Citation
Cattle and forage field day. 1986.

Material Information

Title:
Cattle and forage field day. 1986.
Series Title:
Cattle and forage field day.
Added title page title:
Research Report - Ona AREC ; RC86-4
Creator:
University of Florida. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
Place of Publication:
Gainesville, Fla.
Publisher:
Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. University of Florida.
Publication Date:
Language:
English

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Subjects / Keywords:
Cattle and Forage
Field Day
Genre:
serial ( sobekcm )
Spatial Coverage:
North America -- United States -- Florida -- Ona

Record Information

Source Institution:
University of Florida
Holding Location:
University of Florida
Rights Management:
Copyright Board of Trustees of the University of Florida
Resource Identifier:
143662748 ( OCLC )

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00cS


CATTLE AND FORAGE

FIELD DAY -


Central Scienc Library
DCT 23 191
b ves'ty of Flo


JUNE 6, 1986


INSTITUTE FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER / ONA, FLORIDA 33865


AREC ONA RESEARCH REPORT C 864


; :









Dedication of Field Day
to
Herbert L. Chapman Jr.


The University of Florida, Agricultural Research and Education Center, Ona, in recognition of dedicated service and outstanding contributions to Florida and international agriculture dedicates this field day to Herbert L. Chapman, Jr.

Dr. Chapman was reared on a poultry farm in east Hillsboro County and graduated from Plant City High School. He enrolled at the University of Florida in 1942. After serving in the U.S. Navy for 2 years, he returned to the University to obtain a B.S. degree in agriculture in 1948. After teaching vocational agriculture for 2 years he returned to the University of Florida and received his an M.S. degree in agriculture in 4951 with major emphasis in animal nutrition and agricultural education. He was first employed by the University of Florida in July 1951, as Assistant Animal Husbandman at the Belle Glade Agricultural Research and Education Center. Following 2,years of animal research at Belle Glade he resigned to attend Iowa State University where he obtained a Ph.D. degree in 1955. Dr. Chapman then returned to Belle Glade as Assistant Professor (Animal Nutritionist), was promoted to Associate Professor in 1957 and to Professor in 1963. During his tenure at Belle Glade his research emphasized mineral nutrition and supplemental feeding of brood cows and steers. He also conducted post-doctoral research with copper at the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Science. Dr. Chapman has authored or co-authored over 200 scientific and popular papers and has international experience in central and south America, Hawaii, the Marianna Islands, Guam, Okinawa, South Vietnam, Pakistan, Jamaica, Mexico, Canada and the Sudan.

He accepted the Center Director position at Ona in 1965. While'at Ona, he continued mineral and feed by-product research and promoted program development emphasizing cooperative research between faculty at research centers and the main campus. Dr. Chapman's major emphasis was to direct forage and beef cattle research as it relates to commercial grower needs. Dr. Chapman initiated the growth in personnel and programs at the Ona Research Center between 1965 and 1982 when he retired. The faculty grew 60% while career service personnel grew 50%. New laboratories, animal nutrition facilities and office space were added under his leadership. The addition of the near-infrared reflectance spectroscopic instrumentation for forage analysis at the Ona AREC was a result of his vision and effort. Dr. Chapman's support of faculty and their research programs have resulted in numerous individual accomplishments.

He has always been active in church and civic affairs and is a memberof many professional and honorary organizations. Today he continues this service while he is working as General Manager of Agricultural Operations for Maran Groves.









Welcome to the Ona-AREC Field Day


The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) extends a cordial welcome to all ranchers, agricultural producers and industry representatives attending the Ona Agricultural Research and Education Center (AREC) Field Day. A special thank you is extended to Dr. Herbert L. Chapman (retired) for his 29

years of service and contributions to IFAS and the agricultural community. Progress in Florida agriculture has been possible because of individuals such as Dr. Chapman and the cooperation he fostered between IFAS and the

agricultural industries in Florida. Thus, it is fitting that the 1986 Ona Field Day be dedicated to Herb Chapman, an animal nutritionist, whose research
and administrative skills o pened new doors for the Florida cattle industry. Florida agriculture will continue to grow and prosper because of individuals who possess the spirit and dedication of Dr. Chapman.






//James M. Davidson

Dean for Research











Cattle and Forage Field Day University of Florida
Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Agricultural Research and Education Center Ona, Florida
June 6, 1986

Jo Durrance - Moderator

9:00 Registration

9:30 Welcome and Introductions - Findlay Pate (Ona; AREC)

9:40 Dedication of Field Day to Dr. Herb Chapman - Vernon Perry (Dean
of Research, University of Florida; Gainesville)

9:45 Use of Perennial Peanuts as a Forage in Florida - Bob Stephenson
(Ona; AREC)

10:00 Production and Management of Small Grains in South Florida: 5
Year Average - Rob Kalmbacher (Ona; AREC) and Ron Barnett
(Quincy; AREC)

10:15 Aeschynomene Production, Quality, and Management - Paul Mislevy
(Ona; AREC)

10:30 Producing High-Quality Hay - Rick Dressel (Drepsel Dairy, Avon
Park)

10:45 Sorghum Silage Production and Utilization - Butch Jonischkies
(McArthur Dairy, Okeechobee)

11:00 Evaluation of Molasses Slurries as Winter Supplements for
Producing Cows - Findlay Pate (Ona; AREC)

11:30 Lunch (dutch treat) served by Hardee County Cattlemans Assoc.

1:00 Wagon Tour and Discussion of Research Projects

Grazing-Evaluation of Tropical Legumes - Buddy Pitman (Ona; AREC)

Mob-grazing Bahiagrass - Paul Mislevy (Ona; AREC) Ammonia Treatment of Hay - Bill Brown (Ona; AREC) 3:00 Tour of IR and AA Facilities and Farm Equipment

4:00 Adjourn











Perennial Peanuts as a Forage in Florida


Bob Stephenson

Rhizoma peanut is a common name given to species in section
Rhizomatosae of the genus Arachis. There are several species (both annual and perennial), but the most commonly used one for forage production is the glabrata. In the past few years attention has been given to two cultivars 'Florigraze' and 'Arbrook' as possible legumes in Florida. Both are long-lived, perennial, warm-season plants which can be used in Florida as a hay or grazing crop. They can be used alone or in a mixture with a warm-season perennial grass to provide a high quality forage for cattle from spring up until freezing temperatures.

Florigraze Peanuts - Florigraze has finer stems, narrower leaflets and the rhizomes are smaller than the Arbrook peanut. Florigraze should be planted in moderately well- to extremely well-drained soils of all textures. A soil pH range of 5.8 - 6.5 is suggested for the rhizome peanut. Florigraze needs to be propagated from rhizomes since shoots cut at the late hay stage and planted rarely survive. When planting, the rhizomes should not be allowed to stand for long periods of time in direct sunlight, but stacked loosely in piles and shaded. Inoculation on the rhizome peanut may be beneficial since some Florida soils are very low in natural bacteria that will nodulate the peanut. However the soil or rhizomes generally will have enough bacteria to establish the rhizomes. If inoculant can not be obtained it is better to plant than to wait a full year. Inoculant can be obtained at a reputable company.

Florigraze will tolerate low temperature because the rhizomes are several inches below the soil surface. Once established, Florigraze is drought resistant. During periods of drought stress the plants may go dormant or tops may die, if so the plant will regenerate from rhizomes following rainfall.

In rhizome peanut-grass mixtures the grass is generally planted in rows between the existing peanut. If used in a mixture the grass should not be planted on soils which need nitrogen fertilizer for the survival of the grass. Applying nitrogen fertilizer to a peanut-grass mixture could result in a flush of grass growth which may shade or outcompete the peanut. Planting in existing grass sod is not recommended.

Weed control is essential during the first growing season of the
peanut. Cultivation can be used between'peanut rows with care exercised so not to hit or disrupt peanut rhizomes. No cultivation should take place after July. Herbicides commonly used include Blan, Treflan and tank mixtures (pre-plant incorporated). Planting should be delayed at least 14 days after application of these herbicides or damage to the peanut rhizomes could occur. A tank mixture of Lasso and dinoseb (Premerge) at first emergence in the spring can be used to control both winter and spring weeds. Basagran and 2,4-D applied postemergence can be used throughout the growing season. Because rhizome peanuts are a new crop no herbicides are presently fabled. The herbicides listed above are those that have. shown to be effective experimentally.











Arbrook Peanuts - Arbrook performs better than Florigraze on
excessively drained soils, under dry conditions and appears to be better adapted to the deep droughty sands of the Florida ridge area. Arbrook is a larger plant, has bigger leaves and stems and rhizomes than Florigraze. Arbrook makes a better spring growth than Florigraze.

Arbrook may not tolerate grazing as well as Florigraze. If
continually grazed the plants take on a rosette type growth and forage yield is reduced. Undergrazing of an Arbrook-grass mixture, particularly if nitrogen fertilizer has been applied may result in a reduced peanut stand. Arbrook does not produce as much ground cover as the Florigraze peanut.

The quality and dry matter yield of Arbrook is comparable to
Florigraze with differences varying slightly depending on the soil type (Tables 1, 2 and 3).


Table 1. Dry matter forage yields of selected cultivars of rhizoma
peanut grown on excessively-drained sandy soil at Gainesville,
FL over four growing seasons.


Dry matter yield
4-year
Cultivar 1976 1977* 1978 1979 average

tons/acre

Arbrook 4.3 2.2 3.8 4.7 3.8
Florigraze 3.8 1.3 2.4 3.9 2.8
Arb 3.4 1.4 2.3 4.1 2.8
Arblick 2.0 1.2 2.4 1.8 1.9
Hay cuttings per year 3 2 2 3


*Yields were average of 5 replications. 1977 was the driest year on record.


Establishment of both Florigraze and Arbrook are similar and is listed below:

1. Locate a commercial Florigraze or Arbrook rhizome grower and get
your name on the list to receive rhizomes during January and
February.

2. Select a well-drained soil area as free as possible of perennial
grasses. Lime soil with dolimite limestone if pH is below 5.8.
Work soil into seed bed before January 1, preferably with a
moldboard plow. Grass sod should be plowed in August and fallowed
by harrowing during the fall.

3. Have your farm supply dealer special order peanut inoculant 2 months
before you need it, as dealers do not usually carry peanut inoculant
in winter.










4. Fertilize according to soil test results or, if not tested, apply
300 pounds/acre (336 kg/ha) of 0-10-20 or similar analysis
fertilizer without nitrogen, and work fertilizer into soil with
tillage equipment and allow soil to stand through one or more
rainfalls.

5. Plant 40 to 80 bushels/acre (3.5 to 7 m3/ha) of rhizomes (the more,
the better), as uniformly as possible at the proper depth in January
or February. Rows of peanuts'dug with bermudagrass sprig digger
should not be planted more than 24 inches (60 cm) apart.

6. Inoculate rhizomes with peanut inoculant at planting and incorporate
into the soil as soon as possible.

7. Fertilize in July or August with an additional 300 pounds/acre (336
kg/ha) of 0-10-20 fertilizer.

8. Control weeds during growing season through mowing and use of
herbicides (contact county extension office for latest herbicide
recommendations). Mow tall weeds just above peanut top growth or to
6 inches (15 cm) if peanut growth is above this height.

9. Irrigation during droughts, if available, insures better survival
and more rapid coverage of peanut.

Table 2. Dry matter forage yields of three perennial peanuts at three
fertilizer levels at SCS Plant Materials Center, Brooksville,
FL over three growing seasons.
Cultivar or Fertilizer Dry matter forage yield
accession (N-P20s-K20) 1981 1982 1983 Average

-lb/acre-- tons/acre

Arbrook 0-0-0 5.7 6.1 5.3 5.7
0-50-160 4.2 5.5 5.9 5.2
0-100-260 5.3 5.5 6.5 5.7
Average 5.1 5.7 5.9 5.5

Florigraze 0-0-0 3.2 5.7 4.9 4.6
0-50-160 3.0 5.7 5.3 4.7
0-100-260 3.3 6.5 5.1 5.0
Average 3.2 6.0 5.1 4.7

A. benthamii 0-0-0 3.8 4.9 1.6 3.4
(PI 338282) 0-50-160 2.6 3.7 1.4 2.6
0-100-260 3.8 4.9 1.6 3.4
Average 3.4 4.5 1.6 3.1
Precipitation (inches) 8.6 28.0 27.1
January through May

Total Precipitation (inches) 42.9 73.1 75.1










Table 3. Percentage of protein and in vitro organic matter
digestibility in three-perennial peanuts for three harvests
over three growing seasons at Gainesville, FL.

Harvests
Year and Sea-son Seasoncultivar June Aug. Oct. average June Aug. Oct. average
% protein % IVOMD

1980

Arbrook 12.6 15.1 14.4 14.0 58.8 62.2 64.1 63.0
Florigraze 13.1 16.9 16.8 15.6 58.5 69.3 69.3 65.7 A. benthamii 15.8 16.5 17.2 16.5 57.1 63.5 65.5 59.0

1981

Arbrook 15.0 12.0 16.0 14.3 63.5 69.9 70.6 68.0
Florigraze 14.2 16.1 12.9 14.4 60.7 63.8 60.9 61.8 A. benthamii 14.9 13.4 17.0 15.1 56.1 66.2 45.4 55.9

1982

Arbrook 13.9 14.0 12.4 13.4 66.0 64.7 62.8 64.5
Florigraze 14.9 15.4 15.1 15.1 70.4 65.9 64.9 67.1 A. benthamii 15.2 14.2 14.6 14.7 61.1 64.7 58.4 61.4

3-Year average

Arbrook 13.8 13.7 14.3 13.9 62.8 65.6 67.4 65.3
Florigraze 14.0 16.1 14.9 15.0 63.2 66.3 65.0 64.8 A. benthamii 15.3 14.7 16.3 15.4 58.1 64.8 53.9 58.9










Production and Management of Small Grains in South Florida: 5 Year Average

R. S. Kalmbacher, R. D. Barnett and F. G. Martin'Soil and climate in south Florida7 can make production of grain crops, needed for fattening cattle, difficult, expensive and risky. Growing corn and grain sorghum (milo) has been demonstrated to be feasible, and it has been adapted primarily by dairymen, who grow these crops for silage. The major disadvantages of growing corn or milo are the relatively large amounts of fertilizer, and the fact that they are harvested at the beginning or during the rainy season. Small grains have the advantage of requiring less fertilizer, and they mature during the dry season. In addition they could offer some winter grazing.

Several new varieties of wheat, oats, rye and triticale (a
wheat-rye hybrid) have been developed at the North Florida Agricultural Research and Education Center (AREC), and performance there and in the lower Southeast has been encouraging. The purpose of this study was to evaluate grain yield of these new varieties in South Florida and compare them with other commercially available ones.

Materials and Methods

Wheat, oats, rye and triticale were drilled in prepared seedbeds at 90 lb/A at the Ona and at Immokalee AREC's (Table 1). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Seedbeds were cultipacked and irrigated if needed with an overh i system (seepage at Immokalee). Seed was treated with Mesurol in 1986 to prevent birds from eatiu)the seed. No herbicides were applied at seeding, but Weedmaster at 0.5 pt/A of formulation was applied in 1986 to control broadleaf weeds. All experiments were covered with bird netting when plants'were in anthesis (flowering). Three rows, 17' long were hand harvested and thrashed when individual varieties were in the hard dough stage. Test weight (weight/bu) was determined for each variety each year except 1981. Yield (bu/A) is expressed as a function of actual test weight except in 1981, when standard test weights of 60, 32, 56, 56 lb/bu were used for wheat, oats, rye and triticale, respectively.



i/Professor/Agronomist Ona and North Florida AREC and Professor/ Statistician University of Florida, Gainesville, respectively.










Table 1. Agronomic information concerning small grain variety trials.


Date Varieties Fertilizationt Irrig- Range of

Location seeded tested Seeding Topdress (date) ation harvest dates

No. lb/A in.

Ona 10 Nov '81 16 60-50-10 50-25-25 (4 Feb) 2.5 21 Apr & 6 MaCj'82
Ona 22 Nov '82 16 90-30-60 50-25-25 (1 Feb) 2.3 not harvestedI
Ona 20 Dec '82 16 40-50-100 50-25-25 (1 Feb) 0.9 not harvested
Ona 17 Nov '83 20 40-50-100# 50-25-25 (28 Dec) 0 17 Apr to 30 May '84
Ona 20 Dec '83 20 50-50-100 50-25-25 (24 Feb) 0 22 Apr to 6 June
Ona 30 Nov '84 20 50-50-11q 25-0-0 (31 Jan) 5.0 1lApr to 28 May
Ona 12 Der '85 12 60-30-60 45-0-70 (11 Feb) 0.4 #1I
Immokalee 13 Dec '85 12 60-50-100 41-0-65 (3 Feb) � t

tN,P 20 -K 0, respectively.
%nicronutrients applied.
�seepage irrigation with ditches on 40' centers. total grain loss due to record Feb (8.4") and March (7.1") rain. Itnot harvested at time of this writing.
ttthese trials were sprayed with 0.5 pt/A (formulation) of Weedmaster(R) mid-Feb 1986.










Results and Discussion


Wheat

There were significant differences in yield among wheat varieties within most years (Table 2). Some varieties like Coker 762, Coker 916, Fl 302 were better yielding than others, such as Stacy or Arthur 71. This difference in yield between November-seeded varieties was the difference between early and late maturities. We feel that later maturing varieties, or the more northern types, do not yield as well at Ona. Even the better yielding varieties, such as Coker 762, which produced a maximum yield of 43 bu/A in 1984, may not be profitable in Florida. Considering today's prices for wheat and production costs of $90 to $120/A, we feel that consistent minimum yields of 45 bu/A are necessary.

Table 2. Average oven-dry grain yield of selected varieties grown at
the Ona AREC. 1982 to 1985.


Variety


Coker 762 Coker 916 Fl 302 Coker 797 Hunter Fl 301 Stacy Arthur 71 Average


Fl 502 Coker 227 Coker 820 Fl 501 Average


Fl 401 Gurly Grazer 2000 AFC 20/20 Average


Fl 201 Beagle 82 Average


Year
1982 1983 1984 1985
bu/acre
Wheat
15 a 0 43 b-f 33 d
t t 33 c-g 35 d
20 a t 30 d-g 31 de
5 d 0 21 fg 38 d
t t 27 d-g 30 d6 d 0 21 fg 35 d
t t 23 edg 15 fg
t t 19g 9h
12 U 27 28


Oats
a
ab abc bcd


Rye
efg
g
g


5d
t

-0
5


10 cd
t
t i0


t
12 bc 12


41 d 17 e-h 14 gh 24


Triticale c-g 60 c d-g 64 bc
62


,not seeded in 1982 or 1983. means within column followed (Waller-Duncan, K=100). "not grown for 4 years.


by the same letter are not different


Best 2 yr Avg.


4 yr
Avg.











Test weights for better yielding varieties ranged from 52 to 56 lb/bu were slightly less than the standard 60 lb/bu used for wheat. Grain was plump and well developed in good years, but in poor years or for unadapted varieties, grain was shrivelled with test weights around 43 lb/bu.

