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Group Title: Cool season legume production in South Central Florida.
Title: Cool season legume production in South Central Florida. 1977-78
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 Material Information
Title: Cool season legume production in South Central Florida. 1977-78
Series Title: Cool season legume production in South Central Florida.
Translated Title: Research Report - University of Florida Agricultural Research Center ; 1977-11 ( English )
Physical Description: Serial
Language: English
Creator: Mislevy, P.
Kalmbacher, R. S.
Everett, P. H.
Publisher: University of Florida Agricultural Research Center
Publication Date: 1978
 Record Information
Bibliographic ID: UF00075794
Volume ID: VID00001
Source Institution: University of Florida
Rights Management: All rights reserved by the source institution and holding location.
Resource Identifier: oclc - 143660028

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    Historic note
        Unnumbered ( 11 )
Full Text






Agricultural Research Center
Research Report RC-1978-11


September 1978


COOL SEASON LEGUME PRODUCTION IN SOUTH CENTRAL FLORIDA, 1977-78




P. Mislevy, R. S. Kalmbacher, and P. H. Everett


HUME LIBRARY

OCT 2 3 1978

I.F.A.S.- Univ. of Florida


Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences

Agricultural Research Center


Ona, Florida 33865









COOL SEASON LEGUME PRODUCTION IN SOUTH CENTRAL FLORIDA, 1977-78

P. Mislevy, R. S. Kalmbacher and P. H. Everett-




The legumes, red and white clover, birdsfoot trefoil and alfalfa,
can provide a source of high-quality forage when permanent pastures are
producing very little. Production can begin in late January and continue
through May, depending on plant species. These legumes may be rotationally
grazed, harvested as green chop, or made into hay. Red clover, alfalfa
and birdsfoot trefoil are upright, bunch-type plants that can attain a
height of 12 to 24 inches. These species are well adapted for hay which
can be made during the dry months of March, April or May. White clover
is strongly stoloniferous, generally attaining a height of 6-12 inches.
Its prostrate habit of growth makes this plant most adapted to grazing.

Regardless of intended use, the production of high yielding, quality
legume forage depends on the selection of proper varieties, followed by
good fertilization and water control practices.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate cool season legumes for
forage production and persistence in south central Florida. Where trade
names are used no endorsement is intended.

Experimental Procedure

Three legume studies were conducted during the 1977-78 growing
season. One study was at the Ona Agricultural Research Center (ARC),
and two at the Immokalee ARC.

The clover and birdsfoot trefoil experiment conducted at the Ona
ARC was seeded November 9, 1977, but the 'Dekalb 185' alfalfa variety
in this study was not seeded until 12-14-77. The two experiments
conducted at the Immokalee ARC were seeded as follows: clover experiment,
November 14 and alfalfa experiment, November 9. Throughout this paper the
studies will be referred to as clover experiment Ona, clover and alfalfa
experiments Immokalee. The field-plot layout of all three experiments was
a randomized complete block with four replications.

Seeding rates of the Ona experiment were as follows: red clover 10
lb/A, white clover 4 Ib/A, alfalfa 15 lb/A and birdsfoot trefoil 9 Ib/A.
In Immokalee the following seeding rates were used: red clover, 8 Ib/A;
white clover 6 Ib/A and alfalfa, 20 Ib/A. The experimental oat, Flu. 70Q
was seeded in mixtures at 1 bu/A. All legume seed at both locations was
inoculated with the proper strain of Rhizobium. In Immokalee the Pelinoc(
system was used in combination with the proper Rhizobium.


Associate and Assistant Professors, respectively. Agricultural
Research Center, Ona; and Professor, Agricultural Research Center,
Immokalee.









The Ona experiment and clover experiment at Immokalee were braodcast
seeded and were double cultipacked to obtain good seed to soil contact.
The seed in the alfalfa experiment at Immokalee was drilled with a Planet
Junior seeder in rows 7 inches apart.

The Ona experiment was irrigated immediately after seeding with an
overhead system. A total of 6.7 inches of water was applied at Ona. One
inch of water was applied in mid-November to obtain germination and the
remaining 5.7 inches was applied after early April. Rainfall during
January and February of the 1977-78 growing season was adequate.

At Immokalee 0.75 inches of water was applied after seeding via an
overhead system. The experiment was not irrigated again until mid-March,
when water was periodically applied via a seepage system with laterals
on 40 foot centers.

