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Group Title: Cool season legume production in South Central Florida.
Title: Cool season legume production in South Central Florida 1980-81
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Permanent Link: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00075794/00004
 Material Information
Title: Cool season legume production in South Central Florida 1980-81
Series Title: Cool season legume production in South Central Florida.
Translated Title: Research Report - Ona ARC ; RC-1981-9 ( English )
Physical Description: Serial
Language: English
Creator: Mislevy, P.
Kalmbacher, R. S.
Everett, P. H.
Publisher: Agricultural Research Center, University of Florida
Publication Date: 1981
 Subjects
Spatial Coverage: North America -- United States -- Florida -- Ona
 Record Information
Bibliographic ID: UF00075794
Volume ID: VID00004
Source Institution: University of Florida
Rights Management: All rights reserved by the source institution and holding location.
Resource Identifier: oclc - 143660028

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        Page 4
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        Page 6
        Page 7
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    Historic note
        Historic note
Full Text




\ '
Y' (Agricultural Research Center
t Research Report RC-1981-9 November, 1981

COOL SEASON LEGUME PRODUCTION IN SOUTH CENTRAL FLORIDA, 1980-81

P. Mislevy, R.S. Kalmbacher and P.H. Everett


The legumes, red and white clover, sweet clover, and alfalfa, can
provide a source of high-quality forage when permanent pastures are
semi-dormant and producing very little. Production can begin in late
January and continue through May and June, depending on plant species.
These legumes may be rotationally grazed, harvested as green chop, or
made into hay. Red clover, alfalfa and sweet clover are upright, bunch-
type plants that can attain a height of 12 to 24 inches. These species
are well adapted for hay which can be made during the dry months of
March, April or May. White clover is strongly stoloniferous, generally-
attaining a height of 6 to 12 inches. Its prostrate habit of growth makes
this plant most adapted to grazing.

Regardless of intended use, the production of high yielding, quality,
legume forage depend on the selection of proper varieties seeded on well
drained soils followed by good fertilization and water es
E LIBRARY
The purpose of this study was to evaluate cool s son les for
forage production and persistence in south central Flo ida.. here t
names are used no endorsement is intended. IFAS.- niv. of Florida

Experimental Procedure
Three legume studies were conducted during the 1980-81 growing season.
Two studies were at the Ona Agricultural Research Center (ARC) and one at
the Inmmkalee ARC.

The alfalfa and clover experiment conducted at the Ona ARC were
seeded Novenber 17 and 18, 1980, respectively. The cool season legume

Associate Professors, Agricultural Research Center, Ona; and Professor,
Agricultural Research Center, Imnokalee.







-2-
experiment conducted at the Innokalee ARC was seeded on November 20.
The field-plot layout of all three experiments was a randomized, complete
block with four replications.

Seeding rates of the alfalfa and clover experiments at Ona were as
follows: red clover 6 Ib/A, white clover 4 lb/A, alfalfa 10 Ib/A, sweet
clover 10 Ib/A. In Imnokalee the study was seeded as follows: alfalfa 10
Ib/A, red clover 6 lb/A, and white clover 4 lb/A. All legume seed at both
locations was inoculated with proper strain of Rhizobium bacteria. In
Imuokalee the Pelinoc(R) system was used in combination with proper Rhizobiun.


All experiments at Ona and Immokalee except the white clover were drilled
with a Planet Junior (R).seeder in rows 7 inches apart,. to a depth of 0.5
inches and double cultipacked. The white clover was broadcast seeded and
cultipacked twice.

The Ona experiments were irrigated immediately after seeding with an
overhead system. A total of 15.5 inches of water was applied at Ona.
Over one-half of the water was applied between March and June. Rainfall
during the winter of the 1980-81 growing season was limited. At Inmokalee
the cool season legume experiment was irrigated by a seepage system with
laterals on 40 foot centers. Water was supplied as needed.


Calciun and magnesium content in all Ona and Inmokalee experiments
was adequate. Fertilization practices at Ona were 440 lb/A of 0-10-20
(N-P205-K20) at seeding. In Inmokalee 400 Ib/A of 0-10-20 plus 10 Ib/A
micronutrients- was applied prior to seeding. After harvest 2,3,4, and 6
an average of 305 Ib/A of 0-10-20 was applied.