There was great year-to-year variation 'in yield within the same
variety (Table 2). Coker 762 produced 15 bu/A in 1982, 0.0 in 1983 and 43 bu/A in 1984. The January 1982 freeze was very hard on early varieties because they were "Jointing" at the time of the cold, so they were injured. Record rain in spring 1983 completely eliminated the grain crop because plants were drowned in standing water from mid-February to mid-March. Lodging was a problem with some entries, especially slower maturing, taller growing varieties. Bird damage was severe in 1982, when the experiment wasn't covered with netting. Disease (rust and anthracnose) was not a problem, nor was insect damage in any year.

Earlier seedings (November) seemed to yield more than later (December) seedings of slower maturing varieties, but there didn't appear to be much response with early varieties (Table 3). Coker 797 and Fl 301 are early maturing and December seedings yielded +4% and -19% of November seedings. Coker 702 is a mid maturity and December seeding was -53% of the November seeding. Late seeded, late maturing varieties did not produce grain. Wheat needs cool temperatures (under 75 0 F) during grain filling, and whether they get such temperatures depends on the particular year. However, late seeded, late maturing-varieties are really at a disadvantage because they are forced to fill during hot, dry May.


Table 3. Effect of seeding date on oven-dry grain yield
at Ona AREC.


of small grains


1983 Seeding Date
17 Nov 20 Dec Nov vs Dec
bu/A ------Wheat
Coker 797 21 20 + 4
Fl 301 21 17 - 19
Coker 762 43 20 - 53
Coker 916 33 0 -100
Hunter 27 0 -100

Oats
Coker 227 58 52 - 10
Fl 501 50 38 - 24
Coker 820 55 31 - 44
Fl 502 74 23 - 69

Rye
Gurley Grazer 2000 10 13 + 30
Fl 401 25 36 + 44

Triticale
Beagle 82 30 43 + 43
Fl 201 32 56 + 75










Oats

Fl 502 oats was consistently better in yield than other varieties in 1984 and 1985, which were years of greatest production (Table 2). Coker 227 and Coker 820 were also good grain yielders, but Fl 501 was-a poor grain producer. We feel that yields of 75 to 80 bu/A from Fl 502 would be profitable if they could bedepended-upon. Unfortunately yield of oats, like wheat, was dependent upon year and in some years oats was a failure.

Our test weights ranged from 26 to 32 lb/bu, which indicates that plumpness was average (32) or below. Grain filling in oats is less sensitive to hot weather than grain filling in wheat. Consequently, better adapted oat varieties may be more suitable than wheat for grain production in south Florida.

Delaying planting date in 1983 seemed to reduce oat yield, but
yields of better varieties were reduced proportionately more than lower yielding ones (Table 3).* Coker 227 yielded 10% less grain when seeded in December as compared to November, but Fl 502 seeded in December yielded only 69% of that seeded in November. Earlier seeding appears to be favorable and could give the advantage of additional grazing.

One of the major problems with oats was lodging. We don't feel
this was because of too much N fertilizer, but was more a characteristic of the plant. Tall, grain-heavy stalks'are susceptible, especially to March-April winds.

Rye and Triticale

Rye grain production was poor all years except in 1985 (Table 2). Only Fl 401 approached a satisfactory yield at that time with 41 bu/A. Test weight of 401 was 53 lb/bu. which was somewhat close to the standard 56 lb/bu. There were no production problems with rye, and lodging was not a problem, but year-to-year yield was not consistent.

Triticale varieties were similar in yield within each year, but
like other crops the yield fluctuated greatly from year-to-year (Table 2). Best yields were 60 to 64 bu/A in 1985 with test weights of 49 and 48 lb/bu, respectively. Rye and triticale were unique because both crops had higher yields when seeded late (Table 3). This represents one year's data, so caution should be used in its use.

Production

Although production practices were not experimental variables, other than planting date in 1982 and 1983, we feel that planting and growing these eight trials has provided some insight. Seed should be drilled between mid-November and mid-December. Planting too early results in weed problems and poor growth of small grain plants. We have experienced this in testing small grains for forage production for the past 15 years. Planting after December results in low yield because grain is forced to fill in the hot weather.











Soil pH should be 5.8 or better and, fertilizer application should be split. Apply 40 to 50 lb/A of N, 50 lb/A P and 50 lb/A K 0 at
seeding, then apply an additional 40 to 50 lb/X of N and 50 lb/i ofK20 in early February. Micronutrients and sulfur maybe necessary, especially if these have not been applied in the past 3 to 5 years. If crops are grazed, additional fertilization will be needed.

Irrigation is a must. Successful crop production is risky and a dependable over-head irrigation system removes some of that risk. Over-head irrigation could be useful for fertilization.

Conclusions

Production of small grain crops has proven to be highly variable and perhaps marginal even in the best years because of excessive moisture and low temperatures when plants are seedlings or because of hot weather during the seed-filling period. We feel that oats and perhaps triticale may have some value for grain production in the Ona area. These conclusions are based on small plot trials and good production practices. Therefore, it is not expected that large-scale commercial operations would exceed these results or expectations.










Aeschynomene Production, Quality and Management


P. Mislevy

Aeschynomene (American jointvetch), aeschynomene americana L. is an upright summer annual legume which grows rapidly on most improved, moist subtropical soils. This legume can be grown on cultivated Soil or in association with a perennial grass. Once established, aeschynomene will develop rapidly producing high quality forage readily accepted by cattle. If aeschynomene is not managed properly, its rapid growth will quickly develop into a fibrous, low quality forage rejected by livestock. With proper grazing management, aeschynomene could provide excellent grazing for 60 to 120 days, depending on spring and summer moisture under peninsular Florida conditions.

Once a good stand of aeschynomene has been established, -adequate seed production will be produced for spring re-establishment (volunteer stands) if plants are properly grazed during September and October.

Establishment and Maintenance

The establishment of aeschynomene from seed is relatively easy, however, seeding rate will depend on hulled or unhulled seed. The unhulled seed, or segments of the fruiting body have a germination rate of 5 to 10% and should be seeded at 20 to 25 lb/A. Hulled seed (Pericarp or hull removed) have a germination rate of 85 to 90% and can be seeded at 5 lb/A. If aeschynomene is seeded when a continuous supply of soil moisture is guaranteed, hulled seed can be used, resulting in a uniform emergence (80-90%) of seedlings. However, if the supply of moisture diminishes immediately after seedling emergence, most seedlings may die, resulting in a crop failure. Seeding unhulled aeschynomene in moist soil, results in about 5-10% of the seedlings germinating immediately, if moisture diminishes, plants die, but a new supply of seedlings will develop when additional moisture becomes available.

Successful stands of aeschynomene have been established via sod seeding or cultivated soil. Establishing aeschynomene in a perennial grass sod requires the grass to be grazed close to the soil surface (2 to 3 in.), scarification of the sod by a roller chopper, or disk, seeding, followed again by light disking and rolling to provide good seed-to-soil contact. Establishing aeschynomene in a cultivated soil can be accomplished by seeding on clean (without vegetation) soil, light disking and rolling. All land area that is disturbed with a chopper or disk must be seeded and rolled the same day, regardless if the cultural practice is conducted on sod or cultivated soil. This practice conserves moisture resulting in more rapid emergence of seedlings. Establishing aeschynomene on cultivated soil can follow winter annual forages (ryegrass, small grains, etc.) in a pasture renovation program. Advantage of seeding aeschynomene on cultivated soil or after the death of a winter annual, is more rapid











establishment under moisture stress conditions, because seedlings do not have to compete with perennial grasses or other plants for moisture.

Aeschynomene basically has a low to medium fertility requirement. The application of 0-30-69,Rb/A N-P O20O + 6 lb/tR 3,a complete micronutrient mix IPI 303"" , TEM 300 . or F 503 - on a soil with a pH of 5.5 to 7.0 annually after seedling emergence is generally sufficient, if the land had grown aeschynomene previously or fertility was good. Virgin soil with a known low-phosphorus level seeded to aeschynomene should receive 115 lb/A each of P 0 and K 0 + 18 lb/A micronutrient mix and contain 1000 and 135 lb/ 0f Ca 02and Mg 0, respectively.

Seeding aeschynomene on a land area for the first time requires all seed be inoculated with either "cowpea" or special aeschynomene rhizobium to insure early effective nodule development. Once an aeschynomene crop has been grown on a specific land area, further inoculation of successive crops is not necessary.

Production and Quality

Following the germination of aeschynomene, plants require 5 to 6 weeks to attain initial 6 in. growth, followed by an additional 6 in. of growth weekly. For each additional 6 in. increase in plant height, DM yield increased linearly an average 0.25 t/A (Fig. 1). With adequate moisture and fertility this growth rate will continue until about 10 October, followed by a 2-wk decrease in growth rate until the later part of October at which time day-length has shortened sufficiently to cause leaf drop and termination of growth. Generally, no growth is obtained beyond November 1, under south-central Florida environmental conditions.

Average in vitro organic matter digestion (IVOMD) for the whole plant followed an inverse relationship to yield and decreased by 3.2 percentage units, with each successive 6 in. increase in plant height (Fig. 2). The IVOMD tended to decrease uniformly over time as plants increased in maturity and elongation.

Harvesting aeschynomene plants at ten, 6 in. height intervals (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54 and 60 in.) revealed vast differences in plant quality (IVOMD and CP) as plants elongated. Forage IVOMD of a 24 in. aeschynomene plant could range from 35 to 42% for the bottom 6-in. of the plant, to as high as 80% IVOMD for the top 6 in. of plant growth (Fig. 3). Crude protein content of plant tissue was also higher for the top 6-in. of plants averaging 24 to 30%. However, the bottom 6-in. of plants ranged as low as 6 to 8% CP.



1/ IPI 303, TEM 300, or F 503 contain the following elemental contents: iron, 18%; zinc, 7.0%; manganese, 7.5%; copper, 3.0%; boron, 3.0%.
















TIME AFTER SEEDING (wks.)
6 7 8 9 io II 12 13 14 16

_ 1977 y= -Q2805 -1-02536H
1978 y= -Q0870 40.2336H
H plant height


" 1977


0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42


48 54 60


PLANT HEIGHT (in)

FIG. 1 INITIAL HARVEST DM YIELD OF JOINTVETCH
CUT AT 6-I11 INTERVALS AS PLANT HEIGHT
INCREASED FROM 6 TO 60 INCHES.


3.0

2.0 i.0

0.0













TIME AFTER SEEDING (wks.) 76 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16
80

70

60

a 0 1977 Y=78.6742-3.5434 H o 1978 y=74.5370-2.8889H 1978
40 plant height 1977
/n 6
( I I I I I ! I I I I

0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 PLANT HEIGHT (in.) FIG. 2 CHANGES IN INITIAL HARVEST IVOMD OF WHOLE PLANT JOINTVETCH AS PLANT HEIGHT INCREASED FROM 6 TO 60 INCHES.














TIME AFTER SEEDING (wks)
0 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 16


- F] % IVOMD, 1978 9- IVOMD<50%
- Flowering
7- I
6 -- -7
5- 76 69
4- _77 72 62
3o 80 69 62 52
2 70 71 61 52 52
I 77 67 65 504 /
O 5 35 K4f42


EO % IVOMD, 1977
2 IVOMD < 50%


4
3
2
O 174 0 6


Flowering
t 73 74 65 6 64 56


64' 72 159 65 154
60 52 54, 74

5,34

.2


74 66 53 '4 ' 0 74q
80 66 57 / ////39 3 -"3'
182 70 56 /, /;/4,5 2 -/2j
81 266 59, "40 342 2 29
58 ,4 35 2 ,24 26


12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60


TIME AFTER SEEDING (wks.) 0 .6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13


10






2
0

jiO
9
c8
87





06 F5
a4










3 2 1
-10 S9 7( 8
6 5


2


14 16


E % CP, 1978
20
SCP< 7% 20
Flowering 23 19
26 21 17 24 22 19 16 27 23 19 16 13 25 26 19 15 13 II


130 24 20 30 26 19 15 24 19 13 - 9


15 12 10 9 14 8
8 51461V4


6 1 14 1 12 18 ' 4./ ,/ 4 EZJ % CP, 1977
C CP<7% Flowering
20 17
21 18 15 22 18 16 14 24 17 14 12 10 25 19 12 II 8 /
24 19 14 10 '-"
126 18 14 9 /!,./ /
127 116 1 12 8 /


120 I


o 6


PLANT HEIGHT (in.)


14 9 56/// 4/ / /'


12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60


PLANT HEIGHT (in)


FIG. 3 PERCENTAGE IVOMD AND CP OF JOINTVETCH IN
6-INCH INCREMENTS AT 10 CONSECUTIVE
PLANT HEIGHTS.


U (D

0
-)
OU)


II











Generally the IVOMD and CP in the top 18 to 36 in. of the plant followed a similar pattern over years (Fig. 3). The line of demarkation used to separate the high quality plant material (50% or higher IVOMD and 7% or higher CP) from the low quality plant material revealed that the upper 18 to 24 in. of the plant averaged 65% IVOMD, whereas the basal portions averaged 35%. The upper 18 to 36 in. of the plant was also highest for CP, averaging 17%, which was about 12.5 percentage units higher than the basal part of the plant. Both percentage IVOMD and CP of the upper portion of the plant remained uniform over the 10 wk harvest period, except week 16 when IVOMD decreased considerably as compared with earlier harvests. Plants at the last harvest stage were very mature and contained a considerable number of seed pods.

Grazing and Animal Performance

When aeschynomene is seeded directly into a perennial grass sod, close grazing (2 to 3 in.) should continue until the legume seedling is 1 to 2 in. tall or until seedlings are grazed by cattle. All livestock should then be removed from the pasture and allow aeschynomene plants to attain a height of 15 to 18 in. At this stage, cattle can again be allowed to graze the perennial grass-aeschynomene pasture or aeschynomene-grass combination seeded in tilled soil.

Grazing can be accomplished through some controlled method, that is, rotational grazing or continuous grazing, utilizing some variation of the put-and-take method.

Regardless of grazing method, cattle should be removed or their numbers reduced drastically when plants have been grazed down to 8 in. If rotational grazing is practiced, allow regrowth of 10 to 12 in. or plants attain a height of 18 to 20 in. before cattle are allowed to regraze.

Aeschynomene is a highly palatable legume readily consumed by
beef and dairy cattle, however its palatability to horses is very low.

Animal performance of beef and dairy livestock has been good. Ocumpaugh (1), indicated aeschynomene used in creep grazing studies resulted in a 2-year average of 2.0 lb average daily gain (ADG) with suckling calves. In a study comparing animal breeds Ocumpaugh indicated creep grazing Brahmaii calves (2.1 lb ADG) out yielded Angus calves by 17% ADG.

Aeschynomene seeded into a bahiagrass sod and grazed by 600 lb
Braford yearling heifers produced 1.3 lb ADG compared with 0.95 lb for bahiagrass plus 50 lb N/A, Pitman (2). In this study aeschynomene stands contributed improved forage quality over the bahiagrass + N and produced similar forage yields.

Grazing 550 lb Holstein dairy heifers on aeschynomene-perennial grass mixtures yielded ADG of 0.25 lb/head above those animals grazing perennial grass alone.











Conclusion

Aeschynomene can be established in a perennial grass sod or
cultivated soil. If moisture is limited at seeding the probability of a successful stand is enhanced when aeschynomene is seeded into a cultivated soil. Grazing plants when they attain a 18-in. height back down to a 8-in. stubble contributes to a continuous supply of high quality forage over a 90 to 120 day period. Aeschynomene is highly palatable to both beef and dairy cattle resulting in good animal performance.

Literature Cited

1. Ocumpaugh, W. R. 1979.1 Creep grazing for calves. Proc.
Twenty-eight Annual Beef Cattle Short Course. 180 pp.
2. Pitman, W. D. 1983. Initial comparisons of tropical legumebahiagrass pastures and nitrogen-fertilized bahiagrass pastures in
Peninsular Florida. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Florida Proc.
42:72-75.











Molasses-Cottonseed Meal-Urea Slurry as a Winter Supplement for Brood Cows

Findlay Pate

Molasses is the most important supplemental feed in Florida. It is a Florida produced feedstuff, thus it is our least expensive feed supplement and is widely used by many ranchers. It is important that we continue to search for ways to improve molasses based supplements such that they are most efficiently utilized in beef cattle operations.

The most common additive to molasses based supplements is urea, added to provide crude protein to the cow's diet. Although urea. nitrogen can be converted into usable protein nitrogen in the 'rumen, a number of research studies have shown that natural protein, like cottonseed meal and soybean meal, is superior to urea as a source of crude protein for cattle grazing low quality forages. Of course, this would be the normal situation in central and south Florida where poor quality bahiagrass pasture and other stockpiled forages are utilized to winter the brood cow herd.

Research studies are in progress at the Ona AREC in which natural protein (cottonseed meal) is mixed with molasses and urea to form a molasses based slurry. The objectives of this study were to determine if a molasses-natural protein-urea slurry would improve calf production over molasses alone or molasses-urea when these mixtures were fed as winter supplements to brood cows grazing poor quality winter pasture and hay.

The Research Trial

In the fall of 1984, 147 Braford and crossbred cows were divided into 9 herds with 14 to 18 cows each. Three herds were placed on each of the following winter supplementation treatments.

1) Fed 2.9 lbs/head/day of standard molasses.
2) Fed 3.2 lbs/head/day of a standard molasses-urea mixture
containing approximately 20% crude protein.
3) Fed 2.8 lbs/head/day of a standard molasses-cottonseed
meal-urea slurry containing approximately 16% crude protein.

Cows were wintered on 10 acres of bahiagrass and 10 acres of stargrass pasture. There was not much stargrass pasture available from December 15 to May 1. Stargrass hay was provided free -choice from December 17 to May 1. Cattle were rotated among pastures every 14 to 28 days to remove the effects of pasture differences. A complete mineral was available free-choice year-round.

Supplements were fed 5 times weekly for 112 days from December 17 to April 5. Supplements were fed such that the same quantity of energy was offered to each treatment group.











The breeding season was for 92 days beginning March 1. Cows were weighed in November, March, June and August. Calves were weighed at birth and at weaning on August 19. Cows were palpated in August.

Forage samples were obtained from pastures and hay throughout the study and analyzed for crude protein and TDN.

The Outcome

Analyses of the pasture and hay samples showed that bahiagrass pasture averaged 7.5 percent crude protein and 40% TDN from January through March, and the stargrass hay contained 6.2% crude protein and 42% TDN. Thus, forage quality was quite low during the winter supplementation period. From December 17 to May 1, each cow consumed approximately 2000 lbs of stargrass hay or an average of 15 lbs/cow/day. This was probably about 60% of their diet.

The animal results presented in Table 1 show that supplementation treatment had little effect on cow weights. Cows in all treatments lost about 200 lbs during calving and the winter season when the supplements were fed. Cows in each treatment tended to gain similar amounts of weight during the following spring and summer.

The biggest effect of supplementation treatment was on cow
reproduction. Conception rate, over the control treatment (standard molasses), was increased 3.7 percentage points with the urea additive and 16.5 percentage points with the addition of cottonseed meal and urea.

Weaning weights of calves from cows on the molasses-urea and molasses-cottonseed meal-urea were 25 and 23 lbs heavier, respectively, than calves from cows fed only standard molasses.

Calf production/cow in the breeding herd (exposed to bull)
accounts for both cow reproduction and calf weaning weight. This production measure showed that cows fed the molasses-cottonseed meal-urea slurry weaned 101 lbs more calf/cow than cows fed molasses alone. *Cows fed molasses-urea weaned 38 lbs more calf/cow than cows fed molasses alone.

