Citation
Report Florida agricultural extension service

Material Information

Title:
Report Florida agricultural extension service
Running title:
Annual report
Creator:
University of Florida -- Agricultural Extension Division
University of Florida -- Agricultural Extension Service
Florida States College for Women
United States -- Dept. of Agriculture
Place of Publication:
Gainesville Fla. The Service
Publisher:
[s.n.]
Creation Date:
1956
Publication Date:
Frequency:
Annual
regular
Language:
English
Physical Description:
v. : ill. ; 23 cm.

Subjects

Subjects / Keywords:
Agricultural extension work -- Periodicals -- Florida ( lcsh )
Home economics, Rural -- Periodicals -- Florida ( lcsh )
Genre:
serial ( sobekcm )

Notes

Dates or Sequential Designation:
1939-
Numbering Peculiarities:
Report of general activities for ...with financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30; report for 1939 called also: Silver anniversary report.
Issuing Body:
Issued by: Division of Agricultural Extension and U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917-1922; Agricultural Extension Division, Florida State College for women, and U.S. Dept. of Agriculture 1929- .
General Note:
At head of title: Cooperative extension work in agriculture and home economics.
Statement of Responsibility:
University of Florida, Agricultural Extension Service, Florida State College for Women and United States Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

Record Information

Source Institution:
University of Florida
Holding Location:
University of Florida
Rights Management:
Copyright Board of Trustees of the University of Florida
Resource Identifier:
46387223 ( OCLC )
2001229382 ( LCCN )

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Full Text




COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK IN AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS
(Act, of May 8 and June 30, 1914)
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE, UNIVaRSITY Or FLORIDA
FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY
AND UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
COOPERATING
M. 0. WATKINS, Director











1956 REPORT


FLORIDA AGRICULTURAL


EXTENSION SERVICE











REPORT OF GENERAL ACTIVITIES FOR 1956 with
FINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR THE
FISCAL YEAR ENDED
JUNE 30, 1956








COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK IN AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS
(Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914)
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY
AND UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
COOPERATING
M. 0. WATKINS, Director,











1956 REPORT


FLORIDA AGRICULTURAL


EXTENSION SERVICE











REPORT OF GENERAL ACTIVITIES FOR 1956 with
FINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR THE
FISCAL YEAR ENDED
JUNE 30, 1956







BOARD OF CONTROL


Fred H. Kent, Chairman, Jacksonville J. Lee Ballard, St. Petersburg James J. Love, Quincy James D. Camp, Ft. Lauderdale


Ralph L. Miller, Plymouth Hollis Rinehart, Miami S. K. Guernsey, Jacksonville


STAFF, AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE


Willard M. Fifield, M.S., Provost for
Agriculture I
Marshall 0. Watkins, D.P.A., Director J. N. Busby, B.S.A., Assistant Director F. W. Parvin, M.S.A., Assistant to the
Director 2
Rogers L. Bartley, B.S., Administrative
Assistant I

AGRICULTURAL DEMONSTRATION
WORK, GAINESVILLE
J. Francis Cooper, M.S.A., Editor' M. H. Sharpe, Ph.D., Assistant EditorI Glenn F. Schotten, B.S.A., Assistant EditorI K. S. McMullen, MAgr., District Agent F. S. Perry, M.Agr., District Agent W. J. Platt, Jr., M.S.A., District Agent C. W. Reaves, M.S.A., Dairy Husbandman T. W. Sparks, B.S.A., Assistant Dairy
Husbandman
N. R. Mehrhof, M.Agr., Poultry Husbandman J. S. Moore, M.S.A., Poultryman L. W. Kaleb, B.S.A., Asst. Poultry
Husbandman
A. W. O'Steen, B.S.A., Supervisor EggLaying Test, Chipley
T. J. Cunha, Ph.D., Animal Industrialist J. E. Pace, M.S.A., Animal Husbandman R. L. Reddish, Ph.D., Asst. Animal
Industrialist
K. L. Durrance, B.S.A., Asst. Animal
Industrialist
L. T. Nieland, Farm Forester A. S. Jensen, B.S., Asst. Forester H. G. Hamilton, Ph.D., Agricultural
Economist '
E. W. Cake, Ph.D., Marketing Economist Clifford Alston, M.S.A., Vegetable Marketing Specialist
Clyde E. Murphree, M.S.A., Farm and Home Development
C. C. Moxley, Ph.D., Assoc. Economist E. W. McElwee, Ph.D., Ornamental
Horticulturist I
S. A. Rose, M.S., Asst. Ornamental Horticulturist
Fred P. Lawrence, M.Agr., Citriculturist J. N. Joiner, M.Agr., Asst. Horticulturist Jack T. McCown, B.S.A., Asst. Horticulturist W. W. Brown, M.Agr., Boys' 4-H Agent G. M. Godwin, M.Agr., Asst. Boys' 4-I Club Agent
Ben H. Floyd, B.S.A., Asst. Boys' 4-H Club Agent

'Cooperative, other divisions, U. of F. On leave.
sIn cooperation with U. S. 4Cooperative, Florida State University.


T. C. Skinner, M.Agr., Agricultural Engineer A. M. Pettis, M.S.A., Farm Electrification
Specialist
John D. Haynie, B.S.A., Apiculturist V. L. J'ohnson, Rodent Control Specialists J. Russell Henderson, M.S.A., Agronomist S. L. Brothers, B.S.A., Acting Asst.
Agronomist
A. C. Mixon, M.S.A., Asst. Agronomist F. S. Jamison, Ph.IY., Vegetable Crops
Specialist I
Stanley E. Rosenberger, M.Agr., Asst.
Vegetable Crops Specialist
Forrest E. Myers, M.Agr., Asst, Vegetable
Crops Specialist
J. D. Norton, M.S., Asst. Vegetable Crops
Specialist
James E. Brogdon, M.Agr., Entomologist John H. Herbert, Jr., M.S.A., Asst. Soil
Conservationist
Donald M. Coe, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist


HOME DEMONSTRATION WORK
TALLAHASSEE

Anna Mae Sikes, M.S., State Agent Eunice Grady, M.S., Asst. to State HDA Helen D. Holstein, M.A., District Agent Mrs. Edith Y. Barrus, B.A., District Agent Joyce Bevis, M.A., District Agent Mrs. Bonnie J. Carter, B.S., Home
Improvement Specialist
Elizabeth Dickenson, M.A., Clothing and
Textile Specialist
Mrs. Gladys Kendall, B.A., Home Industries and Marketing Specialist Emily King, M.Ed., State Girls' 4-H Club Agent
Bronna Mae Elkins, M.E., Asst. State Girls'
4-H Club Agent
Susan R. Christian, M.S., Asst. Economist
in Food Conservation
Lena E. Sturges, M.S.H.E., Asst. Economist in Food Conservation' Alma Warren, M.A., in L.S., Asst. Editor and Visual Aids Specialist' Frances C. Cannon, M.S., Health Education Specialist
Alice L. Cromartie, M.S., Extension Nutritionist

NEGRO WORK, TALLAHASSEE
Floy Britt, B.S.H.E., District Agent J. A. Gresham, B.S.A., District Agent








Page

----------- ------------ 12
. ------ . 15
. I . - . . - 15
. . -.- 16
. . I --- 17
I . ------- ---- 21


. ----------- ------ - --- 21
. ------ . - --- 22
. - . - --------------- 25
------------ -- -------- -------- --- 27
------------------- - ---------- 30
-, . -------------- --- 32
. ------ ----- - . 35
. -- . --- . 37
------- . . 40
------ ------------ ------------- 43
----- -- ------------ . - ----- --- 45


Farm Forestry . ------------- . - ------ . ------ - --- . - 48
Ornamental Horticulture . ------ ----------- --- - ------------------ ------------ ------- --------- 51
Plant Pathology ----------------- -------------- ------------------ ------------- . ------- ------- - 53
Poultry Husbandry . - . - . . -- . --- -- . . -- 54
Soil and W ater Conservation . -- . . . - . - . . - . 58
Vegetable Production and M arketing . . . - . - . . - ------ - 59
Commercial Vegetable Production --- . ------- ------ -- . 59
Vegetable Gardening -. ------ - --------------- - ----- ----- . . ------------------ ------------- --- 60
Vegetable M arketing . - ------ -- ---------- ------- - ------------------------------ . 61
Hom e Dem onstration W ork . -- . . ---- --------- 66
Clothing and Textiles . . - . -- . . --.- ------ ---------- 71
Editorial and Visual Aids ----- . . . . . --- 73
Food and Nutrition --- - ------------- . - . - . - ------ 75
Food Conservation . ----------------------------------------------------- ------------ ------ ---------------- 76
Food Production - . ------- ----- - . ------------- ------------------------- ------- -------- 77
Girls' 4-H Club W ork . . . . ----------- -- . . --- . - ---- . --------- -- 79
Health Education . . --.- . . . . 81
Home Improvement --- . - -- ------------ ------ -------- 84
Home Industries and M arketing --------------- ------------------- ------------- ------ . . 87
Negro Farm Demonstration W ork . ------ -- ------------------- ------------ 90
Negro Home Demonstration W ork ---------- - ------ ------------- ------ ------------- ------------- 91

[ 3 1


CONTENTS

Director's Report . . -- ------ ----- - ------ - --- --------- ------Statistical Report ----------------------- - ------------------- -----------Agricultural Economics . . - . --------Citrus Grove M anagem ent . .
Farm M anagement ------ . -- ----------- - -----M arketing --- -- . -------------------Agricultural Engineering and Farm Electrification
Agricultural Engineering ------------- - ---------- - ----- ---Farm Electrification . --- --- ---------- --.- -------- .
Agronomy . - . . - . .
Animal Husbandry --. ------ ---- -- ------ .
Beekeeping --- - ---------------------------------- ----------- -- --- - ------Boys' 4-H Club W ork . . - . - . .
Citriculture and M inor Fruits . ------------- ------------Dairy Husbandry . .
Editorial Department ------------------ -------------------- --------------Entomology ------------------------------ ------------- -------- ------- .
Farm and Home Development ----------- ----------- .
Farm and Hom e Safety . . ---------






COUNTY AND HOME DEMONSTRATION AGENTS
(As of November 30, 1956)
Home Demonstration
County County Agent Address Agent
Alachua - . Loonis Blitch . Gainesville . Mrs. Josephine MeSwine Alachua
(Asst.) ------ A. T. Andrews._. Gainesville
-Mrs. Delores Y. Shamsedin
Baker . - A. L. Harrell.-._. M acclenny . . Bay . H. M. Carr .-- .---------- Panama City
-Miss Emma L. Stevenson
Bay (Asst.).Howard C. Gray -----. Panama City . Bradford . G. T. Huggins . Starke ------. --.--Miss Dorothy P. Ross
Brevard .J. T. Oxford .---- Cocoa . Mrs. Sue B. Young
Brevard
(Asst.) . H. W. Cunningham --. Cocoa . Mrs. Marguriette F. Reese Broward . Robert S. Pryor _----------- Fr. Lauderdale .Miss Louise Taylor
Broward
(Asst.) ---------- Matthew W. Collier ------ Ft. Lauderdale .
Broward
(Asst.) -.Lewis E. Watson ----. Ft. Lauderdale .
Calhoun-. Thomas B. Jones ------------ Blountstown ---.Mrs. Annie W. Finlay
Calhoun
(Asst.)-. Russell S. Rudd - ------ Blountstown . .
Charlotte ----. N. H. McQueen. .----- Punta Gorda . .
Citrus.------- Quentin Medlin -------. Inverness ------.------- Mrs. Ray C. Baxter
Citrus
(A sst.) . Theodore Gallo, III . Inverness . Clay . Emmett D. McCall_ .Green Cove Springs
-Mrs. Sue P. Glennan
Clay (Asst.).George M. Owens . Green Cove Springs
-Mrs. Laura W. Williams
Collier . D. W. Lander-.-. Everglades---------- .
Collier
(Asst.) . W . F. W ortman -------.Everglades .
Columbia . Neal M. Dukes . Lake City .Mrs. Glenn M. Sewell Columbia
(A sst.) . E. J. Cow en . Lake City . Dade . John D. Campbell ---------.Miami--- .------ _.----- Miss Olga Kent
Dade (Asst.).Roy J. Champagne_ . Miami -----.Mrs. Helen B. MacTavish
Dade (Asst.).Ralph E. Huffaker.------ Miami -----.-.-Mrs. Camille N. Helgren
Dade (Asst.).Douglas M. Knapp . Miami _.-.-.----------------Dade (Asst.)._.Nolan L. Durre . Homestead -----.Mrs. Erma L. Butcher
Dade (A sst.) -.W . R. Llew ellyn -----.H om estead .
Dade (Asst.).Hugh C. Whelchel, Jr. Homestead .--------------- . _.
DeSoto -------------- W. L. Woods ------------------ Arcadia- . Miss Virginia J. Holland
Dixie----- . -. Ben Floyd.-. Cross City .
Dixie
(Asst.) . Charles E. Rowan . Cross City . Duval --_---------- James N. Watson_. Jacksonville . Mrs. Nellie D. Mills
Duval (Asst.).Wm. E. Kloeppel . Jacksonville._.Mrs. Nannie M. Cochran Duval (Asst.).J. R. Yelvington ----.Jacksonville
-Mrs. Josephine M. Cameron
Duval (Asst.).-Howard Taylor, Jr . Jacksonville . Escambia --- E. N. Stephens .-.Pensacola -------------- Miss Ethel Atkinson
Escambia
(Asst.)- .Calvin A. Winter_ . Pensacola.-------- Miss Myndall I. Hall
Escambia
(Asst.) . James H. W alker_ ------ Pensacola . Flagler . F. L. Polhill . . Bunnell . . . . Franklin._-.W. C. Zorn ._.--------- Apalachicola . . .
Gadsden-. John C. Russell . Quincy . Mrs. Marjorie B. Gregory
[4]







COUNTY AND HOME DEMONSTRATION AGENTS-(Continued)
Home Demonstration
County County Agent Address Agent
Gadsden
(Asst.) .Bernard H. Clark .-.Quincy-.Mrs. Edwena J. Robertson Gilchrist.L. C. Cobb . . Trenton .Glades .Harold H. Cook. . _---Moore Haven. .--_Gulf . .C. R. Laird.Wewahitchka . Hamilton .H. A. Andrews .-Jasper .---Mrs. Wylma B. White
Hardee.J. F. Barco. Wauchula.-_. Miss Sara Horton Hendry .Frederick M. Shuler .LaBelle.---.----_Hernando .Harry J. Brinkley._.Brooksville. ---Mrs. Margaret R. Nelson Highlands.3. J. Harris, Jr.Sebring .Miss Catherine Brabson Highlands
(Asst.) .J. C. Hayman. ----. Sebring -------------.Hillsborough . Alec White . Tampa_.------Miss Lora Kiser Hillsborough
(Asst.) . C. F. O'Quinn. ---Tampa.------Mrs. Mamie G. Bassett
Hillsborough
(Asst.) .Jean Beem .Tampa . Hillsborough
(Asst.).----V_. L. Hatcher_. .Tampa.
Hillsborough
(Asst.) .V. M. Caldwell . --Plant City.Miss Doris E. Wetters Hillsborough
(Asst.) . 0. Armor . .Plant City. Hillsborough
(Asst.) .M. C. Jorgensen,.Ruskin.Miss Virginia R. Hill Holmes_---.C. U. Storey_.Bonifay. .__. .
Indian River.Forrest N. McCullars --- Vero Beach -----.__.
Jackson .__.Woodrow W. Glenn-.--Marianna.-. - - Mrs. Alyne C. Heath
Jackson
(Asst.). .L. D. Taylor_. .Marianna.-----Mrs. Jane R. Burgess
Jefferson.Albert H. Odom.Monticello_.Miss Fern S. Nix Lafayette.W. 0. Whittle . .Mayo__._. Lake. . R. E. Norris.----.Tavares_._.Mrs. Marian Valentine
Lake (Asst.) . B. 0. Bass. -Tavares . Mrs. Mary 0. Rowley Lee._ -_._C. P. Heuck.---_-.-.Fort Myers - _. -.------Leon-. James L. Rhoden.-----Tallahassee .Mrs. Mamie C. Daughtry
Leon (Asst.) . J. E. Thomiaston.-------Tallahassee Mrs. Evelyn C. Presley
Leon (Asst.).Lenzy M. Scott---.Tallahassee .---. .----Levy. Wilburn C. Farrell. .Bronson_.------Mrs. Linnie R. Coburn
Levy (Asst.).Oscar L. Joiner, Jr .Bronson.---. Liberty .Charles R. Smith.Bristol .Mrs. Camilla R. Alexander Madison .--Oliver R. Hamrick, Jr. Madison .Mrs. Almon S. Zipperer Madison
(Asst.)-.---H. T. Paulk.--.--- Madison.------Manatee. .Wilson H. Kendrick.Palmetto .---Mrs. Ethel W. Hanson Manatee
(Asst.) . M. Kelly--. Palmetto .-Miss Patricia L. Denmark Manatee
(Asst.)----.Robert G. Curtis.Palmetto.---.------ .
Marion .Edsel W. Rowan.Ocala.-------Miss Elsie M. Garrett
Marion
(Asst.) .G. B. Harrison.aa.aa. ------ -----_- ----- --Marion
(Asst.) .Everette H. Fischer .Ocala . . Martin. .L. M. Johnson. Stuart . . Miss Martha C. Burdine Nassau._-----Gordon B. Ellis.Hilliard .Mrs. Evelyn 1. Sabbarese
Okaloosa--.F. A. McMillan, Jr .--Crestview.---.Mrs. Dora S. Stubblefield
Okaloosa*
(Assoc.) . .Jack D. Patten.------Crestview .-- .
Alsao Associate Agent in Santa Rosa County,
15]







COUNTY AND HOME DEMONSTRATION AGENTS-(Continued)
Home Demonstration
County County Agent Address Agent
Okeechobee-.C. R. Boyles .Okeechobee. . . Orange.-.F. E. Baetzman .Orlando .Miss Marjorie K. Ludeman Orange
(Asst.) .Henry F. Swanson.Orlando. .Mrs. Mary A. Moore Orange
(Asst.).A. F. Cribhett.----Orlando. Miss Joyce McDonald Osceola.J. B. Smith. .-----Kissimmee .Miss Marilyn Dietrich
Palm Beach .M. U. Mounts.--_.W. Palm Beach .Miss Mary L. Todd Palm Beach
(Asst.) .John H. Causey . Palm Beach
-Mrs. Elizabeth H. Pierce
Palm Beach
(Asst.) .Rayburn K. Price.--W. Palm Beach.------.
Palm Beach
(Asst.) .Raleigh S. Griffis .W. Palm Beach . _.
Palm Beach
(Asst.) . H. . L. Speer. Belle Glade. .I. . Pasco . . J. F. Higgins.-_.Dade City. .Mrs. Mary R. Stearns
Pasco (Asst.).C. A. Byrd. Dade City.Miss Caroline L. DeVore Pinellas .J. H. Logan ._.Largo.Mrs. Charlotte M. Lattimer Pinellas
(Asst.).H. A. Williams.------Largo.------- Miss Jo Ann Tilley
Pinellas
(Asst.). ----L. B. Cunningham.-----Largo .-.----.__.
Polk.-------W. P. Hayman . .Bartow. . Mrs. Ruth M. Elkins
Polk (Asst.).Paul A. Daly.-----.Bartow .Mrs. Cora Sue Johnson
Polk (Asst.) .Robert Yates ----.Bartow . Polk (Asst.).Jackson A. Haddox. Bartow . . Polk (Asst.) .James D. Pierce .Bartow---_.__.Putnam.H, E. Maltby. .Palatka .Mrs. Elizabeth W. Starbird Putnam
(Asst.) .Ralph T. Clay, Jr.Palatka . St. Johns .P. R. McMullen. St. Augustine_ . .Mrs. Ruth T. Penner St. Johns
(Asst.) .Paul L. Dinkins, Jr.----St. Augustine-----_.
St. Lucie .Charles D. Kine.Fort Pierce. .Mrs. Mary H. Bennett Santa Rosa .S. C. Kierce.----.--,.Milton . Miss Lora A. Botts
Santa Rosa
(Asst.).------------------Milton. -- Mrs. Ann P. Jeter
Sarasota._.Kenneth A. Clark .Sarasota .Mrs. Laleah B. Brown Sarasota
(Asst.) .Hal Hopson .-- . Sarasota . . ~ --Seminole . C.ecil Tucker, II.Sanford .Miss Myrtie C. Wison Sumter .0. M. Maines, Jr. .Bushnell.------Mrs. May 0. Fulton
Sumter
(Asst.)-.Donald A. George.-----Bushnell.------ .
Suwannee_.J. P. Crews.-------. -.Live Oak-.Mrs. Helen R. Hardiman
Suwannee
(Asst.) .A. K. Doke. ----Live Oak. ---. .
Taylor.------ H. P. Davis .Perry .Mrs. Sallie R. Childers
Union_.---. William J. Cowen.Lake Butler . . ._ .
Volusia .T. R. Townsend.DeLand .Mrs. Edna S. Eby Volusia
(Asst.)._J. N. Luttrell. DeLand -----.
Wakulla .A. S. Laird. . Crawfordville . .---Walton__.H.1. 0. Harrison. .De Funiak Springs
-Miss Betty J. Duckett
Washington.Johnnie E. Davis .Chipley.---.Mrs. Dorcas L. Payne






NEGRO COUNTY AND HOME DEMONSTRATION AGENTS
Home Demonstration
County County Agent Address Agent
Alachua . English M. Greene --------- Gainesville . Leontine Williams
Columbia . McKinley Jeffers . Lake City ------------------------ Gladys Wilkins
Dade . Miami -------------------- Victoria M. Simpson
Duval . Jacksonville ------------------ Ethel M. Powell
Gadsden . Russell Stephens . Quincy ---------------------- Ursula H. Williams
Hamilton . Isaac Chandler, Jr . Jasper -------------------------------------------------------Hillsborough ----------------------------------------------- Tampa --------- . Sudella J. Ford
Jackson . Virgil Elkins . Marianna . Virginia V. Dickens Jeff erson . M. E. Groover . Monticello . -----------------Leon . Richard A. Hartsfield --- Tallahassee ------------ . Irie Mae Clark
Madison . James C. Miller . Madison ----------- . Lola E. Preston
Marion . Eugene P. Smith ------------- Ocala .
Marion . . Reddick -------------------- . Sarah K. Thomas
Putnam . Palatka . Leala M. Reaves Sumter -------------- Richard L. Bradley . Bushnell .
Volusia . DeLand . Ida T. Pemberton







Florida Cooperative Extension


DIRECTOR'S REPORT

H. G. Clayton, Director' ,
M. 0. Watkins, Assistant Director and Director' Joe N. Busby, Assistant Director I
F. W. Parvin, Assistant to the Director' K. S. McMullen, District Agent
F. S. Perry, District Agent
W. J. Platt, District Agent

The total volume of work handled by agents in 1956 was considerably more than the year before. For example, all agents combined made more than 101,492 farm or home visits to give first hand assistance with problems. This was an increase of 10,129 over the year before.
The number of office calls totaled 259,208, an increase of 24,342 from the year before. Telephone calls increased by 54,381 to a total of 320,622. The number of news articles, radio and television broadcasts showed considerable increase over the year before.
In carrying out the work in the counties, agents worked closely with local leaders. Some 2,564 training meetings were held for leaders. The leaders, in turn, held 2,928 meetings for adults, attended by 51,921, and 2,528 meetings for 4-H members, attended by 43,242.
In attempting to work more closely with farm families on broad farm and home management problems, agents worked with 416 families.
Agents gave more attention to marketing problems during 1956. For example, a total of 132 formally organized cooperatives with a combined membership of 17,197 were assisted with marketing and purchasing. The cooperatives were assisted with organization, financial, and operating problems.
More farmers were given help with soil and water conservation and management, forestry and wildlife protection.
Increased emphasis was given to problems involving planning and management of the farm busin ss. Farmers were given assistance with keeping and analyzing their farm records, agricultural outlook, income tax accounting, social security, and making needed adjustments in the farm organization.
Home demonstration agents gave increased attention to home management and clothing construction. They reached more families with information on foods and nutrition, health, and safety problems.
Both county and home demonstration agents devoted more time to educational projects or programs relating to citizenship activities.
Total number of 4-H Clubs in the state was 1,498, an increase of 50 over 1955, Number of club members enrolled increased from 35,212 to 37,130. Number of projects carried by 4-H members increased from 77,742 to 82,148. More club members received training in judging, giving demonstrations, farm and home safety, citizenship, forestry and health, nursing, and first aid.
More families were assisted by the Extension Service to make changes in agricultural and homemaking practices than ever before. A total of 270,426 Florida families were reached in 1956, an increase of more than 52,138 over 1955. An increasingly large number of these families, 171,725,
1 Director, December 1, 1955, to May 31, 1956.
2 Assistant Director, Dec. 1, 1955, to May 31, 1956; Director, June I to Nov. 30, 1956.
3 Assistant Director, July 1, 1956, to November 30, 1956.
1 Granted leave of absence to continue graduate work.






Annual Report, 1956


lived in towns. They called on county agents for help with lawns, backyard fruit trees, ornamental production and other problems of an agricultural nature. Some 54,580 families worked with were classified as rural nonfarm-and 44,121 were farm families.

IMPORTANT CHANGES OR DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE STATE EXTENSION SERVICE
A. Financing Extension Work.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT 1955-56
Federal Funds:
Smith-Lever Amended --------_---_----_---- ---_--------- $517,036.50
Agricultural Marketing . 9,700.00 Bureau of Indian Affairs . -------------_ 7,350.00

$ 534,086.50


State Appropriation:
Legislature . . $729' ' 649.00
State Trust Funds:
Incidental (Actual) . . . 19,989.33 County Appropriations . . --------- ----_---------- 593,908.00


729,649.00


Grand Total . . . . . . $1,877,632.83

FINANCIAL STATEMENT 1956-57 Federal Funds:
Smith-Lever Amended --- . _ . . $561,826.94 Agricultural Marketing . 9,900.00 Bureau of Indian Affairs ------------------------------------ 12,600.00
$ 584,326.94
State Appropriation:
Legislature . ------- . . $810,154.06 810,154.06*
State Trust Funds:
,Incidental (Estimated) . . . 21,600.00 21,600.00 County Appropriations . . 640,689.00 640,689.00

Grand Total . . _ . _ . . --------- I . $2,056,770.00
*Includes $73,893.06 in earryover funds from 1955-56.

Increases in federal and county funds during the year made it possible to add new positions at state and county levels as follows: I assistant agricultural engineer, 1 assistant horticulturist, 8 assistant county agents, 3 assistant home demonstration agents, 7 county clerical assistants, and
4 state office clerical personnel.
During the year the position of Assistant Agronomist for tobacco work was filled by promoting a county agricultural agent from a tobacco county to this position. This specialist has begun to organize his program to give special attention to this important crop.
There have been -no major changes in Extension organization, Director H. G. Clayton retired May 31. Dr. M. 0. Watkins was promoted to this position June 1. A former Acting County Agent and Assistant State Boys' 4-11 Club Agent, Mr. J. N. Busby, was appointed to the Assistant Director position. The Assistant to the Director position is vacant temporarily while Mr. F. W. Parvin is away working toward his doctorate degree.


19,989.33 593,908.00







Florida Cooperative Extension


Personnel Training.-A series of one- or two-day area training conferences was held with county and home demonstration agents to give the agents new research information available in the more important fields of work. These training conferences included only subject matter recognized as of major concern to the agents in a given area. The agents were enthusiastic about this system of training and are asking for "repeats" on this type of school during the coming year. In addition, specialists continue to provide agents with new information through the usual channels of communication.
The annual conference of all Extension agents in Florida is considered a major device for training of agents. While little actual subject matter is presented at this time, agents are brought information on such items as program projection, rural development, farm and home development, etc. This is a week-long conference and is held in late August of each year on the campus of the University of Florida.
The annual three-week summer school for Extension workers was held at the University of Florida June 18 to July 7, 1956. A total of 34 exten' sion workers attended. Most took two courses for graduate credit. Four courses were offered, each carrying 1% hours of credit.
Arrangements were again made for home demonstration agents to enroll for the first three weeks of the regular six-week summer school courses at Florida State University. Three agents attended.
A two-day orientation school for new assistant county agents was held. An attempt was made to bring to agents information on policies of the Agricultural Extension Service and to answer questions that they might have on Extension work. The agents had been in the counties for a period of from one to 11 months.
All 'prospective home demonstration workers underwent a period of orientation at Florida State University before going into the counties for work.
District agents and specialists carried on a continuous program of inservice training for agents. Agents attended the Experiment Stations throughout the year as field days were held and otherwise kept up-to-date on subject matter.
Water Conservation-During 1956 a Water Resources Study Commission, provided for by the 1955 legislature, completed a study of water problems in all counties of Florida. County Extension personnel assisted with the organization of the committees at the county level and with the holding of meetings to discuss water problems. At the state level, state Extension Service staff personnel served on a number of different committees which investigated various aspects of Florida's water problems. The findings of the county and state committee are to be presented to the 1957 session of the Florida legislature with a view to the passage of legislation which would correct the more serious water problems in Florida,
Farm Forest Management, Protection and Planting.-This phase of Florida agriculture is receiving increased attention from county and state groups as they envision the importance of forests to the economic future of Florida. Attention is being given by county Extension agents and the state specialists to increased farm income from gum farming and the growing of a crop of 'pine timber. The Extension Service is working and will continue to work closely with state and federal forest services, Soil Conservation Service, Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation, vocational agriculture teachers and others in this important work.
Health Problems.-The state home demonstrate ' ion program emphasizes good health practices in practically all of its aspects. .'Recently a state Rural Health Committee was organized, made up of representatives from







Annual Report, 1956


the State Board of Health, Florida Medical Association, Florida Farm Bureau and Agricultural Extension Service. Efforts will be made through this committee to coordinate work on major health problems throughout Florida, working through county groups.
Problems of Low Farm Income.-Major attention has been given to assisting farmers to develop supplemental sources of income, locate offthe-farm employment, increase net income through use of more efficient practices and the latest research information, more efficient use of outlook information, record keeping, use of family budgets and otherwise. In this important work practically all staff members play some part, at both state and county levels.
Youth Work-All staff members in Florida devote a portion of their time to 4-H Club and other youth work. A major effort is given by all in concerted action to provide the youth of the state, and especially the rural youth, with an opportunity to improve themselves through work with agricultural or home economics projects, by following better health practices, by participation in community or county projects, and active participation in citizenship affairs. Florida's Extension program includes the operation of five state 4-H Club camps. These provide an opportunity for training in subject matter, citizenship and health practices. Four-H Club short courses and other state, district and county activities are aimed at fullest development of youth.
Extension Training for Foreign Visitors.-In 1956 the Extension Service provided training for a total of 83 visitors f roni 26 countries. The countries represented by these trainees were Belgian Congo, Bolivia, Brazil, British Honduras, Chile, China (Nationalist), Costa Rica, Cuba, Formosa, France, Greece, Gautemala, Honduras, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, Thialand, and Turkey.
Training included a short course on youth work and farm and home development for 'personnel doing Extension work in Chile, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Peru.








Florida Cooperative Extension


STATISTICAL REPORT, MEX AXD WOMEX

Data from White and Negro County and Home Demonstration Agents' Reports

GENERAL ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Farm and home visits made ----------- . . . i-__101,492
Calls relating to Extension work . office 259,208; telephone 320,622 News articles or stories prepared _. _----_------ - . 14,280
Broadcasts made or prepared . television 322; radio 3,490
Bulletins distributed . . -------_--_-------- . 616,547
Adult result demonstrations conducted --------------------------------------------------- 4,141
Training meetings held for local leaders:
N um ber . - . ----- 2,626 Total attendance . - 71,096

All other meetings agents held or participated in:
N um ber . -- . . 31,483 Total attendance . . 1,159,554

Meetings held or conducted by local leaders:
N um ber __. . . . . 5,496 Total attendance . . . . 96,103

COOPERATIVE AGRICULTURAL PLANNING
Total number of different voluntary leaders assisting Extension agents with organization, planning and conducting of Extension work in counties:

M en ------------------------------------- . . . 2,602
W om en . . 5,462 Older club boys ------------------------------------------------------------------ 200
Older club girls . . 1,104

Individuals assisted to adopt recommended production and marketing practices in subject matter fields:


Conservation of Natural
Resources
Individuals assisted with:
Soil and water conservation and management .- 24,184 Forestry ---------------------- -------- 8,530
W ildlife . 4,424
Livestock
Individuals assisted with: Dairy animals and products . 14,254 Poultry and products . 16,930 Beef cattle .-. . 22,860 Sheep and goats . 304 Swine . 15,000 Other livestock . 2,420


Crop Production Individuals assisted with: Grain crops . - -----Hay and other forage, pasture, range . Cotton and other fibre crops . Tobacco . . Oil and sugar crops . Fruits and nuts . Vegetables, including potatoes .
Flowers, ornamental shrubs .


15,684

19,084 6,795 8,061
5,954 51,546

48,219 107,235







Annual Report, 1956


Planning and Management of the
Farm Business
Individuals assisted with . 20,955
Farm Build'ngs and Mechanical Equipment
Individuals assisted with:
Farm buildings . . _ 3,40S
Farm mechanical
equipment . -------------- 6,593

The House and Surroundings,
Furnishings and Equipment
Individuals or families assisted with:
The house and
surroundings . 50,676
Furnishings and equipm ent . . . __ . 28,791


Foods and Nutrition, Health, Family
Life and Safety
Families assisted with: Foods and nutrition . ------ 51,139 Health . . 29,728 Family life . . . 23,098 Safety . 29,987
Home Management, Family
Economics and Clothing Individuals assisted with:
Home management . 19,321 Family economics . 16,420 Clothing . . 41,481
Marketing and Distribution Individuals assisted with:
Consumer information on
agricultural products . 56,526


ASSISTANCE GIVEN TO FORMALLY ORGANIZED COOPERATIVES
AND TO INFORMALLY ORGANIZED GROUPS

Formally organized groups assisted Informally organized groups assisted
with: with:


Marketing and purchasing: Number . . 132 Members . 17,197 Farm and home service: Number --- . so Members . . --- 19,963


Marketing and purchasing: Number . . M embers . . . . Farm and home service: Number . __ . Members --- . .


150
5,442

287 3,745


PERSONS PARTICIPATING IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND
PUBLIC AFFAIRS PROJECTS, PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES ON WHICH AGENTS WORK

Citizenship activities . . . . _ . __ . 19,355 Developing and improving county or community organization . 25,464


Local projects of a general public
nature:
General community problems . --- 20,705 Improving health facilities 47,127 Improving schools . 5,696 Improving churches _. . 6,419 Bettering town-country relations . . 23,043


Libraries ---_--_- . _ . Roads . . . Telephones . .
Community centers . .
Recreation programs and . facilities . Community beautification


2,104 1,882 1,918
7,447

21,946 5,893



7,725
13,594 6,624 10,549


Regional or area developm ent program s . ; . .
N ational program s . --------_ ----- __ ------ ---------------------------------------------------------W orla affairs . __ -------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------Em ergency activities . __ -----_ ----_ -- ------------------------------------------------------








Florida Cooperative Extension


SUMMARY OF 4-H CLUB WORK

N um ber of 4-H Clubs -----------------------------------------Number of 4-H members enrolled in and completing projects: Enrolled: Boys-15,466; girls-21,664; total.----------Completing: Boys-11,130; girls-14,115; total . 4-H membership:
Boys: Farm-8,031; rural non-farm-4,464; urban .
Girls: Farm-7,298; rural non-farm-7,427; urban.


4-H projects completed: Corn . Other cereals . Peanuts ------- .
Cotton. Tobacco . Vegetables . Fruits----------------.
Range and pasture . Other crops-----------.
Soil and water conservation and management . Forestry . Wildlife and nature study Poultry . Dairy cattle . Beef cattle. Swine----------------.
Sheep.
Rabbits.
Other livestock--------.
Bees .
Entomology.
Tractor maintenance.
Electricity .


