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Cattle and forage field day. 1984.

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Title:
Cattle and forage field day. 1984.
Series Title:
Cattle and forage field day.
Added title page title:
Research Report - Ona AREC ; RC84-3
Creator:
University of Florida. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
Place of Publication:
Gainesville, Fla.
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Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. University of Florida.
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Language:
English

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Subjects / Keywords:
Cattle and Forage
Field Day
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serial ( sobekcm )
Spatial Coverage:
North America -- Untied States -- Florida -- Ona

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University of Florida
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University of Florida
Rights Management:
Copyright Board of Trustees of the University of Florida
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143662748 ( OCLC )

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AREC, ONA RESEARCH REPORT RC 84-3


CATTLE AND FORAGE

FIELD DAY


LIBRARY Id i o blD
Iniv. of Florida


OCTOBER 5,1984


U


INSTITUTE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER / ONA, FLORIDA 33865















DEDICATED TO
ALTO "BUD" ADAMS, JR.


"Conservation means the wise use of the earth and its resources for
the everlasting good of man."
. Gifford Pinchot

The best description of Alto "Bud" Adams, Jr. would be that he is a conservationist-naturalist and a cattleman. As a rancher in the Ft. Pierce area since the 1940s Bud recognized the importance of efficiently utilizing the land for cattle production, yet conserving a natural environment so unique to peninsular Florida. This interest in the Florida environment is exampled by his excellent photographs of Florida wildlife in their natural surroundings which are being published in a book by the University of Florida Press. Because of his observations of nature Bud was among the first to realize the importance of breeding beef cattle that would be adapted to the environment in which they are to be produced. This foresight led to his development of the Braford breed in the mid to late 1940s. Braford cattle have subsequently become one of the best breeds for Florida and are becoming increasingly important in the warmer climates of the United States and around the world.
We honor Bud Adams at this field day because of his involvement in beef cattle research in Florida. Like the great agriculturalist in this state Bud recognized the value of research in his agricultural enterprise and contributed to agricultural research programs with his time and resources. It is with this spirit that beef production in Florida has progressed over the years and will continue to make progress in the future. The Ona Agricultural Research and Education Center will always be indebted to Bud Adams for his unselfish assistance to this research program. The 200 head of Braford cattle that he donated to this center will prove to be an invaluable resource in solving problems facing Florida cattlemen. Of course the ultimate beneficiary will be the State of Florida and its citizens since the goal of research is to develop techniques that will help farmers and ranchers produce and market agricultural products of the highest quality, in the most efficient manner to the Florida consumer.


















WELCOME TO THE ONA-AREC FIELD DAY


The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) extends a cordial welcome to the Cattle and Forage Field Day at the Ona Agricultural Research and Education Center and a special thanks to Alto "Bud" Adams, Jr. for his generous gift of time and resources in helping our research program. Nineteen-hundred-eighty-four is IFAS's 100th birthday, and progress in Florida agriculture was made possible only by

the cooperative efforts-of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations and agricultural producers in the state. It is most fitting in this centennial year of Florida agricultural research that the Ona field day is dedicated to Bud Adams, a Florida beef cattle producer, who continues the tradition of assisting the Florida research program. His gift of Braford cattle to the Ona research center will be a valuable asset to beef cattle and forage research for many years in the future. It is with this spirit of cooperation between private citizens and IFAS that progress in Florida agriculture will continue over the next 1O0, years.







F. o iuWood
Dean for Research












CATTLE AND FORAGE FIELD DAY

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION CENTER ONA, FLORIDA

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 5, 1984 WAYNE WADE, MODERATOR 9:20 WELCOME AND INTRODUCTIONS . .FINDLA 9:30 DEDICATION OF FIELD DAY . KEN TE 9:40 USE OF INFARED FOR RAPID ANALYSIS OF FORAGES AND ITS APPLICATION . . . BILL B 10:00 LEGUMES THAT CAN BE USED IN
PERMANENT PASTURES . . . . . . . . . BUDDY 10:15 APPLICABLE RANGE MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES FOR FLORIDA. . . . . . . . ROB KA 10:30 PROCESSING AND STORAGE OF
FORAGES FOR DAIRY COWS . . BARNEY 11:00 BEEF CATTLE BREEDING . . . . . . . MAC PE 11:15 WEED CONTROL IN PASTURES
AND HAY CROPS. . . . . . . . . . . . PAUL M

11:30 LUNCH (DUTCH TREAT) SERVED BY
HARDEE COUNTY CATTLEMEN'S
ASSOCIATION

1:00 WAGON TOUR AND DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH PROJECTS

CREEP GRAZING LEGUMES AND
SUPPLEMENTATION OF GRAZING
CATTLE . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . DAVID

TROPICAL LEGUME RESEARCH . . . . . . BUDDY NATIVE RANGE RESEARCH. . . . . . . . ROB KT FORAGE EVALUATION LAB . . . . . . . BILL B 3:30 ADJOURN


PATE FERTILLER


ROWN PITMAN LMBACHER HARRIS ACOCK


I SLEVY


SANSON

PITMAN LMBACHER ROWN














PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS


Bill Brown


Barney Harris Rob Kalmbacher Paul Mislevy


Assistant Animal Nutritionist (Forage Evaluation) Ona AREC

Animal Nutritionist (Extension Dairy Specialist) Dairy Science Dept., Gainesville

Associate Agronomist (Forage Crops and Range Management) Ona AREC


Agronomist (Forage Crops) Ona AREC


Mac Peacock


Animal Scientist (Beef Cattle Breeding) Ona AREC

Assistant Agronomist (Pasture and Forage Crops) Ona AREC


Buddy Pitman


Findlay Pate


Animal Nutritionist (Center Director) Ona AREC


David Sanson


Ken Teferiller


Assistant Animal Nutritionist (Pasture Supplementation) Ona AREC

Vice President of Agriculture Institute of Food & Agricultural
Sciences
University of Florida Gainesville


Wayne Wade


Extension Agent III Livestock Specialist Hillsborough County













ONA AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH AND EDUCATION CENTER



HISTORY

The Ona Agricultural Research and Education Center began in the late 1930s with the efforts of the Hardee County Cattlemen's Association, Hardee County Commissioners and many interested citizens of Hardee County. They obtained 2840 acres of land and deeded it to the State of Florida to establish a branch experimental station in Hardee County. Legislative action in 1937 under the sponsorship of Senator H. G. Murphy of Zolfo Springs and Representative W. A. Henry of Fort Green authorized a branch experimental station in Hardee County. Subsequent legislative action in 1939 provided the first state appropriated funds for the experimental station.

It was through the pioneering spirit of Dr. W. G. Kirk, the first
research leader, and Hardee County citizens that a road was cut, and the first buildings constructed in 1941. From the diary entry of Dr. Kirk for April 20th of that year: "Mr. 0. C. Coker, old neighbors and friends - along with half of Wauchula - built two houses, barn and shed".

Dr. Kirk remained the research leader until his retirement in 1965 and was primarily responsible for the development of this experimental station. Originally named the Range Cattle Station, considerable research was conducted on range management problems, but over the years a broad-based beef cattle and forage research program developed. This coincided with the intensification of commercial beef cattle production in central and south Florida.

The experimental station was renamed the Ona Agricultural Research Center in 1971 and the Ona Agricultural Research and Education Center (AREC) in 1984. Today, about one-half of the acreage is used for research on pastures and hay crops planted to improved grasses and legumes, cattle breeding and cattle nutrition, and the remainder is still in the native condition. Research also involves row crops and range management studies conducted on the center and in cooperation with private land owners.

The land grant college system was established by the U.S. Congress in 1862 to provide grants of public lands to the states for the endowment, support and maintenance of colleges of agriculture. The Florida Agricultural Experiment Station was established 100 years ago in 1884 and subsequently became a part of the land grant system which includes the University of Florida. The Ona AREC is a unit of the University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.












STAFF


Fortunately f or the Ona AREC, staff members appointed to the unit have devoted most of their careers to this center. After-Dr. Kirk's 24 year tenure, Dr. H. L. Chapman, Jr. was Director and Animal Nutritionist from 1965 to 1981. Dr. Paul Mislevy served as Acting Director from 1981 to 1983. Dr. F. M4. Pate has been the Director since 1983.

Dr. Elver Hodges was the resident Agronomist for 41 years from 1941 to 1982. Mr. F. M4. Peacock has been the Animal Genetist since 1951. Dr. J. E. McCaleb worked in Agronomy from 1955 until his death in 1971. Dr. C. L. Dantzman was a Soil Scientist at the center from 1959 to 1984. Dr. Paul Mislevy, a forage Agronomist, came to the center in 1971 and Dr. R. S. Kalmbacher came in 1975 to work as an Agronomist in range management. Dr. W. D. Pitman joined the staff as an Agronomist in 1980 to work with tropical legumes. Drs. W. F. Brown and D. W. Sanson both joined the staff in 1984 as Animal Nutritionists.

Several former staff members at Ona have made indelible marks in the Florida beef cattle industry. Mr. Gilbert Tucker, who was at Ona before and again after World War II, left to work with A. Duda and Sons and later became a noted independent cattleman. Mr. Gene Felton, who came to Ona on January 1, 1946, has been the longtime manager of Alico Ranch in south Florida. Mr. Dave Jones, the well known Extension Agronomist at Gainesville, worked at Ona from'1946 to 1957. Mr. Horace Fulford left Ona in 1948 to become one of A. Duda and Sons top cattlemen.

The Ona AREC has also been blessed over the years with excellent career service employees who were equally instrumental in its development. In addition to 0. C. Coker, mentioned earlier, H. A. Frazee, Julius Gause, Shelton Roberts, W. C. Hines, and Ralph Durrance were long term employees from which the Ona, AREC greatly benefited. Current employees that have given most of their working career to the Ona AREC are Marvin Richardson, Matthew Tomlinson, and Janice Moye, a most faithful secretary.

CLIMATE AND SOILS

* This area receives approximately 54 inches (137 cm) of rainfall annually, with 62% falling during the 4-month period from June to September. The winters are relatively dry. Average daily low and high temperatures during the summer are approximately 70 0 F (210 C) and 90 F
(32 C), respectively. During the winter, average daily low and high temperatures are 50 0 F (10 0 C) and 750 F (24 0C), respectively. Winter temperatures below 32 0 F (0 0 C) occur about three times a year . As would be expected the summers are very humid because of the heavy rainf all. The winter months are also relatively humid.

The research center has typical flatwoods soils (Immokalee, Leon and Ona fine sand). These soils are very sandy and in the native state have a low pH (less than 5.0) and are very low in natural fertility.












These factors relate to a low uptake of phosphorus and several trace elements (primarily Cu, Co, Fe and Se) by forage plants which often cause deficiencies in forages and/or grazing cattle unless corrected with fertilization or mineral supplementation.

RESEARCH PROGRAM

The general research program at the Ona AREC involves beef cattle and forages. Currently, there are 10 specific areas under intensive study.

1) A premiere project at Ona has been the on-going forage
selection and evaluation program. Many prominent grasses now used by Florida ranchers were initially tested at Ona. These include Ona stargrass, McCaleb stargrass, and several Hemarthrias. In addition, most varieties of ryegrass, sorghums, corn, and winter legumes used by growers in central and south Florida were tested at Ona.

2) Tropical legume research is possibly the most important program at Ona in terms of potential benefits to Florida cattlemen. Legumes could greatly reduce the need for N fertilizer and provide higher quality forage. Aeschynomene and alyce clover are two summer legumes being extensively used by ranchers, and others look very promising.

3) A large problem in Florida is winter feed. Since forages can be produced economically it is important that ways be found to process and store them under our environment for winter feeding. Ensiling and ammoniation are two methods being researched and others will be explored.

4) The 9.5 million acres of rangeland in Florida is an important
resource. A major effort is underway at Ona to determine how rangeland can be revegetated with higher quality native grasses. Other studies concern the proper management of range to obtain maximum beef production, and provide for the sustained yield of high quality forage and protect the native environment.

5) One of the most successful programs at Ona has been research on cattle crossbreeding, especially witfi the Brahman breed. This work contributed greatly to the understanding of crossbreeding methods now used around the world and has been extensively used by the Florida cattle industry.

6) By-products of other Florida industries, and particularly molasses, are extensively utilized for beef production through the
efforts of past research. It is important that new methods of utilizing this popular supplement be developed. The addition of ionophores and liquid trace elements, and the mixing of slurries with corn meal and natural protein are being researched with grazing cows and yearlings, and other mixtures will be evaluated.












7) An integral part of the Ona research program is forage
fertilization. The current effort involves determining the fertilizer requirement of the-major grasses and legumes, and to relate fertilizer needs to soil and plant tissue tests.

8) Field crops are becoming increasingly important in central and south Florida, particularly for the dairy industry. Besides testing new corn and sorghum varieties, important research is underway to develop multicropping systems that most efficiently utilize land, fertilizer and equipment.

9) An extensive research program is being conducted on ways to
utilize reclaimed phosphate mines. This effort has been directed toward the development of high income row crop systems which could alleviate economic problems in the phosphate mined areas.

10) The Ona Research Center has a near-infrared spectroscope which can complete the analysis of forage samples within 24-hours after being received. The program is currently capable of analyzing most hays and silages used in Florida and procedures are being developed to analyze fresh pasture forages.

RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS

The role of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station for the
past 100 years has been to conduct a research program to develop new and improved technologies such that farmers and agribusinesses-can produce, process, transport and market agriculture commodities of the highest quality in the most efficient manner.

This agricultural research also benefits every Florida citizen. Food continues to be a bargain in the U.S. where the average family spends less than 17 percent of its income for the most nutritious and highest quality food in the world. The ability of the U.S. farmer to efficiently produce food and fiber for himself and almost 100 others is a tribute to the benefits of agricultural research by land grant institutions.

An example of a few research accomplishments by the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station in which the Ona AREC played an important roll include:

Developed cattle crossbreeding systems using the Brahman breed
which became the backbone of the Florida cattle industry and
greatly improved beef production.

Developed feeding methods which converted citrus pulp, citrus
molasses, and blackstrap molasses; by-products of the citrus
and sugar industries, into valuable feeds and eliminated
serious waste disposal:problems.












Developed improved pasture grasses and legumes that revolutionized beef production practices from native range that carried a cow on 15 to 30 acres, to tame pastures that carried a cow on I to 2 acres.

Developed procedures to more efficiently utilize Florida rangeland.

Developed mineral mixes to supplement cattle grazing rangeland and improved pasture.

Developed fertilization practices to efficiently grow improved grasses and-legumes in central and south Florida.

Developed agronomic practices to utilize reclaimed phosphate mines.












Estimating Forage Quality with Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

William F. Brown

Cattle in the state of Florida receive a majority of their
nutrition from forage. During certain times of the year, forage quality is not adequate to meet animal nutrient requirements. Feed supplements must be utilized during this time to furnish nutrients lacking in the forage. Because feed supplements are expensive, accurate estimates of forage quality are necessary to determine the proper type and level of supplementation.

Quantity and the pattern of change in forage quality are influenced to a great degree by plant species and maturity, but can also be affected to some extent by management decisions. Analysis of forages by conventional wet chemistry procedures can be costly and time consuming. Also, in a grazing situation, forage quality can change before results of wet chemistry analysis can be obtained. Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) offers the potential for a less costly, more rapid analysis of forages with a good degree of accuracy. This can provide immediate forage quality estimates to enable beef and dairy producers to formulate properly balanced supplemental feeding programs. In addition, MIRS estimates should be useful when negotiating the price of hay or silage which is being purchased or sold.

NIRS has the potential to estimate forage quality in a few days as compared to weeks using standard laboratory procedures. The more rapid 'turnaround time'is an important consideration for extension forage testing programs. An NIRS instrument has been used in a forage testing program in Florida since January, 1982.

The forage testing program consists of 5 phases:

1) Sampling - The forage testing program begins on the farm. It is very important that the sample obtained be representative of the forage being considered. Hay samples should be obtained using the "Penn State Forage Sampler". With the use of an ele -ctric drill, the sampler is driven into the end of rectangular bales or into the rounded side of round bales. Twelve bales should be sampled from each lot of hay in order to insure a representative sample. The outer layer of weathered bales should be removed before sampling and should not be a part of the sample sent for analysis. Whenever there is a change in lot or species of hay being fed, another sample should be submitted for analysis.

2) Identification and Handling - Extension agents have a supply of sample information forms, sample bags and mailing envelopes. Samples, with completed forms and NIRS fee should be sent to the NIRS laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Route 1 Box 62, Ona, FL 33865. At the present time, the tropical grass hays: bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), bermudagrass and stargrass (Cynodon), and digitgrass (Digitaria decumbens) are being accepted for forage quality analysis utilizing
NIRS. Samples of other species are also requested so that the capability of the forage testing program may be increased. Samples of











corn silage, and both grain and forage sorghum silage are being accepted for analysis. The samples should be packaged so as to preserve them while in transit to the Research Center. As much air as possible should be excluded from the sample bag for both hay and silage samples. Also, as much information as possible should be included on the sample
information form including species, harvest date, additives, etc.

3) Analysis - Upon arrival of a sample at the Research Center, it is dried for determination of moisture content, ground and analyzed by NIRS. Once a sample is dried, ground and prepared for scanning by the
NIES instrument, forage quality estimates are obtained in approximately 90 seconds. Th erefore a major factor affecting turnaround time for analysis is the time required to dry the sample, which is dependant upon the initial moisture content.

4) Report and Evaluation - Forage quality estimates provided by
the forage testing program include: moisture, crude protein (GB), total digestible nutrients (TDN), and quality index (QI). Moisture, CP, and TDN are variables that can be used to properly balance rations. Crude protein is a measure of the nitrogen content of the forage. Total digestible nutrients content is a measure of the energy value of the forage. Quality index is an estimate of TDN intake when the forage is fed alone and free choice. A forage with a quality index of 1.0 would be expected to meet the maintenance enrgy requirements of a mature dry beef cow. Heif ers gaining 1.0 lb/day, and lactating cows require forage with a QI equal to 1.6, or must be supplemented with protein and energy to achieve this level of performance if forage with a QI less than 1.6 is fed.

5) Follow-up - Each sample that is analyzed by NIRS is also
analyzed by standard laboratory methods for the same variables that were predicted by NIRS. These results are utilized to recalibrate the NIRS equations. This helps to improve the accuracy of subsequent
predictions.

FUTURE WORK

On a regular basis, predication equations are recalibrated in an attempt to increase the accuracy and precision of the forage quality estimates. Future work also includes increasing the number of forages that can be analyzed by NIRS.

Presently, only tropical grass hays are accepted for NIRS analysis. Currently research is underway in an effort to utilize the NIRS instrument to predict forage quality of grass pasture. The effect of various drying treatments on the NIRS estimate of forage quality is being studied.











SUMMARY


1. The forage testing program provides forage quality estimates
including moisture, crude protein, total digestible nutrients, and
quality index. These values can be used to properly formulate diets, and give expected animal performance for a given forage.

2. The tropical grass hays bahiagrass, bermudagrass, stargrass and
digitgrass, in addition to corn and sorghum silages are currently
accepted for NIRS analysis.

3. In most cases, NIRS analysis provides a turnaround time of less than
one week from the time the sample is taken until the results are
returned.












