Citation
Evaluation of strawberry cultivars and advanced selections at Dover, Florida, 1986-1988

Material Information

Title:
Evaluation of strawberry cultivars and advanced selections at Dover, Florida, 1986-1988
Series Title:
Dover AREC research report
Creator:
Chandler, Craig Kellman
Albregts, E. E
Howard, C. M
Agricultural Research & Education Center (Dover, Fla.)
Place of Publication:
Dover FL
Publisher:
Agricultural Research & Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida
Publication Date:
Language:
English
Physical Description:
8 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.

Subjects

Subjects / Keywords:
Strawberries -- Varieties -- Florida ( lcsh )
Strawberries ( jstor )
Fruits ( jstor )
Agricultural seasons ( jstor )
Genre:
government publication (state, provincial, terriorial, dependent) ( marcgt )

Notes

General Note:
"June, 1988."
Statement of Responsibility:
C.K. Chandler, E.E. Albregts and C.M. Howard.

Record Information

Source Institution:
University of Florida
Rights Management:
All applicable rights reserved by the source institution and holding location.
Resource Identifier:
99802875 ( OCLC )

Full Text
90


June, 1988


Evaluation of Strawberry Cultivars and
Advanced Selections at Dover, Florida

1986-1988


C. K. Chandler, E. E. Albregts, and C. M. Howard


F.,
I.


Dover AREC Research Report DOV-1988-1


..1....! r


i : ?:.; -~;. r; r i" i .;: ,'
;- i,









AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION CENTER
IFAS, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
13138 LEWIS GALLAGHER ROAD
DOVER, FL 33527


Dover AREC Research Report DOV1988-1 June 1988


Evaluation of Strawberry Cultivars and Advanced
Selections at Dover, Florida
1986-1988

C. K. Chandler, E. E. Albregts and C. M. Howard1


INTRODUCTION

Each year at AREC-Dover, a number of promising strawberry selections from
the University of Florida breeding program, along with the standard and
new cultivars being grown commercially in west central Florida, are
planted in a replicated trial. The primary purpose of these trials is to
evaluate the yield potential and stability of promising selections. These
trials also allow selections to be compared with standard cultivars for 1)
fruiting pattern, 2) fruit size, 3) disease resistance, and 4) fruit
quality. On the basis of these comparisons, repeated over several years,
decisions are made to introduce a selection for commercial trial, use it
as a parent, test it further, or discard it. This report describes the
trials, and summarizes results for the 1985-86, 1986-87, and 1987-88
seasons.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TRIAL

Beds were fumigated with 300 Ibs per bedded acre of MC 98-2 (98% methyl
bromide, 2% chloropicrin) and fertilized with 10-4-10 at a rate of 2000
lbs per acre. One-fourth of the fertilizer was broadcast before bed
preparation; the remainder was banded 1 to 2 inches deep in the bed
center. One-half of the nitrogen was applied in the form of sulfur-coated
urea; the other half in the form of ammonium nitrate.

Plants were set October 30th, 29th, and 19th in 1985, 1986, and 1987,
respectively. They were obtained from the following locations: 'Dover'
and AREC-Dover selections from the AREC-Dover nursery; 'Selva' from a
Canadian nursery in 1985, and a Tennessee -nursery in 1986 and 1987;
'Pajaro' from a local nursery in 1985 and 1986, and a Tennessee nursery in
1987; and 'Chandler' from a Canadian nursery.

Plants were set in the standard 2-row bed system using black plastic
mulch. Plants were spaced 12 inches apart in the row, with 12 inches
between rows.


1Assistant Professor (Plant Breeder), Professor (Soil Scientist), and
Professor (Plant Pathologist), respectively.









Five plots of each clone were planted in a randomized complete block
design; Each plot contained 14 plants.

Pesticides and water (sprinkler irrigation) were applied as needed.' Fruit
were harvested, graded, and weighed twice a week from December through
April.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

'Selva' was the earliest fruiting clone in the 1987-88 trial. Ripe fruit
was first picked from 'Selva' on December 7th -- 3 weeks before any other
clone. Early yields on 'Selva' were low, however, (Fig. 1), and total
marketable yield was the lowest of any clone in the trial (Table 1). Early
fruit production may predispose 'Selva' to attack by spider mites. Mites
were difficult to control in the 'Selva' plots, and they showed obvious
signs of mite damage. This may be one reason for the low yields recorded
on 'Selva'. 'Selva's yield has consistently ranked at the bottom of the
trial for the last 3 years (Table 2).