Conclusions

First of all, a word of caution. This is one year's data (the first) of a project that will be conducted for 3 or more years. Subsequent resul's will allow for drawing sounder conclusions relative to the use of natural protein in molasses supplements. However, the results are supported by other information on the feeding of natural proteins to cattle fed low quality forage, and they do give promise that molasses based supplements can be.improved to substantially increase cow/calf production.











Table 1. Weight change and conception
and weaning weight of calves
supplementation treatments.


rate of brood cows and birth for various molasses


Molasses +
Standard Molasses cottonseed meal
Item molasses + urea + urea


Number of cows 48 52 47

Cow weight, (Nov.), lbs 1114 1125 1138

Cow weight change, lbs
Nov. -April -189 -210 -201
April-June + 78 + 99 + 77
June- Aug. + 12 + 12 + 18
Total change - 9 - 9-7

Conception rate, %77.1 80.8 93.6

Calf birth weight, lbs 64.2 66.8 63.7
Calf weaning weight, lbs 481 506 504

Calf production/cow, lbs 2 371 409 472


1 Based on number of cows exposed to bulls. 2Calculated as: Production/cow - (conception rate/100) x calf weaning weight.











Grazing Evaluation of Tropical Legumes


W. D. Pitman

Excellent forage quality and suitability to most flatwoods sites, have made aeschynomene the major summer legume in peninsular Florida pastures. Over the past five years at-the Ona AREC, gains of yearling cattle on aeschynomene pastures have ranged from just over one pound per head daily to over 1.5 pounds per head. Proportion of aeschynomene in the pasture stand and grazing pressure have proven to be key factors determining performance level of these cattle. However, regardless of grazing pressure or other management factors, aeschynomene stands are dependent on late spring and summer rains. During the past five years at the Ona AREC, aeschynomene grazing was available as early as the first of June in one year and not until the middle of August in another. It is obviously difficult to base a grazing program for cattle production on such an unpredictable feed supply.

For the summer-growing, tropical legumes to make a substantial
contribution to pasture programs their dependability must be improved. At this time the commercially available summer legumes do not include an individual legume which can be expected to provide all of the qualities desired in a pasture legume. However, there are several legumes which can be combined in mixed plantings to overcome some of the deficiencies of the individual legume components. On flatwoods sites a planting mixture of aeschynomene, carpon desmodium, and phasey bean has potential to provide a persistent, quality legume component in grass pastures.

'Florida' carpon desmodium is a long-lived perennial legume
developed by Dr. Al Kretschmer at the Ft. Pierce AREC. This legume has been available since 1979, and some excellent stands have persisted for a number of years under commercial use. This legume can persist under heavy grazing even though its contributions of both forage and nitrogen fixation are reduced by overgrazing. A limitation of Florida carpon desmodium has been establishment difficulties on some sites. Thus, seeding a mixture of legumes has made it possible to develop legume pastures with early grazing provided by more rapidly-establishing species and pasture continuity over several years provided by the carpon desmodium.

.The major contribution of phasey bean in mixed plantings has been early stand establishment which has allowed earlier grazing in the year of establishment. Phasey bean is a weak perennial which can persist through south Florida winters when plant energy reserves are allowed to build up by deferring from grazing prior to frost. Under these conditions both carpon desmodium and phasey bean can provide grazing in late spring or early summer in years following the establishment year.

For such legume mixtures to contribute nitrogen and quality forage to grass pastures, management of grazing is critical. Either reduced grazing pressure or rotational grazing is-~needed to allow the legumes to maintain a leaf canopy for light interception and energy production through photosynthesis.











In a grazing trial at the Ona AREC where pastures containing either aeschynomene or phasey bean were stocked for utilization of bahiagrass, the legumes were overgrazed to the extent that phasey bean failed to contribute to individual animal gain beyond the level of pastures of bahiagrass alone and aeschynomene increased gains only by 0.4 pounds per head per day (see Table 1). Where mixed legume plantings were managed for high legume yields, average daily gains of yearling cattle were high but carrying capacity was greatly reduced. The resulting total animal gains were essentially the same for the two approaches. A little higher stocking rate or extended grazing period to allow somewhat greater utilization of the legumes would likely have given only a slight reduction in average daily gains on the pasture managed for high legume production. However, the general result of lower carrying capacities for legume based pastures versus grass pastures must be recognized. Thus, the extra management necessary to make the legumes work must be offset by an additional product. Additional gain of yearling cattle and especially extra gain of calves prior to weaning by utilizing creep grazing are more likely to return a profit to the inputs of legume pastures than are cow herds that may add condition temporarily with little actual product.

There is potential for the summer legumes which are currently available to contribute to cattle production in peninsular Florida. However, they will be successfully utilized primarily where individual effort is expended to make them work. And they will generally fail to contribute substantially where someone does not expend the7 effort to make them work.




Table 1. Performance of crossbred yearling cattle grazed on various
bahiagrass pasture treatments at Ona, Florida.


Average
daily Carrying Total
Pasture Treatment gain capacity gain

lbs/head/day animal-days/ac lbs/ac

Bahiagrass (no N-fertilizer) 0.7 305 215
Aeschynomene (bahia mgt.) 1.1 240 265
Phasey bean (bahia mgt.) 0.8 325 260
Legume mixture (legume mgt.) 1.5 175 260
Bahiagrass (50 lbs/ac. N) 0.7 410 285
Bahiagrass (200 lbs/ac. N) 0.7 555 390










Forage Quality and Ammoniation of Low Quality Forages


William F. Brown

In many years, producers can make a cutting of good quality hay in the spring. During the sumer, however, when grasses are growing rapidly, weather conditions do not allow hay production. In .some cases during the summer, high quality forage is being produced from inmature (approximately 4 to 5 weeks regrowth) forage harvested and stored as silage or haylage. If pastures are not grazed properly during the summer period, large quantities of low quality forage accumulate. This forage is often so low in energy and protein content that beef cattle cannot consume enough to meet maintenance requirements. Low quality forage negatively affects cattle performance in two ways: feed intake is reduced,-and digestibility of the consumed forage is low.

In trials conducted at the Ona AREC, the influence of maturity and season on the yield and quality of tropical grass has been studied. Some of the results are presented in tables 1 and 2. During both the spring and fall, increasing maturity resulted in increased yield, however rapid reductions in crude protein and digestibility. An important conclusion from this study is that the quality of tropical grass declines at a faster rate than yield increases. During the spring and fall harvesting digitgrass and stargrass at approximately 5 to 6 weeks of regrowth provides acceptable quality. Harvesting bahiagrass can be delayed until approximately 6 to 7 weeks of regrowth only because this grass grows at a slower rate than the other two. A problem is that yield is low at the time when forages should be harvested to obtain acceptable quality. Delaying harvest to obtain additional yield results in reduced forage quality.

Table 1. Influence of maturity on the yield and quality of tropical
grass during the fall.

Weeks regrowth
2 46 8 11

Yield (lbs/acre)
Pensacola bahiagrass 500 900 1030 1380 1820
Pangola digitgrass 260 1530 1660 1860 2260
Ona stargrass 390 2280 4060 4700 5670

Crude protein (%)
Pensacola bahiagrass 18.15 15.18 11.47 3.17 4.06
Pangola digitgrass 30.80 11.87 8.73 5.50 5.87
Onastargrass 30.30 12.72 9.65 8.28 6.23

-In Vitro Organic Matter Digestibility (%)Pensacola bahiagrass 59.59 54.48 53.77 47.75 42.00
Pangola digitgrass 65.87 60.88 55.83 51.24 47.09
Ona stargrass 71.22 59.29 49.96 47.19 31.67











Table 2. Influence of maturity on the yield and quality of tropical
grass during the spring.

Weeks regrowth
2 6 10 14 18

Yield (lbs/acre)
Pensacola bahiagrass 240 810 2190 3120 4740
Pangola digitgrass 400 1260 2810 3730 5310
Ona stargrass 820 2200 3310 4950 6100

Crude Protein (%)
Pensacola bahiagrass 21.7 13.1 6.7 4.4 3.5
Pangola digitgrass 21.4 9.0 3.5 3.2 3.1
Ona stargrass 14.0 7.1 4.8 3.8 3.3

--In Vitro Organic Matter Digestibility (%)-Pensacola bahiagrass 67.6 63.2 58.0 52.5 40.2
Pangola digitgrass 77.5 71.7 67.3 62.7 54.2
Ona stargrass 61.4 59.5 46.1 39.8 29.7


Anhydrous ammonia treatment offers an opportunity to increase the feeding value of tropical grass hay. Harvesting can be delayed, either by poor weather or intentionally to obtain additional yield, and ammoniated to increase the quality.

Treating Hay with Anhydrous Ammonia

Anhydrous ammonia treatment of forage has developed from two standpoints. Low levels of amonia (.50 to 1.0% of the forage dry matter) have been used with wet material like silage and haylage to help in controlling mold growth. This practice improves forage crude protein content, and reduces heat damage in wet forages, however other improvements in forage quality are minimal when low levels of ammonia are utilized. Higher levels of ammonia (3.0 to 4.0% of the forage dry matter) have resulted in increased crude protein content and energy value of low quality forages. Also, cattle fed ammoniated forages consume more feed, and gain more weight than those fed untreated forage.

Small rectangular bales, large round bales, dry hay, or hay that was baled too wet can be treated with anhydrous ammonia. Specific ammoniation procedures depend upon the quantity of hay to be treated, equipment availability, and cost of different materials. The key is to minimize costs, of materials and labor per bale. Large numbers of round bales can be trcted according to procedures shown in the figure.
or,
hay, plastic i
*~ o V I -










Bales are arranged in a pyramid shape with 3 bales on the bottom, 2 in the middle and I on top. Seven rows of this 3x2xl configuration are stacked, a 2 foot space is left, and seven additional rows are stacked. Bales become soft during ammonia treatment, and in some cases top end bales have fallen and ripped the plastic that is used to cover the stack, allowing ammonia to escape. Therefore, top end bales are not placed. A large capacity open-top-container (55 gallon drum) is placed in the middle of the two foot opening left in the stack. Supporting material (lumber, etc.) is wedged between the top two bales in the opening of the stack to keep these bales from falling into the opening. Piping (we use 1/2 to 3/4 inch diameter PVC) for the anhydrous ammonia is run from the container to the outside of the stack. A small trench is dug around the stack. A 40 feet x 100 feet sheet of 6 mil thickness plastic covers this stack configuration. Edges of the plastic are placed into the-trench, and covered with dirt to seal the stack. Piping from the container should be long enough to come underneath the plastic to the outside of the stack. An anhydrous ammonia tank is parked next to the stack, the hose from the tank attached to the piping and the tank turned on so that the ammonia can flow in liquid form from the tank into the container. The container acts as a reservoir to hold the liquid ammonia until it volatilizes and fills the area under the plastic. Many anhydrous ammonia tanks have capacity meters to estimate the quantity Of ammonia injected under the plastic. Treatment time (time between ammonia injection and feeding) depends upon environmental temperature, however approximately 30 days is sufficient in most cases. If smaller quantities of hay are to be treated, different stack arrangements and sizes of plastic can be used.

Hay should be treated at 3.0 to 4.0% of the forage dry matter. A good estimate of bale weight, and percent dry matter of the hay should be known, so thatthe proper quantity of ammonia will be applied.

Cost

82 bales x 100 lbs/bale x 85% dry matter x 3% ammonia - 2090 lbs of anhydrous ammonia would be applied to this stack configuration.

Approximate material costs are listed below.
Plastic (clear or black) 12xlOO:$25 32xlOO:$68 24xlOO:$40 40xlOO:$100 Anhydrous ammonia: $.14/lb = $280.00/ton

Total material costs, and cost per ton to treat a stack of 82, 1000 lb bales of 85% dry matter hay are shown below.

82 bales Per Ton DM Per Ton as fed
Anhydrous ammonia (3%) 293.00 8.40 7.14
Plastic (40 x 100) 100.00 2.87 2.44
Total $393.00 $11.27 $9.58

Benefit

Results from laboratory, digestion, and feedlot studies indicate
that cattle ' fed ammoniated forages perform as well, or better than those fed untreated hay plus a molasses-based liquid supplement. Laboratory











studies show that the crude protein content of 'Bigalta' hemarthria and rice straw was increased after the forage was ammonia treated (Table 3). The increase in crude protein content of ammoniated forages is due to non-protein-nitrogen addition from the anhydrous ammonia, and is similar to nitrogen contribution from a urea supplement. Ammoniation increased the in vitro organic matter digestibility of both forages (Table 3). Anhydrous ammonia treatment increases the digestibility of forages by chemically reacting with, and breaking down the plant cell wall. Parts of the cell wall that are not digestible in untreated forage are made digestible by ammonia treatment. Cell wall content of both forages was reduced by ammonia treatment (Table 3). Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin are the major components of the plant cell wall. Ammonia treatment did not influence the cellulose content, however both the hemicellulose and lignin contents of the cell wall were reduced in both forages.

Table 3. Chemical composition and in vitro d igestion of untreated and
ammoniated 'Bigalta' hemarthria and rice straw.


'Bigalta' Hemarthria Rice Straw a
Item Untreated Ammoniated Untreated Ammoniated


Crude protein, % 3.19 10.31 5.63 11.00
In vitro organic matter
digestibility, % 46.20 62.52 37.03 54.37
Cell wall, % 88.86 80.85 76.91 72.70
Cellulose, % 38.45 40.88 39.71 40.59
Hemicellulose, % 41.04 31.19 29.56 25.56
Lignin, % 9.37 8.78 7.64 6.55


a Rice straw a-moniated study was conducted at the Belle Glade AREC in cooperation with Dr. David B. Jones and Mr. John Phillips.


Digestion and feedlot studies were conducted at the Ona-AREC and the Belle Glade-AREC comparing ammoniated forages to untreated forage plus a molasses-based liquid supplement (Tables 4 and 5). In all trials, urea and cane molasses, in amounts calculated to equal the increase in crude protein and digestibility, respectively, due to ammoniation were sprayed onto the forage at feeding time. Therefore, those treatments containing urea were equal in crude protein content to the ammoniated forage treatment, and the treatment containing molasses was calculated to be equal in organic matter digestibility to the ammoniated forage treatment. For both trials, ration composition was approximately 65% untreated forage, 25% molasses, 10% supplement for the molasses treatment, and 90% untreated forage or ammoniated forage, 10% supplement f or the other two treatments.










Table 4. Performance of cattle fed, and digestibility of 'Bigalta'
hemarthria ammoniated or supplemented with cane molasses.


Treatment
Untreated
aUntreated hay + urea Ammoniated
itema hay + urea + molasses hay


Digestion Trial
Daily intake, lbs OM 7.63 7.63 7.81
OM digestibility, % 48.85 47.92 57.45
Cell wall digestibility, % 56.99 50.95 68.65
Growth Trial
Initial weight, lbs 485 485 481
Daily intake, lbs OM 9.46 11.42 11.44
Daily gain, lbs .59 .86 1.19
Feed/gain 16.03 13.28 9.61

aOM - organic matter, DM -d ry matter.

Molasses plus urea addition to the untreated hay or straw resulted in similar organic matter digestibility to the untreated hay or straw plus urea (Table 4 and 5). It was expected that molasses addition would improve overall diet digestibility compared to untreated forage plus. urea. Similar organic matter digestibilities were obtained, because cell wall digestibility was reduced on the untreated forage plus urea plus molasses diet. All of the added molasses was digested, however digestibility of the forage was reduced on the molasses treatment compared to the untreated forage plus urea diet.

Urea supplementation of untreated rice straw did not improve feed intake, organic matter or cell wall digestibilities compared to untreated straw alone (Table 5). Energy value (organic matter digestibility) of the untreated straw was not great enough to utilize the non-protein-nitrogen addition from the urea. Crude protein content of the untreated rice straw was approximately 6%, which is higher than that of rice straw produced in other parts of the country, probably due to the high organic matter soils in the Belle Glade area where the rice' was grown.

Ammoniation improved organic matter and cell wall digestibilities of the Hemarthria and rice straw, compared to untreated forage plus urea, or untreated forage plus urea plus molasses (Tables 4 and 5). This is consistent with results from the laboratory study showing reduced cell wall content and increased in vitro organic matter digestibility due to ammoniation.













Table 5. Performance of cattle fed, and digestibility of rice straw amnmoniated or supplemented with
urea or cane molassesa


Treatment
Untreated
bUntreated Untreated straw + urea Amnmoniated
Item straw straw + urea + molasses straw


Digestion Trial
Ad lib daily intake, lbs OH 7.81 7.92 9.75 10.00
Restricted daily intake, lbs OH 7.02 6.88 6.97 7.00
OH digestibility, % 50.52 46.34 47.75 59.00
Cell wall digestibility, % 56.08 51.89 46.20 73.04

Growth Trial
Initial weight, lbs ---609 607 612
Daily intake, lbs DM ---11.48 14.23 14.63
Daily gain, lbs .---51 .90 .88
Feed/gain ---22.51 15.81 16.63

a Rice straw ammoniation study was conducted at the Belle Glade AREC in cooperation with Dr. David B. Jones and Mr. John Phillips.
b OM = organic matter, DM =dry matter.











In the feedlot trials, molasses plus urea addition to untreated Hemarthria or rice straw resulted in increased feed intake and daily gain compared to untreated forage plus urea (Table 4 and 5). Molasses plus urea addition to Hemarthria did not improve feed efficiency compared to*Hemarthria plus urea (Table 4). Therefore, the increased' gain observed when molasses plus urea was added to untreated Hamarthria compared to untreated Hemarthria plus urea was due to increased feed intake by molasses'addition. Molasses plus urea addition to untreated rice straw resulted in improved feed efficiency compared to untreated straw plus urea (Table 5).
Ammoniation of Hemarthria or rice straw resulted in increased feed intake, daily gain and feed efficiency compared to untreated forage plus urea (Table 4 and 5). Cattle consuming amoniated Hemarthria had similar feed intake, but greater daily gain and improved feed efficiency compared to those consuming untreated hay plus molasses plus urea (Table 4). Cattle consuming ammoniated rice straw had similar performance compared to those consuming untreated straw plus urea (Table 5).

Summary

Ammoniation offers a practical and economic way to improve the feeding value of tropical forages. Due to weather conditions, harvesting forage for hay at 6 weeks regrowth to obtain acceptable quality is not possible in all cases. Harvesting can be delayed, either by poor weather or intentionally to obtain additional yield, and the forage ammoniated to increase the quality. Tropical grass hay should be treated with ammonia at 3 to 4% of the forage dry matter to obtain maximum benefit.

Cattle fed ammoniated hay consume more feed, waste less hay from
the round bale, gain more weight, and are more efficient than cattle fed untreated hay. Cattle fed ammoniated hay perform at least as well as those fed untreated hay plus a molasses-based liquid supplement. Approximate daily feed cost for a cow under these two feeding conditions is presented below. Cost of individual feedstuffs can be adjusted based upon current price.

Hay + liquid Ammoniated
supplement hay

Untreated hay ($50/ton as is) 20 lb -.50
Ammoniated hay ($50 + $9.58 59.58) 23 lb -.69
Liquid supplement ($150/ton) 4 lb -.30
Total .80 .69










ONA AREC FACULTY


Bill Brown - Assistant Animal Nutritionist developing and conducting .research for evaluation and utilization of forages with cattle. Bill is in charge of the Infrared Spectrophotometer forage analyzer and coordinator of the forage analysis laboratory.