Tropical Legumes for Florida Flatwoods Pastures


W. D. Pit n


Pasture management is the key to successful use of tropical legumes in Florida flatwoods pastures. Special consideration must be given to the growth requirements of these legumes for satisfactory performance. Since these summer-growing legumes are grown in mixtures with summer-growing grasses, livestock grazing must be manipulated by adjustments in grazing period or stocking rate to minimize competition from the vigorous growing and often less-palatable grasses. Frequent observations of summer legume pastures along with any necessary adjustments in grazing pressure will allow adequate use of pastures to minimize grass competition and still not overgraze the legumes. Lack of flexibility in stocking rate or time of grazing imposed by a ranch manager due to labor limitations for moving cattle or lack of additional pastures to move cattle into will greatly restrict the potential success of tropical legume pastures. Obviously, every cattle operation and ranch management scheme will not be suited to extensive use of tropical legumes.

Any use of the summer legumes, where they have not been
successfully used in the past, should be started on a small scale so that a suitable management scheme can be developed to fit into the overall management plan of the ranch. Plantings of the summer legumes on small acreages can be effectively utilized for creep grazing to allow calves access to the high quality legume forage. Limited early grazing with both cows and calves will be necessary in a creep grazing pasture to prevent the creep grazing area from becoming too coarse and to teach the calves to use the area. Several small areas of legumes for creep grazing distributed across the herd pasture will be more effectively utilized than one larger creep grazing area. Access to-the creep grazing areas should be restricted to only the-calves when they are able to fully utilize the forage produced in the areas.

Creep grazing is only one method of using tropical legume pastures, although it may be the one that will give the greatest return for the additional investment of money and management. Where some rotational grazing is currently being used, the smaller pastures in the system would be the most desirable to plant to legumes initially. This would allow greater flexibility in length of rest periods for legume plantings while their management needs are being determined for the specific site and circumstances.

Tropical legumes currently available for flatwoods pastures:

AESCHYNOMENE is the most widely used summer legume in flatwoods pastures. Aeschynomene is tolerant of waterlogged soil conditions, widely adapted to flatwoods soils, highly palatable, and has excellent forage quality. The major limitation of aeschynomene is that it is an annual. Although it will re-establish through natural reseeding, warm temperatures are required for seed germination. Thus, even when early











spring rains occur, aeschynomene stands will not generally establish until adequate moisture is obtained in late spring or summer. Often aeschynomene does not contribute to forage production until late July or August. The best use of aeschynomene may be in a creep grazing pasture where calves cai; take advantage of the high forage quality prior to a late September or October weaning date.

CARPON DESMODIUM is a strong perennial legume that can remain in a mixed grass-legume planting indefinitely once it becomes established. Carpon desmodium is tolerant of moderately heavy grazing pressure and can persist under continuous grazing. Probably the greatest limitation to wider use of carpon desmodium is the frequent difficulty with stand
establishment. Excellent stand establishment sometimes occurs and at other times almost complete failure results from carpon desmodium seedings. The commercially available 'Florida' carpon desmodium cultivar is susceptible to nematode damage which is partially
responsible for establishment problems (especially in old vegetable fields). Also, poor seedling tolerance of flooded conditions and slow
development of Rhizobia nodulation and nitrogen fixation are involved. Therefore, early seeding for plant establishment before excessive flooding with a small application of 'starter' nitrogen fertilizer at planting, or shortly thereafter, may sometimes be critical. Seeding rates of at least 8 to 10 pounds per acre should be considered rather than the 3 to 5 pounds per acre originally recommended on clean-tilled
seedbeds.

PHASEY BEAN is a short-lived perennial legume that will persist for a few years in moderately grazed pastures when opportunity is given for seed production. Phasey bean forage is highly palatable and high quality except when allowed to become excessively woody. Early spring seedings can produce early growth when moisture is available. Regrowth of perenniating plants also begins early in the spring although production is not high during cool weather. Phasey bean works well as a creep grazing plant, especially when forage is needed earlier than can be anticipated from aeschynomene. Phasey bean may be most effectively used in mixed legume seedings along with aeschynomene and carpon desmodium to provide early grazing from the mixed planting. In mixed seedings with other legumes, phasey bean probably should not be planted at more than 5 pounds per acre to prevent the early phasey bean growth from shading out the other legume seedlings.

Numerous other tropical legumes are now at various stages of
evaluation for flatwoods pastures. A limited supply of seed for on-farm evaluation of some experimental accessions is expected by the coming spring planting season. Excellent pasture potential has been exhibited by two Vigna species which need wider evaluation to confirm the superior value for flatwoods pastures which has been demonstrated under limited evaluations.
/











IEven though there are limitations and management restrictions with the summer legumes currently available for flatwoods pastures, a much greater potential value exists than is being used. Some of the limitations to tropical legume production will undoubtedly be overcome in the near future. with development of additional cultivars, but increased. management will still be required to benefit from these forages.
Developing pastures of these legumes for use of the high quality forage with stocker cattle, heifers with their first calf, and other classes of cattle able to respond to the high quality forage should be given consideration by cattlemen in peninsular Florida.











Applicable Range Management Practices


R., S. Kalmbacher


Range is part of a pasture system which should include improved pastures and it is an inexpensive source of roughage for dry-pregnant cows. Unlike improved pasture management, range is very extensively managed, and it must be this way because animal production capabilities are limited. At present liming, fertilization, herbicides, reseeding of Florida range are not advisable. There are only three tools Florida ranchers can use, and these are control of grazing, prescribed burning, and occasional use of a tandem chopper or web plow. This discussion treats the use of these tools for producing higher forage yield and quality.

Control of cattle

Number of cows permitted to graze range should be based on pasture productivity. Generally, an 800 lb cow needs 25 lbs of forage (dry) per head/day, but because of waste and to avoid over grazing, forage on-offer should be about 75- lbs of forage/head/day. Range in poor condition producing 600 lbs/A of grass and other forages could only support 1 cow on 15 acres for a 120 day period from December to March. Another pasture in excellent condition dominated with creeping bluestem and chalky bluestem and producing 2000 lb/A of dry matter could'support a cow on 4.5 acres for 120 days. Unfortunately, most of Florida's range falls into the first example, so don't over-estimate yield and over-stock. Stocking rates can be increased only as range improves, but range will not improve unless stocking rates are appropriate initially.

Don't graze by the calendar, that is for a certain number of days, but rather gauge cattle movement by key plants. Creeping bluestem can be heavily grazed in winter, bu 't during the growing season graze no closer than 6". This is equivalent to about !I of the leaves by weight or 2/3 of this forage by height.

Time that range is grazed is important and will determine long-term yield because of its influence on better grasses like bluestems and
maidencane. Winter grazing (December to February) is not detrimental, and range can be repeatedly grazed year-after-year in these months. This is not true with spring or summer grazing when repeated grazing of the same plants results in lack of vigor. Research at Ona has shown that repeated summer grazing of creeping bluestem resulted in slower rate of spread and yield. If a range pasture is grazed continuously through summer in one year, it may be best to defer its use during summer of the next year. This becomes more important as stocking rate
or grazing pressure increases.

Marsh pastures with maidencane should be grazed at different times of the year than pine-palmetto pastures. Because of higher quality of maidencane in summer and lack of palatability and poor quality in winter, fresh marsh pastures should be grazed in summer. Because of maidencane' s productivity, marshes should be stocked heavier than












pine-palmetto pastures. A good marsh producing 4,000 lb/A of dry matter could support a cow/calf pair on 2.5 acres for a 90-day period June to August. An important point is to not progress from winter to summer grazing on marsh pastures. Allow for spring recovery (March to May) by turning cattle into the pasture only after forage has accumulated.

High intensity, short duration (Savory or cell grazing methods) ate untried on Florida range. These methods have advantages and have been successful elsewhere. If they are applied on Florida range, a rule of thumb or starting place for movement of cattle may be 65-day rest interval for summer-grazed, pine-palmetto pastures and 35-day intervals for maidencane. This is based on grazing and clipping trials at Ona.

Supplementation of cattle diets for both protein and energy is a must on pine-palmetto range in winter. Research at Ona has indicated that diets are marginal for crude protein (6.5 to 7.0%) but deficient in energy, even for a dry cow. Since cows go through the last third of gestation and often a month of lactation on this type of range, both protein and energy need to be increased steadily in order to maintain calf productivity and cow condition.

Prescribed burning

The major consideration for burning is when and how often. Like most ranch operations it depends on weather or other needs, and often gets done when convenient. Burning has a better effect and can be done effectively when plants are winter-dormant (December to February). Burning in the growing season is not only difficult, but wastes forage and can be detrimental to plants as well.

Major objectives of burning should be to reduce the hazard of wildfire and to improve forage quality, which can be accomplished by burning once every three to ' four years during December to February, preferably after winter grazing. Permitting laws, good technique, and common sense are always part of the job.

A pine-palmetto pasture will never be greater in nutritional value than after burning, but plants are also weak immediately after burning. Allow for a 60-day recovery and forage accumulation period.on pine-palmetto range, or winter-burned marsh with June to August grazing. The improvement in forage quality brought about by burning does not justify repeated burning and grazing-because over-all pasture production will decrease. Good grazing practices can keep-up forage quality in intervening years between burns. Cattle diets must be supplemented regardless of burning practices.

Burn when fuel moisture is greater than 10%. This is for reasons other than safety, as a hot fire results in reproductive growth of creeping bluestem. Better quality, more useable forage and more vigorous stands are obtained from vegetative bluestem than when the plant sets- seed. Back-fire burn after the passage of a cold front that leaves 11 to I inch of rain.











Brush control


Use of the tandem chopper or web plow is probably the most
expensive operation that is applied to range pastures, so the expense needs to be justified. As a rule of thumb saw palmettos shorter than 30 inches do not limit creeping bluestem yield enough to warrant control. At this point canopy cover isn't dense enough to reduce grass yield appreciably. A canopy cover of 40% (which looks like almost 100% cover to the rancher) for 30 to 42" palmettos can result in little or no yield of creeping b-luestem. Chopping followed by resting for a growing season can result in an improvement in grass yield.

Chopping or web-plowing is made easier if it is done in early summer after a winter burn. It is easier on the operator and his machinery because he can travel faster, avoid stumps and holes. It is more effective because there is more soil disturbance due to removal of trash which had been burned. Palmetto plants are weaker after burning, but this may be of academic importance because research at Ona has not established a relationship between kill by chopping and plant carbohydrate status.

Do not chop during drought because soil disturbance leads to death of desirable grasses along with the palmettos. Web plowing during drought has less serious consequences, but it's still best to wait for adequate soil moisture for both operations. Always follow recommendations for proper machine operation, such as chopper-drum adjustment, speed, and with the plow, depth.

Always remove cattle from the pasture the growing season after treatment.' If control is applied in June, keep cattle out until December. Stock cattle according to forage yield, and increase stocking rate in succeeding years only as forage productivity improves.












PROCESSING AND STORAGE OF FORAGES FOR DAIRY CATTLE


by
B. Harris, Jr.
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611

The reason for conservation of any crop is the desire to preserve the crop at its best nutritive value for use when the crop itself is not available. Ensiling is a means of preserving a feed by fermentation. However, during fermentation there are chemical changes and some loss of nutrients, The object in silage-making is to keep these losses to a minimum. The extent of loss as shown in Table 1 is influenced by the crop, its moisture content, chemical composition, harvesting and ensiling techniques, and type of storage unit used.

Table 1. Nutrient Losses in Silage Making and Their Causing Factors.


Classified Approx.
Process as losses Causing factor


Residual respiration- unavoidable 1-4 Plant enzymes

Fermentation unavoidable 3-8 Micro-organisms

Effluent mutual 3- >7 DM content

or or

Field losses by wilting unavoidable 3->7 Crop, weather,
and technique

Secondary fermentation avoidable O_>5 Crop DM content
and environment
in silo

Aerobic deterioration avoidable O->6 Crop, filling
during storage time, silo, and
sealing.

Aerobic deterioration avoidable 0->10 As above plus
after unloading unloading tech(heating) nique and season

Total 7->40


The plant cells of fresh green or partially dried material continue to respire after chopping, that is, they take in oxygen from the surrounding air and give off carbon dioxide. Fermentation starts quickly, and this plus the cell respiration uses up the oxygen in the mass and replaces it with carbon dioxide in a few hours. If no











additional air (oxygen) enters, molds cannot grow. Also, during.this initial phase, water exchange, mechanical compression and evolution of heat occur. Initial temperature rise in the silage largely results from plant respiration. Very high initial temperature reduces the nutritive value of ensiled materials.

Acid-producing bacteria rapidly increase in numbers when the
conditions are correct. The production of acetic acid in small amounts by coliform and other bacteria is quickly followed by lactic acid production from soluble carbohydrates. Lactic acid production will peak in 3 to 9 days, depending upon moisture level, initial exclusion of oxygen, and available carbohydrate. Some protein is broken down to amino acids, ammonia and other non-protein nitrogen compounds during this period. There is a loss of carotene due to oxidation. When acid production peaks, most bacterial action stops and further breakdown of nutrients and spoilage is prevented. The silage will keep for long periods of time provided oxygen is excluded. If oxygen is not excluded or if it penetrates the mass af peak lactic acid production, mold growth occurs. If adequate lactic acid is not produced, butyric acid-producing organisms multiply and Attack both residual soluble carbohydrates and the lactic acid. This combined action along with putrefaction causes loss of dry matter, produces offensive odors and reduces the nutritive value and palatability of the remaining silage.

Criteria used for evaluation of silages include pH, lactic acid,
dry matter recover, total acids, ratio of lactic to total acids, butyric acid, ammoniacal nitrogen, total nitrogen, ratio of ammoniacal to total nitrogen, percent of nitrogen in the acid-detergent fraction and bacteria counts. No single criterion totally measures quality. Final judgment must colae from the actual nutrients preserved, acceptability and utilization of nutrients for productive purposes.

Moisture content of ensiled material has a marked effect on the fermentation. If over 70% moisture in corn silage or 65% in legumegrass silage, the fermented product may be less palatable due to poor fermentation and the possible presence of butyric acid. Also, at moisture levels over 70%, greater seepage losses will occur. The ideal moisture level for corn silage is 62-70%; high moisture ear corn, 28-32%; and 40-60% for legumes and grasses. The lower the moisture level, the more precautions must be taken to exclude oxygen so that mold growth is inhibited.

Research work shows that a variety of micro-organisms are present on fresh plant material. Some are aerobic and soon die out as oxygen is used up and conditions for anaerobic organism predominates. Facultative (coliform bacteria and others) organisms may play some minor role early in the fermentation, but soon give way to lactic acid-producing organisms. These organisms-are present in large numbers on fresh plant material or become established very quickly. If the material is harvested at the correct stage of maturity and proper techniques are used during ensiling, all ingredients essential for a good fermentation
are available.











Since silage is a product of anaerobic fermentation, the primary* objectives in making it are to achieve and maintain oxygen-free conditions and to produce enough lactic acid to conserve the crop. When made by suitable techniques, silage should be well-preserved and lose a minimum of nutrients. That has been the goal since silage making was introduced in the U.S. over a century ago.

There are a number of materials marketed and available for adding to forages at thetime of ensiling to improve preservation and hense quality or palatability. The idea of using an additive, preservative or conditioner is not new. Florida dairymen have used molasses, citrus pulp-and other carbohydrates for may years to enhance the rate of fermentation and the energy content of the forage. The many products now available include lactic acid-producing micro-organisms, nutrients required by these lactic acid producers, enzymes and/or micro-organisms that increase the availability of fermentable carbohydrates, nitrogen compounds, and various acids. Some of the common additives available and being used are briefly discussed.

A. Preservatives

1. Bacterial and yeast cultures -- There are conflicting views on the value of microbial inoculation, cultures of acid-forming bacteria (selected strains of lactobacilli), for improvement of silage fermentation. This may be due in some cases to unsuitable types of bacteria being added. The reason for addition of such inoculum is to increase the numbers of desirable bacteria to insure rapid fermentation. If other factors essential to good fermentation are missing, the added bacteria cannot survive and multiply. Several researchers suggest that there are sufficiently large numbers of active organisms already present on ensiled plants for completion of acidification. Some investigators have obtained satisfactory results with an inoculum of lactic acid bacteria, some have obtained no improvement and some have reported partial success depending on other factors.











Table 2. Feedable Dry Matter Recovery for Control and Additive-treated
Corn, Alfalfa, and Forage Sorghum Silages in 19 Farm-scale
Trials Conducted from 1975 to 1983 in Kansas.

Year & Recovery Year & Recovery
silage Additive of feedable sialge Additive of feedable
DM (%) treatment DM DM (%) treatment DM

corn forage sorghum


control Silo-Best

control Silo-Guard


control Cold-f lo Sila-bac Silo-Best

control Cold-f lo Ensila Plus

control Silo-Best Silo-f erm

control 1177



all 16 silages


control
inoculant or
enzyme

NPN



Forage Sorehum Summary


11-trial sorghum ave:


all 26 silages control inoculant or enzyme NPN


80.9
87.5

87.4 93.7


88.7
91.5 91.7 91.3

93.3
88.5
94.1

87.3 88.7 87.4

89.0
91.4


89.5

87.8

90.7

89.5


83.0 82.2

85.9 79.6


1977 control
Silo Guard

1979 control
Cold-flo Sila-bac


1981


control LSA-100
1177


1982 control
Fermentrol
urea


1982 1982 1982


1979


1979


1980


1981


control Silo Guard

control Silo-Best

control 1177


control


control Sila-bac

control LSA-100
Sila-bac

control


84.1
92.0

91.0
84.9 90.7


84.4 76.2
87.0

85.6
87.8 83.6


77.2
II 84.0

77.2 82.3

77.2
79.1


82.1


87.3 90.2

78.1 77.2
81.1

80.0


1975 1976


1978


1979


1980


1981


6-trial corn avg:












2. Enzymes -- Since bacterial and plant enzymes play a role in the silage- forming process, attempts have been made to regulate fermentation by the addition of crude cultures of molds and other organisms to provide a source of enzymes. Cellulose added to ensiled forage is suggested to have a two fold purpose--as a predigestor of the cellulose fiber, and as an aid to preservation by releasing carbohydrates for fermentation. Aspergillus oryzae produces enzyme activity capable of reducing starch, thus providing simple carbohydrates which acidproducing bacteria might use more efficiently.

Florida workers compared the feeding of sugarcane silage treated with enzymes of Aspergillus oryzae at time of ensiling to untreated sugarcane silage. The sugarcane forage (30% DM) was stored in a silopress plastic bag with half the forage treated with enzyme product (10 lbs/ton). An 18% grain mixture was mixed in equal amounts (weight basis) with the sugarcane silage at time of feeding. Corn silage stored in a bunker silo and fed in a 2:1 ratio with grain was used as a third comparison to better evaluate sugarcane silage. Quality of corn silage available deteriorated slightly toward the end of the experiment. The results are in Table 3.

Table 3. Least Squares Means Comparing Aspergillus
oryzae Product Addition to Sugarcane Silage
(T), Sugarcane Silage (C), and Corn Silage.


Milk 3.5%
DMI MY Fat FCM
(lb/day) (%) (lb/day)


Treated 52.6 55.7 3.71 57.2
Control 51.9 54.3 3.61 55.2
Corn Silage 51.3 55.2 3.51 55.2


No difference was significant for any measure among any of the
silage treatments. Both milk yield (55.7 vs 54.3 lb/day) and fat test (3.71 vs 3.61%) were slightly elevated for enzyme treated sugarcane silage.