Calcium and magnesium content in all experiments was adequate.
Fertilization practices at Ona were 459,lb/A of 0-10-20 (N-P20O-K20) +
24 lb/A fitted micronutrients FTE 503- at seeding. In early ay, an
additional 270 lb/A of 0-10-20 was applied. In Immokalee 500 Ib/A of
0-10-20 was applied prior to seeding on both experiments. After the
first harvest an additional 200 Ib/A 0-10-20 was applied to the alfalfa
trial. Nitrogen was applied at 50 lb/A to those plots containing oats
after seedling emergence and after the first harvest.

All three experiments were harvested when the forage attained a
height of 6-25 inches, depending on plant species. White clover and
birdsfoot trefoil were generally harvested when plants ranged from 6-12
inches (bud stage), whereas alfalfa and red clover ranged from 10 to
25 inches (early bloom or bud stage). All legumes harvested at Ona and
Immokalee were cut back to a 2 and 3 inch stubble, respectively.

Approximate one week prior to the seeding of legumes at Ona the
herbicide, Eptam was applied at a rate of 3.8 pints/A. At Immokalee
the herbicide, Tolban(R), was applied at 1.5 pints/A of commercial
product. Both chemicals were applied to the cultivated soil and disked
into the seedbed immediately to control broadleaf and grassy weeds.


2/
- FTE 503 micronutrients contain the following elemental content:
iron, 18.0%; zinc, 7.0%; manganese, 7.5%; boron, 3.0%; copper, 3.0%
and molybdenum 0.2%.







0












Results and Discussion

Ona ARC

Dry matter yields in harvest 1 ranged from a high of 1.9 T/Afor
'Nolins' red clover to a low of 1.1 T/A for 'Dekalb 185' alfalfa
(Table 1). On the average the red clover entries produced the highest
dry matter yield in the first harvest. This may be partially due to
contamination from white clover at the first and second harvest of Ted
clover and birdsfoot trefoil. No contamination was observed in the
alfalfa plots. The uniformity of alfalfa's seasonal dry matter
production (averaging about 1.0 T/A) should be noted.

At harvest 2 (April 28) only slight differences between alfalfa,
red and white clover were observed. Again the red clover entries
averaged the highest dry matter yield (1.4 T/A). Both the red clover
and alfalfa have an upright habit of growth, which would lend themselves
ideally to hay production. Generally, environmental conditions at this
time of year are very conducive to hay making.

Harvest 3 was removed on June 2, with minor differences between
alfalfa, red and white clover yield. Even though all legumes continued
to produce well at this date, La S-1 had flowered and was decreasing
rapidly in forage production. Stands of Pennscott, Florie, Nolins,
and Kenland red clover, Arcadia and Tillman white clover and Dekalb 185
alfalfa were excellent at this late date.

Following the June harvest, Florie and Kenland red clover, Arcadia
and Tillman white clover and Dekalb alfalfa recovered very well and
ranged in yield from 0.7 to 1.3 T/A dry matter at harvest 4 on July 26.

Total seasonal dry matter production for alfalfa, red clovers,
white clovers and birdsfoot trefoil averaged 4.3, 4.5, 4.1 and 3.5 T/A
dry matter, respectively. The two red clovers, Florie and Kenland,
produced the highest dry matter yield averaging 5.2 and 5.3 T/A,
respectively. These yields were significantly higher than all other
entries. Alfalfa may have produced an additional ton per acre of
dry matter if the seeding date was early November rather than mid-
December. Both birdsfoot trefoil and La S-1 produced similar total yields,
which were significantly lower than most other entries.

Immokalee ARC

There were significant differences (P:0.01) among alfalfa varieties
tested. Total yield ranged from 2.9 to 1.6 tons of dry matter per acre
(Table 2). In general many of the higher yielding entries were non-
dormant varieties developed for use in the southwestern U.S. The
experimental varieties, Fla. 66 and Fla. 66A, were developed for use
in the humid south-east and performed satisfactorily. Winter hardy














Table 1. Dry matter yield of winter annual legumes grown at the
ARC, Ona 1978.