'Pajaro' has also been a low yielder in the trials (Table 1). In
addition, it had relatively high fluctuations in yield from year to year,
as indicated by the coefficient of variation (Table 2). (The coefficient
of variation measures the amount of variation from year to year; the lower
the value, the more consistent the clone is). 'Pajaro's low marketable
yield for the 1986-87 season was due, in part, to rainy weather in March
(Table 3), which contributed to rots developing on a high percentage of
the berries.

'Chandler' outyielded 'Selva' and 'Pajaro' in 1986 and 1988 (Table 1).
('Chandler' was not in the 1987 trial.) Its peak production period did
not occur in the 1988 trial, however, until prices had started dropping to
their season low of 3 to 4 dollars per flat (Fig. 1).

'Dover' has the potential for exceptional yields, as it showed in 1988
(Table 1), and it usually produces most of its marketable yield at a time
when prices are still relatively high (Fig. 1). The major weakness of
'Dover' is its production of small fruit (less than lOg/berry) in March
and April.

FL 79-1126 has been a very productive clone; it had the highest 3-year
average yield among the clones listed in Table 2, and during the 1987-88
season, its peak production period, like 'Dover', occurred at a time when
prices were still around $10 per flat (Fig. 2). FL 79-1126 should hold up
well during shipping and handling. It has consistently produced firm
fruit that is resistant to abrasion.

While FL 83-37 is not particularly early, and has only medium firm fruit,
its fruit tends to be of garnish quality (uniform, conical shape with
bright red, glossy skin).

FL 82-1452 is comparatively low yielding -- although it has been more
productive than 'Pajaro' and 'Selva' (Table 1, Fig. 2). What has been
most impressive about this clone is its large fruit size (Table 1, Fig.
3), long pedicels (fruit stems), and flavor. FL 82-1452 had the highest









sugar concentration of the several clones tested in 1988, and the fresh
fruit flavor of FL 82-1452 has been highly rated in several consumer
acceptance studies conducted by the Hillsborough County Cooperative
Extension Office. When the length of primary pedicels was measured on
several clones in 1988, FL 82-1452 did not differ significantly from
'Pajaro', a cultivar valued for its long fruit stems.

Unfortunately, fruit of FL 82-1452 has a tendency to form cracks at the
shoulder (near the calyx). The cracks are dry and do not seem to make the
fruit any more susceptible to rot, but they do reduce its attractiveness.
Despite this serious fault, FL 82-1452 may have value for home garden use
and specialty markets where flavor is of prime importance.

Several relatively new AREC-Dover selections, FL 84-1528, FL 84-1932, and
FL 85-2433, looked promising during the 1987-88 season (Table 1), and are
being propagated for future trials.

CONCLUSIONS

Each clone tested has its strengths and weaknesses. Looking at Figure 1,
it appears that the use of a combination of cultivars would be better than
relying on just one. Perhaps 'Selva', 'Dover', and 'Pajaro' would be a
good combination for central Florida at present: 'Selva' for the very
early market, 'Dover' for the midseason market, and 'Pajaro' for the late
market. Remember, however, that a cultivar's fruiting pattern can be
affected by the weather, planting date, and plant source. For example, a
cold winter will tend to slow the fruit production of all cultivars, and
concentrate their ripening when warm weather returns.

If you are going to be growing a new cultivar for the first time, consider
testing it on a limited basis for several years. In this way, you can
determine, with minimal risk, how the cultivar performs under your
particular growing and marketing conditions.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to express our appreciation to the Florida Strawberry Growers
Association and Florida Foundation Seed whose financial support has helped
fund this research project. We are also grateful to Lynda Eades Chandler
who illustrated the title page and prepared Figures 1, 2, and 3.










Table 1. Summary of strawberry cultivar trial data, AREC Dover, 1986-88.