Wisconsin studies using a bacterial enzyme additive (Si-Lo-Fame) in
3 trials over, a period of three years to study its effectiveness as a silage preservative on high producing cows.

Their studies with lactating cows in peak lactation showed greater DM intake (53.9 vs 51.8 lb/day) increased milk production (79.2 vs 73.9 lb/day) and slightly more fat (3.86 vs 3.71) with the feeding of treated silage. A significantly higher level (P<1%) of lactic acid was found in the treated than the untreated silage.











Nebraska workers reported that adding a preservative containing Aspergillus oryzae and lactic culture to direct-cut alfalfa ensiled in an above-ground stack reduced dry matter losses and improved nitrogen utilization. However, when the treated silage was blended with grain and fed to lactating dairy cattle, milk production was not different from that when control silage was fed (43.8 vs 44.2 lb/day). Milk fat percent of the cows fed the treated silage was higher, but no difference in 4% fat-corrected milk was noted. Since the cost of treated was about 70 cents per ton of ensiled product and since this was added to directcut forage rather than material ensiled as low moisture silage, its value is open to question.

3. Ammonia - Ammonia treatment of forages has proven to be an effective and economical means of preserving, increasing palatability and supplementing its protein value. Nebraska studies show an improvement in bunk life of treated silage because the ammonia inhibits mold and yeast growth and also heating of silage after it has been exposed to the air. Research since 1967 shows that several forms of ammonia can be beneficial.

Forms of ammonia that have been used include anhydrous ammonia (82% N), aqueous ammonia (21% N), and various ammonia-mineral-molasses suspensions. In the past, aqueous ammonia has primarily been used but in recent months due to advanced technology, anhydrous ammonia has become more popular because of ease and simplicity of application. Ammonia-mineral-molasses suspensions continue to have some use due to their mineral additions and easy form to handle. Anhydrous ammonia is by far the most economical source of ammonia.

A mix of ammonia-minerals-molasses termed "ProSil" has been
marketed in various areas of the country. Trials in Michigan comparing silages treated with urea or ammonia solutions have generally favored ammonia treatment. Some of the experimental results from a 90-day feeding trial in Michigan are shown in Table 4.Table 4. Milk Yields and Feed Intake of Holstein Cows Fed
Corn Silage with Various NPN Additives.

Urea & Aqua
Control Urea Minerals ProSil Prosil Ammonia
(32)* (31) (32) (31) (42) (42)


Milk Yield 59.4 59.7 55.2 59.9 59.4 59.0
Dry Matter
Intake
lb/cwt 2.85- 2.80 2.72 2.69 2.79 2.74

*Dry Matter % of Silages











Compared to control silages, those treated with ammonia solutions were higher in lactic acid and water insoluble nitrogen and more stable when exposed to air. The increased lactic acid apparently extends the period of bacterial fermentation. Ammonia-treated silage is more resistant than untreated silage to heating and mold growth when exposed to air.

The addition of ammonia to silage haylage and hay has shown some advantages. Studies have shown that it raises the crude protein level of corn silage from 8-9% to 13-14%, depending on rate of application. Ammonia also reduces silage dry matter losses from 4-6% and reduces energy losses from 6-10% when compared to untreated silage. Treating silage also protects the natural corn plant protein from degradation during the ensiling process. In untreated corn silage, roughly half of the protein in the corn plant is degraded to non-protein nitrogen compounds during fermentation. It has been estimated that ammonia decreases this protein deamination by 20-40%. The lactic acid content of treated silage has been shown to increase 20-30% over untreated silage during ensiling since more soluble sugars in the plant are converted to lactic acid. In this case, the ammonia is acting as a buffer and allows more of the acids to build up in the silage.

Ohio studies have tested additions of anhydrous ammonia to corn silage at two different levels compared to untreated silage material from the same fields (Table 5). Results have shown anhydrous ammonia to be a very satisfactory source of non-protein nitrogen.

Table 5. Composition of Ammonia Treated and Untreated Corn Silage.

% Crude1
Silage % Dry Matter Protein pH


Untreated 37.67 8.49 3.84
NH treated
37 lb/ton 35.96 13.60 4.73
NH treated
1lb/ton 34.46 15.20 4.95

1 100% Dry Matter Basis

Three recent studies on the feeding of ammonia-treated silage to lactating dairy cattle is summarized in Table 6.











Table 6. Milk Yields, Dry Matter Intakes of Cows Fed, and Milk
Components of Control Or Ammoniated Silages.


------------ University -------- -----Purdue a Ohio Michigan
State b State c Average
Cont d NH 3 d Cont NH 3 e Conte NH 3 e Cont. NH 3


Milk, lb/d 57.3 58.9 69.0 67.0 77.8 78.7 68.0 68.2
DM intake, lb/d 39.9 39.7 42.6 43.7 42.6 44.5 4 ' 1.7 42.4 Milk fat, % 3.63 3.41 3.04 3.21 3.00 2.95 3.22 3.19
Milk prot., % 3.15 3.17 2.97 3.01 2.90 2.96 3.01 3.05


aJ. Animal Sci. 55:525 (1983); b J. Dairy Sci. (in press); c J. Dairy Sci. 66:227 (1983); d ean of 12 cows; eMean of 24 cows.

Care must be exercised in handling ammonia due to its volatile, pungent and corrosive nature. Ammonia is highly soluble in water and readily binds to many organic compounds. The higher the moisture of the silage, the better will be ammonia recovery.

Poor ammonia recoveries might be expected when silages are in
excess of 40% dry matter 6r poorly chopped (which decreases the surface area for ammonia-binding). Recovery estimated should always be made on silage which has undergone at least 3 weeks of fermentation because the organic acids (mainly lactic) combine with the ammonia to form salts which are retained during chemical analysis. Otherwise, large amm6nia losses may be falsely indicated.

B. Silo Structures

The primary silos that are used by farmers are: (1) stack, (2) pit or trench, (3) permanent bunker, (4) portable bunker, (5) large plastic bag, (6) concrete stave upright silo, (7) poured concrete upright silo, and (8) oxygen limiting silo.

The economics of choosing between various types of more advanced silos is not near as vivid as between some structure versus no structure. The type a farmer should have depends on overall situation and long range goals. .

C. Management

A silage forage program must be managed from the planting of the crop until consumed by the cow to be of greatest profit to the dairy operation. Both quantity and quality are important to maximize returns. Priority considerations include harvesting, storage and feeding. Harvesting at the proper moisture content and rate of filling seriously affect silage quality. Type of structure influences dry matter losses and quality. Keeping the silage fresh before the cows affects intake and performance. A total program must be designed to minimize losses throughout the total period.












WEED CONTROL IN PASTURES AND HAY CROPS


Dr. Paul Mislevy

Perennial and annual weeds are found in most of Florida's 3-3.5
million acres df improved pasture costing producers millions of dollars annually, through loss of grazing land, plant nutrients, water, etc.

Weeds are generally controlled by two methods:

1. Mechanical (mowing, chopping, etc.)
2. Chemical (herbicides)

The mechanical control is generally temporary requiring several
trips over the field each year, utilizing considerable energy and time.

Chemical control generally requires one application of herbicide per year, and in many cases, a repeat application may not be necessary for 2 to 3 years.

Weeds are controlled for the following reasons depending on an individuals objective:

1. Aesthetic purposes: Along driveways, sidewalks, roads, etc.
2. Fire control: Eliminating weeds in fence lines helps prevent.
fires from destroying fences.
3. Weed-free fence lines helps preserve wire fences from rust by
reducing moisture.
4. Save fertilizer and increase forage production: Many weeds
will utilize as much or more fertilizer than perennial grasses.
5. Increase forage quality: Weeds found in forage crops harvested
for hay can reduce forage quality considerably.
6. Increase sod quality: Premium prices for weed-free bahia and
St. Augustine sod can be obtained.

The purpose of this paper is to address some of the improved pasture weed problems facing commercial growers in south central Florida. The following weeds and their control will be discussed:

1. Smutgrass

Chemicals and rates:

Dalapon @ 4 lb/A formulation and 30 gal/A water when smutgrass plants are actively growing. This rate is acceptable for both
pangola and bahiagrass. Two weeks following the herbicide
application, pangola grass should be chopped and 4 weeks after
herbicide application, the pangola pasture should be fertilized with a complete fertilizer ratio, unless the soil test indicates
diff-erently. The pasture should be ready for grazing about 5
weeks after fertilization.












Research has indicated mowing was more desirable than chopping
in bahiagrass recovery following the 4 lb/A Dalapon application.
Fertilizer applied 4 weeks after the herbicide application was
also best for bahiagrass.

Roundup has also done well in controlling smutgrass when m~lied
through a wick applicator at a rate of 3-1, water-Roundup
mixture. However, a 12-15" height differential must exist in
favor of the smutgrass so desirable forage plants are not
damaged. For best control, 8 hours or more of a rain-free
period should follow herbicide application.

Management:

Regardless of what chemical is used to control smutgrass, good
fertilization practices must follow weed control to establish a
good ground cover and prevent smutgrass seedlings from
developing.

2. Blackberry briers

Chemicals and rates:

Dicamba @ 2 qts/A (active) in the spring when briers are in
flower to early fruit stage followed by a second application of
2 qts/A (active) in early to mid-September. This procedure will
generally result in 95 to 99% control. Since 1 to 5% of the
plants still remain alive, care must be taken not to allow these
few plants to develop into a new plant stand.

Management:

Follow the second herbicide application with a recommended
amount of a complete fertilizer ratio to encourage complete
perennial grass ground cover. During the winter following the
herbicide application, it may be desirable to rotary mow the
dead briers for more rapid decomposition.

3. Soft Rush

Chemicals and rates:

Preliminary information indicates Weedmaster ()@ 1.5 -2.0
qts/A (active) will control soft rush, if herbicide is applied
in early spring (March).
Weedmster(R)
Weedmster applied through a wick applicator at a 3-1 or 5-1,
water-chemical ratio will result in 95 to 99% control, provided
the wick is drawn over the soft rush clumps in two directions
(east to west and west to east).











4. Vaseygrass

Chemical and rate:

Roundup(R) applied through a wick at a 3-1, water-chemical ratio
appears to be the only presently known method to control
vaseygrass, when the weed is found growing in perennial grass.
However, as mentioned with smutgrass, a height differential of 12-15" must exist between vasey Wss and the desirable grasses.
The wick application of Roundup about 1-2 weeks following a
hay crop removal, appears to provide the desirable height
differential, since vaseygrass regrowth is much faster than
improved perennial forages.

5. Thistle

Chemicals and rates:

Dicamba @ 1.5 lb/A (active) in late February or early March when
plants are in the rosette (very short stem bearing a dense
cluster of leaves, prior to the development of an upright stem) stage of growth. If thistle plants are not sprayed until they develop an upright stem of 4 to 5 ft. tall along with flowers,
the above rate will not control the weed.

6. Dog fennel

Chemicals and rates:

Weedmaster(R) @ 1.0 lb/A (active) when dog fennel is 6" tall or
less. If Onts are above 6" tall, 1.5 lb/A (active)
Weedmaster is required to obtain 95 to 99% control. Research
has demons W ted that the application of 2.0 lb/A (active)
Weedmaster will provide excellent control of dog fennel 5-7
ft. tall. Remember when applying any herbicide with a boom
sprayer, the boom must be positioned 12-24" (depending on nozzle
type) above the highest plants one is trying to control.

Broadleaf Weed Control in Aeschynomene-perennial Grass Pastures

Chemical and rate:

Weedmaster (R) or Dicamba @ 1.5 lb/A_(active) respectively,
depending on the target weeds inX9}ved. If dog fennel is the
target weed, 1.5 lb/A Weedmastery or Dicamba @ 1.5 lb/A if
thistle is the weed. IMPORTANT: When trying to control
broadleaves in a pasture or hay field which contains
aeschynomene seed, the above herbicides must be applied in March. If herbicide application is delayed until April or
later, a major portion of the aeschynomene seedlings can be
destroyed. The objective is to control broadleaf weeds when
aeschynomene is in the seed stage, under cool conditions, prior
to the germination of aeschynomene.













Broadleaf Weed Control in Perennial Grass Establishment


Stargrass:

Bermudagrass:

Pangolagrass:

Chemical and rate:

Weedmaster (R) @ 1.0 lb/A (active) about 2-3 weeks following the
planting of vegetative material or when weeds are 1-2 inches
tall. This herbicide will control most broadleaf weeds
germinating from seed and many sedges (water-grass) will be
controlled if sprayed at a very early stage.

Hemarthria:

Chemical and rate:

Dicamba @ 3/4 lb/A (active) when Hemarthria tillers are 2-5
inches tall and when broadleaf weeds anRedges (water-grass)
are 1-2" tall. Do not apply Weedmaster"" on Hemarthria.

Management:

It is best to apply fertilizer first on newly established
Hemarthria, followed by the herbicide, since the herbicide
causes Hemarthria tillers to become brittle for 2-3 weeks. The
reverse of this process will result in many tillers being broken
by the fertilizer applicator.

Conclusion

Timing is the most important factor in weed control, resulting in the use of less herbicide. This is followed closely by good forage management practices (proper fertilization, grazing, etc.) which reduce future weed infestations.











Breeding Beef Cattle
F. M. Peacock

The objective of commercial beef production should be to maximize the additive genetic (breed) values unique to the specific breed and also in crossbreeding programs to utilize hybrid vigor in both cow and calf to produce a desirable product.

The wide variations in genetic traits among the conventional breeds allows the utilization of desirable traits unique to each breed into a single product.

The conventional breeds can be grouped into three categories: 1) large European breeds noted for fast growth and large size, but generally lack carcass quality such as the Charolais and Semental; 2) British breeds, which lack the size of the large Europeans but noted for carcass quality; 3) Brahman, good general combining ability with other breeds resulting in hybrid vigor and adaptability to areas not generally suited to some of the other breeds.

In straightbreeding programs, whether the conventional or the American breeds derived from a crossbred foundation, improvement or maintaining production standards are achieved through bull selection and culling of females based on their own performance. However, in crossbreeding, selection of breeds and also individual within breeds to be crossed are important as additive breed traits determine the value of the crossbred population. Crossbreds will generally show a blend of parent breeds, with production performance improved through hybrid vigor. The foremost consideration in crossbreeding is the production of a desired product. This product must be saleable and also conform to production standards for females to be kept for replacement, as good maternal performance of the cow herd is one of the most important genetic traits necessary for high production. Breed crosses containing some Brahman blood generally show good maternal performance.

Utilizing the additive breed traits of different breeds by crossing will produce a product that is average for the breeds. Crossing the Brahman with the other breeds will also result in hybrid vigor plus the average of the additive traits. To fully utilize hybrid vigor, the crossbred cow needs to be in production and bred to a bull breed that carries the additive traits desired in the offspring.

The blending of the additive breed traits and the need for hybrid
vigor in the cow has led to the establishment of several new breeds such as the Brangus, Beefmaster and Braford. The straight breeding of these breeds that combine the additive traits and hybrid vigor simplifies management in that selection can be concentrated toward production rather than that of maintaining a number of sire breeds as well as cow breeds.

There are a number of procedures (systems) for crossbreeding;
two-breed rotation, three-breed rotation and three-breed terminal. All of these systems emphasize hybrid vigor in the cow, and sire breeds for












additive effects in offspring. In terminal systems offspring are sold, with replacement females produced from another program, whereas the rotation system emphasizes maintaining varying degrees of Brahman blood in offspring for female replacement. The American breeds can be used in these systems as extremes in genotype from the use of some of the conventional breeds can be minimized and still maintain a degree of Brahman in the cow herd.











The Effects of Liquid Trace Minerals on Weight Gains in Yearling Heifers

D. W. Sanson

Introduction

The use of feed additives in supplements for cattle on grass may result in improved performance. Several types of additives are available that alter the efficiency of animals under feedlot conditions, however whether these improvements will be similar when additives are fed to ruminants on a high roughage diet is not fully realized. Although several studies have shown improvements in performance of animals on pasture when fed various additives, other data indicate little improvement. This study was conducted to determine the influence of the addition of Liquid Trace Mineral to a supplement fed to yearling heifers on their weight gain.

Materials and Methods

Thirty-six crossbred yearling heifers 'were randomized with respect to breed type into 6 groups. These groups were then randomly assigned to either a control molasses supplement (CON) or a similar supplement fortified with Liquid Trace Minerals (LTM) to supply 7g of the solution head/day, resulting in 3 blocks of each of two treatments. Animals were maintained in 5 acre stargrass pastures and rotated within blocks every two weeks. Heifers were supplemented twice weekly to supply 3 lbs of standard molasses head/day throughout the 112 day study. During the first 60 d of the study, a low quality stargr t ss hay (6% CP, 50% IVOMD) was offered ad libitum. A mineral supplement was available to all animals during the entire trial.

Animals were shrunk for 16 hours prior to recording initial and final weights. Weight gains and average daily gains were subjected to an analysis of variance appropriate for a randomized block design to determine differences between treatment means.

Results and Discussion

There was no difference in hay intake nor in mineral consumption between treatment groups. Heifers consumed 3 lbs of the supplement head/day in the first 72 d of the trial, however-auring the last 40 days supplementation was cut to 2 lbs head/day because of decreased intakes. The diminished intakes of molasses was probably due to an increase in forage availability. During the initial 60 days of the study, the forage was dormant with little production; however, forage production increased dramatically during the last half of the trial, resulting in a high quality roughage available for grazing.



Mineral supplement contained 12% Ca, 11.5% P, 25% NaCl, 1% Fe, .15% Cu, .03% Co, .03% Mn, .09% Zn, .02% 1, .0016% Se, .15% Fo and 240,000 USP units/lb of vitamin A.












Performance data are shown in table 1. The addition of LTM to the supplement resulted in a increase (P<.05) in 19 lbs of weight or a 15% improvement over the control supplement. This corresponded to an increase in average daily gain of .17 lbs head/day. These data indicate a significant improvement in weight gains due to the addition of LTM in supplements for growing heifers may be realized where conditions are similar to the ones in this study.



TABLE 1. PERFORMANCE OF HEIFERS SUPPLEMENTED WITH EITHER STANDARD
MOLASSES (CON) OR THE STANDARD MOLASSES FORTIFIED WITH LIQUID
TRACE MINERALS (LTM)


Iea CON LTM SE


Initial wt. 472 b47
Weight gain 123 b 142 c 6
Average daily gain 1.10 1.27c .06


a~Jl weights are in lbs; to convert to kg multiply by .4536

bRow means with different superscript differ (P<.05)












ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


The following have provided support to research programs at the Ona AREC. Their contributions are sincerely appreciated.