Rob Kalmbacher - Professor in Range Management with areas of production, management and utilization. Rob is involved in no-till research and certain phases of variety testing at the Ona AREC.

Paul Mislevy - Professor in Agronomy, Paul conducts annual and perennial forage grazing and clipping studies at the Ona AREC. Other areas include forage production and management, herbicides, biomass production and research on phosphate land reclamation.

Findlay Pate - Professor of Animal Nutrition with research in molasses and sugar cane by-products. Dr. Pate is station director of the Ona AREC.

Mac Peacock - Mac is a professor of Animal Breeding and has conducted research in the area of silage production.

Buddy Pitman - Associate Agronomist with emphasis in management of annual and perennial legumes. Buddy is actively involved with evaluation of several tropical legumes and evaluates new perennial grass species as pasture forages.

Bob Stephenson - Assistant Agronomist/Extension Specialist with emphasis in variety testing of winter and summer annuals and evaluation of perennial legumes. Bob works closely with county extension agents and helps ranchers and producers more effectively manage their operations.










ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


The following have provided support to research programs at the Ona AREC. Their contributions are sincerely appreciated.

Adams Ranch, Inc., Ft. Pierce, Florida ALICO, Inc., La Belle, Florida American Cyanamid Co., Agricultural Division American Hoechst Corp., Somerville, New Jersey Asgrow Florida, Plant City, Florida Babcock Ranch, Punta Gorda, Florida Mr. Mabry Carlton, Sarasota, Florida Clover Dale Dairy, Myakka City, Florida Dazie Dairy, Okeechobee, Florida Dekalb Seed Co., Dekalb, Illinois Deseret Ranch, Melbourne, Florida Douglas Fertilizer, Lake Placid, Florida Dow Chemical Co., Tampa, Florida E. I. DuPont de Nemours Co., Inc., Wilmington, Delaware Fearing Manufacturing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota Mr. Gene Felton, La Belle, Florida Florida Fertilizer Co., Wauchula, Florida Funks Seed International, Bloomington, Illinois Furst-McNess Co., Freeport, Illinois Gas Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois Haile Dean Seed Co., Winter Park, Florida Hardee County Cattlemen's Association, Wauchula, Florida Hardee County Commissioners, Wauchula, Florida Hardee County Extension Office, Wauchula, Florida Hardee County Soil Conservation Service, Wauchula, Florida Imperial Products, Inc., Altamonte Springs, Florida International Minerals and Chemical Corp., Libertyville, Illinois Dave Jones, Gainesville, Florida J.L.B. International Chem., Inc., Vero Beach, Florida Lykes Brothers, Inc., Brooksville, Florida McArthur Dairy, Okeechobee, Florida The Nitragin Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin Northrup King Co., Minneaplis, Minnesota C. M. Payne and Son Seed Co., Sebring, Florida Jim Phillips Groves, Inc., Clermont, Florida Pioneer Hi-Bred Int., Tipton, Indiana Harold L. Terzenbach, Wauchula, Florida Edwin Thompson, Bartow, Florida Bayard Toussaint, Punta Gorda, Florida United States Sugar Corp., Clewiston, Florida Velsicol Chemical Co., Chicago, Illinois Westby Corp., Zolfo Springs, Florida









HISTORIC NOTE


The publications in this collection do not reflect current scientific knowledge or recommendations. These texts represent the historic publishing record of the Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences and should be used only to trace the historic work of the Institute and its staff. Current WAS research may be found on the Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS)
site maintained by the Florida Cooperative Extension Service.