1,281
70
309 163 89 4,828
574 397
134

235 502
454 2,603 1,323 1,092
1,646
10 666 225 209 252
541 1,119


Soybeans and other
legumes.
Potatoes, Irish and sweet Farm shop. Other engineering projects-------------.
Farm management. Beautification of home
grounds-------------.
Meal planning and preparation. Canning and preserving .Freezing of food . Heaith, nursing, first aid. Child care. Clothing.-------Home management. Home furnishings and
room improvement . Home industries, arts, crafts . Junior leadership . All other . Total projects completed .-


SUMMARY OF EXTENSION

Farm families making changes in agricultural practices---------.37,400 Rural non-farm families making changes in agricultural practices . 37,435 Urban families making changes in agricultural practices--------.127,326 Farm families making changes in homemaking practices ------------ 18,051
Rural non-farm families making changes -in homemaking -practices 26,740 Urban families .making changes, in homemaking practices---------.73,778.
Total different farm families assisted by Extension pr 'ograms .44,121 Total different rural non-farm families assisted by-Extension'
programs.*------I---------------*--------- 54,580
Total different urban families assisted by Extension programs .171,725


1,498

37,130
25,245


2,971 6,939



160 351
64

13 30

2,669

8,874
1,202 690
2,042 1,941

1,243

2,390

2,160 913 830 53,153







Annual Report, 1956


AGPdCULTURAL ECONOMICS
H. G. Hamilton, Agricultural Economist

CITRUS GROVE MANAGEMENT
Zach Savage, Agricultural Economist (Agricultural Experiment Station)
Citrus production costs were at their highest in 24 years on a per-acre basis during the 1954-55 season. An increase of 10 percent over the previous high season of 1953-54 brought the operating or cash costs to $203 per acre last season. This was an increase of 37 percent over the five-year average of 1946-51. Each of the three main items of cash cost in 1954-55 increased 11 percent over the previous season. These items were labor, power and equipment, fertilizer materials and spray and dust materials.
Operating costs per acre for bearing groves at $184 in 1953-54 were an increase of 8 percent over the previous season and 4 percent over 1951-52-the previous high. The 1953-54 yield at 447 boxes was 103 boxes, or 30 percent, higher than the previous season. This yield in 1953-54 was the highest of these records. The average age at 30 years was a year older than the previous two seasons. The increase in yield reduced operating costs per box to 41 cents, which was 9 cents below the previous season. Per-box costs were the lowest in 1953-54 since the 1948-49 season. Returns above operating costs in 1953-54 at $140 per acre were lower than the previous season, due largely to lower fruit prices. The average price per box in 1953-54 was 72 cents, in the 1952-53 season 95 cents.
Operating costs per acre in 1954-55 exceeded $200 per acre for the first time. Money spent per acre for labor, power and equipment, fertilizer materials and spray and dust materials was the highest of these records. Expenditures for spray and dust materials at $22.45 per acre were 11 percent higher than the previous high season of 1953-54. Twelve bearing groves-7 percent-received no spray or dust. On the other hand, in excess of $40.00 per acre was spent for spray and dust materials on 15 groves-8 percent.
In 1955-56 there were 594,600 acres of oranges, grapefruit and tangerines in Florida, which included 516,900 acres of bearing and 77,700 acres of non-bearing. The increase in bearing acreage was 19,500 acres. In 1954-55 there were 571,000 acres of these three kinds of citrus of ' all ages in Florida. During that season there were 7,174 acres of citrus included in these accounts, which was 1.3 percent of the state acreage.
Cash receipts from marketing of oranges, grapefruit and tangerines made up 33 percent of Florida cash farm receipts in 1954 and 32 percent in 1955. Florida growers received 63 percent of the cash receipts from these three kinds of citrus in the United States in 1954 and 64 percent in 1955. These receipts in Florida were $200,254,000 in 1955.
Florida produced 33 percent of the world supply of oranges, grapefruit and tangerines in 1955-56 and 32 percent the previous season. Other areas of the United States produced 12 percent in 1955-56. The highest proportion produced in Florida was in the 1953-54 season, 35 percent. The world production of oranges and tangerines in 1955-56 reached a new record at 352 million boxes despite a severe freeze in Spain, which caused a loss of an estimated 19.8 million boxes. Also grapefruit and lime crops were larger than in 1954-55, but the lemon cro was slightly smaller.
The Bureau of Census of the U. S. Department of Commerce reported an equivalent of 486 acres of lemon trees in Florida in 1949. Two-thirds







Florida Cooperative Extension


of these trees were bearing and one-third non-bearing. An equivalent acreage of 1,944 was reported in 1954, 26 percent of which was bearing and 74 'percent non-bearing. Lemon production was reported at 84,944 field boxes in 1954.
Data collected indicate yields of oranges and grapefruit are related to age of trees and number of trees set per acre. Some of the difficulties encountered in some of the older groves no doubt were brought about or intensified by trees not having enough space. Hedging is one way of alleviating some of the bad effects of crowding and no doubt would be more effective if done to prevent crowding than if done several years after the limbs had interlocked. There was not enough hedging on the groves of these data to affect the results presented. Double setting with the removal of alternate trees at the proper time is another means of relieving or postponing of trees crowding each other. However, a chief hazard to this method is the lack of sufficient intestinal fortitude by the management to remove the trees at the proper time.
The best citrus land available should be used when planting new groves. Good citrus land is worth several times as much as poor or unsuitable land. Suitable land is a necessity in order to compete in efficient citrus production. If suitable land cannot be obtained, it would be best to purchase a good grove already set on good citrus land. The use of the proper rootstock is also very important.
Fertilizer materials remain the most important items of production cost and should be studied continuously for improving grove efficiency. If possible, poundage of some of the elements should be reduced. Excesses of some elements not only cost money but some of them tie up other elements, thus reducing efficiency. If additional fertilizer is needed its addition would increase grove efficiency and result in higher profits. Generally speaking, all needed fertilizer should be added. There should be no elimination of or reduction in needed fertilizer elements.
Four publications, 11 different sheets of data, and two form letters were issued, representing 17,075 copies, or a total of 207,075 pages of material. In addition, there were 15 magazine articles prepared and published.

FARM MANAGEMENT

C. C. Moxley, Associate Economist

The Farm Management Specialist gave major attention to outlook, income tax, social security and farm accounting.
Outlook.-Following his attendance at the National Outlook Conference in Washington, the specialist collected and analyzed data pertinent to the current situation and future outlook. His analysis and predictions were made public in the mimeographed Florida Agricultural Outlook, Economic Series 56-2. Three additional brief outlook reports were sent subsequently to all extension personnel at intervals throughout the year. Radio and television programs, press releases and meetings were utilized in the dissemination of outlook information. Additional outlook work was done as a member of the Florida Outlook Committee, Whose report, Looking Ahead for Florida Agriculture, received widespread distribution and usage throughout the state. This, as well as the Florida Agricultural Outlook, served as reference material for growers and ranchers in production panning.
Social Security Special emphasis was given to helping farm families understand the new provisions of social security laws. This was the subject of 32 meetings held in 23 counties, at which the average attendance was








Annual Report, 1956 17

98 per meeting. The press and radio also were used in the social security educational program. County and home agents reported giving assistance on social security and related matters to a total of more than 6,000 persons.
It has been conservatively estimated that educational work by the Extension Service will result in social security benefits being received by at least 600 families who otherwise would not have qualified. If each of these families received only the minimum retirement benefits the total would amount to $324,000 a year. Based on an average expectation of 10 years' benefits, it appears that Florida farm families will have additional net income amounting to more than three million dollars that would not have come to Florida without this educational work by the Extension Service. In addition to those families who otherwise would not have qualified for any social security benefits, a large number already participating in social security were shown how to earn more benefits.
'Accounting.-Information given farmers on income tax reporting and income tax management helped many Florida farmers reduce tax payments to more nearly the legal minimum requirement. This work to eliminate unnecessary tax payment was not limited to individual farmers. Assistance and instruction were given to those who assist farmers in such matters as income tax, legal proceedings, business management and related problems. Extension agents reported giving assistance to nearly 1,500 such individuals or firms during 1956.
The Florida Farm Family Record Book was designed to simplify and make easier the task of keeping adequate farm and home records. Except for very large and highly specialized operations, farmers find this book especially suited for handily keeping all records necessary for income tax and social security reporting. It also fits the needs of families in farm and home development. Television and radio programs, supplemented by press releases, were used to publicize the need, the value and the mechanics of good record keeping.
Farmers faced with the need to make decisions relative to participation in the Soil Bank 'program found a valuable aid in the kit of materials developed for this purpose. This tool, with instructions for adaptation to different farm situations, also served to illustrate a logical method of decision making, i.e., considering and selecting alternatives.
The Southern Extension Farm Management Committee, working through its income tax and social security subcommittee, of which the Specialist is a member, was responsible for two very useful publications that are now available to farmers in all the Southern states. One, Farm Families and Social Security, combines into a 28-page bulletin most of the latest social security information that is needed by farm operators, landlords and hired workers. It deals with both management and the provisions of the law. The other bulletin, Farm Income Tax Management, places emphasis on tax reduction through management and deals with some of the major tax planning decisions that farmers must face.

MARKETING
E. W. Cake, Economist in Marketing
Clifford Allston, Vegetable Marketing Specialist
County agents estimated that they had assisted farmers in more than 50,000 instances during the year with marketing problems by furnishing either publications, information or advice. They also estimated that they had given assistance to 118 marketing and farm supply cooperatives.
Youth Education on Farmer Cooperatives-The Extension Service again joined with the Florida Council of Farmer Cooperatives in sponsoring co-








Florida Cooperative Ea-tension


operative activity contests among 4-H Clubs and FFA chapters in the state. These contests are designed to teach rural youth the benefits farmers can derive from working together in groups on their marketing and other problems. Number of groups participating and interest in the contests increased during the year. There was also an increase in number of farmer cooperatives working with 4-H Club and FFA chapters on these contests.
A total of 118 Florida youth and their leaders, who were representatives of district winning groups in these contests, attended the annual meeting of the state co-op council in Miami on expense-paid trips awarded by the council. In addition, 28 Florida youths and their leaders attended the annual meeting of the American Institute of Cooperation at North Carolina State College in Raleigh with expenses paid by the council and individual cooperatives in the state. The Winter Haven 4-H Club and Live Oak FFA Chapter, as state winners in the two contests, sent delegates to Raleigh. The Live Oak FFA Chapter was also Southeast winner.
Dairy Marketing Agreements or Orders.-Milk producer groups in southeastern and central Flor'da were assisted by the Extension Service in their efforts to get federal milk marketing orders into effect in their areas. The southeastern Florida group with Extension assistance formed and put into operation a very strong producers' bargaining association with which to make their efforts effective. They have carried the federal milk marketing order as far as the prod ucer- ref erendu in stage. It is expected to be ill operation by July. Through their association they also bargained effectively on price and classification of their milk with distributors in the area.

Fig. L-Representatives of nine of 10 district winning 4-11 clubs were awarded plaques by the Florida Council of Farmer Cooperatives, which sponsored the cooperative activities program.







Annual Report, 1956


The central Florida group, which already had a bargaining association, doubled the membership and territory of their association, hired a fulltime manager and increased their budget 10-fold. The association did some very effective bargaining with the State Milk Commission and with milk distributors. The federal milk marketing order which the association is proposing for the central Florida area will probably be considered at a hearing next year.
Assistance to New Grower Marketing Groups.-County agents and specialists worked with six new grower groups during the year in forming and operating new farmer co-operatives and other organizations to help solve their marketing problems. A fern growers' group was assisted with state legislation to tax themselves for a budget to promote use of their ferns. A new feed cooperative is operating effectively at Masaryktown after help on organization papers, operating and financing plans. A new cantaloupe and tomato cooperative was given similar assistance at Oxford, as well as a new egg marketing cooperative which is in operation with good volume at High Springs. Polk County poultrymen formed an educational and promotional association. Milk producers in southeastern Florida formed the Independent Dairy Farmers' Association, the excellent work of which was mentioned in connection with dairy marketing agreements.
Assistance to Existing Grower Marketing Groups.-Included in the 118 cooperatives to which county agents reported they gave marketing assistance were several co-operatives and other groups with which Extension personnel worked quite extensively during the year. Cucumber and watermelon grower groups continued to push for federal marketing agreements. An egg marketing cooperative at Orlando reorganized and got book-keeping and financing straightened out.
A honey co-op at Umatilla increased its volume 25 percent after an improved operating plan with larger advance payments. Another egg co-op at Masaryktown ironed out sales problems with Extension assistance. The Florida Citrus Exchange has a membership relations study under way with similar assistance. A large vegetable marketing co-op was assisted in grower relations. Considerable time of the Extension personnel was spent in work with the Central Florida Milk Producers' Association and the Florida Council of farmer Cooperatives, which were mentioned previously.
Other Marketing Work.-Citrus marketing work included marketing talks at numerous grower meetings, seminars and institutes, citrus marketing articles in citrus magazines and work with citrus co-ops. Truck crop marketing included work with groups selling at state farmers' markets and help for avocado and lime growers in getting a marketing research study in their South Florida area. Dairy and poultry marketing work with grower groups has been previously mentioned. Marketing work on other commodities, and general marketing work, included marketing talks at numerous cattlemen's, Farm Bureau and Civic club meetings and on eight radio and one TV program.
Vegetable Marketing.-Vegetable production in 1956 amounted to 271/0 of the total state farm income. During the past five years acreage of vegetable crops has increased from 352,200 to 412,450, while income has increased from $146,482,000 to $187,203,000. At least 9011o of all vegetables are shipped outside of Florida. This, plus the fact that marketing methods and practices are continually changing, causes marketing to be one of the foremost problems in the state.
Activities reported here cover the last six months of the year.
Economic Information.-Basic economic information on long-time trends in marketing and utilization of vegetable crops was prepared and made available to county agents for use in program projection. Information was







Florida Cooperative Extension


prepared on the competitive position of Florida vegetables, both domestic and foreign. This included tariff rates, acreages, volume production, acreage potential and marketing costs as related to foreign production.
Production figures from Cuba and Mexico were secured from time to time and sent to county agents. Foreign production offers more competition for winter vegetables than domestic production.
Marketing Fa6lities and Organizations Work has been carried on with producer groups in the Pompano and Wauchula markets to determine problem areas and devise possible solutions. Work has been done also with other state farmers markets to help increase efficiency of operations.
Research Information.-Good cooperation has been received from the agriculture economics department in helping to provide needed research information. Latest research information from the Experiment Station and United States Department of Agriculture has been sent to county agents as fast as it became available.
Commodity Organizations.-Excellent cooperation has been received from commodity and farm organizations such as the Florida Fruit and Vegetable Association and the Florida Farm Bureau. Work with organizations included analysis of market conditions and problems, analysis and use of economic information, and attack of 'problems on an industry-wide basis. The newly formed Florida Cucumber Growers Association asked for and received assistance on articles of incorporation and by-laws to be adopted by the group. Assistance was given also to the Wauchula Cucumber and Tomato Growers Association in revising their articles of incorporation and by-laws.
Marketing Agreements-Marketing agreements are now in effect on tomatoes, limes and avocados. The Specialist has attended three tomato, one lime and one avocado committee meetings. Information on supply, demand, production, consumption and other economic trends was given the tomato committee for use in formulating a marketing policy. An analysis of statistical information, gathered by the tomato committee, was made.
Hearings were completed on a proposed cucumber marketing agreement. The Specialist attended the hearings. No decision has been reached by the Secretary.
The Watermelon Growers and Shippers Association has held two meetings relative to a proposed watermelon marketing agreement. A proposed order has been submitted to the Secretary of Agriculture but no determination has been made relative to a hearing.
Conferences have been held with county agents and farmers relative to operation of marketing agreements and orders.







Annual Report, 1956


AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND FARM
ELECTRIFICATION

The Extension agricultural engineering program emphasizes farm buildings, farm housing, farm machinery, irrigation, farm electrification and safety. County and home demonstration agents reported assisting 101,228 individual farm persons in various phases of the engineering program during the year.

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

Thomas C. Skinner, Agricultural Engineer

Farm Structures.-The farm structures program is really a three-phase program which includes farm service buildings, farm housing and the Florida Farm Buildings Plan Service. According to agents' annual reports, this program reached 83,274 farmers and farm families in 1956.
During the year 4,200 farm building plans and 550 farm house plans were distributed in response to requests. Five radio talks, one television program, two magazine articles and seven news articles were prepared dealing with timely farm structures subjects. In addition, farm structures subjects were discussed at a number of county agent, home demonstration and farmer meetings.
Eighteen plans with an estimated construction value of $175,000 were prepared by the specialist's staff in 1956. Supervision was given to the construction of two cabins, one staff cottage and one latrine at 4-H Camp Cherry Lake. Two shuffleboard courts were constructed at 4-H Camp MeQuarrie and a bath was added to the leader's cab'n at 4-H Camp Doe Lake. At 4-H Camp Cloverleaf, the dining hall and kitchen, the honey house and an addition to the farm machinery shed were completed. Covered walks for the auditorium and dining hall, a flagpole base, and an entrance to the camp were constructed.
Farm Machinery-Each year Florida's agriculture becomes more mechanized as a result of the effort of farmers to reduce labor costs, to increase production and to reduce the drudgery often associated with farm work. County agents reported that 12,704 farmers were assisted with farm machinery problems in 1956.
Farm machinery and equipment dealers and distributors were encouraged and assisted to display and demonstrate their equipment at farmer meetings and fairs.
During the year the Agricultural Engineer aided in the promotion of the Third Annual Central Florida Farm Machinery and Garden Equipment Show. This show was held in conjunction with the Lake County Fair. He also worked with a program on garden tools in Dade County and a farm machinery maintenance clinic in Pasco County.
The specialist made two television films on farm machinery subjects, made one radio talk and released six news articles.
Irrigation.-Interest in irrigation continued at the same high level as in 1955. County agents reported 5,250 farmers assisted with irrigation problems in 1956. The specialist discussed irrigation at six county agent and farmer meetings and made 17 trips into counties to assist with specific irrigation problems. He made two radio talks, published one magazine article, and released three news articles this year.







Florida Cooperative Extev8ion


The Agricultural Engineer maintains close contact with manufacturers and distributors of irrigation equipment and was instrumental in securing many displays and demonstrations of irrigation equipment in 1956.
4-H Club Activities.-This year 874 boys from 36 counties participated in the 4-H tractor care program. The specialist conducted two area leader training clinics at which 95 leaders were trained. The tractor care project was discussed at each of the 10 4-H district planning conferences. Each of the 10 district,,; was represented in the State 4-H Tractor Operators' Contest held in Gainesville at the State Boys' Short Course. The state winner was accompanied to Richmond, Virginia, where he placed third in the Eastern United States 4-H Tractor Operators' Contest. The Agricultural Engineer personally assisted with this program in over 20 of the 36 counties having an active program.


J#
Fig. 2-The Agricultural Engineer congratulates Jinamy Moore on winning the 4-H tractor operator's contest.

FARM ELECTRIFICATION
A. M. Pettis, Assistant Agricultural Engineer and Farm Electrification Specialist
The Farm Electrification Specialist conducted an electric program to meet the needs of all Florida farmers and other interested rural and urban people. This specialist has had the added responsibility of promoting farm and home safety.
Electrical Farm Equipment.-Electric brooding of pigs and chicks was actively promoted. The specialist obtained 150 infra-red brooders and they were used by 300 4-H members in 5C counties to brood 25,000 chicks and








Annual Report, 19.56


300 pigs. County Extension workers during the year assisted 2,088 people in 53 counties in using electricity for income purposes.
Proper Wiring.-A demonstration wiring panel was effectively used to teach the benefits of good wiring. Also this panel dramatically proves that using a penny behind a blown fuse is a dangerous practice. Approxim-ately 1,618 people in 45 counties were assisted by county Extension workers in planning electrical systems.
Good Lighting.-Good lighting was extensively promoted throughout the state. State good reading lamp) contests were organized and county competition was encouraged. This specialist obtained 100 reading lamp kits for county agents to use in teaching. This activity resulted in 6,500 people being taught about good lighting and 600 lamps being built.
Electrical Home Equipment.-The specialist has promoted electrical home uses in cooperation with the Extension Homne Imiprovemient Specialist. Negro home demonstration club women in four counties were taught how to convert a treadle sewing machine to electric. County Extension workers assisted 9,111 farm people in 52 counties with problems concerning house furnishings and equipment.
4-H Electric Program.-Considerable effort has been spent in the promotion of the 4-H Electric Program. The Florida REA Cooperatives Association sponsored this program for the fifth year. This organization provided a trip to National 4-H Club Congress and four other state awards consisting of appliances.


Fig. 3. Club boys receive a radio and an electric fan for finishing first and second in the good reading lamip contest. The presentation is made by a representative of a power company.








Florida Cooperative Extension


More than 10,000 copies of publications in this program were distributed by county Extension workers. Some 600 4-H members received instruct*.on in the use of electricity at two 4-H camps, 4-H Boys Short Course, and the Negro Short Course. In addition, many adult and junior 4-H leaders received training in county and district meetings. There were 1,661 4-H members in 55 counties enrolled in electric projects; 1,119 members completed the project and made 2,298 articles.
Six major awards were presented to state winners. Marilyn Cox of Bradford County and David Manley of Polk County won trips to Chicago; Fred Gaylord of Suwannee County won a radio-record player; Clarence Edens of Nassau County won an electric razor; Annie Lou White of Alachua County won a steam and dry iron; Sibyl Bell of Marion County won a fluorescent lamp.
The 1956 winner of the county plaque was Hardee County. The negro state winner of a $50 savings bond was James D. Clary of Gadsden County.
Power Suppliers' Cooperation.-On July 1, 1956, 52,200 Florida farms, or 90.7 percent of the farms, were receiving electric service from 15 rural electric (REA) cooperatives, five power companies, and several municipalities with rural lines. Eight counties organized 4-H electric clubs with personnel from the power suppliers serving as leaders. Eighteen electric suppliers provided helpful materials in 50 counties.
Rural Telephones.-Advice, assistance and cooperation were extended farm leaders interested in helping rural people obtain telephone service. This year the government made three telephone loans totaling almost two million dollars to increase and improve Florida telephone service. At present about 45% of the Florida farms have telephones.
Publicity.-The specialist prepared and submitted 45 articles and other news releases during the year. Material was sent to co-op publications, power company publications, national and state magazines, and to the Agricultural Editor. Eight radio talks and tape recordings were made for use over the state. Two TV shows were presented over WFLA-TV in Tampa.
A Significant Achievement of Extension Work.-The state sponsor of the 4-H Electric Program provided $200 to train leaders in electricity. Seven training meetings for adult and junior 4-H leaders were held, with an attendance of 313. Visual aids and workshops were effectively used to give the leaders a large amount of instruction in the one-day schools.







Annual Report, 1956


AGRONOMY

J. R. Henderson, Agronomist
Aubrey C. Mixon, Assistant Agronomist S. L. Brothers, Assistant Agronomist

Agronomy work during the year consisted 'primarily of assembling, summarizing, interpreting and bringing to the attention of the county agents, industry groups and others who work with farm people information on soil and crop management practices that would be of help to farmers in maintaining or improving soil fertility and increasing yields and improving the quality of their field crops and pastures.
Major activities included: Assembling for various uses available research data and related information on field crops and pastures; distributing three revised field crop production guides; making major revisions in the "Field Crops and Pastures Section" of the Florida County Agent Handbook; holding meetings with industry groups to better acquaint them with research results and Extension recommendations relating to the production and management of field crops and pastures; holding conferences with county agents for the presentation of subject matter information and the discussion of Extension methods; distributing foundation seed of superior varieties of field crops; )preparing and presenting radio programs; furnishing information for news articles; handling office and letter requests for information; carrying out weed control demonstrations; promoting crop production contests and crop judging contests among 4-H club members; supervising the 4-H field crops program and assisting county agents in the development and execution of county programs of work.
Distribution of Foundation Seed-The Agronomist solicited applications and distributed through the county agents' offices, Experiment Station produced foundation seed of Lee soybeans and Dixie Runner peanuts.
Radio Programs, News Articles and Letter and Office Inquiries-Eight radio talks were made on the Florida Farm Hour over Station WRUF and several tape recordings were made for use by county agents on their local radio programs.
The project leaders furnished the editors with timely information for preparation of releases to county agents, newspapers and magazines, and handled hundreds of requests for information on soils, fertilizers and field crops.
Demonstrations and Trials The Assistant Agronomist, through the cooperation of several seed corn producers and county agents, supervised the distribution of samples of recommended hybrids to many 4-H members who carried out corn projects in north and northwestern Florida, and, through the cooperation of an agricultural chemical company, supervised the distribution of chemicals to several county agents in the peanut producing area of Florida for use in demonstrations on control of weeds in 'peanut fields. He also assisted the citriculturists and Dr. E. 0. Burt, Assistant Agronomist with the Agricuicural Experiment Station, in carrying out chemical weed control trials in citrus groves in Lake County.
4-H Field Crop Judging Contest.-The project leaders helped stage a judging contest in connection with the North Florida Fair in which teams from 17 counties judged four classes of field crops and one class each of beef cattle, dairy cattle, swine and poultry.
Activities and Results.-The Agronomist spent 83 days in the field, of which 43 were spent on area or state-wide activities and 40 were spent in







Florida Cooperative Extension


assisting county agents individually. The Assistant Agronomist spent 85 days in the fleid, 43 on area activities and 42 in working with county agents.
Reports from the county workers show that they spent a total of 9,887 days on crop production. A breakdown of this activity, showing the number of farmers assisted with various phases of field crop production, is given below:


Cotton and Other
Fiber Crops


Hay and Grain Forage Crops Crops


Oil and Sugar Tobacco Crops


Problem


Use of improved varieties and strains . 9,076 Use of fertilizers --_--------- 8,662
Control of injurious
insects ------ ---------- . 5,615
Control of diseases . 2,530 Harvesting, storing, and curing . . 4,913


8,626 3,157 2,726 4,260 11,671 3,427 4,426 3,685 5,240 3,503 3,730 2,250 2,626 1,424 2,391 1,133 4,782 1,354 2,637 2,510


Yields 'per acre are considered to be good indicators of the effectiveness of Extension programs in crop production. However, yields for a single year are less reliable indicators than those for longer periods. Comparative yields of the major field crops for the two five-year periods were as follows:


Yield per Acre
1947-1951 1952-1956


0/c Increase During Last 5-Year Per'od
37 26
24 15
34


Crop
Corn, bushel . Cotton, pounds -------------- --------Peanuts, pounds . Flue-cured tobacco, pounds Oats, bushels .


13.2 215 772 1,073
19.0


18.1 270 955 1,231
25.4







Annual Report, .1956 27



ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

J. E. Pace, Animal Husbandman
R. L. Reddish, Assistant Animal Industrialist K. L. Durrance, Assistant Animal Industrialist

Beef Cattle.-Interest in the improvement of the merit of their breeding herds was of primary concern to Florida cattlement during 1956. Throughout 1956 the Extension Animal Husbandmen stressed the importance of producing quality "two-way" calves that could go either for slaughter or as feeders, depending on the most profitable outlet.
The Animal Husbandmen assisted breed associations in sponsoring four feeder cattle sales. Throughout the year it was stressed that the greatest potential of the cattle industry in Florida lies in the production of high quality feeder cattle. The production of a quality product necessitates a better understanding of grades and grading values when buying and selling. Therefore, considerable effort was placed on this important aspect of the industry.
The importance of a well-planned feeding program, especially during the winter months for brood cows and herd replacements, was emphasized. Poor feeding practices continue to be the primary contributing factor to Florida's having the lowest calf crop percentage among the states. Silage making was encouraged to provide reserve feed to be used during periods of short supply.
In addition to better feeding practices, Florida cattlemen were advised to have their cows checked for pregnancy at the end of the breeding season and to have the fertility of their bulls checked prior to the breeding season. The low calving percentage in Florida herds continues to be the greatest deterrent to rapid improvement.
There was little change from the 'previous year in the number of cattle fed in Florida. Cattle feeders were continuously advised on advanced feeding methods, such as the use of stilbestrol in fattening rations. Also, since no central markets are operating in the state, breeders were advised through county agents regarding the most profitable methods of marketing their cattle.
A system of production testing was initiated with a small number of cattle producers. This program was limited during 1956 so as to efficiently correct any problems that would arise and to make the program more successful in future years.
Two cattlemen's schools were held. They were conducted in cooperation with the cattlemen's associations of Marion and Lee counties. Also, the third annual Cattlemen's Institute was held at Lake Placid, Fiorida. This institute was of two days' duration and approximately 125 people were in attendance each day. Other branches of the Extension Service and certain personnel of the Agricultural Experiment Station contributed to the success of this event.
The specialist devoted 138 days to beef cattle work in the field.
Swine.-The potential production of swine on Florida farms was stressed. The importance of a well-planned and balanced feeding program received cons.derable attention from the Extension Swine Specialist.
That Florida-produced swine are discriminated against was voiced by a number of packers at meetings. To alleviate this discrimination a -number of demonstrations were held suggesting a change in type of swine produced to meet consumer and packer demands. The importance of using meat type boars, proper selection of herd replacements, and the importance







Florida Cooperative Extension


of adequate record keeping as means of improving the meatiness and productivity of Florida swine received considerable attention.
In September, in cooperation with the Agricultural Experiment Station, a one-day Swine Short Course was held at the University of Florida.
A number of swine producers were assisted in making better use of available feed and in marketing their swine over a period of months rather than marketing them during the months of depressed prices.
Florida swine producers were continually advised during 1956 of means of controlling such dread diseases as atrophic rhinitis. Also, they were kept abreast of new methods of controlling internal parasites.
In 1956 the Extension Swine Specialist spent 142 days in the field working primarily with county agents.
Sheep.-A few producers in the state during 1956 imported Western ewes and are crossing them with inutton rams. The Animal Husbandmen rendered every service possible to these breeders.
At present there are less than 8,000 sheep in Florida and, since only a small part of the state is adapted to their production, the outlook for a large increase in numbers is rather dim.
Meats and Marketing.-In 1956 the Meats Specialist made a complete survey of problems confronting the ineat curing and locker plant industry in Florida. Many problems were encountered from a processing standpoint and assistance was rendered processors when requested.
In cooperation with home demonstration workers, a number of beef and pork cutting demonstrations were conducted during the year. The proper preparation of meats for freezing received considerable attention at these meetings.
A number of hog slaughtering and pork cutting demonstrations were conducted for negro farmers. In addition to these demonstrations, a workshop on hog slaughtering and pork cutting was held for negro county agents at the University of Florida.
During 1956 a series of consumer education and preference studies as related to beef were conducted.

Fig. 4-Extension Animal Husbandmen stressed not only efficient
production methods but also efficient use of meats at home.







Annual Report, 1956 29

In cooperation with various meat packers and cattlemen's associations, seven on-foot and carcass grading demonstrations were conducted. Where possible, packer buyers were asked to assist with these events., Also, to better give Florida swine producers a thorough understanding of grades and grading, a number of producers were assisted during the year in marketing their swine on a grade-yield basis.
The Meats Specialist supervised swine carcass contests in conjunction with the North Florida Fair and the Florida State Fair.
He maintained very close liaison with the State Board of Health. Assistance was rendered in training county sanitarians.
On November 1, 1956, in cooperation with the Agricultural Experiment Station, a short course was held at the University of Florida for freezer locker and meat curing plant operators. Certain personnel of the State Board of Health also contributed materially to the success of this event.
The Meats Specialist spent 140 days in the field working primarily with county agents.
4-11 Club County agents were rendered assistance at every opportunity in making club work one of the more important phases of county work. The state champion 4-H livestock judging team participated in the national contest in Chicago. The Florida team finished 12th, with 29 teams competing.
In October the first Florida meats identification and judging contest for 4-H Club members was held in Ocala. The seventh annual 4-H barrow and swine breeding show was held in Tallahassee during October also. Both were very successful. Three very successful steer shows of state-wide importance were held at Quincy, Ocala and Tampa.
Summaries.-The following table summarizes 4-H animal husbandry activities for 1956:
Members Members Units Involved in
Project Enrolled Completing Completed Projects
Beef cattle . 1,585 1,092 2,968 Sheep . 13 10 52
Swine . . . _ 2,419 1,646 4,891 Other livestock . 313 666 589

Farmers assisted in employing proper selection and breeding practices with beef cattle, 8,348; swine, 6,482; sheep and goats, 131; other livestock, 959.
Farmers assisted in employing proper feeding practices withbeef cattle, 11,026; swine, 8,165; sheep and goats, 161; other livestock, 1,131.
Farmers assisted in initiating practices for controlling external parasites of beef cattle, 8,402; swine, 7,006; sheep and goats, 132; other livestock, 821.
, Farmers assisted in initiating proper disease and external 'parasite control in beef cattle, 9,047; swine, 8,214; sheep and goats, 162; other livestock, 880.
Farmers assisted in employing more efficient work methods with beef cattle, 4,322; swine, 3,950; sheep and goats, 93; other livestock, 607.








Florida Cooperative Extension


BEEKEEPING

John D. Haynie, Apiculturist

Florida's honey crop in 1956 is estimated by the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, Orlando, at 17,360,000 pounds. Fiorida is again third in honey production, exceeded only by California with 29,592,000 pounds and Minnesota with 19,280,000 pounds. The total estimated crop for the United States is 213,719,000 pounds. Flor'da produces practically 85( of the total crop of the United States.
The tupelo crop was exceedingly good but slightly affected by cold weather. The citrus honey crop was very near normal but Ilex and saw palmetto produced well in a few spots and were practically a failure in other areas. Black mangrove was a complete failure in nectar production. In spite of the continued drouth and some cold weather, the 1956 crop of honey in Florida was two and one-half million pounds above the 1955 crop.
The average colony production was 70 pounds, 15 pounds more than in 1955. Only four states had a state average for colony production higher than Florida.


Fig. 5.-County Agent and 4-H Club boys install package bees.






Annual Report, 1956


The planting and establishment of a tupelo gum nursery on Lake Taiquin in 1952 by Joe Malone, County Agent, L. T. Nieland, Farm Forester, and the Extension Apiculturist proved to be good foresight for reforesting operations presently started on the Jim Woodruff Reservoir, Chattahoochee. It gave the Tupelo District Beekeepers' Association quite a program to back up and sponsor from their district level.
This year the 4-H Club camp apiary buildings at Timpoochee and Cloverleaf were completed and colonies established. Some honey was produced at the new camp apiaries and 4-H Club members were served all the honey they wanted three times a day while at camp. Much tiaining took place with agents, leaders and camp caretakers in establishing the camp apiaries. Most of those now working with the camp apiaries were most fearful of bees at first but gained confidence -with experience. They are now progressing in the art and skill of honey production.
The Extension Apiculturist was appointed regional chairman by C. D. Floyd, American Beekeepers' Federation, St. Paul, Minnesota, for the 1956 Honey Promotional Campaign in the Southeastern States. A chairman was appointed in each of the Southeastern States. The State Chairman in each case selected around one-half dozen beekeepers to 'put on window displays, exhibits of honey and bees during National Honey Week the last week in October. A kit of posters and information on honey was mailed all beekeepers participating in the honey and bee exhibits. The Extension Apiculturist attended the American Beekeepers' Federation Meeting in Biloxi in January 1956. Reports and pictures were sent to American Beekeepers' Federation to be judged for trophies awarded.
In Florida honey was promoted also during the week of "Florida Products Festival." General information on bees and honey was sent County Agents, Home Agents, newspapers and radio stations. Wherever Florida products appeared for sale a Florida Products Festival label was attached. There was an increase of several million dollars in sales at this time over sales for the same period a year ago. The Florida State Advertising Commission, Tallahassee, handles overall promotion of Florida products, with many other organizations and agencies cooperating.
A Honey-Electric-Insect short-course was held for two days in May at 4-H Club Camp McQuarrie, Ocala National Forest. The Extension Apiculturist, Rural Electrical Specialist and Extension Entomologist gave lectures and demonstrations and showed films. Seventy 4-H Club boys, leaders and county agents attended.
During the four-day 4-H Club Short Course at the University of Florida in June instruction on bees was given to 200 boys.
The Extension Apiculturist made 195 personal service visits in the field on beekeeping during 1956.
Twenty-nine meetings were assisted and promoted by the Extension Apiculturist in the field for beekeepers, schools and civic organizations; 489 letters were written furnishing personal service; and 700 beekeepers were sent 6 newsletters during the year.
Two hundred and seventy-two 4-H Club members enrolled in beekeeping in 53 counties and 209 completed projects in 48 counties. They had 189 colonies in completed projects.
Agents in 60 counties assisted 3,652 beekeepers and others with problems in the care of bees, honey and honey products.