Adams Ranch, Inc., Ft. Pierce, Florida ALICO, Inc., Labelle, Florida AMAX Chemical Corporation, Lakeland, Florida American Cyanamid Co., Agricultural Division Asgrow Florida, Plant City, Florida Babcock Ranch, Punta Gorda, Florida Albert Carlton, Wauchula, Florida Chevron Chemical Co., Orlando, Florida Dekalb Seed Co., Dekalb, Illinois Deseret Ranch, Melbourne, Florida Douglas Fertilizer, Lake Placid, Florida H. C. Douglas, K-Bar Ranch, Zephyrhills, Florida Dow Chemical Co., Tampa, Florida E. I. DuPont de Nemours Co., Inc., Wilmington, Delaware Duval Sales Corp., Houston, Texas Eli Lilly and Co., Greenfield, Indiana Fields Equipment Co., Zolfo Springs, Florida Florida Fertilizer Co., Wauchula, Florida Funks Seed International, Bloomington, Illinois Furst-McNess Co., Freeport, Illinois Gas Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois Glades Fertilizer Co., Moore Haven, Florida Hardee County Cattlemen's Association, Wauchula, Florida Hardee County Commissioners, Wauchula, Florida Hardee County Extension Office, Wauchula, Florida Hardee County Soil Conservation Service, Wauchula, Florida Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey Imperial Products, Inc., Altamonte Springs, Florida International Minerals and Chemical Corp., Libertyville, Illinois J.L.B International Chem., Inc., Vero Beach, Florida Lykes Brothers, Inc., Brooksville, Florida Derrill McAteer, Brooksville, Florida Microlife Technics, Sarasota, Florida Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Louis, Missouri The Nitragin Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin Northrup King Co., Minneapolis, Minnesota C. M. Payne and Son Seed Co., Sebring, Florida Peace River Electric Coop., Wauchula, Florida Pioneer Hi-Bred Int., Tipton, Indiana Seminole Tribes of Florida, Brighton, Florida Southeastern LTM Corp. Robert Stokes, Bartow, Florida Bayard Toussaint, Punta Gorda, Florida ,Lat Turner, Sarasota, Florida /Union Carbide Agri. Products, Research Triangle Park, N.C. U.S. Sugar Corporation, Clewiston, Florida Velsicol Chemical Co., Chicago, Illinois V.M.S. Inc., Montgomery, Alabama Charles Williams, Avon Park, Florida









HISTORIC NOTE


The publications in this collection do not reflect current scientific knowledge or recommendations. These texts represent the historic publishing record of the Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences and should be used only to trace the historic work of the Institute and its staff. Current WAS research may be found on the Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS)
site maintained by the Florida Cooperative Extension Service.






Copyright 2005, Board of Trustees, University of Florida




Full Text

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AREC, ONA RESEARCH REPORT RC 84-3 CATTLE AND FORAGE FIELD DAY LIBRARY niv. of Florida OCTOBER 5, 1984 INSTITUTE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER/ ONA, FLORIDA 33865

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DEDICATED TO ALTO "BUD" ADAMS, JR. "Conservation means the wise use of the earth and its resources for the everlasting good of man." Gifford Pinchot The best description of Alto "Bud" Adams, Jr. would be that he is a conservationist-naturalist and a cattleman. As a rancher in the Ft. Pierce area since the 1940s Bud recognized the importance of efficiently utilizing the land for cattle production, yet conserving a natural environment so unique to peninsular Florida. This interest in the Florida environment is exampled by his excellent photographs of Florida wildlife in their natural surroundings which are being published in a book by the University of Florida Press. Because of his observations of nature Bud was among the first to realize the importance of breeding beef cattle that would be adapted to the environment in which they are to be produced. This foresight led to his development of the Braford breed in the mid to late 1940s. Braford cattle have subsequently become one of the best breeds for Florida and are becoming increasingly important in the warmer climates of the United States and around the world. We honor Bud Adams at this field day because of his involvement in beef cattle research in Florida. Like the great agriculturalist in this state Bud recognized the value of research in his agricultural enterprise and contributed to agricultural research programs with his time and resources. It is with this spirit that beef production in Florida has progressed over the years and will continue to make progress in the future. The Ona Agricultural Research and Education Center will always be indebted to Bud Adams for his unselfish assistance to this research program. The 200 head of Braford cattle that he donated to this center will prove to be an invaluable resource in solving problems facing Florida cattlemen, Of course the ultimate beneficiary will be the State of Florida and its citizens since the goal of research is to develop techniques that will help farmers and ranchers produce and market agricultural products of the highest quality, in the most efficient manner to the Florida consumer.

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WELCOME TO THE ONA-AREC FIELD DAY The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) extends a cordial welcome to the Cattle and Forage Field Day at the Ona Agricultural Research and Education Center and a special thanks to Alto "Bud" Adams, Jr. for his ge~erous gift of time and resources in helping our research program. Nineteen-hundred-eighty-four is IFAS's 100th birthday, and progress in Florida agriculture was made possible only by the cooperative efforts• of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations and agricultural producers in the state. It is most fitting in this centennial year of Florida agricultural research that the Ona field day is dedicated to Bud Adams, a Florida beef cattle producer, who continues the tradition of assisting the Florida research program. His gift of Braford cattle to the Ona research center will be a valuable asset to beef cattle and forage research for many years in the future. It is with this spirit of cooperation between private citizens and IFAS that . progress in Florida agriculture will continue over the next 10~ years. l.~w~ Dean for Research

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, CATTLE AND FORAGE FIELD DAY AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION CENTER ONA, FLORIDA FRIDAY, OCTOBER 5, 1984 WAYNE WADE, MODERATOR 9:20 WELCOME AND INTRODUCTIONS. 9:30 DEDICATION OF FIELD DAY . . . 9:40 USE OF INFARED.FOR RAPID ANALYSIS FINDLAY PATE KEN TEFER'l!ILLER OF FORAGES AND ITS APPLICATION BILL BROWN 10:00 10:15 10:30 11:00 11:15 11:30 LEGUMES THAT CAN BE USED IN PERMANENT PASTURES APPLICABLE RANGE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR FLORIDA PROCESSING AND STORAGE OF FORAGES FOR DAIRY COWS . . . . BEEF CATTLE BREEDING . . . . . . . WEED CONTROL IN PASTURES AND HAY CROPS . . . LUNCH (DUTCH TREAT) SERVED BY HARDEE COUNTY CATTLEMEN'S ASSOCIATION 1:00 WAGON TOUR AND DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH PROJECTS CREEP GRAZING.LEGUMES AND SUPPLEMENTATION OF GRAZING CATTLE TROPICAL LEGUME RESEARCH . . . . . . NATIVE RANGE RESEARCH . . . . . . FORAGE EVALUATION LAB 3:30 ADJOURN . . . . . . . 1 BUDDY PITMAN ROB KALMBACHER BARNEY HARRIS MAC PEACOCK PAUL MISLEVY DAVID SANSON BUDDY PITMAN ROB KALMBACHER BILL BROWN

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Bill Brown Bamey Harris Rob Kalmbacher Paul Mislevy Mac Peacock Buddy Pitman Findlay Pate David Sanson Ken Teferiller Wayne Wade PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS 2 Assistant Animal Nutritionist (Forage Evaluation) Ona AREC Animal Nutritionist (Extension Dairy Specialist) Dairy Science Dept., Gainesville Associate Agronomist (Forage Crops and Range Management) Ona AREC Agronomist " (Forage Crops) Ona AREC Animal Scientist (Beef Cattle Breeding) Ona AREC Assistant Agronomist (Pasture and Forage Crops) Ona AREC Animal Nutritionist (Center Director) Ona AREC Assistant Animal Nutritionist (Pasture Supplementation) Ona AREC Vice President of Agriculture Institute of Food & Agricultural Sciences University of Florida Gainesville Extension Agent III Livestock Specialist Hillsborough County

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HISTORY ONA AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION CENTER The Ona Agricultural Research and Education Center began in the late 1930s with the efforts of the Hardee County Cattlemen's Association, Hardee County Commissioners and many interested citizens of Hardee County. They obtained 2840 acres of land and deeded it to the State of Florida to establish a branch experimental station in Hardee County. Legislative action in 1937 under the sponsorship of Senator H. G. Murphy of Zolfo Springs and Representative W. A. Henry of Fort Green authorized a branch experimental station in Hardee County. Subsequent legislative action in 1939 provided the first state appropriated funds for the experimental station. It was through the pioneering spirit of Dr. W. G. Kirk, the first research leader, and Hardee County citizens that a road was cut, and the first buildings constructed in 1941. From the diary entry of Dr. Kirk for April 20th of that year: ''Mr. o. C. Coker, old neighbors and friends along with half of Wauchula built two houses, barn and shed". Dr. Kirk remained the research leader until his retirement in 1965 and was primarily responsible for the development of this experimental station. Originally named the Range Cattle Station, considerable research was conducted on range management problems, but over the years a broad-based beef cattle and forage research program developed. This coincided with the intensification of commercial beef cattle production in central and south Florida. The experimental station was renamed the Ona Agricultural Research Center in 1971 and the Ona Agricultural Research and Education Center (AREC) in 1984. Today, about one-half of the acreage is used for research on pastures and hay crops planted to improved grasses and legumes, cattle breeding and cattle nutrition, and the remainder is still in the native condition. Research also involves row crops and range management studies conducted on the center and in cooperation with private land owners. The land grant college system was established by the U.S. Congress in 1862 to provide grants of public lands to the states for the endowment, support and maintenance of colleges of agriculture. The Florida Agricultural Experiment Station ~as established 100 years ago in 1884 and subsequently became a part of the land grant system which includes the University of Florida. The Ona AREC is a unit of the University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. 3

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STAFF Fortunately for the Ona AREC, staff members appointed to the unit have devoted most of their careers to this center. After Dr. Kirk's 24 year tenure, Dr. H. L. Chapman, Jr. was Director and Animal Nutritionist from 1965 to 1981. Dr. Paul Mislevy served as Acting Director from 1981 to 1983. Dr. F. M. Pate has been the Director since 1983. Dr. Elver Hodges was the resident Agronomist for 41 years from 1941 to 1982. Mr. F. M. Peacock has been the Animal Genetist since 1951. Dr. J.E. McCaleb worked in Agronomy from 1955 until his death in 1971. Dr. C. L. Dantzman was a Soil Scientist at the center from 1959 to 1984. Dr. Paul Mislevy, a forage Agronomist, came to the center in 1971 and Dr. R. S. Kalmbacher came in 1975 to work as an Agronomist in range management. Dr. W. D. Pitman joined the staff as an Agronomist in 1980 to work with tropical legumes. Drs. W. F. Brown and D. W. Sanson both joined the staff in 1984 as Animal Nutritionists. Several former staff members at Ona have made indelible marks in the Florida beef cattle industry. Mr. Gilbert Tucker, who was at Ona before and again after World War II, left to work with A. Duda and Sons and later became a noted independent cattleman. Mr. Gene Felton, who came to Ona on January l, 1946, has been the longtime manager of Alico Ranch in south Florida. Mr. Dave Jones, the well known Extension Agronomist at Gainesville, worked at Ona from 1946 to 1957. Mr. Horace Fulford left Ona in 1948 to become one of A. Duda and Sons top cattlemen. The Ona AREC has also been blessed over the years with excellent career service employees who were equally instrumental in its development. In addition to O. C. Coker, mentioned earlier, H. A. Frazee, Julius Gause, Shelton Roberts, W. C. Hines, and Ralph Durrance were long term employees from which the Ona AREC greatly benefited. Current employees that have given most of their working career to the Ona AREC are Marvin Richardson, Matthew Tomlinson, and Janice Moye, a most faithful secretary. CLIMATE AND SOILS This area receives approximately 54 inches (137 cm) of rainfall annually, with 62% falling during the 4-month period from June to September. The winters are relatively dry. Average daily low and hi2h O 0 C temgeratures during the summer are approximately 70 F (21 C) ana 90 F (32 C), respectively. During the winter, average daily low and high temperatures are 50 F (10 C) and 75 F (24 C), respectively. Winter 0 0 temperatures below 32 F (0 C) occur about three times a year. As would be expected the summers are very humid because of the heavy rainfall •. The winter months are also relatively humid. The research center has typical flatwoods soils (Immokalee, Leon and Ona fine sand). These soils are very sandy and in the native state have a low pH (less than 5.0) and are very low in natural fertility. 4

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These factors relate to a low uptake of phosphorus and several trace elements (primarily Cu, Co, Fe and Se) by forage plants which often cause deficiencies in forages and/or grazing cattle unless corrected with fertilization or m.ineral supplementation. RESEARCH PROGRAM The general research program at the Ona AREC involves beef cattle and forages. Currently, there are 10 specific areas under intensive study. 1) A premiere project at Ona has been the on-going forage selection and evaluation program. Many prominent grasses now used by Florida ranchers were initially tested at Ona. These include Ona stargrass, McCaleb stargrass, and several Hemarthrias. In addition, most varieties of ryegrass, sorghums, corn, and winter legumes used by growers in central and south Florida were tested at Ona . 2) Tropical legume research is possibly the most important program at Ona in terms of potential benefits to Florida cattlemen. Legumes could greatly reduce the need for N fertilizer and provide higher quality forage. Aeschynomene and alyce clover are two summer legumes being extensively used by ranchers, and others look very promising. 3) A large problem in Florida is winter feed. Since forages can be produced economically it is important that ways be found to process and store them under our ehvironment for winter feeding. Ensiling and ammoniation are two methods being researched and others will be explored. 4) The 9.5 million acres of rangeland in Florida is an important resource. A major effort is underway at Ona to determine how rangeland can be revegetated with higher quality native grasses. Other studies concern the proper management of range to obtain maximum beef production, and provide for the sustained yield of high quality forage and protect the native environment. 5) One of the most successful programs at Ona has been research on cattle crossbreeding, especially with the Brahman breed. This work contributed greatly to the understanding of crossbreeding methods now used around the world and has been extensively used by the Florida cattle industry. 6) By-products of other Florida industries, and particularly molasses, are extensively utilized for beef production through the efforts of past research. It is important that new methods of utilizing this popular supplement be developed. The addition of ionophores and liquid trace elements, and the mixing of slurries with corn meal and natural protein are being researched with grazing cows and yearlings, and other mixtures will be evaluated. 5

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7) An intergral part of the Ona research program is forage fertilization. The current effort involves determining the fertilizer requirement of the major grasses and legumes, and to relate fertilizer needs to soil and plant tissue tests. 8) Field crops are becoming increasingly important in central and south Florida, particularly for the dairy industry. Besides testing new corn and sorghum varieties, important research is underway to develop multicropping systems that most efficiently utilize land, fertilizer and equipment. 9) An extensive research program is being conducted on ways to utilize reclaimed phosphate mines. This effort has been directed toward the development of high income row crop systems which could alleviate economic problems in the phosphate mined areas. 10) The Ona Research Center has a near-infrared spectroscope which can complete the analysis of forage samples within 24-hours after being received. The program is currently capable of analyzing most hays and silages used in Florida and procedures are being developed to analyze fresh pasture forages. RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS The role of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station for the past 100 years has . been to conduct a research program to develop new and improved technologies such that farmers and agribusinesses can produce, process, transport and market agriculture commodities of the highest quality in the most efficient manner. This agricultural research also benefits every Florida citizen. Food continues to be a bargain in the U.S. where the average family SP.ends less than 17 percent of its income for the most nutritious and highest quality food in the world. The ability of the U.S. farmer to efficiently produce food and fiber for himself and almost 100 others is a tribute to the benefits of agricultural research by land grant institutions. An example of a few research accomplishments by the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station in which the Ona AREC played an important roll include: Developed cattle crossbreeding systems using the Brahman breed which became the backbone of the Florida cattle industry and greatly improved beef production. Developed feeding methods which converted citrus pulp, citrus molasses, and blackstrap molasses; by-products of the citrus and sugar industries, into valuable feeds and eliminated serious waste disposal problems. 6

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Developed improved pasture grasses and legumes that revolutionized beef production practices from native range that carried a cow on 15 to 30 acres, to tame pastures that carried a cow on 1 to 2 acres. Developed procedures to more efficiently utilize Florida rangeland. Developed mineral mixes to supplement cattle grazing rangeland and improved pasture. Developed fertilization practices to efficiently grow improved grasses andlegumes in central and south Florida. Developed agronomic practices to utilize reclaimed phosphate mines. 7

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Estimating Forage Quality with Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy William F~ Brown Cattle in the state of Florida receive a majority of their nutrition from forage. During certain times of the year, forage quality is not adequate to meet animal nutrient requirements. Feed supplements must be utilized during this time to furnish nutrients lacking in the forage. Because feed supplements are expensive, accurate estimates of forage quality are necessary to determine the proper type and level of supplementation. Quantity and the pattern of change in forage quality are influenced to a great degree by plant species and maturity, but can also be affected to some extent by management decisions. Analysis of forages by conventional wet chemistry procedures can be costly and time consuming. _ Also, in a grazing situation, forage quality can change before results of wet chemistry analysis can be obtained. Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) offers the potential for a less costly, more rapid analysis of forages with a good degree of accuracy. This can provide immediate forage quality estimates to enable beef and dairy producers to formulate properly balanced supplemental feeding programs. In addition, NIRS estimates should be useful when negotiating the price of hay or silage which is being purchased or sold. NIRS has the potential to estimate forage quality in a few days as compared to weeks using standard laboratory procedures. The more rapid "turnaround time" is an important consideration for extension forage testing programs. An NIRS instrument has been used in a forage testing program in Florida since January, 1982. The forage testing program consists of 5 phases: 1) Sampling The forage testing program begins on the farm. It is very important that the sample obtained be representative of the forage being considered. Hay samples should be obtained using the "Penn State Forage Sampler". With the use of an electric drill, the sampler is driven into the end of rectangular bales or into the rounded side of round bales. Twelve bales should be sampled from each lot of hay in order to insure a representative sample. The outer layer of weathered bales should be removed before sampling and should not be a part of the sample sent for analysis. Whenever there is a change in lot or species of hay being fed, another sample should be submitted for analysis. 2) Identification and Handling Extension agents have a supply of sample information forms, sample bags and mailing envelopes. Samples, with completed forms and NIRS fee should be sent to the NIRS laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Route 1 Box 62, Ona, FL 33865. At the present time, the tropical grass hays: bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), bermudagrass and stargrass (Cynodon), and digitgrass (Digitaria decumbens) are being accepted for forage quality analysis utilizing NIRS. Samples of other species are also requested so that the capability of the forage testing program may be increased. Samples of 8

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corn silage, and both grain and forage sorghum silage are being accepted for analysis. The samples should be packaged so as to preserve them while in transit to the Research Center. As much air as possible should be excluded from the sample bag for both hay and silage samples. Also, as much information as P,ossible should be included on the sample information form including species, harvest date, additives, etc. 3) Analysis Upon arrival of a sample at the Research Center, it is dried for determination of moisture content, ground and analyzed by NIRS. Once a sample is dried, ground and prepared for scanning by the NIRS instrument, forage quality estimates are obtained in approximately 90 seconds. Therefore a major factor affecting turnaround time for analysis is the time required to dry the sample, which is dependant upon the initial moisture content. 4) Report and Evaluation Forage quality estimates provided by the forage testing program include: moisture, crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrients (TDN), and quality index (QI). Moisture, CP, and TDN are variables that can be used to properly balance rations. Crude protein is a measure of the nitrogen content of the forage. Total digestible nutrients content is a measure of the energy value of the forage. Quality index is an estimate of TDN intake when the forage is fed alone and free choice. A forage with a quality index of 1.0 would be expected to meet the maintenance enrgy requirements of a mature dry beef cow. Heifers gaining 1.0 lb/day, and lactating cows require forage with a QI equal to 1.6, or must be supplemented with protein and energy to achieve this level of performance if forage with a QI less than 1.6 is fed. S) Follow-up Each sample that is analyzed by NIRS is also analyzed by standard laboratory methods for the same variables that were predicted by NIRS. These results are utilized to recalibrate the NIRS equations. This helps to improve the accuracy of subsequent predictions. FUTURE WORK On a regular basis, predication equations are recalibrated in an attempt to increase the accuracy and precision of the forage quality estimates. Future work also includes increasing the number of forages that can be analyzed by NIRS. Presently, only tropical grass hays are accepted for NIRS analysis. Currently research is underway in an effort to utilize the NIRS instrument to predict forage quality of grass pasture. The effect of various drying treatments on the NIRS estimate of forage quality is being studied. 9

