours from time clipped. No ill-
shaped, diseased, specked or otherwise imperfect melons to
be loaded in standard cars. Melons to be taken from healthy
green vines only. No melons shall be loaded while wet or on
wet bedding.
SIXTH-All melons shall be treated for stem-end rot
with a paste made from a formula approved by the Bureau
of Plant Industry of the Department of Agriculture of the
United States.
SEVENTH-No cars shall be deemed standard loaded
unless all of the foregoing rules are complied with, and ship-
pers and growers are urged against loading any cars which
will not conform to the above standard.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
WHAT TO PLANT IN FRUIT FLY AREAS.
Federal Regulations on Farm Crop Plantings
While the planting and production of fruit and vegetable
crops host to the Mediterranean fruit fly are forbidden in
fly-infested areas, there are many none-host crops which
can be grown in those sections.
In the infested or zone 1 areas there are 58 fruit and
vegetable crops and 37 field crops which can be planted at
any time. These same crops can also be planted at any time
in the zone 2 or protective areas, while there are an addi-
tional 20 fruit and vegetable crops which can be grown in
the protective sections provided they do not mature before
November 1 or later than May 1.
The following summary of the rules of the Plant Quar-
antine and Control Administration, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, will serve as a convenient guide on crop
plantings:
Zone One Areas.
Infested Property: Within the boundaries of an actually
infested property, plant non-host crops only under the super-
vision of an inspector.
Zone 1: In the infested zone outside of the actually in-
fested property, selections for planting may safely be made
in their proper seasons from the following list:
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
Fruit, Truck and Field Crops.
Fruits and Vegetables Which May Be Planted in Zone 1 at Any Time.
Artichoke, root Kale
Artichoke, flowering Kohl-Rabi
Asparagus Leek
Beet, all varieties Lettuce
Broccoli Mint
Brussels sprouts Mustard
Cabbage, all varieties, includ- Nursery stock of non-host plants
ing Chinese, Savoy, Red Okra
Caraway Onion
Carrot, all varieties Oyster plant
Cauliflower Parsley
Celeriac Parsnips
Celery, all varieties Pe-tsai, Chinese cabbage
Chard Pineapple
Chicory Potato
Chives Radish
Collard Rhubarb
Cos Lettuce Rutabaga
Corn, sweet, field, pop Romaine
Corn salad Roselle
Cowpeas Shallot, multiplier onion
Cress Salsify
tCucumber, green (See note) Sorrel
Dasheen Spinach
Dill *Strawberry plants only
Endive String beans
Escarol Sweet potato and yam
Fennel Thyme
Garlic Turnip
Herbs Watermelon
*Strawberry plants do not require permits for moving intrastate
and like all root crops must be moved free of soil. Strawberry plants
for fruiting may be planted only under special permit to ship outside
the State of Florida.
tCucumbers, green, may be planted only under special permit to
ship outside the State of Florida.
Field Crops Which Can Be Planted in Zone 1 at Any Time.
Barley Cowpeas
Beggarweed Grasses, all kinds
Beets, sugar and mangel Kudzu vine
Buckwheat Lespedeza
Carrots, stock Millet
Cassava Mung bean
Chufas (earth almonds) Nuts, pecans, etc.
Corn, sweet, field, pop Oats
Kaffir (corn) Sorghum, all types, including
Peas: Black-eye, Pigeon peas, Kaffir (corn), etc.
Cowpeas, such as iron, brab- Soy beans
ham, etc. Sunflowers
Peanuts Sugar cane
Rape Tobacco
Rice Velvet beans
Rutabagas Vetch
Rye Wheat
Crotolaria Yam, all varieties
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
The following list of fruits and vegetables shall not be
planted at any time within the infested zone or the infested
property.
The infested zone (zone 1) extends for one full mile all
around an infested property and may include such additional
areas as deemed necessary (Rule 42-d).
Fruits and Vegetables That Can Not Be Planted in Zone 1 at Any Time.
Avocados Mulberry
Bananas
Beans, Bush lima and flava
Berries: Blackberries, Blueber-
ries, Dewberries
Cantaloupes
Capers
Citrus, all varieties
Cotton
tCucumbers, green or ripe
Eggplant
Figs
Gourds, all' varieties, including
edible
Grapes, all varieties
Guavas
Huckleberries
Loquats, Japanese plum
Mangos
Melons, all except watermelons
Nursery stock that does not
in zone 1.
Palms
Papayas
Passion flower (Passiflora edulis)
Peaches
Plums
Pears
Persimmons, Japanese and wild
Peppers, all kinds
Pomegranates
Pumpkins
Squashes, all varieties, including
crook-neck, hubbard and sum-
mer
*Strawberries, for fruiting
Surinam cherries
Tomatoes, all varieties, green or
ripe
Wonderberry (Salanum nigrum)
mature host fruits may be planted
*Strawberry plants do not require permits for moving intrastate
and like all root crops must be moved free of soil. Strawberry plants
for fruiting may be planted only under special permit to ship outside
the State of Florida.
tCucumber, green, may be planted only under special permit to
ship outside the State of Florida.
NOTE: No guarantee can possibly be made that all of the fruits
and vegetables listed above will remain in the preferred planting list
or within the list that can not be planted. Withdrawals from and
additions to the list may be necessary at any time as tests and experi-
ence reveal the necessity therefore. For information on planting of
any fruits and vegetables not found in above lists write or call the State
Plant Board, Orlando, Florida.
Zone Two Areas.
Definition of Zone 2: The protective zone (Zone 2) in-
cludes that area within nine miles of the outside boundary
of an infested zone and may also include such additional
areas as are necessary.
Planting in Zone 2: Selections made from the following
list may be planted during their proper crop seasons, at any
time without reference to the host-free period required in
Zone 2, as they are not products likely to be attacked by the
Mediterranean fruit fly except as noted in the list.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA 73
Fruit, Truck and Field Crops.
Fruits and Vegetables Which May Be Planted in Zone 2 at Any Time.
Artichoke, root Kohl-Rabi
Artichoke, flowering Leek
Asparagus Lettuce
Beet, all varieties Mint
Broccoli Mustard
Brussels sprouts Nursery stock of non-host plants
Cabbage, all varieties, includ- Okra
ing Chinese, Savoy, Red Onion
Caraway Oyster plant
Carrot, all varieties Parsley
Cauliflower Parsnips
Celeriac Pe-tsai, Chinese cabbage
Celery, all varieties Pineapple
Chard Potato
Chicory Radish
Chives Rhubarb
Collard Rutabaga
Cos Lettuce Romaine
Corn, sweet, field, pop Roselle
Corn salad Shallot, multiplier onion
Cowpeas Salsify
Cress Sorrel
tCucumber, green (See note) Spinach
Dasheen *Strawberry plants only
Dill Sweet potato and yam
Endive String beans
Escarol Thyme
Fennel Turnip
Herbs Watermelon
Kale
*Strawberry plants do not require permits for moving intrastate
and like all root crops must be moved free of soil. Strawberry plants
for fruiting may be planted only under special permits to ship outside
the State of Florida.
tCucumbers, green, may be planted only under special permit to
ship outside the State of Florida.
Field Crops Which Can Be Planted in Zone 2 at Any Time.
Barley Peas: Black-eye, Pigeon peas,
Beggarweed Cowpeas, such as iron, brab-
Beets, sugar and mangel ham, etc.
Buckwheat Peanuts
Carrots, stock Rape
Cassava Rice
Chufas (earth almonds) Rutabagas
Corn, sweet, field, pop Rye
Kaffir (corn) Sorghum, all types, including
Crotolaria Faterita,
Cowpeas Soy beans
Grasses, all kinds Sunflowers
Kudzu vine Sugar cane
Lespedeza Tobacco
Millet Velvet beans
Mung bean Vetch
Nuts, pecans, etc. Wheat
Oats Yam, all varieties
Palms may be planted at any time in zone 2. Citrus nursery stock
and trees may be planted under special permit regarding bearing
within 5 years.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
Planting For Maturity From November 1 to May 1 Only.