Florida Cooperative Extension


BOYS' 4-H CLUB WORK

W. W. Brown, State Boys' 4-H Club Agent
Grant M. Godwin, Assistant State Boys' 4-H Club Agent
Ben H. Floyd, Assistant State Boys' 4-H Club Agent

This has been another banner year for 4-H Club work in Florida. This has been demonstrated through increased 4-H participation in club meetings, community activities, more productive projects, and method and result demonstrations. Also there has been better participation in special 4-H Club events, such as the State Boys' 4-H Short Course, summer camps, state-wide encampments, and 4-H shows and fairs.
Division of the state into 10 4-H districts has continued to improve 4-H Club work. The 10 district meetings provided a way to develop 4-H programs based on the joint planning of the administrative, specialist and county staff s.
County participation in the state and national 4-H awards programs has been gratifying this year. Numbers also were larger, with 15,466 white and negro 4-H Club boys enrolled during 1956, as compared with 14,411 in 1955. Members satisfactorily completed 2.9 projects per member.
4-11 Camps.-There were 4,192 4-H Club boys and girls who attended the five state 4-H Club camps for one week in the summer of 1956. These state camps are located at permanent sites in Okaloosa, Madison, Marion, Lake and Highlands counties. Legislative appropriations made possible needed improvements in camp buildings and recreational facilities at four of these. Camp Cloverleaf in Highlands County, which has been under construction since 1949, was completed in 1956.
In addition to 4-11 use, 3,223 adults attended institutes in citrus, poultry, and cattle at three of these state 4-H camps. This gives a grand total of 7,415 different 4-H members and adults who enjoyed the educational and recreational facilities of 4-H camps during the 1956 camping season.
Short Courses-The 37th Annual Boys' 4-11 Short Course was held on the campus of the University of Florida in June. The purpose was to provide outstanding 4-H Club boys from counties throughout the state with a week of training and inspiration at their land grant college.
The 1956 Short Course was attended by 361 4-H boys from 56 counties. The boys were selected on the basis of their 4-H Club work. Two delegates from each county attended State 4-H Council meetings during short course. Four state-wide special 4-H events were held in conjunction with this Short Course. They were (1) the State Dairy Judg'ng Contest, (2) the State Tractor Operators' Contest, (3) the State Public Speaking Contest, and (4) the State Reading Lamp Building Contest.
The Annual Negro 4-H Short Course was held at Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, the first week in June.
Livestock Judging-The State 4-H Club staff arranged a series of five area livestock judging schools throughout the state for the purpose of providing timely instruction in basic and current livestock judging techniques. Over 400 Extension workers and 4-H members participated in these training schools. Thirty-nine trained county teams participated in the State 4-H Livestock Judging Contest at the Florida State Fair in Tampa.
Wildlife Camp-The Annual 4-H Wildlife Camp was held at Camp MeQuarrie during the week of July 23-29. There were 20 counties represented; a total of 94 4-H Club members, adult leaders, and Extension agents attended. The purpose of this camp was to create an appree'ation on the part of our rural youth for wildlife and its importance and to instill in







Annual Report, 1956


them a strong desire for its conservation and preservation. Those in attendance received organized instruction in game, forest and fresh water fish management. A special course in gun safety was featured.
Tractor Program.-For the past 11 years special clinics on tractor care have been held to provide training for older 4-H Club members, interested adult leaders and county agents. These clinics provide training in tractor care and instruction in how to conduct 4-H tractor programs in local 4-H Clubs. This year two state 4-H tractor clinics were held, one at Carnp Cloverleaf August 13-16 and one at the University of Florida August 20-22. There were 94 4-H Club junior leaders, adult 4-H Club leaders and Extension agents representing 26 counties in attendance.
4-H Activities and Projects.-The major 4-H Club activities and agricultural projects in which 4-H members-both white and negro-receive training and experience under the direction of county Extension workers throughout the state are summarized below:
Members (boys and girls) participating by activities: Judging, 10,541; giving demonstrations, 15,992; group recreation leadership, 5,813; music appreciation, 4,395; money management thirstt), 8,503; farm and home safety, 14,834; citizenship, 15,399; personality improvement, 15,747; wildlife and nature study, 763; forestry, 6,077; entomology, 481; beautification of home grounds, 4,496; health, nursing and first aid, 9,633; junior leadership, 1,093; camping, 5,259; comn-lunity activities (improved school grounds, conducting achievement programs and fairs), 1,219.
Scope of 4-H projects carried by boys and girls: Corn, 3,158 acres; peanuts, 814 acres; soybeans, field peas, and other legumes, 485 acres; potatoes, Irish and sweet, 572 acres; cotton, 266 acres; tobacco, 140 acres; vegetable growing, 2,930 acres; fruits, 1,232 acres; range and pasture, 3,843 acres; other crops, 409 acres; soil and water conservation and management, 4,797 acres; forestry, 83,661 acres; poultry (including turkeys), 175,573 birds; dairy cattle, 2,205 animals; beef cattle, 2,968 animals; swine, 4,891 animals; other livestock, 589 animals; bees, 189 colonies; tractor program, 598 tractors; electricity, 2,298 articles.
The state 4-H staff has been actively involved in numerous county, district and state 4-H activities. During 1956 assistance was given to county Extension workers in carrying out over 90 special events.

Fig. 6.-Tbe State Council of boys' 4-H Club Work, whose officers are shown
here, gave valuable assistance to the 4-H program.







34 Florida Cooperative Extension

4-H Awards Programs and Other Recognition.-There were 27 state and national awards programs available for Florida 4-H members in 1956. These included free trips to the National 4-H Club Camp and Congress, gold watches, cash awards, trophies, county medals and scholarships. This year 11 champion 4-H boys attended the National 4-H Club Congress in Chicago.
The trip to the National 4-H Camp in Washington, D. C., is considered to be the highest award for outstanding leadership and achievement in 4-H Club work. Annually, two 4-H boys are awarded this trip, while the citizenship winner receives a trip to the Danforth Leadership Camp in Shelby, Michigan.
State and local donors make possible many additional awards to stimulate interest in 4-H projects and club work.








Annual Report, 1956


CITRICULTURE AND MINOR FRUITS

Fred P. Lawrence, Citriculturist
Jack T. McCown, Assistant Horticulturist

The citrus crop of 134,000,000 boxes was the second highest production on record. Processors utilized 63 percent of the crop, with the remaining 37 percent moving through fresh fruit channels. The processors utilized 85,000,000 boxes of raw fruit, the largest amount on record. While utilizing 65,000,000 boxes of oranges the processors returned to the grower an average on-tree return of $1.82 per box. This amount was 40 cents per box more than last year's average. This record fruit utilization and grower return indicates that consumer acceptance for processed oranges was much better than anticipated.
Citrus plantings in Florida now total approximately 625,300 acres. This acreage provided the state's economy in 1956 an income of over $244,000,000 derived from the sale of citrus fruits evaluated at packinghouse door levels. This was an increase of $51,000,000 over the previous year.
In addition to the Citriculturist and Assistant Horti ulturist, the Extension Marketing Specialist and the Experiment Station Economist do Extension work in the field of citrus.
Citrus Advisory Committee.-The objective of this committee is twofold: First, to assist county agents to become more thoroughly trained in citrus production, and secondly, to promote a dynamic Extension program in the citrus industry. The Advisory Committee held two meetings during

Fig. 7.-The Extension Citriculturist (hand on tree) stages a citrus grafting demonstration.








Florida Cooperative Extension


the year, concentrating their eff orts on revising their long-range planning program to keep stride with the over-all Extension program projection.
4-H Club Work.-Increased activity by the Citrus Specialist, county and assistant county agents resulted in 940 club members from 43 counties enrolling in citrus projects. Of these, 574 members from 41 counties completed 12,232 projects.
'For the first time, a 4-H Junior Citrus Institute was held for 4-H Club boys completing the best citrus projects in their respective counties. The institute provided specific training by industry men and Extension specialists in citrus nursery management, citrus production and citrus marketing, which was not available to club members in the past.
Agent Training.-Major emphasis was placed on providing adequate in-service citrus training f or each agent in citrus-producing counties by the citrus specialist staff. Three one-day training meetings were held providing the agents instruction by classroom lectures and grove observation. Specific information, including latest research, production practices, developing program projection and ways to effectively develop farm planning, was 'provided on numerous occasions throughout the year. In addition, 24 agents completed a graduate citrus production course at the University of Florida.
Institutes.-Through the medium of four citrus institutes, one citrussubtropical institute and one lime-avocado institute the Extension Service was -able to keep Florida growers well posted and abreast of current research. More than 1,645 growers attended the institutes, which varied in length from one dayto a week.
Schools and Clinics This year we were able to conduct four citrus schools. The schools, varying in length from five to eight weeks, met weekly for a two-hour class.
Over 1,200 people attended eight clinics which were held throughout the state during the year. By attending the clinics, home owners were able to solve many problems concerning plant deficiencies and insect and disease damage, as well as receiving other valuable information.
Demonstrations and Tours.-The result demonstration followed by a tour is an effective Extension teaching method. Realizing the value of good result demonstrations, this office assisted with 40 demonstrations and 12 tours in citrus producing counties. In addition to tours of demonstrations, grower tours were held at. federal and state experiment stations. Demonstrations were based on research obtained from the experiment stations and accepted grower practices.







Annual Report, 1956


DAIRY HUSBANDRY

C. W. Reaves, Dairy Husbandman
T. W. Sparks, Assistant Dairy Husbandman

The major dairy extension programs during the year were those set out in 1947, namely dairy herd improvement association production testing and culling, better nutrition of dairy herds, production of more pasture and forages, a breeding program for raising herd replacements, 4-H dairy work, and cooperation in dairy cattle breed association programs. Improved dairy methods are indicated by an increase of cows on dairy herd improvement association (DHIA) test from approximately 1,200 in 1947 to 15,605 in November 1956, more herds feeding according to production, an approximately doubled acreage of improved pasture, a quadrupled tonnage of silage stored, the development of organized artificial breeding with 35,000 dairy cows artificially bred to high production bulls in 1956, a 58 percent increase in enrollment in 4-H dairy projects, and cooperative work with four state purebred dairy cattle breed clubs.
The state's production of milk for the five-year period 1951-55 exceeded the 1941-45 period by 80 percent, according to a USDA Agricultural Marketing Service release. The next highest percentage increase in milk production for the 10-year period was made by Maryland with 39 percent. The average production of milk per cow in Florida was 3,100 'pounds in 1940, 4,200 in 1950, and 4,900 in 1955. This 58 percent increase in production per cow indicates improvement in dairy efficiency and management practices for the state as a whole.
1955-56 DRIA Results.-Nine dairy herd improvement associations with 11 DHIA supervisors operated in 28 counties. The number of cows increased from 11,483 in 1955 to 15,605 in 1956. All but one of the associations increased in size and one new association was organized during ihe year. The DHIA supervisors visit each member's herd monthly, get milk weights and samples for butterfat testing, and secure the amounts and prices of feeds fed. They compute a complete record of production and feed cost.
The yearly summary of all herds finishing a year's test showed an average production of 6,725 pounds milk, 4.5 percent test, and 303 pounds of butterfat per cow. Production and income above feed costs were slightly higher than the previous year, despite the addition of new herds in the program which tends to hold down the average. The production per cow in DHIA herds exceeded the average Florida milk cow's production by 37 percent in milk and 47 percent in pounds butterfat.
The Orange County DHIA showed the remarkable increase of 1,031 pounds in milk production per cow in the seven years it has operated. This is an average increase of 120 gallons milk per year per cow in the association.
New Dairy Record Program Started-A new dairy herd record keeping system was added to the state and -national cooperative dairy herd improvement program in the fall of 1956. Three counties started the program with seven herds consisting of 1,225 cows. The owners will weigh the milk and turn the weights into the county agent's office. A person selected to do the record work in each county will compute the month's and totalto-date milk records of the individual cows and the herd totals for milk, value of product and feed costs. The records are not as complete as DHIA records, but the new system offers a simple, economical method of keeping the minimum records of herds not securing DHIA service. Eleven counties







Florida Cooperative Extension


have enrolled herds and made the necessary arrangements for carrying out the program in 1957.
Advanced Registry and Herd Improvement Registry Testing.-The Extension Dairyman served as State Superintendent of Official Testing. Twenty-one purebred herds representing all five of the major dairy breeds tested a total of 2,139 cows. Many herd owners combined the official test of their breed association with DHIA test.
Better Dairy Replacements Through Breeding.-The production testing programs find the best sires and breeding stock. The breeding and better sire work was designed to spread the use of the top production bulls. Over 35,000 dairy cows were bred artificially during the fiscal year, of which over 30,000 were bred to production -proved bulls rating in the top 2 percent of all dairy sires proved in the national DHIA system.
Assistance was given individual dairymen in finding desirably bred bulls for use in their own herds as requested. Forty bulls were proved in DHIA herds during the year.
Pasture, Feed Production and Dairy Management.-Studies were made on DHIA herds for use as demonstrations of the economy of the production of a larger percentage of the feed supply of Florida dairy herds in the form of pasture and silage or other boine-grown feed crops. Most DHIA herds have reached the first goal of 35 percent and some exceeded 50 percent, with a lowered cost of milk production. The Florida dairy pasture contest, sponsored by the Florida Dairy Association and directed by the Agricultural Extension Service, served to point up excellent pasture and forage programs on many farms. The outstanding winners were M. A. Schack of Greenwood on his over-all program and F. E. Willis of Tallahassee on the most improvement.
The feeding analysis of the large Duval DHIA showed that only 59 percent of the herds' feed supplies had come from concentrates, with the remaining 41 percent being provided by pasture, hay and silage.
The efficient dairy production program selected county, district and state winners based on a score card of improved practices and efficiency.

Fig. 8.-High-producing cows graze Starr millet on farm of M. A. Schack,
winner of the 1955-56 Florida dairy pasture and forage contest.







Annual Report, 1956


County agents' reports showed a total of 6,927 farmers-including family cow owners and 4-H members-assisted in feeding, 5,023 in controlling external parasites, and 5,381 in controlling diseases and internal parasites.
4-H Dairy Work.-A total of 1,720 boys and girls enrolled in 4-H dairy projects, of which 1,323 (77%) completed. It was an increase of 58 percent in enrollment and 98 percent in completions since 1947. The 1,323 members who completed owned 2,205 project animals. Four production projects, nine district shows and a state 4-H dairy show, judging contests, and other events provided valuable training and experience in an important farm enterprise. In addition it developed pride in ownership, taught responsibility and helped develop more valuable young men.
Cooperative Work with Other Groups-Cooperative work was carried out with the state purebred dairy cattle associations in sales, judging schools, provision of suitable 4-H 'project animals, and other 4-H activities. The Florida Dairy Association and National Dairy Products Corporation and Sears, Roebuck Foundation sponsored various dairy projects. The State Department of Agriculture, Florida Times-Union, Tampa and Jacksonville chambers of commerce and other civic groups, firms and individuals assisted in work of mutual interest. Assistance also was given and received from the state dairy supervisors, the vocational agriculture department and other state and federal agencies.
Special Activities.-The Extension Dairyman served on the Board of Directors of the Southern Section of the American Dairy Science Association and on the Extension Teaching Methods Committee of the -national association. He assisted with the Georgia State DHIA Supervisors' Conference and judged the Santiago, Cuba, dairy cattle show.







Florida Cooperative Extension


EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT

J. Francis Cooper, Editor
M. H. Sharpe, Assistant Editor
G. F. Schotten, Assistant Editor

Loss of three members of the staff during 1956 points up the difficulties being encountered in finding and keeping trained editorial workers. Only one staff vacancy exists at the end of the year, however, and it win be filled soon. Since the Agriculture Library moved into Dan McCarty Hall this fall there has been some additional space available for the Editorial Department.

NEWS STORIES AND FARM PAPER ARTICLES
Newspapers and farm journals continued to use generously of both straight news and hints articles released from the Agricultural Extension Service. The weekly clipsheet, AGRICULTURAL NEWS SERVICE, carrying eight to 13 separate stories each week, is sent to weekly newspapers and those dailies requesting it, radio stations, farm papers, county and home demonstration agents, vocational agriculture teachers and other dealing with groups of farm people. It serves the Agricultural Experiment Station and State Plant Board also, as well as carrying some releases from the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
We continued to make frequent releases over the wire services to daily papers and occasionally sent stories direct to one or more papers.
From two to three "skeleton" stories, to be filled in with the name of the county agent, were sent to county agents each week, as for the past few years. These seem to have served a very useful purpose for the agents, making it easy for them to release "suggestion" type materials to their papers.
County and home demonstration agents in 66 counties report having made 14,280 news'releases to their newspapers during the year.
Materials from Extension Editors printed by farm papers and related journals continues in good volume also. Of materials written by Extension Editors during 1956, five farm papers and magazines printed in Florida carried nine stories totaling 168 column inches of space; two Southern journals carried seven articles for 125 column inches; and four national farm magazines printed six articles for 126 column inches. The grand totals are 11 magazines, 22 articles and 419 column inches of space.

RADIO AND TELEVISION
Radio work continued to occupy a major portion of editorial time. Television production was put on a much more satisfactory basis during the year.
The Florida Farm Hour over University Station WRUF was 30 minutes in length five days a week and 15 minutes Saturday until May 21, when it was cut to 15 minutes six days a week. Occasionally it was omitted entirely for other special broadcasts.
We staged 306 broadcasts of this program, which included 677 separate talks or interviews. Regular features by members of the Editorial staff accounted for 307 of these. Features and number of broadcasts included farm news highlights 115, home economics notes 50, the farm question box 48, farm news and views 46 and the editorial of the week 48.







Annual Report, 1956


In addition, Agricultural Experiment Station workers made 169 talks, Extension workers not on the Editorial staff 135, College of Agriculture faculty members 17, and others 49. The miscellaneous features included speakers from the State Plant Board, State Soil Conservation Board, general University faculty, Future Farmers of America, Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Committee, an electric cooperative, home demonstration and 4-H Club members, Soil Conservation Service, Farmers' Home Administration, and materials from the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Remote control broadcasts were made from the Lake County Fair at Eustis and from an agronomy field day 'program on the Experiment Station farm.
Farm Flashes, from five to seven minutes each, were sent five days a week to 52 Florida radio stations and a bi-weekly roundup of farm news to 35. We sent a five-minute Florida farm review each week to the Associated Press for distribution over its teletype system to member stations.
Stations which sent tapes were given taped features, some regularly and others sporadically. For 10 stations we cut 93 tapes which included 122 by Extension workers, 76 by Experiment Station staff members, seven by College of Agriculture faculty and six others.
The Extension Editor appeared once on the National Farm and Home Hour.
County and home demonstration agents in 45 counties reported making 3,490 radio talks.
We secured a sound camera during the year and began to film television shows, thus making it unnecessary to stage live shows as frequently as formerly. We staged 18 live shows and presented eight on film, each about 14 minutes in length. One live show was presented on three different stations, the filmed one on from one to nine stations. Both live and filmed shows totaled 50 showings.
In addition, a farm program director from one station brought film to us from time to time and we filmed 13 shows for him. His features ranged from 2Y2 to 71/2 minutes.
County and home demonstration agents in 30 counties reported doing 322 television shows.

PUBLISHED MATERIALS
Fewer expensive bulletins and more circulars, many of them small enough to be inserted in envelopes with letters, were printed during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1956. We printed 45,000 copies of two bulletins that totaled 56 pages and 162,000 copies of 12 circulars that totaled 120 pages. Three circulars were reprinted. Following is a list of the bulletins and circulars:
Pages Edition
Bul. 162 Ornamental Hedges for Florida . _ . 36 30,000 Bul. 163 Jellies, Jams and Preserves . -------_------------- - . 20 15,000
Cire. 138 Goodbye, Mr. Roach ---- . -----------------_--- . 8 25,000
Cire. 139 Control of Insects and Diseases of Dooryard
Citrus Trees ------ ----------------_----- ----------------------------- 8 15,000
Circ. 140 Some Questions and Answers on Vegetable
Pesticide Tolerances . _ -------------------------- 8 12,000
Circ. 141 Propagation of Ornamental Plants by Layering.- 8 20,000
Circ. 142 Strawberry Production Guide ---------------------------------- 6 10,000
Cire. 143 Cotton Production Guide ------------------------------------ ----- 6 7,500
Circ. 144 Field Corn Production Guide ------------------------_-- ------- 8 15,000
Cire. 145 Peanut Production Guide . 6 7,500 Cire. 146 Chemical Weed Control in Peanut Fields . . 8 10,000 Cire. 147 Controlling Mango Insect Pests ---------------------------- _ 16 15,000







Florida Cooperative Extension


Cire. 148 Home Propagating Units ------------- . . 4 10,000
Circ. 149 Terrarium s ----- . ------------- --------------- ----------- 4 15,000
Circ. 96R Watermelon Production Guide (reprinted) . 6 7,500 Circ. 109R Eggplant Production Guide (reprinted) ---- . _.- 4 7,500 Circ. 113 An Electric Chick Brooder (reprinted) . --------- 4 10,000
Single copies of all new publications were sent to libraries, specialists and county and home demonstration agents. Afterwards they were distributed only on request and largely through county and home demonstration agents.
Miscellaneous materials and supplies printed included the final report of the Florida National Egg-Laying Test for 1954-55, programs for the Boys' 4-H Short Course, the annual Extension Conference, and poultry and cattlemen's institutes, six record books for use by 4-H Club members in various projects, a 4-H Vegetable Garden Handbook, 4-H beef and swine breeding judging cards, letterheads, window cards, gummed labels and certificates.
The Extension Editor served again as distribution control officer for U. S. Department of Agriculture publications to Extension workers and county and home demonstration agents in 66 counties reported distributing 616,547 state and federal publications.

VISUAL AIDS AND MISCELLANEOUS
With three still cameras and two motion picture cameras, we now are able to give satisfactory photographic service in practically any field and have a large supply of still pictures. We are slowly building a file of colored slides and are aiding specialists to obtain files of their own. We maintain a large number of slide throwers, motion picture projectors, public address systems and other equipment used by staff members and agents.
Extension Editors held two training sessions for 4-H Club members in two counties, training 11 reporters.
The Extension Editor assisted in entertaining members of the American Agricultural Editors' Association from all parts of the United States and one from Canada for four days in April, when they visited peninsular Florida.
All Editors devote approximately half of their time to work for the Agricultural Experiment Station, by whom they are jointly employed.







Annual Report, 1956


ENTOMOLOGY

James E. Brogdon, Extension Entomologist

The principal features of the Extension program in entomology included
(1) Mediterranean fruit fly work, (2) publications, (3) 4-H entomology program, (4) training meetings, (5) radio talks, TV programs and -newspaper stories, and (6) work with other specialists.
Mediterranean Fruit Fly.-After the Medfly was found in Miami on April 13, 1956, the Extension Entomologist spent a considerable portion of his time cooperating with the Florida State Plant Board and USDA in this program. Information on the description, life history and habits of the fly and copies of various regulations and procedures were obtained and sent to county Extension workers and many other interested people as rapidly as was practical.
Twenty sets of 2 x 2 color slides of the Medfly and several phases of the program were obtained and made available to agents in citrus counties to be used in their educational program.
The Extension Entomologist made several talks to citrus institutes, civic clubs and grower meetings, on the Medfly program. The talks included the Florida Mango Forum, Citrus Institute at Camp McQuarrie, Citrus and Sub-Tropical Fruits Institute, Indian River Citrus Seminar, Agricultural Extension Workers Annual Conference and the Annual Conference of Veterans and Vocational Agriculture Teachers.
Publications.-The Extension Entomologist cooperated in the preparation of Circulars 152, Commercial Vegetable Pest Control Guide, and 159, Vegetable Pesticide Tolerance Guide. Several mimeographs were prepared and distributed. Among these were: Major Mites of Citrus and Their Control and Suggestions for Making Counts, Control of Some Insects and Mites of Ornamnetal Plants (revised) and Insects and Mites of Citrus and Their Control.
4-H Entomology-Interest in the 4-H entomology project is increasing. Ninety-one members in 17 counties completed projects in 1954. In 1955 there were 198 completions in 28 counties. During 1956 the number increased to 252 in 32 counties.
Jimmy Gray, Suwannee County, won first place in the national 4-H entomology awards program, but entered the Navy before 4-H Congress met in Chicago. The alternate Richard Sears, Lake County, was awarded the trip to Chicago.
The 4-H entomology program was discussed at the Girls' State 4-H Short Course at Florida State University and at the Honey-Electric-Entomology Short Course at Camp McQuarrie.
Training Meetings.-Insect identification, injury and control were discussed at three area agents' training meetings in field crops, two in vegetable crops, two in citrus, and four in ornamental horticulture.
Entomology was taught at three ornamental horticulture schools, two citrus schools, and the Nurserymen and Growers' Short Course at the University which had over 200 registrants.
Radio, TV and Newspapers.-The Editorial Department, in cooperation with the Extension Entomologist, prepared seven timely stories on insect control to be used by county agents in local newspapers.
Two radio talks were given at the University and two TV )programs staged. One of these latter was made on film and sent to several TV







44 Florida Cooperative Extension

stations in the state. Two radio tapes were made with the Editorial Department and two with county agents.
Other Activities.-The Extension Entomologist worked with the Florida State Plant Board and USDA on problems of mutual interest, including sweetpotato weevil control and quarantine. He worked with the College Entomology Department in making 2 x 2 color slides. Over 400 color slides have been made and obtained for use by Extension specialists and county workers.







Annual Report, 1956


FARM AND HOME DEVELOPMENT

Susan Christian, Farm and Home Development Specialist Clyde Murphree, Farm and Home Development Specialist

The use of the farm and home development approach was expanded considerably. According to reports of county personnel, the farm and home development method was employed with a total of 416 families during the year. This represents an approximate increase of 230 families over 1955.
The farm families involved included 89 with which the Extension Service had had little or no contact in the past. Families assisted just getting started in farming numbered 45. Of the total, agents classified 188 as low income and 103 as part-time farmers.
Individual contacts only were used for assisting 273 of the families develop operating plans and a combination of individual and group contacts were used with 138. The remaining 5 families were contacted exclusively in groups. Approximately this same ratio was used in assisting families put their plans into action.
Determining long-time goals was a part of the planning process with 340 of the families and 287 families were assisted in determining shorttime goals.
The development of a written plan was a part of the Farm and Home Development process with 256 families. However, 334 families were. assisted in analyzing their resources in an effort to more effectively formulate solutions for farm and home problems. The plans of 278 families were reviewed and revised at the end of the year.
A total of 176 families had 4-H Club members whose project activities directly supported the farm and home plan.
A county committee to give guidance to farm and home development work was used in six counties. These counties were originally selected for intensive work in 1954 and committees were created for this purpose at the time.
Training activities during the year were concentrated on subject matter specialists and negro personnel.
Each of the production specialists on the Gainesville staff was requested to prepare a typical hypothetical farming operation involving his subject matter field. The operation included a detailed summary of receipts and expenses. In addition, various opportunities -were outlined for increasing the income of the operation. Each of these changes was expressed in terms of effect on receipts and expenses.
The Tallahassee staff prepared, material representing a typical farm family. The goals of the family and problems related to the achievement of goals were enumerated. Possible solutions to each of the problems were explored by appropriate members of the subject matter staff.
A part of this material was presented and discussed at a joint staff meeting attended by all subject matter specialists. It is felt that the entire staff gained a considerable amount of understanding of the farm and home development method.
The negro training included the distribution of a questionnaire to all county personnel designed to determine their progress in farm and home development. At the negro annual agents conference a discussion session was conducted on the basis of the assembled information. Following this conference project leaders individually spent a day each in training the team of negro district agents.







46 Florida Cooperative Extension

The training of the white county personnel was largely limited to a series of topics presented during the annual agents conference and contacts of the project leaders with individuals during the year.
A 'preliminary evaluation of farm and home development work outside the pilot counties during the year indicated the need for a partial planning form. Such a form was devised in the belief that partial planning is a logical step between informal planning practiced by most families and the detailed planning procedure outlined for use in the pilot counties.
The problem of adapting the farm and home development approach to central and southern Florida conditions has been recognized from the outset. As the year progressed it was apparent that in some counties the 'personnel were encourtering problems for which a solution was not readily available. The basic problem of this area appears to be complications arising from the frequent physical separation of the farm and home.
Since farm and home development strongly emphasizes the management aspects of farming and homemaking, a close working relationship with the Department of Home Economics is desirable. In order to foster this relationship, the presentation of a series of topics dealing with the work of the Agricultural Extension Service was arranged for the Agricultural Economics Seminar. A tangible result apparent at this time is the expressed interest of a graduate student in selecting a phase of 4-H Club work for research as a thesis project.







Annual Report, 1956


FARM AND HOME SAFETY

A. M. Pettis, Safety Leader
Frances C. Cannon, Safety Leader

A survey was conducted to learn agents' needs and literature concerning safety was obtained for them. A safety record book and safety plays were distributed. Safety exhibits were prepared to teach 4-H members and adults. At two tractor clinics and at a 4-H camp the project leaders taught 230 4-H members and leaders about safety.
Each week during the summer approximately 500 4-H boys and girls were taught water safety and highway safety at the 4-H camps. At white and negro wildlife camps 125 agents and 4-H boys received training concerning safety in the woods, safety in the water, safety with firearms, and safety with shop tools.
County home demonstration agents devoted 648 days to safety work this year, compared to 554 days in 1955. Safety information was given to the people largely through radio, news articles, exhibits, circular letters, council meetings and 4-H Camp.
There were 4,207 home demonstration programs on safety and fire prevention. Some of these subjects were preparing houses for vacation absences, family fire drills, home responsibility and protection in case of an emergency, Christmas safety, care of medicine cabinets, and first aid in the home.
Safety education was emphasized also in some 4-H Club meetings. Orange County 4-H Club members were given demonstrations on making and using safe toys, while in Suwannee County artificial respiration was demonstrated to, and practiced by, all 4-H Club members.
In Palm Beach County three 4-H Clubs made a survey of their schools and were instrumental in getting several sidewalks repaired and other hazards removed. In another county two 4-H Club girls wrote and had their club stage a safety skit at county council meeting, Farm Bureau meeting and county commission s' luncheon. I At each 4-H Club camp a safety education trooper with the Florida Highway Patrol came into camp and spent a morning discussing with the boys and girls, safety on the streets-walking, riding bicycles and motor scooters, and driving a car.
Safety exhibits were made and displayed at youth fairs, county fairs, achievement day, in downtown store windows, and as floats in parades.
The national sponsor of the 4-H safety program is General Motors and the state winner this year was Willodean Burden of Lake County, who received a free trip to National 4-H Congress in Chicago.
Negro state winner of the $50 savings bond was Alphonso Sparks of Gadsden County.
During 1956, 14,834 4-H members in 59 counties received training in safety.







Florida Cooperative Extension


FARM FORESTRY

L. T. Nieland, Forester
A. S. Jensen, Assistant Forester

The long-time objectives of the Extension educational program for farm forestry were consistently promoted during the year. Principal
features of the program were: (1) forest fire prevention, (2) forest planting, (3) timber marketing, (4) forest management, (5) insect and disease prevention and control, (6) game and wildlife restoration, and (7) developing interest in forestry among rural young people through 4-H Clubs and other youth groups.
As opportunity afforded, the work was coordinated with programs of other agencies, both public and private, that are in a position to advance the objectives of the Extension program. Among these were the Florida Forest Service, U. S. Forest Service, Soil Conservation Service, boards of county commissioners, Agricultural Experiment Stations, Fish and Wildlife Service, lumber companies, American Turpentine Farmers' Association, Florida Bankers' Association, Florida Cattlemen's Association and the several Florida pulp and paper mills.

FOREST FIRE PREVENTION
Fire in Florida's forests, large or small, still presents one of the main hindrances to profitable forestry. This was another drouth year in most of Florida and hundreds of thousands of acres of valuable young pine forests were destroyed. Some fires were of an incendiary nature but most resulted from carelessness. Forest owners have the desire to protect their timber froin fire, but during severe drouth years when strong winds blow they do not yet have the means to stop fires until they get out of hand. One fire burned a strip almost five miles wide and 35 miles long through some of the state's choicest pine timber.
To provide the means for successful forest fire protection, the Extension Forester continued his 15-year campaign for protecting forest land by establishing 100-foot-wide improved pasture fire guards around forest boundaries. The forest interior is then divided into suitably sized blocks of timber, each surrounded by other 100-foot-wide grazing strip. These will keep an interior fire from getting out of hand if one should get started. Demonstrations in this type of forest fire protection have proven successful wherever established. The idea has been adopted in parts of Georgia and North Carolina also with marked success.
The establishment and maintenance of game and other desirable forms of wildlife has been added from the beginning. Therefore, it has been called the Florida Timber-Grazing-Game Program. Although technicians have been relatively slow to adopt this method of fire protection, forest landowners like it and more are adopting the program each year. It is believed to be the most successful, economical, practical, simple and constructive multiple and integrated use of forest land yet devised.
During the year, 4,965 farmers in 60 counties were encouraged and assisted, chiefly through the efforts of Florida's county agents, in safeguarding their timber from fire.

FOREST PLANTINGS
Demonstration plantings of forest trees again constituted one of the big features of the Extension farm forestry program. There does not seem







Annual Report, 1956


to be a better way to develop needed farmer interest in practicing farm forestry than through the medium of a newly planted forest. It is a permanent demonstration which grows more effective with each passing year.
Slash Pine Plantings.-Plantings of slash pine, Florida's most important native forest tree, received major attention again in 1956. CounLY agents in 40 counties distributed 16,207,990 slash pine seedlings to 2,519 farmers and other owners of small forests. This is over 41/, million more pine seedlings than were distributed in 1955, the best previous year. Also, 638 more farmers were furnished seedlings in 1956 than during the best past year. These seedlings planted 23,835 acres of new farm forest.
Of the total, 354,350 slash pine seedlings were distributed by county agents to 4-H and FFA members for demonstration plantings. Also, 5,033,640 free seedlings were made available to county agents for distfibution by a cooperative arrangement between Extension and 12 different public-spirited wood-using industries. Such a cooperative agreement between Extension and industry has been in effect during the past 17 years, and has greatly stimulated and extended forest planting on farms.
Red Cedar Plantings.-Hundreds of Florida farmers and ranchers have been calling for cedar seedlings for forest and Christmas tree plantings during the past 15 years. Since cedar seedlings have not yet been produced in State Forest Service nurseries and are not available elsewhere, the Extension Foresters again assisted in collecting 672,000 cedar seeds for free distribution to farmers in lots of 10 to 20,000 seeds to each.

Fig. 9.-A Hernando County farmer looks over his three-year-old catalpa
post planting which the Extension Forester helped him make.







50 Florida Cooperative Extension

Printed instructions on how to produce cedar seedlings in home nurseries were furnished with the seeds. Many have been successful.
Due to the success of early Christmas tree plantings on farms, and the quick profits made from yule tree sales, the demand for cedar seedlings has grown until State Forest Service nurseries are now purchasing cedar seeds in an effort to supply the farmer demand for cedar seedlings next winter.
Catalpa Plantings.-Farmers were again assisted in making catalna fence post plantings. The Extension Foresters collected 132,000 seeds from trees and distributed them free to 34 farmers aact 4-H Club members for additional fence post demonstration plantings. Since catalpa seedings have not been available from other sources, farmers were furnished with instructions on how they can grow their own seedlings in a home nursery. The Extension Forester continued work in six older fence post plantings to determine best fertilization, cultivation, pruning and other cultural practices. Growing catalpas for fence posts is a new venture in Florida.
Other Forest Demonstration Plantings.-Other plantings of native trees promoted by the Extension Foresters included tulip poplar and tupelo gum for Florida beekeepers, sand pine for sites too dry for slash pine, windbreak plantings around crop fields, and shade and shelter plantings for livestock in open pasture land.

TIMBER MARKETING
Agents were assisted with timber marketing problems in their counties. Individual assistance was given to farmers and land owners in some areas where services of a Forest Service farm forester were not available and where a forest marketing demonstration was needed. A landowner who is well satisfied with a timber marketing job is an excellent example for his neighbors to observe and follow.

4-H CLUB WORK
Continued efforts were made to provide assistance to agents along 4-H forestry lines. Forestry was taught at three 4-11 summer camps and at wildlife camps and short course. The Assistant Extension Forester also taught at many 4-H meetings and visited 4-H forestry projects. County 4-H forests were expanded during the year. Preliminary plans were made in several counties to establish 4-H county forests. Five hundred and two boys completed forestry projects this year.