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SUMMARY L The forage testing program provides forage quality estimates including moisture, crude protein, total digestible nutrients, and quality index. These values can be used to properly formulate diets, and give expected.animal performance for a given forage. 2. The tropical grass hays bahiagrass, bermudagrass, stargrass and digitgrass, in addition to corn and sorghum silages are currently accepted for NIRS analysis. 3. In most cases, NIRS analysis provides a turnaround time of less than one week from the time the sample is taken until the results are returned. 10

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Tropical Legumes for Florida Flatwoods Pastures W. D. Pitman Pasture management is the key to successful use of tropical legumes in Florida flatwoods pastures. Special consideration must be given to the growth requirements of these legumes for satisfactory performance. Since these summer-growing legumes are grown in mixtures with summer-growing grasses, livestock grazing must be manipulated by adjustments in grazing period or stocking rate to minimize competition from the vigorous growing and often less-palatable grasses. Frequent observations of summer legume pastures along with any necessary adjustments in grazing pressure will allow adequate use of pastures to minimize grass competition and still not overgraze the legumes. Lack of flexibility in stocking rate or time of grazing imposed by a ranch manager due to labor limitations for moving cattle or lack of additional pastures to move cattle into will greatly restrict the potential success of tropical legume pastures. Obviously, every cattle operation and ranch management scheme will not be suited to extensive use of tropical legumes. Any use of the summer legumes, where they have not been successfully used in the past, should be started on a small scale so that a suitable management scheme can be developed to fit into the overall management plan of the ranch. Plantings of.the summer legumes on small acreages can be effectively utilized for creep grazing to allow calves access to the high quality legume forage. Limited early grazing with both cows and calves will be necessary in a creep grazing pasture to prevent the creep grazing area from becoming too coarse and to teach the calves to use the area. Several small areas of legumes for creep grazing distributed across the herd pasture will be more effectively utilized than one larger creep grazing area. Access tothe creep grazing areas should be restricted to only the.calves when they are able to fully utilize the forage produced in the areas. Creep grazing is only one method of using tropical legume pastures, although it may be the one that will give the greatest return for the additional investment of money and management. Where some rotational grazing is cu~rently being used, the smaller pastures in the system would be the most desirable to plant to legumes initially. This would allow greater flexibility in length of rest periods for legume plantings while their management needs are being determined for the specific site and circumstances. Tropical legumes currently available for flatwoods pastures: AESCHYNOMENE is the most widely used summer legume in flatwoods pastures. Aeschynomene is tolerant of waterlogged soil conditions, widely adapted to flatwoods soils, highly palatable, and has excellent forage quality. The major limitation of aeschynomene is that it is an annual. Although it will re-establish through natural reseeding, warm temperatures are required for seed germination. Thus, even when early 11

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spring rains occur, aeschynomene stands will not generally establish until adequate moisture is obtained in late spring or summer. Often aeschynomene does not contribute to forage production until late July or August. The best use of aeschynomene may be in a creep grazing pasture where calves caDt take advantage of the high forage quality prior to a late September or October weaning date. CARPON DESMODIUM is a strong perennial legume that can remain in a mixed grass-legume planting indefinitely once it becomes established. Carpen desmodium is tolerant of moderately heavy grazing pressure and can persist under continuous grazing, Probably the greatest limitation to wider use of carpon desmodium is the frequent difficulty with stand establishment. Excellent stand establishment sometimes occurs and at other times almost complete failure results from carpon desmodium seedings. The commercially available 'Florida' carpon desmodium cultivar is susceptible to nematode damage which is partially responsible for establishment problems (especially in old vegetable fields). Also, poor seedling tolerance of flooded conditions and slow development of Rhizobia nodulation and nitrogen fixation are i . nvolved. Therefore, early seeding for plant establishment before excessive flooding with a small application of 'starter' nitrogen fertilizer at planting, or shortly thereafter, may sometimes be critical. Seeding rates of at least 8 to 10 pounds per acre should be considered rather than the 3 to 5 pounds per acre originally recommended on clean-tilled seedbeds. PHASEY BEAN is a short-lived perennial legume that will persist for a few years in moderately grazed pastures when opportunity is given for seed production. Phasey bean forage is highly palatable and high quality except when allowed to become excessively woody. Early spring seedings can produce early growth when moisture is available. Regrowth of perenniating plants also begins early in the spring although production is not high during cool weather. Phasey bean works well as a creep grazing plant, especially when forage is needed earlier than can be anticipated from aeschynomene. Phasey bean may be most effectively used in mixed legume seedings along with aeschynom.ene and carpon desmodium to provide early grazing from the mixed planting. In mixed seedings with other legumes, phasey bean probably should not be planted at more than 5 pounds per acre to prevent the early phasey bean growth from shading out the other legume seedlings. Numerous other tropical legumes are now at various stages of evaluation for flatwoods pastures. A limited supply of seed for on-farm evaluation of some experimental accessions is expected by the coming spring planting season. Excellent pasture potential has been exhibited by two Vigna species which need wider evaluation to confirm the superior value for flatwoods pastures which has been demonstrated under limited evaluations. / 12

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Even though there are limitations and management restrictions with the summer legumes currently available for flatwoods pastures, a much greater potential value exists than is being used. Some of the limita~ tions to tropical legume production will undoubtedly be overcome in the near future with development of additional cultivars, but increased management will still be required to benefit from these forages. Developing pastures of these legumes for use of the high quality forage with stocker cattle, heifers with their first calf, and other classes of cattle able to respond to the high quality forage should be given consideration by cattlemen in peninsular Florida. I I 13

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Applicable Range Management Practices R. S. Kalmbacher Range is part of a pasture system which should include improved pastures and it is an inexpensive source of roughage for dry-pregnant cows. Unlike improved pasture management, range is very extensively managed, and it must be this way because animal production capabilities are limited. At present liming, fertilization, herbicides, reseeding of Florida range are not advisable. There are only three tools Florida ranchers can use, and these are control of grazing, prescribed burning, and occasional use of a tandem chopper or web plow. This discussion treats the use of these tools for producing higher forage yield and quality. Control of cattle Number of cows permitted to graze range should be based on pasture productivity. Generally, an 800 lp cow needs 25 lbs of forage (dry) per head/day, but because of waste and to avoid over grazing, forage on-offer should be about 75 lbs of forage/head/day. Range in poor condition producing 600 lbs/A of grass and other forages could only support 1 cow on 15 acres for a 120 day period from December to March. Another pasture in excellent condition dominated with creeping bluestem and chalky bluestem and producing 2000 lb/A of dry matter could.support a cow on 4.5 acres for 120 days. Unfortunately, most of Florida's range falls into the first example, so don't over-estimate yield and over-stock. Stocking rates can be increased only as range improves, but range will not improve unless stocking rates are appropriate initially. Don't graze by the calendar, that is for a certain number of days, but rather gauge cattle movement by key plants. Creeping bluestem can be heavily grazed in winter, bu~ during the growing season graze no closer than 6". This is equivalent to about of the leaves by weight or 2/3 of this forage by height. Time that range is grazed is important and will determine long-term yield because of its influence on better grasses like bluestems and maidencane. Winter grazing (December to February) is not detrimental, and range can be repeatedly grazed year-after-year in these months. This is not true with spring or summer grazing when repeated grazing of the same plants results in lack of vigor. Research at Ona has shown that repeated summer grazing of creeping bluestem resulted in slower rate of spread and yield. If a range pasture is grazed continuously through summer in one year, it may be best to defer its use during summer of the next year. This becomes more important as stocking rate or grazing pressure increases. Marsh pastures with maidencane should be grazed at different times of the year than pine-palmetto pastures. Because of higher quality of maidencane in summer and lack of palatability and poor quality in winter, fresh marsh pastures should be grazed in summer. Because of maidencane 1 s productivity, marshes sh?uld be stocked heavier than 14

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pine-palmetto pastures. A good marsh producing 4,000 lb/A of dry matter could support a cow/calf pair on 2.5 acres for a 90-day period June to August. An important point is to not progress from winter to summer grazing on marsh pastures. Allow for spring recovery (March to May) by tuming cattle into the pasture only after forage has accumulated. High intensity, short duration (Savory or cell grazing methods) are untried on Florida range. These methods have advantages and have been successful elsewhere. If they are applied on Florida range, a rule of thumb or starting place for movement of cattle may be 65-day rest interval for summer-grazed, pine-palmetto pastures and 35-day intervals for maidencane. This is based on grazing and clipping trials at Ona. Supplementation of cattle diets for both protein and energy is a must on pine-palmetto range in winter. Research at Ona has indicated that diets are marginal for crude protein (6.5 to 7.0%) but deficient in energy, even for a dry cow. Since cows go through the last third of gestation and often a month of lactation on this type of range, both protein and energy need to be increased steadily in order to maintain calf productivity and cow condition. Prescribed burning The major consideration for buming is when and how often. Like most ranch operations it depends on weather or other needs, and often gets done when convenient. Burning has a better effect and can be done effectively when plants are winter-dormant (December to February). Burning in the growing season is not only diffi~ult, but wastes forage and can be detrimental to plants as well. Major objectives of burning should be to reduce the hazard of wildfire and to improve forage quality, which can be accomplished by burning once every three to _ four years during December to February, preferably after winter grazing. Permitting laws, good technique, and common sense are always part of the job. A pine-palmetto pasture will never be greater in nutritional value than after burning, but plants are also weak immediately after burning. Allow for~ 60-day recovery and forage accumulation period ~ on pine-palmetto range, or winter-burned marsh with June to August grazing. The improvement in forage quality brought about by burning does not justify repeated burning and grazing because over-all pasture production will decrease. Good grazing practices can keep-up forage quality in intervening years between burns. Cattle diets must be supplemented regardless of burning practices. Burn when fuel moisture is greater than 10%. This is for reasons other than safety, as a hot fire results in reproductive growth of creeping bluestem. Better quality, more useable forage and more vigorous stands are obtained from vegetative bluestem than when the plant setsseed. Back-fire burn after the passage of a cold front that leaves to 1 inch of rain. 15

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Brush control Use of the tandem chopper or web plow is probably the most expensive operation that is applied to range pastures, so the expense needs to be justified. As a rule of thumb saw palmettos shorter than 30 inches do not limit creeping bluestem yield enough to warrant control. At this point canopy cover isn't dense enough to reduce grass yield appreciably. A canopy cover of 40% (which looks like almost 100% cover to the rancher) for 30 to 42" palmettos can result in little or no yield of creeping bluestem. Chopping followed by resting for a growing season can result in an improvement in grass yield. Chopping or web-plowing is made easier if it is done in early summer after a winter burn. It is easier on the operator and his machinery because he can travel faster, avoid stumps and holes. It is more effective because there is more soil disturbance due to removal of trash which had been burned. Palmetto plants are weaker after burning, but this may be of academic importance because research at Ona has not established a relationship between kill by chopping and plant carbohydrate status. Do not chop during drought because soil disturbance leads to death of desirable grasses along with the palmettos. Web plowing during drought has less serious consequences, but it's still best to wait for adequate soil moisture for both operations. Always follow recommendations for proper machine operation, such as chopper-drum adjustment, speed, and with the plow, depth. Always remove cattle from the pasture the growing season after treatment. If control is applied in June, keep cattle out until December. Stock cattle according to forage yield, and increase stocking rate in succeeding years only as forage productivity improves. 16

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PROCESSING AND STORAGE OF FORAGES FOR . DAIRY CATTLE by B. Harris, Uni'lersity of Gainesville, FL Jr. Florida 32611 The reason for conservation of any crop is the desire to preserve the crop at its best nutritive value for use when the crop itself is not available. Ensiling is a means of preserving a feed by fermentation. However, during fermentation there are chemical changes and some loss of nutrients. The object in silage-making is to keep these losses to a minimum. The extent of loss as shown in Table 1 is influenced by the crop, its moisture content, chemical composition, harvesting and ensiling techniques, and type of storage unit used. Table 1. Nutrient Losses in Silage Making and Their Causing Factors. Process Residual respiration Fermentation Effluent or Field losses by wilting Secondary fermentation Aerobic deterioration during storage Aerobic deterioration after unloading (heating) Classified as unavoidable unavoidable mutual unavoidable avoidable avoidable avoidable Approx. losses(%) 1-4 3-8 3->7 or 0->5 0->6 0->10 Total 7->40 Causing factor Plant enzymes Micro-organisms DM content Crop, weather, and technique Crop DM content and environment in silo .Crop, filling time, silo, and sealing . As above plus unloading tech nique and season The plant cells of fresh green or partially dried material continue to respire after chopping, that is, they take in oxygen from the surrounding air and give off carbon dioxide. Fermentation starts quickly, and this plus the cell respiration uses up the oxygen in the mass and replaces it with carbon dioxide in a few hours. If no 17

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additional air (oxygen) enters, molds cannot grow. Also, during . this initial phase, water exchange, mechanical compression and evolution of heat occur. Initial temperature rise in the silage largely results from plant respiration. Very high initial temperature reduces the nutritive value of ensiled materials. Acid-producing bacteria rapidly increase in numbers when the conditions are correct. The production of acetic acid in small amounts by coliform and other bacteria is quickly followed by lactic acid production from soluble carbohydrates. Lactic acid production will peak in 3 to 9 days, depending upon moisture level, initial exclusion of oxygen, and available carbohydrate. Some protein is broken down to amino acids, ammonia and other non-protein nitrogen compounds during this period. There is a loss of carotene due to oxidation. When acid production peaks, most bacterial action stops and further breakdown of nutrients and spoilage is prevented. The silage will keep for long periods of time provided oxygen is excluded. If oxygen is not excluded or if it penetrates the mass after peak lactic acid production, mold growth occurs. If adequate lactic acid is not produced, butyric acid-producing organisms multiply and attack both residual soluble carbohydrates and the lactic acid. This combined action along with putrefaction causes loss of dry matter, produces offensive odors and reduces the nutritive value and palatability of the remaining silage. Criteria used for evaluation of silages include pH, lactic acid, dry matter recover, total acids, ratio of lactic to total acids, butyric acid, ammoniacal nitrogen, total nitrogen, ratio of ammoniacal to total nitrogen, percent of nitrogen in the acid-detergent fraction and bacteria counts. No single criterion totally measures quality. Final judgment must cotne from the actual nutrients preserved, acceptability and utilization of nutrients for productive purposes. Moisture content of ensiled material has a marked effect on the fermentation. If over 10% moisture in corn silage or 65% in legume grass silage, the fermented product may be less palatable due to poor fermentation and the possible presence of butyric acid. Also, at moisture levels over 70%, greater seepage losses will occur. The ideal moisture level for corn silage is 62-70%; high moisture ear corn, 2~32%; and 40-60% for legumes and grasses. The lower the moisture level, the more precautions must be taken to exclude oxygen so that mold growth is inhibited. Research work shows that a variety of micro-organisms are present on fresh plant material. Some are aerobic and soon die out as oxygen is used up and conditions for anaerobic organism predominates. Facultative (coliform bacteria and others) organisms may play some minor role early in the fermentation, but soon give way to lactic acid-producing organisms. These organisms are present in large numbers on fresh plant material or become established very quickly. If the material is harvested at the correct stage of maturity and proper techniques are used during ensiling, all ingredients essential for a good fermentation are available. 18

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Since silage is a product of anaerobic fermentation, the primary objectives in making it are to achieve and maintain oxygen-free conditions and to produce enough lactic acid to conserve the crop. When made by suitable techniques, silage should be well-preserved and lose a minimum of nutrients. That has been the goal since silage making was introduced in the U.S. over a century ago. There are a number of materials marketed and available for adding to forages at the time of ensiling to improve preservation and hense quality or palatability. The idea of using an additive, preservative or conditioner is not new. Florida dairymen have used molasses, citrus pulp and other carbohydrates for may years to enhance the rate of fermentation and the energy content of the forage. The many products now available include lactic acid-producing micro-organisms, nutrients required by these lactic acid producers, enzymes and/or micro-organisms that increase the availability of fermentable carbohydrates, nitrogen compounds, and various acids. Some of the common additives available and being used are briefly discussed. A. Preservatives 1. Bacterial and yeast cultures -There are conflicting views on the value of microbial inoculation, cultures of acid-forming bacteria (selected strains of lactobacilli), for improvement of silage fermentation. This may be due in some cases to unsuitable types of bacteria being added. The reason for addition of such inoculum is to increase the numbers of desirable bacteria to insure rapid fermentation. If other factors essential to good fermentation are missing, the added bacteria cannot survive and multiply. Several researchers suggest that there are sufficiently large numbers of active organisms already present on ensiled plants for completion of acidification. Some investigators have obtained satisfactory results with an inoculum of lactic acid bacteria, some have obtained no improvement and some have reported partial success depending on other factors. 19

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. •~ Table 2. Feedable Dry Matter Recovery for Control and Additive-treated Com, Alfalfa, and Forage Sorghum Silages in 19 Farm-scale Trials Conducted from 1975 to 1983 in Kansas. Year & Recovery Year & Recovery silage Additive of feedable sialge Additive of feedable DM (%) treatment DM DM (%) treatment DM com forage sorghum 1975 control 80.9 1977 . control 84.l Silo-Best 87.5 Silo Guard 92.0 1976 control 87.4 1979 control 91.0 Silo-Guard 93.7 Cold-flo 84.9 Sila-bac 90.7 1978 control 88.7 Cold-flo 91.5 1981 control 84.4 Sila-bac 91.7 LSA-100 76.2 Silo-Best 91.3 1177 87.0 1979 control 93.3 1982 control 85.6 Cold-flo 88.5 Fermentrol 87.8 Ensila Plus 94.1 urea 83. 6 1980 control 87.3 1982 control 77.2 Silo-Best 88.7 Silo Guard II 84.0 Silo-ferm 87.4 1982 control 77.2 1981 control 89.0 Silo-Best 82.3 1177 91.4 1982 control 77.2 1177 79.1 6-trial corn avg: all 16 silages 89.5 control 87.8 1979 control 82.1 inoculant or enzyme 90.7 NPN 89.5 1979 control 87.3 Sila-bac 90.2 Forage Sorghum Summa;y 1980 control 78.1 LSA-100 77.2 11-trial Sila-bac 81.1 sorghum ave: all 26 silages 83.0 control 82.2 1981 control 80.0 inoculant or enzyme 85.9 NPN 79.6 20