The following crops are all apparently susceptible to fruit
fly infestation and selections made from the following list
must be planted so as to mature after November 1st and
before May 1. Field plantings may be made from seed-beds
started before this date provided the plantings can not reach
a susceptible stage of maturity before November 1.
Beans, all snap or string beans,
including Bush lima, Green,
Pole, Pole lima, Shelling
beans, Wax bush
Cantaloupes
Capers
tCucumbers, green or ripe
Eggplant
English peas
Gourds, all varieties, including
edible
Melons, all except watermelons
Passion flower
(Passiflora edulis)
Peppers, all kinds
Pumpkins
Squashes, all varieties, including
crook-neck, hubbard and sum-
mer.
*Strawberries, for fruiting
Tomatoes, all varieties, green or
ripe
Wonderberry (Salanum nigrum)
*Strawberry plants do not require permits for moving intrastate
and like all root crops must be moved free of soil. Strawberry plants
for fruiting may be planted only under special permit to ship outside
the State of Florida.
tCucumber, green, may be planted only under special permit to
ship outside the State of Florida.
The following list includes some of the host fruits that
may not be planted in Zone 2. Where already established
and bearing the fruit shall not be permitted to grow or exist
within Zone 2 during the host free period, May 1 to Novem-
ber 1, except citrus and Guatamalan avocado fruits in such
stages of immaturity that in the judgment of the inspector
they are not susceptible to infestation:
Avocados
Bananas
Berries: Blackberries, Blueber-
ries, Dewberries
Citrus, all varieties
Cotton
Figs
Grapes, all varieties
Guavas
Huckleberries
Loquats, Japanese plum
Mangos
Papayas
Peaches
Pears
Persimmons, Japanese and wild
Plums
Pomegranates
Surinam cherries
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
PLANTING TABLE FOR FLORIDA TRUCK CROPS
General Instructions for the Commercial Production of
Vegetable Crops.
All truck crops listed in this table are produced in com-
mercial quantities by Florida farmers. Such crops as beets,
turnips, radishes, spinach and cantaloupes, which are grown
mainly for local markets in this state, are not listed.
Because of the wide range in Florida climatic and soil
conditions, the rules for growing one crop in the southern
part of the state do not always apply to growing the same
crop in the Central or Northern sections of the state. Hence,
the information and suggestions given in this table are of
only a general nature, and must be properly interpreted
when applied to various local conditions.
References: Florida Agricultural Experiment Station,
Gainesville; Florida State Department of Agriculture, Talla-
hassee; P. H. Rolfs' "Sub-Tropical Vegetable Gardening";
and William Gomme, Pinellas County Agricultural Agent.
PLANTING TABLE FOR FLORIDA TRUCK CROPS
Type of Soil Amt. Seed Amount Days to Yield Per .Cost Per Distance
Crop Principal Variety Best Adapted Per Acre When to Plant Fertilizer Mature Acre Acre Apart Rows Remarks
and in Rows
Giant Stringless
Refugee Ready market for
Black Valentine Muck; Hammock; Jan., Feb., Mar., late fall and spring
BEANS Wardwell's Kidney Wax Flat Woods, well- 3 pks. to Apr., June, (but- 800 to 1,000 70 days 110 ham- $60 to 3 to 4 ft. crop. In South Flor-
New Davis White Wax drained; Pine, good 1 bu. ter varieties) lbs. per acre pers $85 3 to 4 in. ida fall beans sell
Green & Yellow Bountiful quality, well.
Fordhook Aug. & Sept. 45 days
Lima (snap varieties)
Jersey Wakefield
Charleston Wakefield Muck; Hammock; 1 lb. Suffi- 90 to 100 100 to $75 to Spring crop brings
CABBAGE Premium Flat Dutch Flat Woods, well- cient for 2 October, Novem- 1,500 to 2,000 days 150 crates $100 6 by 3 ft. good return.
Succession drained; Pine, good acres her & January. lbs. per acre
Copenhagen quality.
Golden self blanching (Ey) Muck; Hammock; 2,000 lbs. per This crop must be
CELERY Green Top Flat Woods, well- 6 oz. August to No- icre and more 130 days 600 crates $400 to 3 ft. by 4 in. carefully handled
Easy Blanching drained. vember. if necessary. $600 for the best results.
Improved White Spine Hammock; Flat
CUCUMBERS Davis Perfect Woods, well-drain- 2 to 3 lbs. August, Sept., 500 to 800 lbs. 65 to 75 200 to $75 to 6 by 5 ft. Easy crop to grow,
Stay Green ed. Oct. per acre. days. 300 cukes $100 good local market.
Hammock; Flat
EGGPLANT Black Beauty Woods, well-drain- 6 oz. January, spring 2,000 lbs. per 130 days 400 crates $125 5 by 3 ft. Good profitable
Florida Highbush ed; Pine, good qual- crop. July, fall acre. shipping crop.
ity. crop. Ready market.
Big Boston Muck; Hammock;
LETTUCE Cream Butter Flat Woods, well- 2 lbs. September to 3,000 lbs. per 60 days 600 to $150 14 by 14 in. Good drainage es-
Romaine drained. December acre. 700 crates sential and land
Iceburg should not be sour.
Use well rotted
Crystal Wax 3 to 4 lbs. stable manure when
ONIONS White Bermuda Low Hammock; seed Dec. to Feb. Seed 2,000 lbs. per 120 days 400 to $125 12 by 6 in. able. Nitrate soda
Australian Brown Flat Woods; Pine. 8 bu. sets Jan. to Mar. sets acre. 500 crates can be used when
Red Bermuda maturing, 100 lbs.
to acre.
Alaska Extra Early Muck; Hammock;
ENGLISH PEAS Thomas Laxton Flat Woods, high 80 lbs. October to March 500 to 800 65 days 200 ham- $85 4 ft. by 1 in. Soil must not be
Florida McNeil quality; Pine, good lbs. per acre. pers sour. Innoculation
Telephone quality. ______of seed advisable.
PLANTING TABLE FOR FLORIDA
Principal Variety
Ruby King
World Beater
Spaulding, Rose
Bliss Triumph
Irish Cobbler
Porto Rico
Big Stem Jersey
Triumph
Norton Yam
Nancy Hall
Missionary
Klondyke
i- i---------
Adams' Early
Crosby's Early
Stowell's Evergreen
Country Gentleman
Howling Mob
Livingston Globe
Marglobe
Stone
Earliana
Beauty
Bonny Best
Norton
Tom Watson
Florida Favorite
Irish Gray
Type of Soil
Best Adapted
Amt. Seed
Per Acre
When to Plant
Amount
Fertilizer
Days to
Mature
Yield Per -Cost Per Distance
Acre Acre Apart Rows
and in Rows
I- I I I I-
Flat Woods; Ham-
mock; Pine, good
quality.
Flat Woods, well
drained; Ham-
mock; Muck.
Pine Lands; Sandy
Flat Woods.
Flat Woods;
Hammock.
Muck; Flat Woods
Hammock.
Prairie; Ham-
mock; Muck; Flat
Woods, well drain-
ed.
Pine; Flat Woods,
well drained.
--~-- --' -~ -- '~ --I-'
10 bu.
8 bu. for
draws
Single Row,
15,000 plants
9x12 in. 35,-
000 plants
15 lbs.
2 lbs.
July, Aug., fall.
Jan., spring.
December &
January
PEPPERS
POTATOES
(Irish)
POTATOES
(Sweet)
Jan. to March
Jan. to March
3,000 lbs. per
acre.
1,500 lbs. to
2,000 lbs. per
acre.
600 to 1,000
Ibs. per acre.
125 to 140
days
70 days
120 days
i -1 1 1
1,500 lbs. plus
100 lbs. Ni-
trate per acre.