All experiments at Ona were harvested when the forage attained a
height of 9 to 25 inches, depending on plant species. White clover was
generally harvested when plants ranged from 9 to 13 inches, whereas
alfalfa, red and sweet clover ranged from 6 to 26 inches (early bloom

2/ FTE 503 micronutrients contain the following elemental content: iron,
18.0% ; zinc, 7.0%; manganese, 7.5%; boron, 3.0%; copper, 3.0% and
molybdenum, 0.2%.


Im- Wk







or bud stage). Legume plant heights at Inmokalee also ranged from 6 to 26
inches (depending on entry). All legumes harvested at both locations were
cut to a 3 inch stubble.

Approximately one week prior to the seeding of legumes at .Ona and the
(R)
day before seeding at Inmokalee the herbicide, Eptam was applied
at a rate of 3.5 and 3.0 Ibs active/A, respectively. The chemical at both
locations was applied to the cultivated soil and disked into the seedbed
immediately to control broadleaf and grassy weeds.

Results and Discussion


ARC, Ona
The alfalfa varieties grown at Ona during the 1980-81 growing season,
were harvested 5 times with an overall average of 0.9 T/A dry matter (1M)
per harvest. The initial harvest was removed about 113 days after seeding,
also averaging 0.9 T/A 1I (Table 1). Plants at this stage of growth were in
the flower-bud stage averaging 21 inches in plant height (Table 2). Following
the initial harvest plants were cut on an average of 35 days. The second
harvest, removed on April 23 produced the highest dry matter yield averaging
1.3 T/A. Plants at this harvest were in the full flower stage and averaged
24 inches in plant height. The remaining 3 harvests averaged 21 inches tall
per harvest ard produced slightly below 0.9 T/A DM per harvest. Total EM yields
were not significantly different among alfalfa varieties ranging from a.high of
4.9 T/A for i'Hairy Peruvian' to a low of 4.1 T/A for Funks G-7730 (Table 1).

Leaf spot(StemphylZiwn botryioswn) was not a problem on any alfalfa
variety during the 1980-81 growing season. However, during some years, leaf
spot was a serious problem, ranging from 20 to 80% infection, especially during the
cool months of January and February.

.Alfalfa can definitely be grown in south Florida as an annual. However,
additional research is required to determine the proper soil series to help
reduce plant loss due to excessive rainfall. Flooding and death of alfalfa plants
can occur any time 5 to 7 inches of rainfall is obtained within a 5 to 10 day
period.







Significant differences among cool season clovers were obtained during the
1980-81 growing season at Ona (Table 3). The red clover entries out yielded
the white clovers by a total of 0.4 T/A. Much of the higher forage yields in
favor of red clover were obtained at the second harvest (4-25-81), when red
clover averaged 1.4 and white clover 0.9 T/A IM. Generally, EM yields among
red clover or white clover varieties were not significantly different during
the 1980-81 season.

Hubam sweet clover did not produce as well as the other cool season legumes
averaging 1.4 T/A IE. This legume aDpeared to produce about 80% of its total
yield in one harvest (4-25-81) when plants grew their tallest (Table 4).

Immokatee, ARC
The nine alf4lfavarieties were harvested six times beginning on 24 February,
96 days after seeding, (Table 5). Average alfalfa yield was 1.1 .T/A of dry
matter over the various harvests, and yield ranged from 1.8 T/A at harvest
4 (6-16-81) to 0.5 and 0.6 at harvest 5 and 6 (7-23 and 8-27). Average yield
was 6.1 tons/A.

Among highest yielding entries were Florida 77 (6.9 T/A), WL 512 (6.7 T/A),
WL 600 (6.6 T/A) and Hairy Peruvian (6.6 T/A). Lowest yielding entries were
Funks 7730 and Dekalb 130 (5.3 and 4.9 T/A, respectively).

Alfalfa varieties have been tested in Imnokalee since 1977, and in the past
three years annual yield has averaged 2.3 T/A (three harvests). The past 1980-81
season was very favorable for alfalfa production due to less than normal rainfall.
Also the land that the past year':s experiment was grown was "new" land which
has never had clover or alfalfa, hence less problan with disease and nanatodes was
encountered. Alfalfa varieties did not die in Immoaklee and in the fall of 1981
have actually increased in vigor and yield with the advent of cool weather (data
not in tables). This was an unusual year and it should be remembered that in
South Florida, alfalfa acts as an annual.