Average
Fruit
Clone Yieldz Size (g) Comments

Dover 3617Y 15 Small fruit in March and April
FL 84-1528 3100x 15 Tends to be dark
FL 79-1126 2790 15 Very firm; highly resistant to
anthracnose
FL 83-457 2711 14 Small fruit
FL 83-3349 2703 15 Tender skin
FL 81-2689 2687 17 High early yields
FL 81-1350 2679 17 Bruises easily; green tips
FL 84-2433 2654X 15 Tends to be light
FL 84-2465 2631 15 Only average appearance
FL 83-37 2603X 15 Attractive; medium firm
FL 82-1556 2515W 16
Chandler 2464v 16 Tendency for rot on ripe fruit
FL 84-1932 2368x 16 Firm; green tips on early season
primaries
FL 82-1452 2043 17 High sugars; tendency to crack
at shoulder
Pajaro 1802 16 Tendency for rot on flowers and
green fruit
Selva 1587 15 Susceptible to spider mites


ZTotal marketable
Y1988 yield only.
XAverage of 1987
WAverage of 1986
VAverage of 1986


yield in flats per acre. One flat equals 10.25 pounds.


and 1988
and 1987
and 1988


yield.
yield.
yield.




W


W


Table 2. Production stability of some selected strawberry clones over a 3 year period.


1986 1987 1988 3-year average
Clone Yieldz Rank Yield Rank Yield Rank Yield Rank CVy

FL 79-1126 2653 4 2513 2 3205 3 2790 1 13
FL 83-457 2783 3 2457 3 2894 4 2711 2 8
FL 83-3349 3003 2 1736 7 3371 1 2703 3 32
FL 81-2689 3289 1 2242 4 2529 6 2687 4 20
FL 81-1350 2523 5 2228 5 3285 2 2679 5 20
FL 81-2465 2307 6 2866 1 2720 5 2631 6 11
FL 82-1452 2256 7 1791 6 2081 8 2043 7 11
Pajaro 1727 8 1170 8 2509 7 1802 8 37
Selva 1647 9 1149 9 1964 9 1587 9 26

Year means 2465 2017 2719


ZTotal marketable yield in flats per acre. One flat equals 10.25 pounds.
YCV equals coefficient of variation, a measure of yield stability. Lower values indicate more
consistent yields.


Table 3. Average temperature and rainfall at AREC-Dover.


1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 57-yr avg. (1929-85)
Mean Mean Mean Mean
Temp. Rainfall Temp. Rainfall Temp. Rainfall Temp. Rainfall
Month (OF) (in) (oF) (in) (OF) (in) (OF) (in)

October 79 1.1 76 8.1 70 3.2 73 2.5
November 72 2.2 75 1.4 68 4.2 66 1.8
December 58 1.2 66 3.1 63 0.3 61 2.3
January 59 3.2 59 4.1 58 4.1 60 2.3
February 65 2.1 62 2.8 58 2.0 61 3.1
March. 64 4.7 66 13.6 65 6.7 66 3.6
April 67 1.1 65 0.2 70 0.7 71 2.4


-W









20-











12/7 12/28 1/18 2/8 ...... 3121 4/11

S-- SELVA
10"











\.- CHANDLER
500- .... PAJARO
U-)









,*

.*
**


100- /
te 17 (T : t 1
12/7 121/28 1/18 2/8R 2/29 3121 4111
Date



DOVERI



















Date
Fig. 1. A: Average price of strawberries shipped from Florida during
the 1987-88 season (Source: The Packer). B: Yield over the 1987-88
season, AREC-Dover strawberry variety trial.







20
'4
0)

A 10

r-4
0
C10-
0 I | | -
12/7 12/28 1/18 2/8 2/29 3/21 4/11
600
Date _- SELVA
.., 79-1126
S...o.. 82-1452
500
I s
*

400
) \



0)300 I
a I/ i



l.200I
*/o- \ / \




100 \
oo ,* ....- *





0 I I
12/7 12/28 1/18 2/8 2/29 3/21 4/11
Date
Fig. 2. A: Average price of strawberries shipped from Florida during
the 1987-88 season (Source: The Packer). B: Yield over the 1987-88
season, AREC-Dover strawberry variety trial.




















"" SELVA
*-""79-1126
*.... 82-1452


\ .. .... ..

18 \
\ a ^'\*. .* ..** "'*..
16 / \ \

14

12

10-

8

6

4-

2-

I 1 I I I
12/7 12/28 1/18 2/8 2/29 3/21 4/11

Date
Fig. 3. Fruit size over the 1987-88 season, AREC-Dover strawberry
variety trial.