500 lbs. plus 50
lbs. Nitrate
soda at tassel-
ing per acre.
1,300 lbs. to
1,500 lbs. per
acre.
1,500 lbs. per
acre.
70 days
70 to 85
days
135 days
70 to 90
days
200 crates $185
45 bbls. $125
100 to
200 bu.
1,500 to
2,000 qts.
30 to 50
crates
250 crates
1 carload
2 acres
$175 to
$250
$25
___________________
$100
$30 acre
3 ft. by 20 in.
3 ft. 6 in. by
12 in.
3 ft. by 14 in.
3 ft. by 14 in.
8 ft. by 9 in.
4 ft. by 2 ft.
10 ft. by 10 ft.
Remarks
Good fall shipping
crop.
Treat seed before
planting. Be pre-
pared to dust or
spray with bor-
deaux preparations.
Allow 10,000 slips
to acre.
Use stable manure
if possible in addi-
tion to commercial
fertilizer.
Run seed through
creolin solution to
keep off birds. Use
% lb. arsenate lead
powder to 6 lbs.
hydrated lime for
bud worm.
Good commercial
market for first-
class material.
Local market good.
Treat seed and be
prepared to dust or
spray with nicotine
and bordeaux solu-
tion.
April, May, June,
July.
Sept.-Nov.
Feb., March,
April, May.
STRAW-
BERRIES
SWEET CORN
TOMATOES
WATER-
MELONS
-----~-----~---~------~---
TRUCK CROPS-Continued.
A Vegetable Planting Table for Year-round Use
Vegetable
1. Artichoke (Globe)....
2. Asparagus...........
3. Beans (Snap)........
4. Beans (Pole)........
5. Beans (Bush Lima)...
6. Beans (Pole Lima)...
7. Beet.................
8. Brussels Sprouts.....
9. Cabbage ............
10. Cantaloupe..........
11. Cauliflower ........
12. Carrot. ..............
13. Celery. ...............
14. Collard..............
15. Chard...............
16. Corn (Sweet)......
17. Corn Salad..........
18. Cucumber...........
19. Eggplant...........
20. Endive..............
21. Kale................
22. Kohl-Rabi ..........
23. Leek. ...............
24. Lettuce .............
25. Mustard.............
26. Okra ...............
27. Onion (seed).......
28. Onion (sets)........
29. Parsley .............
30. Parsnip............
31. Peas................
32. Peppers............
33. Potato (Irish)........
34. Potato (Sweet).......
35. Radish.............
36. Rhubarb.............
37. Salsify..............
38. Spinach.............
39. Spinach (New Z.)....
40. Squash (bush) .......
Seed for
100 Feet
of Row
1 ounce....
1 ounce....
1 pint ......
pint......
1/ to 1 pint..
pint......
2 ounces
Sounce....
ounce ...
Sounce....
s ounce....
1 ounce....
V% ounce ....
Sounce ...
1 ounce....
/k pint......
2 ounce....
2 ounce....
1/ ounce....
ounce....
y ounce....
2 ounce....
1ounce....
% ounce....
1 ounce....
2 ounces...
1 ounce....
1 quart....
/ ounce....
/ ounce....
1 to 2 pints.
s ounce....
5 to 6 Ibs...
3 pounds...
1 ounce....
33 roots.....
1 ounce....
1 ounce....
2 ounce....
1 ounce ....
41. Squash (vine)........ % ounce....
Plants for
100 Feet
of Row
Depth of
Planting-
Inches
Days to
Come up
Distance Between Rows
For Horse For Hand
Cultivation Cultivation
Plants in the
Row
i 1 I -I- -1- _
50 .........
60 to 80....
65 to 90.....
65 to 90....
60 to 75
200 to 250...
65 to 100...
200 ........
400 ........
50 to 70....
100........
100 .........
125 to 200...
50..........
75 slips.....
3 roots.....
/2 to 1........
1 to Ilr, roots
10 to 12.......
11/2 to 2......
11/2 to2 .. ....
1 2 to2.......
1I to 2.......
1 to 1!,. .....
1 ...........
1 to .. .
Y2............
1/ ............
.to.........
% ...........
1/ to 1 ........
2. ...........
2 ........... .
1 to l......
V...........
4 to .......
/2 ...........
2 ............
y2 ...........
1/2...........
% ............
1 to 2.......
, to ........
1 to 2........
to...........
to 1........
2 to 3.. ......
2 ............
3 to 5........
2 to 3..... ..
Sto 1........
*.............
to l........
1to 2........
1 to 2. . . . .
2 to ........
1 to 2........
2to28 ..... 3to4 ft.....
6 to 10.....
6 to 10 .....
6 to 10.....
6 to 10.....
7 to 10.....
6 to 10.....
6 to 10.....
6 to 10.....
6 to 10 ....
10 to 15.....
12 to 20.....
6 to 10 .....
7 to 10.....
8 to 10.....
10 to 12.....
6to 8.....
10 to 14.....
6 to 10.....
6 to 10.....
6to 8.....
8 to 12.....
6 to 10.....
4to 5.....
15 to 20.....
8 to12.....
6to 8.....
18 to 24.....
12 to 18.....
6 to 10.....
10 to 14.....
15 to 25.....
4 to 6.....
12 to 14.....
8to 12.....
6 to 12.....
14 to 16.....
6 to 10.....
6 to 10.....
3 to 4 ft.....
2% to 3 ft...
4 ft.........
3 ft. . .
4 ft... .
2 to 2 ft...
22 to 3 ft...
21% to 3 ft...
5 to 6 ft.....
2y to 3 ft..
2 to 2h ft..
3 to 4 ft.....
2 to 21/2 ft...
2 ft.........
3 to 31/2 ft...
2 to 21/ ft...
4to5ft....
3 ft.... ....
2 to 2 ft...
2/2 to 3 ft...
2% to 3 ft...
2 ft.........
2 to 2% ft...
2 ft.........
4 ft.........
2 ft.........
2 ft.........
2 ft.........
2 to 2% ft...
3 to 4 ft.....
2 to 3 ft.....
2% to 3 ft...
3 to 4 ft.....
2 ft.........
3 to 5 ft.....
2 ft.........
2 ft.........
3 to 4 ft....
3 to 4 ft....
........... I to 2........ 6 tol10... 7 to 10 ft....
42. Tomato.............. ounce... 35 to 50..... to ........ 4 to 7..... 3to 4 ft.....
43. Turnip ............ ounce.... ............ to .... 8to 2..... 2ft.... ..
44. Watermelon......... 1ounce..... ....... ........................ 8 to 10 ft...
3 ft.........2 ft...............
3 ft........
2 to 2 ft..
3ft........
2 to 21 ft..
2% to 3 ft..
15 to 18 in...
2 to 2 ft..
2 to 2% ft..
5 to 6 ft....
2 to 2% ft..
15 to 18 in...
18 to 24 in...
18 to 24 in...
18 to 24 in...
2% to 3 ft...
15 to 18 in...
4 to 5 ft....
2 to 2% ft..
15 to 18 in...
18 to 24 in...
18 to 24 in...
18 to 24 in...
15 to 18 in...
15 to 18 in...
3ft........
15 in........
15 in........
15 in........
15 to 18 in...
21/2 to 3 ft....
24 in........
2 to 2% ft...
3ft........
12 to 15 in...
3 to 4 ft.....
15 to 18 in...
15 to 18 in..
3 to 4 ft....
3 to 4 ft....
7 to 10 ft....
2 to 3 ft.....
15 to 18 in...
8 to 10 ft....
15 in.............
3 to 4 in........
2to 3 ft..........
6 to 10 in.........
2 to 3 ft...........
4 to 5 in.........
14 to 18 in.......
14 to 18 in........
Drills 18 in.,
hills 5 ft........
15 to 18 in.......
3 to 4 in........
0 to 6 in.........
12 to 18 in........
5to in.............
30 to 36 in........
8 to 10 in.........