Copyright 2005, Board of Trustees, University of Florida




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Invalid character
WARNING CODE 'Daitss::Anomaly' Invalid character
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001fb15a2601f9b60e945c7adcdbaa1fc0a81c11
describe
'23834' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAE' 'sip-files00012.QC.jpg'
9b5340bfd4179de215dc794463691c92
11b002681714a2953982222fd8a9b85fc3ea005a
describe
'1060708' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAF' 'sip-files00012.tif'
21343316ff77042bb06a04d9ffa9d6f8
9b1708ea56db510b26bddf74f22b92c5d2d9a378
describe
'1924' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAG' 'sip-files00012.txt'
f36fc1eb7d901596e38a7ae874e05e3c
f08313496e04f36533f371b6ab93d5c7fb85329b
'2016-06-17T13:26:31-04:00'
describe
'7032' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAH' 'sip-files00012thm.jpg'
13189bff0785765c8b9e102c67c4e15d
15c1491e0e95b03419130bf1edc4fe488f7a7130
'2016-06-17T13:26:56-04:00'
describe
'129374' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAI' 'sip-files00013.jp2'
c85a72f02f50a8d5bb20c0e439df3cfb
40912473ea8589b5e94396d754960c833097e430
describe
'90564' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAJ' 'sip-files00013.jpg'
58d7dbf104c318598cda1f499060ed01
afffc0f5f08fc4ef0adc29858d43ba7f6fdacd7d
describe
'66141' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAK' 'sip-files00013.pro'
dc3c5fef91070373f41619354fae6d15
bf0b4e5f111b91e978dc5d5b1a2e730e125f9d92
describe
'26467' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAL' 'sip-files00013.QC.jpg'
b370c7c28b69fd571f99bf24415e1ae2
9b6af75325524520b67198e7ed5382b52295a88e
'2016-06-17T13:26:27-04:00'
describe
'1062436' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAM' 'sip-files00013.tif'
125e48391a0300a0168e495f1657eb1f
dff4bcd2afba7e259cfa071806c7724d007f9f60
'2016-06-17T13:26:50-04:00'
describe
'3031' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAN' 'sip-files00013.txt'
052bc92e6527f7c741000473eeb23c1d
c00752003bf8848ccf04f8b0af6e7e806f4b8622
describe
'7302' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAO' 'sip-files00013thm.jpg'
5db50cf2d6223eef19191dd2db1e1fd6
db1b21eaaf0d789cebaa3ff4ae0881608466160e
describe
'155521' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAP' 'sip-files00014.jp2'
e9afe22c34f5a8a1dc0f2c8988cfd9bf
ef3e19d66c120a9ff6b0c45f668a14ed0737295e
describe
'109817' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAQ' 'sip-files00014.jpg'
285b621e1ea985e80eaf210db79a221a
0669ee999d731d3427fb0821c0b75386149a3c41
describe
'71041' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAR' 'sip-files00014.pro'
ae722206d194a3d6d7e1eb558bb53b03
d46e6374c9843009b35477c6fef2541c9feade6e
describe
'30569' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAS' 'sip-files00014.QC.jpg'
451fd6ada6d54d8d534a6874a0ece82a
5d38bd43cc7c1781dba43399fd375910f032f5e4
describe
'1063224' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAT' 'sip-files00014.tif'
75084621b9a178a1b3b0b77a009e6248
f9c50e603ec94c0afdbb28bd916a745c0f90fedb
'2016-06-17T13:26:57-04:00'
describe
'2795' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAU' 'sip-files00014.txt'
5638c8958a7c9e56c12e2ea34afa45ac
da94e9a059aef2b9892426cfd7fe21fd91e53bc2
describe
'7845' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAV' 'sip-files00014thm.jpg'
edfb64f6e3556f1f4d83d0b2976976ab
a07726121104c43bccba058ecf036f9a0ed1f594
describe
'71522' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAW' 'sip-files00015.jp2'
5f5eb2bcef294d6be326295cef8f7c7d
2f62c987983de7ca90873f396521022f82b93a14
describe
'52045' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAX' 'sip-files00015.jpg'
f46db17fc2e2ccacd91836ad41d5d3e3
696ad64711b032b69c7fb7d8a73bafd6cc49c84a
describe
'29941' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAY' 'sip-files00015.pro'
546e6df15dd25e9976793998599f82ac
207c1d6ac7908daedb72933050c525193419ad9c
describe
'14720' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWAZ' 'sip-files00015.QC.jpg'
df784acf522148d763d53d9253e1c26f
e255fc72bb461a1689b35570ec78921a0d938a5d
describe
'1058636' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBA' 'sip-files00015.tif'
9c77fe85f07c2374650817df8c4c2579
c028cfa130f74d9d485db3b974bc7e33216eb286
describe
'1230' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBB' 'sip-files00015.txt'
30f92046c929067d418861a5336115c2
8f24229eccc1390c9ae36f563e4b9773c021babb
describe
'4240' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBC' 'sip-files00015thm.jpg'
c201186319c0cdf4ea283874c3ad903a
93b28dc7adce184f58374dfcc4b6f88cfcc72774
describe
'165001' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBD' 'sip-files00016.jp2'
2d354aa44349472c19a49e899e91cb4e
504c94de0404e428ea3c9af85f7f491be37b2703
describe
'114071' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBE' 'sip-files00016.jpg'
62489c5829dca238cb31b7e95ceba25b
f0b0129ef8730a65c30f402e5f20a6a1414ee0f3
describe
'76318' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBF' 'sip-files00016.pro'
8dfe17acf2d12fba55ce70a9631c690c
6fe517e970c09319f39853630fa21eb8d6280582
describe
'30237' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBG' 'sip-files00016.QC.jpg'
c86b78bb7a90d1d418a15b1ed7492211
d573f7b4ea59b17a30474e86b2a14930a43c746e
describe
'1063112' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBH' 'sip-files00016.tif'
971a414d59349ce6aef28b0621f6c441
be668704f85965e82434c640f6e6406502e38ed9
describe
'3007' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBI' 'sip-files00016.txt'
c97577e4ce2d21d916f622cb53a96c36
287d5348d770bdf57af80b091545001747104cca
describe
'7867' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBJ' 'sip-files00016thm.jpg'
f187e93f3785bb8ff443ea2bbaa2f3c8
fdadc71cc507fe2efd4e50b00c86353c70929459
describe
'154229' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBK' 'sip-files00017.jp2'
28181409d9dde4194ce9b450bbd89fdc
559716fdddb5f71e2398706f1c49d83cc3830e3f
describe
'108923' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBL' 'sip-files00017.jpg'
babbe0fa1f54a68804dc16a62267cb9a
af8bebf8655345ebb56aa6aff31f22396ddf46c2
describe
'70107' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBM' 'sip-files00017.pro'
3235fed4c48f62aaaf05b5de93c57ffb
5e8f1a16564733af658f8948c017efae96504060
describe
'30350' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBN' 'sip-files00017.QC.jpg'
f2e965c15bbaf2c05e9010f871239322
78212569a20605816268f3d6d728872e0c6b3ba6
describe
'1062332' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBO' 'sip-files00017.tif'
1c6984e984c11ee74e6d943d48ffbd61
62e2bf610592033a6cec5a204f68b93463a28542
describe
'2791' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBP' 'sip-files00017.txt'
d2077c190cb91d84e73e63551a14d40e
c2d5b2797f97a53efe6875d57b79a2d27c05d24c
describe
'8171' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBQ' 'sip-files00017thm.jpg'
b466c25010fa86dd8178b4683d6f216d
b139a18c85a63cf5835a65f9ee7fa395d04d2dd5
describe
'36522' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBR' 'sip-files00018.jp2'
61f8feb3b1cc5057850e57d46be27644
df5383fff43283b6e0a0c6604f1177c765585e15
describe
'18349' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBS' 'sip-files00018.jpg'
880920c9cfe32eace91faafc09afdb81
3c994821ced8b86927223d575d718c129ef3e506
describe
'11216' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBT' 'sip-files00018.pro'
02f5de8dadff7f2ae6d88488e2d38efd
33bd2b86e502ee61f8b8bb7165683b2570a10bde
describe
'6182' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBU' 'sip-files00018.QC.jpg'
3d48f5592e46736d3f62ae48ca386553
52d4c4e9bda5fb9338978aa135acec5a037288b4
describe
'1055544' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBV' 'sip-files00018.tif'
6947e07586a35053416ffc78e97036bc
b6ed3463a609f52619063a7f5087463599c84db7
describe
'596' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBW' 'sip-files00018.txt'
488ea125b5a92b97c6c57b59752c7616
6581c80b19a8551876f889960d69717f98fbfe4f
describe
'2229' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBX' 'sip-files00018thm.jpg'
fec57de99f6dc8fa214ebcdbeaa41f83
6a6f1758e421a67428b2fd63502624cf6c9f9e27
describe
'38187' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBY' 'sip-files00019.jp2'
848e2b008fd0d563184e013616923a02
2951234e021aa69cd4d27acadd43cca215dc8016
describe
'18641' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWBZ' 'sip-files00019.jpg'
9e74bedb4925a01bfe427abb3f7b47b3
7ba566c9d57690eb6be124916b7b00196cc46129
describe
'12784' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCA' 'sip-files00019.pro'
fb9aac847b3d8bb412820dde8b349beb
5c26317eb0c08928437738ab391ebc51fd468d19
describe
'6091' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCB' 'sip-files00019.QC.jpg'
643be867a21c7c4680a21e2468a78494
1cdc9464dd0fd7603f0277e6cfacb2d7925383dc
describe
'1053228' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCC' 'sip-files00019.tif'
8811b789eb9a8bf7d0375eb0a41c0e65
8bacb05ba3fb8d1547ce365a88a4c834b2629073
describe
'1130' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCD' 'sip-files00019.txt'
fa9e4eb95f3ccbbff8c98e78118fd1f7
66baa22a7f3bdaffc8b8e619a30bcfb5817e789c
describe
'2206' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCE' 'sip-files00019thm.jpg'
917895e08d76cd925c0c89bab5247b77
dabff98a737fbc4d7367daf88622712ef0c05fdb
describe
'104351' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCF' 'sip-files00020.jp2'
e33073d743aaaf8d1d6c95cff450b20e
a27b643396904df7c067094641fe7a2fca8d1d6e
describe
'38342' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCG' 'sip-files00020.jpg'
7d9112e3de1cb5aae38953fd7eee4ae3
98f7b26bf9d98b4d3d00a4814a538530977ffcee
describe
'40400' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCH' 'sip-files00020.pro'
b35b7f830a0487d60aa1df87678b4fc2
97abb693930acb747fe11b14ac871ba0cc95a924
describe
'11013' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCI' 'sip-files00020.QC.jpg'
27f1ae759adaf1f5514c9f3a8f3969ba
1b24f37fd0bbaf580a5539bd2f5a18f3e6dc735c
describe
'1055888' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCJ' 'sip-files00020.tif'
bdfefba8d08826df8de566e0dff49c17
ca05b47931c43ddd0211c42ad61eab463c01e577
describe
'2273' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCK' 'sip-files00020.txt'
49c75b372bd029eed575ebe446c565da
a448a9ffadd0d43b19902a1f49612d5189a57b6d
describe
Invalid character
Invalid character
'3315' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCL' 'sip-files00020thm.jpg'
121c28d361b6cae594c5d44ebc2772c0
f6a4f5d496b5e066543133b605b4ad1b93e97bc1
describe
'159497' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCM' 'sip-files00021.jp2'
b380908feb268ac65f49a581547162c3
9e720f3545c6b893cbf5adf0f08fe36ca79ae770
describe
'112833' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCN' 'sip-files00021.jpg'
3183c36cf1944ac1a71aced3cc845583
ac789057c87ff7cf8b9d455edbab82456ba23ba5
describe
'72168' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCO' 'sip-files00021.pro'
524b6c56773bd86097b2b08b5b6bfd7e
b067aceb052d61e6827160edcbf73e17e6d4ad2c
describe
'32264' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCP' 'sip-files00021.QC.jpg'
2b061408752edf7de4c33a83ec16e151
7b87aa436b4b31bc27e2261059078a2c16926399
describe
'1063776' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCQ' 'sip-files00021.tif'
9e59b9559a32c404086b362bb9b839dd
6e44fa266cd3d16998df7b1aafa56b4132763409
describe
'2871' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCR' 'sip-files00021.txt'
d8b962963eb55b3a960ab0b87e906d50
718250ea2bd76aa1831ae9d6e5ddc393bdd8182a
describe
'8307' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCS' 'sip-files00021thm.jpg'
2fb191e4e52a68a19bc188494b9d6aac
ea6ebd4aedc079c12c8a0cd8e77f7e8c25c550c8
describe
'55742' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCT' 'sip-files00022.jp2'
da6b648c351a4e042c8207c9a096110e
821508ba7f2aa33c2a7b7438104eee1c5d89779d
describe
'40894' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCU' 'sip-files00022.jpg'
ca752a21384ab7065e2ffaec563267a4
f11975fa3200752d031c4453bfb7abeadefe4d07
describe
'21695' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCV' 'sip-files00022.pro'
6d7fdc4c32d57ac7deab3a004c48acfa
a11e4023f37dd4ba1f6d0beae6ab3174116d05d0
describe
'11850' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCW' 'sip-files00022.QC.jpg'
b158e32d4f987e4cba32e289a76718ae
87c42b795fcf96e96dd3977a8fa7edcf86ccde56
describe
'1058356' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCX' 'sip-files00022.tif'
117ce6a5e0e11a746df5aa5a8ad0f878
8cfe6646c39228e0c1808ff0f27696131f03ba56
describe
'936' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCY' 'sip-files00022.txt'
1f13ea161c12ec530f9d95860d6cc83c
1cf6ef1b2b99d0565b932010367b23e0ab14965e
describe
'3566' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWCZ' 'sip-files00022thm.jpg'
983b76d5c4f15ef040a0160c2e4f8346
f6d6ec1e05d7e8a73ae9978d4a91a41a07df8e7c
describe
'144921' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDA' 'sip-files00023.jp2'
42ef44286927352d19bc3dc5f0190e42
d214d55ca4a18a8f49f03acd55846022f6b3f4f7
describe
'102588' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDB' 'sip-files00023.jpg'
fda474d10a560dedcf15dd8c18b51777
548ab9c901a297182eff2388f8f0e2ab822882e3
describe
'65403' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDC' 'sip-files00023.pro'
9f94a472d6491f460405c83461d4f0cf
b35fdc53df11e535bd768f9db0356ca50145934d
describe
'28857' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDD' 'sip-files00023.QC.jpg'
d51e439ee8557b9fc06327bada9596c9
7bb77625555ba507de7297e0a2b644f9c2fe436a
describe
'1062672' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDE' 'sip-files00023.tif'
56ae486d3fae6a39c74045a301ad9cee
7fdd2e581e380f01e2163abb135870b455fffd04
describe
'2685' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDF' 'sip-files00023.txt'
982464ce6030b88422cec36a3fa4e86c
e99c9c06ba20028955b0b7bc891de10c9ada315d
describe
'7539' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDG' 'sip-files00023thm.jpg'
1025e32ecb704f2065c0f804f1c7785a
3a1c08c250b6d2165abf0633513952cb84076dd8
describe
'142028' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDH' 'sip-files00024.jp2'
a1903c908e7981afb287bf527a48bdb0
8d0bd9b8434fad98c0c08bb99337800d12e981e1
describe
'99021' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDI' 'sip-files00024.jpg'
240bb2edb5363b94889f19ea4a12a6ba
9294aa544bd607664e074f5017ded0e17c4224df
describe
'63933' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDJ' 'sip-files00024.pro'
0cbe7075bf991e65ccbde1ea563fe400
1d529b06f2156809b748d0fc60433359a2c0cdd1
describe
'28553' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDK' 'sip-files00024.QC.jpg'
e73c4897784f9cf5cea4cda1b996ec33
7d69b14b1768d54ac2acf09e8965be83c919f82f
describe
'1062260' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDL' 'sip-files00024.tif'
5553006fa0990f2d8c4d976d95d879ab
35b3bcc27963a82005e28f35227d05c28ff2bf9a
describe
'2582' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDM' 'sip-files00024.txt'
0a5b87c0230b294cb3c5d97c972c2184
0a6225ca6aae0ecf9ca99ff79dcd0acfcb5a875f
describe
'7706' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDN' 'sip-files00024thm.jpg'
093be95df4d1e94892a2db01aa6e7809
6d6f03de2807c7582b4ec3d188bd9d5c1ec5f1b3
describe
'54593' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDO' 'sip-files00025.jp2'
dd68a3a947a125cd24e8aef106bf12e4
03d1ea3be02c08c9c062c6d5b1ca2e9bc33170a5
describe
'43693' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDP' 'sip-files00025.jpg'
29a8fa5bd828d2463fa7e0c89d8fd3f4
1b2dfae234141021fc92b9c42bbda5e76851223e
describe
'23092' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDQ' 'sip-files00025.pro'
497ef7936978b2e813261ba4c48a8a3f
e730e89067d3280551b03c7cd0229b881233a6cc
describe
'13996' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDR' 'sip-files00025.QC.jpg'
7bb9685891c7ecb11a8d373f4232ade4
58c8bf7013ecf59d71a68f8f16e6fcf7bedfb12a
describe
'1056232' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDS' 'sip-files00025.tif'
45ab0b13190359bee536d98ecde08677
bc780472cf3b8d24f25b3522913c3c2a12e0f565
describe
'1215' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDT' 'sip-files00025.txt'
419e4aa042eca106756c9408d2000612
c29bd9a26cd0aec7338a2d447b700a0c1a9aa41b
describe
'4339' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDU' 'sip-files00025thm.jpg'
f9712e7c589d2626a58f1f6fb013c8e1
93ac57e42299ad60c6c060723fa5cd2e4cdac526
describe
'175275' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDV' 'sip-files00026.jp2'
3b8113be9ad0597f87b5d58df9cf8163
35a57c43cf33a6ca612d0e7465230a2b083b1e40
describe
'121581' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDW' 'sip-files00026.jpg'
048872cdbe081f05dcef0041459bd39d
816d8215c60382586bcbeee383545cb521fcb5d9
describe
'81040' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDX' 'sip-files00026.pro'
340ca6dc2d79e19bae73890c30ea67c3
9c25a129a4d1e3ec7098e49c287a8e59cca0829b
describe
'33131' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDY' 'sip-files00026.QC.jpg'
be2a86baa79ae12b54c13c7604bbaa02
08e1dff4b6649818f68fc659b6051e648e5d58a7
describe
'1060808' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWDZ' 'sip-files00026.tif'
1cb02c7c74c1c4a35ce04d05d6bf62f5
a82788e7641cc638cfc1e4525e0d04edc2c3707a
describe
'3179' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEA' 'sip-files00026.txt'
6f525c77f6b2e0ad3e3ffcb9a0fbc06f
f5822a4ea3b446b45d9917bfc0a39e09a1e95ba9
describe
'8440' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEB' 'sip-files00026thm.jpg'
b4183b13337b520d884b3caecd9ac445
6379391e9b62b729fae96bfb825b4748bf24f4a3
describe
'132889' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEC' 'sip-files00027.jp2'
42870e9df05ed04eb72d3d53200f1546
856418654119d3d4b4dd5f964246608b78227e9d
describe
'92290' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWED' 'sip-files00027.jpg'
021d3a62215b653ab7e16d8b06e79392
ef24646f598e405587bfc733cd47e86bd27e80e4
describe
'60290' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEE' 'sip-files00027.pro'
e271851f8aec8744ad97dd844bf62154
7775d28c8d5aa6b3ed98d09f1434e437cbf6744e
describe
'25870' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEF' 'sip-files00027.QC.jpg'
1d48cd9b8b28c9713166a2a3b7fe9f4a
8d3db1d40ee0975dd85d8bd74ab3bed95d734c22
describe
'1058808' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEG' 'sip-files00027.tif'
eacb004e2b787e8dac3cfbe5de390d4c
d6a889ee481de9084dcb2d2386a866caa920d8df
describe
'2611' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEH' 'sip-files00027.txt'
017620f7bec03e3d879c9bf1d5c58e7e
2b7a0d2ca089b183963aec6e8241690dc3644a3f
describe
'6916' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEI' 'sip-files00027thm.jpg'
c8a6cb7196ec99df754e4b052e9cd0e2
dc5557a7d9a5e6efa35f7a783660203d92e1ccb0
describe
'146071' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEJ' 'sip-files00028.jp2'
2b05308a9f34255d1724891491bb26be
a6549edad0be5acaf9d3882930b934678c59ba1c
describe
'102964' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEK' 'sip-files00028.jpg'
6c65a902b5835e511a85891c5a99c30a
b1ee7267b9d6c876f84f9a3c2c41ea04c6911f99
describe
'67424' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEL' 'sip-files00028.pro'
d395c0755d12c6c6f0e2824eeea0ea2a
eef0fc40436241c2ce6ced607c6ee0c0c0ba8b86
describe
'29360' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEM' 'sip-files00028.QC.jpg'
1276db091e03ec6a25ec42e6d6945925
1f308e4ce97a3135a301626df868a973dc6bf1e8
describe
'1059484' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEN' 'sip-files00028.tif'
0da32620114a71df903bd93007751cdc
0032594fb0b21f6937e3d1f56bf9e69050182eec
describe
'2979' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEO' 'sip-files00028.txt'
2489cd58a31dc34eff4058f8e04b0737
d3fe7f17dc73482662a93a2d1b994fd2d34480c3
describe
'7617' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEP' 'sip-files00028thm.jpg'
dae0b2d9ed245febb7661269ac802280
a97e2d83077502eb3c131b659839807f35408089
describe
'136342' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEQ' 'sip-files00029.jp2'
3d90d22067db7460bb6f4e3e590c6506
6d9a100d0e8f35987c5afaf9ad7bd1730caa828b
describe
'98094' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWER' 'sip-files00029.jpg'
3c2d6a1cc5d819e23d75756471d945e4
21b106259b9a851c6d6b00855f33fbad25b289fa
describe
'57585' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWES' 'sip-files00029.pro'
63de29a2570839923975474e6255564a
719eab585e7692943134c9081ed6f19047126e49
describe
'29467' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWET' 'sip-files00029.QC.jpg'
3efb4d96ebadd930866b5734e8af0319
270362d409d4318cd09238121f6db524fd4cf4fe
describe
'1061152' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEU' 'sip-files00029.tif'
80d4f537ebf2f002b2dedd46bb54260c
feed85ed5caf286574fd42490a17009ed41c566d
describe
'2641' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEV' 'sip-files00029.txt'
2deeb3de3af207e89751d5bcf3f8c481
992af1629ae69f075da075086764690bfec838c8
describe
'7849' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEW' 'sip-files00029thm.jpg'
9b5e35942d255852231d2fb75c5e78ab
b0ed443d11a7bb8644140acbad0819540b07204a
describe
'163878' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEX' 'sip-files00030.jp2'
dc8002fb57a45dc5f190e2058e6e4e8a
3d01a7c811867d0c79135c38f56237be0260e651
describe
'115908' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEY' 'sip-files00030.jpg'
f0fdd0c88a6c9ef492e4e028da8b8629
54a9588d95685daf64f661cb33b478db39437fc1
describe
'76204' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWEZ' 'sip-files00030.pro'
7e8bdb9ce297f8f5ec66c5b291710caa
9e3be89af3fb4a5755ba75504c91408d1dc088d8
describe
'31879' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFA' 'sip-files00030.QC.jpg'
d02277e387662cda2f0ec02fc2b38db3
a5ccbf94de0ff48aad8d137b5c2bf75a3f211397
describe
'1061068' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFB' 'sip-files00030.tif'
001c639d3f2df914a9155349898ba363
4b3ca40ff6623ddd8c89531a53df83e4447543f0
describe
'3168' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFC' 'sip-files00030.txt'
f9a319d8420e4b5a40ccc2a6824cda84
665345a402fc98a80bc03f554ea2e34fe741b5b6
describe
'8488' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFD' 'sip-files00030thm.jpg'
21148ba082acb58f234186722b2f1548
1a2efa76a158fcb31d54621d542201b6cd9356e3
describe
'149461' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFE' 'sip-files00031.jp2'
c7989ba3faa0bbe5e919c9e7d16aa3a9
3fa3b94e86ade01f510b6631d8166c9dc5a4c296
describe
'104654' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFF' 'sip-files00031.jpg'
c9d8d7948611f05bb92e1debf575f741
d934ad068f4a599e673c6065a7af7bdbdf50194e
describe
'67887' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFG' 'sip-files00031.pro'
cc87f456c32bdbd9cea9af213b862017
f64f7c3e4dcbea9c3fe8ac9b035fcf98cb2eb7ec
describe
'29344' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFH' 'sip-files00031.QC.jpg'
ea78033283dcb53bb1500be6bd9000b1
7bbdbe4b14529d0f83b233d0117dd6489f5bb088
describe
'1059968' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFI' 'sip-files00031.tif'
1446304fa0ed7cf048b03000622ee2a0
21419d4f79140c3cac796bfb8b32928b62f57693
describe
'2859' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFJ' 'sip-files00031.txt'
f91f25f94b51e142eae2d10bf942b5dd
e9658dc59aefc54e39ab959a8956dfa0d9df86e6
describe
'7846' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFK' 'sip-files00031thm.jpg'
97298618a94992107b2876cab26aebce
adcba243683862f1d9eb67b822d29866544f98ff
describe
'127513' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFL' 'sip-files00032.jp2'
01ee2d6ea2be95aab2a20477aaa0bd80
cc1b9540f6eb372c582b50b1cfdabfad7aa3ab9c
describe
'92179' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFM' 'sip-files00032.jpg'
63d452e6c391d52945850edeccd6397b
914afe45285bf683193e8ad3a39d960a65e73b3e
describe
'58025' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFN' 'sip-files00032.pro'
91b7b40138e352f32cd2ef196616c4ca
a96776f41ca7b2642aa81db161487d5888ab6fd9
describe
'26087' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFO' 'sip-files00032.QC.jpg'
e3372d48d9b3636df6c3a2833167ebdf
0121541e8c8ae8a3285f7f3700af49379e248ad0
describe
'1059276' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFP' 'sip-files00032.tif'
a8d03cfb7c299a935507a66b248713d3
87fcc3a65333f49610910ea936f2441bb1b5ad30
describe
'2567' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFQ' 'sip-files00032.txt'
deac3d485d9bf422001b75fa4b073fbe
f3328393a1fd928713cd02a665e4bbc1fd69b3b3
describe
'7128' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFR' 'sip-files00032thm.jpg'
2d1390854e0352614ad94ee71cf6c989
e14ba65c2ea028b9d30fe4fc7358684a25077156
describe
'60117' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFS' 'sip-files00033.jp2'
4df83c72954cf7e0084596f2b02569ec
bb2d653423d5ff9288a77ecee0aa87df1bdec9f6
describe
'28461' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFT' 'sip-files00033.jpg'
e8d7b1fe98c50c4c1370904db6e3e95b
9a3c5aefe06bb9b4dc4a79963c9d9264d5481d9e
describe
'27450' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFU' 'sip-files00033.pro'
121b5a8ba71318b59628df429e5910b3
d9ad494f5bb722c138c87cfbc6094b8fb66d0159
describe
'8904' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFV' 'sip-files00033.QC.jpg'
9c58c12ce94f3eb7c2bb0221b947fbff
eeb078e293d90a308bb933e1bc9d597e6420ebc2
describe
'1060164' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFW' 'sip-files00033.tif'
bd10e6cc1de483b6a79589ece58e2691
d9e64246a2140d9ae2df4b0ece930f8fed9f38f5
describe
'1554' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFX' 'sip-files00033.txt'
1f3d549f9d379894f19cc56047f45168
b242094bdb2d3355d510b0996886e42bccb277e9
describe
'2962' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFY' 'sip-files00033thm.jpg'
f37698ede801d0c00d77a8802c632b6f
b18a7ee777171cfb22b8a3b3d00b5915c2d35143
describe
'132155' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWFZ' 'sip-files00034.jp2'
7094acb375fa719f3112fc2251db9762
fe7ab6cf8ec29e9abf8079d47adcaf598271f943
describe
'91939' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGA' 'sip-files00034.jpg'
cb29f8b7da39899b973a1a6de2bf8b59
a1e4463f843896db80ac20878f676e8fff514334
describe
'60898' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGB' 'sip-files00034.pro'
7e87ae269019ed65f14616c4cf15abb1
0ef7b4fed915b370d501e49cd6bc1ed2990545b7
describe
'25214' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGC' 'sip-files00034.QC.jpg'
0820a77d1fc905e045e58dfd97cf41bc
84b2946eacbe5ec847617d7041ae56a3ce817de6
describe
'1064100' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGD' 'sip-files00034.tif'
d831ae77a3ec14a6e59c98c1442cff49
1a0804207dc8780bacfb6645c8ffebf61651222c
describe
'2595' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGE' 'sip-files00034.txt'
4e65285e5317a84971459cfb654e0051
fb9f9d586d08f41e42f66c74d8d41761ccc3a2b9
describe
'6908' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGF' 'sip-files00034thm.jpg'
683636eb8b126a28f50fbdeeb826ed1b
546766f20d8b5559e2d64b15f00697597ec0c1cc
describe
'94178' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGG' 'sip-files00035.jp2'
735b89d32697f1d2fedd080ff9208f1b
65a816caebe871927a1d261f38afdd827195a682
describe
'66833' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGH' 'sip-files00035.jpg'
63186ceb3e953df02af2083798823b5c
6c73f940a57033e9ee1cfc62ea8f656474cb4548
describe
'39287' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGI' 'sip-files00035.pro'
24b739295ee34986bae4c344630f5540
e6d4d6b3797d8e975b7e6de041f77b7986da3cd6
describe
'20151' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGJ' 'sip-files00035.QC.jpg'
23b272d96f607a6ffa60ee1301050921
b171ffb060db816b49deef05afba2005584f7054
describe
'1061752' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGK' 'sip-files00035.tif'
a3855b62d24cd50ae95181dedf3d01dc
cd9bb2377ec0114bb9bf7e5faf49619f02076e94
describe
'1543' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGL' 'sip-files00035.txt'
954076c1bbc0e835a7d827a397dce31c
dd757d52f3cee7165e9dec59c359904eb6f4b34a
describe
'5199' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGM' 'sip-files00035thm.jpg'
6da8d6ec6443a307b6e68bcc23384ec9
5a24e2d02877e0968e36d6d59d7b03e42be2c885
describe
'115139' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGN' 'sip-files00036.jp2'
5343a7e7a5f611d173a8ee5420fd1200
8f938b2f19ba634c65065361fac79aba79048d0a
describe
'80305' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGO' 'sip-files00036.jpg'
410e0b5c039c35718ff1a615c57f669a
fa5606d1a789eb0d573816d9b86871578f571a8e
describe
'50889' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGP' 'sip-files00036.pro'
37e5753ff5a7bc16d9c2b74ed5f54253
32d596563e92969d1416bc89719a1a99150c52d6
describe
'21779' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGQ' 'sip-files00036.QC.jpg'
35870fc8ea5b5e5abeb2e97a8568a99b
1a0b332b6e21a0b395c33d3259038030b2090a41
describe
'1062036' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGR' 'sip-files00036.tif'
f36c6103b3c21522eaa0b875841000e2
8b400735d3f602096ea81855471faadbbce54311
describe
'2031' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGS' 'sip-files00036.txt'
562cff5598d0e318f3c6199a2964a745
7973e074beff7cf468bc803634377ffbc6b30cfc
describe
'5747' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGT' 'sip-files00036thm.jpg'
041b9a3efc93e31a8168806c97c94016
f578ef6dc277c59b54c76de10c74d5edb155f466
describe
'40410' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGU' 'sip-filescopyright.jp2'
239d961acddfec0f1ebde9460f9d4060
844e158f833cef2c06beb4e4e6e8ac56398928bf
describe
'64153' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGV' 'sip-filescopyright.jpg'
8b58b98d49ec68814c33859df2f508f7
75a81ff485fc744101834db49a89e8233bc34fca
describe
'15666' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGW' 'sip-filescopyright.pro'
b407116d697fa3c0c68a4dfd90ff132e
1533e4a95c5edd16b8ca55e0efd04acfd08543a7
describe
'22257' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGX' 'sip-filescopyright.QC.jpg'
a38d11f831933924d25944f18a8eb5fc
1de2977febeb02aab85c111f18e3b2308c2559f7
describe
'557172' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGY' 'sip-filescopyright.tif'
d7b61ff96139afe1d7e9186f7fe09869
2506a331cdcb6a04fb4e20fec3691b67ebd9d8bb
describe
'591' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWGZ' 'sip-filescopyright.txt'
dd61bf16823026f7c8b0521029020026
933c59e5f6bba188e76269f4e9ddfc6f40a49697
describe
'6207' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWHA' 'sip-filescopyrightthm.jpg'
6ff9c47f2dc7823a5bf41c6593c39dbb
6206eda7f9c151532a14a703345b2e7e6f541bbd
describe
'65896' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUUfileF20080625_AAAWHB' 'sip-filesUF00075779_00003.mets'
6bed38c74166ed1eb167f155b06f170b
22789325cd2731591b0eb4b31629add09515d452
describe
TargetNamespace.1: Expecting namespace 'http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/digital/metadata/ufdc2/', but the target namespace of the schema document is 'http://digital.uflib.ufl.edu/metadata/ufdc2/'.
'2016-06-17T13:27:01-04:00'
xml resolution
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/(}0 ~iP5&fY7 /2CS ~(.p If AREC, ONA RESEARCH REPORT RC 86-4 CATTLE AND FORAGE FIELD DAY JUNE 6, 1986 INSTITUTE Of' FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER/ ONA, FLORIDA 33865

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Dedication of Field Day to Herbert L. Chapman Jr. The University of Florida, Agricultural Research and Education Center, Ona, in recognition of dedicated service and outstanding contributions to Florida and international agriculture dedicates this field day to Herbert L. Chapman, Jr. Dr. Chapman was reared on a poultry farm in east Hillsboro County and graduated from Plant City High School. He enrolled at the University of Florida in 1942. After serving in the U.S. Navy for 2 years, he returned to the University to obtain a B.S. degree in agriculture in 1948. After teaching vocational agriculture for 2 years he returned to the University of Florida and received his an M.S. degree in agriculture in ~951 with major emphasis in animal nutrition and agricultural education. He was first employed by the University of Florida in July 1951, as Assistant Animal Husbandman at the Belle Glade Agricultural Research and Education Center. Following 2 , years of animal research at Belle Glade he resigned to attend Iowa State University where he obtained a Ph.D. degree in 1955. Dr. Chapman then returned to Belle Glade as Assistant Professor (Animal Nutritionist), was promoted to Associate Professor in 1957 and to Professor in 1963. During his tenure at Belle Glade his research emphasized mineral nutrition and supplemental feeding of brood cows and steers. He also conducted post-doctoral research with copper at the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Science. Dr. Chapman has authored or co-authored over 200 scientific and popular papers and has international experience in central and south America, Hawaii, the Marianna Islands, Guam, Okinawa, South Vietnam, Pakistan, Jamaica, Mexico, Canada and the Sudan. He accepted the Center Director position at Ona in 1965. While at Ona, he continued mineral and feed by-product research and promoted program development emphasizing cooperative research between faculty at research centers and the main campus. Dr. Chapman's major emphasis was to direct forage and beef cattle research as it relates to commercial grower needs. Dr. Chapman initiated the growth in personnel and programs at the Ona Research Center between 1965 and 1982 when he retired. The faculty grew 60% while career service personnel grew 50%. New laboratories, animal nutrition facilities and office space were added under his leadership. The addition of the near-infrared reflectance spectroscopic instrumentation for forage analysis at the Ona AREC was a result of his vision and effort. Dr. Chapman's support of faculty and the _ ir research programs have resulted in numerous individual accomplishments. He has always been active in church and civic affairs and is a member of many professional and Qonorary organizations. Today he continues this service while he is working as General Manager of Agricultural Operations for Maran Groves.