HISTORIC NOTE


The publications in this collection do
not reflect current scientific knowledge
or recommendations. These texts
represent the historic publishing
record of the Institute for Food and
Agricultural Sciences and should be
used only to trace the historic work of
the Institute and its staff. Current IFAS
research may be found on the
Electronic Data Information Source
(EDIS)

site maintained by the Florida
Cooperative Extension Service.






Copyright 2005, Board of Trustees, University
of Florida










Table 1. Summary of strawberry cultivar trial data, AREC Dover, 1986-88.


Average
Fruit
Clone Yieldz Size (g) Comments

Dover 3617Y 15 Small fruit in March and April
FL 84-1528 3100x 15 Tends to be dark
FL 79-1126 2790 15 Very firm; highly resistant to
anthracnose
FL 83-457 2711 14 Small fruit
FL 83-3349 2703 15 Tender skin
FL 81-2689 2687 17 High early yields
FL 81-1350 2679 17 Bruises easily; green tips
FL 84-2433 2654X 15 Tends to be light
FL 84-2465 2631 15 Only average appearance
FL 83-37 2603X 15 Attractive; medium firm
FL 82-1556 2515W 16
Chandler 2464v 16 Tendency for rot on ripe fruit
FL 84-1932 2368x 16 Firm; green tips on early season
primaries
FL 82-1452 2043 17 High sugars; tendency to crack
at shoulder
Pajaro 1802 16 Tendency for rot on flowers and
green fruit
Selva 1587 15 Susceptible to spider mites


ZTotal marketable
Y1988 yield only.
XAverage of 1987
WAverage of 1986
VAverage of 1986


yield in flats per acre. One flat equals 10.25 pounds.


and 1988
and 1987
and 1988


yield.
yield.
yield.




W


W


Table 2. Production stability of some selected strawberry clones over a 3 year period.


1986 1987 1988 3-year average
Clone Yieldz Rank Yield Rank Yield Rank Yield Rank CVy

FL 79-1126 2653 4 2513 2 3205 3 2790 1 13
FL 83-457 2783 3 2457 3 2894 4 2711 2 8
FL 83-3349 3003 2 1736 7 3371 1 2703 3 32
FL 81-2689 3289 1 2242 4 2529 6 2687 4 20
FL 81-1350 2523 5 2228 5 3285 2 2679 5 20
FL 81-2465 2307 6 2866 1 2720 5 2631 6 11
FL 82-1452 2256 7 1791 6 2081 8 2043 7 11
Pajaro 1727 8 1170 8 2509 7 1802 8 37
Selva 1647 9 1149 9 1964 9 1587 9 26

Year means 2465 2017 2719


ZTotal marketable yield in flats per acre. One flat equals 10.25 pounds.
YCV equals coefficient of variation, a measure of yield stability. Lower values indicate more
consistent yields.


Table 3. Average temperature and rainfall at AREC-Dover.


1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 57-yr avg. (1929-85)
Mean Mean Mean Mean
Temp. Rainfall Temp. Rainfall Temp. Rainfall Temp. Rainfall
Month (OF) (in) (oF) (in) (OF) (in) (OF) (in)

October 79 1.1 76 8.1 70 3.2 73 2.5
November 72 2.2 75 1.4 68 4.2 66 1.8
December 58 1.2 66 3.1 63 0.3 61 2.3
January 59 3.2 59 4.1 58 4.1 60 2.3
February 65 2.1 62 2.8 58 2.0 61 3.1
March. 64 4.7 66 13.6 65 6.7 66 3.6
April 67 1.1 65 0.2 70 0.7 71 2.4


-W




















"" SELVA
*-""79-1126
*.... 82-1452


\ .. .... ..

18 \
\ a ^'\*. .* ..** "'*..
16 / \ \

14

12

10-

8

6

4-

2-

I 1 I I I
12/7 12/28 1/18 2/8 2/29 3/21 4/11

Date
Fig. 3. Fruit size over the 1987-88 season, AREC-Dover strawberry
variety trial.