15 in.............
8 to 24 in.......
8 to 10 in... ...
8 to 10 in.........
4to 6 in..........
4 to 6 in..........
3 to 10 in.... ...
3 to 4 in.........
2 ft........ ......
3 to 4 in.........
3 to 4 in.........
3to 4 in..........
3 to 4 in..........
l in..............
Sto 18 in.......
12 to 18 in........
14 to 18 in........
I in..............
3to 4 ft..........
1 in ..............
1 to 2 in..........
18 in.............
15 to 18 in.,
drill ; 4 ft., hills
2 to 3 ft., drill ;
8 ft., hills......
2to 3 ft..........
2 to 3 in..........
Drills, 2 to 3 ft.;
hills, 8 ft.......
Mature or
Ready for
Use in-
8 to 12 mos.
3to 4yrs.
40 to 65 days
50 to 80 days
60 to 90 days
60 to 80 days
60 to 80 days
90 to 120 days
90 to 130 days
120 to 150 days
100 to 130 days
75 to 110 days
120 to 150 days
100 to 120 days
40 to 60 days
60 to 100 days
60 days
60 to 80 days
100 to 140 days
90 to 180 days
90 to 120 days
60 to 80 days
100 to 115 days
60 to 90 days
70 days
98 to 140 days
130 to 150 days
90 to 120 days
90 to 120 days
125 to 160 days
40 to 80 days
100 to 140 days
80 to 140 days
140 to 160 days
20 to 40 days
1to 3yrs.
120 to 180 days
30 to 60 days
80 to 90 days
60 to 80 days
120 to 160 days
100 to 140 days
60 to 80 days
100 to 120 days
,
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
NUMBER TREES OR PLANTS TO AN ACRE.
Distance N
Apart P
12 by 1 inch ...........
12 by 3 inches ..........
18 by 1 inch ...........
18 by 3 inches ..........
18 by 12 inches .........
18 by 18 inches .........
24 by 12 inches ..........
24 by 18 inches ..........
30 by 1 inch ...........
30 by 6 inches ..........
30 by 12 inches ..........
30 by 24 inches ..........
40 by 30 inches ..........
36 by 3 inches .........
36 by 30 inches ..........
42 by 24-inches ..........
42 by 36 inches ..........
42 by 42 inches ..........
48 by 18 inches ..........
6 by 6 inches ..........
1 foot by 1 foot ........
1footby 2 feet ........
1 foot by 3 feet ........
o. Plants
er Acre
522,720
174,240
348,480
116,160
29,040
19,360
21,780
14,520
209,088
34,848
17,424
8,712
9,970
58,080
5,808
6,223
4,148
3,556
7,790
174,240
43,560
21,780
14,520
Distance
Apart
1 foot by 11 feet
2 feet by 2 feet
2 feet by 3 feet
3 feet by 3 feet
4 feet by 1 foot
4 feet by 2 feet
4 feet by 3 feet
4 feet by 4 feet
5 feet by 5 feet
6 feet by 6 feet
7 feet by 7 feet
8 feet by 8 feet
9 feet by 9 feet
10 feet by 10 feet
12 feet by 12 feet
20 feet by 20 feet
25 feet by 25 feet
30 feet by 30 feet
35 feet by 35 feet
40 feet by 40 feet
50 feet by 50 feet
60 feet by 60 feet
70 feet by 70 feet
To find the number of plants or trees in an acre at any
distance apart, multiply the one distance in feet by the other
to give the square feet in each space and divide this distance
into 43,560. Example: 4 by 4 feet equals 16 square feet.
By dividing this into 43,560, the number of square feet in
an acre, we have 2,722, which is the number of plants re-
quired to set an acre when put 4 by 4 feet apart.
The table above gives the number required for most of
the distances ordinarily used.
No. Plants
Per Acre
. . .. 19,360
10,890
7,260
4,840
10,890
5,445
3,630
2,772
1,742
1,210
888
680
537
435
302
108
70
48
35
27
17
12
9
80 FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
SEED USED PER ACRE.
Estimated Range
Average of Bulk of
of Reports Plantings
Alfalfa, broadcast ................... .b. 18.3 15 to 20
Alfalfa, drilled ....................... b. 14.8 12 to 18
Barley .............................. bu. 1.84 1.5 to 2.0
Beans, field, small .................... .bu. .76 .5 to 1.0
Beans, field, large ................... .bu. 1.29 1.0 to 1.5
Beets, common (not sugar)............. lb. 6.3 5.5 to 7.5
Blue Grass ........................... bu. 1.07 .75 to 1.25
Broom corn .......................... lb. 6.0 3 to 7
Buckwheat ....................... ... bu. .98 .75 to 1.25
Cabbage plants ................... ... .no. 5,658 5,000 to 7,000
Clover, alsike ................. ..... lb. 8.7 8 to 12
Clover, Japan ................. ..... lb. 9.9 9 to 15
Clover, mammoth ..................... lb. 10.4 8 to 12
Clover, red, alone .................... .b. 10.7 8 to 12
Clover, red, on grain ................... lb. 9.8 8 to 12
Clover, crimson .................. .... lb. 12.1 10 to 15
Corn, for grain ....................... lb. 9.5 6 to 12
Corn, fodder, for silage. ............... lb. 26.0 15 to 35
Cotton .................. ......... bu. .96 .9 to 1.1
Cowpeas, for forage .................. .bu. 1.31 1.0 to 1.5
Cowpeas, in drill with corn ............. bu. .63 .40 to .65
Cowpeas, for seed............... . .. bu. .70 .50 to .75
Field peas, small............ .. .. .bu. .93 .75 to 1.25
Field peas, large..................... bu. 1.17 1.0 to 1.5
Flaxseed ................ .. ....... lb. 29.2 25 to 30
Oats ................................. bu. 2.37 2.0 to 2.5
Orchard grass ........................ lb. 12.6 10 to 15
Peanuts ............... ............. bu. 1.02 1.0 to 1.1
Potatoes ............................. bu. 8.6 7 to 12
Rice .................. ............. bu. 1.98 1.5 to 2.5
Rye, for grain ......................... bu. 1.44 1.25 to 1.75
Rye, for forage........................ bu. 1.82 1.5 to 2.0
Soy beans, drilled ................... bu. .79 .50 to 1.00
Soy beans, broadcast .................. bu. 1.37 1.00 to 1.50
Sugar beets .......................... lb. 13.1 12 to 18
Sweet potato plants. .................. no. 6,605 6,000 to 7,000
Timothy ........................... lb. 9.4 8 to 12
Tobacco plants ................. . . no. 4,762
W heat ............................. bu. 1.38 1.25 to 1.75
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
FLORIDA'S THREE SECTIONS AND CROPS GROWN
IN EACH.
Farm lands may be found in almost any section of Flor-
ida which, for the convenience of those seeking information
about the State, has been divided into three sections, and a
list of crops that may be grown in each of the sections.
North Florida.
Alachua, Baker, Bay, Bradford, Calhoun, Clay, Columbia,
Dixie, Duval, Escambia, Franklin, Flagler, Gadsden, Gil-
christ, Gulf, Hamilton, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Lafay-
ette, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Nassau, Okaloosa, Putnam,
Santa Rosa, St. Johns, Suwannee, Taylor, Union, Walton,
Washington, Wakulla. Area, 14,414,560 acres.
Central Florida.
Brevard, Citrus, Hernando, Hillsborough, Lake, Levy,
Marion, Orange, Osceola, Pasco, Pinellas, Polk, Seminole,
Sumter, Volusia. Area, 9,164,800 acres.
South Florida.
Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Dade, DeSoto, Glades, Har-
dee, Hendry, Highlands, Indian River, Lee, Manatee, Martin,
Monroe, Okeechobee, Palm Beach, Sarasota, St. Lucie. Area,
11,376,680 acres.
Leading Products of North Florida.