NAVAL STORES
The production of gum continued to decline in Florida demonstrations. Publicity and publications on the profit from working trees for gum before cutting were distributed. Individual assistance to landowners may be the only answer to this problem of getting farmers to begin a profitable gum farming operation. Due to other work load and limited field time, only a limited amount of this assistance can be given. Training meetings for agents are needed.

EXHIBITS AND PUBLICITY
Numerous talks, news articles and mimeographs were prepared on all phases of forestry. Fair exhibits were erected at county fairs. Leaf and wood sample exhibits were prepared for exhibit and teaching purposes. Two forestry TV shows were staged during the year.






Annual Report, 1956 51



ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE

E. W. McElwee, ornamental Horticulturist
T. J. Sheehan, Assistant Ornamental Horticulturist5
S. A. Rose, Assistant Ornamental Horticulturist'
J. N. Joiner, Assistant Horticulturi St 7

Principal accomplishments in the field of ornamentals this year included: Assisting 109 commercial nurserymen, florists and growers; 46 meetings with industry groups, attended by 1,148; 56 horticultural clinics and associated meetings, attended by 3,471; 108 county offices visited, assisted or supplied with information, including training meetings; 29 home owners visited or assisted; 29 meetings with garden clubs, home demonstration clubs and interest groups,' attended by 959; five 4-H meetings, camps and short courses; five news articles; and 13 radio talks and television programs.
4-H Club Activities A landscape plan was drawn for and assistance given in planting the Cloverleaf 4-H Club camp. Assistance was given to 4-H district and state leaders in judging horticulture work books, participating in fairs and conducting classes at 4-H short courses for both girls and boys.
Special County Program.-The horticultural schools and clinics held in various areas of the state are established to train county and home demonstration agents, as well as homeowners and growers. From them the agents learn solutions for the more common problems and are thus better qualified to answer future requests. In addition, one- and two-day training schools are held for county agents. These give specialized training to the agents in the fundamentals of ornamental horticulture. Four such training meetings were held this year at the request of agents. Such training is planned as a continuing feature of the ornamentals project.
Two three-year home grounds improvement programs for home demonstration agents and representatives of local HD clubs are in progress. Such programs are set up on a county-wide basis. Leaders from each home demonstration club in the county meet quarterly with the agent and the specialists for a day of special instruction and demonstration. They are also provided with printed and mimeographed material. These leaders then return to their respective clubs and hold training meetings for all members based on the information received from the specialists. Such training programs have been highly successful and additional ones are 'planned for the future.
Regional and National Cooperation.-The specialists assisted in organizing and participated in the regional program of the Southern Flower Growers Association meeting, held th's year in Florida, and the Sou.hern Agricultural Workers annual meeting in Atlanta. In addition, a specialist attended the marketing workshop, sponsored by the Society of American Florists', held in Washington, D. C. Several articles and papers were contributed to regional and national trade magazines. The specialists also sent copies of circulars and bulletins to fellow workers in the Southeastern states.
Public Affairs City improvement and city beautification programs were started in cooperation with municipal governments and civic organ5 Transferred to the Agricultural Experiment Stations effective July 1, 1956.
1 Appointed September 1, 1956.
7 Returned from leave of absence October 17, 1956.







Florida Cooperative Extoision


izations. In addition, staff members participated in other public programs, such as: (1) advising on the planning of grounds and landscaping of courthouses, school buildings, agricultural buildings, community centers, churches and youth camps and the care and management of municipal shade trees; (2) advising and judging fairs, trade and plant shows; (3) advising and assisting with the programs for conventions and ineetings of industry associations; (4) working with state-wide organizations on programs of highway beautification.
Other Activities.-The specialists assisted Experiment Station and State Plant Board personnel in planning a research program designed to control or eradicate the Mediterranean fruit fly and to determine the sensitivity of ornamental plants to the sprays utilized in Medfly control work. In addition, they aided State Plant Board personnel in informing growers and homeowners of ornamental plants likely to be affected by this pest.
Assistance was given State Plant Board members in formulating a program for the certification of lawn grasses within the state. One specialist was appointed to the Governor's Citizen Committee to help in the development of an anti-litter and "Keep Florida Beautiful" program.
At the request of the State Fair committee, the specialists revised the premium lists, judging regulations and entrance requirements for the horticultural exhibits and judged all exhibits in the horticulture building.
Several bulletins, circulars and mimeographed leaflets were prepared and made available to county workers.
Fertilizer demonstration plots-one on ferns and one on woody nursery crops-and a propagation demonstration were established in two different counties.

Fig. 10.-An ornamental horticulturist instructs 4-11 Club girls in identification, establishment and maintenance of recommended grasses for a lawn, a basic requirement of any good landscape plan.








Annual Repor-t, 1956


PLANT PATHOLOGY

D. M. Coe, Associate Pathologist

It has been 30 years since the Extension Service has had a plant pathologist on the staff. During the first year's term of this appointment considerable effort has been devoted to exploring the best means of using the appointment with the most effectiveness. In the past the work has been (lividedl among the crop specialists as a part of their overall programs. Efforts throughout this past year have been toward complementing existing Extension programs.
The Extension Plant Pathologist participated in 23 public meetings such as short courses, clinics and workshops. Through these he developed an acquaintance with the problems of the area and the personnel of the various agricultural enterprises. Radio and press stories were prepared in conjunction with the editorial staff. These activities are in the process of expansion.
A limited number of result demonstration plots for the control of potato diseases were established in cooperation with the County Agent in Hillsborough County and the Potato Investigations Laboratory.






Fig. 11.-An ornamental horticulturist helps one of the many greenhouse growers in Florida. The greenhouse industry in this state is valued at more than 33 million dollars a year.







Florida Cooperative Extension


POULTRY HUSBANDRY
N. R. Mehrhof, Poultry Husbandman
J. S. Moore, Extension Poultryman
L. W. Kalch, Assistant in Poultry Husbandry
A. W. O'Steen, Supervisor, Florida National Egg-Laying Test, Chipley
The production of broilers, eggs and turkeys was increased during the year. Primarily this increase was a result of larger size of business and improved efficiency rather than new enterprises.
Production of Chicks.-The number of hatcheries continued to decrease. Since 1954, the number of hatcheries decreased from 80 to 51, but the incubator capacity increased from 5,040,425 to 5,677,320, indicating increase in size of hatcheries. Chick production increased to a high of over 35,000,000. Approximately 12,000,000 chicks were exported to countries south of Florida.
Broiler Production.-More than 11,830,000 broilers were grown in Florida in 1956. Practically all of the broilers were grown under contract, with a no loss or guaranteed income per bird or per pound with benefit payments for efficiency practices (feed conversion). Efficiency factors emphasized during the year included these minimum suggestions: 40,000 broilers per man per year, 4 lots per year, 40 pounds meat per 100 pounds feed, less than 501o mortality and market before 10 weeks of age.
Growing Pullets and Managing Layers.-The number of layers has remained about the same during the past three years, approximately 31/4 million, but total egg production has increased from 501 to over 575 million. Records from the Random and Egg-Laying Tests have been used to develop the grow healthy chick and layer management programs. Better chicks, vaccination and adoption of improved feeding and management practices during the growing and laying periods have been stressed. Particular emphasis has been placed on adequate properly arranged feeding and watering equipment for growing and laying birds.
Small Flocks Management of small flocks to 'provide adequate eggs and poultry meat has been encouraged. A flock of 25 to 30 layers and 100 chicks will provide a sufficient quantity of poultry products for a family of five. Poultry projects by 4-H Club members have provided demonstrations on the value of the small flock.
Turkey Managcment Eight turkey hatcheries produced sufficient poults to sell to growers to raise approximately 200,000 turkeys. Commercial turkey farms ranged in size from 1,000 to 35,000 birds 'per farm. Emphasis was placed on better poults, management practices, equipment, processing and merchandising.
Home-Grown Feeds and Green Feed.-Feed represents 60 percent of the total cost of growing pullets and of producing eggs. A program to use home-grown feeds, especially green feed, has been emphasized by Extension workers.
Marketing Poultry and Poultry Products The production, processing and merchandising of quality eggs and poultry meat have been stressed. The jobs of cleaning, cooling, sizing, candling and packaging are performed by the producer, egg dealer, trucker or cooperative. The trend is to have the egg dealers and cooperative render this service to provide a more uniform package. Additional egg coolers were constructed. Five egg buying cooperatives are operating at present.
Junior Poultry Work A total of 3,732 boys and girls from 63 counties enrolled in 4-H poultry projects. These club members had production








Annual Report, 1956


demonstrations with broilers and layers, with emphasis on supplying eggs and ineat for home consumption. These boys and girls exhibited eggs and birds and participated in judging poultry and eggs at county, district and state contests.
Classes in poultry were held during the week of the Girls' 4-H Short Course in Tallahassee and the Boys' 4-H Short Course in Gainesville.
Four-H poultry judging schools were conducted in Eustis, Gainesville and Miami.
Three district 4-H shows and judging contests were held at Jacksonville. Tampa and Ocala. A total of 1,361 birds and 88 dozen eggs were exhibited. Twenty-five poultry judging teams participated in these contests, with the Duval County girls, Lake County boys and Marion County boys top teams at Jacksonville, Tampa and Ocala.
Twenty-two counties carried the 4-H Club boys' and girls' poultry demonstration project sponsored by the Sears, Roebuck Foundation. A total of 22,000 quality day-old chicks were placed with 230 4-H Club members who gained experience in brooding, feeding and managing chicks, marketing broilers, raising pullets and managing the laying flock. Pullet shows were held in the fall and egg shows in the spring.
The 24th Annual State Boys' and Girls' 4-H Poultry and Egg Show and Judging Contest was held during the week of February 20-25, in conFig. 12.-Florida's 4-H poultry judging team won the 1956 Invitational Interstate Poultry Judging Contest at Chicago. John Buffington and Bill Nelson are seated. Others are Mickey McGee, Coach Earl Nelson, Buddy Frazee and L. W. Kalch. The team represented Mal-ion County.







Florida Cooperative Extension


section with the Central Florida Fair at Orlando. A total of 1,321 birds and 157 dozen eggs were exhibited by 4-11 Club members.
Fifteen teams competed in the judging contest. The three top teams were Marion County boys; Duval County girls and Dade County boys. Bill Nelson, Marion County, was high individual judge and received a $100.00 scholarship offered by the State Department of Agriculture.
The winning team of boys from Marion County composed of Bill Nelson, Buddy Frazee, Mickey McGee and John Buffington participated in the Invitational Interstate 4-H Poultry Judging Contest in Chicago on November 24. This team placed first in the country, with 15 state teams competing. The Florida boys placed second, fourth, sixth and ninth in individual placings. This team won three cups, one wrist watch, 10 medals and five fountain pens as team and individual awards.
Florida National Egg-Laying Test.-The 30th Test was conducted from October 1, 1955, to September 14, 1956, a period of 350 days, with 64 pens (13 pullets per pen) consisting of five breeds of chickens from 18 states and Canada entered.
Some of the results obtained include (1) an average egg production per pullet housed of 237.3 eggs valued at 245.9 points, (2) feed consumption per pullet per year of 103.6 pounds, (3) feed efficiency of 5 pounds of feed for each dozen eggs produced, (4) 229 eggs from each 100 pounds of feed, and (5) a mortality of 8.7 percent.
One of the S. C. White Leghorn entries in this test was high pen in the country in all Standard Tests. These 13 pullets produced 3,965 eggs for a value of 4,250.05 points, laying at a rate of 87.1 percent.
The high pullet in this test was second high in the country, laying 339 eggs for a value of 368.25 points.
The Fourth Florida Random Sample Poultry Test covered the period from March 26, 1955, to September 6, 1956-a total of 530 days. The 20 entries of 50 pullet chicks each were sent to Chipley the latter part of March, where they were brooded and reared for 180 days and then placed in laying houses, where they were kept for the next 350 days.
Mortality averaged 5.94 percent during the growing period and 7.07 percent during the laying period.
Average feed consumption per pullet housed during the growing period was 24.2 pounds for the light breeds and 30.7 pounds for the heavy breeds. Feed consumption during the laying period averaged 100.9 pounds per pullet housed, 98.8 pounds for the light breeds and 112.1 pounds for the heavy breeds.
Average egg production per pullet housed for the entire test was 240.3 eggs, 243.3 eggs for the light breeds and 224.0 eggs for the heavy breeds.

Fig. 13-High pen in the 30tb Egg-Laying Test. These birds, owned by Honeggers' Breeding Farm, laid 3,965 eggs worth 4,250.05 points, ano wpre biqh pen in qll United States tests.







Annual Report, 1956 57

Feed required for each dozen eggs was 5.04 pounds-4.87 pounds for the light breeds and 6.00 pounds for the heavy breeds.
The Fifth Random Sample Poultry Test started April 6, 1956, with 20 entries of 50 pullet chicks each. In this test the growing period was changed from 180 days to 160 days. Some of the results during the growing period include (1) a mortality ranging from none to 20 percent per entry, (2) a range of feed consumption per pullet housed from 18.8 to 25.4 pounds and (3) a weight range per pullet housed from 2.98 to 4.73 pounds.
These pullets are now in the laying house.
Poultry Institute The 15th annual Poultry Institute sponsored by the Department of Poultry Husbandry, Agricultural Extension Service, University of Florida, and cooperating state agencies and associations, was held at Camp McQuarrie the week of August 20-25, 1956.
Over 400 poultrymen registered and attended from all sections of the state, as well as from nine other states and Cuba. The topics presented by outstanding leaders covered the production and marketing of broilers, eggs and turkeys.
Cooperating Agencies.-The State Department of Agriculture has been most helpful in the development of the 4-H poultry club work and a sound state poultry industry. Officials of the State Marketing Bureau and the Poultry and Egg Inspection Division have been very cooperative in furthering the poultry Extension program.
The Florida Livestock Board has supervision of the National Poultry Improvement Plan and the poultry diagnostic laboratories. In 1956 there were 126 flocks with a total of 235,991 birds in this program. The new diagnostic laboratories have been located in Jackson, Nassau, Flagler and Dade counties and are being staffed and buildings constructed. Personnel of this board have assisted in the development of the Extension program at meetings, conferences and the Poultry Institute.
The Florida State Poultry Producers Association, Florida Hatchery and Breeders' Association, Florida Turkey Association, Florida Feed Dealers Association and Florida Poultry and Egg Council are the state organizations working with the Extension Service.
There are 22 county poultry associations, four of which were organized during the year.







Florida Cooperative Extension


SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

J. H. Herbert, Jr., Assistant Soil Conservationist

County Extension Programs Since county Extension personnel are charged with the responsibility of administering a diversified educational program, the Assistant Soil Conservationist assists county personnel with the phases of their program which relate to soil and water conservation.
County Extension workers in 66 Florida counties assisted 28,674 individuals in adopting recommended conservation practices, including proper land use, contour. strip cropping, terracing, grassed waterways, water supply, drainage, irrigation, use of soil amendments, use of fertilizers, soil improvement crops, crop rotations, land clearing and conservation forestry plantings. County personnel spent 2,100 days and attended 1,722 meetings in cooperation with county Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation committees, the USDA Soil Conservation Service and Soil Conservation Districts.
Four-H Club Soil and Water Conservation Program-The teaching of the principles of soil and water conservation to rural and urban youth is of inestimable value. There were 4,383 4-H Club members who received from county Extension workers definite training in soil and water conservation. Of these, 235 individuals completed projects in soil and water conservation involving 4,797 acres.
Home Demonstration Program A state home demonstration conservation committee was created to assist in expanding home demonstration club conservation activities. The committee has been most helpful in suggesting ways and means for cultivating interest in conservation on the part pf club members.
Soil Conservation District Program.-Codperation with Soil Conservation Districts in educational activities is steadily increasing. County agricultural agents serve as secretaries to 46 of the 59 soil conservation districts in Florida. Educational activities with which Extension personnel cooperated with districts included farm tours, speaking contests, fair exbibits, demonstrations, public school programs and field days.







Annual Report, 1956


VEGETABLE PRODUCTION AND MARKETING

F. S. Jamison, Vegetable Crop Specialist

COMMERCIAL VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

Forrest E. Myers, Assistant Vegetable Crop Specialist

Commercial vegetables maintained a prominent 'place in the 1955-56 agricultural economy, accounting for $187,000,000 value, 412,400 acres harvested, 155,000 carrots shipped out of state and 12,000 carrots used within state.
Activities and accomplishments of the Extension vegetable program in commercial production were closely cooperative with growers, commercial representatives, county agricultural agents, research workers and other Extension specialists. Agencies and organizations such as the United States Department of Agriculture, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, State Department of Agriculture, Florida Agricultural Research Institute and Florida Fruit and Vegetable Association actively supported mutual undertakings for increased effectiveness of the program. I The Vegetable Crop Specialist became head of the Department ofVegetable Crops in teaching, research and Extension, and the assistant specialist position vacancy existing since December 1955 remained unfilled. Emphasis of available personnel was intensified in key activities.
Publications included seven Extension circulars, two "Vegetarian" newsletters to county agents, three "Vegegram" letters to growers, Agent Handbook revisions, and other less formal written reviews and reports.
Thirteen general grower meetings were held over the state in addition to local meetings on limited topics. Publicity of vegetable' field days and results at nine Experiment Station locations received Extension effort, and were supplemented by special plot visits. Two formal area vegetable training conferences were held for selected agents in key counties.
Extension planning and workbook preparation for the Third Annual Vegetable Work Conference summarized all research in the state, highlighted agent opinion on further needed research, and contributed measurably to evaluation and presentation of additional grower and industry opinion.'
Other necessary specialist activities included research reviews in literature and experiment stations over the state; visits to growers and county agents to check field'. developments and to diagnose specific problems; attending nd assisting in grower, industry, other agency and professional organization meetings and activities; answering office calls and correspond,,. fnce and formal committee appointments.
County agent activities in vegetable production are shown below in a
-; *statistical summary;
Vegetables Counties
Item Including Potatoes Reporting
Total number of personal contacts made individually or through meetings . 97,027 66
Estimated total number of DIFFERENT farmers and other individuals assisted
directly or indirectly TO ADOPT
recommended practices . ------- 48,219 66







Florida Cooperatice Extemsion


Estimated number of farmers and other individuals reported in above item assisted
with any phase of production ------------- ----- 38,816 66
Of this number the following were
assisted witha. Use of improved varieties and strains-_ 23,028 65
b. U se of fertilizers -- - ----- ---------------------- 26,052 66
c. Control of injurious insects -------------------- 20,313 64
d. Control of diseases . - ------------------------- _ 16,342 64
e. Harvesting, storing, and curing ------------ 7,606 57
f. Efficient work methods -------------------------- 7,470 52

VEGETABLE GARDENING

J. D. Norton, Assistant Vegetable Crop Specialist

Every eff ort was made to plan and carry out the program of home vegetable gardening in such a way as to appeal to and inspire all groups to appreciate what gardening can mean to the entire family. Individuals were reminded of the financial, ph sical and social values of gardening.
The garden bulletin, Grow Your Own Vegetables, was developed. Three home demonstration garden leaders' guides were prepared in cooperation with the Economist in Food Conservation and Farm and Home DevelopFig. 14-These 4-H Club boys and girls intently study the vegetable classes
at one of Florida's first 4-H judging schools.







Annual Report, 1956 61

ment. To strengthen the 4-H garden program, the leaders' guide for 4-H vegetable garden projects, exhibiting and judging vegetables, and strawberries for 4-H members were prepared. Tape recordings, demonstrations and two 35 mm. color slide loan sets were developed. A script was prepared for use with the slides.
Leader training meetings were held as requested by county agricultural and home demonstration agents. Seven home demonstration and eight 4-H leader training sessions were held.
Garden clinics were held at Penney Farms, Sarasota and Orlando. These clinics were held to take the latest information to the home gardener and to answer any immediate problem he might have.
Upon the suggestions of district and 4-H agents, eight counties were selected to initiate vegetable judging and demonstration activities. Material for agent use in conducting the county events was prepared. The Specialist assisted the agents in training the young people and planning and conducting the county event.
The survey to determine the value of the home vegetable garden was continued. By determining its value, there would be a better opportunity for encouraging home owners and 4-H Club members to plant vegetable gardens.
The Extension Specialist met with district and county agents in all areas of the state to survey the needs and present the present garden program.
The Specialist served as State Chairman for the National Junior Vegetable Growers Association. This required preparation of letters for county agents and vocational agriculture teachers, correspondence with members and district and national chairman, and judging records. In addition, the Specialist attended the national convention in New Orleans. He assisted in setting up and conducting the national judging, grading and identification contest.
Every effort was made to cooperate with other Extension workers in conducting farm and home development work. Two garden training meetings were held for farm families in this program. In addition, four timely garden letters were prepared for this group. The Specialist assisted agents and individual families in home garden activities.
A mimeograph, Vegetable Gardening for Agent Use in Program Projection Planning, was prepared. Also, the Specialist assisted agents and men and women leaders in planning their garden program.

VEGETABLE MARKETING

Stanley E. Rosenberger, Assistant Marketing Specialist in Vegetable Crops

The merchandising of fresh fruits and vegetables is of national importance, since these Florida commodities are marketed throughout the entire country. Retail merchandising is the last activity in the marketing process but the most vital phase of the fresh fruit and vegetable industry. It is at retail that the products must attract the consumers' dollar and prove so satisfactory that the consumer will make repeat purchases. Poor appearance or low quality can have a very discouraging effect upon consumers and be very detrimental to the fresh fruit and vegetable market.
In an effort to keep retail merchandising of fresh fruits and vegetables at as high a level as possible and in the most efficient manner known, as well as to maintain a well informed food industry so that peak production supplies could be moved on to consumers and not left in the field to rot, the following activities were carried out:








Florida Cooperative Extension


Special feature promotions for periods of unusually heavy supplies. This program involves daily study of market conditions and shopping trends. When a large commodity inventory accumulates in the terminal markets as shipments increase it is a good indication that market conditions are not adjusting to allow for increased volume movements. Invariably low FOB prices accompany large terminal market inventory of a commodity.

CABBAGE 1956

DAILY AVERAGES BY WEEKS


480-- 1


450

420-

390-

360- TO U.S. SRI

330300-

270-
U.S. MNT
240-

210-

180-

150--


120--


Ile







LXTS PLUS I


ENTORIES IN


FOB BELLE GNDE, FLORIDA


(50% FROM F7


RDA)


, -2.00


'\,

A
16 CITIES


--1.80

--1.70

--1.60


--1.40 DOLLARS

--1.30 PER s --1.20 50#

--1.10 BAG

--1.00

_--90

--.80

--.70


9O0-- Ik ---.6o
ORGANIZED MERCHANDISING PROMOTIONS THROXlHOUT THE SOUTHEAST

6O_ 1 21 2; 11 1 l 2; 1. J6 2' --50
JAN FEB MAR

Fig. 15.-Promotional campaigns were effective in moving large supplies of
cabbage, of which Florida supplied about 50 percent of the shipments.

As these conditions become apparent a telephone call goes out to as much food merchandising power in the Southeast as is practical to reach. The food merchandisers are informed of current market conditions and trends and they are requested to help move a larger volume of the commodity in heavy supply. It takes 10 days to conduct a special feature promotion from organization to completion. Such an item, when given the special feature promotion, can be expected to move into consumers' hands at somewhere around 1.5 to 2 times the normal rate for each store featuring it. During the second sweet corn promotion of 1956 calculated FOB sales increased about $209,000 from week ending May 19 to week ending May 26.


CARS


I I








Annual Report, 1956


Consumer information people in Florida and in some other states are informed of the marketing picture for a commodity when shipments are high, terminal inventories are large and FOB prices are low. They are requested to watch for retail special feature promotions and tie-in good consumer values with local food ads.


CORN 1956

DAILY AVERAGES BY WEEKS


42o-- 1 i i i I I I i


390-

360--


TOTAL U.S. SHIPMENTS PLUS INVENTORIES IN 16 CITE


330-

300-


270-

2h-- PRIC


21'J-160-

150--a

120-

90-- a'U.S SD

60--


/ ,/

FOB BELLE G


/


- -ja


kDE, FLORIDA ROM FLORIDA)


t
,
/


--3.80


--3.60


--3�4o

--3.20


-3.00


--2.60 DOLLARS


--2.40 PER 5

--2.20 DOZ.


--2.00 CRATE


--1.80

--1.60


30--. / \
ORGANIZED MERCHANDISING PROMOTIONS THROUGHOUT THE SOUTHEAST

0-- i I I I I 1 1
O4 A 31 1 4 21 28 12 19 26
MAR APP. 1AY


--1.20

--1.00


Fig. 16.-Promotional campaigns also helped move sweet corn, of which Florida supplied 95 percent.


Retail merchandising information and training in the buying, handling, displaying, pricing, selling, record keeping, quality maintenance and management decisions of fresh fruits and vegetables is the activity receiving most attention. Retail food handlers are worked with as individuals and as groups of independents as well as chain store personnel. Retailers are advised on store layout and arrangement and are assisted in initial produce display for new stores.
Wholesale produce handlers and operators are worked with on care and quality maintenance, as well as efficiency in their overall operation.
County extension staffs are presented with vegetable merchandising information that will enable them to gain a better understanding of food


CARS


, I


PMEENTS (95%


l







Florida Cooperative Extension


retailers' problems and procedures. An increasing number of contacts is being reported by the county offices in the merchandising field.
Research personnel of both the Florida Experiment Station and of the USDA Agricultural Marketing Service are consulted frequently for research results of value to the fresh produce merchandising fleAd. One of the most interesting research projects currently being conducted and being followed constantly by retailers is the shelling of fresh peas and lima beans by machine for sale fresh, with the convenience of "built-in-maid service"~ such as the frozen products have. Should this idea be perfected fresh beans and peas may easily regain their former prominence on the family dining table. Retailers indicate that they can sell three to four times as many shelled by hand as they can in the shell, even though the cost is high.


CORN


- *%1729


f~Ri GOLDt ON TH COB - - - -D CORN O H


T H R E SA.


ID - - X . -.-


Fig. 17. Food stores throughout Florida joined in advertising promotion of corn when it was plentiful.

The USDA Florida Crop Reporting Service in Orlando is a constant source of supply for crop condition reports, shipping trends and peak harvest periods, as well as short-term supply outlook. The Orlando office of the Crop Reporting Service and the Extension Service work closely together on the special feature promotion program.
The State Department of Agriculture's State Marketing Bureau's Market News Service and the Extension Service also work closely together on the special feature promotion program so that adequate and current information is always available for use.
The Florida Chain Store Council is a supporter of Extension programs and their interest in the removal of surplus perishables from the market can be readily seen.







Annual Report, 1956 65

The Retail Grocers Association of Florida is an organization that works well with the Extension Service in program planning.
College classes in vegetable crops are given an insight into the merchandising of fresh produce, the problems involved and how they are frequently handled.
Plentiful food for the USDA Food Distribution Division's monthly list are recommended each month.
The Florida Outlook Committee meets annually and vegetable marketing and merchandising is represented at these committee meetings.
Various trade association meetings are participated in when the occasions arise. Trade association meetings attended this year were the National Produce Packaging Association, the Florida Fruit and Vegetable Association, and the Retail Grocers Association of Florida.







Florida Cooperative Extension


HOME DEMONSTRATION WORK

Anna Mae Sikes, State Home Demonstration Agent
Eunice Grady, Assistant to State Home Demonstration Agent in Training Program
Edith Y. Barrus, District Home Demonstration Agent
Joyce Bevis, District Home Demonstration Agent
Helen Holstein, District Home Demonstration Agent

Home demonstration workers in Florida continued to be responsible for the development and supervision of integrated and coordinated programs for both white and negro families, home demonstration club women and 4-H girls, and to the public generally. Insofar aspersonnel and facilities permitted, assistance was given to all families who wished such helpfarm, part-time farm, rural non-farm and urban families.
The program continued to give increasing recognition to the importance of 'people thinking and planning as family and community groups. The problems of home, family and community life continued to be the basic concern of all home demonstration workers. Families continued to seek information that would help them with immediate income and technical and human relation problems which they could solve.
Home demonstration personnel included 112 home demonstration workers, exclusive of clerical assistants, in state and county offices: 53 county home demonstration agents; 29 assistant county home demonstration agents; 1 Indian home demonstration worker; 12 negro home demonstration agents; 10 specialists and 4 district home demonstration agents; 1 assistant to the state home demonstration agent in training program.

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
As a part of program projection, county home demonstration workers emphasized the importance of program planning at the community level with women and girls and as far as possible with families. Discussion with community groups centered around: (1) the collection, organization and analysis of the many facts affecting the situation in which people live;
(2) decision as to goals, in terms of a more efficient and prosperous agriculture and more satisfactory family and community living; (3) a determination of the problems restricting the attainment of goals; (4) the development of a program of Extension education to help solve priority problems; and (5 a determination of the Extension resources needed to expand the program over a designated period of years. The summarized study on "Who's Who in Home Demonstration Clubs in Florida" was used as background information in analyzing county situations and in determining needed organizational adjustments. Agents made use of various kinds of opinion and survey sheets to find county and community needs to use as information and for a basis of group discussion.
Each year district agents and subject-matter specialists supply county home demonstration agents with situation and outlook information showing organization trends and in various subject-matter fields to use as a guide in program planning. This information was prepared by the state office committees working on the integrated program for home demonstration work. It was distributed as "Points to Consider in Program Planning" at the Annual Agents' Conference.
County home demonstration councils, working through county home demonstration clubs, continued to give valuable assistance in getting an








Annual Report, 1956


expression from women, girls and, in some instances, families as to their individual and community needs. Home demonstration agents were encouraged to hold panning meetings and to include entire family groups; to present pertinent and reliable factual data; to encourage dIs-ussion of individual and community problems as a basis for setting obje-,tives; and to set goals in terms of broad objectives which would lead to an expanded program.
State Councils.-State councils for women and girls aid in developing a state-wide educational program.
The councils strengthen and systematize home demonstration work in the state and assist home demonstration agents in the development of leadership among adults and youth; provide opportunity for homemakers and 4-H girls in groups to pool their judgment and experience for the progressive improvement of Florida home and community life; promote and develop 4-H Club work and other youth activities; extend the services of home demonstration work to a larger number of individuals and club groups; and offer a means by which homemakers and 4-H girls may initiate, interpret and promote state, national and international programs which affect the security and development of American home and family life.
Community home demonstration clubs were composed of women interested in planning and carrying through a program to inake the most of community resources, human and material; develop and encourage leadership for an expanding program; assist in extending the services of agents to individual families through farm and home development.
Problem Approach.-For the past three years counties throughout the state have been working toward a major and a minor emphasis plan, with the county-wide program centered on two (one major and one minor) phases of subject matter and their related areas. The areas to receive emphasis are decided on by the people themselves at the.'r regular planning meeting. The major and minor subject-matter areas undertaken result from the majority of expressed needs and interests of the people.

Fig. 18.-Annual ineeting and short course of the State Home Demonstration Council give the women training and an opportunity to assist the state staff in formulating and conducting programs of home demonstration work.







Florida Cooperative Extension


At the regular organized clubs one subject-inatter area is taught at as many consecutive meetings as needed to provide a continuity of learning.
Some counties have progressed more than others in this direction. They are finding already that this major emphasis plan has proven a great help. Home demonstration agents studying and preparing materials for club demonstrations find that it is also usable for radio and television broadcasts, informational news columns, leader training meetings and exhibits, thus saving time and giving a feeling of greater accomplishment.
Requests for other assistance in subject natter are met through special interest groups, workshops and open meetings conducted by leaders, agents, specialists and other qualified people. All phases of mass media are used, including tours to result demonstrations.


U -i-A
Fig. 19-President Reitz awards a certificate to Mrs. Walter Acker at the completion of the annual council session and short course. Director Watkins beams approval.

Leadership Develop m ent.-M methods used so far to develop leaders and to train home demonstration agents in recognizing opportunities for leaders to function included leadership training meetings in counties in subject matter to develop leaders' skills and knowledge of subject. These were conducted by specialists, agents and trained leaders. Leadership training meetings for junior and senior organization leaders were held by county home demonstration agents, assisted by district agents, specialists and state 4-H Club agents. A short course on "As Leaders We Serve" was held at the annual meeting of the senior council this year and leadership training was the emphasis of the Annual 4-H Short Course.
In 1956, 4,260 voluntary leaders assisted with girls' 4-H Club work; 1,994 meetings were held or conducted by leaders in girls' 4-H Club work with an attendance of 33,046 and 1,120 training meetings were held by voluntary leaders in adult work with attendance of 27,799.







Annual Report, 1,956


13ERSONNEL TRAINING
Recruit ment.-The State Home Demonstration Agent and the district agents have effected most of the recruitment of Florida home demonstration personnel during 1956. The new workers have come from home demonstration programs in other states, home economics teaching, home economics in business, and recent graduates in home economics.
Recruitment for future home demonstration workers was furthered by giving information on home demonstration work as a career to older 4-H Club girls and to home economics students at the Florida State University and as a part of Junior and Senior High School Career Days.
Pre-Service Training-The State Home Demonstration Agent and staff continued to advise on suitable courses in preparation for Extension work. The Assistant to the State Home Demonstration Agent in Training Program planned and directed the training program for home economists who were preparing to enter home demonstration work.

Lail,





















Fig. 20.-A USDA field agent gives in-service training to seven Florida home demonstration agents.

Junior and senior courses in home demonstration education at both graduate and undergraduate levels were taught at Florida State University. In the State Home Demonstration Office there were two types of pre-service training: (a) the long-time study plan of six to eight months for graduate home economists with no job experience and (b) the short-time study plan lasting three to eight weeks for graduate home economists with experience in teaching or some other area of home economics.
During the period of this report, 11 home economists have studied in the State Home Demonstration Office prior to their appointment to county positions.
Induction Training.-The induction training given by the district agents was adapted to individual needs but in general included policies, regulations, records, reports, Extension educational philosophy, education and organization, job analysis, program planning, leadership and office and







Florida Cooperative Extension


field management. This was done on initial and follow-up conferences, through printed material, contacts and by letter. The district agents served as liaison between the Assistant to the State Home Demonstration Agent in Training Program and the county home demonstration agent.
Training of State Home Demonstration Staff and County Home Demonstration Workers.-An extensive and comprehensive program of in-service training has been in action during 1956 for both county and state workers. Four members of the federal Extension staff worked with state home demonstration staff members. Other national workers contributed to the in-service training for various state staff members. Many conferences and workshops both in and out of Florida provided training for state staff members during the year. Other in-service training for state and county home demonstration workers included summer schools, general Extension courses, area and county in-service training meetings, committee work, state-wide meetings and miscellaneous work.

PROGRESS IN PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
Families were given continued assistance with immediate income, technical and human relationship problems of the home which the family could solve. In family living, 65,988 families planned an adequate and nutritious food supply, 73,086 families were assisted with clothing needs, 50,676 families built or remodeled homes, 23,098 families were helped to develop a satisfying family life, 29,728 families improved their health, 56,526 benefited from consumer education, 7,615 families were assisted wth making management decisions, 5,024 were assisted with financial planning and 3,791 with keeping and analyzing records.
Families were assisted with 'problems which have to be approached through group action in the community. In community cooperation, 528 communities improved conditions affecting health, 242 communities improved their educational facilities, 546 communities improved their recreaVonal resources, and 16,791 families were assisted with home and family recreation.
Families were assisted with human relationships-6,590 families with child development and guidance and 8,032 families with developing harmonious family life.
Home demonstration work in urban areas comes in response to a growing demand, as a result of Florida's rapidly increasing population, espec ally in urban areas; 127,326 urban families were assisted by home demonstration program with agricultural information, 73,778 urban families were assisted with homemaking information, 6,939 4-H girls enrolled from urban homes.
In citizenship and public problems, 520 communities or groups assisted with citizenship activities.

FOREIGN STUDENT ACTIVITIES
During 1955-56 the State Home Demonstration Office continued to assist foreign students who came to Florida for part of their study programs. In December 1955, the State Girls' 4-11 Club Agent accompanied the Boys' 4-H Club Agent and a group of foreign students who were especially interested in club work in Florida on a trip to several counties in the state.
Other foreign visitors were scheduled for visits in 12 counties where the county home demonstration agents assisted in showing them agricultural and home economics activities and Extension programs and giving them some contacts with family life in Florida.
The home demonstration worker with the Seminole Indians reported that 38 men and 37 women (foreign visitors) visited the Indian craft shop to learn more of Indian crafts and culture.