Harvest
1 2 3 4
Legume 3-22 4-28 6-2 7-26 Total
- -Dry matter yield T/A- - -

Alfalfa
Dekalb 185 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.3 4.5t
Dekalb 185+ 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 4.2t
Average 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.2 4.3

Red clover
Kenland 1.8 1.4 1.1 1.0 5.3
NK Florie 1.7 1.5 1.0 1.0 5.2
Nolins 1.9 1.3 1.2 --- 4.4
NAPB Redland 1.8 1.4 0.9 --- 4.1
Pennscott 1.6 1.3 1.2 --- 4.1
Ky AES Kenstar 1.7 1.4 0.8 --- 3.9
Average 1.7 1.4 1.0 0.3 4.5

White clover
Tillman 1.7 1.1 1.0 0.7 4.5
NK Arcadia 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.7 4.5
La S-1 1.6 1.1 0.6 --- 3.3
1.6 1.1 0.8 0.5 4.1

Birdsfoot trefoil
NK Vega II 1.6 1.2 0.7 --- 3.5

critical value 0.4

+ seed treated with molybdenum at seeding.
Treatments were not analyzed statistically and compared with the
other entries.
total dry matter means differing more than the critical value
(0.4 T/A) are significantly different at the 0.05 level of
probability.













northern types, such as ARC, Team, Liberty, Apollo, Delta etc. were
lower yielding primarily because they did not produce higher yields
at the first harvest.

The dry matter yields listed in table 2 do not represent the
production potential of alfalfa grown as an annual in south Florida.
Stands at Immokalee were weak due to seedling injury as a result of
a 3 inch rain which flooded the experimental area 13 days after seeding.
In addition to physically injuring the stand, soil potassium (K) was
greatly leached such that K deficiency symptoms were apparent in
March making a second K application necessary.

Agronomic characteristics of the alfalfa varieties are listed in
Table 3. In general most of the non-dormant alfalfa varieties were
taller and flowered sooner than the dormant entries.

Disease was a major factor responsible for loss of alfalfa stands
(Table 3). Forage at the first harvest was relatively disease free.
At harvest two Stemphyllium leaf spot was the major disease while at
harvest 3 and 4 Rhizoctonia and Fusarium were the major problems.
Lesions similar to those cause by anthracnose were evident, but the
anthracnose organism was not recovered. It is believed that Rhizoctonia
was the major disease responsible for stand mortality. All entries
appeared to suffer equally from the effect of the disease complex.

Significant differences (PO.01) were found among the total dry
matter yields of red and white clovers (Table 4). Dry matter production
was similar between red and white clover species. Tillman was a
higher yielding white clover (2.3 T/A), and Pennscott, Redland, Florie
and Kenland were high yielding red clovers with production that
ranged from 2.1 to 1.9 T/A.

There were some large differences in flowering habit within red
and white clover species. Nolins was a very early entry which flowered
through out the trial, while other red clover entries did not flower
until May. Tillman and Arcadia never produced an infloresence, while
Tamar flowered profusely from April until stands died out.

Combining an early oat with a legume theoretically should increase
total yield, but this was not the case in this trial. Although the
oat entry did not appear to be affected by the Tolban herbicide, yields
were poor (Table 4). The presence of the oat in the sward apparently
reduced the yield of the red or white clover.

Weed control with Tolban was fair to good. In earlier years
Eptam at 3.5 pints of commercial product/A had been used. Although
valid comparison is not possible, Eptam seems to provide more effective weed
control.













Yield data and general observations from the 1977-78 study
indicated that alfalfa was slightly higher yielding and provided
earlier forage production than red clover. For a combination of
grazing and hay making purposes it may have some advantage over
red clover. When consideration for use is restricted to grazing,
then the white clover varieties, Tillman or Arcadia, are superior.

Conclusions

Ona ARC

1. Dekalb 185 alfalfa, Florie and Kenland red clover, Arcadia
and Tillman white clover were among the highest producers of legume
forage at Ona. These varieties produced a uniform distribution of
forage from late March through late July.

2. To successfully grow and maintain winter annual legumes from
March to July proper varieties, fertilization levels and irrigation
practices are a necessity.

Immokalee ARC

1. Significant differences (PSO.01) were found among the 24 alfalfa
varieties tested. Dry matter yield ranged from 2.9 to 1.6 T/A after
four harvests. It is believed that disease, especially Rhizoctonia was
responsible for stand mortality.

2. Dry matter production varied significantly (P50.01) among the
varieties of red and white clover tested. Yield ranged from 2.3 to
1.2 T/A after four harvests. Tillman and Arcadia white clover and
Pennscott, Redland, Florie, and Kenland red clover appear to be the
best varieties for the Immokalee area.
















Table 2. Dry matter yield of alfalfa varieties grown at the Immokalee
ARC, 1977-78.