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Welcome to the Ona-AREC Field Day The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) extends a cordial •. welcome to all ranchers, agricultural producer.s and industry representatives attending the Ona Agricultural Research and Education Center (AREC) Field Day. A special thank you is extended to Dr. Herbert L. Chapman (retired) for his 29 years of service and contributions to IFAS and the agricultural conmunity. Progress in Flo:ida agriculture has been possible because of individuals such as Dr. Chapman and the cooperation he fostered between IFAS and the agricultural industries in Florida. Thus, it is fitting that the 1986 Ona Field Day be dedicated to Herb Chapman, an animal nutritionist, whose research and administrative skills opened new doors for the Florida cattle industry. Florida agriculture will continue to grow and prosper because of individuals who possess the spirit and dedication of Dr. Chapman. //., 1~.... ~/ , ~-,;,;.,7~~'?.!":a'c--/,Y James M. Davidson Dean for Research

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9:00 9:30 9:40 9:45 10:00 10:15 10:30 10:45 11:00 11 :30 1:00 Cattle and Forage Field Day University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Agricultural Research and Education Center Ona, Florida June 6, 1986 Jo Durrance Moderator Registration Welcome and Introductions Findlay Pate (Ona; AREC) Dedication of Field Day to Dr. Herb Chapman Vernon Perry (Dean of_Research . University of Florida; Gainesville) Use of Perennial Peanuts as a Forage in Florida Bob Stephenson (Ona; AREC) Production and Management of Small Grains in South Florida: 5 Year Average Rob Kalmbacher (Ona; AREC) and Ron Barnett (Quincy; AREC) Aeschynomene Production, Quality, and Management Paul Mislevy (Ona; AREC) Producing High-Quality Hay Rick Dressel (Dre~sel Dairy, Avon Park) Sorghum Silage Production and Utilization Butch Jonischkies (McArthur Dairy, Okeechobee) Evaluation of Molasses Slurries as Winter Supplements for Producing Cows Findlay Pate (Ona; AREC) Lunch (dutch treat) served by Hardee County Cattlemans Assoc. Wagon Tour and Discussion of Research Projects GrazingEvaluation of Tropical Legumes Buddy Pitman (Ona; AREC) Mob-grazing Bahiagrass Paul Mislevy (Ona; AREC) Ammonia Treatment of Hay Bill Brown (Ona; AREC) 3:00 Tour of IR and AA Facilities and Farm Equipment 4:00 Adjourn 1

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Perennial Peanuts as a Forage in Florida Bob Stephenson Rhizoma peanut is a common name given to species in section Rhizomatosae of the genus Arachis. There are several species (both annual andperennial), but the most commonly used one for forage production is the glabrata. In the past few years attention has been given to two cultivars 'Florigraze' and 'Arbrook' as possible legumes in Florida. Both are long-lived, perennial, warm-season plants which can be used in.Florida as a hay or grazing crop.' They can be used alone or in a mixture with a warm-season perennial grass to provide a high quality forage for cattle from spring up until freezing temperatures. Florigraze Peanuts Florigraze has finer stems, narrower leaflets and the rhizomes are smaller than the Arbrook peanut. Florigraze should be pl4nted in moderately wellto extremely well-drained soils of all textures. A soil pH range of 5.8 6.5 is suggested for the rhizoma peanut. Florigraze needs to be propagated from rhizomes since shoots cut at the late hay stage and planted rarely survive. When planting, the rhizomes should not be allowed to stand for long periods of time in direct sunlight, but stacked loosely in piles and shaded. Inoculation on the rhizoma peanut may be beneficial since some Florida soils are very low in natural bacteria that will nodulate the peanut. However the soil or rhizomes generally will have enough bacteria to establish the rhizomes. If inoculant can not be obtained it is better to plant than to wait a full year. Inoculant can be obtained at a reputable company. Florigraze will tolerate low temperature because the rhizomes are several inches below the soil surface. Once establ!shed, Florigraze is drought resistant. During periods of drought stress the plants may go dormant or tops may die, if so the plant will regenerate from rhizomes following rainfall. In rhizoma peanut-grass mixtures the grass is generally planted in rows between the existing peanut. If used in a mixture the grass should not be planted on soils which need nitrogen fertilizer for the survival of the grass. Applying nitrogen fertilizer to a peanut-grass mixture could result in a flush of grass growth which may shade or outcompete the peanut. Planting in existing grass sod is not recommended. Weed control is essential during the first growing season of the peanut. Cultivation can be used between peanut rows with care exercised so not to hit or 4isrupt peanut rhizomes. No cultivation should take place after July. Herbicides commonly used include Blan, Treflan and tank mixtures (pre-plant incorporated). Planting should be delayed at least 14 days after application of these herbicides or damage to the peanut rhizomes could occur. A tank mixture of Lasso and dinoseb (Premerge) at first emergence in the spring can be used to control both winter and.spring weeds. Basagran and 2*4-D applied postemergence can be used throughout the growing season. Becau~e rhizoma peanuts are a new crop no herbicides are presently labled. The herbicides listed above are those that have.shown to be effective experimentally. 2

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Arbrook Peanuts Arbrook performs better than Florigraze on excessively drained soils, under dry conditions and appears to be better adapted to the deep draughty sanqs of the Florida ridge area. Arbrook is a larger plant, has bigger leaves and stems and rhizomes than Florigraze. Arbrook makes a better spring growth than Florigraze. Arbrook may not tolerate grazing as well as Florigraze. If continually grazed the plants take on a rosette type growth and forage yield is reduced. Undergrazing of an Arbrook-grass mixture, particularly if nitrogen fertilizer has been applied may result in a reduced peanut stand. Arbrook does not produce as much ground cover as the Florigraze peanut. The quality and dry matter yield of Arbrook is comparable to Florigraze with differences varying slightly depending on the soil type (Tables 1, 2 and 3). Table l. Dry matter forage yields of selected cultivars of rhizoma peanut grown on excessively-drained sandy soil at Gainesville, FL over four growing seasons. Dry matter yield Cultivar 1976 1977* 1978 1979 4-year average -------------tons/acre------------Arbrook Florigraze Arb Arblick Hay cuttings per year 4.3 3.8 3.4 2.0 3 2.2 1.3 1.4 1.2 2 *Yields were average of 5 replications. 1977 was the driest year on record. 3.8 2.4 2.3 2.4 2 4.7 3.9 4.1 1.8 3 3.8 2.8 2.8 1.9 Establishment of both Florigraze and Arbrook are similar and is listed below: 1. Locate a commercial Florigraze or Arbrook rhizome grower and get your name on the list to receive rhizomes during January and February. 2. Select a well-drained soil area as fr~e as possible of perennial grasses. Lime soil with dolimite limestone if pH is below 5.8. Work soil into seed bed before January 1, preferably with a moldboard plow. Grass sod should be plowed in August and fallowed by harrowing during the fall. 3. Have your farm supply dealer special order peanut inoculant 2 months before you need it, as dealers do not usually carry peanut inoculant in winter. 3

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4. s. 6. 7 .• 8. 9. Fertilize according to soil test results or, if not tested, apply 300 pounds/acre (336 kg/ha) of 0-10-20 or similar analysis fertilizer without nitrogen, and work fertilizer into soil with tillage equipment and allow soil to stand through one or more rainfalls. Plant 40 to 80 bushels/acre (3.5 to 7 m 3 /ha) of rhizomes (the more, the better), as uniformly as possible at the proper depth in January or February. Rows of peanuts'dug with bermudagrass sprig digger should not be planted more than 24 inches (60 cm) apart. Inoculate rhizomes with peanut inoculant at planting and incorporate into the soil as soon as possible. Fertilize in July or August with an additional 300 pounds/acre (336 kg/ha) of 0-10-20 fertilizer. Control weeds during growing season through mowing and use of herbicides (contact county extension office for latest herbicide recommendations). Mow tall weeds just above peanut top growth or to 6 inches (15 cm) if peanut growth is above this height. Irrigation during droughts, if available, insures better survival and more rapid coverage of peanut. Table 2. Dry matter forage yields of three perennial peanuts at three fertilizer levels at SCS Plant Materials Center, Brooksville, FL over three growing seasons. Cultivar or accession Arbrook Florigraze A. benthamii (PI 338282) Precipitation (inches) January through May Fertilizer (N-P 2 o 5 -K 2 0) -lb/acre0-0-0 0-50-160 0-100-260 Average 0-0-0 0-50-160 0-100-260 Average 0-0-0 0-50-160 0-100-260 Average Total Precipitation (inches) D!J: matter forage zield 1981 1982 1983 Average --------tons/acre-----5.7 6.1 5.3 5.7 4.2 5.5 5.9 5.2 5.3 5.5 6.5 5.7 5.1 5.7 5.9 5.5 3.2 5.7 4.9 4.6 3.0 5.7 5.3 4.7 3~3 6.5 5.1 5-. 0 3.2 6.0 5.1 4.7 3.8 4.9 1.6 3.4 2.6 3.7 1.4 2.6 3.8 4.9 1.6 3.4 3.4 4.5 1.6 3.1 8.6 2_8.0 27.1 '42.9 73.1 75.1

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Table 3. Percentage of protein and in vitro organic matter digestibility in three-perennial peanuts for three harvests over three growing seasons at Gainesville, FL. Harvests Year and Sea-son Season . cultivar June Aug. Oct. average June Aug. Oct. average -------% protein---------------% IVOMD-------1980 Arbrook 12.6 15.1 14.4 14.0 58.8 62.2 64.1 63.0 Florigraze 13.1 16.9 16.8 15.6 58.5 69.3 69.3 65.7 A. benthamii 15.8 16.5 17.2 16.5 57.1 63.5 65.5 59.0 1981 Arbrook 15.0 12.0 16.0 14.3 63.5 69.9 70.6 68.0 Florigraze 14.2 16.l 12.9 14.4 60.7 63.8 60.9 61.8 A. benthamii 14.9 13.4 17.0 15.1 56.1 66.2 45.4 55.9 1982 Arbrook 13.9 14.0 12.4 13.4 66.0 64.7 62.8 64.5 Florigraze 14.9 15.4 15.l 15.1 70.4 65.9 64.9 67.1 A. benthamii 15.2 14.2 14.6 14.7 61.1 64.7 58.4 61.4 3-Year average Arbrook 13.8 13. 7 14.3 13.9 62.8 65.6 67.4 65.3 Florigraze 14.0 16.1 14.9 15.0 63.2 66.3 65.0 64.8 A. benthamii 15.3 14. 7 16.3 15.4 58.1 64.8 53.9 58.9 .. 5

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Production and Management of Small Grains in South Florida: 5 Year Average R. S. Kalmbacher, R. D. Barnett and F. G. Martin,!/ Soil and climate in south Flol:'ida can make production of grain crops, needed for fattening cattle, difficult, expensive and risky. Growing corn and grain sorghum (milo) has been demonstrated to be feasible, and it has been adapted primarily by dairymen, who grow these crops for silage. The major disadvantages of growing corn or milo are the relatively large amounts of fertilizer, and the fact that they are harvested at the beginning or during the rainy season. Small grains have the advantage of requiring less fertilizer, and they mature during the dry season. In addition they could offer some winter grazing. Several new varieties of wheat, oats, rye and triticale (a wheat-rye hybrid) havebeen developed at the North Florida Agricultural Research and Education Center (AREC), and performance there and in the lower Southeast has been encouraging. The purpose of this study was to evaluate grain yield of these new varieties in South Florida and compare them with other commercially available ones. Materials and Methods Wheat, oats, rye and triticale were drilled in prepared seedbeds at 90 lb/A at the Ona and at Immokalee AREC's (Table 1). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Seedbeds were cultipacked and irrigated if needed with an overhtl1 system (seepage at Immokalee). Seed was treated with Mesurol in 1986 to prevent birds from eat~R)the seed. No herbicides were applied at seeding, but Weedmaster at 0.5 pt/A of formulation was applied in 1986 to control broadleaf weeds. All experiments were covered with bird netting when plantswere in anthesis (flowering). Three rows, 17' long were hand harvested and thrashed when individual varieties were in the hard dough stage. Test weight (weight/bu) was determined for each variety each year except 1981. Yield (bu/A) is expressed as a function of actual test weight except in 1981, when standard test weights of 60, 32, 56, 56 lb/bu were used for wheat, oats, rye and triticale, respectively. 1/ . Professor/Agronomist Ona and North Florida AREC and Professor/ Statistician University of Florida, Gainesville, respectively. 6

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Table 1. Agronomic information concerning small grain variety trials. Date Varieties Fertilization t Location seeded tested Seeding Topdress (date) No. ------------lb/A----------Ona 10 Nov 1 81 16 60-50-10~ 50-25-25 (4 Feb) Ona 22 Nov '82 16 90-30-60 :j: 50-25-25 (l Feb) Ona 20 Dec '82 16 40-50-100:j: 50-25-25 (l Feb) Ona 17 Nov '83 20 40-50-100:j: 50-25-25 (28 Dec) Ona 20 Dec '83 20 50-50-100 50-25-25 (24 Feb) Ona 30 Nov '84 20 50-50-11~ 25-0-0 (31 Jan) Ona 12 De~ '85 12 60-30-60 ,i: 45-0-70 (11 Feb) Immokalee 13 Dec 1 85 12 60-50-100 41-0-65 (3 Feb) tN,-P 2 o 5 -K 2 0, respectively. ~icronutrlents applied. seepage irrigation with ditches on 40' centers. 1ftotal grain loss due to record Feb (8.4") and March (7.1") rain. IrrigRange of ation harvest dates in. 2.5 21 Apr & 6 Ma; , '82 2.3 not harvested 0.9 not harvested,r 0 17 Apr to 30 May '84 0 22 Apr to 6 June 5.0 li-1-Apr to 28 May 0.4 II I. j 0 tt #not harvested at time of this writing. R ttthese trials were sprayed with 0.5 pt/A (formulation) of Weedmaste~() mid-Feb 1986.

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Results and Discussion Wheat There were significant differences in yield among wheat varieties within most years (Table 2). Some varieties like Coker 762, Coker 916, Fl 302 were better yielding than others, such as Stacy or Arthur 71. This difference in yield between November-seeded varieties was the difference between early and late maturities. We feel that later maturing varieties, or the more northern types, do not yield as well at Ona. Even the better yielding varieties, such as Coker 762, which produced a maximum yield of 43 bu/A in 1984, may not be profitable in Florida. Considering today's prices for wheat and production costs of $90 to $120/A, we feel that consistent minimum yields of 45 bu/A are necessary. Table 2. Average oven-dry grain yield of selected varieties grown at the Ona AREC. 1982 to 1985. Best Year 2 yr 4 yr Variety 1982 1983 1984 1985 Avg. Avg. -===----==---------bu/acre==-----------* Wheat Coker 762 15 a 0 43 b-f 33 d 38 Coker 916 t t 33 c-g 35 d. 34 Fl 302 20 a t 30 d-g 31 def 31 Coker 797 5 d 0 21 fg 38 d 30 Hunter t t 27 d-g 30 d-g 29 Fl 301 6 d 0 21 fg 35 d 28 Stacy t :r 23 edg 15 fgh 19 Arthur 71 t t l2. g 9 h 14 Average IT 0 27 28 28 Oats Fl 502 5 d 0 74 a 87 a 81 Coker 227 t t 58 ab 63 be 61 Coker 820 t t 55 abc 41 d 48 Fl 501 0 0 50 bed 42 d 46 Average 5 0 59 58 59 Rye Fl 401 10 cd 0 25 efg 41 d 33 Gurly Grazer 2000 t t 10 g 17 e-h 14 AFC 20/20 t t lQ. g ~gh 12 Average To 0 15 24 20 Triticale Fl 201 t t 32 c-g 60 C 46 Beagle 82 12 be 0 30 d-g 64 be 47 Average IT 0 31 62 47 -1not seeded in 1982 or 1983. ~means within column followed by the same letter are not different 5 (Waller-Duncan, K=lOO). not grown for 4 years. 8 23 20 16 16 19 42 23 33 19 19 27 27

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Test weights for better yielding varieties ranged from 52 to 56 lb/bu were slightly less than the standard 60 lb/bu used for wheat. Grain was plump and well developed in good years, but in poor years or for unadapted varieties, grain was shrivelled with test weights around 43 lb/bu. There was great year-to-year variation in yield within the same variety (Table 2). Coker 762 produced 15 bu/A in 1982, 0.0 in 1983 and 43 bu/A in 1984. The January 1982 freeze was very hard on early varieties because they were "jointing" at the time of the cold, so they were injured. Record rain in spring 1983 completely eliminated the grain crop because plants were drowned in standing water from . mid-February to mid-March. Lodging was a problem with some entries, especially slower maturing, taller growing varieties. Bird damage was severe in 1982, when the experiment wasn't covered with netting. Disease (rust and anthracnose) was not a problem, nor was insect damage in any year. Earlier seedings (November) seemed to yield more than later (December) seedings of slower maturing varieties, but there didn't appear to be much response with early varieties (Table 3). Coker 797 and Fl 301 are early maturing and December seedings yielded +4% and -19% of November seedings. Coker 702 is a mid maturity and December seeding was -53% of the November seeding. Late seeded, late maturing varieties 0 did not produce grain. Wheat needs cool temperatures (under 75 F) during grain filling, and whether they get such temperatures depends on the particular year. However, late seeded, late maturing varieties are really at a disadvantage because they are forced to fill during hot, dry May. . Table 3. Effect of seeding date on oven-dry grain yield of small grains at Ona AREC. 1983 Seeding Date 17 Nov 20 Dec Nov vs Dec --------bu/A-------%Wheat Coker 797 21 20 + 4 Fl 301 21 17 19 Coker 762 43 20 53 Coker 916 33 0 -100 Hunter 27 0 -100 Oats Coker 227 58 52 10 Fl 501 50 38 24 Coker 820 55 31 44 Fl 502 74 23 69 Rye Gurley Grazer 2000 10 13 + 30 Fl 401 25 ' 36 + 44 Triticale Beagle 82 30 43 + 43 Fl 201 32 56 + 75 9