The following is a list of leading crops raised commer-
cially in North Florida:
Cotton, corn, oats, sugar cane, sorghum cane, Japanese
cane, tobacco, rice, field peas, soy beans, velvet bean hay,
cow pea hay, Natal grass, kudzu hay, native grass hay, millet,
rye, velvet beans, peanuts, sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes,
cabbage, watermelons, tomatoes, string beans, cucumbers,
onions, lettuce, lima beans, eggplants, cantaloupes, English
peas, beets, squashes, peppers, strawberries, pecans, peaches,
figs, pears, Japanese persimmons, grapes, plums, oranges
and grapefruit in limited quantity.
Central Division.
The Central Division comprises fifteen counties with an
area of 9,164,800 acres. This division produces the bulk of
the citrus fruit and the garden truck of the State. Its shores
are laved on the east by the Atlantic and on the west by the
Gulf of Mexico, the high land ridge occupies the center.
WHAT AND WHEN TO PLANT IN NORTH FLORIDA.
Seed required to Days to
plant one acre. mature.
Brussels Sprouts-January, February, September, October, November........ to lb. 100 to 120
Beans (Pole)-March, April, May, August, September....................... 1/ to / bu. 60 to 75
Beans (Bush)-March, April, May, August, September. ..................... 1 bu. 40 to 55
Beets-February, March, August, September, October, November ........... 4 to 6 lbs. 70 to 80
Corn-February, March, April .............. ....................... >
Cotton-March, April .............................................
Cabbage-October to February ........................................ 6 to 12 ozs. 80 to 100
Cauliflower-January, September, October ............................... 3 to 6 ozs. 100 to 130 M
Collards-January, February, March, November. ........................... to / lb. 100 to 120
Cantaloupes-March, April .............................................. 1 to 2 lbs. 70 to 100 ^
Cucumbers-February, March, April ...................................... 2 to 3 lbs. 50 to 70
Eggplants-February, March, April, July, August......................... 1 to lb. 110 to 130 0
English Peas-February, March, April, September, October (McNeil pea) .... 1 to 2 bu. 50 to 65
Irish Potatoes-January, February, March, April, August, September......... 10 to 15 bu. 75 to 100
Kale-March, September, October, November.................... 1 to 2 lbs. 50 to 60
Kershaw-March, April .... .................................. ..... 3 lbs. 65 to 100 d
Kohl-Rabi-March, April, August ..................... ............... 1 to 2 lbs. 50 to 70 M
Leek-January, February, March, September, October ......................
Lettuce-January, February, September, October, November, December...... 2 to 3 lbs. 70 to 80
Onions-January, February, August, September, October, November, December 3 to 5 lbs. 150 to 170
Okra-March, April, May, August ........................................ 8 to 10 lbs. 90 to 140
Parsley- February, March, April ......................................... 2 to 3 lbs. 80 to 90
Parsnips-February, March, April, October, November ..................... 2 Ibs. 120 to 130
Pumpkins-June, July .............................. ................ 3 lbs. 65 to 100
Radishes-January, February, March, April, September, October, November,
Decem ber ........................................ .................. 4 to 6 lbs. 20 to 40
Rutabagas-February, March, April, August, September, October............ 2 to 4 lbs. 45 to 90
Sugar Cane-February and March ....................................... 2,000 to 2,500 canes 225 to 250
Strawberries-January, September, November, December ................... 12,000 to 15,000 plants 120 to 220
WHAT AND WHERE TO PLANT IN NORTH FLORIDA-Continued.
Seed required to Days to
plant one acre. mature.
Sweet Potatoes-April, May, June .................................... 10,000 to 11,000 plants 90 to 150
Salsify-February, March, September .......... ...... ......
Spinach-February, August, September, October .......................... 4 to 6 lbs. 10 to 30
Squash- March, April, May, August ...................................... 2 to 3 lbs. 40 to 75
Turnips-January, February, March, April, August, September, October...... 1 to 2 lbs. 45 to 90
Tomato Plants-March, April, May, June, July, August ................... 1/4 to 1 lIb. 80 to 125 -
Tobacco Plants-March, April ..........................................10,000 to 12,000 plants 100 to 140
W atermelons- March, April .............................................. 1 to 11/ lbs. 95 to 120
Forage Crops.
Burr Clover-September to November ..... ...........................
Japan Clover-May, June, July .......... .. ..................... Q
Bermuda Grass-March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October.. f
Carpet Grass- M arch to July .............................................
Velvet Beans-March, April, May .......................................' to 12 bu. 120 to 170 t
Peanuts-March, April, May, June, July.................................... 1 to 2 bus. 90 to 140
Rye and Rape-January, February, October, November and December........ 3 to 5 lbs. 60 to 80
Sorghum-March to June ............................................ 4 to 5 qts. 90 to 120
Vetch-October, November, December .................................
Soy Beans-March to June ............................................/. to 1 bu. 75 to 120
Cow Peas-March to July ................................................ to 1 bu. 75 to 100
Beggar Weed-May to July .............................................15 to 20 lbs. 75 to 90
Kudzu-December, January, February ................................
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
CROPS THAT CAN BE RAISED ON SAME LAND SAME YEAR.
Oats, Bunch Velvet Beans, Rape.
Oats, Cow Peas, Rape.
Irish Potatoes, Corn.
Irish Potatoes and Cow Peas or Velvet Beans.
Good Silage Crops.
Corn, Napier Grass, Sorghum, Japanese Cane.
Fruits and Berries.
The leading fruits and berries of this section are the fig,
peach, pear, Satsuma, grapes, plum, persimmon, blueberries,
strawberry, blackberry, and dewberries.
The Satsuma is a supplement to the round orange, mak-
ing Florida an all-year orange producer, as the two overlap
in seasons of ripening.
Nuts.
The counties comprising North Florida produce four-
fifths of the pecans of the State.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
*'WHAT AND WHEN TO PLANT IN CENTRAL FLORIDA.
Brussels Sprouts-January, February, March, September,
October, November.
Beans-February, March, September.
Beets-January, February, March, September, October, No-
vember.
Cabbage-January, February, October, November, Decem-
ber.
Cantaloupes-February, March.
Cauliflower-January (seed); March, June (seed); July,
August, September, October.
Cucumbers-September to March.
Collards-January, February, March, April, May, August,
September, November, December.
Celery-June (seed); July (seed); September to February.
Cotton-February, March, April.
Corn-January (early) ; February, March, April.
Dasheens-March, April.
Eggplant-January, February, spring crop; July, fall crop.
English Peas-September to March.
Irish Potatoes-September, fall crop; November to March,
spring crop.
Kohl-Rabi-March, April, August.
Kale-February, March, August, September, October, No-
vember, December.
Leek-January, February, March, September, October, De-
cember.
Lettuce-January, February, September, October, Novem-
ber, December.
*Number of Seed and Time of Maturity Same as in North Florida
Table.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
Mustard-January, February, March, April, August, Sep-
tember, October, November.
Onion Sets-January, February, March, April, August, Sep-
tember, October, November.
Oats-January, November, December.
Parsley-February, March, April, June, July.
Parsnips-February, March, April, September, October, No-
vember.
Pumpkins-May, June, July.
Peppers-January, February, March, spring crop; July to
October, fall crop.
Radishes-January, February, March, April, September,
October.
Rutabagas-February, March, September to December.
Rape-January, February, October, November, December.
Sweet Potatoes-March, April, May, June, July.
Squash-March, April, May, June, July, August, September.
Strawberries-August to November.
Spinach-February, August, September, October, November.
Spanish Onions-January, February, March.
Tomatoes-September to March, July.
Turnips-January, February, March, April, August, Septem-
ber, November, December.
Watermelons-January to March.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
FORAGE CROPS.
Bermuda Grass-March, April, May, June, July, August,
September, October.
Carpet Grass-March to July.
Velvet Beans-March to May.
Peanuts-March, April, May, June, July.
Rye and Rape-January, February, October to December.