Anmwl Report,


CLOTHING AND TEXTILES

Elizabeth Dickenson, Clothing and Textiles Specialist

The clothing and textile program has continued to hold major emphasis throughout Florida. The Specialist has directed her efforts toward developing standards in clothing and textiles which would improve the appearance, health and comfort of each member of the family and help them realize the satisfaction of living within a family budget. To meet this goal, work has been done with agents, volunteer leaders and individuals. Goals set for 1955 showed much progress, but there was much left to be accomplished. Thus during 1956 these goals were continued, giving special emphasis to assisting families with the following: Learning to plan family wardrobe, learning how to make better fitted garments, selecting readymade garments, characteristics and best uses of fibers, finishes, blended fabrics, and making slip covers.
More than 963 homemakers in 45 counties made garments for the first time. 1n 1955 49 counties reported 1,067 homemakers who made garments for the first time.
As a result of training meetings held for white clothing leaders, there were 957 demonstrations given by women and 1,491 demonstrations by girls (40 counties). There were 61 demonstrations given by negro women and 86 by negro girls (nine counties).


6 f I

ow 4 '9









Fig. 21-Two 4-H girls explain the poster used at short course to teach
selection of proper sewing equipment.







72 Florida Cooperative Extension

There were 1,160 white women and 3,493 4-H girls and 66 negro women and 317 negro girls who modeled their garments during the year. This was an increase of 99 white women and a decrease of 124 negro women over 1955. There was an increase of 1,072 white 4-H girls_ who modeled their garments and an increase of 128 negro 4-H members. Modeling garments was a climax to the clothing program and helped to develop grace and poise among the participants.
Clothing was of main interest to Florida 4-H girls. The following statistical report shows results of this program during 1956.

Counties Counties
Reporting White Reporting Negro
Girls enrolled . 52 12,476 12 1,986
Girls completing projects . 50 7,343 12 1,516
Number of garments made ------ 49 23,029 12 6,448

White Negro
1. New garments made . ___ . ---- *133,923 13,329 2. Garments remodeled . . . 51,407 5,789 3. Making garments for first time . 963 319
4. Household articles made, including slip covers
and draperies ----------------------------------------------------------- . 96,420 6,690
5. Receiving help in family laundry problems . 8,715 782
6. Clothing leaders in county:
W om en . 697 138 G irls . 463 173
7. Exhibits, talks, radio programs by:
W om en . . ----------- - . 512 31
G irls ---------------------------------------------------------- . 1,587 43
8. Demonstrations given by agents on clothing
and textiles for:
W om en . . 1,690 508 G irls ----------------------------------------------------- . 4,665 704
9. Demonstrations given by:
W om en ------------------------------ . 957 61
G irls . . _ 1,491 86
*From supplemental report.

Methods used to meet the needs of adults and 4-H Clubs have been as follows: County leader training meetings; classes for groups at State Senior Council Short Course and 4-H Short Course; illustrative material; simple mimeograph materials; materials for radio and TV programs; home visits; fair exhibits, window displays, exhibits at achievement days and dress revues in communities and county-wide; workshops on clothing construction conducted by leaders after attending training meetings; State Dress Revues (women and girls); news articles; assistance with individual clothing problems; use of samples of fabrics to teach uses and finishes and characteristics; and workshops in making slip covers.








Annual Report, 1956


EDITORIAL AND VISUAL AIDS

Alma Warren, Assistant Editor and Visual Aids Specialist

Broadening the widespread influence of the Extension Service through the media of news releases, radio and television programs, printed materials and visual aids has been the goal of the Assistant Editor and Visual Aids Specialist.
By means of releases to Florida's 192 weekly and daily newspapers and to its radio and television stations, every resident had an opportunity to receive information from the Agricultural Extension Service.
In addition, the Assistant Editor provided material to state and national magazines. She supplied services several times during the year to papers and communities wishing to conduct promotional campaigns and gave general support to all worthwhile programs of rural groups.
Preparations and editing of publications in all the varied fields of Extension work also was a responsibility of hers. These publications are available to all citizens of the state and provide individuals with a ready source of information on topics in which they are interested.
The work of the Assistant Editor extended beyond the responsibility of preparing materials. It included training state and county staff members, assisting with the preparation of materials and placing in their hands more effective tools with which to perform their duties.
Among other specialized services performed by the Assistant Editor was the preparation of exhibit material for specialists' and home demonstration agents' use. Radio and television materials were prepared for both. Visual aids in the form of pictures, movies, and filmstrips were supplied agents in cooperation with the audio-visual center and the photographic laboratory of Florida State University.

Fig. 22-Home demonstration and library officials discuss reading facilities and magazines available at a newly opened home demonstration club library in Alachua County.








74 Florida Cooperative Extension

Florida newspapers printed 6,088 news and feature articles about home demonstration work. Home demonstration agents contributed 3,566 articles to the newspapers. Club members wrote 3,254 news stories and seven magazine articles.
News pictures about home demonstration and 4-H Club events and personalities were widely distributed in the state's press. Ten special editions on home demonstration work were printed.
One thousand three hundred and fifty-nine radio broadcasts and 214 television programs were staged. Home demonstration agents distributed 351,427 bulletins.
Four new home demonstration bulletins were printed.
Home demonstration clubs maintained 33 libraries, with an estimated 1,646 farm families using them. Home demonstration clubs borrowing books from state libraries number 41. Assisting with libraries were 34 home demonstration clubs. Clubs exchanged 1,564 books and magazines at meetings. New books contributed to libraries totaled 599. Clubs subscribed to 424 magazines and papers for their libraries.
Camp libraries were maintained at McQuarrie, Doe Lake, Tinipochee, Cherry Lake and Cloverleaf, the new camp at Lake Placid.
The State Home Demonstration Office has cooperated with local, state, and federal agencies in the preparation and dissemination of mass media materials.







Annual Report, 1956


FOOD AND NUTRITION

Alice L. Cromartie, Extension Nutritionist

This year we have been able to establish in home demonstration work major and minor problem areas and arrange travel to assist directly those counties where the family's food is to receive the larger portion of emphasis. There are 13 counties with the family's food as a major activity and 12 who carry it as a minor problem area. The three members of foods staff share in the work with these counties. Assistance is given all other counties in the planning of educational programs for radio and television, and in preparing articles for the press. The specialists have also prepared timely material to be used by all counties in promoting better food habits. The home demonstration staff feels that with this trend in program planning, program projection is just a step ahead. We look toward the state-wide projected program as our long-time goal.
The other objective for 1956 has been that of better family meals for all ages, with emphasis on weight control. It is reported that 15,629 families are serving better meals as a result of nutrition teaching by mass media, group meetings, special interest groups and 4-H Club work. Assistance was given to 11,375 families with young children and 7,014 families made up largely of older folks. Ten thousand and thirty-one families received help on weight control through better meal 'planning and preparation. Information on wise buying with the family's food dollar was used by families.
There are 14,485 4-H Club girls enrolled in 4-H food and nutrition projects, which help influence meal planning, preparation and service in the home.
The foods staff also began development of new 4-H food and nutrition project materials with leader's guides. The Extension Nutritionist also prepared two bulletins for printing.







Florida Cooperative Extension


FOOD CONSERVATION

Lena E. Sturges, Assistant Economist in Food Conservation

Basic principles of food conservation have been stressed during the year. The fact that home freezers are steadily on the increase as major equipment in Florida homes does not lessen the need for teaching principles of home canning, which will always have a place in the food conservation plan.
During 1956 there were 14,147 home freezers in use by home demonstration club women. This shows an increase of 3,597 from the 1955 number. Home demonstration agents reported 5,460 users of commercial frozen 'foods lockers. Meat continues to be the food item most often frozen. Reports show 1,368,291 pounds of meat frozen during the year, and 815,203 pounds cured. This represents an increase during the year of 65,037 pounds frozen and 57,046 pounds cured.
A total of 946,880 pints of food were canned in 1956. This shows a decrease of 136,171 pints over 1955 figures.
Reports show 862,505 pounds of fruits and vegetables frozen in 1956, an increase of 212,964 pounds over 1955.Direct assistance was given to agents in 30 counties through leadertraining meetings.
A closer integration of food conservation, production, and utilization has been stressed. Counties designating the family food as a major or minor program area for 1957 received assistance in setting up an integrated program.
Thirty-four records and stories of 4-H Club girls were entered in the state canning and frozen foods projects.







Annual Report, 1956


FOOD PRODUCTION

Susan R. Christian, Assistant Nutritionist

This program was integrated with other subject-matter programs to fit the interests and needs of Florida families. It was planned and executed through the cooperative efforts of State Agricultural Extension Service staffs, county home demonstration and agricultural agents, volunteer leaders, home demonstration and 4-H Clubs, junior and senior home demonstration councils, and individuals.
In working with this phase of the program, families were continually reminded of the relationship between home food production and all phases of fainily living. In planning the food production program, emphasis was placed upon the family's food needs, facilities for producing foods, climatic and soil conditions, economic factors involved, and suitability and various sections of the state for certain food crops. The entire family was encouraged to plan the production of its own food, taking the above factors into consideration.
The importance of home food production as a means of providing a more nutritious diet, of supplementing family income, and of developing opportunities for family recreation was stressed.
Program emphasis was placed on producing a variety of foods to meet nutritional needs. Where practical, families were encouraged to grow gardens to furnish vegetables for home use the year round; produce fruits





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Fig. 23.-A home demonstration agent demonstrates choice of plants for transplanting to the home garden.








Florida Cooperative Extension


adapted to the region as a part of the yard beautification plan or to grow a small family orchard; to keep at least one or two dairy cows to provide milk, butter and other dairy products; to keep a poultry flock for meat and eggs for family meals; and to raise meat animals for a home supply of meat.
Fifty-five county statistical reports-including white and negro-showed that 17,339 families were assisted by Extension agents in planning or producing the home food supply.
Fruits and Vegetables This phase of the program was approached from the standpoint of home grounds beautification as well as nutrition, health and economy. Increasing the varieties planted was stressed, in addition to using recommended varieties, improved practices and better management. Many families participated in this program, as shown below by statistical reports of home demonstration agents.

Work Done Women Girls
Home gardens planted . . . --------- . 11.798 2,760
Fruit trees planted ------------ . 8,317 1,168
Garden demonstrators __. . . . _ 1,894 974 Orchard dem onstrators . . 706 95 Berries planted this year . ----------- . 53,111 10,923
Garden chairmen and leaders . . __ . 393 299 Orchard chairm en . I . 244 120

Livestock and Livestock Products-Since prices paid the producer for beef animals have been low compared with previous years, and with an increase in the purchase of home freezers, families have butchered an increasing number of animals for home use.
The production of livestock was faced from a realistic standpoint and emphasis placed where production was practical. This program includes poultry, dairy and meat animals. Statistical reports of home demonstration agents show that 698 4-H Club girls were 'poultry demonstrators, owning 25,502 chickens, and 515 girls kept poultry records. One hundred and eighty-seven girls had method demonstrations in home dairying. Home demonstration club members, according to 44 county reports, bought 1,206 milk cows bringing the total up to 8,124 milk cows owned by home demonstration and 4-H Club members. It was reported that 17,924 families used a quart of milk daily for each child and a pint for each adult. This indicated that these families appreciated the value of milk and milk products in the diet, which is one of the most important steps in the promotion of home production of milk and milk products. Families- were urged to use the offspring from the family milk cow to supply additional meat for the family diet. During 1956, 20,104 hogs, 5,832 beeves and 3,357 other meat animals were grown and used at home.
The Assistant Nutritionist and Farm and Home Development Specialist spent 129 days in the field working with county home demonstration agents and assistants on farm and home development, food production and nutrition. She has devoted approximately one-third of her time to each of these three areas. Her contribution in the area of food production has largely been that of coordinating the food production phase of the home demonstration program with that of the agricultural program through conferences with agricultural specialists in program planning and in preparation of subject-matter materials for use with home demonstration clubs and councils and 4-H Clubs and councils.








Annual Report, 1956


GIRLS' 4-H CLUB WORK

Emily King, State Girls' 4-H Club Agent
Bronna Mae Elkins, Assistant State Girls' 4-H Club Agent

There were 21,764 girls enrolled for the year in 829 4-H Clubs. The girls gained ability to assume more responsibility and pass subject-matter information on to others. This program helps 4-H Club members to become better family members and more interested citizens in their communities and counties.
State 4-H Club Short Courses The theme for the 41st Annual State Girls' 4-H Club Short Course t Florida State University was "4-H Opportunities in Focus". It was planned and developed on the basis of the purposes of short course, which were:
1. To provide opportunity for growth and development of our 4-H
Club girls.
2. To effect better public relations on local, county and state levels.
3. To deepen the appreciation of 4-H Club work.
4. To promote a recruitment program.
Leadership was the keynote of the 1956 Short Course. Besides the leadership training the 410 4-H Club girls and 37 adult leaders received in their intensive subject-matter classes, each was given a special assignment such as assisting with special programs.
There were 180 4-H Club girls, 17 local leaders, 12 negro home demonstration agents and one district negro home demonstration agent in attendance at the 35th annual State Short Course for Negro Girls and Boys at Florida A and M University in Tallahassee, June 5-9.
State Girls' 4-H Club Councils-The State Girls' 4-H Club Council met during the State Girls' 4-H Club Short Course. Members of the council, composed of representatives from 41 counties, share ideas with each other about work being accomplished in their respective counties. Experience was gained by these girls in working and cooperating with girls of their own age group. The executive committee met three times during the year to make plans and carry out responsibility at the State Fair, as well as make plans for their state meeting.
The Negro State Girls' 4-H Club Council held three sessions during their week of annual 4-H Short Course.
4-11 Camping Program-There were 2,673 4-H Club girls who camped during the nine one-week camping sessions held for girls at the four district 4-H Club camps and the two county camps (Dade and Pinellas). The 4-H Club camping experience is valued as another opportunity for training junior and adult 4-H Club leaders, and for recognition of achievements of 4-H Club girls and leaders. A special handbook and planning guide were 'prepared this year with policy and guidance for camp planning.
Recognition Program.-Recognition is for the purpose of giving credit for work well done and encouraging a person toward more achievement. Recognition was given through 10 district demonstration days which were held simultaneously on March 17. The girls who were county winners gave dairy foods and other demonstrations, made talks and displayed their talent. During 1956, 25 girls and two adults received state honors provided through awards' program for Florida 4-H Club girls.
State 4-H Committee of County Home Demonstration Agents.-This committee is made up of the home demonstration agents who are chairmen








Florida Cooperative Extension


of the 10 4-H Club districts, the two State Girls' 4-11 Club Agents, the three District Home Demonstration Agents and the State Home Demonstration Agent. This committee was reorganized this year with the purpose of improving 4-H Club work with girls in Florida through cooperative planning, evaluation of results and discussion and understanding of mutual problems.
Leadership.-Adult home demonstration club members, as individuals and as organized groups, have perhaps given more encouragement, inspiration and actual assistance to the 4-H Club program than any other Extension group through their cooperation and leadership.
In the leadership phase of the program, 1,104 4-11 Club girls accepted responsibilities in their local groups and 1,416 women worked in different ways with 4-H Club girls.
Where there were adequate junior and adult leaders, it was possible for the 4-H Clubs to meet more often. For training, some 30,459 attended the 881 leader training meetings in 1956.
Fairs.-Four-H Club girls exhibited and participated in county fairs, county youth fairs, Florida State Fair, Central Florida Fair, North Florida Fair, and Greater Jacksonville Fair.
University 4-H Club Girls.-The State Home Demonstration Office sponsored this group as a means of helping 4-H Club girls now in college continue to develop their head, heart, hands and health.
This year for the ninth time this group sponsored the Annual Youth Conference on the Florida State University Campus. Their topic for discussion was "What Do You Think?"

Fig. 24.-Annual Rural Youth Conference at Florida State University provided college 4-H girls and boys an opportunity to do some serious thinking and discussing, as well as to engage in a few lighter moments with discussion leaders.







Annual Report, 1956


HEALTH EDUCATION

Frances C. Cannon, Assistant Health Education Specialist

Continuous progress is being made in health education. Evidences were seen and reported not only on the phases of work emphasized this year but also on the emphasis programs of past years.
Health Education.-Continued emphasis was placed on including health education in all Extension activities. This showed the growing concept of the value of health education.
County home demonstration agents spent 1,186 days furthering the knowledge of health. This was done through club and council programs, news articles, radio talks, home visits and counseling. Some of the subjects covered were: Understanding yourself, work habits, rodent control, sanitation, weight control, tuberculosis, cancer and health problems of older age. Home demonstration agents held programs on health subjects of this type.
A total of 367 adult home demonstration clubs and 281 girls' 4-H Clubs have health chairmen. There were 49 leader training meetings held, with 737 women attending. In addition, health education classes were held as parts of the State Home Demonstration Short Course, the Girls' State 4-H Short Course and 4-H camps.
4-H Health-There were 6,560 4-H Club girls who received definite training in health, nursing, first aid and good grooming. This training was given in 4-H Club meetings, at 4-H camps, achievement days and short course.
Progress is being made in having 4-H members receive physical examinations before camps. Each year more and more are having this as a requirement for protection of the individual as well as the group. This year 3,914 4-H Club girls received physical examinations. Also 3,542 were enrolled in health improvement projects and 1,946 completed their work.
Cooperation with other agencies provided additional opportunities for home demonstration work to promote health education activities. Also, it served to better inform the general public of home demonstration's interest and part in community and county-wide health problems.
Three home demonstration agents served on their county cancer boards while a fourth one helped organize a county cancer unit. Cancer education films and programs were presented at club meetings, achievement days and county councils. Seminole County women made gowns for cancer clinic and many other counties made cancer dressings. Helping with the Cancer Crusade were 357 home demonstration clubs and 146 4-H Clubs.
Three counties held education 'programs on tuberculosis, while others cooperated with X-ray mobile units. In Citrus County two home demonstration clubs had charge of the chest X-ray units in their community. Twenty women worked and around 700 people were X-rayed inthe two days. In the Christmas seal sales 287 home demonstration clubs and 290 4-H Clubs gave their assistance.
Three hundred and eighty-six home demonstration clubs and 336 4-H Clubs assisted with the March of Dimes.
Four-H Club members in two counties sold Easter lilies for crippled children's homes. The Liberty County Home Demonstration Agent made arrangements with the Crippled Children's Clinic for treatment of a 4-11 girl injured when five years old by a falling ice box.
A few of the other ways home demonstration and 4-H Clubs cooperated with local agencies were: Helped organize two county health committees,







Florida Coope)-ative Extension


program on Florida State Alcoholic Rehabilitation plan, brought pre-school children and their mothers to clinics, supplied toys for a negro nursery, made lap robes and scuffs for veterans hospital, and made dolls for children's home.
Additional close cooperation was given by county health departments, the State Board of Health, local physicians, the Florida Medical Association, Red Cross chapters, veterans' hospitals and children's homes.
Recreation.-Many of the activities of home demonstration clubs and 4-H Clubs are looked upon by the women and girls as recreation. In several county reports mention is made of women getting away from their home and mixing with others only at home demonstration club meetings. Levy County home demonstration women spoke of State Senior Council meeting as being their only vacation, as well as educational.
Almost all home demonstration and 4-H Clubs hold Christmas parties in December and picnics in the summer. In one county the women have added a new annual recreation affair-a Valentine Dinner for their husbands only.
In Taylor County some type of recreation is a part of each club meeting as a means of encouraging more family and community recreation. This is true in many other counties, too.
Recreation has been presented as subject matter also. Jackson County had a series of meetings on good music in the home, while in another county good books in the home was the subject.
Home demonstration clubs do not keep recreation just to themselves. Bay County's women planned and conducted a party for the golden age people of their county. The 4-H Clubs in other counties have held recreational activities for county homes (for old people), crippled children's groups and underprivileged children.

Fig. 25-These youngsters enjoy taking training in recreation methods.








Annual Report, 1956


The many home demonstration clubs which own their club houses offer them to their community for recreational activities. In many instances the home demonstration club house is the only building in the community where groups may gather.
Realizing the need for more family get-togethers, the 4-11 girls and boys of Pasco County held two county-wide recreation fun nights, inviting their parents and leaders as guests. The J)arents took part in the games with the youngsters.
Recreation plays a big part in 4-H rally days, 4-H achievement days and 4-H camps. In many camps recreation was taught as one of the group instruction periods.
A 4-H recreation project was developed this year by the Assistant Health Education Specialist, the Home Industries and Marketing Specialist, and the 4-H Club agents. The project, as set up, was aimed at guiding the girls and boys in developing well-rounded recreational interest, as well as recreational leadership.







Florida Cooperative Extension


Fig. 26.-Girls study color and home furnishings at short course.

Extension agents spent 5,632 days working on all phases of home improvement. Voluntary local leaders numbering 3,913 assisted with the home improvement program. Two hundred and ninety-one meetings were held for these voluntary local leaders.
House and Surroundings-Furnishings and Equipment.-This phase of the program is designed to improve housing conditions, create a desire for a higher standard of living, promote good health, and help bring about


HOME IMPROVEMENT

Bonnie J. Carter, Home Improvement Specialist

The home improvement program in Florida is designed to meet the needs of the people for comfortable, convenient, attractive and well managed homes to enable them to live more satisfying lives and become better citizens.
The program was planned and carried out in 52 counties by white and negro home demonstration agents. They were aided by specialists, state administrative staff, voluntary local leaders and senior and junior councils of home demonstration -work. Information was presented through 4-H, women's club and special interest meetings, tours, achievement days and home visits. Work was also carried on with other organizations and persons, and through the press and radio.







Annual Report, 1956 85

satisfying home and family life. Activities include: (1) building, remodeling, repairing homes and adding conveniences to meet family needs; (2) beautifying the home and surroundings; (3) furnishing the home for comfort, convenience and beauty.
Family Living Activities to help people improve family living include:
(1) assistance in making satisfactory adjustments to living cond tions;
(2) adopting good practices in rearing children; (3) improving family relationships; (4) understanding children; (5) managing the income to meet needs of the family; (6) making wise use of credit; (7) using human and material resources to improve family living; (8) adding to the family income in kind or cash; (9) practicing orderly, systematic and efficient work habits, (10) practicing everyday good housekeeping; (11) providing security for old age and medical and dental care; (12) 'providing and using opportunities for religious, civic, educational and recreational activities and (13) becoming informed on matters of law, banking and investments.
Consumer Education-This phase of the program is designed to help people make better use of their resources. They are assisted in: (1) learning to make wise decisions when buying household supplies, equipment, furnishings and building material; (2) developing skills in building and in repairing and refinishing floors, walls, work surfaces, furniture and woodwork; (3) reading and understanding labels, specifications, guarantees and directions for care and use of equipment and materials used at home; and (4) following recommended practices for use and care of same.
Home improvement activities promoted through the Extension program and some of the results are listed below. These figures represent work of men, women, girls, boys, white and negro from 1955 and 1956:
1955 1956
Total number of persons contacted individually or
through m eetings . . _ . . 156,019 181,886 Estimated number of different families, homemakers
or other individuals assisted directly or indirectly
to adopt recommended practices . 102,655 138,306
Families, Homemakers and Other Individuals Assisted with:
Building a new house --------------------------------- - . 788 1126
Remodeling or repairing the house . . 3,618 5,161 Improving kitchen and laundry . __ . ---------- 3,592 4,828
Improving storage space . --- 4,518 5,716
Selection, installation and care of:
(a) water and/or sewage system . . __ . 1,509 1,445 (b) cooling system s . . 1,184 1,176
Planning electrical systems . 1,403 1,618' Landscaping home grounds . 19,195 25,554
Selection, use and care of home equipment
(other than sewing) ---------------------------------------------------- 8,033 9,111
Selection, use and construction of home furnishings ---- 8,460 9,149 Repair, reconditioning and care of home furnishings. 6,300 7,643 Furniture arrangement and use of accessories . 8,195 10,826 Color schemes and wall finishes . 9,963 9,299 Floor finishes . 2,203 4,027 In arriving at management decisions . 7,547 7,615 In improving housekeeping methods . 12,868 12,714 W ith family laundering . 7,324 11,694 In the use of rural family outlook information . 5,427 5,894 W ith family financial planning . 5,490 5,024







Florida Cooperative Extension


1955 1956
With keeping and analyzing home records . . 3,320 3,791 W ith family legal matters . 2,445 3,951 With legal aspects of farm business . . *250 *610 With obtaining and using farm credit . *4 *13
Families Assisted with:
Child development and guidance ------------------------------------ 5,993 6,590
Providing recommended play, clothing and equipment suited to age of children . _ 6,691 8,065
Understanding roles of family members and
strengthening family relationships . 6,996 8,032
Individual adjustments and personality
developm ent . ----------------------------------------------------------------- 5,861 8,458
Home and family recreation . _ . 9,263 16,791
*Home Demonstration Reports only.
4-H Club Work is designed to stimulate the interest of girls in learning to do simple home tasks well, in making their homes more beautiful, comfortable and convenient, both inside and out, and in becoming well adjusted members of their families and communities. Listed below are activities and results for 1955 and 1956:
4-11 Club Members Receiving Definite Training in: 1955 1956
M oney m anagem ent . 8,570 8,503 Beautification of home grounds* . 4,245 4,499 Child care ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3,056 3,619
Home management (good housekeeping) . 1,527 1,855 Home' furnishings and room improvement . 4,300 3,781 E lectricity -------------------------------------------------------------- . 1,253 1,661
Meetings held to train 4-H leaders . 93 180 Attendance of these training meetings ------------------------ 1,900 1,064
* Boys and girls in cooperation with Extension Horticulturists and Farm Electrification Specialist.
Special training in several phases of 4-H Club home improvement was given to 4-H girls, voluntary local leaders and home demonstration agents numbering 500 at the annual 4-H short courses. Others in the counties were assisted through leader training meetings, 4-H Club and junior council meetings and home visits.
Requests for help with the several phases of home improvement have increased during the past few years. Apparently the home demonstration agents, assisted by the home improvement and other Extension specialists will -need to train more voluntary local leaders and help provide opportunities for them to help in their communities.







Annual Repojt, 19.56


100PPpFig. 27.-A USDA meats specialist points out to the Home Industries and
Marketing Specialist how cuts of beef may be bought economically.

Home Industries, Arts and Crafts.-Home industries were developed to supplement family income. Use was made of native materials, food
products and other resources of the farm and home. Thirty-three counties reported that 3,784 4-H and home demonstration club members produced agricultural and handicraft products for market. One thousand eight hundred and forty-one of them marketed standardized products and 1,912 irn-


HOME INDUSTRIES AND MARKETING

Gladys Kendall, Home Industries and Marketing Specialist

To assist families with -ways and means of increasing and extending the family income is the objective of the home industries and marketing project. Consumer information, management of resources, and production and marketing quality home-produced products were emphasized in both adult and youth work during 1956.
Consumer Information, Management and Family Economics.-ln the consumer information phase of the program, major emphasis was on buying foods, equipment, ready-made clothing and household textiles. In management of resources emphasis was on managing time, energy and money. Families were assisted with problems concerning selection, purchasing arid "making versus buying" decisions. In family economics, financial planning, banking, investments, insurance, social security and family legal affairs were emphasized. County Extension agents spent 1,561 (lays working on home management and family economics.







Florida Cooperative Extension


'proved the quality of the products sold. Approximately 93 percent of cash received was from the sale of food products and the other 7 percent from the sale of flowers, plants, handicraft articles and services, such as nursing, baby sitting, catering and sewing. More than 50 percent of the total cash received was from the sale of eggs. In addition to the cash received for their products, many families contributed home-made products to charity and community drives in place of cash.
Home demonstration and 4-11 Club members reported marketing the following food products with values indicted: Eggs, $498,002.72; poultry, $26,527.28; fresh vegetables, $17,129.39; dairy products, $41,443.13; fresh fruit, $16,988.86; baked foods, $8,525.60; canned foods, $4,576.21; frozen and cured foods, $7,705.84; meat, $91,009.06; miscellaneous food products, $57,609.83; total food products, $769,517.92; other products, including crafts, flowers, plants and services, $55,984.71; total of all products, $825,502.63.
The demand for learning craft skills was met by helping people know and apply art principles to homemaking and by helping them create and produce inexpensive gifts and articles for family use and for sale. All craft activities were a definite part of a basic family living program. Seven hundred and eighty-nine volunteer leaders actively assisted with this part of the program. Agents, leaders and specialists assisted 9,514 families with practices incident to the production of arts and crafts.
There was a ready market for quality handicraft articles that were suitable for gifts and souvenirs and that sold at a reasonable price. The development of profitable hobbies and leisure time activities therefore was encouraged.
Marketing Activities.-The program in marketing and distribution of agricultural products was conducted by Extension specialists in agricultural economics, marketing and other agricultural subject matter fields. However, people who worked closely with the home demonstration agents looked to them for guidance and assistance in marketing farm products.
Home demonstration agents devoted 82 days to assisting with marketing agricultural products. They assisted 11 organized cooperatives which have 1,193 members. In addition, 18 informally organized groups were assisted with marketing. A total of 3,673 persons were assisted by home demonstration agents with some phases of farm marketing, including preparation for market, outlook and market information, arranging to sell, and selling.
Program Development The home industries and marketing program was integrated with related subject matter. It was planned and developed in 52 counties by the specialist, working cooperatively with other members of the Agricultural Extension Service, volunteer leaders, home demonstration and 4-H Club members, junior and senior councils, and others. Instruction was given in: (1) improving consumer buying practices when selecting foods, household textiles, clothing, house furnishings and equipment; (2) managing to best advantage all resources, especially time, energy and money; (3) improving the management of family business affairs; (4) making quality products of palmetto, bamboo, cocoanut fronds, pine needles, cattail rush, reed another materials; (5) improving standards, packaging and labeling of home products; (6) interpreting laws and regulations concerning the marketing of products; (7) making toys and games from scrap and gifts from inexpensive materials; (8) making personal accessories such as bags, hats and jewelry; (9) recognizing and using art principles; and (10) how to plan, prepare and arrange educational exhibits for use at fairs, achievement days and other events.
Volunteer leaders assisting with this program included 664 in home management, 494 in family economics, 178 in marketing of home products








Annual Report, 1956 89

and 789 in home arts and crafts. In 20 training meetings the specialist assisted with training a total of 676 leaders. Agents conducted 10 training meetings in marketing and 215 in home arts and crafts for leaders. Agents, leaders and others held 3,283 meetings attended by approximately 32,000 adults and 4-H Club girls. The specialist trained agents, leaders, club members and others at three in-service meetings for agents, at state-wide conferences, short courses and other special events. In six counties 195 leaders were trained to plan, prepare, arrange and judge or evaluate exhibits. Agents used a total of 6,235 exhibits to inform the public of home demonstration work.
4-H Club Work.-The 4-H Club program emphasized management of time and money; using consumer information when selecting foods, clothing, textiles and equipment; using improved practices and methods when producing articles for sale or for gifts; and keeping more accurate and complete records. There were 1,854 club members enrolled in management projects, with 1,243 completing, and a total of 8,503 members who received definite training in money management. A total of 2,698 members were enrolled in home industries, art and crafts, with 2,160 completing.
Special training in better buying practices, management and art and crafts was given to approximately 375 4-H Club girls, leaders and home demonstration agents at short courses and 4-H Club camps.








Florida Cooperative Extension


NEGRO FARM DEMONSTRATION WORK

J. A. Gresham, District Agent

The programs of the Agricultural Extension Service for and with negro farmers were conducted under the immediate leadership of 10 negro county agents. Program determinations were finalized and execution made through the cooperative efforts of community leaders, county advisory councils, specialists, individual farmers and the supervisor.
The state conference of agricultural and home demonstration agents was held on the campus of Florida A and M University September 10-14, with discussion leaders from the State and Federal Extension Service.
One livestock slaughtering, meat cutting and curing workshop was held at the University of Florida for all negro Extension workers November 6.
A state-wide farmers' conference was held on the campus of Florida A. and M. University early in December, with more than 200 farmers and their wives in attendance. This conference was held cooperatively by the Extension Service, vocational agriculture department and the School of Agriculture at the University.
Five counties placed exhibits at the State Fair in Tampa January 31 to February 11. Three agents displayed county exhibits at the North Florida Fair in Tallahassee. Agents also assisted communities and individual farmers with exhibit plans and preparation for five county fairs.
4-11 Club Work.-Three hundred and seventeen 4-H Club delegates attended the State 4-H Club Short Course held at Florida A. and M. University June 5-9.
The state 4-11 Club camp (Doe Lake) was operated with the record attendance of 315 4-H Club boys during the three-week camping period for boys.
Four outstanding boys attended the Regional 4-11 Camp in Washington, D. C., along with four girls. All delegates won the right to represent Florida because they excelled in leadership and project work.
There were seven state winners in the 4-H Club awards program, which was accepted by Director M. 0. Watkins for negro 4-H Club members. Negro 4-H Club members participated in fairs and shows as follows:
State 4-11 Club Corn Show at the North Florida Fair, Tallahassee; District 4-H Club fat hog shows at Monticello and Webster; 4-H Club demonstrations at State Fair, Tampa.
Summary of Activities.-Records reveal that the agents made 5,477 farm and home visits, received 6,896 office calls and 3,287 telephone calls, 'prepared 201 news articles or stories, and made or prepared 10 broadcasts.
They distributed 14,091 bulletins, conducted 111 adult result demonstrations, held 73 training meetings for leaders; attended by 1,409; and participated in 231 meetings attended by 5,631 people.
Local leaders held or conducted 84 meetings attended by 1,482 people.







Annual Report, 1956 91


NEGRO HOME DEMONSTRATION WORK
Floy Britt, District Home Demonstration Agent
Home demonstration work for negro women and girls is established in 12 counties-Alachua, Columbia, Dade, Duval, Gadsden, Hillsborough, Jackson, Leon, Madison, Marion, Putnam and Volusia.
The state program for negro home demonstration work is directed by the State Home Demonstration Agent, who is responsible to the State Extension Director. The Negro District Agent supervises the work and assists with state-wide 'programs.
In carrying on the Extension program in 1956, negro home demonstration agents made 4,310 home visits, received 6,735 office calls, bad 6,233 telephone calls, published 246 news articles and distributed 23,695 bulletins.
As a result of Extension influence, 2,793 negro families adopted recommended practices in improving their homes and surroundings; 3,066 families changed practices in providing family clothing; 3,444 families made improvement in food production, nutrition and health; and 2,788 families adopted recommended practices and methods in safety.
Some assistance from Extension specialists was available during the year which helped agents to do better Extension teaching.
One home demonstration agent took Extension courses at the Regional Summer School, Prairie View, Texas; one agent attended summer school at Tuskegee Institute, Alabama; one agent took evening classes at Bethune Cookman College, Daytona Beach; the District Agent took evening classes at Florida A. and M. University and also took a correspondence course in social work from the General Extension Division of Florida. Efforts for professional improvement were made by these agents to increase their efficiency as home demonstration and district agents.
Adult Program.-The negro Extension program was designed to increase and conserve food; to meet the needs of Florida -negro families; provide more convenient and attractive homes and more adequate clothing; improve health practices and family recreational facilities; and gu'de families in wise spending of their incomes.
Agents reported a total of 87 organized adult home demonstration clubs with an enrollment of 2,029 members. They held 908 method demonstration meetings with 12,519 attending; conducted 62 adult training meetings with 763 attending; and held 32 county-wide meetings with an attendance of 699. Eleven adult county councils with 328 members were organized, and 575 volunteer leaders assisted in promoting the home demonstration program.
Under the guidance of the home demonstration agents and the supervision of the District Agent, homemakers from 12 counties set up a creditable state home demonstration exhibit at the Florida State Fair.
4-H Club Activities Negro home demonstration agents reported a total of 120 organized 4-H clubs in 12 counties, with 4,717 members enrolled. The 4-H girls enrolled in 12,726 projects and completed 8,847. In addition, agents held 64 4-H training meetings, with 1,056 attending, and 1,051 method demonstration meetings, with 43,692 in attendance.
Eleven 4-H Club girls won honors in the 1956 awards program and four outstanding 4-H Club girls won free trips to the 1956 Regional 4-H Club Camp held at Howard University, Wash ngton, D. C.
The State 4-H Short Course was attended by 180 girls and 17 leaders. Cainp attendance at Doe Lake was 325 girls and 24 leaders. A state-wide 4-H Council for Negro Girls was organized, with 4-11 county council officers from 12 counties participating. Ten 4-H team demonstrations were given at the State Fair and 12 outstanding 4-H Club g rls were awarded recognition certificates for meritorious work done in their various counties.