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Oats Fl 502 oats was consistently better in yield than other varieties in 1984 and 1985, which were years of greatest production (Table 2). Coker 227 and Coker 820 were also good grain yielders, but Fl 501 was a poor grain producer. We feel that yields of 75 to 80 bu/A from Fl 502 would be profitable if they could be . depended-upon. Unfortunately yield of oats, like wheat, was dependent upon year and in some years oats was a failure. Our test weights ranged from 26 to 32 lb/bu, which indicates that plumpness was average (32) or below. Grain filling in oats is less sensitive to hot weather than grain filling in wheat. Consequently, better adapted oat varieties may be more suitable than wheat for grain production in south Florida. Delaying planting date in 1983 seemed to reduce oat yield, but yields of better varieties were reduced proportionately more than lower yielding ones (Table 3). Coker 227 yielded 10% less grain when seeded in December as compared to November, but Fl 502 seeded in December yielded only 69% of that seeded in November. Earlier seeding appears to be favorable and could give the advantage of additional grazing. One of the major problems with oats was lodging. We don't feel this was because of too much N fertilizer, but was more a characteristic of the plant. Tall, grain-heavy stalks are suscept~ble, especially to March-April winds. Rye and Triticale Rye grain production was poor all years except in 1985 (Table 2). Only Fl 401 approached a satisfactory yield at that time with 41 bu/A. Test weight of 401 was 53 lb/bu; which was somewhat close to the standard 56 lb/bu. There were no production problems with rye, and lodging was not a problem, but year-to-year yield was not consistent. Triticale varieties were similar in yield within each year, but like other crops the yield fluctuated greatly from year-to-year (Table 2). Best yields were 60 to 64 bu/A in 1985 with test weights of 49 and 48 lb/bu, respectively. Rye and triticale were unique because both crops had higher yields when seeded late (Table 3). This represents one year's data, so caution should be used in its use. Production Although production practices were not experimental variables, other than planting date in 1982 and 1983, we feel that planting and growing these eight trials has provided some insight. Seed should be drilled between mid-November and mid-December. Planting too early resuits in weed problems and poor growth of small grain plants. We have experienced this in testing small grains for forage production for the past 15 years. Planting after December results in low yield because grain is forced to fill in the hot weather. 10

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Soil pH should be 5.8 or better and, fertilizer application should be split. Apply 40 to 50 lb/A of N, 50 lb/A P 2 o 5 and 50 lb/A K 2 0 at seeding, then apply an additional 40 to 50 lb/A of N and 50 lb/A of K 2 o in early February. Micronutrients and sulfur maybe necessary, _ especially if these have not been applied in the past 3 to 5 years. If crops are grazed, additional fertilization will be needed. Irrigation is a must. Successful crop production is risky and a dependable over-head irrigation system removes some of that risk. Over-head irrigation could be useful for fertilization. Conclusions Production of small grain crops has proven to be highly variable and perhaps marginal even in the best years because of excessive moisture and low temperatures when plants are seedlings or because of hot weather during the seed-filling period. We feel that oats and perhaps triticale may have some value for grain production in the Ona area. These conclusions are based on small plot tr"ials and good production practices. Therefore, it is not expected that large-scale commercial operations would exceed these results or expectations. 11

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Aeschynomene Production, Quality and Management P. Mislevy Aeschynomene (American jointvetch), aeschynomene americana L. is an upright summer annual legume which grows rapidly on most improved, moist subtropical soils. This legume can be grown on cultivated soil or in association with a perennial grass. Once established, aeschynomene will develop rapidly producing high quality forage readily accepted by cattle. If aeschynomene is not managed properly, its rapid growth will quickly develop into a fibrous, low quality forage rejected by livestock. With proper grazing management, aeschynomene could provide excellent grazing for 60 to 120 days, depending on spring and summer moisture under peninsular Florid~ conditions. Once a good stand of aeschynomene has been established, -adequate seed production will be produced for spring re-establishment (volunteer stands) if plants are properly grazed during September and October. Establishment and Maintenance The establishment of aeschynomene from seed is relatively easy, however, seeding rate will depend on hulled or unhulled seed. The unhulled seed, or segments of the fruiting body have a germination rate of 5 to 10% and should be seeded at 20 to 25 lb/A. Hulled seed (Pericarp or hull removed) have a germination rate of 85 to 90% and can be seeded at 5 lb/A. If aeschynomene is seeded when a continuous supply of soil moisture is gu~ranteed, hulled seed can be used, resulting in a uniform emergence (80-90%) of seedlings. However, if the supply of moisture diminishes immediately after seedling emergence, most seedlings may die, resulting in a crop failure. Seeding unhulled aeschynomene in moist soil, results in about 5-10% of the seedlings germinating immediately, if moisture diminishes, plants die, but a new supply of seedlings will develop when additional moisture becomes available. Successful stands of aeschynomene have been established via sod seeding or cultivated soil. Establishing aeschynomene in a perennial grass sod requires the grass to be grazed close to the soil surface (2 to 3 in.), scarification of the sod by a roller chopper, or disk, seeding, followed again by light disking and rolling to provide good seed-to-soil contact. Establishing aeschynomene in a cultivated soil can be accomplished by seeding on clean (without vegetation) soil, light disking and rolling. All land area that is disturbed with a chopper or disk must be seeded and rolled the same. day, regardless if the cultural practice is conducted on sod or cultivated soil. This practice conserves moisture resulting in more rapid emergence of seedlings. Establishing aeschynomene on cultivated soil can follow winter annual forages (ryegrass, small grains, etc.) in a pasture renovation program. Advantage of seeding aeschynomene on cultivated soil or after the death of a winter annual, is more rapid 12

PAGE 16

establishment under moisture stress conditions, because seedlings do not have to compete with perennial grasses or other plants for moisture. Aeschynomene basically has a low to medium fertility requirement. The application of 0-30-6~R}b/A N-P 2 0!R~ 2 o + 6 lb/b,~t/a complete micronutrient mix IPI 303 , TEM 300 , or F 503 on a soil with a pH of 5.5 to 7.0 annually after seedling emergence is generally sufficient, if the land had grown aeschynomene previously or fertility was good. Virgin soil with a known low-phosphorus level seeded to aeschynomene should receive 115 lb/A each of P 2 o 5 and K 2 o + 18 lb/A micronutrient mix and contain 1000 and 135 lb/A of Ca O and Mg O, respectively. Seeding aeschynomene on a land area for the first time requires all seed be inoculated with either "cowpea" or special aeschynomene rhizobium to insure early effective nodule development. Once an aeschynomene crop has been grown on a specific land area, further inoculation of successive crops is not necessary. Production and Quality Following the germination of aeschynomene, plants require 5 to 6 weeks to attain initial 6 in. growth, followed by an additional 6 in. of growth weekly. For each additional 6 in. increase in plant height, DM yield increased linearly an average 0.25 t/A (Fig. 1). With adequate moisture and fertility this growth rate will continue until about 10 October, followed by a 2-wk decrease in growth rate until the later part of October at which time day-length has shortened sufficiently to cause leaf drop and termination of growth. G~nerally, no growth is obtained beyond November 1, under south-central Florida environmental conditions. Average in vitro organic matter digestion (IVOMD) for the whole plant followedan inverse relationship to yield and decreased by 3.2 percentage units, with each successive 6 in. increase in plant height (Fig. 2). The IVOMD tended to decrease uniformly over time as plants increased in maturity and elongation. Harvesting aeschynomene plants at ten, 6 in. height intervals (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54 and 60 in.) revealed vast differences in plant quality (IVOMD and CP) as plants elongated. Forage IVOMD of a 24 in. aeschynomene plant could range from 35 to 42% for the bottom 6-in. of the plant, to as high as 80% IVOMD for the top 6 in. of plant growth (Fig. 3). Crude protein content of plant tissue was also higher for the top 6-in. of plants averaging 24 to 30%. However, the bottom 6-in. of plants ranged as low as 6 to 8% CP. 1/ IPI 303, TEM 300, or F 503 contain the following elemental contents: iron, 18%; zinc, 7.0%; manganese, 7.5%; copper, 3.0%; boron, 3.0%. 13

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ffi 3.0 IG) I2.0 0 C 1.0 0 a: +0 0.0 1977 y= -02805 +0.2536H 1978 y= -00870 +0.23~H H= plant height 6 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 PLANT HEIGHT (In) FIG. 1 INITIAL HARVEST OM YIELD OF JO!NTVETCH CUT AT 6-IN INTERVALS AS PLANT HEIGHT INCREASED FROM 6 TO 60 INCHES .) . 60

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...... U1 TIME AFTER SEEDING (wks.) 0 ,6 -,"/ I 'P 1 1 1 1r 13 1 1 4 /,...~80 70 -o 60 Cl 50 0 > 40 1977 y=78.6742-3.5434 H 1978 y=74.5370-2.8889 H plant height H=--6 o L-___. _ __._ _ __.__~----~-~-~----o 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 PLANT HEIGHT ( In.) FIG. 2 CHANGES IN INITIAL HARVEST IVOMD OF WHOLE PLANT JOJNTVETCH AS PLANT HEIGHT INCREASED FROM 6 TO 60 INCHES.

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0 C:
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. Generally the IVOMD and CP in the top 18 to 36 in. of the plant followed a similar pattern over years (Fig. 3). The line of demarkation used to separate the high quality plant material (50% or higher IVOMD and 7% or higher CP) from the low quality plant material revealed that the upper 18 to 24 in. of the plant averaged 65% IVOMD, whereas the basal portions averaged 35%. The upper 18 to 36 in. of the plant was also highest for CP, averaging 17%, which was about 12. 5 percentage units higher than the basal part of the plant. Both percentage IVOMD.and CP of the upper portion of the plant remained uniform over the 10 wk harvest period, except week 16 when IVOMD decreased considerably as compared with earlier harvests. Plants at the last harvest stage were very mature and contained a considerable number of seed pods. Grazing and Animal Performance When aeschynomene is seeded directly into a perennial grass sod, close grazing (2 to 3 in.) should continue until the legume seedling isl to 2 in. tall or until seedlings are grazed by cattle. All livestock should then be removed from the pasture and allow aeschynomene plants to attain a height of 15 to 18 in. At this stage, cattle can again be allowed to graze the perennial grass-aeschynomene pasture or aeschynomene-grass combination seeded in tilled soil. Grazing can be accomplished through some controlled method, that is, rotational grazing or continuous grazing, utilizing some variation of the put-and-take method. Regardless of grazing method, cattle should be removed or their numbers reduced drastically when plants have been grazed down to 8 in. If rotational grazing is practiced, allow regrowth of 10 to 12 in. or plants attain a height of 18 to 20 in. before cattle are allowed to regraze. Aeschynomene is a highly palatable legume readily consumed by beef and dairy cattle, however its palatability to horses is very low. Animal performance of beef and dairy livestock has been good. Ocumpaugh (1), indicated aeschynomene used in creep grazing studies resulted in a 2-year average of 2.0 lb average daily gain (ADG) with suckling calves. In a study comparing animal breeds Ocumpaugh . indicated creep grazing Brahman calves (2.l lb ADG) out yielded Angus calves by 17% ADG. Aeschynomene seeded into a bahiagrass sod and grazed by 600 lb Braford yearling heifers produced 1.3 lb ADG compared with 0.95 lb for bahiagrass plus 50 lb N/A, Pitman (2). In this study aeschynomene stands contributed improved forage quality over the bahiagrass + N and produced similar forage yields. Grazing 550 lb Holstein dairy heifers on aeschynomene-perennial grass mixtures yielded ADG of 0.25 lb/head above those animals grazing perennial grass alone. 17

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Conclusion Aeschynomene can be established in a perennial grass sod or cultivated soil. If moisture is limited at seeding the probability of a successful stand is enhanced when aeschynomene is seeded into a cultivated soil. Grazing plants when they attain a 18-in. height back down to a s~in. stubble contributes to a continuous supply of high quality forage over a 90 to 120 day period. Aeschynomene is highly palatable to both beef and dairy cattle resulting in good animal performance. Literature Cited l. Ocumpaugh, w. R. 1979. Creep grazing for calves. Proc. Twenty-eight Annual Beef Cattle Short Course. 180 pp. 2. Pitman, W. D. 1983. Initial comparisons of tropical legume bahiagrass pastures and nitrogen-fertilized bahiagrass pastures in Peninsular Florida. Soil and Crop Sci. ~oc. Florida Proc. 42:72-75. 18

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Molasses-Cottonseed Meal-Urea Slurry as a Winter Supplement for Brood Cows Findlay Pate Molasses is the most important supplemental feed in Florida. It is a Florida produced feedstuff, thus it is our least expensive feed supplement and is widely used by many ranchers. It is important that we continue to search for ways to improve molasses based supplements such that they are most efficiently utilized in beef cattle operations. The most common additive to molasses based supplements is urea, added to provide crude protein to the cow's diet. Although urea nitrogen can be converted into usable protein nitrogen in the rumen, a number of research studies have shown that natural protein, like cottonseed meal and soybean meal, is superior to urea as a source of crude protein for cattle grazing low quality forages. Of course, this would be the normal situation in central and south Florida where poor quality bahiagrass pasture and other stockpiled forages are utilized to winter the brood cow herd. Research studies are in progress at the Ona AREC in which natural protein (cottonseed meal) is mixed with molasses and urea to form a molasses based slurry. The objectives of this study were to determine if a molasses-natural protein-urea slurry would improve calf production over molasses alone or molasses-urea when these mixtures were fed as winter supplements to brood cows grazing poor quality winter pasture and hay. The Research Trial In the fall of 1984, 147 Braford and crossbred cows were divided into 9 herds with 14 to 18 cows each. Three herds were placed on each of the following winter supplementation treatments. 1) Fed 2.9 lbs/head/day of standard molasses. 2) Fed 3.2 lbs/head/day of a standard molasses-urea mixture containing approximately 20% crude protein. 3) Fed 2.8 lbs/head/day of a standard molasses-cottonseed meal-urea slurry containing approximately 16% crude protein. Cows were wintered on 10 acres of bahiagrass and 10 acres of stargrass pasture. There was not much stargrass pasture available from December 15 to May 1. Stargrass hay was provided free~choice from December 17 to May 1. Cattle were rotated among pastures every 14 to 28 days to remove the effects of pasture differences. A complete mineral was available free-choice year-round. Supplements were fed 5 times weekly for 112 days from December 17 to April 5. Supplements were fed such that the same quantity of energy was offered to each treatment group. 19

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The breeding season was for 92 days beginning March 1. Cows were weighed in November, March, June and August. Calve_;S were weighed at birth and at weaning on August 19. Cows were palpated in August. Forage samples were obtained from pastures and hay throughout the study and analyzed for crude protein and TDN. The Outcome Analyses of the pasture and hay samples showed that bahiagrass pasture averaged 7.5 percent crude protein and 40% TDN from January through March, and the stargrass hay contained 6.2% crude protein and 42% TDN. Thus, forage quality was quite low during the winter supplementation period. From December 17 to May 1, each cow consumed approximately 2000 lbs of stargrass hay or an average of 15 lbs/cow/day. This was probably about 60% of their diet. The animal results presented in Table 1 show that supplementation treatment had little effect on cow weights. Cows in all treatments lost about 200 lbs during calving and the winter season when the supplements were fed. Cows in each treatment tended to gain similar amounts of weight during the following spring and summer. The biggest effect of supplementation treatment was on cow reproduction. Conception rate, over the control treatment (standard molasses), was increased 3.7 percentage points with the urea additive and 16.5 percentage points with the addition of cottonseed meal and urea. Weaning weights of calves from cows on the molasses-urea and molasses-cottonseed meal-urea were 25 and 23 lbs heavier, respectively, than calves from cows fed only standard molasses. Calf production/cow in the breeding herd (exposed to bull) accounts for both cow reproduction and calf weaning weight. This production measure showed that cows fed the molasses-cottonseed meal-urea slurry weaned 101 lbs more calf/cow than cows fed molasses alone. Cows fed molasses-urea weaned 38 lbs more calf/cow than cows fed molasses alone. Conclusions First of all, a word of caution. This is one year's data (the first) of a project that will be conducted for 3 or more years. Subsequent resul~ will allow for drawing sounder conclusions relative to the use of natural protein in molasses supplements. However, the results are supported by other information on the feeding of natural proteins to cattle fed low quality forage, and they do give promise that molasses based supplements can be.improved to substantially increase cow/calf production. 20

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Table 1. Weight change and conception rate of brood cows and birth and weaning weight of calves for various molasses supplementation treatments. Molasses+ Standard Molasses cottonseed meal Item molasses + urea + urea Number of cows 48 52 47 Cow weight, (Nov.), lbs 1114 1125 1138 Cow weight change, lbs Nov. April -189 -210 -201 April June + 78 + 99 + 77 June Aug. + 12 + 12 + 18 Total change 99 99 -106 Conception rate, %1 77.l 80.8 93.6 Calf birth weight, lbs 64.2 66.8 63.7 Calf weaning weight, lbs 481 506 504 -----------2-------------------------Calf production/cow, lbs 371 409 . 472 1 2 Based on number Calculated as: weight. of cows exposed to bulls. Production/cow• (conception rate/100) x calf weaning 21

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Grazing Evaluation of Tropical Legumes w. D. Pitman Excellent forage quality and suitability to most flatwoods sites have made aeschynomene the.major summer legume in peninsular Florida pastures. Over the past five years atthe Ona AREC, gains of yearling cattle on aeschynomene pastures have ranged from just over one pound per head daily to over 1.5 pounds per head. Proportion of aeschynomene in the pasture stand and grazing pressure have proven to be key factors determining performance level of these cattle. However, regardless of grazing pressure or other management factors, aeschynomene stands are dependent on late spring and summer rains. During the past five years at the Ona AREC, aeschynomene grazing was available as early as the first of June in one year and not until the middle of August in another. It is obviously difficult to base a grazing program for cattle production on such an unpredictable feed supply. For the summer-growing, tropical legumes to make a substantial contribution to pasture programs their dependability must be improved. At this time the commercially available summer legumes do not include an individual legume which can be expected to provide all of the qualities desired in a pasture legume. However, there are several legumes which can be combined in mixed plantings to overcome some of the deficiencies of the individual legume components. On flatwoods sites a planting mixture of aeschynomene, carpon desmodium, and phasey bean has potential to provide a persistent, quality legume component in grass pastures. 'Florida' carpon desmodium is a long-lived perennial legume developed by Dr. Al Kretschmer at the Ft. Pierce AREC. This legume has been available since 1979, and some excellent stands have persisted for a number of years under commercial use. This legume can persist under heavy grazing even though its contributions of both forage and nitrogen fixation are reduced by overgrazing. A limitation of Florida carpon desmodium has been establishment difficulties on some sites. Thus, seeding a mixture of legumes has made it possible to develop legume pastures with early grazing provided by more rapidly-establishing species and pasture continuity over several years provided by the carpon desmodium. The major contribution of phasey bean in mixed plantings has been early stand establishment which has allowed earlier grazing in the year of establishment. Phasey bean is a weak perennial which.can persist through south Florida winters when plant energy reserves are allowed to build up by deferring from grazing prior to frost. Under these conditions both carpon desmodium a~d phasey bean can provide grazing in late spring or early summer in years following the establishment year. For such legume mixtures to contribute nitrogen and quality forage to grass pastures, management of grazing is critical. Either reduced grazing pressure or rotational grazing is,needed to allow the legumes to maintain a leaf canopy for light interception and energy production through photosynthesis. 22