Vetch-October to January.
Soy Beans-April, May, June.
Cow Peas-April to July.
Beggar Weed-April, May, June.
Kudzu-November, December, January.
Napier Grass, Meeker Grass-January to March.
CROPS THAT CAN BE RAISED ON SAME LAND SAME YEAR.
The shorter the length of time required for a crop to
mature, the greater number can be grown on the same land.
The following may be mentioned:
Oats, Bunch Velvet Beans.
Oats, Cow Peas.
Irish Potatoes, Corn.
Irish Potatoes, Cow Peas or Velvet Beans.
Tomatoes, Lettuce, English Peas.
A number of vegetables may be planted in the fall for
winter shipping and then followed by field crops in spring.
Silage Crops-Corn, Japanese Cane, Napier Grass.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
FORAGE CROPS.
Para Grass, Natal Grass, Sorghum, Napier Grass, Ber-
muda Grass, Carpet Grass, Saint Augustine Grass, Cow
Peas, Soy Beans, Velvet Beans, Millet, Oats, Rye. To the
preceding list may be added a number of native wild grasses.
CROPS THAT CAN BE RAISED ON SAME LAND SAME YEAR.
South Florida grows crops all the time so that the number
of things that can be grown in a year on the same land de-
pends on the length of time it takes to mature the crops that
are planted.
Silage crops are the same as those of other divisions of
the State.
Florida also is a State of rare products, many of which
are grown commercially, while others are being introduced.
Among those now grown commercially are:
Australian blackberries, avocados, blueberries, bananas,
coconuts, chayotes, cherimoyas, maumee apples, mangos,
mangosteens, Natal plums, ornamental plants, palms, pa-
payas, pineapples, sapodillas, sugar apples, tangelos, tung
oil trees.
CROPS THAT MAY FOLLOW WINTER TRUCK CROPS.
Corn and Cow Peas.
Corn and Soy Beans.
Corn and Peanuts.
Corn and Velvet Beans.
Or any of the above may be planted alone.
SOME CROP ROTATIONS.
Irish Potatoes followed by Corn.
Oats followed by Peanuts.
Vetch followed by Corn or Cotton.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
SELECTION AND STORAGE OF SEED CORN.
By C. P. Hartley.
U. S. Department of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin 415.
Autumn is the time to prepare for a profitable corn crop
the following season. To be first class, seed must be:
1. Well adapted to the seasonal and soil conditions where
it is to be planted.
2. Grown on productive plants of a productive variety.
3. Well matured, and preserved from ripening time till
planting time in a manner that will retain its full produc-
tivity.
At corn-ripening time drop all other business and select
an abundance of seed corn. The process is too important to
be conducted incidentally while husking. Get the very best
that is to be had and preserve it well. The only proper way
to select seed corn is from the stalks standing where they
grew, as soon as ripe and before the first hard freeze.
As soon as the crop matures, go through the field with a
seed-picking bag and husk the ears from the stalks that have
produced the most corn without having any special advan-
tages, such as space, moisture or fertility. The seed-picking
bags are always open for filling and may be instantly opened
at the bottom for emptying. Avoid the large ears on stalks
standing singly with an unusual amount of space around
them. The inherent tendency of the plant to produce heavily
of sound, dry, shelled corn is of most importance.
Later-maturing plants with ears which are heavy because
of an excessive amount of sap should be ignored. Sappiness
greatly increases the harvest size and weight and is apt to
destroy the quality. In the Central and Southern States,
short, thick stalks are preferable. Short stalks are not so
easily blown down and permit thicker planting. In general
they are more productive than slender ones. The tendency
for corn to produce suckers is hereditary. Seed should be
taken from stalks that have no suckers.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
Treatment of Seed.-The same day seed corn is gathered
the husked ears should be put in a dry place where there is
free circulation of air, and placed in such a manner that the
ears do not touch each other. If left in the husk long after
ripening it may sprout or mildew during warm, wet
weather or become infested with weevils or grain moths, or
their eggs. The vitality of seed is often reduced by leaving
it in a sack or in a pile for even a day after gathering. Dur-
ing warm weather, with some moisture in the cobs and ker-
nels, the ears heat or mildew in a remarkably short time.
Binder twine will support 15 or 20 ears on a string arranged
as shown. Ordinarily the best place to hang these strings
of ears is in an open shed or loft.
Wire racks are more convenient and in the end cheaper
than binder twine. Such racks can be made from electrically
welded lawn fencing without any waste. Fencing with hori-
zontal wires 4 inches apart and upright wires 2 inches apart
may be obtained in widths of 2, 3 and 4 feet. All dealers in
wire fencing can supply such fencing at an initial cost of
about 10 cents for each bushel of seed suspended. These
racks will last many years and are easily stored when not
in use.
Permanent seed racks are convenient, and when they are
located in a dry, breezy place the ears dry successfully. Only
during unusually damp weather at seed-gathering time will
fire be necessary. If heat is employed in a poorly-ventilated
room it will do the seed more injury than good. If used, the
fire should be slow, long continued, and situated below the
seed ears, with good ventilation above them.
Weevils.-If at any time signs of weevils or grain moths
show on the corn, it should be inclosed with carbon bisulphid
in practically air-tight rooms, bins, boxes, or barrels for 48
hours. The bisulphid should be placed in shallow dishes or
pans on top of the seed. One-half pint is sufficient for a box
or barrel holding 10 bushels or less. One pound, costing
about 30 cents, is sufficient for a room or bin 10 feet each
way. After fumigation the ears must be thoroughly aired,
taking care that no fire is present when the fumigation box
is opened.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
In localities where weevils and grain moths injure stored
grain, the thoroughly dry seed should be stored in very tight
mouse-proof receptacles, with 1 pound of moth balls or nap-
thalene inclosed for each bushel of corn. This quantity
tightly inclosed with the corn will prevent damage from
these insects and will not injure the seed. The material will
cost about 6 cents a pound. Sixty cents worth will protect
seed enough to plant 60 acres.
Winter Storage.-After hanging in the shed or lying on
the racks for two months, the seed ears should be "dry as
bone" and contain less than 10% of moisture. They can
remain where they dried or be stored in mouse-proof barrels,
boxes or crates during the winter, but in either case must
not be exposed to a damp atmosphere, or they will absorb
moisture and be injured. Some farmers place the thorough-
ly dried seed ears in the center of a wheat bin and fill the bin
with loose, dry wheat. This protects the ears from rats
and mice.
Testing.-Seed corn that matured normally and has been
properly preserved will grow satisfactorily. Ears slightly
damaged by poor preservation may germinate 100%, but will
produce less than if they had received better care. Make a
seed-testing box and test 100 ears separately. Be sure that
each kernel tested is perfect in appearance and was not in-
jured at the tip when removed from the ear. If 3 or more
kernels out of 10 from any ear fail to grow, test every ear in
the entire supply of seed. If the seed has been properly
selected and preserved the 100 ears tested will seldom reveal
any poor ones and further testing will usually be unneces-
sary.
Grading.-Shelled corn is difficult to grade satisfactorily.
The grading can be done better before the ears are shelled.
If the seed ears vary greatly as to size of kernel they should
be separated into two or three grades according to size of
kernel. These grades should be shelled separately, tested in
the corn planter, and numbered to correspond with the num-
ber on the planter plates that are found to drop them most
94 FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
uniformly. These arrangements can be completed before
the rush of spring work begins.
Shelling.-The first operation in properly shelling seed
corn is the removal of the small kernels from the tips of the
ears and the round thick kernels from the butts. The former
are less productive than the other kernels of the ear. The
round butt kernels are as productive as the other kernels but
do not plant uniformly in a planter.
Shelling seed corn carefully by hand is the best method.
The greater the acreage planted the greater the profit de-
rived from hand shelling. Into a shallow sieve each ear
should be shelled separately, rejecting any worm-eaten or
blemished kernels. If the supply from the one ear appears
good and contains no poor kernels, it is poured into the gen-
eral supply and another ear shelled in the same way.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
STORAGE OF VARIOUS VEGETABLES.