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2. Enzymes -Since bacterial and plant enzymes play a role in the silage~forming process, attempts have been made to regulate fermentation by the addition of crude cultures of molds and other organisms to provide a source of enzymes. Cellulose added to ensiled forage is suggested to have a two fold purpose--as a predigestor of the cellulose fiber, and as an aid to preservation by releasing carbohydrates for fermentation. Aspergillus oryzae produces enzyme activity capable of reducing starch, thus providing simple carbohydrates which acid producing bacteria might use more efficiently. Florida workers compared the feeding of sugarcane silage treated with enzymes of Aspergillus oryzae at time of ensiling to untreated sugarcane silage. The sugarcane forage (30% DM) was stored in a silopress plastic bag with half the forage treated with enzyme product (10 lbs/ton). An 18% grain mixture was mixed in equal amounts (weight basis) with the sugarcane silage at time of feeding. Corn silage stored in a bunker silo and fed in a 2:1 ratio with grain was used as a third . comparison to better evaluate sugarcane silage. Quality of corn silage available deteriorated slightly toward the end of the experiment. The results are in Table 3. Table 3. Least Squares Means Comparing Aspergillus oryzae Product Addition to Sugarcane Silage (T), Sugarcane Silage (C), and Corn Silage. Milk 3.5% DMI MY Fat FCM (lb/day) (%) (lb/day) Treated 52.6 55.7 3.71 57.2 Control 51.9 54.3 3.61 55.2 Corn Silage 51.3 55.2 3.51 55.2 No difference was significant for any measure among any of the silage treatments. Both milk yield (55.7 vs 54.3 lb/day) and fat test (3.71 vs 3.61%) were slightly elevated for enzyme treated sugarcane silage. Wisconsin studies using a bacterial enzyme additive (Si-Lo-Fame) in 3 trials over . a period of three years to study its effectiveness as a silage _ preservative on high producing cows. Their studies with lactating cows in peak lactation showed greater DM intake (53.9 vs 51.8 lb/day) increased milk production (79.2 vs 73.9 lb/day) and slightly more fat (3.86 vs 3.71) with the feeding of treated silage. A significantly higher level (P< 1%) of lactic acid was found in the treated than the untreated silage. 21

PAGE 25

Nebraska workers reported that adding a preservative containing Aspergillus oryzae and lactic culture to direct-cut alfalfa ensiled in an above-ground stack reduced dry matter losses and improved nitrogen utilization. However, when the treated silage was blended with grain and fed to lactating dairy cattle, milk production was not different from that when control silage was fed (43.8 vs 44.2 lb/day). Milk fat percent of the cows fed the treated silage was higher, but no difference in 4% fat-corrected milk was noted. Since the cost of treated was about 70 cents per ton of ensiled product and since this was added to direct cut forage rather than material ensiled as low moisture silage, its value is open to question. 3. Ammonia Ammonia tre~tment of forages has proven to be an effective and economical means of preserving, increasing palatability and supplementing its protein value. Nebraska studies show an improvement in bunk life of treated silage because the ammonia inhibits mold and yeast growth and also heating of silage after it has been exposed to the air. Research since 1967 shows that several forms of ammonia can be beneficial. Forms of ammonia that have been used include anhydrous ammonia (82% N), aqueous ammonia (21% N), and various ammonia-mineral-molasses suspensions. In the past, aqueous ammonia has primarily been used but in recent months due to advanced technology, anhydrous ammonia has become more popular because of ease and simplicity of application. Ammoni~-mineral-molasses suspensions continue to have some use due to their mineral additions and easy form to handle. Anhydrous ammonia is by far the most economical source of ammonia. A mix of ammonia-minerals-molasses termed "ProSil" has been marketed in various areas of the country. Trials in Michigan comparing silages treated with urea or ammonia solutions have generally favored ammonia treatment. Some of the experimental results from a 90-day feeding trial in Michigan are shown in Table 4. Table 4. Milk Yields and Feed Intake of Holstein Cows Fed Corn Silage with Various NPN Additives. Urea & Aqua Control Urea Minerals ProSil Prosil Ammonia (32)* (31) (32) (31) (42) (42) Milk Yield 59.4 59.7 55.2 59.9 59.4 59.0 Dry Matter Intake lb/cwt 2.852.80 2.72 2.69 2.79 2.74 *Dry Matter % of Silages 22

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Compared to control silages, those treated with ammonia solutions were higher in lactic acid and water insoluble nitrogen and more stable when exposed to air. The increased lactic acid apparently extends the period of bacterial fermentation. Ammonia-treated silage is more resistant than untreated silage to heating and mold growth when exposed to air. The addition of ammonia to silage haylage and hay has shown some advantages. Studies have shown that it raises the crude protein level of corn silage from 8-9% to 13-14%, depending on rate of application. Ammonia also reduces silage dry matter losses from 4-6% and reduces energy losses from 6-10% when compared to untreated silage. Treating silage also protects the natural corn plant protein from degradation during the ensiling process. In untreated corn silage, roughly half of the protein in the corn plant is degraded to non-protein nitrogen compounds during fermentation. It has been estimated that ammonia decreases this protein deamination by 20-40%. The lactic acid content of treated silage has been shown to increase 20-30% over untreated silage during ensiling since more soluble sugars in the pla~t are converted to lactic acid. In this case, the ammonia is acting as a buffer and allows more of the acids to build up in the silage. Ohio studies have tested additions of anhydrous ammonia to corn silage at two different levels compared to untreated silage material from the same fields (Table 5). Results . have shown anhydrous ammonia to be a very satisfactory source of non-protein nitrogen. Table 5. Composition of Ammonia Treated and Untreated Corn Silage. Silage % Dry Matter % Crude 1 Protein pH Untreated 37.67 8.49 3.84 NH 3 treated 7 lb/ton 35.96 13.60 4.73 NH 3 treated 10 lb/ton 34.46 15.20 4.95 1 100% Dry Matter Basis Three recent studies on the feeding of ammonia-treated silage to lactating dairy cattle is summarized in Table 6. 23

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Table 6. Milk Yields, Dry Matter Intakes of Cows Fed, and Milk Components of Control Or Ammoniated Silages. Milk, lb/d DM intake, lb/d Milk fat,% Milk prot. , % ----------University-------------a Purdue Ohiob Michig~n State State Cont d NH . d C tel NH e C te NH e 3 on 3 on 3 57.3 39.9 3.63 3.15 58.9 39.7 3.41 3.17 69.0 42.6 3.04 2.97 67.0 43.7 3.21 3.01 77.8 42.6 3.00 2.90 78.7 44.5 2.95 2.96 Average Cont. NH 3 68.0 4 _ 1. 7 3.22 3.01 68.2 42.4 3.19 3.05 a b c J. Animal Sci. d.5_5 :525 (1983); J. Dairy Sci. (in press); J. Dairy Sci. 66:227 (1983); '""Mean of 12 cows; ~ean of 24 cows. Care must be exercised in handling ammonia due to its volatile, pungent and corrosive nature. Ammonia is highly soluble in water and readily binds to many organic compounds. The higher the moisture of the silage, the better will be ammonia recovery. Poor ammonia recoveries might be expected when silages are in excess of 40% dry matter or poorly chopped (which decreases the surface area for ammonia-binding). Recovery estimated should always be made on silage which has undergone at least 3 weeks of fermentation because the organic acids (mainly lactic) combine with the ammonia to form salts which are retained during chemical analysis. Otherwise, large ammonia losses may be falsely indicated. B. Silo Structures The primary silos that are used by farmers are: (1) stack, (2) pit or trench, (3) permanent bunker, (4) portable bunker, (5) large plastic bag, (6) concrete stave upright silo, (7) poured concrete upright silo, and (8) oxygen limiting silo. The economics of choosing between various types of more advanced silos is not near as vivid as between some structure versus no structure. The type a farmer should have depends on overall situation and long range goals. c. Management A silage forage program must b~ managed from the planting of the crop until consumed by the cow to be of greatest profit to the dairy operation. Both quantity and quality are important to maximize returns. Priority considerations include harvesting, storage and feeding. Harvesting at the proper moisture content and rate of filling seriously affect silage quality. Type of structure influences dry matter losses and quality. Keeping the silage fresh before the cows affects intake and performance. A total program must be designed to minimize losses throughout the total period. 24

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WEED CONTROL IN PASTURES AND HAY CROPS Dr. Paul Mislevy Perennial and annual weeds are found in most . of Florida's 3-3. 5 million acres of improved pasture costing producers millions of dollars annually, through loss of grazing land, plant nutrients, water, etc. Weeds are generally controlled by two methods: l. Mechanical (mowing, chopping, etc.) 2. Chemical (herbicides) The mechanical control is_generally temporary requiring several trips over the field each year, utilizing considerable energy and time. Chemical control generally requires one application of herbicide per year, and in many cases, a repeat application may not be necessary for 2 to 3 years. Weeds are controlled for the following reasons depending on an individuals objective: 1. Aesthetic purposes: Along driveways, sidewalks, roads, etc. 2. Fire control: Eliminating weeds in fence lines helps prevent, fires from destroying fences. 3. Weed-free fence lines helps preserve wire fences from rust by reducing moisture. 4. Save fertilizer and increase forage production: Many weeds will utilize as much or more fertilizer than perennial grasses. 5. Increase forage quality: Weeds found in forage crops harvested for hay can reduce forage quality considerably. 6. Increase sod quality: Premium prices for weed-free bahia and St. Augustine sod can be obtained. The purpose of this paper is to address some of the improved pasture weed problems facing commercial growers in south central Florida. The following weeds and their control will be discussed: l. Smutgrass Chemicals and rates: Dalapon@ 4 lb/A formulation and 30 gal/A water when smutgrass plants are actively growing. This rate is acceptable for both pangola and bahiagrass. Two weeks following the herbicide . application, pangola grass should be chopped and 4 weeks after herbicide application, the pangola pasture should be fertilized with a complete fertilizer ratio, unless the soil test indicates differently. The pasture should be ready for grazing about 5 weeks after fertilization. 25

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Research has indicated mowing was more desirable than chopping in bahiagrass recovery following the 4 lb/A Dalapon application. Fertilizer applied 4 weeks after the herbicide application was also best for bahiagrass. Roundup has also done well in controlling smutgrass when ti.,'lied through a wick applicator at a rate of 3-1, water-Roundup mixture. However, a 12-15" height differential must exist in favor of the smutgrass so desirable forage plants are not damaged. For best control, 8 hours or more of a rain-free period should follow herbicide application. Management: Regardless of what chemical is used to control smutgrass, good fertilization practices must follow weed control to establish a good ground cover and prevent smutgrass seedlings from developing. 2. Blackberry briers Chemicals and rates: Dicamba@ 2 qts/A (active) in the spring when briers are in flower to early fruit stage followed by a second application of 2 qts/A (active) in early to mid-September. This procedure will generally result in 95 to 99% control. Since 1 to 5% of the plants still remain alive, care must be taken not to allow these few plants to develop into a new plant stand. Management: Follow the second herbicide application with a recommended amount of a complete fertilizer ratio to encourage complete perennial grass ground cover. During the winter following the herbicide application, it may be desirable to rotary mow the dead briers for more rapid decomposition. 3. Soft Rush Chemicals and rates: Preliminary information indicates Weedmaster(R)@ 1.5 2.0 qts/A (active) will control soft rush, if herbicide is applied in early spring (March). Weedmaster(R) applied through a wick applicator at a 3-1 or 5-1, water-chemical ratio will result in 95 to 99% control, provided the wick is drawn over the soft rush clumps in two directions (east to west and west to east). 26

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4. Vaseygrass Chemical and rate: Roundup(R) applied through a wick at a 3-1, water-chemical ratio appears to be the only presently known method to control vaseygrass, when the weed is found growing in perennial grass. However, as mentioned with smutgrass, a height differential of 12-15" must exist between vaseytRfss and the desirable grasses. The wick application of Roundup about 1-2 weeks following a hay crop removal, appears to provide the desirable height differential, since vaseygrass regrowth is much faster than improved perennial forages. 5. Thistle Chemicals and rates: Dicamba@ 1.5 lb/A. (active) in late February or early March when plants are in the rosette (very short stem bearing a dense cluster of leaves, prior to the development of an ~pright stem) stage of growth. If thistle plants are not sprayed until they develop an upright stem of 4 to 5 ft. tall along with flowers, the above rate will not control the weed. 6. Dog fennel Chemicals and rates: Weedmaster (R) @ 1. 0 lb/ A (active) when dog fennel is 6" tall or less. If ~kynts are above 6" tall, 1.5 lb/A (active) Weedmaster is required to obtain 95 to 99% control. Research has demonstR1'ted that the application of 2.0 lb/A (active) Weedmaster will provide excellent control of dog fennel 5-7 ft. tall. Remember when applying any herbicide with a boom sprayer, the boom must be positioned 12-24" (depending on nozzle type) above the highest plants one is trying to control. Broadleaf Weed Control in Aeschynomene-perennial Grass Pastures Chemical and rate: Weedmaster(R) or Dicamba@ 1.5 lb/A (active) respectively, depending on the target weeds in1ftrved. If dog fennel is the target weed, 1.5 lb/A Weedmaster or Dicamba @ 1.5 lb/A if thistle is the weed. IMPORTANT: When trying to control broadleaves in a pasture or hay field which contains aeschynomene seed, the above herbicides must be applied in March. If herbicide application is delayed until April or later, a major portion of the aeschynomene seedlings can be destroyed. The objective is to controlbroadleaf weeds when aeschynomene is in the seed stage, under cool conditions, prior to the germination of aeschynomene. 27

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Broadleaf Weed Control in Perennial Grass Establishment Stargrass: Bermudagrass: Pangolagrass: Chemical and rate: Weedmaster(R)@ 1.0 lb/A (active) about 2-3 weeks following the planting of vegetative material or when weeds are 1-2 inches tall. This herbicide will control most broadleaf weeds germinating from seed and many sedges (water-grass) will be controlled if sprayed at a very early stage •. Hemarthria: Chemical and rate: Dicamba@ 3/4 lb/A (active) when Hemarthria tillers are 2-5 inches tall and when broadleaf weeds antR1edges (water-grass) are 1-2" tall. Do not apply Weedmaster on Hemarthria. Management: It is best to apply fertilizer first on newly established Hemarthria, followed by the herbicide, since the herbicide causes Hemarthria tillers to become brittle for 2-3 weeks. The reverse of this process will result in many tillers being broken by the fertilizer applicator. Conclusion Timing is the most important factor in weed control, resulting in the use of less herbicide. This is followed closely by good forage management practices (proper fertilization, grazing, etc.) which reduce future weed infestations. 28

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Breeding Beef Cattle F. M. Pecock The objective of commercial beef production should be to maximize the additive genetic (breed) values unique to the specific breed and also in crossbreeding programs to utilize hybrid vigor in both cow and calf to produce a desirable product. The wide variations in genetic traits among the conventional breeds allows the utilization of desirable traits unique to each breed into a single product. The conventional breeds can be grouped into three categories: 1) large European breeds noted for fast growth and large size, but generally lack carcass quality such as the Charolais and Semental; 2) British breeds, which lack the size of the large Europeans but noted for carcass quality; 3) Brahman, good general combining ability with other breeds resulting in hybrid vigor and adaptability to areas not generally suited to some of the other breeds. In straightbreeding programs, whether the coventional or the American breeds derived from a crossbred foundation, improvement or maintaining production standards are achieved through bull selection and culling of females based on their own performance. However, in crossbreeding, selection of breeds and also individual within breeds to be crossed are important as additive breed traits determine the value of the crossbred population. Crossbreds will generally show a blend of parent breeds, with production performance improved through hybrid vigor. The foremost consideration in crossbreeding is the production of a desired product. This product must be saleable and also conform to production standards for females to be kept for replacement, as good matemal performance of the cow herd is one of the most important genetic traits necessary for high production. Breed crosses containing some Brahman blood generally show good maternal performance. Utilizing the additive breed traits of different breeds by crossing will produce a product that is average for the breeds. Crossing the Brahman with the other breeds will also result in hybrid vigor plus the average of the additive traits. To fully utilize hybrid vigor, the crossbred cow needs to be in production and bred to a bull breed that carries the additive traits desired in the offspring. The blending of the additive breed traits and the need for hybrid vigor in the cow has led to the establishment of several new breeds such as the Brangus, Beefmaster and Braford. The straight breeding of these breeds that combine the additive traits and hybrid vigor simplifies management in that selection can be concentrated toward production rather than that of maintaining a number of sire breeds as well as cow breeds. There are a number of procedures (systems) for crossbreeding; two-breed rotation, three-breed rotation and three-breed terminal. All of these systems emphasize hybrid vigor in the cow, and sire breeds for 29

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additive effects in offspring. In terminal systems offspring are sold, with replacement females produced from another program, whereas the rotation system emphasizes maintaining varying degrees of Brahman blood in offspring for female replacement. The American breeds can be used in these systems as extremes in genetype from the use of some of the conventional breeds can be minimized and still maintain a degree of Brahman in the cow herd. 30

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The Effects of Liquid Trace Minerals on Weight Gains in Yearling Heifers D. W. Sanson Introduction The use of feed additives in supplements for cattle on grass may result in improved performance. Several types of additives are available that alter the efficiency of animals under feedlot conditions, however whether these improvements will be similar when additives are fed to ruminants on a high roughage diet is not fully realized. Although several studies have shown improvements in performance of animals on pasture when fed various additives, other data indicate little improvement. This study was conducted to determine the influence of the addition of Liquid Trace Mineral to a supplement fed to yearling heifers on their weight gain. Materials and Methods Thirty-six crossbred yearling heifers were randomized with respect to breed type into 6 groups. These groups were then randomly assigned to either a control molasses supplement (CON) or a similar supplement fortified with Liquid Trace Minerals (LTM) to supply 7g of the solution head/day, resulting in 3 blocks of each of two treatments. Animals were maintained in 5 acre stargrass pastures and rotated within blocks every two weeks. Heifers were supplemented twice weekly to supply 3 lbs of standard molasses head/day throughout the 112 day study. During the first 60 d of the study, a low quality stargrfss hay (6% CP, 50% IVOMD) was offered ad libitum. A mineral supplement was available to all animals during the entire trial. Animals were shrunk for 16 hours prior to recording initial and final weights. Weight gains and average daily gains were subjected to an analysis of variance appropriate for a randomized block design to determine differences between treatment means. Results and Discussion There was no difference in hay intake n~r in mineral consumption between treatment groups. Heifers consumed 3 lbs of the supplement head/day in the first 72 d of the trial, however-during the last 40 days supplementation was cut to 2 lbs head/day because of decreased intakes. The diminished intakes of molasses was probably due to an increase in forage availability. During the initial 60 days of the study, the forage was dormant with little production; however, forage production increased dramatically during the last half of the trial, resulting in a high quality roughage available for grazing. l Mineral supplement contained 12% Ca, 11.5% P, 25% NaCl, 1% Fe, ._15% Cu, .03% Co, .03% Mn, ,09% Zn, .02% I, .0016% Se, .15% Fo and 240,000 USP units/lb of vitamin A. 31

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Performance data are shown in table 1. The addition of L'IM to the supplement resulted in a increase (P<.05) in 19 lbs of weight or a 15% improvement over the control supplement. This corresponded to an increase in average daily gain of .17 lbs head/day. These data indicate a significant improvement in weight gains due to the addition of L'IM in supplements for growing heifers maybe realized where conditions are similar to the ones in this study. TABLE 1. PERFORMANCE OF HEIFERS SUPPLEMENTED WITH EITHER STANDARD MOLASSES (CON) OR THE STANDARD MOLASSES FORTIFIED WITH LIQUID TRACE MINERALS (L'IM) Itema Initial wt. Weight gain Average daily gain CON 472.. 12~ 1.10b L'IM a All weights are in lbs; to convert to kg multiply by .4536 be . Row means with different superscript differ (P<.05) 32 SE 6 .06 I ! I