20-











12/7 12/28 1/18 2/8 ...... 3121 4/11

S-- SELVA
10"











\.- CHANDLER
500- .... PAJARO
U-)









,*

.*
**


100- /
te 17 (T : t 1
12/7 121/28 1/18 2/8R 2/29 3121 4111
Date



DOVERI



















Date
Fig. 1. A: Average price of strawberries shipped from Florida during
the 1987-88 season (Source: The Packer). B: Yield over the 1987-88
season, AREC-Dover strawberry variety trial.









sugar concentration of the several clones tested in 1988, and the fresh
fruit flavor of FL 82-1452 has been highly rated in several consumer
acceptance studies conducted by the Hillsborough County Cooperative
Extension Office. When the length of primary pedicels was measured on
several clones in 1988, FL 82-1452 did not differ significantly from
'Pajaro', a cultivar valued for its long fruit stems.

Unfortunately, fruit of FL 82-1452 has a tendency to form cracks at the
shoulder (near the calyx). The cracks are dry and do not seem to make the
fruit any more susceptible to rot, but they do reduce its attractiveness.
Despite this serious fault, FL 82-1452 may have value for home garden use
and specialty markets where flavor is of prime importance.

Several relatively new AREC-Dover selections, FL 84-1528, FL 84-1932, and
FL 85-2433, looked promising during the 1987-88 season (Table 1), and are
being propagated for future trials.

CONCLUSIONS

Each clone tested has its strengths and weaknesses. Looking at Figure 1,
it appears that the use of a combination of cultivars would be better than
relying on just one. Perhaps 'Selva', 'Dover', and 'Pajaro' would be a
good combination for central Florida at present: 'Selva' for the very
early market, 'Dover' for the midseason market, and 'Pajaro' for the late
market. Remember, however, that a cultivar's fruiting pattern can be
affected by the weather, planting date, and plant source. For example, a
cold winter will tend to slow the fruit production of all cultivars, and
concentrate their ripening when warm weather returns.

If you are going to be growing a new cultivar for the first time, consider
testing it on a limited basis for several years. In this way, you can
determine, with minimal risk, how the cultivar performs under your
particular growing and marketing conditions.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to express our appreciation to the Florida Strawberry Growers
Association and Florida Foundation Seed whose financial support has helped
fund this research project. We are also grateful to Lynda Eades Chandler
who illustrated the title page and prepared Figures 1, 2, and 3.









HISTORIC NOTE


The publications in this collection do
not reflect current scientific knowledge
or recommendations. These texts
represent the historic publishing
record of the Institute for Food and
Agricultural Sciences and should be
used only to trace the historic work of
the Institute and its staff. Current IFAS
research may be found on the
Electronic Data Information Source
(EDIS)

site maintained by the Florida
Cooperative Extension Service.






Copyright 2005, Board of Trustees, University
of Florida









Five plots of each clone were planted in a randomized complete block
design; Each plot contained 14 plants.

Pesticides and water (sprinkler irrigation) were applied as needed.' Fruit
were harvested, graded, and weighed twice a week from December through
April.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

'Selva' was the earliest fruiting clone in the 1987-88 trial. Ripe fruit
was first picked from 'Selva' on December 7th -- 3 weeks before any other
clone. Early yields on 'Selva' were low, however, (Fig. 1), and total
marketable yield was the lowest of any clone in the trial (Table 1). Early
fruit production may predispose 'Selva' to attack by spider mites. Mites
were difficult to control in the 'Selva' plots, and they showed obvious
signs of mite damage. This may be one reason for the low yields recorded
on 'Selva'. 'Selva's yield has consistently ranked at the bottom of the
trial for the last 3 years (Table 2).

'Pajaro' has also been a low yielder in the trials (Table 1). In
addition, it had relatively high fluctuations in yield from year to year,
as indicated by the coefficient of variation (Table 2). (The coefficient
of variation measures the amount of variation from year to year; the lower
the value, the more consistent the clone is). 'Pajaro's low marketable
yield for the 1986-87 season was due, in part, to rainy weather in March
(Table 3), which contributed to rots developing on a high percentage of
the berries.

'Chandler' outyielded 'Selva' and 'Pajaro' in 1986 and 1988 (Table 1).
('Chandler' was not in the 1987 trial.) Its peak production period did
not occur in the 1988 trial, however, until prices had started dropping to
their season low of 3 to 4 dollars per flat (Fig. 1).