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In a grazing trial at the Ona AREC where pastures containing either aeschynomene or phasey bean were stocked for utilization of bahiagrass, the legumes were overgrazed to the extent that phasey bean failed to contribute to individual animal gain beyond the level of pastures of bahiagrass alone and aeschynomene increased gains only by 0.4 pounds per head per day (see Table 1). Where mixed legume plantings were managed for high legume yields, average daily gains of yearling cattle were high but carTying capacity was greatly reduced. The resulting total animal gains were essentially the same for the two approaches. A little higher stocking rate or extended grazing period to allow somewhat greater utilization of the legumes would likely have given only a slight reduction in average daily gains on the pasture managed for high legume production. However, the general result of lower carrying capacities for legume based pastures versus grass pastures must be recognized. Thus, the extra management necessary to make the legumes work must be offset by an additional product. Additional gain of yearling cattle and especially extra gain of calves prior to weaning by utilizing creep grazing are more likely to return a profit to the inputs of legume pastures than are cow herds that may add condition temporarily with little actual p~oduct. There is potential for t~e summer legumes which are currently available to contribute to cattle production in peninsular Florida. However, they will be successfully utilized primarily where individual effort is expended to make them work. And they will generally fail to contribute substantially where someone does not expend tha effort to make them work. Table 1. Performance of crossbred yearling cattle grazed on various bahiagrass pasture treatments at Ona, Florida. Average daily Carrying Total Pasture Treatment gain capacity gain lbs/head/day animal-days/ac lbs/ac Bahiagrass (no N-fertilizer) 0.7 305 215 Aeschynomene (bahia mgt.) 1.1 240 265 Phasey bean (bahia mgt.) 0.8 325 260 Legume mixture (legume mgt.) 1.5 175 260 Bahiagrass (50 lbs/ac. N) 0.7 410 285 Bahiagrass (200 lbs/ac. N) 0.7 555 390 23

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Forage Quality and Ammoniation of Low Quality Forages William F. Brown In many years, producers can make a cutting of good quality hay in the spring. During the swmner, however, when grasses are growing rapidly, weather conditions do not allow hay production. In ~ome cases during the summer, high quality forage is being produced from inmature (approximately 4 to 5 weeks regrowth) forage harvested and stored as silage or haylage. If pastures are not grazed properly during the summer period, large quantities of low quality forage accumulate. This forage is often so low in energy and protein content that beef cattle cannot consume enough to meet maintenance requirements. Low quality forage negatively affects cattle performance in two ways: feed intake is reduced, and digestibility of the consumed forage is low. In trials conducted at the Ona AREC, the influence of maturity and season on the yield and quality of tropical grass has been studied. Some of the results are presented in tables 1 and 2. During both the spring and fall, increasing maturity resulted in increased yield, however rapid reductions in crude protein and digestibility. An important conclusion from this study is that the quality of tropical grass declines at a faster rate than yield increases. During the spring and fall harvesting digitgrass and stargrass at approximately 5 to 6 weeks of regrowth provides acceptable quality. Harvesting bahiagrass can be delayed until approximately 6 to 7 weeks of regrowth only because this grass grows at a slower rate than the other two. A problem is that yield is low at the time when forages should be harvested to obtain acceptable quality. Delaying harvest to obtain additional yield results in redu~ed forage quality. Table 1. Influence of maturity on the yield and quality of tropical grass during the fall. Pensacola bahiagrass Pangola digitgrass Ona stargrass Pensacola bahiagrass Pangola digitgrass Ona . stargrass Pensacola bahiagrass Pangola digitgrass Ona stargrass Weeks regrowth 2 4 6 8 11 ------------Yield (lbs/acre)-----------500 900 1030 1380 1820 260 1530 1660 1860 2260 390 2280 4060 4700 5670 -----------Crude 18.15 15.18 30.80 11.87 30.30 12.72 protein 11.47 8.73 9.65 (7.)---------S.17 4.06 5.50 5.87 8.28 6.23 -In Vitro 59.59 65.87 71.22 Organic Matter Digestibility (7.)54.48 53.77 47.7~ 42.00 60.88 55.83 Sl.24 47.09 59.29 49.96 47.19 31.67 24

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Table 2. Influence of maturity on the yield and quality of tropical grass during the spring. Pensacola bahiagrass Pangola digitgrass Ona stargrass Pensacola bahiagrass Pangola digitgrass Ona stargrass Pensacola bahiagrass Pangola digitgrass Ona stargrass Weeks regrowth 2 6 10 14 18 -------Yield (lbs/acre)-----240 810 . 2190 3120 4740 400 1260 2810 3730 5310 820 2200 3310 4950 6100 ------Crude Protein 6.7 3.5 4.8 21.7 13.1 21.4 9.0 14.0 7.1 ~In Vitro 67.6 77.5 61.4 Organic Matter 63.2 58.0 71.7 67.3 59.5 46.1 (%)---------4.4 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.8 3.3 Digestibility (%)-52.5 40.2 62.7 54.2 39.8 29.7 Anhydrous ammonia treatment offers an opportunity to increase the feeding value of tropical grass hay. Harvesting can be delayed, either by poor weather or intentionally to obtain additional yield, and ammoniated to increase the quality. Treating Hay with Anhydrous Ammonia Anhydrous ammonia treatment of forage has developed from two stand points. Low levels of ammonia (.50 to 1.0% of the forage dry matter) have been used with wet material like silage and haylage to help in controlling mold growth. This practice improves forage crude protein content, and reduces heat damage in wet forages, however other improvements in forage quality are minimal when low levels of ammonia are utilized. Higher levels of ammonia (3.0 to 4.0% of the forage dry matter) have resulted in increased crude protein content and energy value of low quality forages. Also, cattle fed ammoniated forages consume more feed, and gain more weight than those fed untreated forage. Small rectangular bales, large round bales, dry hay, or hay that was baled too wet can be treated with anhydrous ammonia. Specific ammoniation procedures depend upon the quantity of hay to be treated, . equipment availability, and cost of different materials. The key is to minimize cost~of materials and labor per bale. Large numbers of round bales can be ~(d according to procedures shown in the figure. hay~ plastic ;c . ;z.. X , ~dirt ; \ X' } /'(\. A ..... ......__,. i.... l!,1.__..A.. ____ ,1-._ .. Li 25

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Bales are arranged in a pyramid shape with 3 bales on the bottom, 2 in the middle and 1 on top. Seven rows of this 3x2xl configuration are stacked, a 2 foot space is left, and seven additional rows are stacked. Bales become soft during ammonia treatment, and in some cases top end bales have fallen and ripped the plastic that is used to cover the stack, allowing ammonia to escape. Therefore, top end bales are not placed. A large capacity open-top container (55 gallon drum) is placed in the middle of the two foot opening left in the stack. Supporting material (lumber, etc.) is wedged between the top two bales in the opening of the stack to keep these bales from falling into the opening. Piping (we use 1/2 to 3/4 inch diameter PVC) for the anhydrous ammonia is run from the container to the outside of the stack. A small trench is dug around the stack. A 40 feet x 100 feet sheet of 6 mil thickness plastic covers this stack configuration. Edges of the plastic are placed into the trench, and covered with dirt to seal the stack. Piping from the container should be long enough to come underneath the plastic to the outside of the stack. An anhydrous ammonia tank is parked next to the stack, the hose from the tank attached to the piping and the tank turned on so that the ammonia can flow in liquid form from the tank into the container. The container acts as a reservoir to hold the liquid ammonia until it volatilizes and fills the area under the plastic. Many anhydrous ammonia tanks have capacity meters to estimate the quantity of ammonia injected under the plastic. Treatment time (time between ammonia injection and feeding) depends upon environmental temperature, however approximately 30 days is sufficient in most cases. If smaller quantities of hay are to be treated, different stack arrangements and sizes of plastic can be used. Hay should be treated at 3.0 to 4.0% of the forage dry matter. A good estimate of bale weight, and percent dry matter of the hay should be known, so that the proper quantity of ammonia will be applied. Cost 82 bales x 100 lbs/bale x 85% dry matter x 3% ammonia• 2090 lbs of anhydrous ammonia would be applied to this stack configuration. Approximate material costs are listed below. Plastic (clear or black) 12xl00:$25 32xl00:$68 24xl00:$40 40xl00:$100 Anhydrous ammonia: $.14/lb $280.00/ton Total material costs, and cost per ton to treat a stack of 82, 1000 lb bales of 85% dry matter hay are shown below. Anhydrous ammonia (3%) Plastic (40 x 100) Total 82 bales 293.00 100.00 $393.00 Benefit Per Ton DM 8.40 2.87 $11.27 Per Ton as fed 7.14 2.44 $9.58 Results from laboratory, digestion, and feedlot studies indicate that cattle _ fed ammoniab!d forages perform as well, or better than those fed untreated hay plus a molasses-based liquid supplement. Laboratory 26

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studies show that the crude protein content of 'Bigalta' hemarthria and rice straw was increased after the forage was ammonia treated (Table 3). The increase in crude protein content of ammoniated forages is due to non-protein-nitrogen addition from the anhydrous ammonia, and is similar to nitrogen contribution from a urea supplement. Ammoniation increased the in vitro organic matter digestibility of both forages (Table 3). Anhydrous ammonia treatment increases the digestibility of forages by chemically reacting with, and breaki~g down the plant cell wall. Parts of the cell wall that are not digestible in untreated forage are made digestible by ammonia treatment. Cell wall content of both forages was reduced by ammonia treatment (Table 3). Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin are the major components of the plant cell wall. Ammonia treatment did not influence the cellulose content, however both the hemicellulose and lignin corttents of the cell wall w~re reduced in both forages. Table 3. Chemical composition and in vitro digestion of untreated and ammoniated 'Bigalta' hemarthria and rice straw. 'Bigalta' Hemarthria Rice Strawa Item Untreated Ammoniated Untreated Ammoniated Crude protein,% 3.19 10.31 5.63 11.00 In vitro organic matter digestibility, % 46.20 62.52 37.03 54.37 Cell wall,% 88.86 80.85 76.91 72. 70 Cellulose,% 38.45 40.88 39. 71 40.59 Hemicellulose, % 41.04 31.19 29.56 25.56 Lignin, % 9.37 8.78 7.64 6.55 ~ce straw ammoniated study was conducted at the Belle Glade AREC in cooperation with Dr. David B. Jones and Mr. John Phillips. Digestion and feedlot studies were conducted at the Ona-AREC and the Belle Glade-AREC comparing ammoniated forages to untreated forage plus a molasses-based liquid supplement (Tables 4 and 5). In all trials, urea and cane molasses, in amounts calculaied to equal the increase in crude protein and digestibility, respectively, due to atnmoniation were sprayed onto the forage at feeding time. Therefore, those treatments contain"ing urea were equal in crude protein content to the ammoniated forage treatment, and the treatment containing molasses was calculated to be equal in organic matter digestibility to the ammoniated forage treatment. For both trials, ration composition was approximately 65% untreated forage, 25% molasses, 10% supplement for the molasses treatment, and 90% untreated forage or ammoniated forage, 10% supplement for the other two treatments. 27

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Table 4. Performance of cattle fed, and digestibility of 'Bigalta' hemarthria ammoniated or supplemented with cane molasses. Itema Digestion Trial Daily intake, lbs OM OM digestibility,% Cell wall digestibility, 7. Growth Trial Initial weight, lbs Daily intake, lbs OM Daily gain, lbs Feed/gain Untreated hay+ urea 7.63 48.85 56.99 485 9.46 .59 16.03 a OM• organic matter, DM dry matter. Treatment Untreated hay+ urea + molasses 7.63 47.92 50.95 485 11.42 .86 13.28 Ammoniated hay 7.81 57.45 68.65 481 11.44 1.19 9.61 Molasses plus urea addition to the untreated hay or straw resulted in similar organic matter digestibility to the untreated hay or straw plus urea (Table 4 and 5). It was expected that molasses addition would improve overall diet digestibility compared to untreated forage plus . urea. Similar organic matter digestibilities were obtained, because cell wall digestibility was reduced on the untreated forage plus urea plus molasses diet. All of the added molasses was digested, however digestibility of the forage was reduced on the molasses treatment compared to the untreated forage plus urea diet. Urea supplementation of untreated rice straw did not improve feed intake, organic matter or cell wall digestibilities compared to untreated straw alone (Table 5) ." Energy value (organic matter digestibility) of the untreated straw was not great enough to utilize the non-protein-nitrogen addition from the urea. Crude protein content of the untreated rice straw was approximately 6%, . which is higher than that of rice straw produced in other parts of the country, probably due to the high organic matter soils in the Belle Glade area where the rice was grown. Ammoniation improved organic matter and cell wall digestibilities of the Hemarthtia and rice straw, compared to untreated forage plus urea, or untreated forage plus urea plus molasses (Tables 4 and 5). This is consistent with results from the laboratory study showing reduced cell wall content and increased in vitro organic matter digestibility due to ammoniation. 28

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N \.0 Table 5. Performance of cattle fed, and digestibility of rice straw ammoniated or supplemented with urea or cane molassesa b Item Digestion Trial Ad lib daily intake, lbs OM Restricted daily intake, lbs OM OM digestibility,% Cell wall digestibility,% Growth Trial Initial weight, lbs Daily intak~, lbs DM Daily gain, lbs Feed/gain Untreated straw 7.81 7.02 50.52 56.08 Untreated straw+ urea 7.92 6.88 46.34 51.89 609 11.48 .51 22.51 Treatment Untreated straw+ urea + molasses 9.75 6.97 47.75 46.20 607 14.23 .90 15.81 Ammoniated straw 10.00 7.00 59.00 73.04 612 14.63 .88 16.63 aRice straw ammoniation study was conducted at the Belle Glade AREC in cooperation with Dr. David B. Jones and Mr. John Phillips. bOM = organic matter, DM = dry matter.

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In the feedlot trials, molasses plus urea addition to untreated Hemarthria or rice straw resulted in increased feed intake and daily gain compared to untreated forage plus urea (Table 4 and 5). Molasses plus urea addition to Hemarthria did not improve feed efficiency compared toHemarthria plus urea (Table 4). Therefore, the increased gain observed when molasses plus urea was . added to untreated H~marthria compared to untreated Hemarthria plus urea was due to increased feed intake by molassesaddition. Molasses plus urea addition to untreated rice straw resulted in improved feed efficiency compared to untreated straw plus urea (Table 5). Ammoniation of Hemarthria or rice straw resulted in increased feed intake, daily gain and feed efficiency compared to untreated forage plus urea (Table 4 and 5). Cattle consuming ammoniated Hemarthria had similar feed intake, but greater daily gain and improved feed efficiency compared to those consuming untreated hay plus molasses plus urea (Table 4). Cattle consuming ammoniated rice straw had similar performance compared to those consuming untreated straw plus urea (Table 5). Summary Ammoniation offers a practical and economic way to improve the feeding value of tropical forages. Due to _ weather conditions, harvesting forage for hay at 6 weeks regrowth to obtain acceptable quality is not possible in all cases. Harvesting can be delayed, either by poor weather or intentionally to obtain additional yield, and the forage ammoniated to increase the quality. Tropical grass hay should be treated with ammonia at 3 to 4% of the forage dry matter to obtain maximum benefit. Cattle fed ammoniated hay consume more feed, waste less hay from the round bale, gain more weight, and are more efficient than cattle fed untreated hay. Cattle fed ammoniated hay perform at least as well as those fed untreated hay plus a molasses-based liquid supplement. Approximate daily feed cost for a cow under these two feeding conditions is presented below. Cost of individual feedstuffs can be adjusted based upon current price. Untreated hay ($50/ton as is) Ammoniated hay ($50 + $9.58 59.58) Liquid supplement ($150/ton) Total 30 Hay+ liquid supplement 20 lb• .SO 4 lb• .30 .80 Ammoniated hay 23 lb= .69 .69

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ONA AREC FACULTY Bill Brown Assistant Animal Nutritionist developing and conducting .. research for evaluation and utilization of forages with cattle. Bill is in charge of the Infrared Spectrophotometer forage analyzer and coordinator of the forage analysis laboratory. Rob Kalmbacher Professor in Range Management with areas of production, management and utilization. Rob is involved in no-till research and certain phases of variety testing at the Ona AREC. Paul Mislevy Professor in Agronomy, Paul conducts annual and perennial forage grazing and clipping studies at the Ona AREC. Other areas include forage production and management, herbicides, biomass production and research on phosphate land reclamation. Findlay Pate Professor of Animal Nutrition with research in molasses and sugar cane by-products. Dr. Pate is station director of the Ona AREC. Mac Peacock Mac is a professor of Animal Breeding and has conducted research in the area of silage production. Buddy Pitman Associate Agronomist with emphasis in management of annual and perennial legumes. Buddy is actively involved with evaluation of several tropical legumes and evaluates new perennial grass species as pasture forages. Bob Stephenson Assistant Agronomist/Extension Specialist with emphasis in variety testing of winter and summer annuals and evaluation of perennial legumes. Bob works closely with county extension agents and helps ranchers and producers more effectively manage their operations. 31

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following have provided support to research programs at the Ona AREC. Their contributions are sincerely appreciated. Adams Ranch, Inc., Ft. P.ierce, Florida ALICO, Inc. , La Belle, Florida American Cyanamid Co., Agricultural Division American Hoechst Corp., Somerville, New Jersey Asgrow Florida, Plant City, Florida Babcock Ranch, Punta Gorda, Florida Mr. Mabry Carlton, Sarasota, Florida Clover Dale Dairy, Myakka City, Florida Dazie Dairy, Okeechobee, Florida Dekalb Seed Co., Dekalb, Illinois Deseret Ranch, Melboume, Florida Douglas Fertilizer, Lake Placid, Florida Dow Chemical Co. , Tampa, Florida E. I. DuPont de Nemours Co., Inc., Wilmington, Delaware Fearing Manufacturing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota Mr. Gene Felton, La Belle, Florida Florida Fertilizer Co., Wauchula, Florida Funks Seed International, Bloomington, Illinois Furst-McNess Co., Freeport, Illinois Gas Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois Haile Dean Seed Co., Winter Park, Florida Hardee County Cattlemen's Association, Wauchula, Florida Hardee County Commissioners, Wauchula, Florida Hardee County Extension Office, Wauchula, Florida Hardee County Soil Conservation Service, Wauchula, Florida Imperial Products, Inc., Altamonte Springs, Florida Intemational Minerals and Chemical Corp., Libertyville, Illinois Dave Jones, Gainesville, Florida J.L.B. International Chem., Inc., Vero Beach, Florida Lykes Brothers, Inc., Brooksville, Florida McArthur Dairy, Okeechobee, Florida The Nitragin Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin Northrup King Co. , Minneaplis, Minnesota C. M. Payne and Son Seed Co., Sebring, Florida Jim Phillips Groves, Inc., Clermont, Florida Pioneer Hi-Bred Int., Tipton, Indiana Harold L. Terzenbach, Wauchula, Florida Edwin Thompson, Bartow, Florida Bayard Toussaint, Punta Gorda, Florida United States Sugar Corp., Clewiston, Florida Velsicol Chemical Co., Chicago, Illinois Westby Corp., Zolfo Springs, Florida 32

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HISTORIC NOTE The publications in this collection do not reflect current scientific knowledge or recommendations. These texts represent the historic publishing record of the Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences and should be used only to trace the historic work of the Institute and its staff. Current IFAS research may be found on the Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS) site maintained by the Florida Cooperative Extension Service. Copyright 2005, Board of Trustees, University of Florida