Florida Cooperative Extension


INDEX


*Agents, county, 4
home demonstration, 4
negro, 7
Agricultural economics, 15 Agricultural engineering, 21 Agronomy, 25 Allston, Clifford, 17 Apiary, 30 Animal husbandry, 27 meats, 28 sheep, 28 swine, 27

Barrus, Edith Y., 66 Beekeeping, 30 Bevis, Joyce, 66 Britt, Floy, 91 Broilers, 54 Brogdon, J. E., 43 Brothers, S. L., 25 Brown, W. W. 82 Busby, Joe N., 8

Cake, E. W., 17 Camps, 4-H, 32 girls', 79
Cannon, Frances C., 47, 81 Carter, Bonnie J., 84 Christian, Susan R., 45, 77 Citriculture, 35 Citrus grove management, 15 committee, 35
4-H, 36
institutes, 36 production, 35
schools, 36
tours, 36 yields, 15
Clayton, H. G., 8 Clothing and textiles, 71 Clubs, boys', 32 girls', 79, 89
home demonstration, 67
negro, 90, 91
University 4-H, 80 Coe, D. M., 53 Conservation, 10 food, 76
soil and water, 58
Consumer education, 85 Cooper, J. Francis, 40 County agents, 4 Cromartie, Alice L., 75

Dairy herd improvement assn., 37


Dairy husbandry, 37
breeding program, 38
4-H, 39
management, 38
pasture, 38 records, 37 registry, 38
Demonstration, home, 66
negro women, 91
Development, farm and home, 45 Dickenson, Elizabeth, 21 Director's report, 8 District agents, 8 Durrance, K. L., 27

Economics, agricultural, 15 Editorial Department, 40 Editorial and visual aids, 78 Education, consumer, 85
health, 81 youth, 11
Egg-Laying Test, 54 Electric, program, 23
equipment, 22
power suppliers, 24
wiring, 23
Electrification, farm, 21 Elkins, Bronna Mae, 79 Engineering, agricultural, 21 Entomology, 43 Exhibits, forestry, 50
safety, 47

Fairs, 80
Farm electrification, 21 Farm and home development, 45 Farm and home safety, 47 Farm buildings, 21
electrification, 21
equipment, 22 forestry, 48 machinery, 21
management, 16
safety, 47
Farmer cooperatives, 17 Financial statement, 9 Florida Dairy Association, 38
Department of Agriculture, 56
National Egg-laying Test, 56 Floyd, Ben H., 32 Forestry, 10, 48 catalpa, 50 fire prevention, 18 red cedar, 49
slash pines, 49







Annual Report, 1956


Home economics, 66 improvement, 84 industries and marketing, 87 family living, 85 Honey production, O Horticulture, 51

Institutes, poultry, 57 Irrigation, 21

Jamison, F. S., 59 Jensen, A. S., 48
Joiner, J. N., 51 Judging teams, 29

Kalch, L. W., 54 Kendall, Gladys, 87 King, Emily, 79

Lawrence, Fred P., 35 Libraries, 74 Livestock, 27
judging, 32

Management, broiler, 54
layer, 54
turkey, 54
Marketing, 17, 87
agreements, 18, 20
cooperatives, 17
4-H, 18
poultry, 54
organization, 20
research, 20
timber, 50
vegetables, 19, 59, 61 Meats, 28 Mediterranean fruit fly, 43 McCown, Jack T., 35 McElwee, E. W., 51 McMullen, K. S., 8 Mehrhof, N. R., 54 Milk, 37
Mixon, A. C., 25 Moore, J. S., 54 Moxley, C. C., 16 Murphree, Clyde, 45 Myers, Forrest E., 59,

Negro farm demonstration, 7, 90 Negro home demonstration, 7, 91 Newspapers, 40 Nieland, L. T., 48 Norton, J. D., 60 Nutrition and foods, 75

Ornamental horticulture, 51


Four-11 activities, 11, 33
agronomy, 25
apiary, 30
award program, 34
boys' short course, 32 camps, 32, 79, 90, 91
citrus, 36
clothing, 71
conservation, 58
cooperative, 18
dairy, 39
electric program, 23
entomology, 23
food and nutrition, 75 food conservation, 76
food production, 77
forestry, 50
gardening, 60 girls', 79, 91
health education, 81 home industries, 87
livestock judging, 32
negro, 90, 91
ornamental horticulture, 51
poultry, 54
tractor, 22, 33
University club, 80 Food and nutrition, 75 Food conservation, 76 Food production, 77 Foreign students, 70
visitors, 11 Forestry, 48
Fruits, minor, 35

Gardening, 60 Girls' 4-11, 79 Godwin, Grant M., 32 Grady, Eunice, 66 Gresham, J. A., 90

Hamilton, H: G., 15 Haynie, John D., 30 Health, 10
education, 81
4-H, 81
recreation, 82
Henderson, J. R., 25 Herbert, J. H., Jr., 58 Holstein, Helen, 66 Home Demonstration, 66
foreign students, 70
4-H committee, 79
libraries, 74
personnel training, 69
state council, 67
Home development, 45







Florida Cooperative Extension


activities, 52
4-H, 51
special program, 51 O'Steen, A. W., 49

Pace, J. E., 27 Parvin, F. W., 8 Personnel training, 10 Perry, F. S., 8 Pettis, A. M., 22, 47 Plant pathology, 53 Platt, W. J., Jr., 8 Poultry husbandry, 57
agencies, 57
Egg-laying Test, 54
4-H, 54
institutes, 57
marketing, 54
junior work, 54 tests, 56
Production, foods, 77 fruits and vegetables, 78 Publications, 41 Program, Extension, 8 Projects, 4-H, 32

Radio, 40 Reaves, C. W., 37 Recreation, 4-H, 82 Reddish, R. L., 27 Rose, S. A., 51 Rosenberger, Stanley, 61

Safety, 47
education, 47 Savage, Zach, 15


Schools, cattlemen's, 27 Sharpe, M. H., 40 Schotten, Glenn F., 40 Sheehan, T. J., 51 Sheep, 28 Short course, boys' 32
girls', 79
honey-electric, 31
swine, 28
Sikes, Anna Mae, 66 Skinner, T. C., 21 Social security, 16 Soil conservation, 58 Sparks, T. W., 37 Staff, state, 2 Statistical report, 12 Summary, 4-H, 14 Swine, 27

Telephones, rural, 24 Television, 40 Textiles ' 71 Turkeys, 54

Vegetable activities, 59
commercial production, 59
garden, 60
marketing, 61 Visual aids, 42, 73

Warren, Alma, 73 Water conservation, 58 Watkins, Marshall 0., 8 Wildlife camp, 32


Youth education, 14




Full Text

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COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK IN AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS (Acts of Ma:, 8 and Jane 30, 191') AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY AND UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COOPERATING M. 0. WATKINS, Director 1956 REPORT FLORIDA AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE REPORT OF GENERAL ACTIVITIES FOR 1956 with FINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1956

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COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK IN AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS (Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914) AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVWE, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY AND UNITED STATES DEPARTllENT OF AGRICULTURE COOPERATING M. 0. WATKINS, Director 1956 REPORT FLORIDA AGRICULTURAL ' EXTENSION SERVICE REPORT OF GENERAL ACTIVITIES FOR 1956 with FINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1956

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BOARD OF CONTROL Fred H. Kent, Chairman, Jacksonville J. Lee Ballard, St. Petersburg James J. Love, Quincy James D. Camp, Ft. Lauderdale Ralph L. Miller, Plymouth Hollis Rinehart, Miami S. K. Guernsey, Jacksonville STAFF, AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE Willard M. Fifield, M.S., Provost for Agriculture 1 ' Marshall 0. Watkins, D.P.A., Director J. N. Busby, B.S.A., Assistant Director F. W. Parvin, M.S.A., Assistant to the Director 2 Rogers L. Bartley, B.S., Administrative Assistant! AGRICULTURAL DEMONSTRATION WORK, GAINESVILLE J. Francis Cooper, M.S.A., Editor 1 M. H. Sharpe, Ph.D., Assistant Editor 1 Glenn F. Schotten, B.S.A., Assistant Editor 1 K. S. McMullen, M.Agr., District Agent F. S. Perry, M.Agr., District Agent W. J. Platt, Jr., M.S.A., District Agent C. W. Reaves, M.S.A., D'afry Husbandman T. W. Sparks, B.S.A., Assistant Dairy Husbandman N. R. Mehrhof, M.Agr., Poultry Husbandman J. S. Moore, M.S.A., Poultryman L. W. Kaleh, B.S.A., Asst. Poultry Husbandman A. W. O'St een, B.S.A., Supervisor Egg. Laying Test, Chipley T. J. Cunha, Ph.D., Animal Industrialist 1 J. E. Pace, M.S.A., Animal Husbandman R. L. Reddish, Ph.D., Asst. Animal Industrialist K. L. Durrance, B.S.A., Asst. Animal Industrialist L. T. Nieland, Farm Forester A. S. Jensen, B.S., Asst. For ester H. G. Hamilton, Ph.D., Agricultural Economist 1 E. W, Cake, Ph.D., Marketing Economist Clifford Alston, M.S.A., Vegetable Market ing Specialist Clyde E. Murphree, M.S.A., Farm and Home Development C. C. Moxley , Ph.D., Assoc. Economist E. W. McElwee, Ph.D., Ornamental Horticulturist 1 S. A. Rose, M.S., Asst. Ornamental Horticulturist Fred P. Lawrence, M.Agr., Citriculturist J. N. Joiner, M.Agr., Asst. Horticulturist Jack T. McCown, B.S.A., Asst. Horticulturist W. W. Brown , M.Agr., Boys' 4-H Agent G. M. Godwin, M.Agr., Asst. Boys' 4-H Club Agent Ben H. Floyd, B.S.A., Asst. Boys' 4-H Club Agent 1 Cooperative, other divisions, U. of F. 2 On leave. 8 In cooperation with U. S. Cooperative, Florida State University. [2] T. C. Skinner, M.Agr., Agricultural Engineer A. M. Pettis, M.S.A., Farm Electrification Specialist John D. Haynie, B.S.A., Ap-iculturist V. L . .fohnson, Rodent _Control Specialist 3 J. Russell Henderson, M.S.A., Agronomist S. L. Brothers, B.S.A., Acting Asst. Agronomist A. C. Mixon, M.S.A., Asst. Agronomist F. S. Jamison, Ph.U., Vegetable Crops Specialist 1 Stanley E. Rosenberger, M . Agr., Asst. Vegetable Crops Specialist Forrest E. Myers, M.Agr., Asst. Vegetable Crops Specialist J. D. Norton, M.S., Asst. Vegetable Crops Specialist James E. Brogdon, M.Agr., Entomologist John H. Herbert, Jr., M.S.A., Asst. Soil C-Onservationist Donald M. Coe, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist HOME DEMONSTRATION WORK TALLAHASSEE Anna Mae Sikes, M.S., State Agent Eunice Grady, M.S., Asst. to State RDA Helen D. Holstein, M.A., District Agent Mrs. Edith Y. Barrus, B.A., District Agent Joyce Bevis, M.A., District Agent Mrs. Bonnie J. Carter, B.S., Home Improvement Specialist Elizabeth Dickenson, M . A., Clothing and Textile Specialist Mrs. Gladys Kendall, B.A., Home Industries and Marketing Specialist Emily King, M.Ed., State Girls' 4-H Club Agent Bronna Mae Elkins, M.E., Asst. State Girls' 4-H Club Agent Susan R. Christian, M.S., Asst. Economist in Food Conservation Lena E. Sturges, M.S . H.E., Asst. Economist in Food Conservation ' Alma Warren, M.A., in L.S., Asst. Editor and Visual Aids Specialist• Frances C. Cannon, M . S., Health Education Specialist Alice L. Cromartie. M . S., Extension Nutritionist NEGRO WORK , TALLAHASSEE Floy Britt, B.S.H.E., District Agent J. A. Gresham, B.S.A., Uistrict Agent

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CONTENTS Page Director's Re'port .................................................................................................... 8 Statistical Report .............................................................................................. 12 Agricultural Economics ........................................................................................ 15 Citrus Grove Management ............................................................................ 15 Farm Management .......................................................................................... 16 Marketing ................................................................................................... ...... 17 Agricultural Engineering and Farm Electrification .............................. , ..... 21 Agricultural Engineering .............................................................................. 21 Farm Electrification ........................................................................................ 22 Agronomy ............................................................................................ ,................... 25 Animal Husbandry ...................... ~ ......................................................................... 27 Beekeeping .............................................................................................................. 30 Boys' 4-H Club Work ............... , ............................................................................ 32 Citriculture and Minor Fruits ....... .. ................................................................... 35 Dairy Husbandry ........................... . ...................................................................... 37 Editorial Department ............................................................................................ 40 Entomology ....................................... ...................................................................... 43 Farm and Home Development .......................... .. ................................................ 45 Farm and Home Safety ........................................................................................ 47 Farm Forestry ........................................................................................................ 48 Ornamental Horticulture ...................................................................................... 51 Plant Pathology ................................ . ..................................................................... 53 Poultry Husbandry ................................................................................................. 54 Soil and Water Conservation .............................................................................. 58 Vegetable Production and Marketing ................................................................ 59 Commercial Vegetable Production .............................................................. 59 Vegetable Gardening ...................... .................................................................. 60 Vegetable Marketing ................................................................ , ..................... 61 Home Demonstration Work ................................................................................ 66 Clothing and Textiles ............................................................................................ 71 Editorial and Visual Aids .................................................................................... 73 Food and Nutrition ............................. : ......................... .. ............. , ......................... 75 Food Conservation .................................................................................................. 76 Food Production .......................................... . ........................................................... 77 Girls' 4-H Club Work ............................................................................................ 79 Health Education .......................................................... , .. , .................................... 81 Honie Improvement .............. , ........................................... , ................................... 84 Home Industries and Marketing ..................................... , .................................. 87 Negro Farm Demonstration Work .................................................................... 90 Negro Home Demonstration Work ......... , .......................................................... 91 [3]

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COUNTY AND HOME DEMONSTRATION AGENTS (As of November 30, 1956) County County Agent Address Home Demonstration Agent Alachua ; . .......... Loonis Blitch ................... Gainesville ...... Mrs . . Josephine Mc Swine Alachua (Asst.) ...... ... . A. T. Andrews .. . ....... . ... .. Gainesville . -Mrs. Delores Y. Shamsedin Baker .......... .. .... A. L. Harrell ................... Macclenny .............. .. ............................. . . . Bay .......... .. ..... . .. H. M. Carr ....................... Panama City -Miss Emma L. Stevenson Bay (Asst.) ...... Howard C. Gray ............. Panama City .. .. .. .... ............................ ... .. . Bradford ........... G. T. Huggins .. .. ............. Starke . .............. . .. Miss Dorothy P. Ross Brevard . .... ..... .. . J. T. Oxford . . .. ....... . . .. ...... Cocoa ... .... .. ... . .. .. ...... . Mrs. Sue B. Young Brevard (Asst.) .......... H. W. Cunningham ........ Cocoa . ......... Mrs. Marguriette F. Reese Broward ....... .. .. . Robert S. Pryor ............. Fr. Lauderdale .... .... Miss Louise Taylor Broward (Asst.) .... . . . ... Matthew W. Co!lier ....... Ft. Lauderdale .... . . . . . . . . ...... .................. .. . . . . Broward (Asst.) ..... .. ... Lewis E. Watson ....... .. . . Ft. Lauderdale ...... .. . .... ............................ . Calhoun ....... . .... Thomas B. Jones ..... . ... . .. . Blountstown ........ Mrs. Annie W. Finlay Calhoun , (Asst.) . . .... ... . Russell S. Rudd .............. Blountstown .. .. .... ... .. .. ................... ... , ..... , . . Charlotte ..... ... .. N. H. McQueen ............... Punta Gorda ....... .. .. . ..................... . ...... . .. . Citrus ........... . . . .. Quentin Medlin . .............. Inverness .............. .. Mrs. Ray C. Baxter Citrus (Asst.) ... . ... . .. Theodore Gallo, IIL. ...... Inverness .............. .... . ... . ... ......... . .. ... ........ . Clay ............ .. ... .. Emmett D. McCall... . . .... Green Cove Springs -Mrs. Sue P. Glennan Clay (Asst.) ..... George M. Owens ........... Green Cove Springs -Mrs. Laura W. Williams Collier ............ . .. D. W. Lander .. ................. Everglades ........... .... , .... . ..................... .. ... . Cclli~ , (Asst.) ....... . .. W. F. Wortman ............... Everglades ......... .. . . .... ..... ............... . .. ..... .. . Columbia . .. . .... .. Neal M. Duke s ................ Lake City .. ..... .. ... Mrs. Glenn M. Sewell Columbia (Asst.) ........ .. E. J. Cowen . . .. ... . .... . .. . ..... Lake City ......................................... . ..... .. . Dade .... . ...... ... .... John D. Campbell... ........ Miami .... .. ............. . ........ Miss Olga Kent Dade (Asst.) . . .. Roy J. Champagne ......... Miami ............ Mrs . . Helen B. MacTavi s h Dade (Asst.) ... ,Ralph E. Huffaker ......... Miami... ....... ~Mrs. Camille N. Helgren Dade (Asst.) .... Douglas M. Knapp ........ .Miami ................... . . ..... .. . ............... . ........ .. . Dade (Asst.) .. .. Nolan L. Durre .............. Homestead ...... . . Mrs. Erma L; Butcher Dade (Asst.) . ... W. R. Llewellyn . ..... ... .... Homestead .... . .. . . ... .... ... . .. ..... . . . .... ... ..... . .. . . . Dade (Asst.) ... . Hugh C. Whelchel, Jr .. . Homestead . . . .. ... . ......... .... ............. .. .... ... . . . . DeSoto ........... . .. W. L. Woods ................... Arcadia ... .. ..... Miss Virginia J. Holland Dixie .... .. ... . ........ Ben Floyd ........................ Cross City ............. . ...... . ................ . ... . ....... . Dixie (Asst.) ..... . .... Charles E. Rowan .......... Cross City ............. . .. .. .. .. ........................... . DuvaL. ....... .. .... .James N. Watson ........... Jacksonville ......... . Mrs. Nellie D. Mills Duval (Asst.) .. Wm. E. Kloeppel... ......... Jacksonville .. .. Mrs. Nannie M. Cochran Duval (Asst.) .. J. R. Yelvington .... ... ...... Jacksonville . -Mrs. Josephine M. Cameron Duval (Asst.) .. Howard Taylor, Jr ......... Jacksonville ......... .. ....................... .. ... . .. .. .. . Escambia ..... . . ... E. N. Stephens ............... Pensacola .............. Miss Ethel Atkinson Escambia (Asst.) . . .. . ..... Calvin A. Winter .. . ....... . Pensacola ............ Mis s Myndall I. Hall Escambia (Asst.) . .. . , . ... . James H. Walker .. .. ..... . . Pen s acola ...... . ..... ....... .. ... .... .. . .. .... ... . . .. ..... . Flagler .............. F. L. Polhill . . . . ............... . Bunnell . ... ..... . ........................................... . Franklin ...... . ... . W. C. Zorn . . ..... . .... .... . ..... Apalachicola ...... ... . ... ... .. ... . ...... . .. .... . ... . ... . Gadsden ... ... . . .. . . J ohn C. Russell... ............ Quincy .......... Mrs. Marjorie B. Gregory [ 4]

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COUNTY AND HOME DEMONSTRATION AGENTS-(Continued) County Gadsden County Agent Address Home Demonstration Agent (Asst.) ... ....... Bernard H. Clark. ........ .. Quincy ........ Mrs. Edwena J. Robertson Gilchrist ........... L. C. Cobb ... . .. .. .... . ........... Trenton ...... ....... ... ......... ..... ........ ......... .. . . . Glades ... . ... . ... .. .. Harold H. Cook. ............. .Moore Haven . .. . ....... .. .......... . .. . ... ...... ...... . . Gulf . .. .... . . . ........ . C. R. Laird . .. ............... . ... . W ewahitchka ............................. ... ........... . Hamilton .......... R. A. Andrews ............... Jasper .... ..... ......... Mrs. Wylma B. White Hardee ............. JJ. F. Barco .. ..................... Wauchula .................. Miss Sara Horton Hendry . .......... .. . Frederick M. Shuler . ... . . LaBelle ..................................................... . Hernando ........ .. Harry J. Brinkley .......... Brooksville . ... Mrs. Margaret R. Nelson Highlands ......... 3. J . Harris, Jr ............. .. Sebring ...... .. .... Miss Catherine Brabson Highlands (Asst.) .......... .J. C. Hayman .................. Sebring .................... .. ............................... . Hillsborough ... . Alec White . ..................... . Tampa ..... . .......... . .......... . Miss Lora Kiser Hillsborough (Asst.) ...... ... . C. F. O'Quinn .................. Tampa ... ... ........ Mr s. Mamie G. Bassett Hillsborough (Asst.) ........... Jean Beem ........................ Tampa .. . ... . ................................. . ............. .. Hillsborough (Asst.) .......... \V. L. Hatcher ... ...... ....... Tampa ........ .. . .. . .... ...... ....... .. .. .. . ...... . ..... .. . .. . Hillsborough (Asst.) .......... V. M. Caldwell... ........ . . . . Plant City ... ..... Miss Doris E. Wetters Hillsborough (Asst.) . ... .. . ... .J. 0. Armor ...... ... .......... . . Plant City ............................................... . Hillsborough (Asst.) .......... M. C. Jorgensen ..... ........ Ruskin .... . . ............ Miss Virginia R. Hill Holmes . ............. C. U. Storey .. .................. Bonifay .. ............... ... ... . ........... .. .... .. .......... . Indian River ..... Forrest N. McCullars .. .. Vero Beach ................................ .. ............. . Jackson ............. Woodrow W. Glenn ....... Marianna ..... .. .. ..... Mrs. Alyne C. Heath Jackson (Asst.) .......... L. D. Taylor .. .... ............. . Marianna ... . ..... .. . Mrs. Jane R . Burgess Jefferson ........... Albert H. Odom ............. Monticello .............. ...... Miss Fern S. Nix Lafayette ......... W. 0. Whittle ................. Mayo ........................................................ .. Lake ..... . ............ R. E. Norris .................... Tavares .............. Mrs. Marian Valentine Lake (A sst .) .... B. 0. Bass ...................... . Tavares .. . .. . .......... Mrs. Mary 0. Rowley Lee ...... . . . ............ C. P. Heuck. ........ ..... ....... Fort Myers . .. .. ...... .. ..... ... ... . ... ... .. ...... ..... .. . . Leon . ............ ..... James L. Rhoden ...... ..... Tallahassee .... Mrs. Mamie C. Daughtry Leon (Asst.) .... J. E. Thomaston ........ .. .. . Tallahassee .... Mrs. Evelyn C . Presley Leon (Asst.) .... Lenzy M. Scott ............... Tallahassee . . ... ........ .............. .. .. . ............. . Levy .............. .. .. Wilburn C. Farrell... ...... Bronson ............. . Mrs. Linnie R. Coburn Levy (Asst.) .... Oscar L. Joiner, Jr .. ...... Bronson ............. .. . .............. .............. ....... . Liberty . . ............ Charles R. Smith .......... . . . Bristol... ..... Mrs. Camilla R. Alexander Madison . ........... Oliver R. Hamrick, Jr .... Madison .......... Mrs. Almon S. Zipperer Madison (Asst.) .... .. . ... H. T. Paulk. .... ............. ... Madison ....... ... .......... .. .... .. .. .. ... . . . .... ....... .. . Manatee ............ Wilson H. Kendrick. ...... Palme.tto ............ Mrs. Ethel W. Hanson Manatee (Asst.) .......... E. M. Kelly ..................... Palmetto . ... Miss Patricia L. Denmark Manatee (As s t.) .......... Robert G. Curtis . ... . ....... . Palmetto .... ....... .. .... .... ............... ..... ........ .. . Marion . .. , .......... Ed se l W. Rowan ... .... . . .. .. Ocala ... .... .. . .... . ..... Miss Elsie M. Garrett Marion (Asst.) .......... G. B. Harrison ................ . Ocala ..... ....... ......... ... ...................... . .......... . Marion (Asst.) .......... Everette H. Fischer ..... .. Ocala . .............. .. . ........ . ....... ... ..... . .............. . Martin ..... ......... .L. M. Johnson .................. Stuart ...... . .. ..... Miss Martha C. Burdine Nassau ........ ...... Gordon B. Ellis ............... Hilliard . ... .... Mrs. Evelyn I. Sabbarese Okaloosa ..... ...... F. A. McMillan, Jr ........ Crestview .. . . Mrs. Dora S. Stubblefield Okaloosa* (Assoc.) ... ... .. Jack D. Patten ............... Crestview . ... .......... ... . ....... . .. ... .............. .. .. . * Also Associate Agent in Santa Rosa County. [ 5]

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COUNTY AND HOME DEMONSTRATION AGENTS-(Continued) County County Agent Address Home Demonstration Agent Okeechobee ...... C. R. Boyles ................... Okeechobee ...................... , ........................ . Orange .............. F. E. Baetzman .............. Orlando ...... Miss Marjorie K. Ludeman Orange (Asst.) ....... ~.Henry F. Swanson ......... Orlando ................ Mrs. Mary A. Moore Orange (Asst.) ......... .A. F. Cribbett ................ Orlando ................ Miss Joyce McDonald Osceola ............. J. B. Smith ...................... Kissimmee .......... Miss Marilyn Dietrich Palm Beach ...... M. U. Mounts ................. W. Palm Beach ........ Miss Mary L. Todd Palm Beach (Asst.) .......... John H. Causey .............. W. Palm Beach -Mrs. Elizabeth H. Pierce Palm Beach (Asst.) .......... Rayburn K. Price ........... W. Palm Beach ....................................... . Palm Beach (Asst.) .......... Raleigh S. Griffis ........... W. Palm Beach ....................................... . Palm Beach (Asst.) .......... H. L. Speer ...................... Belle Glade ............................................. . Pasco ................. J. F. Higgins ................... Dade City ............ Mrs. Mary R. Stearns Pasco (Asst.) ... C. A. Byrd ....................... Dade City ...... Miss Caroline L. DeVore Pinellas ............. J. H. Logan ..................... Largo ........ Mrs. Charlotte M. Lattimer Pinellas (Asst.) .......... H. A. Williams ............... Largo ........................ Miss Jo Ann Tilley Pinellas (Asst.) .......... L. E. Cunningham ......... Largo ......................................................... . Polk. .................. W. P. Hayman ................ Bartow .................. Mrs. Ruth M. Elkins Polk (Asst.) ..... Paul A. Daly ................... Bartow .............. Mrs. Cora Sue Johnson Polk (Asst.) ..... Robert Yates ................... Bartow ..................................................... . Polk (Asst.) ..... Jackson A. Haddox ....... Bartow ..................................................... . Polk (Asst.) ..... James D. Pierce ............. Bartow ..................................................... . Putnam ............. H. E. Maltby ................... Palatka ...... Mrs. Elizabeth W. Starbird Putnam (Asst.) .......... Ralph T. Clay, Jr .......... Palatka ..................................................... . St. Johns .......... P. R. McMullen ............... St. Augustine ...... Mrs. Ruth T. Penner St. Johns (Asst.) .......... Paul L. Dinkins, Jr ........ St. Augustine ......................................... . St. Lueie ........... Charles D. Kime ............. Fort Pierce ........ Mrs. Mary H. Bennett Santa Rosa ...... S. C. Kierce ...................... Milton ...................... Miss Lora A. Botts Santa Rosa (Asst.) ..................................................... Milton ........................ Mrs. Ann P. Jeter Sarasota ........... Kenneth A. Clark. ......... Sarasota .............. Mrs. Laleah B. Brown Sarasota (Asst.) .......... Hal Hopson ..................... Sarasota ................................................... . Seminole ........... Cecil Tucker, IL ............. Sanford .............. Miss Myrtie C. Wilson Sumter .............. O. M. Maines, Jr ............ Bushnell... ............. Mrs. May 0. Fulton Sumter (Asst.) .......... Donald A. George .......... Bushnell ................................................... . Suwannee ......... J. P. Crews ..................... Live Oak. ....... Mrs. Helen R. Hardiman Suwannee (Asst.) .......... A. K. Doke ...................... .Live Oak ................................................... . Taylor ............... H. P. Davis ...................... Perry .................. Mrs. Sallie R. Childers Union ................ William J. Cowen .......... .Lake Butler ............................................. . Volusia .............. T. R. Townsend ............... DeLand ........................ Mrs. Edna S. Eby Volusia (Asst.) .......... J. N. Luttrell.. ................ DeLand ..................................................... . Wakulla ............ A. S. Laird ....................... Cra\\'i'ordville ........................................... . Walton .............. H. 0. Harrison ............... De Funiak Springs -Miss Betty J. Duckett Washington ..... Johnnie E. Davis ............ Chipley ................ Mrs. Dorcas L. Payne [ 6]

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NEGRO COUNTY AND HOME DEMONSTRATION AGENTS County County Agent Address Home Demonstration Agent Alachua ............ English M. Greene ......... Gainesville ................ Leontine Williams Columbia .. .... .. .. McKinley Jeffers ............ Lake City ........................ Gladys Wilkins Dade ............................................................. Miami .. .................. Victoria M. Simpson Duval. ........................................................... Jacksonville .................. Ethel M. Powell Gadsden ............ Russell Stephens ...... .. ... Quincy . .. ....... ............ Ursula H. Williams Hamilton ... . ...... Isaac Chandler, Jr ... ... ... . Jasper .......... ... .... .. .... ... ......... ............. .... ... . Hillsborough ... . .................................... . ...... Tampa .. ... .. ..... ......... ......... Sudella J. Ford Jackson ............. Virgil Elkins .................... Marianna . ...... .. ....... Virginia V. Dickens Jefferson .......... . M. E. Groover ................ . Monticello ................ . ..... . ........................ .. . Leon .................. Richard A. Hartsfield ... Tallahassee ..................... . Irie Mae Clark Madison ............. James C. Miller ........ . ...... Madison .......... .. ... .. ..... .. .. Lola E. Preston Marion . ... .......... Eugene P. Smith ..... .... ... . Ocala ......................................................... . Marion . . ............ . .......................................... Reddick. . .. ....... ..... ..... ... Sarah K. Thomas Putnam ............. . .......................................... Palatka ................ . ......... Leala M. Reaves Sumter .............. Richard L. Bradley ....... . Bushnell ...... . ............................................ . Volusia .............. . .... .. ........... . ..... .. .... . ............ DeLand ........................ Ida T. Pemberton [ 7]

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8 Florida Cooperative Extension DIRECTOR'S REPORT H. G. Clayton, Director' M. 0. Watkins, Assistant Director and Director Joe N. Busby, Assistant Director• F. W. Parvin, Assistant to the Director• K. S. McMullen, District Agent F. S. Perry, District Agent W. J. Platt, District Agent The total volume of work handled by agents in 1956 was considerably more than the year before. For example, all agents combined made more than 101,492 farm or home visits to give first hand assistance with prob lems. This was an increase of 10,129 over the year before. The number of office calls totaled 259 , 208, an increase of 24,342 from the year before. Telephone calls increased by 54,381 to a total of 320,622. The number of news articles, radio and television broadcasts showed con siderable increase over the year before. In carrying out the work in the counties, agents worked closely with local leaders. Some 2,564 training meetings were held for leaders. The leaders, in turn, held 2,928 meetings for adults, attended by 51,921, and 2,528 meetings for 4-H members, attended by 43,242. In attempting to work more closely with farm families on broad farm and home management problems, agents worked with 416 families. Agents gave more attention to mark e ting problems during 1956. For example, a total of 132 formally organized cooperatives with a combined membership of 17,197 were assisted with marketing and purchasing. The cooperatives were assisted with organization, financial, and operating problems. More farmers were given help with soil and water conservation and management, forestry and wildlife protection. Increased emphasis was giv,en to problems involving planning and management of the farm business. Farmers were given assistance with keeping and analyzing their farm records, agricultural outlook, income tax accounting, social security, and making needed adjustments in the farm organization. Home demonstration agents gave increased attention to home manage ment and clothing construction. They reached more families with informa tion on foods and nutrition, health, and safety problems. Both county and home demonstration agents devoted more time to . educational projects or programs relating to citizenship activities. Total number of 4-H Clubs in the state was 1,498, an increase of 50 over 1955. Number of club members enrolled increased from 35,212 to 37,130. Number of projects carried by 4-H members increased from 77,742 to 82,148. More club members received training in judging, giving demon strations, farm and home safety, citizenship, forestry and health, nursing, and first aid. More families were assisted by the Extension Service to make changes in agricultural and homemaking practices than ever before. A total of 270,426 Florida families were reached in 1956, an increase of more than 52,138 over 1955. An increasingly large number of these families, 171,725, 1 Director, December 1, 1955, to May 31, 1956. 2 Assistant Director, Dec. 1, 1955, to May 31, 1956; Director, June l to Nov. 30, 1956. 3 Assistant Director, July 1, 19 5 6, to November 30, 1956. Granted leave of absence to continue graduate work.

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Annual Report, 1956 9 lived in towns. They called on county agents for help with lawns, back yard fruit trees, ornamental production and other problems of an agricul tural nature. Some 54,580 families worked with were classified as rural nonfarm-and 44,121 were farm families. IMPORTANT CHANGES OR DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ADMINISTRA TION OF THE STATE EXTENSION SERVICE A. Financing Extension Work. FINANCIAL STATEMENT 1955-56 Federal Funds: Smith-Lever Amended ... ... .. . .... . ................ ... .. ... .... $517,036.50 Agricultural Marketing .. .. ... ..... . . .................. .. ...... 9,700.00 Bureau of Indian Affairs . . .. .. ... . ................. . .... .... .. 7,350.00 State Appropriation: Legislature .. ... ... . ................... ... .................... . .... ... ... $729;649.00 State Trust Funds: Incidental (Actual) ........... .. ....................... . .......... . 19,989.33 County Appropriations ........ ... ..... . .. . .... . ............ ...... ... 593,908.00 $ 534,086.50 729,649.00 19,989.33 593,908.00 Grand Total ..... .. ............. .. . .... ..... .. ......... .. ... ..... .... . ....... . .. ...... .. . ... $1,877,632.83 FINANCIAL STATEMENT 1956-57 Federal Funds: Smith-Lever Amended .................................... . .. . .. $561,826.94 Agricultural Marketing ... . . .. . .. ... . ................ . .... . .... 9,900.00 Bureau of Indian Affairs ... . .......... . ............ ... ... .. . 12,600 . 00 State Appropriation: Legislature . ...................... .. . . . : ....... ................ .. .. ... ... $810,154.06 State Trust Funds: , Incidental (Estimated) ............ .. ..................... .. ... 21,600.00 County Appropriations .......... .... ................ ... .. . .... ... ..... 640,689.00 $ 584,326.94 810,154.06 * 21,600.00 640,689.00 Grand Total ........... . .. . .... .. .. .. . . ..... .. ...... . .. ... . . ... . . ... .... .. ......... . ..... . $2,056,770.00 Includes $73,893.06 in carryover funds from 195 5 -56. Increases in federal and county funds during the year made it possible to add new positions at state and county levels as follows: 1 assistant agricultural engineer, 1 assistant horticulturist, 8 assistant county agents, 3 assistant home demonstration agents, 7 county clerical assistants, and 4 state office clerical personnel. During the year the position of Assistant Agronomist for tobacco work was filled by promoting a county agricultural agent from a tobacco county to this position. This specialist has begun to organize his program to give special attention to this important crop. There have been no major changes in Extension organization. Director H. G. Clayton retired May 31. Dr. M. 0. Watkins was promoted to this position June 1. A former Acting County Agent and Assistant State Boys' 4-H Club Agent, Mr. J. N. Busby, was appointed to the Assistant Director position. The Assistant to the Director position is vacant temporarily while Mr. F. W. Parvin is away working toward his doctorate degree.