Harvest


Variety


1 2 3 4
Dry matter T/A


Total


Fla AES
Waterman Loomis
Ferry Morse
Fla AES
Northrup King
USDA
Waterman Loomis
Waterman Loomis
Waterman Loomis
Arizona AES
NAPB

Calif. AES
Northrup-King
Ferry Morse
Arizona AES
USDA
N. Mexico AES

NAPB

N. Carolina AES

USDA


Florida 66t
600
AS-13R
Florida 66At
K6-5
Moapa 69
501-R
318
512
Mesa-Sirsa
Vanguard
Washoe
Cargo
Delta
Ardiente
Lew
ARC
Mesilla
African
Apollo
Lahontan
Liberty
Hairy Pruvian
Team


.76
.70
.56
.60
.56
.49
.53
.42
.59
.49
.56
.59
.56
.36
.37
.46
.36
.52
.29
.39
.36
.39
.42
.27


.82
.86
.77
.84
.76
.64
.73
.70
.64
.65
.53
.63
.59
.70
.65
.63
.61
.55
.54
.62
.59
.58
.46
.46


.71
.73
.84
.70
.72
.91
.69
.72
.64
.71
.74
.65
.59
.65
.69
.57
.72
.61
.72
.55
.67
.64
.66
.52


.57
.47
.51
.52
.46
.42
.47
.49
.45
.45
.42
.38
.47
.48
.44
.48
.44
.45
.49
.47
.41
.39
.42
.36


2.9 a+
2.8 ab
2.7 abc
2.7 abcd
2.5 abcde
2.5 abcde
2.4 abcde
2.3 abcde
2.3 abcde
2.3 abcde
2.3 abcde
2.2 abcdef
2.2 bcdef
2.2 bcdef
2.1 bcdef
2.1 bcdef
2.1 bcdef
2.1 cdef
2.0 def
2.0 def
2.0 def
2.0 ef
2.0 ef
1.6 f


+ Experimental, seed not available.

Means followed by the same letter are not
(Duncans LSD, K=100).


significantly different.


Harvest 1= 3/22; harvest 2= 4/19; harvest 3= 5/18; harvest 4= 6/12.


Brand:


-----------














Table 3. Agronomic characteristics of alfalfa varieties grown at
the Immokalee ARC. 1977-78.


Harvest 1


Harvest 2


Harvest 3


4/19
H D B


5/18
H D B


Fla AES
Waterman Loomis
Ferry Morse
Fla AES
Northrup King
USDA
Waterman Loomis
Waterman Loomis
Waterman Loomis
Arizona AES
NAPB

Calif. AES
Northrup King
Ferry Morse
Arizona AES
USDA
N. Mexico AES

NAPB

N. Carolina AES

USDA


Florida 66
600
AS-13R
Florida 66A
K6-5
Moapa 69
501-R
318
512
Mesa-Sirsa
Vanguard
Washoe
Cargo
Delta
Ardiente
Lew
ARC
Mesilla
African
Apollo
Lahontan
Liberty
Hairy Pruvian
Team


tD=Disease, rated on a scale 1 to 10 with 1 least and 10 greatest.
SB= % bloom
SH= height in inches


Brand


Variety


3/22
Dt Bt


2.5
2.5
3.5
2.3
2.0
3.3
2.8
2.3
2.5
3.5
1.8
3.5
3.8
2.0
3.3
4.0
1.5
1.8
2.5
2.5
4.0
1.5
2.5
2.3


1.7
2.0
2.8
2.0
1.3
2.5
2.3
2.5
2.0
2.8
1.8
4.5
3.0
2.5
3.0
3.3
2.3
2.5
2.5
2.3
4.0
2.0
3.0
3.3






9








Table 4. Dry matter yield of red and white clovers grown at the
Immokalee ARC. 1977-78.

Harvest


White clover

USDA Tillman
Fla 70Q8 oats + Tillman
NK Arcadia
Tamar

Red clover

Pennscott
NAPB Redland
NK Florie
Ky. AES Kenland
Fla 70Q oats+Pennscott
Ky. AES Kenstar
Nolins
Kuhn


1 2 3 4 5 6 7
S- - ry matter T/A- -


+
.29
+
t


+
t
t
t

.25
t
t
t
+


1.46
.50
1.28
1.28


1.68
1.31
1.41
1.23
.46
1.44
1.16
.49


t Entry not producing forage


+ Means followed by the same letter are not significantly
(Duncan's LSD, K=100.).


different.


Experimental entry, seed not available.
Harvest 1= 12/29/77; 2= 1/23/78; 3= 3/13/78; 4= 4/10/78; 5= 5/12/78;
6= 6/8/78; 7= 7/12/78.


Total


2.2
2.1
1.8
1.6


2.1
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.1


ab
ab
ab
ab
abc
abc
be
c









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