'Dover' has the potential for exceptional yields, as it showed in 1988
(Table 1), and it usually produces most of its marketable yield at a time
when prices are still relatively high (Fig. 1). The major weakness of
'Dover' is its production of small fruit (less than lOg/berry) in March
and April.

FL 79-1126 has been a very productive clone; it had the highest 3-year
average yield among the clones listed in Table 2, and during the 1987-88
season, its peak production period, like 'Dover', occurred at a time when
prices were still around $10 per flat (Fig. 2). FL 79-1126 should hold up
well during shipping and handling. It has consistently produced firm
fruit that is resistant to abrasion.

While FL 83-37 is not particularly early, and has only medium firm fruit,
its fruit tends to be of garnish quality (uniform, conical shape with
bright red, glossy skin).

FL 82-1452 is comparatively low yielding -- although it has been more
productive than 'Pajaro' and 'Selva' (Table 1, Fig. 2). What has been
most impressive about this clone is its large fruit size (Table 1, Fig.
3), long pedicels (fruit stems), and flavor. FL 82-1452 had the highest







20
'4
0)

A 10

r-4
0
C10-
0 I | | -
12/7 12/28 1/18 2/8 2/29 3/21 4/11
600
Date _- SELVA
.., 79-1126
S...o.. 82-1452
500
I s
*

400
) \



0)300 I
a I/ i



l.200I
*/o- \ / \




100 \
oo ,* ....- *





0 I I
12/7 12/28 1/18 2/8 2/29 3/21 4/11
Date
Fig. 2. A: Average price of strawberries shipped from Florida during
the 1987-88 season (Source: The Packer). B: Yield over the 1987-88
season, AREC-Dover strawberry variety trial.




90


June, 1988


Evaluation of Strawberry Cultivars and
Advanced Selections at Dover, Florida

1986-1988


C. K. Chandler, E. E. Albregts, and C. M. Howard


F.,
I.


Dover AREC Research Report DOV-1988-1


..1....! r


i : ?:.; -~;. r; r i" i .;: ,'
;- i,









AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION CENTER
IFAS, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
13138 LEWIS GALLAGHER ROAD
DOVER, FL 33527


Dover AREC Research Report DOV1988-1 June 1988


Evaluation of Strawberry Cultivars and Advanced
Selections at Dover, Florida
1986-1988

C. K. Chandler, E. E. Albregts and C. M. Howard1


INTRODUCTION

Each year at AREC-Dover, a number of promising strawberry selections from
the University of Florida breeding program, along with the standard and
new cultivars being grown commercially in west central Florida, are
planted in a replicated trial. The primary purpose of these trials is to
evaluate the yield potential and stability of promising selections. These
trials also allow selections to be compared with standard cultivars for 1)
fruiting pattern, 2) fruit size, 3) disease resistance, and 4) fruit
quality. On the basis of these comparisons, repeated over several years,
decisions are made to introduce a selection for commercial trial, use it
as a parent, test it further, or discard it. This report describes the
trials, and summarizes results for the 1985-86, 1986-87, and 1987-88
seasons.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TRIAL

Beds were fumigated with 300 Ibs per bedded acre of MC 98-2 (98% methyl
bromide, 2% chloropicrin) and fertilized with 10-4-10 at a rate of 2000
lbs per acre. One-fourth of the fertilizer was broadcast before bed
preparation; the remainder was banded 1 to 2 inches deep in the bed
center. One-half of the nitrogen was applied in the form of sulfur-coated
urea; the other half in the form of ammonium nitrate.

Plants were set October 30th, 29th, and 19th in 1985, 1986, and 1987,
respectively. They were obtained from the following locations: 'Dover'
and AREC-Dover selections from the AREC-Dover nursery; 'Selva' from a
Canadian nursery in 1985, and a Tennessee -nursery in 1986 and 1987;
'Pajaro' from a local nursery in 1985 and 1986, and a Tennessee nursery in
1987; and 'Chandler' from a Canadian nursery.

Plants were set in the standard 2-row bed system using black plastic
mulch. Plants were spaced 12 inches apart in the row, with 12 inches
between rows.


1Assistant Professor (Plant Breeder), Professor (Soil Scientist), and
Professor (Plant Pathologist), respectively.