Red and white clover were first harvested on 19 March, 119 days after seeding
(Table 5). Notice that the alfalfas were ready for harvest sooner than than the
clovers. In order to get all legumes on a uniform harvest schedule, clovers were
harvested again 22 days later on 10 April when the alfalfas were harvested a






-5-
second time. This is the reason that second harvest yields of the red and
white clovers were so low (0.5 and 0.3 T/A),.


Yield averaged 4.0 and 2.8 T/A for the red and white clovers, respectively
after four harvests. Average yield at each harvest was 1.0 and 0.6 T/A for red
and white clover. Better yielding red clovers were Nolins, NK 78122, Kenstar, and
Florie. La S-1 white and NK Arcadia were slightly better yielding white
clovers when compared to NK 7-5. All red and white clover entries died
after harvest 4 (16 June).


After each harvest 200 to 300 Ibs of 0-10-20 fertilizer was applied. Alfalfa
and clovers are high users of potassium (K) and the soil's supply must be
replenished. A crop of alfalfa yielding 1 ton of dry matter can remove 50 Ib/A
of K which needs to be replaced in order to sustain yeild. The continual supply
of K is required and is especially important on Florida's sandy soils.


Disease was not a problem on the legumes in the 1980-81 season (Table 6).
In mid-April the Alfalfa had some leaf spot (Leptosphaernmina) which was the
only time any of the legumes were rated for disease,



Alfalfa was generally harvested at 18 to 20 inches tall, Early harvest
will not flower like later harvests, therefore to avoid loss in yield and quality it is
best to harvest legumes by height and days between harvest. In Florida
allow 18 to 24 inches of growth to accumulate for 28 to 35 days between harvests.
The average time between harvests at Inmokalee was 35 days.


Conclusion
ARC, Ona
During the 1980-81 growing season alfalfa red clover, white clover, and
sweet clover was harvested 5,4,3 and 2 times, respectively. Dry matter yields
of alfalfa, red clover, white clover and sweet clover averaged 4.5, 2.9, 2.5 and
1.4 T/A respectively. Generally more differences in IM were obtained between
species than between varieties within a species.

Immokalee, ARC
Alfalfa was harvested six times while red and white clover died-out after






-6-

four harvests. There were differences in total dry matter yield of the nine
alfalfas tested. Florida 77, WL 512, WL 600 and Hairy Peruvian were among the
better entries averaging 6.9, 6.7, 6.6, and 6.6 T/A respectively. Nolins, Kenstar
and Florie were better red clovers averaging 4.4, 4.1 and 4.1 T/A, respectively.
La S-1 and NK Arcadia white clovers were better yielding in the 1980-81 season.


The 1980-81 season was unusual in that alfalfa lived-over the normally wet
summer months. It must be emphasized that this was unusual and not due to special
management or varieties. Alfalfa acts as an annual in south Florida.









Table 1. Dry matter


-7-
yield of alfalfa varieties grown at the ARC,


Ona, 1980-81(vield in T/A).


Brand Variety
Hairy Peruvian
NAPB Granada
WL WL 600
NK NK 780101
NK NK 791781:
Pioneer Fla 77
Dekalb 130
NAPB Apollo
NAPB Vangard
NAPB Baron
Funks G-7730
Average


* Means within a column followed


by the same letters are not significantly different at


the 0.05 level of probability according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test.
t NAPB = North American Plant Breeders; WL = Waterman Loomis; NK = Northrup King.


Experimental entries seed not carmnercially
Soil Type: Ona fine sand
Seeding rate: 10 lb/A


available.


Herbicide: Eptam applied preplant, incorporated at 4 pints/A commercial product.
Date seeded: 11-17-80
Fertilization rate: 440 lb/A 0-10-20 N-P205-K20, respectively.
Irrigation: Applied 15.5 inches of water through overhead sprinklers.