By James H. Beattle.
U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin 879.
A half-acre garden, if properly cared for, will produce far
more vegetables than the average family can consume dur-
ing the maturing period of the crops. Only a small portion
of the garden should be devoted to those vegetables which
must be used as soon as they reach maturity. Beets, late
cabbage, carrots, celery, onions, parsnips, potatoes, salsify,
and turnips may be stored in their natural condition, and
should be grown to the extent of the family needs for stor-
age for winter use. Beans of various kinds, including the
Limas, may be stored dry. The successful storage of vege-
tables is not at all difficult; in fact, good storage facilities
already exist in most homes, it being only necessary to make
use of the cellar, the attic, a large closet, or other parts of
the dwelling, depending upon the character of the product
to be stored.
Beans and Peas.-Beans may be kept for winter use by
picking the pods as soon as they are mature, and spreading
them in a warm, dry place, such as an attic floor, until the
beans are thoroughly dry. Then shell and store in bags hung
in a dry, well-ventilated place until needed. Allow navy and
other bush beans to mature on the vines until a maximum
number of pods are ripe; then pull the whole plant and cure
it like hay. After thorough drying, thrash the beans and
store as suggested above. Peas may be treated like bush
beans and stored in the same manner.
Late Beets.-The beets should be pulled and the tops cut
off when the soil is dry. If they are to be held in a storage
room in the basement or in an outdoor storage cellar, they
should be placed in ventilated barrels, loose boxes, or, better
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
still, in crates. If sufficient space is available in the cellar,
it is a good plan simply to place in small piles along the wall.
Storage in large piles should be avoided, as it is liable to
cause heating and decay.
For storage in banks or pits prepare the beets as for
storage in the room in the basement or in the outdoor cellar.
Select a well-drained location, make a shallow excavation,
about 6 inches deep, line it with straw, hay, leaves, or similar
material, and place the beets in a conical pile on the lining.
Make the bottom of the pile about the same size as but not
larger than the bottom of the excavation. Cover the beets
with the same material as that used for lining the bottom of
the pit, and carry it up several inches above the apex of the
pile of vegetables, having it extend through the dirt cover-
ing. This serves as a ventilating flue, and it should be cov-
ered with a piece of tin or a short board as a protection from
rain. The dirt covering should be 2 or 3 inches thick when
the vegetables are stored, and it should be increased as se-
verely cold weather approaches until it is a foot or more in
thickness. In finishing the pit the dirt should be firmed
with the back of the shovel in order to make it as nearly
waterproof as possible.
The shallow base around the base of the pit should have
an outlet for carrying off the water. Supplement the dirt
covering with manure, straw, corn fodder, or other protect-
ing material. Use several small pits instead of a large one,
as vegetables keep better in small pits and the entire con-
tents may be removed when the pit is opened.
Late Cabbages.-Heads of late cabbage may be cut and
stored in conical pits in the same manner as beets. Another
common and very satisfactory method is to pull the plants,
roots and all, and place them in a long pit with the heads
down. A few heads may be removed from time to time
without disturbing the remainder of the pit. As slight freez-
ing does not injure the cabbage, the covering of the pit need
not be as thick as for other vegetables.
Another good method for storing cabbage is as fol-
lows: The plants are pulled, roots and all, and set side by
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
side with the roots down in a shallow trench, the length of
which corresponds with the width of the bed. The bed may
be any width up to 8 or 10 feet and as long as necessary to
hold the number of cabbages to be stored. Cover the roots
with earth. Around the bed erect a frame of rails, boards,
or poles, or by driving a row of poles into the ground so that
an enclosure about 2 feet in height is formed. Bank the out-
side of this frame with dirt and place poles across the top,
covering them with straw, hay, or corn fodder. Make pro-
vision for removing portions of the stored product from one
end of the pit. This type of storage is inexpensive and gives
good results. When the heads are cut, leave the roots in
position, and in the spring these roots will sprout and supply
the family with an abundance of greens. A large percentage
of the cabbage sprouts found on the market are produced in
this way.
Heads of cabbage may be laid in rows on shelves in an
outdoor storage cellar, but not in a storage room in the cellar
of a dwelling, as the odor is likely to penetrate through the
house.
Carrots.-Carrots may be stored in a storage room in the
basement, in outdoor storage cellars, or in banks or pits, and
are handled in the same way as beets. It is advisable to
place a small quantity in the storage room in the basement or
in the storage cellar and the remainder in banks or pits.
They are not injured by slight freezing; hence need not be
covered as deeply as potatoes.
Late Celery.-Celery may be stored for a time in the
position where grown by placing enough earth around the
base of the plants to hold them in good form. Allow them
to remain in this condition until just before severe freezing
occurs; then bank the earth up to the very tops of the plants,
almost covering them, and as the weather becomes colder
cover the ridge with coarse manure, straw, or corn fodder
held in place by means of stakes or boards. The celery may
be removed as needed, but this method is open to the objec-
tion that it is hard to get the celery out when the ground is
frozen.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
Another method of storing celery is to excavate a pit 10
to 12 inches wide to a depth of about 24 inches and of any
desired length; thoroughly loosen the soil in the bottom or
shovel in loose topsoil to form a bed in which to set the roots
of the celery, and pack this trench will fully-grown plants,
placing the roots close together with considerable soil adher-
ing to them. Water the celery as it is placed in the trench
and allow the trench to remain open long enough for the tops
to become dry. Unless the soil is very dry at the time of
storing or extended warm weather should follow, it will not
be necessary to apply more water. Place a 12-inch board on
edge along one side of the trench and bank it with the sur-
plus earth; cover the trench with a roof of boards, straw on
poles, or cornstalks from which the tops have been removed,
placing the stalks across the pit with one end resting on the
board and the other on the ground; spread over this a light
covering of straw or other material which will pack closely,
and as the weather becomes colder increase the covering to
keep out the frost. Celery stored in this manner will keep
until late in the winter. This method, because of its simplic-
ity, is recommended for the farmer and small grower.
The unused pit of a permanent hotbed may be utilized as
a storage place for celery by removing the surplus earth and
substituting a covering of boards for the sash. Store the
celery in the same manner as in the trench, and cover the bed
with any material which will keep out frost.
Celery may be stored on the floor of a storage room in the
basement of a dwelling or in an outdoor storage cellar. Take
up the plants just before freezing occurs, with considerable
earth adhering, and set them on the floor with the roots
packed together as closely as possible. If moderately moist,
the celery will keep well under the conditions found in most
storage cellars. Celery should not be stored in the same
cellar as turnips or cabbage, as it will absorb the odor of
these vegetables, ruining its flavor.
Onions.-To keep well, onions must be mature and thor-
oughly dry. Put them in ventilated barrels, baskets, crates,
or loosely woven bags, as good ventilation is essential to the
keeping of onions. A dry, well-ventilated place, such as an
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
attic, furnishes a good storage space for onions, as slight
freezing does not injure them, provided they are not handled
when frozen.
Parsnips.-Parsnips may be allowed to remain in the
ground and dug as needed, as freezing does not injure them.
However, as it is a difficult matter to dig them when the
ground is frozen, it is advisable to store a small quantity in
the storage room in the basement of the dwelling or in the
outdoor storage cellar for use during the periods when the
ground is frozen. Parsnips may be stored in the same man-
ner as beets and carrots.
Potatoes, Irish.-The Irish potato is the most important
vegetable in the northern portions of the United States and
is stored in large quantities for winter use. It may be kept
in the storage room in the basement, in outdoor storage cel-
lars, and in banks or pits. When stored in cellars, the pota-
toes may be put into barrels, boxes, baskets, crates, bins, or
on the floor, but must be protected from the light. When
stored in banks or pits they are handled in the same way as
beets, carrots, etc. Potatoes must be protected from freez-
ing, and before winter sets in, the pit must be covered with
manure, straw, or other material in addition to several inches
of earth. It is a good plan to place the major portion of the
crop in banks or pits and a small quantity in the storage room
in the basement or in the outdoor storage cellar for imme-
diate use.