PAGE 36

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following have provided support to research programs at the Ona AREC. Their contributions are sincerely appreciated. Adams Ranch, Inc., Ft. Pierce, Florida ALICO, Inc., Labelle, Florida AMAX Chemical Corporation, Lakeland, Florida American Cyanamid Co., Agricultural Division Asgrow Florida, Plant City, Florida Babcock Ranch, Punta Gorda, Florida Albert Carlton, Wauchula, Florida Chevron Chemical Co., Orlando, Florida Dekalb Seed Co., Dekalb, Illinois Deseret Ranch, Melbourne, Florida Douglas Fertilizer, Lake Placid, Florida H. C. Douglas, K-Bar Ranch, Zephyrhills, Florida Dow Chemical Co., Tampa, Florida E. I. DuPont de Nemours Co., Inc., Wilmington, Delaware Duval Sales Corp., Houston, Texas Eli Lilly and Co., Greenfield, Indiana Fields Equipment Co., Zolfo Springs, Florida Florida Fertilizer Co., Wauchula, Florida Funks Seed International, Bloomington, Illinois Furst-McNess Co., Freeport, Illinois Gas Research Inatitute, Chicago, Illinois Glades Fertilizer Co., Moore Haven, Florida Hardee County Cattlemen's Association, Wauchula, Florida Hardee County Commissioners, Wauchula, Florida Hardee County Extension Office, Wauchula, Florida Hardee County Soil Conservation Service, Wauchula, Florida Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey Imperial Products, Inc., Altamonte Springs, Florida International Minerals and Chemical Corp., Libertyville, Illinois J.L.B International Chem., Inc., Vero Beach, Florida Lykes Brothers, Inc., Brooksville, Florida Derrill McAteer, Brooksville, Florida Microlife Technics, Sarasota, Florida Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Louis, Missouri The Nitragin Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin Northrup King Co., Minneapolis, Minnesota C. M. Payne and Son Seed Co., Sebring, Florida Peace River Electric Coop., Wauchula, Florida Pioneer Hi-Bred Int., Tipton, Indiana Seminole Tribes of Florida, Brighton, Florida Southeastern Ln1 Corp. Robert Stokes, Bartow, Florida Bayard Toussaint, Punta Gorda, Florida 1 Lat Turner, Sarasota, Florida / Union Carbide Agri. Products, Research Triangle Park, N. C. U.S. Sugar c orporation, Clewiston, Florida Velsicol Chemical Co., Chicago, Illinois V.M.S. Inc., Montgomery, Alabama Charles Williams, Avon Park, Florida 33

PAGE 37

HISTORIC NOTE The publications in this collection do not reflect current scientific knowledge or recommendations. These texts represent the historic publishing record of the Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences and should be used only to trace the historic work of the Institute and its staff. Current IFAS research may be found on the Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS) site maintained by the Florida Cooperative Extension Service. Copyright 2005, Board of Trustees, University of Florida