1
3-10-80
0.8 a *
0.9 a
0.9 a
0.9 a
0.9 a
1.0 a
0.9 a
0.9 a
0.7 a
0.8 a
0.8 a
0.9


2
4-23-80
1.3 a *
1.2 a
1.2 a
1.4 a
1.2 a
1.1 a
1.4 a
1.3 a
1.3 a
1.2 a
1.3 a
1.3


Harvest
3
5-19-80
0.9 a *
1.0 a
0.9 a
0.8 a
0.8 a
0.9 a
0.8 a
0.8 a
0.8 a
0.9 a
0.8 a
0.9


4
6-18-80
1.0 a *
0.8 b
0.8 b
0.8 b
0.9 ab
0.8 b
0.7 c
0.7 c
0.7 c
0.7 c
0.7 'c
0.8


5
7-29-80
0.9 a
0.7 a
0.7 a
0.6 a
0.8 a
0.8 a
0.7 a
0.6 a
0.7 a
0.6 a
0.5 a
0.7


Total


4.9 a*
4.6 a
4.5 a
4.5 a
4.6 a
4.6 a
4.5 a
4.3 a
4.2 a
4.2 a
4.1 a
4.5









Table 2. Plant height
1980-81.


-8-
of alfalfa varieties (prior to harvest) grown at the ARC, Ona,


Harvest
1 2 3 4 5
Brand Variety 3-10 4-23 5-19 6-18 7-29
--------------------------inches-------- -------------
Hairy Peruvian 21 24 25 23 18
NAPB Granada 22 26 23 23 20
WL WL 600 23 24 23 22 19
NK NK 78010 18 22 19 19 15
NK NK 79178 23 27 25 23 22
Pioneer Fla 77 24 25 24 25 19
Dekalb 130 18 24 22 19 19
NAPB Apollo 20 24 21 20 17
NAPB Vangard 19 22 19 19 18
NAPB Baron 21 26 23 21 20
Funks G 7730 19 23 20 19 17
Average 21 24 22 21 19








-9-
Table 3. Dry matter yield of clover varieties grown at the ARC, Ona 1980-81.
Harvest
1 2 3 4
Brand Variety 3-11-81 4-25-81 5-20-81 6-18-81 Total
Red Clover -----------------T/A------------------------
Ky Exp Stn Kenstar 0.8 1.5 0.6 0.1 3.0 a *
NAPBt Redland 1.0 1.3 0.5 0.2 3.0 a
Nolins 1.2 1.2 0.4 0.2 3.0 a
NKI Mega 0.8 1.4 0.5 0.1 2.8 ab
NK 781221 0.7 1.4 0.5 0.2 2.8 ab
NAPB Redland II 0.7 1.4 0.5 0.1 2.7 ab
NK Florie 0.7 1.4 0.5 0.1 2.7 ab
Average 0.8 1.4 0.5 0.1 2.9
White Clover
NK Arcadia 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.0 2.5 ab
La S-1 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.0 2.5 ab
NK K 7-51 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.0 2.4 b
Average 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.0 2.5
Sweet Clover
Hubam 0.3 1.1 0.0 0.0 1.4 c
Total Average 0.7 1.1 0.4 0.1
* Means within a column followed by the same letters, are not significantly different
at the 0.01 level of probability according to Duncan's multiple range test.

NAPB = North American Plant Breeders; NK = Northrup King.
T Experimental entries, seed not commercially available.

Soil Type: Ona fine sand

Herbicide: Eptam applied preplant, incorporated at 4 pints/A commercial product.

Date seeded: 11-18-80

Fertilization rate: 440 Ib/A 0-10-20 N-P205-K20, respectively.

Irrigation: applied 15.5 inches of water through overhead sprinklers.







-10-


Table 4. Plant height of clover varieties .(prior to harvest) grown at the ARC,
Ona 1980-81.
Harvest
1 2 3 4

Brand Variety 3-11 4-25 5-20 6-18
---------------------inches---------------------
Red Clover
Ky Exp. Stn Kenstar 11 24 7 7
NAPB Redland 11 24 9 8
Nolins 18 24 9 11
NK Maga 11 24 8 6
NK 78122 10 24 8 7
NAPB Redland II 10 24 7 6
NK Florie 12 24 7 8
Average 12 24 8 8
White Clover
NK Arcadia 11 12 6 4
La S-1 11 12 5 --
NK K7-5 11 12 8 5
Average 11 12 6 3
Sweet Clover
Hubam 8 24 --




, -. I


-11-

Table 5. Dry matter yield of winter legume varieties grown at the ARC, Immokalee,
1980-81.
Harvest