Potatoes, Sweet.-Sweet potatoes should be mature when
dug and should be left exposed for a few hours to dry off the
surface moisture before being placed on storage. They
should be handled carefully at all times, as they are bruised
easily. This crop may be kept in pits or banks or in outdoor
storage cellars, but a warm, dry place is preferable. When
stored in pits or banks sweet potatoes are handled in much
the same way as beets or other root crops. When kept in a
specially constructed storage house, either in bulk or in
crates, the potatoes should be cured for about 10 days or two
weeks at a temperature of 75 to 80 F. After the curing
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
period the temperature should be reduced gradually to about
550 F. and maintained at that point or as near it as practi-
cable for the remainder of the storage period. When well
matured before digging, carefully handled, well cured, and
held at a uniform temperature of about 550 F., sweet potatoes
may be kept throughout the winter and spring. When only
a few bushels are to be stored, they may be placed in the
basement near the furnace, on a shelf near the kitchen stove,
near the chimney on the second floor, or even in the attic.
Pumpkins and Squashes.-Pumpkins and squashes may
be kept for winter use in the storage room in the basement
or in dry, well-ventilated cellars, but a dry, above-ground,
frost-proof place is best. Put them in rows on shelves so that
they are not in contact with each other. If the temperature
is maintained at about 40 F., late-maturing varieties of these
vegetables will keep until late in winter.
Salsify may be stored in the same way as beets, carrots,
and parsnips.
Late Turnips.-Turnips will stand hard frost, but alter-
nate freezing and thawing injures them. Gather, top, and
store the roots in banks, pits, or an outdoor storage cellar.
Do not place them in the storage room in the basement of
the dwelling, as they give off odors that penetrate through
the house.
Apples may be kept in the storage room in the basement
of the dwelling, in outdoor storage cellars, and in banks or
pits. Conditions suitable for the keeping of potatoes answer
fairly well for apples. Under some conditions it will be an
advantage to store part of the crop in the cellar and the late-
keeping varieties suitable for spring use in outdoor banks
or pits.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
ARITHMETICAL PRINCIPLES.
In measuring surfaces and volumes we are often in need
of simple rules by which calculations can be made that will
enable us to do quite difficult farm engineering. Especially
is this true of geometrical calculations.
The easiest of all surface measurements is the surface.
The surface of a square is ascertained by multiplying the
length by the width stated in terms of the same denomina-
tion and we have the area.
To find the area of a circle, multiply the circumference
by the radius and divide by 2: Therefore, if the radius
(half the diameter) of a circle is known, the area can be as-
certained by multiplying the radius by itself (square it) and
multiply this product by 3.1416.
To find the convex surface of a prism or a cylinder: Mul-
tiply its altitude (height) by the perimeter (sum of its
boundary lines) of its base.
To find the volume (cubic contents) of a sphere: Multiply
the convex surface by the radius and divide by 3.
To find the contents of a cylinder: Multiply the diameter
of the base by 3.1416-this gives the circumference of the
base. Then multiply this circumference by the radius (half
the diameter) and divide this by 2-this gives the area of
the base-then multiply the area of the base by the altitude,
which gives the cubic contents or volume.
Square root is serviceable in many calculations. If you
want to know the length of one side of a square and have the
area you find it by the rules of square root.
Square root applies to areas; hence, the side of a square
is the root of the area.
The following is the rule for finding the square root:
Separate the number into periods of two figures each,
beginning at the decimal point.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
Find the greatest square in the left-hand period and write
its root as the first figure of the required root.
Square this root, subtract the result from the left-half
period, and to the remainder annex the next period for a
dividend.
Divide this new dividend by twice the part of the root
already found and write the quotient as the second figure of
the required root. Annex to this divisor the figure thus
found and multiply by the number representing this figure.
Subtract this result, bring down the next period, and
proceed as before until all the periods have been thus an-
nexed.
The result is the square root required.
BOARD MEASURE.
Boards are sold by the square foot surface, one inch in
thickness. If cut thinner, they count the same as if an inch
thick.
To ascertain the number of square feet in a board, mul-
tiply the width in inches by the length in feet, and divide the
product by 12; the quotient is the number of feet in the
board, and the remainder is the odd inches. Six inches and
over, remainder, are counted an additional foot. For ex-
ample, measure a board 22 inches wide by 19 feet long, as
below:
Multiply 22 the width in inches
by 19 length in feet
198
22
12)418 Product
Quotient 34 10 remainder.
Showing 34 feet 10 inches in the board, which counts 35 feet.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
THE MEASUREMENT OF TIMBER OR SCANTLING.
NOTE: The following valuable tables are taken from Day's Ready
Reckoner, by permission of the publishers, Dick & Fitzgerald, of New
York.
Scantling, or timber for building, is sold by the square
foot of inch-board measure. Thus a cubic foot of scantling
which is a foot wide, a foot thick, and a foot long, contains
twelve feet measurement. To ascertain the square feet in a
piece of scantling of any length, width, and thickness, mul-
tiply the width in inches by the thickness in inches; then
multiply the product of these figures by the length in feet,
and divide the second product by twelve; the quotient is the
number of feet, and the remainder (if any) is the odd inches.
Six inches and over are usually reckoned as an extra foot.
In measuring the length of a piece of timber, the lumber-
man counts even feet only. Unless the length is full ten
inches or more over an even number of feet, the excess is not
counted; but ten inches over are counted as a full foot. In
marking the contents of a piece of timber when it runs over
measure, the lumberman usually places a mark at the spot
where the measurement ends. The marks are made on one
end of the stick with Roman capital letters instead of figures,
as XXI for 21, XVIII for 18, and so on.
Example.-Suppose a stick of timber to be 11 inches in
width, 9 inches thick, and to measure 27 feet in length:
Multiply 11 the width
by 9 the thickness
Product 99 by which
multiply 27 the length in feet
693
Divide this 198
product by 12)2673
Quotient 222 9 remainder
The quotient is the number of square feet (inch-board
measure), the 9 remainder being the odd inches. As 6 inches
and over are counted a foot, 223 feet are the contents of the
stick.
FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA
PLANK MEASURE.
Board measure is the basis of plank measure; that is, a
plank 2 inches thick and 133 feet long and 10 inches wide
contains evidently twice as many square feet as if only one
inch thick; therefore, in estimating the contents of any plank
we first find the contents of the surface, taken one inch thick,
and then multiply this product by the thickness of the plank
in inches.
Example.-Suppose we wish to ascertain the contents of
a plank 6 feet long, 12 inches wide and 21/4 inches thick.
First multiply the width in inches (12) by the length in feet
(6), and divide the product by 12. This will give the con-
tents of a board 1 inch thick, 12 inches wide and 6 feet long.
If the last product be multiplied by 21/4, the result will be
the contents of a plank 6 feet long, 12 inches wide and 21/
inches thick.
Thus, 12 width in inches
6 length in feet
12)72
6
2%4 thickness in inches
131/2 contents in feet, board measure
ROMAN NUMERALS.
Ques. How did the Romans add, subtract and multiply
with Roman numerals?
Ans. The Romans had no symbols to indicate mathemat-
ical processes and operations. Originally they expressed
every word and operation in words of full length. Their
mathematical calculations were never simplified further than
to abbreviate centum, 100, into C; mille, 1000, into M and
so on. Figuring in the days of Caesar was clumsy business.
Practically all calculations were performed on the abacus, an
apparatus resembling the Chinese swanpan or the bead-and-
frame affairs now used in kindergarten work. The Roman
abacus contained seven long and seven shorter rods or bars.
There were four beads on the long bars and one on the
shorter ones. The beads on the short bars denoted five.
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