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10 Florida Cooperative Extension Personnel Training.-A series of oneor two-day area training confer ences was held with county and home d e monstration agents to give the agents new research information available in the more important fields of work. These training conferences included only subject matter recog nized as of major concern to the agents in a given area. The agents were enthusiastic about this system of training and are asking for "repeats" on this type of school during the coming year. In addition, specialists continue to provide agents with new information through the usual chan nels of communication. The annual conference of all Extension agents in Florida is considered a major device for training of agents; While little actual subject matter is presented at this time, agents are brought information on such items as program projection, rural development, farm and home development, etc. This is a week-long conference and is held in late August of each year on the campus of the University of Florida. The annual three-week summer school for Extension worker s was held at the University of Florida June 18 to July 7, 1956. A total of 34 exten~ sion workers attended. Most took two courses for graduate credit . Four courses were offered, each carrying 1 hours of credit. Arrangements were again made for home demonstration agents to enroll for the first three weeks of the regular six-week summer school courses at Florida State University. Three agents attended. A two-day orientation school for new assistant county agents was held. An attempt was made to bring to agents information on policies of the Agricultural Extension Service and to answer questions that they might have on Extension work. The agents had been in the counties for a period of from one to 11 months. All 'prospective home demonstration workers underwent a period of orientation at Florida State University before going into the countie s for work . District agents and specialists carried on a continuous program of in service training for agents. Agents attended the Experiment Stations throughout the year as field days were held and otherwise kept up-to-date on subject matter. Water Conservation.-During 1956 a Water Resources Study Commis sion, provided for by the 1955 legislature, completed a study of water probl e ms in all counties of Florida. County Extension personnel assisted with the organization of the committees at the county level and with the holding of meetings to discuss water problems. At the state level, state Extension Service staff personnel served on a number of different com mittees which investigated various aspects of Florida's water problems. The findings of the county and state committee are to be presented to the 1957 session of the Florida legislature with a view to the passage of legislation which would correct the more serious water problems in Florida. Farm Forest Management; Protection and Planting.-This phase of Florida agriculture is receiving increased attention from county and . state groups as they envision the importance of forests to the economic future of Florida. Attention is being given by county Extension agents and the state specialists to increased farm income from gum farming and the growing of a crop .of pine timber. The Extension Service is working and will continue to work closely with state and federal forest services, Soil Conservation Service, Agricultural . Stabilization ' and Conservation, voca tional agriculture teachers and others in this important work. Health Problems.-The state home demonstration program emphasizes good health practices in practically all of its aspects. : Recently a state Rural Health Committee was organized, made up of representatives from

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Annual Report, 1956 11 the State Board of Health, Florida Medical Association, Florida Farm Bureau and Agricultural Extension Service. Efforts will be made through this committee to coordinate work on major health problems throughout Florida, working through county groups . Problems of Low Farm Income.-Major attention has been given to assisting farmers to develop supplemental sources of income, locate off the-farm employment, increase net income through use of more efficient practices and the latest research information, more efficient use of outlook information, record keeping, use of family budgets and otherwise. In this important work practically all staff members play some part, at both state and county levels. Youth W ork.-All staff members in Florida devote a portion of their time to 4-H Club and other youth work. A major effort is given by all in concerted action to provide the youth of the state, and especially the rural youth, with an opportunity to improve themselves through work with agricultural or home economics projects, by following better health practices, by participation in community or county projects, and active participation in citiz e nship affairs. Florida's Extension program includes the operation of five state 4-H Club camps . These provide an opportunity for training in subject matter, citizenship and health practices. Four-H Club short courses and other state, district and county activities are aimed at fullest development of youth. Extension Training for Foreign Visitors.-ln 1956 the Extension Service provided training for a total of 83 visitors from 26 countries. The countries represented by these trainees w e re Belgian Congo, Bolivia, Brazil, British Honduras, Chile, China (Nationalist), Costa Rica, Cuba, Formosa, France, Greece, Gautemala , Honduras, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, Thialand, and Turkey. Training included a short course on youth work and farm and home development for 'personnel doing Extension work in Chile, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Peru.

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12 Florida Cooperative Extension STATISTICAL REPORT, MEN AND WOMEN Data from White and Negro County and Home Demonstration Agents' Reports GENERAL ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS Farm and home visits made .... . ...... ..... ....... ....... ..... ... .............................. J : Calls relating to Extension work .. . .... :-::' ... .. office 259,208; telephone News articles or stories prepared ...................... ... ............. . ...... ... ........... . Broadcasts made or prepared .................... . ....... television 322; radio Bulletins distributed .. .... . ... ..... .... ...... .. .. ...... ... .... ..... .. . . . .. .... .... ..................... .. . Adult result demonstrations conducted .............. ... ........ . ......... .. .............. . Training me et ing s held for local leaders: Number ......... .. ......... : . .. . ................ ...... ........ ... ...... ... ..................... ... ..... ..... . Total attendance ....... .. ....... .. ......... .. ........................................................ . All other meetings agents held or participated in: 101,492 320,622 14,2 8 0 3,490 616,547 4,141 2,626 71,096 Number ............ . .................... . ...................... .. ...... ..... ...... .... ......... ..... ... ...... 31,483 Total attendance ....... . ........... . . .. ....... ... .. . .... ...... .... .. . . .............................. 1,159 ,554 Meetings held or conducted by local leaders: Number .. .. .... . . ........ ... ..... .... .... . .. ............... .. . ................ ..... ..... ...... . .. . ... ........ 5,496 Total attendance ..... .. ......... .... ........ .... ....... ..... ..... ... ...... .... .......... . ........... .. 96,103 COOPERATIVE AGRICULTURAL PLANNING Total . number of different voluntary leaders assisting Extension agents with organization, planning and conducting of Extension work in counties: Men ..... .. .... ............. .. ....... .... ........ .. . ... ..... . ....... ..... ................. 2,602 Women . .. ......... .... ..... ... .......... . ........ ... ................... .. . . . .......... 5,462 Older club boys .... ..... . . ... ...... .. ....... ..... ........ . .. ..... ................ 200 Older club girls ....... . .......................................................... 1,104 Individuals assisted to adopt recommended production and marketing practices in subject matter fields: Crop Production Individuals assisted with: Grain crops ......... ....... .. .. . .. .. . Hay and other forage, pasture, range .... . ......... . . Cotton and other fibre crops ................ . ...... . Tobacco ...... . ... .. . . ..... .... ... ..... . Oil and sugar crops . . ....... . Fruits and nuts . . . .. ...... .. . . .. . Vegetables, including 15,684 19,084 6,795 8,061 5,954 51,546 potatoes ...... . . . . . ........... . ..... _ 48,219 Flowers, ornamental shrubs ... . ....... .. ......... ...... .. 107,235 Conservation of Natural Resources Individuals assisted with: Soil and water conserva tion and management . . Forestry ...... . .................... .. . Wildlife ............................... . Livestock Individuals assisted with: Dairy animals and products . ... . ..... ... . ........... . Poultry and products ...... . . Beef cattle .... . ...... .. ............ . Sheep and goats ........... . .. . . Swine ....................... . .......... . . Other livestock . ..... .. ......... .. . 24,184 8,530 4,424 14,254 16,930 22,860 304 15,000 2,420

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Annual Report, 1956 13 Planning and Management of the Farm Business Individuals assisted with .. .... 20,955 Farm Build'ngs and Mechanical Equipment Individuals assisted with: Farm buildings . . ........ . . ... . . . 3,408 Farm mechanical equipment ........ . .............. . 6,593 The House and Surroundings, Furnishings and Equipment Individuals or families assisted with: The house and surroundings .................. 50,676 Furnishings and equip ment ...... .......... ..... . . ............ 28,791 Foods and Nutrition, Health, Family Life and Safety Families assisted with: Foods and nutrition .......... 51,139 Health .. . . . ...... ..... . . ..... .. .. ... .. . . 29,728 Family life .......................... 23,098 Safety .... . ........... .. ............ ... . 29,987 Home Management, Family Economics and Clothing Individual s assisted with: Home management ... . ... . . ... 19,321 Family economics ....... . ...... 16,420 Clothing .............................. 41,481 Marketing and Distribution Individuals assisted with: Consumer information on agricultural products . ... 56,526 ASSISTANCE GIVEN TO FORMALLY ORGANIZED COOPERATIVES AND TO INFORMALLY ORGANIZED GROUPS Formally organized groups assisted with: Informally organized groups assisted with: Marketing and purchasing: Number .. . ....... ... . ............. . Members .......... .. .......... ... . Farm and home service: Number ... . ....................... . Members ......................... . 132 17,197 80 19,963 Marketing and purchasing: Number ........ ........ ..... . ..... . Members ......................... . Farm and home service: Number ... .. ...... .... .. ...... ..... Members ........................ :. 150 5,442 287 3,745 PERSONS PARTICIPATING IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS PROJECTS, PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES ON WHICH AGENTS WORK Citizenship activities ................................................................................... . Developing and improving county or community organization .. , .... . Local projects of . a general nature: General community problems ... .. ... . . ........ ....... . Improving health facilities Improving schools . ... ..... . . .. . Improving churches .... .. ... , Bettering town-country relations ......................... . public 20,705 47,127 5,696 6,419 23,043 LH>raries ..... : .. ......... .. .......... . Roads. , ............. : . .................. . Telephones .... . . , .................. . Community centers ......... . Recreation programs a:nd facilities .... , ......... , ... .. ..... . Community . beautification 19,355 25,464 2,104 1,882 1,918 7,447 21,946 5,893 Regional or area development programs ........... . . .. . . . . . .... .. .... .... ... ....... ... . 7,725 National programs ............. . . ......... . .. ..... .......... . . ....... . . .. .......... ...... ......... . . ... ... 13,594 W oriel affairs ... .. ................ . ................. ....... .. .. ..... ....... .. . . . .. ... . . .. 6,624 Emergency activities .................................................................................... 10,549

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14 Florida Cooperative Extension SUMMARY OF 4-H CLUB WORK Number of 4-H Clubs . .. ................................... . ....... . .......... ... ........ . ........ . ...... 1,498 Number of 4-H members enrolled in and completing projects: Enrolled: Boys-15,466; girls-21,664; total .................................... 37,130 Completing: Boys-11,130; girls-14,115; total .................................... 25,245 4-H membership: Boys: Farm-8,031; rural non-farm-4,464; urban Girls: Farm-7,298; rural non-farm-7,427; urban 4-H projects completed: Corn . . ...... ... ............... .. ......... . Other cereals ... . ................. . Peanuts ............................... . Cotton .......................... .. ..... . Tobacco .... ... ...... . ........ . ..... , .. . Vegetables ........ . .... . .. . .. . ..... . Fruits ............... . ................. . Range and pasture .. .. ....... . Other crops ....................... . Soil and water conservation and management ... . Forestry . ..... .............. . ........ . Wildlife and nature study Poultry .... . ....... . ......... . ...... . . . . Dairy cattle . ..... ..... .... ........ . Beef cattle ....... .. ....... . ........ . Swine ....... ... : ..... .. . .. .... . .... . .. . . . Sheep ....... : ......... . ........ . ...... . . . Rabbits ... . ........ .... .... ... ...... . . . Other livestock ............... .. . Bees . . ....... ........... . .............. .. . . Entomology .. .. ... . ......... . ... .. . . Tractor maintenance Electricity ... . .. ... ...... .... ...... . 1,281 70 309 163 89 4,828 574 397 134 235 502 454 2,603 1,323 1,092 1,646 10 666 225 209 252 541 1,119 . Soybeans and other legumes . . ......... . ....... . ....... . Potatoes, Irish and sweet Farm shop ................. . ....... . Other engineering projects .......... . ......... . . . .... . Farm management ........... . Beautification of home grounds . Meal planning and preparation ..................... . Canning and preserving .. Freezing of food ..... . ......... . Health, nursing, first aid .. Child care ......... . ........ . ........ . Clothing ............................. . Home management .. , ..... . .. . Home furnishings and room im•provement ....... . Home industries, arts, crafts .............. . ................ . Junior leadership ............. . All other , ........... . ....... .. ....... . Total projects completed .. SUMMARY OF EXTENSION 2,971 6,939 160 351 64 13 30 2,669 8,874 1,202 690 2,042 1,941 8,859 1,243 2,390 2,160 913 830 53,153 Farm families making changes in agricultural pr~ctices ................ 37,400 Rural non-farm families making changes in agricultural practices... . 37,435 Urban families making changes in agricultural practices ....... . ...... . . 127,326 Farin families making changes . . in homemaking practices ..... . ........ .. 18,051 Rur~l nozf-farm families maki~g' changes _in . homemaking practices : 26,740 Urban families Illaking cha~g~i in homemaking practices .. :............. 73,778. Total different . farm families assisted by Extension programs .. , . .... : 44,121 Total different rural non-farm families assisted by Extension programs . .... . . .. .................. . ....... . .............. . . .. .. .... ... .... . ............ ............ . .. ... . : 54,580 Total different urban families assisted by Extension programs ........ 171,725 . . :: _ .... . .

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Annual Report, 1956 15 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS H. G. Hamilton, Agricultural Economist CITRUS GROVE MANAGEMENT Zach Savage, Agricultural Economist (Agricultural Experiment Station) Citrus production costs were at their highest in 24 years on a per-acre basis during the 1954-55 season. An in c reas e of 10 percent over the previous high season of 1953-54 brought the operating or cash costs to $203 per acre last season. This was an increase of 37 percent over the five-year average of 1946-51. Each of the three main items of cash cost in 1954-55 increased 11 percent over the previous season. These item s were labor, power and equipment, fertilizer materials and spray and dust materials. Operating costs per acre for bearing groves at $184 in 1953-54 were an increase of 8 percent over the previous season and 4 percent over 1951-52-the previous high. The 1953-54 yield at 447 boxes was 103 boxe s , or 30 percent, higher than the previous season. This yield in 1953-54 was the highest of these records. The average age at 30 years was a year older than the previous two seasons. The increase in yield r e duced operating costs per box to 41 cents, which was 9 cents below the previous season. Per-box costs were the lowest in 1953-54 since the 1948-49 season. Returns above operating costs in 1953-54 at $140 per acre were lower than the previous season, due largely to lower fruit prices. The average price per box in 1953-54 was 72 cents, in the 1952-53 season 95 cents. Operating costs per acre in 1954-55 exceeded $200 per acre for the first time. Money spent per acre for labor, power and equipment, fertilizer materials and spray and dust materials was the highest of these records. Expenditures for spray and dust materials at $22.45 per acre were 11 percent higher than the previous high season of 195 3 -54. Tw e lve bearing . groves-7 percent--received no spray or dust. On the other hand, in excess of $40.00 per acre was spent for spray and dust materials on 15 groves-8 percent. . In 1955-56 there wer e 594,600 acres of oranges, grapefruit and tanger ines in Florida, which included 516,900 acres of bearing and 77,700 acres of non-bearing. The increase in bearing acreage was 19,500 acres. In 1954-55 there were 571,000 acres of these three kinds of citrus of _ all age s in Florida. During that season there were 7,174 acres of citrus included in these accounts, which was 1.3 . percent of the state acreage. Cash receipts from marketings of oranges, grapefruit and tangerines made up 33 percent of . Florida cash farm receipts in 1954 and 32 percent in 1955. Florida growers received 63 percent of the cash receipts from these three kinds of citr . us in the United States in 1954 and 64 percent in 1955. These receipts in Florida were $200 , 254,000 in 1955. Florida produced 33 percent of the world supply of oranges, gra pefruit and tangerines in 1955-56 :;,tnd 32 percent the previous season. Other areas of the United States produced 12 percent in 1955-56. The highest propor tion produced in Florida was in the 1953-54. season, 35 percent. The world production of oranges and tangerines in 1955-56 reached a new record at 352 million boxes despite a severe freeze in Spain, which caused a loss of an estimated 19 . 8 million boxes . Also, grapefruit and lime crop s were larger than in 1954-55, but the _ lemon crop was slightly smaller. The Bureau of Census of the U. S . Department of Commerce reported an equivalent of 486 acres of lemon trees in Florida in 1949. Two-thirds

PAGE 17

16 Florida Cooperative Extension of these trees were bearing and one-third non-bearing. An equivalent acreage of 1,944 was reported in 1954, 26 percent of which was bearing and 74 'percent non-bearing. Lemon production was reported at 84,944 field boxes in 1954. Data collected indicate yields of oranges and grapefruit are related to age of trees and number of trees set per acre. Some of the difficulties encountered in some of the older groves no doubt were brought about or intensified by trees not having enough space. Hedging is one way of alleviating some of the bad effects of crowding and no doubt would be more effective if done to prevent crowding than if done several years after the limbs had interlocked. There was not enough hedging on the grove s of these data to affect the results presented. Double setting with the removal of alternate trees at the proper time is another means of relieving or postponing of trees crowding each other. However, a chief hazard to this method is the lack of sufficient intestinal fortitude by the management to remove the trees at the proper time. The best citrus land available should be used when planting new grove s . Good citrus land is worth several times as much as poor or unsuitab'.e land. Suitable land is a necessity in order to compete in efficient citrus produc tion. If suitable land cannot be obtained, it would be best to purchase a good grove already set on good citrus land ; The use of the proper root stock is also very important. Fertilizer materials remain the most important items of production cost and should be studied continuously for improving grove efficiency. If possible, poundage of some of the elements should be reduced. Excesses of some elements not only cost money but some of them tie up other ele ments, thus reducing efficiency. If additional fertilizer is needed its addi tion would increase grove efficiency and result in higher profits. Generally speaking, all needed fertilizer should be added. There should be no elimina tion of or reduction in needed fertilizer elements. Four publications, 11 different sheets of data, and two form letters were issued, representing 17,075 copies, or a total of 207,075 pages of , material. In addition, there were 15 magazine articles prepared and published. FARM MANAGEMENT C. C. Moxley, Associate Economist The Farm Management Specialist gave major attention to outlook, income tax, social security and farm accounting. Outlook.-Following his attendance at the National Outlook Conference in Washington, the specialist collected and analyzed data pertinent to the current situation and future outlook. His analysis and predictions were made public in the mimeographed Florida Agricultural Outlook, Economic Series 56-2. Three additional brief outlook reports were sent subsequently to all extension personnel at intervals throughout the year. Radio and television programs, press releases and meetings were utilized in the dissemination of outlook information. Additional outlook work was done as a member of the Florida Outlook Committee, whose report, Looking Ahead for Florida Agriculture, received widespread distribution and usage throughout the state. This, as well as the Florida Agricultural Outlook, served as reference material for growers and ranchers in production p~an ning. Social Security.-Special emphasis . was given to helping farm families understand the new provisions of social security laws. This was th e subject of 32 meetings held in 23 counties , at which the average attendance was

PAGE 18

Annual Report, 1956 17 98 per meeting. The press and radio also were used in the social security educational program. County and home agents reported giving assistance on social security and related matters to a total of more than 6,000 persons. It has been conservatively estimated that educational work by the Extension Service will result in social security benefits being received by at least 600 families who otherwise would not have qualified. If each of these families received only the minimum retirement benefits the total would amount to $324,000 a year. Based on an average ex pectation of 10 years' benefits, it appears that Florida farm families will have additional net income amounting to more than three million dollars that would not have come to Florida without this educational work by the Extension Service. In addition to those families who otherwise would not have quali fied for any social security benefits, a large number already participating in social security were shown how to earn more benefits. ' Accounting.-Information given farmers on income tax reporting and income tax management helped many Florida farmers reduce tax payments to more nearly the legal minimum requirement. This work to eliminate unnecessary tax payment was not limited to individual farmers. Assistance and instruction were given to those who assist farmers in such matters as income tax, legal proceedings, business management and related prob lems. Extension agents reported giving assistance to nearly 1,500 such individuals or firms during 1956. The Florida Farm Family Record Book was designed to simplify and make easier the task of keeping adequate farm and home records. Except for very large and highly specializied operations, farmers find this book especially suited for handily keeping all records necessary for income tax and social security reporting. It also fits the needs of families in farm and home development. Television and radio programs, supplemented by press releases, were used to publicize the need, the value and the mechanics of good record keeping. Farmers faced with the need to make decisions relative to participation in the Soil Bank 'program found a valuable aid in the kit of materials developed for this purpose. This tool, with instructions for adaptation to different farm situations, also served to illustrate a logical method of decision making, i.e., considering and selecting alternatives. The Southern Extension Farm Management Committee, working through its income tax and social security subcommittee, of which the Specialist is a member, was responsible for two very useful publications that are now available to farmers in all the Southern states. One, Farm Families and Social Security, combines into a 28-page bulletin most of the latest social security information that is needed by farm operators, landlords and hired workers. It deals with both management and the provisions of the law. The other bulletin, Farm Income Tax Management, places emphasis on tax reduction through management and deals with some of the major tax planning decisions that farmers must face . MARKETING E. W. Cake, Economist in Marketing Clifford Allston, Vegetable Marketing Specialist County agents estimated that they had assisted farmers in more than 50,000 instances during the year with marketing problems by furnishing either publications, information or advice. They also estimated that they had given assistance to 118 marketing and farm supply coo'peratives. Youth Education on Farmer Cooperatives.--'-The Extension Service again joined with the Florida Council of Farmer Cooperatives in sponsoring co

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18 Florida Cooperative Extension operative activity contests among 4-H Club and FFA chapters in t he s tate. These contests are designed to teach rural youth the benefit s farm ers can derive from working together in groups on their marketing and other problems. Number of groups participating and interest in the con te sts increased during the yea r. There was also an increase in number of farmer cooperatives working with 4-H Club and FFA chapters on these contests . A total of 118 Florida youth and their leaders, who were repre entatives of district winning groups in these contests, attended the annual meeting of the state co-op council in Miami on expense -paid t rip s awarded by the council. In addition, 28 Florida youths and their lead ers attended the annual meeting of the American In titute of Cooperation at North Carolina State College in Raleigh with expense paid by the council and individual cooperatives in the state . The Winter Haven 4-H Club and Live Oak FFA Chapter, as sta te winner s in the two contests, sent de l egates to Raleigh. The Live Oak FFA Chapter was also Southeast winner. Dairy Mar k et in g Agree m e n ts or O rd ers.-Milk producer groups in south ea tern and central Florda were assisted by the Extension Service in their efforts to get federal milk marketing orders into effect in their areas. The so uthea tern Florida group with Extension assistance formed and put into operation a very strong producers' bargaining association with which to make their efforts effective. They have carried the federal milk marketing order as far as the producer-referendum stage. It is expected to be in operation by July . Through their association they also bargai n ed effec tively on price and cla ss ification of their milk with di st ributors in the area. Fig. 1.-Repre se ntativ es of nine of 10 district winning 4-H clubs were awarded plaques by the Florida Council of Farmer Cooperatives, which spo n s or e d the cooperative activities program.

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Annual Report, 1956 19 The central Florida group, which already had a bargaining association, doubled the membership and territory of their association, hired a full time manager and increased their budget 10-fold. The association did some very effective bargaining with the State Milk Commission and with milk distributors. The federal milk marketing order which the assa::iation is proposing for the central Florida area will probably be considered at a hearing next year. Assistance to New Grower Marketing Groups.-County agents and specialists worked with six new grower groups during the year in forming and operating new farmer co-operatives and other organizations to help solve their marketing problems. A fern growers' group was assisted with state legislation to tax themselves for a budget to promote use of their ferns. A new feed cooperative is operating effectively at Masaryktown after help on organization papers, operating and financing plans. A new cantaloupe and tomato cooperative was given similar assistance at Oxford, as well as a new egg marketing cooperative which is in operation with good volume at High Springs. Polk County poultrymen formed an educa tional and promotional association. Milk producers in southeastern Florida formed the Independent Dairy Farmers' Association, the excellent work of which was mentioned in connection with dairy marketing agreements. Assistance to Existing Grower Marketing Groups.-Included in the 118 cooperatives to which county agents reported they gave marketing assist ance were several co-o peratives and other groups with which Extension personnel worked quite extensively during the year. Cucumber and water melon grower groups continued to push for federal marketing agreements. An egg marketing cooperative at Orlando reorganized and got book-keeping and financing straightened out. A honey co-op at Umatilla increased its volume 25 percent after an improved operating plan with larger advance payments. Another egg co-op at Masai:yktown ironed out sales problems with Extension assistance. The Florida Citrus Exchange has a membership relations study urtder way with similar assistance. A large vegetable marketing co-op was assisted in grower relations . Considerable time of the Extension personnel was spent in work with the Central Florida Milk Producers' Association and the Florida Council of farmer Cooperatives, which were mentioned previously. Other Marketing Work.-Citrus marketing work included marketing talks at numerous grower meetings, seminars and institutes, citrus market ing articles in citrus magazines and work with citrus co-ops. Truck crop marketing included work with groups selling at state farmers' markets and help for avocado and lime growers in getting a marketing research study in their South Florida area. Dairy and poultry marketing work with grower groups has been previously mentioned. Marketing work on other commodities, and general marketing work, included marketing talks at numerous cattlemen's, Farm Bureau and Civic club meetings and on eight radio and one TV program. Vegetable Marketing.-Vegetable production in 1956 amounted to 27% of the total state farm income. During the past five years acreage of vegetable crops has increased from 352,200 to 412,450, while income has increased from $146,482,000 to $187,203,000. At least 90% of all vegetables are shipped outside of Florida. This, plus the fact that marketing methods and practices are continually changing, causes marketing to be one of the foremost problems in the state. Activities reported here cover the last six months of the year. Economic Information.-Basic economic information on long-time trends in marketing and utilization of vegetable crops was prepared and made available to county agents for use in program projection. Information was

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20 Florida Cooperative Extension prepared on the competitive position of Florida vegetables, both domestic and foreign. This included tariff rates, acreages, volume production, acre age potential and marketing costs as related to foreign production. Production figures from Cuba and Mexico were secured from time to time and sent to county agents. Foreign production offers more competi tion for winter vegetables than domestic production. Marketing Facilities and Organizations.-Work has been carried on with producer groups in the Pompano and Wauchula markets to determine problem areas and devise possible solutions. Work has been done also with other state farmers markets to help increase efficiency of operations. Research Information.-Good cooperation has been received from the agriculture economics department in helping to provide needed research information. Latest research information from the Experiment Station and United States Department of Agriculture has been sent to county agents as fast as it became available. Commodity Organizations.-Excellent cooperation has been received from commodity and farm organizations such as the Florida Fruit and Vegetable Association and the Florida Farm Bureau. Work with organiza tions included analysis of market conditions and problems, analysis and use of economic information, and attack of 'problems on an industry-wide basis. The newly formed Florida Cucumber Growers Association asked for and received assistance on articles of incorporation and by-laws to be adopted by the group. Assistance was given also to the Wauchula Cucum ber and Tomato Growers Association in revising their articles of incorpor ation and by-laws. Marketing Agreements.-Marketing agreements are now in effect on tomatoes, limes and avocados. The Specialist has attended three tomato, one lime and one avocado committee meetings. Information on supply, demand, production, consumption and other economic trends was given the tomato committee for use in formulating a marketing policy. An analysis of statistical information, gathered by the tomato committee, was made. Hearings were completed on a proposed cucumber marketing agreement. The Specialist attended the hearings . No decision has been reached by the Secretary. The Watermelon Growers and Shippers Association has held two meet ings relative to a proposed watermelon marketing agreement. A proposed order has been submitted to the Secretary of Agriculture but no determina tion has been made relative to a hearing. Conferences have been held with county agents and farmers relative to operation of marketing agreements and orders.

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Annual Report, 1956 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND FARM ELECTRIFICATION 21 The Extension agricultural engineering program emphasizes farm build ings, farm housing, farm machinery, irrigation, farm electrification and safety. County and home demonstration agents reported assisting 101,228 individual farm persons in various phases of the engineering 'program dur ing the year. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Thomas C. Skinner, Agricultural Engineer Farm Structures.-The farm structures program is really a three-phase program which includes farm service buildings, farm housing and the Florida Farm Buildings Plan Service. According to agents' annual reports, this program reached 83,274 farmers and farm families in 1956. During the year 4,200 farm building plans and 550 farm house plans were distributed in response to requests. Five radio talks, one television program, two magazine articles and seven news articles were prepared dealing with timely farm structures subjects. In addition, farm structures subjects were discussed at a number of county agent, home demonstration and farmer meetings. Eighteen plans with an estimated construction value of $175,000 were prepared by the specialist's staff in 1956. Supervision was given to the construction of two cabins, one staff cottage and one latrine at 4-H Camp Cherry Lake. Two shuffleboard courts were constructed at 4-H Camp Mc Quarrie and a bath was added to the leader's cabn at 4-H Camp Doe Lake. At 4-H Camp Cloverleaf, the dining hall and kitchen, the honey house and an addition to the farm machinery shed were completed. Covered walks for the auditorium and dining hall, a flagpole base, and an entrance to the camp were constructed. Farm Machinery.-Each year Florida's agriculture becomes more mech anized as a result of the effort of farmers to reduce labor costs, to increase production and to reduce the drudgery often associated with farm work. County agents reported that 12,704 farmers were assisted with farm machinery problems in 1956. Farm machinery and equipment dealers and distributors were encour aged and assisted to display and demonstrate their equipment at farmer meetings and fairs. During the year the Agricultural Engineer aided in the promotion of the Third Annual Central Florida Farm Machinery and Garden Equipment Show. This show was held in conjunction with the Lake County Fair. He also worked with a program on garden tools in Dade County and a farm machinery maintenance clinic in Pasco County. The specialist made two television films on farm machinery subjects, made one radio talk and released six news articles. Irrigation.-Interest in irrigation continued at the same high level as in 1955. County agents re ported 5,250 farmers assisted with irrjgation problems in 1956. The specialist discussed irrigation at six county agent and farmer meetings and made 17 trips into counties to assist with specific irrigation problems. He made two radio talks, published one magazine article, and released three news articles this year.

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22 Florida Cooperative Extension The Agricultural Engineer maintains close contact with manufacturers and distributors of irrigation equipment and was instrumental in securing many displays and demonstrations of iTrigation equip m ent in 1956. 4-H C lub Activities.-This year 874 boys from 36 counties participated in the 4-H tractor care program. The specialist conducted two area leader training clin i cs at which 95 leaders were trained. The tractor care project was di cussed at each of the 10 -! H district planning conferences . Each of the 10 districts wa represented in the State 4-H Tractor Operators' Contest held in Gainesville at the State Boys' Short Course . The state winner was accompanied to Richmond, Virginia, where he placed third i n the Eastern United States 4-H Tractor Operators' Contest. The Agricul tura l Engineer personally assisted with this progTam in over 20 of the 36 counties ha ving an active program. Fig. 2.-The Agriculturnl Engineer congratulates Jimmy Moore on winning the 4 -H tractor operator's contest. FARM ELECTRIFICATION A. M. Pettis, Assistant Agricultural Engineer and Fann Electrification Specialist The Farm Electrification Specialist conducted an electric program to meet the n ee ds of all Florida farmers and other int erested rural and urban people . Thi s s peciali st ha s had the added rnsponsibility of promoting farm and home afety. Electrica l Far m Equipment.-Electric brooding of pigs and chicks was actively promoted. The specialist obtained 150 infra-red brooders and they were used by 300 4-H members in 5(' counties to brood 25,000 chicks and

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Annual R eport, 1956 23 300 pigs . County Extension worker during the year assisted 2,088 people in 53 counties in using electricity for income purposes. P rop e r W i ring . -A demonstration wiring panel was effective l y used to teach the benefits of good wir i ng. Also this panel dramatically proves that using a penny behind a blown fuse is a dangerous practice. Approximately 1,618 people in 45 counties were assisted by county Extension workers in planning electrical systems. Gcod Lig h t in g . -Good lighting was extensively promoted throughout the tate. State good reading lamp conte ts were organized and county compet ition was encouraged. This specia list obtained 100 reading l amp kits for co unty agents to use in teaching. This activity resulted in 6,500 people being taught about good lighting and 600 lamps being built. E l ect ri ca l H om e E quipm e n t . -The spec ial i st has promoted e l ect r ical h o m e uses in cooperation with the Extension Home Improveme n t Spec i a li st. Negro home demonstration club women in four counties were taug h t how to convert a treadle sewing machine to electric. County Extension workers assisted 9,111 farm people in 52 counties with prob l ems concerning h ouse furnishings and equipment. 4 H E l ectr i c P r ogra m .-Con siderab le effort ha s been spe nt in the pro motion of the 4-H Electric Program. The Florida REA Cooperatives As sociation spo n sored this program for the fifth year. This organization provided a trip to ational 4-H Club Congress and four other sta te award s co n isting of appliances. Fi g . 3.-C lu b boys receive a radio and an e l ectr i c fan for finishing first and second in the good reading lamp contest. Th e 'presentation i s made by a repre entat iv e of a power company.

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24 Florida Cooperative Extension More than 10,000 co ' pies of publications in this program were distributed by county Extension workers. Some 600 4-H members received instruct'.on in the use of electricity at two 4-H camps, 4-H Boys Short Course, and the Negro Short Course. In addition, . many adult and junior 4-H leaders re ceived training in county and district meetings. There were 1,661 4-H members in 55 counties enrolled in electric projects; 1,119 members com pleted the project and made 2,298 articles. Six major awards were presented to state winners. Marilyn Cox of Bradford County and David Manley of Polk County won trips to Chicago; Fred Gaylord of Suwannee County won a radio-record player; Clarence Edens of Nassau County won an electric razor; Annie Lou White of Alachua County won a steam and dry iron; Sibyl Bell of Marion County won a fluorescent lamp. The 1956 winner of the county plaque was Hardee County. The negro state winner of a $50 savings bond was James D. Clary of Gadsden County. Power Suppliers' Cooperation.-On July 1, 1956, 52,200 Florida farms, or 90. 7 percent of the farms, were receiving electric service from 15 rural electric (REA) cooperatives, five power companies, and several municipali ties with rural lines. Eight counties organized 4-H electric clubs with personnel from the power suppliers serving as leaders. Eighteen electric suppliers provided helpful materials in 50 counties. Rural Telephones.-Advice, assistance and cooperation were extended farm leaders interested in helping rural people obtain telephone service. This year the government made three telephone loans totaling almost two million dollars to increase and im ' prove Florida telephone service. At present about 45 % of the Florida farms have telephones. Publicity.-The specialist prepared and submitted 45 articles and other news releases during the year. Material was sent to co-op publications, power company publications, national and state magazines, and to the Agricultural Editor. Eight radio talks and tape recordings were made for use over the state. Two TV shows were presented over WFLA-TV in Tampa. A Significant Achievement of Extension Work.-The state sponsor of the 4-H Electric Program provided $200 to train leaders in electricity. Seven training meetings for adult and junior 4-H leaders were held, with an attendance of 313. Visual aids and workshops were effectively used to give the leaders a large amount of instruction in the one-day schools.