Brand Variety 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total


Date of harvest
Alfalfa
Pioneer Fla 77
WLi WL 512
WL+ WL 600
FF&Sl Hairy Peruvian
US A/SEA/AR MNapa
NK NK 78010'
NK+ NK 79178
Funks 7730
Dekalb 130
Average
Date of harvest
Red Clover
Nolins
NK$ NK 78122
Ky Exp. Stn. Kenstar
NKi Florie
NK+ Mega
NAPB Redland II
Average
Date of harvest
White Clover
Losiana S-I
NK Arcadia
NK K7-5
Average


----------------------T/A----------------------
2-24-81 4-10-81 5-11-81 6-16-81 7-23-81 8-27-81


1.5
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.2
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.7

3-19-81

1.9
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.4
0.9
1.5
3-19-81

1.2
1.1
1.2
17Z


1.0
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9

4-10-81

0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
035
4-10-81

0.7
0.6
0.4
0TT


1.4
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.5
1.3
IT
5-11-81

1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
T77
5-11-81

0.9
0.9
0.7
D7T


1.6
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.4
1.3
1.4
TT
6-16-81

0.4
0.7
0.8
0.7.
0.7
0.7
077
6-16-81

0.2
0.4
0.2
073


0.6
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.3
0.3
0T3


0.8
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.7
0.4
0.3
0T6


6.9
6.7
6.6
6.5
6.3
6.1
5.9
5.4
4.9
6T7


4.4
4.3
4.1
4.1
3.9
3.4
T4~


a*
a
a
a
ab
b
be
b-d
c-e




de
d-f
e-g
e-g
e-h
f-h


3.0 g-i
3.0 g-i
2.4 i
ZTT


Means within the column followed by the same letters are not
at the 0.05 level using Duncan's Multiple Range Test.
SExperimental varieties, seed not comnercially available.


significantly cdirerent


SWL = Waterman Loomis, NK-= Northrup King, FF&S = Florida Feed and Seed, NAPB = North
American Plant Breeders
Date seeded: November 20, 1980
Fertilization: at seeding 400 Ib/A 0-10-20 N-P20 -K 0 + 10 lb/A FTE 503. After
harvest 2,3,4, and 6 an average of 305 Ib/A of 0-10-20 was applied.
Herbicide: Eptam, applied preplant incorporate at 3 pints/A active.
Seeding rate: Alfalfa 10 Ib/A + Rhizobium, Red Clover 6 Ib/A + Rhizobium, and White
Clover 4 lb/A + Rhizobium
Soil type: Inmokalee fine sand. (Lift pump' and ditches keep water table low during
periods of excessive rainfall
Irrigation: seepage with lateralss on 40 foot centers








Table 6. Agronomic characteristics
1980-81.


-12-
of winter annual legumes grown at the ARC, Imnokalee,


Harvest

1 2 3 4 5 6

2-24-81 4-10-81 5-11-81 6-16-81 7-23-81 8-27-81


ua-d
Brand Variety in in t in % in % %
Alfalfa
Pioneer Fla 77 21 18 4 26 29 18 90 .79
Waterman Loomis WL 512 20 18 4 26 14 25 89 79
Waterman Loomis WL 600 19 18 4 26 16 16 86 74
Hairy Peruvian 22 18 4 24 14 24 86 78
USDA/SEA/AR M~apa 19 16 4 24 11 24 89 78
Northrup King NK 78010 16 15 2 22 3 17 89 79
Northrup King NK 79178 19 16 4 25 28 19 83 69
Funks 7730 15 16 2 23 3 17 83 72
Dekalb 130 14 14 2 24 4 22 75 65


Red Clover
Nolins --- 9 -- 25 23 17 -
Northrup King NK 78122 --- 10 -- 19 2 .11 -
Ky. Exp. Stn. Kenstar --- 9 -- 21 2 10
Northrup King Florie --- 9 --- 21 3 18 --
Northtup King Mega --- 10 --- 19 2 6 -
NAPB Redland II --- 9 -- 19 3 13 ---


White Clover
Louisiana S-1 --- 7 --- 9 -- 6 -
Northrup King NK Arcadia --- 10 --- 10 2 8
Northrup King NK K7-5 --- 9 ---- 10 2 6 ---
I rated on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1-no disease, 10=total plant loss.


C --









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or recommendations. These texts
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Agricultural Sciences and should be
used only to trace the historic work of
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(EDIS)

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