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47e08c91d8df028ac19ea827da1e41ea
237c1e6c848c3307df3a04798a221d69d9b5e989
'2016-06-17T12:33:10-04:00'
describe
'149471' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVPN' 'sip-files00012.jpg'
cac413adb4ecf3539a30874af2b3e81a
69ba8cb9ae2446ec6d3bd0823352d6a14ceaddb7
describe
'80311' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVPO' 'sip-files00012.pro'
c6ee608d3e3f877fa9db6c9e069a7d64
02575b8ca8ec2e07571a575d140d1707c70f1fae
describe
'41559' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVPP' 'sip-files00012.QC.jpg'
a1f810d873d8f7c43c56c8c50025a87f
4548a5ce7ea05e62d14a6e0219e5c70d7355e90e
describe
'915004' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVPQ' 'sip-files00012.tif'
b62294bb3e1b1362435140c47693bcae
4d2729a0a0430fd25d9d4c2ca5ce96b28c323a94
'2016-06-17T12:32:44-04:00'
describe
'3207' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVPR' 'sip-files00012.txt'
f541f9f028c822ec8f5173bc0227ba7c
5a913174f075f29cfeac5cde699570b2476c0e79
describe
'10299' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVPS' 'sip-files00012thm.jpg'
684b24ebe29e2b4de78414e445487e81
b11c4cca5efe44481db1e392e287730beb3c8497
describe
'145004' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVPT' 'sip-files00013.jp2'
b6d1061596cf6b0aec40c12f852bc8ae
46df3ff51db2c32e0d8962e5a9e3f53fd8fa42d1
describe
'115557' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVPU' 'sip-files00013.jpg'
511654cd25554ab62171798d7bce2c96
86f229a40d150f3bbc3fc7230baff41b00964af5
describe
'66508' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVPV' 'sip-files00013.pro'
f21b5812e3ba3d1a8f8e7f6458b6d90f
90ba4e3b97e9268aae5dccdcab63afbf2b679a56
describe
'31863' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVPW' 'sip-files00013.QC.jpg'
5fcaa52ff030fdd75a3448492d0ef80d
e6673cad6a99d5ae833d85c1ae1820a1af356057
describe
'968416' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVPX' 'sip-files00013.tif'
55661af3b26a84be90555ad8a00249fc
3fec0f9c34e31cc519a4a40bb3a0b7e69d894dfa
describe
'2613' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVPY' 'sip-files00013.txt'
3e9eebb2d63de244c65911427c92c133
9e30511afeee7c4b5d5c651814c90a65471ac33f
describe
'8145' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVPZ' 'sip-files00013thm.jpg'
33c08b0c112907434052817d27774a89
fe45f9a4e4529653a9e0966eb827227b3ea8d56e
describe
'41180' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQA' 'sip-files00014.jp2'
eac5b6ba5c8b7e207a00b8f93b273cfa
1d9bda96e2c4f8abefa8ee193881fbcef5b9eb50
describe
'35837' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQB' 'sip-files00014.jpg'
db967f0bf3a515aca8352a5c39c4c9b0
15dddbd3eaf0fa502234599488e10f9f8407bbe6
describe
'15364' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQC' 'sip-files00014.pro'
de71d35a2e07abeaafcf60b79ee1a3ec
0feb86d3d9953794c07ec4f43426dd1eb12dd40c
describe
'10680' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQD' 'sip-files00014.QC.jpg'
f9d71b7d5afe781ce619b174d9f27dac
5faa2b6d15162e780a80be8bbc8b924872ddb457
describe
'930856' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQE' 'sip-files00014.tif'
55e83e375eee4dc87c5a997eee834635
4e79e88303ab33bbc25a08bb4b65b173921b067f
'2016-06-17T12:32:59-04:00'
describe
'639' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQF' 'sip-files00014.txt'
d05b1edbffc3710d4ac2ee3b7f383e70
9eaf61f2da95ec46d06f1a449e177df3b2cd9786
describe
'3364' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQG' 'sip-files00014thm.jpg'
7f577c36da4d766d1e4d4a8e59804e12
2a7d63e6d3acfc5b1cba51fea00e871aec90c92e
describe
'171182' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQH' 'sip-files00015.jp2'
9d6b3a9e689fffe409add046298f7679
0fc8b5819923317222da64f7eaa3a80d0e2f912b
describe
'133423' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQI' 'sip-files00015.jpg'
660e583b369e03ddb82e7443c579a8b2
1fbd06e19f78fc79b65fb49ce704593e983b934f
describe
'76630' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQJ' 'sip-files00015.pro'
76d2cbcda0197dc000c059e40d483e24
7ace9c115d3c7a3b08dd854242ac16c96c01cd55
describe
'36591' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQK' 'sip-files00015.QC.jpg'
f92e23259fe95034b743eac0463f73c0
d7499d77258a6b43fd47aab146784a97f5d1f8c7
describe
'970320' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQL' 'sip-files00015.tif'
f2ebd6b4d6a62b247014d0f3490fd505
91a82137ac01aa1343e9ec6416d6e0965144be42
describe
'3102' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQM' 'sip-files00015.txt'
4041734405f781f054ba23a59edc24d4
6a024e3d68224e2cbd963e3fbc1386d2dad9f695
describe
'9054' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQN' 'sip-files00015thm.jpg'
6982e55435f53461ccadde96aaf58802
b9ff711dc087757c8d2ffe1f1e2adc41da5037f8
describe
'170447' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQO' 'sip-files00016.jp2'
97671f40c0b29817542db920832b0210
94dcaaff398c517496f7fb0086120e0a6849ed43
describe
'140481' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQP' 'sip-files00016.jpg'
81b109ec2f77e8c1e2243fc15f66da13
d2e0837f32f2216b61410944cbba2dda37cb0b16
describe
'77875' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQQ' 'sip-files00016.pro'
251b8a29ed9e187f204b757efbfc2f90
0969e06d928fba86ddb40b5083b297ae73480307
describe
'38424' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQR' 'sip-files00016.QC.jpg'
059778cdccd59901a05187dfa5617654
b837722b56d1ef4fd0f45b263b5b940cb7d41269
describe
'942188' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQS' 'sip-files00016.tif'
fd13918e40c5e3c3b162f59ea1cdf088
2526e346e77c103e245c0600952620b209d6a159
describe
'3082' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQT' 'sip-files00016.txt'
bdb776dd70093863f6b342680288993b
29990eee6f2113ae86633367aae27474fd084bca
describe
'9457' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQU' 'sip-files00016thm.jpg'
207c62dcf1bc9c90a243d615919077ae
d966f45a1ba9a4b13fc52076a6cb1fab30c99c66
describe
'45752' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQV' 'sip-files00017.jp2'
ca30d873e3810fee765964a6ec4702e2
05d18335e6c16d322e83274c1bd66793228a3ab6
describe
'38881' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQW' 'sip-files00017.jpg'
e787764b7cab035fdb2442fab30617d1
debc6f3677813fe831b6773d720a5efe4c5301fa
describe
'18051' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQX' 'sip-files00017.pro'
b12c9742c69fd44ed568a355659bedb4
041043cb35239a8afbad3006242f1e4919cd6240
describe
'11003' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQY' 'sip-files00017.QC.jpg'
d694c2b82f5eb00732e88ec1ff9f61c3
f22ddab3957c6a859ae51997d2824a1363667fe4
describe
'950604' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVQZ' 'sip-files00017.tif'
223e6cb7d5604cea853473439dccb38a
092e50d3845ef5b207e7a08510243b84d95e7d31
describe
'892' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRA' 'sip-files00017.txt'
d06a0f185e2a149c6d527ab11e99295e
14272e8133486a4c387d517b2e90a6af03ead543
describe
'2969' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRB' 'sip-files00017thm.jpg'
920e66a0802d21fb6eb9f78c14fc1649
caa2c2bc9ce64da15cecaa3dc90eb862423ccd41
describe
'166140' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRC' 'sip-files00018.jp2'
2d8fe33bf27d9736a5880dd68076c095
766ed0f595cf4d7c9747ad337ea4191bb3f6a256
describe
'144528' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRD' 'sip-files00018.jpg'
25187248954d63625185529588ca345d
dcc9285e77fab2c1684c3ed41ae36b7ab83d147d
describe
'77340' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRE' 'sip-files00018.pro'
af9a5ff0e38fdb7146c88d6cc29924c6
5b08796a3b3b2b538e2c862b87eaacd24f5e88be
describe
'41083' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRF' 'sip-files00018.QC.jpg'
a012d5989326010f0e48ab085de26c39
4cce3ab6b723d7b79521abfa78fbaeaadf588ede
describe
'906640' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRG' 'sip-files00018.tif'
9b7527fad1468327a280a40985eb7862
fb2d65ee1910961a524ff5c8d7c81470bf859e5f
describe
'3062' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRH' 'sip-files00018.txt'
fb935d36f7e69458b73e50c7811a1198
1d4ce88135dcfdc1b126b84c04afc094106d98ca
describe
'10110' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRI' 'sip-files00018thm.jpg'
f5b9a4400fde4766ad225c01f4777c06
60dff6055dd0e56ab27b7ceb6ebc448b95fbe6b0
describe
'165684' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRJ' 'sip-files00019.jp2'
6b8c65269a2d163acc796d751b42b25b
0b5d40957aad276f0415f6221540f58791e5a5de
describe
'128091' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRK' 'sip-files00019.jpg'
a3ae8ad4803c9ab57c28c8e96da5c677
101ea15ca8d907337e4301f7a383574f0869e89a
describe
'76462' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRL' 'sip-files00019.pro'
f2c19a5ad0f52ed91152dbb6bb1f37cd
bb9773e18e9bef1e455183af3f40bc1a32c1777e
describe
'36053' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRM' 'sip-files00019.QC.jpg'
22daa975db4a5b25a7fce22b717b18ba
4b33414004762ff7eac6349a50f28f6521dd8147
describe
'980752' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRN' 'sip-files00019.tif'
986bf0bb6186e5cb3f15460a28ce77f0
1a211ec7593ab144ac3123fa63d6cf793796020a
describe
'3008' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRO' 'sip-files00019.txt'
19939d6ac3bf701c01edb969eed6b756
e320042305d317dc5c44bb4ec1632c662572a562
describe
Invalid character
WARNING CODE 'Daitss::Anomaly' Invalid character
'8914' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRP' 'sip-files00019thm.jpg'
54325a0dc26789f303e38adb256aae34
641e5a88d315c5a32dea0c26faecd3529ff86176
describe
'103980' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRQ' 'sip-files00020.jp2'
9d9842193dfa2772b0eac95d20725b45
b852ea8f8216481778d35772db9b49ecc82f76db
describe
'82289' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRR' 'sip-files00020.jpg'
c46d82138d7852c3dbfd031f96a4964d
6a05e34426b6759a3230f3ebe24355904aebbdcb
describe
'46091' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRS' 'sip-files00020.pro'
ab8b48eedf9b90ac0f8b3d4228faca11
f5b8eb97f0cdc9aeefa2e8f103e3730cdb1b42a6
describe
'23734' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRT' 'sip-files00020.QC.jpg'
15e571e471f56b0736f79edd5eee79db
f01e1bea2d0b666032e280ed4775da99668a29cc
describe
'957520' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRU' 'sip-files00020.tif'
2092402e4f67c0461d92e603d6db87d6
fe2d6b3ccfcdcf65e1fa6880b94471255ba54849
'2016-06-17T12:32:49-04:00'
describe
'1822' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRV' 'sip-files00020.txt'
80a862383036e4dfa6588aaa8dbcd561
f316fd72f00e1f05bca0bfbf207d968b84f0480b
describe
'5923' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRW' 'sip-files00020thm.jpg'
b4a874514a64ecde1590115dd542426f
3b9763d563a5188efb3217e1f16dc34e6540931f
describe
'103576' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRX' 'sip-files00021.jp2'
44c3bc361bfee7a27c822295fd1309cf
1e188dda247a30575c898b8586140738867e936e
describe
'80634' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRY' 'sip-files00021.jpg'
8e8645bfe2eb6527cbced4da51f389cc
b02309811f61c49e823b42e1af629596df7c145d
describe
'48120' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVRZ' 'sip-files00021.pro'
0d74b4ece4e1f41505edb6ca4764c225
af335af10a4896479531c9099759efb747218dcb
describe
'24854' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSA' 'sip-files00021.QC.jpg'
59cbdcfacf8dab1d4e57efd9f108b749
f1cdcd22a79f457acbb22f75d4beb785e002d951
describe
'974068' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSB' 'sip-files00021.tif'
7ba23ffa29209f04e951258ee4c4b9db
1c75233eeacccaca66e183d996a881113032510b
describe
'2477' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSC' 'sip-files00021.txt'
abb268e8bbac3527d3797989fb688dca
afd5f537a7bc880871d6d75d18315f5192f0f221
'2016-06-17T12:33:14-04:00'
describe
'7404' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSD' 'sip-files00021thm.jpg'
ed07ee3f485b6c55514bd1238a986df6
56bacf48a6ec23735a85a2c72fef6360f4b6755b
describe
'178929' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSE' 'sip-files00022.jp2'
7f96c89b3930dbdf68ce7a10c18ada48
f79fb78e53194e08d5d0279c9ce37d1111221fac
describe
'141298' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSF' 'sip-files00022.jpg'
f24cb736e22660f0f90e96c0694c0720
c344660c78c3aa170d6afd897ee025fb44cfabd5
describe
'83450' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSG' 'sip-files00022.pro'
9531edaeed5cb73960448a07e1438fe7
a62794412a2218e1177d9dc428531c1f7a5c9c4f
describe
'38567' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSH' 'sip-files00022.QC.jpg'
8ebe9d2019642686e16b29340eb2ff87
38e346c05d7e0e73ff4e4dce0c9da130986e3924
describe
'952484' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSI' 'sip-files00022.tif'
8bdafbe66ded1a3f04367cae44456a78
ab3a4c6c33e77a666062a888c11c603fe0ebb63a
describe
'3260' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSJ' 'sip-files00022.txt'
d1633979c51e68f82f560bbbe56d0337
18df9a91419fdcee517705bc0dd2e51ba287846a
describe
'9454' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSK' 'sip-files00022thm.jpg'
f414cc6f09195f64ad6d78ed7889b1e6
03489253c0d4dfbe024e25819cb9d4eb3fac73f0
describe
'117388' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSL' 'sip-files00023.jp2'
c6a00024a575d7462eaef864198c6d9a
fff9ce58ec5e07d41e1389510a9440c9e63ab47c
describe
'95817' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSM' 'sip-files00023.jpg'
a9710ad39af39fea208a4bfef0d24130
39aa40cd76a352e699ae0d355618ffb2df7432a5
describe
'52750' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSN' 'sip-files00023.pro'
b8cae5874d3b351346c97df82fab13a2
e5fc1cfaf3a7e235ca8608a2ede693ac1e98b836
describe
'27080' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSO' 'sip-files00023.QC.jpg'
ff292bb88d738b2fffe6a0924d27796f
20cf2ca8203e0db2281098fd2663ff97c1594303
describe
'953476' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSP' 'sip-files00023.tif'
200da9ebf98f64c48bb6dac3ae41de0d
d8f1daf17895e6e8a527a06c7d36b4b203261797
describe
'2103' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSQ' 'sip-files00023.txt'
60543fe860653c7dc2b5074c9e403970
b6f760eb2a1b5d0d974635c2f75d2ed046090e5d
describe
'6561' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSR' 'sip-files00023thm.jpg'
4fb882f80cd436c7d047111599a73cbd
289af2316616b89c0657366630ce4afe02af3696
describe
'82340' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSS' 'sip-files00024.jp2'
2f7883abab4b115d0e0e2f2f8f45a7ec
c548633b847d91a543dd2440129df4cc1a590e64
describe
'64605' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVST' 'sip-files00024.jpg'
1df733ca962b5c4c448cbc73d4873103
8ed511b48f324aaf12fe9e4608085675179127a9
describe
'36031' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSU' 'sip-files00024.pro'
2fc6fd9d04c959f3a746ee9dfc2e9828
f713db21d3ae4a9a9f78efa1c2124202e4201f8f
describe
'21061' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSV' 'sip-files00024.QC.jpg'
06b2e563c640f5bd68d30d1f49821d8e
ea0a312fb6ba45c2ab9aecccb15212c4a1de1efe
describe
'983216' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSW' 'sip-files00024.tif'
df505a15120789030cf782cd868766e3
05bb41655f1d938d1d23c1b31b50fe9daefb693b
describe
'1759' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSX' 'sip-files00024.txt'
c34f82bdfbd8f5600d1d34b1a8c57d50
9f447838b9e07ff6b165d2fe28552f93424a3a89
describe
'6463' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSY' 'sip-files00024thm.jpg'
135473b87a8a4f28118409788b2546a6
39ee422a5c0aa982822b85c08181be6fd7b6e63c
describe
'134532' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVSZ' 'sip-files00025.jp2'
641397eeb770a147d01cb21cbee8e7c3
34c8b540b419749284967fca948b4bcf0ce7fd3f
describe
'110280' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTA' 'sip-files00025.jpg'
c0da3b5aab132004a52a334fb2b98702
5fb937007ac6b8db5641a52d3a5934b7055aa1ba
describe
'60686' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTB' 'sip-files00025.pro'
1c86c49b256491bd7668a63185a9babc
f359bb7837bfb5632281ac0c9e26421f8125723d
describe
'32028' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTC' 'sip-files00025.QC.jpg'
ec3023b685ec654c2877077936353dbc
6b885f12ca3415d955aa5bd507df848b0f3284ad
describe
'945468' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTD' 'sip-files00025.tif'
3677ae872ff42244176d2c0c9ed34e4b
5c437ef8ece95a76b6ca835c2bb47493f1446d32
describe
'2553' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTE' 'sip-files00025.txt'
5de12f943380983ed17072b71257f34c
1fc32baf1c3e5a94fd2413cf81e0e6ac81f9a3be
describe
'8043' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTF' 'sip-files00025thm.jpg'
8baa24c7c7c0198391555da5f5e52c1b
afc1677bf87c8bba3de765212c1f2b1b3e6a6095
describe
'138224' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTG' 'sip-files00026.jp2'
1cc69127e1521e6cf404d0edf426846a
eec41f6d9fafcc222fb1af5eda21ae782fa0e2d6
describe
'116587' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTH' 'sip-files00026.jpg'
52a22bf22071705e560fbc70309810c8
2b35e4829f34ae4cb5553c4dcb4c48733cc36758
describe
'61760' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTI' 'sip-files00026.pro'
edfe63ee3b9e49e6351b8984bf62f13c
b9bd7a6d4bdd9f0971f8d2a654951d1fb4e156cf
describe
'34127' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTJ' 'sip-files00026.QC.jpg'
86410a6051e4783851f9080b5151d64f
56710c24aa38079a91f4cfeeb210f47d8fe4c6c8
describe
'939300' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTK' 'sip-files00026.tif'
57c7d8b48c860eef5d754da83c1e5f31
3e92c158695e6bde8b6b79ed163b692246de1134
describe
'2598' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTL' 'sip-files00026.txt'
cee9a54294f9681ff512e1fae1d5455e
9d645766a8f307f413e6d431ffa62104ea64d3c0
describe
'8712' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTM' 'sip-files00026thm.jpg'
4d81408699fc7701f00a4a12d7b1ef05
0ad815dc25dbebb906d77ac4762ba3b7aef5a31c
describe
'115643' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTN' 'sip-files00027.jp2'
eafde91b8c4caea4dd3e2965682a5b78
1a8c21c7e17c8ee53c809c34025657f98e86ca0b
describe
'92576' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTO' 'sip-files00027.jpg'
10ec6175a29586449c538183f72fc7fb
6fa22d6fca75632bb3e9a5113ec3752c4c060626
describe
'51499' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTP' 'sip-files00027.pro'
630c9fb2709ea17ef81118d1e0dc57d6
973de3c6cbf0c1d6e6bf1c07f6eb9f7dc6719e81
describe
'26296' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTQ' 'sip-files00027.QC.jpg'
9e46590b1abd730e0ad61432e05307e1
3deb4734562b0e5da8cd50eb61470a6e4a6713a7
describe
'969072' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTR' 'sip-files00027.tif'
47bc6d188616f3f8534b69e16911a623
ac628146f897108b54e55babd1ef6e12bb1e5193
describe
'2245' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTS' 'sip-files00027.txt'
46645b509049a8e9e7307dc9221f8ace
16158ab2122d1dac8f29a72a9a80a65a88134987
describe
'7011' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTT' 'sip-files00027thm.jpg'
3ed7117682dd69c1242c80b1ac19b8fe
1f9438b61d729eb0b4319fe884ece07364cc905a
describe
'141425' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTU' 'sip-files00028.jp2'
4582877b310f428c1794d9d6e727b08f
3735b6949ab5046f65714d145f58ddbf3a3d11d6
describe
'113521' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTV' 'sip-files00028.jpg'
ebcf7380d5e1943f2ae52773da55860c
2aa143a337fb73b91e560c6582af94ed5f060bb1
describe
'64414' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTW' 'sip-files00028.pro'
24685b521d89bd1712b75b4d4bd544b1
ca890e78b244d543e89e4a326ff0d7b251f1ee5f
describe
'34185' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTX' 'sip-files00028.QC.jpg'
ef65ee50ac6b8585f0679779b4962e18
ff96fb2af6027d22074e6cd1c0fbbee203bcb5d3
describe
'951416' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTY' 'sip-files00028.tif'
68a4e84cc9019b25cdffb9866673a073
e9d91aa58071bc5e72cbdeb9d0258040fd12d47c
describe
'2738' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVTZ' 'sip-files00028.txt'
6d6d4c77a5f049d049c1dcdca473cf4a
5ae0c87c2a9500d0cf272b4c9ab545fb6547bacf
describe
'9074' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUA' 'sip-files00028thm.jpg'
d6e987898ac93da7f29da1bbc25a9418
2e9353f4c5c5e524fe63a68e3a369f7435703c76
describe
'122229' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUB' 'sip-files00029.jp2'
026e3b3c3b6b68d65f6ffd51fa188dc8
444c0361552dd7c5f74c50a956ebeb24ee27c6eb
describe
'97470' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUC' 'sip-files00029.jpg'
2ba2b401c7dda1490ece9fc3319d7daa
1a88957fbdb490404cca455aece31fa2f778d3aa
describe
'54155' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUD' 'sip-files00029.pro'
ee4eeb99c378be7f89e210937f7cc382
3c36ede4839a9ab68c0110c5350eae8f375b3c14
describe
'29566' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUE' 'sip-files00029.QC.jpg'
9bb7eaa6854cdfec607cbc4c359f3ddf
3301d499b3909f0f1ee6a2a9e853a8738e352a66
describe
'934560' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUF' 'sip-files00029.tif'
bd22f73efb9f8e1001da9537bf8c3135
2ccda17a3dc5d3a645583b0432dbc5be45c49b6c
describe
'2316' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUG' 'sip-files00029.txt'
5ec607aac954b9d855ca46a07bc58d33
f043cdca213c8556dec28c54d17a7cee4f63643f
describe
'8190' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUH' 'sip-files00029thm.jpg'
9bc8e4d185fb671cad10e854d670db9c
a42c9510e94ea0ca830a70472d50256a55beacc7
describe
'113612' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUI' 'sip-files00030.jp2'
ac0059972a4397fc64b221032399635b
d2906ceac5c1c5a4c86a6059be286e7174942929
describe
'98597' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUJ' 'sip-files00030.jpg'
bee333af7fd8df704ef090694392f265
a61c8602aa5eb6ffa71fb67fdac0c7a458d18310
describe
'49959' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUK' 'sip-files00030.pro'
df6d71c632416a1db6491222b519bc09
8ca22336d73996f0f562eb088b59c7f25b315ff5
describe
'29277' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUL' 'sip-files00030.QC.jpg'
241ef5f5d612bdd0e469dc462fc2e385
f0a6da1d056fc418ab8ed039dcda9b14dac5182f
describe
'911708' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUM' 'sip-files00030.tif'
e43a5f3f5d1df89603e0af6e0c9dfe6e
898cd22782c2dc9704ac1e802e71f3d9076917db
describe
'2277' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUN' 'sip-files00030.txt'
c27e3eab95fe3336edafd7c26f5a83d9
f513a3c1c41a9bb7618b4b50317e918af87038a5
describe
'8176' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUO' 'sip-files00030thm.jpg'
a87006e88466a6e7f336cdd5daf55a6e
1dd0817e26e2a4137573131f0030c1f31ec75704
describe
'127998' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUP' 'sip-files00031.jp2'
cca19ae45d872fe0d9c8c1859547c422
6309ea934cb777523a7a3d30c370409996e32ea7
describe
'103744' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUQ' 'sip-files00031.jpg'
76805c91db022ed52708287c48313178
99d5ae6ddc0b609e5a3d4ee085db075631b6db6d
describe
'58258' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUR' 'sip-files00031.pro'
c9bce0ec86b4632287e66247256825a6
535828a6b9cea08c0a36719f73a5c44ae1ed3ceb
describe
'29303' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUS' 'sip-files00031.QC.jpg'
2a9814c29aa86e807deb903fc70b9c71
e80ddd28cee866e6aa16c7c80ba2c1e9f70233c4
describe
'945708' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUT' 'sip-files00031.tif'
edb906b0cae6fb6ef69fec8bd877495b
d1d2ea2a7a5a0b9a94972caa92340ff58c6a788f
describe
'2582' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUU' 'sip-files00031.txt'
81c9db0572c9a826d90be7edb94dd84e
ea8f91d4e89276b891ca9bf16ab1da2c62b4d26a
describe
'7458' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUV' 'sip-files00031thm.jpg'
319cfb2c89e61a0fc1caf492e7cb94d6
20d45162fa9faf2964d9a8b3dc6b75301b43d725
describe
'75218' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUW' 'sip-files00032.jp2'
6536b3fcc046daf6e70322a18cbf1946
49dfbd47e3021d8e12d10d63bd13735b1899651e
describe
'62623' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUX' 'sip-files00032.jpg'
4869aa8edf75b3f5e7cbe78780212ecd
5264cd4954fa3a6a5056e044804261b5a3a829d5
describe
'30281' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUY' 'sip-files00032.pro'
059a36c59d2384017ce1ff8517221a5c
4f934d8ffa93d04ca177e7ba7adea2428d98c6d7
describe
'19586' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVUZ' 'sip-files00032.QC.jpg'
0711ec2444beea0a68184b5fe8b3c67c
1cb36aea7feffb545e818738fb225a65e0bb6d39
describe
'941688' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVA' 'sip-files00032.tif'
ed3d8838f147d817eaea08f4b932e745
574413f98756c5ce25ccca9ee135b0e66c82758a
describe
'1369' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVB' 'sip-files00032.txt'
baf59218be26fa7d465f54bbf81ad74e
35fcc05c9f72911aa686afc25af848bcacca2289
describe
'5572' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVC' 'sip-files00032thm.jpg'
74825d08c2e2f31818ac1cc4fabff150
7bd0a846b47ed9e22055da6cd9142e6f4c0fba8c
describe
'165284' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVD' 'sip-files00033.jp2'
3e5ce599bc443125c157075e4efb62ea
c4e319769f4115d1a0884e141f664b0930669845
describe
'124811' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVE' 'sip-files00033.jpg'
0d6d0df160950e392c496933ab228971
07db7b11b70e4ab1258e7fce669134f2b04d436f
describe
'76341' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVF' 'sip-files00033.pro'
bbcbed9a52a7071d0599e7b819eac3f9
4f813f819d035915248aa67285de52969b9fa2c6
describe
'34263' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVG' 'sip-files00033.QC.jpg'
b1a0a791545f731df51a0995113fff41
e6f43064b45c7d277aea9d522925b42790abe1b4
describe
'978532' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVH' 'sip-files00033.tif'
ae562b08d2017a453de9c3d17e78ef48
bf768fb9c992cd422de281a0a08a4ea7f9f239ad
describe
'3040' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVI' 'sip-files00033.txt'
ed1414324168c5f0e26ad3e8e1a0c171
a0735d95322958eb2bbe797330176c7b84b667bc
describe
'8864' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVJ' 'sip-files00033thm.jpg'
1ceebea8204fff1f72fae7ddadb05677
fc15c85f6dc23add9ff03c9d2f0ab9d9a6079b37
describe
'33899' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVK' 'sip-files00034.jp2'
a5c2a820541fda973f7fc0d14f523274
16843e66fca2b2f018dbfa0b21c1716fe405239c
describe
'30555' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVL' 'sip-files00034.jpg'
c7ade6f187edd7e19a617c8c52b56acc
d84282fe8be5762caa483b581f857a0a9de7cff6
describe
'11834' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVM' 'sip-files00034.pro'
c40679ce76df7a062ce155ef419f6de1
d59b350486fd6bff62835a9e654389d8d9184ddf
describe
'8686' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVN' 'sip-files00034.QC.jpg'
253b061d8f83f4d7ff05eb3023e8442f
74ef9fbd49c2beaab89036ac3fa782099c917ce2
describe
'937012' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVO' 'sip-files00034.tif'
c872145c16d2b727463470218f213a99
f4aa1f73cfdf14133099c195bb8a598d79c4714e
describe
'470' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVP' 'sip-files00034.txt'
d7636a1646344dce3a419732d9aa8169
b373cf112bec925066a2c00a76e0d312fca58dc2
describe
'2650' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVQ' 'sip-files00034thm.jpg'
15ca348f3274a4121f8fa798332cde39
77241b2bcf74bf7ebb5e8f9708b5566837e62ba9
describe
'148126' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVR' 'sip-files00035.jp2'
6474e0453311519e50e7c05154fe672e
11541431ed039f7d805ca5aa33de608997f59811
describe
'113320' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVS' 'sip-files00035.jpg'
b9cfba74f17f5e0d8d917dc96caeda4f
4a130f9679bf6b0f9d23a4ae0ae61d134f5eb48f
describe
'67605' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVT' 'sip-files00035.pro'
9a6ba4da83e76905707f6b83152f51b6
c7d9428b730f8c2003797769bed9f15125212cfe
describe
'31051' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVU' 'sip-files00035.QC.jpg'
1c04600e4c063d8c68e2cf3bd4cfcaaf
366d545d82f878cb773f1845507e5411cfe3a732
describe
'978512' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVV' 'sip-files00035.tif'
15c66dd8893f3a882138ca1ee8bf80c7
0acfa9e72abaf92bbf6ac75a181c1991cdc8e332
describe
'2788' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVW' 'sip-files00035.txt'
f58664e4e74c8cf2e2e36410764f49f0
95387023117386b41f2312de3e5def74a558fd01
describe
'8214' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVX' 'sip-files00035thm.jpg'
36be5ca6cd54588c8ef2f3816c6cbc8d
b135c1093370bb34fcf5885aa23d2109f15c949d
describe
'59513' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVY' 'sip-files00036.jp2'
d70c257698e67abbb8f7dad20383ba72
b7d2ced399adf09df4c267bc50eec3b26d4d0ee8
describe
'51792' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVVZ' 'sip-files00036.jpg'
c51de7275483f916a7e46b59f2d6ae43
b66be852cc3e0d42c6b10cd5168369489516216b
describe
'23520' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVWA' 'sip-files00036.pro'
af2d76bc1930bd1cbc5a739dae43bad9
0c12fed2d6ba541bb05968de0bb1ceba6aaf91df
describe
'15823' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVWB' 'sip-files00036.QC.jpg'
4ea6c19e4996156206562abc92ec018c
b9d854844474f4ddf93181e864d128816c299132
describe
'944348' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVWC' 'sip-files00036.tif'
a6d38dd73cf9d15aa37ccd37633bc808
df7d8fb17afd65f0e82282334d10380c965d8109
describe
'1040' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVWD' 'sip-files00036.txt'
0ce8d6d13fd8e5c1e4a70881076014d6
340afaf73b0ec97b9c0332b79d4a3323addb3f8c
describe
'4732' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVWE' 'sip-files00036thm.jpg'
e2a34e8d53a72bedcd6008093de9ccd5
e0e1da8c50ef79a3ba05aec1a84c23eafff2b271
describe
'130735' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVWF' 'sip-files00037.jp2'
33d73393d2886fd1e64fb17ddb22c6e9
a9b6aa1d279ef329e8cae29becbc58a550ed6b55
describe
'102636' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVWG' 'sip-files00037.jpg'
9db435975692801affbe79c73605223f
21dc3121eacf45ffbdcfb27aa3644f9790b8932a
describe
'59182' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVWH' 'sip-files00037.pro'
f4febe3b6bc9cdfa774d7a830c0c0b83
cce4ff657e46138d2f7e11578d600394a5eb3ec1
describe
'28575' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVWI' 'sip-files00037.QC.jpg'
82a77a271834c524ac5ae9bae84d9e0b
1b564c190f92e3ce3dc96df38bfcfbe19f10b982
describe
'963380' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVWJ' 'sip-files00037.tif'
cb8862d0c8fc2ffadee069f06677e593
9ec1fc76ba251ef4c6686546788c2328f07a517d
describe
'2289' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVWK' 'sip-files00037.txt'
aef85db402e1767ec735710c2d810384
e629580136011def8e3032c9a514b57282f78dea
describe
'7104' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVWL' 'sip-files00037thm.jpg'
01e6feea2b42cc97d2dfd80e1e4ff7ad
16b654d5b92b1253963ef4bbce5f576faca58ec1
describe
'40410' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVWM' 'sip-filescopyright.jp2'
239d961acddfec0f1ebde9460f9d4060
844e158f833cef2c06beb4e4e6e8ac56398928bf
describe
'64153' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVWN' 'sip-filescopyright.jpg'
8b58b98d49ec68814c33859df2f508f7
75a81ff485fc744101834db49a89e8233bc34fca
describe
'15666' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVWO' 'sip-filescopyright.pro'
93b54484037509ee8cbbf2d1a726ddba
7132f0c1dd6ac7a03884fe3503e4863ad3ed1747
describe
'22257' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVWP' 'sip-filescopyright.QC.jpg'
a38d11f831933924d25944f18a8eb5fc
1de2977febeb02aab85c111f18e3b2308c2559f7
describe
'557172' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVWQ' 'sip-filescopyright.tif'
d7b61ff96139afe1d7e9186f7fe09869
2506a331cdcb6a04fb4e20fec3691b67ebd9d8bb
describe
'591' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVWR' 'sip-filescopyright.txt'
dd61bf16823026f7c8b0521029020026
933c59e5f6bba188e76269f4e9ddfc6f40a49697
describe
'6207' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVWS' 'sip-filescopyrightthm.jpg'
6ff9c47f2dc7823a5bf41c6593c39dbb
6206eda7f9c151532a14a703345b2e7e6f541bbd
describe
'67389' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVWT' 'sip-filesUF00075779_00002.mets'
77fd1f8b2ac6ec4d90f17ec5e91a679e
bfc28a622c359b10d7d311d7996388406a3d8b3b
describe
TargetNamespace.1: Expecting namespace 'http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/digital/metadata/ufdc2/', but the target namespace of the schema document is 'http://digital.uflib.ufl.edu/metadata/ufdc2/'.
'2016-06-17T12:33:19-04:00'
xml resolution
TargetNamespace.1: Expecting namespace 'http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/digital/metadata/ufdc2/', but the target namespace of the schema document is 'http://digital.uflib.ufl.edu/metadata/ufdc2/'.
'83519' 'info:fdaE20080624_AAAAUTfileF20080625_AAAVWW' 'sip-filesUF00075779_00002.xml'
42acac60abdd8a3372e07b98b3188128
9867ae9e5d2321df529f648d7df0b2998db6581e
describe
xml resolution