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Annual Report, 1956 AGRONOMY J. R. Henderson, Agronomist Aubrey C. Mixon, Assistant Agronomist S. L. Brothers, Assistant Agronomist 25 Agronomy work duril}g the year consisted primarily of assembling, summarizing, interpreting and bringing to the attention of the county agents, industry groups and others who work with farm people information on soil and crop management practices that would be of help to farmers in maintaining or improving soil fertility and increasing yields and im proving the quality of their field crops and pastures. Major activities included: Assembling for various uses available re search data and related information on field crops and pastures; distributing three revised field crop production guides; making major revisions in the "Field Crops and Pastures Section" of the Florida County Agent Hand book; holding meetings with industry groups to better acquaint them with research results and Extension recommendations relating to the production and management of field crops and pastures; holding conferences with county agents for the presentation of subject matter information and the discussion of Extension methods; distributing foundation seed of superior varieties of field crops; 'preparing and presenting radio programs; furnish ing information for news articles; handling office and letter requests for information; carrying out weed control demonstrations; promoting crop production contests and crop judging contests among 4-H club members; supervising the 4-H field crops program and assisting county agents in the development and execution of county programs of work. Distribution of Foundation Seed.-The Agronomist solicited applications and distributed through the county agents' offices, Experiment Station pro duced foundation seed of Lee soybeans and Dixie Runner peanuts. Radio Programs, News Articles and Letter and Office lnquiries.-Eight radio talks were made on the Florida Farm Hour over Station WRUF and several tape racordings were made for use by county agents on their local radio programs. The project leaders furnished the editors with timely information for preparation of releases to county agents, new s papers and magazines, and handled hundreds of requests for information on soils, fertilizers and field crops. Demonstrations and Trials.-The Assistant Agronomist, through the cooperation of several seed corn producers and county agents, supervised the distribution of samples of recommended hybrids to many 4-H members who carried out corn projects in north and northwestern Florida, and, through the cooperation of an agricultural chemical company, supervised the distribution of chemicals to several county agents in the peanut pro ducing area of Florida for use in demonstrations on control of weeds in peanut fields. He also assisted the citriculturists and Dr. E. 0. Burt, Assistant Agronomist with th e Agricu1mral Experiment Station, in carry ing out chemical weed control trials in citrus groves in Lake County. 4-H Field Crop Judging Contest.-The project lead~rs helpea stage a judging contest in connection with the North Florida Fair in which teams from 17 counties judged four classes of field crops and one c)ass each of beef cattle, dairy cattle, swine and poultry. Activities and Results.-The Agronomist spent 83 days in the field, of which 43 were spent on area or state-wide activities and 40 were spent in

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26 Florida Cooperative H!xtension assisting county agents individually. The Assistant Agronomist spent 85 days in the fie'.d, 43 on area activities and 42 in working with county agents. Reports from the county workers show that they spent a total of 9,887 days on crop production. A breakdown of this activity, showing the number of farmers assisted with various phases of field crop production, is given below: Cotton Hay and and Other Oil and Grain Forage Fiber Sugar Problem Crops Crops Crops Tobacco Crops Use of im proved varieties and strains .... 9,076 8,626 3,157 2,726 4,260 Use of fertilizers .............. 8,662 11,671 3,427 4,426 3,685 Control of injurious insect s -----5,615 5,240 3,503 3,730 2,250 Control of diseases .......... 2,530 2,626 1,42 ' 4 2,391 1,133 Harvesting, storing, and curing 4,913 4,782 1,354 2,637 2,510 Yields ' per acre are considered to be good indicators of the effectiveness of Extension programs in crop production. However, yields for a sing le year are less reliable indicator s than those for longer periods. Comparative yields of the major field crops for the two five-year periods were as follows: Crop Corn, bushel . ... ..... . .............. .. ... . Cotton, pounds ... . ...... .. .... .... . . . . Peanuts, pounds .... ... .. ............ . Flue-cured tobacco, 'pounds .. Oats, bushels .. ........... ... ....... . ... . Yield per Acre 1947-1951 1952-1956 13.2 215 772 1 ,073 19.0 18.1 270 955 1,231 25.4 % Increase During Last 5-Y ear Per:od 37 26 24 15 34

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Annual Report, .1956 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY J. E. Pace, Animal Husbandman R. L. Reddish, Assistant Animal Industrialist K. L. Durrance, Assistant Animal Industrialist 27 Beef Cattle.-Interest in the improvement of the merit of their breed ing herds was of primary concern to Florida cattlement during 1956. Throughout 1956 the Extension Animal Husbandmen stressed the import ance of producing quality "two-way" calves that could go either for slaugh ter or as feeders, depending on the most profitable outlet. The Animal Husbandmen assisted breed associations in sponsoring four feeder cattle sales, Throughout the year it was stressed that the greatest potential of the cattle industry in Florida lies in the production of high quality feeder cattle. The production of a quality product necessitates a better understanding of grades and grading values when buying and sell ing, Therefore, considerable effort was placed on this important as pect of the industry. The importance of a well-planned feeding program, especially during the winter months for brood cows and herd replacements, was emphasized. Poor feeding practices continue to be the primary contributing factor to Florida's having the lowest calf crop percentage among the states. Silage making was encouraged to provide reserve feed to be used during periods of short supply. In addition to better feeding practices, Florida cattlemen were advised to have their cows checked for pregnancy at the end of the breeding season and to have the fertility of their bulls checked prior to the breeding season. The low calving percentage in Florida herds continues to be the greatest deterrent to rapid improvement. There was little change from the previous year in the number of cattle fed in Florida. Cattle feeders were continuously advised on advanced feed ing methods, such as the use of stilbestrol in fattening rations. Also, since no central markets are operating in the state, breeders were advised through county agents regarding the most profitable methods of marketing their cattle. A system of production testing was initiated with a small number of cattle producers. This program was limited during 1956 so as to efficiently correct any problems that would arise and to make the program more successful in future years. Two cattlemen's schools were held. They were conducted in cooperation with the cattlemen's associations of Marion and Lee counties. Also, the third annual Cattlemen's Institute was held at Lake Placid, F1orida. This institute was of two days' duration and approximately 125 people were in attendance each day. Other branches of the Extension Service and certain personnel of the Agricultural Experiment Station contributed to the success of this event. The specialist devoted 138 days to beef cattle work in the field. Swine.-The potential production of swine on Florida farms was stressed. The importance of a well-planned and balanced feeding program received cons:derable attention from the Extension Swine Specialist. That Florida-produced swine are discriminated against was voiced by a number of packers at meetings. To alleviate this discrimination a num ber of demonstrations were held suggesting a change in type of swine produced to meet consumer and packer demands. The importance of using meat type boars, proper selection of herd replacements, and the importance

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28 Florida Cooperative E x tension of adequate record keeping as means of improving the meatine s and productivity of Florida sw ine received considerable attention. In September, in cooperation with the Agricultural Experiment Station, a one-day Swine Short Course was held at the University of Florida. A number of swine producers were assisted in making better use of available feed and in marketing their swine over a period of months rather than marketing them during the months of depressed prices. Florida swine producers were continua lly advised during 1956 of mean s of controlling such dread diseases as atrophic rhinitis. Also, they were kept abrea t of new methods of controlling internal parasites. In 1956 the Extension Swine Spec iali st spent 142 days in the fi eld working primarily with county agents. Sheep . -A few producers in the state during 1956 imported Western ewes and a r e crossing them with mutton rams . The Animal Hu s bandmen rendered every service possible to these breeders. At present there are less than 8,000 sheep in Florida and, s inc e only a small part of the state i s adapted to their production, the outlook for a large increa e in numbers is rather dim. Meats and Marketing.-In 1956 the Meats Specialist made a complete s urvey of problems confronting the meat c uring and lock e r plant industr y in Florida. Many problems were encountered from a 'processing sta ndpoint and assistance wa rendered processors when requested. In cooperation with home demonstration workers, a number of beef and pork cutting demonstrations were conducted during the year. The proper preparation of meat for freezing received cons iderable attention at these meetings . A number of hog s laught er ing and pork cutting demon st rations were conducted for negro farmers. In addition to these demonstrat i ons, a work s hop on hog slaughtering and pork cutting was h e ld for negro county agents at the University of Florida. During 1956 a series of consumer ed ucation and preference studies as related to beef were conducted. Fig. 4.-Extension Animal Husbandmen stressed not only efficient production methods but also efficient use of meats at home.

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Annual Report, 1956 29 In cooperation with various meat packers and cattlemen's associations, seven on-foot and carcass grading demonstrations were conducted. Where possible, packer buyers were ask e d to assist with these event s . Also, to . better give Florida swine producers a thorough understanding of grades and grading, a number of producers were assisted during the year in marketing their swine on a grade-yield basis. The Meats Specialist supervised swine carcass contests in conjunction with the North Florida Fair and the Florida State Fair. He maintained very close liaison with the State Board of Health. As sistance was rendered in training county sanitarians. On November 1, 1956, in cooperation with the Agricultural Experiment Station, a short course was held at the University of Florida for fr e ezer locker and meat curing plant operators. Certain personnel of the State Board of Health also contributed materially to the success of this event. The Meats Specialist spent 140 days in the field working primarily with county agents. 4-H Club.-County agents were rendered assistance at every opportunity in making club work one of the more important phases of county work. The state champion 4-H livestock judging team participated in the national contest in Chicago. The Florida team finished 12th, with 29 teams com peting. In October the first Florida meats identification and judging contest for 4-H Club members was held in Ocala. The seventh annual 4-H barrow and swine breeding show was held in Tallahassee during October also. Both were very successful. Three very successful steer shows of state-wide importance were held at Quincy, Ocala and Tampa. Summaries.-The following table summarizes 4-H animal husbandry activities for 1956: Project Beef cattle . ... ... ..... .. . . . ... . .. . ..... . . . Sheep ......... .. .... .. ............ .. ....... .. Swine ............... .. . . .... . ............... . Other livestock . . . . .. .. ...... .. . .. .... . Members Enrolled 1,585 13 2,419 313 Memb e rs Completing 1,092 10 1,646 666 Units Involved in Completed Projects 2,968 52 4,891 589 Farmers assisted in employing proper selection and breeding practices with beef cattle, 8,348; swine, 6,482; sheep and goats, 131; other live stock, 959. Farmers assisted in employing pro per feeding practices with . beef cattle, 11,026; swine, 8,165; sheep and goats, 161; other livestock, 1,131. Farmers assisted in initiating practices for controlling external para sites of beef cattle, 8,402; swine, 7,006; sheep and goats, 132; other live stock, 821. Farmers assisted in initiating proper disease and external parasite control in beef cattle, 9,047; swine, 8,214; sheep and goats, 162; other livestock, 880. Farmers assisted in employing more efficient work methods with beef cattle, 4,322; swine, 3,950; sheep and goats, 93; other livestock, 607.

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30 Floricla Cooperative Extension BEEKEEPING John D. Haynie, Apiculturi t Florida's hon ey crop in 1956 is estimated by the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, Orlando, at 17,360,000 pounds. Florida is again third in honey production, exceeded only by California with 29,592,000 pounds and Mim1esota with 19,280,000 pounds. The total estimated crop for the United States is 213,719,000 pounds. Flor i da 'produces practically 8 % of the total crop of the United States. Th e tupelo crop was exceedingly good but s lightly affected by cold weather. The citrus honey crop was very near normal but Ilex and saw palmetto produced well in a few spots and were practically a failure in other areas. Black mangrove was a complete failure in n ecta r production. In spite of the continued drouth and some cold weather, th e 1956 crop of honey in Florida was two and one -half million pounds above the 1955 crop. The average co lony production was 70 pounds, 16 pound mor e than in 1955. Only four states had a state average for colony product,on higher than Florida. Fig. 5.-County Agent and 4-H Club boys install package bees.

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Annual R e port, 1956 31 The planting and establishment of a tupelo gum nursery on Lake Talquin in 1952 by Jo e Malone, County Agent, L. T. Nieland, Farm Forester, and the Ext e nsion Apiculturist proved to be good foresight for refore s ting oper ations presently started on the Jim Woodruff Reservoir, Chattahoochee. It gave the Tupelo District Beekeepers' Association quite a program to back up and sponsor from their district level. This year the 4-H Club camp apiary buildings at Timpoochee and Clover leaf were completed and colonies established. Some honey was produced at the new camp apiaries and 4 -H Club members were served all the honey they wanted three times a day while at camp . Much training took place with agents, leaders and camp caretakers in establishing the camp apiaries. Most of those now working with the camp apiaries were most fearful of bees at first but gained confidence with experience. They are now progres s ing in the art and skill of honey production. The Extension Apiculturist was appointed regional chairman by C. D. Floyd, American Beekeepers' Federation, St. Paul, Minnesota, for the 1956 Honey Promotional Campaign in the Southeastern States . A chairman was appointed in each of the Southeastern States. The State Chairman in each case selected around one-half dozen beekeepers to put on window di s plays, exhibits of honey and bees during National Honey Week the last week in October. A kit of posters and information on honey was mailed all beekeepers participating in the honey and bee exhibits. The Extension Apiculturist attended the American Beeke e pers' Federation Meeting in Biloxi in January 1956. Reports and pictures were sent to American Beekeepers' Federation to be judged for trophies awarded. In Florida honey was promoted also during the week of "Florida Product s Festival." General information on bees and honey was sent County Agents, Home Agents , newspapers and radio stations. Wherever Florida products appeared for sale a Florida Products Festival label was attached . There was an increase of several million dollars in sales at thi s time over sales for the same period a year ago. The Florida State Advertising Commission, Tallahassee, handles overall promotion of Florida products, with many other organizations and agencies cooperating. A Honey-Electric-Insect short-course was held for two days in May at 4-H Club Cam p McQuarrie, Ocala National Forest. The Extension Api culturist, Rural Electrical Sp e cialist and Extension Entomologist gave lec tures and demonstrations and showed films. Seventy 4-H Club boy s , leaders and county agents attended. During the four-day 4-H Club Short Course at the University of Florida in June instruction on bees was given to 200 boys. The Extension Apiculturi s t made 195 personal service visits in the field on beekeeping during 1956. Twenty-nine . meetings were assisted and promoted by the Extension Apiculturist in the field for beekeepers, schools and civic organizations; 489 letters were written furnishing personal service; . and 700 beekeepers were sent 6 newsletters during the year. Two hundred and seventy-two 4-H Club members enrolled in beekeeping in 53 counties and 209 completed projects in 48 counties. They had 189 colonies in completed projects. Agents in 60 counties assisted 3,652 beekeepers and others with problems in the care of bees, honey and honey products.

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32 Florida Cooperative Extension BOYS' 4-H CLUB WORK W. W. Brown, State Boys' 4-H Club Agent Grant M . . Godwin, Assistant State Boys' 4-H Club Agent Ben H . Floyd, Assistant State Boys' 4-H Club Agent This has been another banner year for 4-H Club work in Florida . This has been demonstrated through increased 4-H participation in club meet ings, community activities, more productive projects, and method and result demonstrations. Also there has been better participation in special 4-H Club events, such as the State Boys' 4-H Short Course, summer camps, state-wide encampments, and 4-H shows and fairs. Division of the state into 10 4-H districts has continued to improve 4-H Club work. The 10 district meetings provided a way to develop 4-H programs based on the joint planning of the administrative, specialist and county staffs. County participation in the state and national 4-H awards programs has been gratifying this year. Numbers also were larger, with 15,466 white and negro 4-H Club boys enrolled during 1956, as compared with 14,411 in 1955. Members satisfactorily completed 2.9 projects per member. 4-H Camps.-There were 4,192 4-H Club boys and girls who attended the five state 4-H Club camps for one week in the summer of 1956. These state camps are located at permanent sites in Okaloosa, Madison, Marion, Lake and Highlands counties. Legislative appropriations made possible needed improvements in camp buildings and recreational facilities at four of these. Camp Cloverleaf in Highlands County, which has been under construction since 1949, was completed in 1956. In addition to 4-H use, 3,223 adults attended institutes in citrus, poultry, and cattle at three of these state 4-H camps. This gives a grand total of 7,415 different 4-H members and adults who enjoyed the educatonal and recreational facilities of 4-H camps during the 1956 camping season. Short Courses.-The 37th Annual Boys ' 4-H Short Course was held on the campus of the University of Florida in June. The purpose was to pro vide outstanding 4-H Club boys from counties throughout the state with a week of training and inspiration at their land grant college. The 1956 Short Course was attended by 361 4-H boys from 56 counties. The boys ' were selected on the basis of their 4-H Club work. Two delegates from each county attended Sfate 4-H Council meetings during short course. Four state-wide special 4-H events were held in conjunct.on with this Short Course. They were (1) the State Dairy Judg"ng Contest, (2) the State Tractor Operators' Contest, (3) the State Public Speaking Con test, and (4) the State Reading Lamp Building Contest. The Annual Negro 4-H Short Course was held at Florida A & M Uni versity, Tallahassee, the first week in June. Livestock Judging.-The State 4-H Club staff arranged a series of five area livestock judging schools throughout the state for the purpose of providing timely instruction in basic and current livestock jud 6 ing tech niques. Over 400 Extension workers and 4-H members participated in these training schools. Thirty-nine trained county teams participated in the State 4-H Livestock Judging Contest at the Florida State Fair in Tampa. Wildlife Camp.-The Annual 4-H Wildlife Camp was held at Camp Mc Quarrie during the week of July 23-29. There were 20 counties represented; a total of 94 4-H Club members, adult leaders, and Extension agents at tended. The purpose of this camp was to create an apprec . ation on the part of our rural youth for wildlife and its importance and to instill in

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Annual R eport, 1956 33 t h em a stro ng desire for it s co n serv ation and pr ese rvation. Tho e in at te ndan ce r ece i ved o r ganized in truction in game , forest and fre s h water fish manag e ment. A spec ial course in gun s afety was featured. Tractor Program. F or the past 11 years special cl ini cs on tractor care have been h e ld to provide training for older 4-H C lub member s, int erested adult leaders and county agent s . These cl inic s provide tra ining in t ra ctor care and in st ruc t ion in how to co nduct 4-H tractor pro g ram s in lo c al 4-H Club s . Thi s year two state 4-H trac tor clinics were h el d , on e at Camp Cloverleaf Augu s t 1 316 and one at the University of Fl or ida August 20-22. There were 94 4H C lub junior leaders, adult 4 -H Club leaders and Ext e n s i on agents r epresenting 26 counties in attendance. 4-H Act i vitie and Project s . Th e major 4 -H Club activitie and agri c ultural projects in which 4-H members-bot h white and negl'O-receive training and experie nc e und er the direction of county Exte n s i o n workers throughout the sta te ar e s ummariz ed below: Members (boy s and gi rl s) participating by activities: Judging, 10,5 41; giv ing demonstration s , 15,992; group recreation leader s hi p, 5,813; music apprec iation , 4,395; mon ey management (thirft), 8,5 0 3; farm and hom e af ety , 1 4,834; citizenship, 15,399; per onality improvement, 15,747; wild life and natur e st ud y, 763; foresh'y, 6,077; ento mol ogy , 48 1; beautification of hom e grounds, 4,496; h ea lth , nur s ing and fir st aid, 9,633; junior lead e s hip, 1 , 0 93; c amping, 5,259; comm uni ty act i vities (improved sc h oo l ground , conduct in g achievement p r ograms and fairs), 1,219. Scope of 4-H projects carried by boys and girls: Corn, 3, 158 a cres; pean u ts, 814 acres; soybeans, field peas, and other legum es , 485 acres; potatoe s, Iri sh and sweet, 572 acre ; cotton, 266 acres; tobacco, 140 acres; vegetable growing, 2,930 acres; fruit s , 1,232 acres; range and p a st u re, 3,843 acres; other crops, 409 ac r es; so il and water c on s ervation and manage m e n t, 4,797 acre s; forestry, 83,661 acres; poultry ( including t urk eys), 1 75,573 b ird s; dairy cattle, 2,205 animals; beef ca ttl e, 2,968 animal s ; s win e, 4,89 1 animals; other li vestock, 589 an ima l s; bees, 189 co l o ni es; tractor program, 598 tractors; electricity, 2,298 article s . The s ta te 4 -H st aff ha s been act iv e l y involved in numerous co unt y, di str ict and s tate 4-H a c ti vit i es . Durin g 1 956 assistance was g i ve n to co unty Exten s ion workers in carry in g out over 90 s pecial events. F i g . 6.-T h e tate Council of boy ' 4-H Club Work, whose officers are s hown here , gave va l uable a sistance to the 4-H program.

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34 Florida Cooperati ve Extension 4-H Awards Programs and Other Recognition.-There were 27 state and national awards programs available for Florida 4-H members in 1956. These includ e d free trip s to the National 4-H Club Camp and Congress, gold watche s, cash awards, trophies, county medals and s c holarships. Thi s year 11 champion 4-H boy s attended the National 4-H Club Congress in Chicago. The trip to the National 4-H Camp in Washington, D. C., is considered to be the highe s t award for o utstanding leadership and achievement in 4 H Club work. Annually, two 4-H boys are awarded this trip, while the citizen ship winner r ec eives a trip to the Danforth Leadership Camp in Sh e lby, Michigan. State and local donors make possible many additional awards to s timu late interest in 4-H project s and club work.

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Annual R eport, 1956 35 CITRIC U LT U RE AN D M I OR F R U IT S Fred P. Law1ence, Citriculturist Jack T. McCown, Assistant Horticulturist The citrus crop of 134,000,000 boxes was the second highest production on record. Processors utilized 63 'percent of the crop, with the remaining 37 percent moving through fresh fruit channels. The pl'Ocessors utilized 85,000,000 boxes of raw fruit, the largest amount on record. While utiliz ing 65,000,000 boxes of oranges the processors returned to the grower an average on-tree return of $1.82 per box. T h i amount was 40 cents per box more than last year's average. This record fruit utilization and grower return indicates that consumer acceptance for processed oranges was much better than anticipated. Citrus plantings in Florida now total approximately 625,300 acres. This acreage provided the state's economy in 1956 an income of over $244,000,000 derived from the sale of citrus fruits evaluated at packinghouse door levels. This was an increase of $51,000,000 over the previous year. In addition to the Citricu1turist and Assistant Horti : ul turist, the Ex tension Marketing Specialist and the Experiment Station Economist do Extension work in the field of citrus. C i t ru s A d v i s o ry Co mmi ttee. The objective of this committee is two fold: Fir t, to assist county agents to become more thoroug h ly trained in citrus prod u ction, and second l y, to promote a dynamic Extens i on prog r am in the citrus industry. T h e Advisory Committee held two meetings during Fig. 7.-The Extension Citriculturist (hand on tree) sta ge s a citrus grafting demonstration.

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36 Florida Cooperative Extension the year, concentrating their efforts on revising their long-range planning program to keep stride with the over-all Extension program projection. 4-H Club Work.-Increased activity by the Citrus Specialist, county and assistant county agents resulted in 940 club members from 43 counties enrolling in citrus projects. Of these, 574 members from 41 counties com pleted 12,232 projects. 'For the first time, a 4-H Junior Citrus Institute was held for 4-H Club boys completing the best citrus projects in their res pective counties. The institute provided specific training by industry men and Extension special ists in citrus nursery management, citrus production and citrus marketing, which was not available to club members in the past. Agent Training.-Major emphasis was placed on providing adequate in-service citrus training for each agent in citrus-producing counties by the citrus specialist staff. Three one-day training meetings were held providing the agents instruction by classroom lectures and grove observa tion. Specific information, . ,including latest research, production practices, developing program projection and ways to effectively develop farm plan ning, was provided on numerous occasions throughout the year. In addi tion, 24 agents completed a graduate citrus production course at the Uni versity of Florida. Institutes.-Through the medium of four citrus institutes, one citrus subtropical institute and one lime-avocado institute the Extension Service was .able to keep Florida growers well posted and abreast of current re search. More than l,645 growers attended the institutes, which varied in length from one day . to a week. Schools and Clinics.-This year we were able to conduct four citrus schools. The schools, varying in length from five to eight weeks, met weekly for a two-hour class. . Over 1,20() people attended eight clinics which were held throughout the state during' the year. By attending the clinics, home owners were able to solve many problems concerning plant deficiencies and insect and disease damage, as well as receiving other valuable information. Demonstrations and Tours.-The result demonstration followed by a tour is an effective Extension teaching method. Realizing the value of good result demonstrations, this office assisted with 40 demonstrations and 12 tours in citrus producing counties. In addition to tours of demonstra tions, grower tours were held at federal and state experiment stations . . Demonstrations were based 0 0n research obtained from the experiment stations and accepted grower practices.

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Annual Report, 1956 37 DAIRY HUSBANDRY C. W. Reaves, Dairy Husbandman T. W. Sparks, Assistant Dairy Husbandman The major dairy extension programs during the year were those set out in 1947, namely dairy herd improvement association production testing and culling, better nutrition of dairy herds, production of more pasture and forages, a breeding program for raising herd replacements, 4-H dairy work, and cooperation in dairy cattle breed association programs. Improved dairy methods are indicated by an increase of cows on dairy herd improve ment association (DHIA) test from approximately 1,200 in 1947 to 15,605 in November 1956, more herds feeding according to production, an approxi mately doubled acreage of improved pasture, a quadrupled tonnage of silage stored, the development of organized artificial breeding with 35,000 dairy cows artifieially bred to high production bulls in 1956, a 58 percent increase in enrollment in 4-H dairy projects, and cooperative work with four state purebred dairy cattle breed clubs. The state's production of milk for the five-year period 1951-55 exceeded the 1941-45 period by 80 percent, according to a USDA Agricultural Market ing Service release. The next highest percentage increase in milk pro duction for the 10-year period was made by Maryland with 39 percent. The average production of milk per cow in Florida was 3,100 pounds in 1940, 4,200 in 1950, and 4,900 in 1955. This 58 percent increase in produc tion per cow indicates improvement in dairy efficiency and management practices for the state as a whole. 1955-56 DHIA Results.-Nine dairy herd improvement associations with 11 DHIA supervisors operated in 28 counties. The number of cows in creased from 11,483 in 1955 to 15,605 in 1956. All but one of the associations increased in size and one new association was organized during the year. The DHIA su pervisors visit each member's herd monthly, get milk we:ghts and samples for butterfat testing, and secure the amounts and prices of feeds fed. They compute a complete record of production and feed cost. The yearly summary of all herds finishing a year's test showed an average production of 6,725 pounds milk, 4.5 percent test, and 303 pounds of butterfat per cow. Production and income above feed costs were slightly higher than the previous year, despite the addition of new herds in the program which tends to hold down the average. The production per cow in DHIA herds exceeded the average Florida milk cow's production by 37 percent in milk and 47 percent in pounds butterfat. The Orange County DHIA showed the remarkable increase of 1,031 pounds in milk production per cow in the seven years it has operated. This is an average increase of 120 gallons milk per year per cow in the association. New Dairy Record Program Started.-A new dairy herd record keeping system was added to the state and national cooperative dairy herd improve ment program in the fall of 1956. Three counties started the program with seven herds consisting of 1,225 cows. The owners will weigh the milk and turn the weights into the county agent's office. A person selected to do the record work in each county will compute the month's and total to-date milk records of the individual cows and the herd totals for milk, value of product and feed costs. The records are not as complete as DHIA records, but the new system offers a simple, economical method of keeping the minimum records of herds not securing DHIA service. Eleven counties

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38 Florida Cooperative Extension have enrolled herd s and mad e the necessary arrangements for carrying out the 'program in 1957. Advanced Registry and Herd Improvement Registry Testing.-The Extension Dairyman served as State Superintendent of Official T esting. Twenty-one purebred herds representing all five of the major dairy breeds tested a total of 2,139 cows. Many herd owners combined the official te t of t h eir breed association with DHIA test. Better Dairy Replacement Through Breeding. -The production testing programs find the best sires and breeding stock. The breeding and better sire work was designed to spread the use of the top production bull s. Over 35, 000 dairy cows were bred artificially during the fiscal year, of which over 30,000 were bred to production-proved bulls rating in the top 2 pe rc ent of all dairy sires proved in the national DHIA syste m. Assistance was given individual dairymen in finding desirably bred bulls for use in their own herds as requested. Forty bulls were proved in DHIA herds during the year. Pa ture, Feed Production and Dairy Management.-Btudies were made on DHIA herds for use as demonstrations of the economy of the 'production of a larger percentage of the feed supply of Florida dairy herds in the form of pasture and silage or other home-grown feed crops. Most DHIA herds hav e reached the first goal of 35 percent and some exceeded 50 percent, with a lowered cost of milk production. Th e Florida dairy pasture contest, sponso r ed by the Florida Dairy Association and directed by the Agricultural Extension Service, served to 'point up excellent pasture and forage programs on many farms. The outstanding winners were M. A. Schack of Greenwood on his over-all program and F. E. Willis of Talla hassee on the most improvement. Th e feeding analysis of the larg e Duval DHIA showed that only 59 percent of the herds' feed supplies had come from conce ntrate s, with the remaining 41 percent being provided by pa ture, hay and si lag e . Th e efficient dairy production program se lected county, district and state winners based on a score card of improved practices and efficiency. Fig. 8.-High-producing cows graze Starr millet on farm of M . A. Schack, winner of the 1955-56 Florida dairy pasture and forage contest.

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Annual Report, 1956 39 County agents' reports showed a total of 6,927 farmers-including family cow owners and 4-H members-assisted in feeding, 5,023 in controlling external parasites, and 5,381 in controlling di s eases and internal parasites . 4-H Dairy Work.-A total of 1,720 boys and girls enrolled in 4-H dairy projects, of which 1,323 (77 % ) completed. It was an increase of 58 per cent in enrollment and 98 percent in completions since 1947. The 1,323 members who completed owned 2,205 project animals. Four production projects, nine district shows and a state 4-H dairy show, judging contest s , and other events provided valuable training and experience in an important farm enterprise. In addition it developed pride in ownership, taught re sponsibility and helped develop more valuable young men. Cooperative Work with Other Groups.-Cooperative work was carried out with the state purebred dairy cattle associations in sales, judging schools, provision of suitable 4-H 'project animals, and other 4-H activities. The Florida Dairy Association and National Dairy Products Corporation and Sears, Roebuck Foundation sponsored various dairy projects. The State Department of Agriculture, Florida Times-Union, Tampa and Jack sonville chambers of commerce and other civic groups, firms and individual s assisted in work of mutual interest. Assistance also was given and re ceived from the state dairy supervi s ors, the vocational agriculture depart ment and other state and federal agencies. Special Activities.-The Extension Dairyman served on the Board of Directors of the Southern Section of the American Dairy Science Association and on the Extension Teaching Methods Committee of the national asso ciation. He assisted with the Georgia State DHIA su pervisors' Conference and judged the Santiago, Cuba, dairy cattle show.

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40 Florida Cooperative Extension EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT J. Francis Cooper, Editor M. H. Sharpe, Assistant Editor G. F. Schotten, Assistant Editor Loss of three members of the staff during 1956 points up the difficulties being encountered in finding and keeping trained editorial workers. Only one staff vacancy exists at the end of the year, however, and it will be filled soon. Since the Agriculture Library moved into Dan McCarty Hall this fall there has been some additional space available for the Editorial Department. NEWS STORIES AND FARM PAPER ARTICLES Newspapers and farm journals continued to use generously of both straight news and hints articles released from the Agricultural Extension Service. The weekly clipsheet, AGRICULTURAL NEWS SERVICE, carry ing eight to 13 se parate stories each week, is sent to weekly newspapers and those dailies requesting it, radio stations, farm papers, county and home demonstration agents, vocational agriculture teachers and other deal ing with groups of farm people. It serves the Agricultural Experiment Station and State Plant Board also, as well as carrying some releases from the U. S. Department of Agriculture. We continued to make frequent releases over the wire services to daily papers and occasionally sent stories direct to one or more papers. From two to three "skeleton" stories, to be filled in with the name of the county agent, were sent to county agents each week, as for the past few years. These seem to have served a very useful purpose for the agents, making it easy for them to release "suggestion" type materials to their papers. County and home demonstration agents in 66 counties report having made 14,280 newsreleases to their newspapers during the year. Materials from Extension Editors printed by farm papers and related journals continues in good volume also. Of materials written by Extension Editors during 1956, five farm papers and magazines printed in Florida carried nine stories totaling 168 column inches of space; two Southern journals carried seven articles for 125 column inches; and four national farm magazines printed six articles for 126 column inches. The grand totals are 11 magazines, 22 articles and 419 column inches of space. RADIO AND TELEVISION Radio work continued to occupy a major portion of editorial time. Television production was put on a much more satisfactory basis during the year. The Florida Farm Hour over University Station WRUF was 30 minutes in length five days a week and 15 minutes Saturday until May 21, when it was cut to 15 minutes six days a week. Occasionally it was omitted entirely for other special broadcasts. We staged 306 broadcasts of this program, which included 677 separate talks or interviews. Regular features by members of the Editorial staff accounted for 307 of these. Features and number of broadcasts included farm news highlights 115, home economics notes 50, the farm question box 48, farm news and views 46 and the editorial of the week 48.

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Annual Report, 1956 41 In addition, Agricultural Experiment Station workers made 169 talks, Extension workers not on the Editorial staff 135, College of Agriculture faculty members 17, and others 49. The miscellaneous features included speakers from the State Plant Board, State Soil Conservation Board, general University faculty, Future Farmers of America, Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Committee, an electric cooperative, home demonstration and 4-H Club members, Soil Conservation Service, Farmers' Home Admin istration, and materials from the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Remote control broadcasts were made from the Lake County Fair at Eustis and from an agronomy field day 'program on the Experiment Station farm. Farm Flashes, from five to seven minutes each, were sent five days a week to 52 Florida radio stations and a bi-weekly roundup of farm news to 35. We sent a five-minute Florida farm review each week to the Asso ciated Press for distribution over its teletype system to member stat:ons. Stations which sent tapes were given taped features, some regularly and others sporadically. For 10 stations we cut 93 tapes which included 122 by Extension workers, 76 by Experiment Station staff members, seven by College of Agriculture faculty and six others. The Extension Editor appeared once on the National Farm and Home Hour. County and home demonstration agents in 45 counties reported making 3,490 radio talks. We secured a sound camera during the year and began to film television shows, thus making it unnecessary to stage live shows as frequently as formerly. We staged 18 live shows and 'presented eight on film, each about 14 minutes in length. One live show was presented on three different stations, the filmed one on from one to nine stations. Both live and filmed shows totaled 50 showings. In addition, a farm program director from one station brought film to us from time to time and we filmed 13 shows for him. His features ranged from 2 to 7 minutes. County and home demonstration agents in 30 counties reported doing 322 television shows. PUBLISHED MATERIALS Fewer expensive bulletins and more circulars, many of them small enough to be inserted in envelopes with letters, were printed during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1956. We printed 45,000 copies of two bulletins that totaled 56 pages and 162,000 copies of 12 circulars that totaled 120 pages. Three circulars were reprinted. Following is a list of the bulletins and circulars: Bul. 162 Bul. 163 Circ. 138 Circ. 139 Circ. 140 Circ. 141 Circ. 142 Circ. 143 Circ. 144 Circ. 145 Circ. 146 Circ. 147 Pages Ornamental Hedges for Florida ........ ... .. ... .... .. ..... ..... 36 Jellies, Jams and Preserves .............. .. ...................... 20 Goodbye, Mr. Roach...................... . ...... ... .......... . ... . ..... 8 Control of Insects and Diseases of Dooryard Citrus Trees .................................. ~. . ....................... 8 Some Questions and Answers on Vegetable Pesticide Tolerances ............... ...... ....... .. ... ... .......... 8 Propagation of Ornamental Plants by Layering.. 8 Strawberry Production Guide .......... . ..... .. ........... .. ... 6 Cotton Production Guide .......................................... 6 Field Corn Production Guide .................................... 8 Peanut Production Guide .... ... ....... . .. .. ........... . ........... 6 Chemical Weed Control in Peanut Fields ............ 8 Controlling ;Mango Insect Pests .............................. 16 Edition 30,000 15,000 25,000 15,000 12,000 20,000 10,000 7,500 15,000 7,500 10,000 15,000

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42 Florida Cooperative Ext ensi on Circ. 148 Hom e Propag a ting Units ... .. ..... .. ............... .. .......... ... 4 Circ. 149 T e rrariums .. . ..... . ......... ..... .. .. ... . ........................ . ............ 4 Circ. 96R Watermelon Production Guide (reprinted) .......... 6 Circ. 109R Eggplant Production Guide (reprinted) . .... ... ...... 4 Circ. 113 An Electric Chick Brooder (reprinted) ... ......... ... . .. 4 10,000 15,000 7,500 7,500 10,000 Single copies of all new publications were sent to libraries, s'pecialists and county and home demonstration agents. Afterwards they were dis tributed only on request and largely through county and home demonstra tion agents. Miscellaneous materials and supplies printed included the final report of the Florida National Egg-Laying Test for 1954-55 , programs for the Boys' 4-H Short Cour se, the annual Extension Conference, and poultry and cattlemen's institutes, six record books for use by 4-H Club members in various projects, a 4-H Vegetable Garden Handbook, 4-H beef and swine breeding judging cards, letterheads, window cards, gummed labels and certificates. The Extension Editor served again as distribution control officer for U. S. Department of Agriculture publications to Extension workers and county and home demonstration agents in 66 counties reported distributing 616,547 state and federal publications. VISUAL AIDS AND MISCELLANEOUS With three still cameras and two motion picture cameras, we now are able to give satisfactory photographic service in practically. any field and have a large supply of still pictures. We are slowly building a file of colored slides and are aiding specialists to obtain files of their own. We maintain a large number of slide throwers, motion picture projectors, public address systems and other equipment used by staff member s and agents. Extension Editors held two training sessions for 4-H Club members in two counties, training 11 reporters. The Extension Editor assisted in entertaining members of the Ameri can Agricultural Editors' Association from all parts of th e United States and one from Canada for four days in April, when they visited peninsular Florida. All Editors devote approximately half of their time to work for the Agricultural Experiment Station, by whom they are jointly employed.

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Annual Report, 1956 43 ENTOMOLOGY James E. Brogdon, Extension Entomologist The principal features of the Extension program in entomology included (1) Mediterranean fruit fly work, (2) publications, (3) 4-H entomology program, (4) training meetings, (5) radio talks, TV programs and news paper stories, and (6) work with other specialists. Mediterranean Fruit Fly.-After the Medfly was found in Miami on April 13, 1956, the Extension Entomologist spent a considerable portion of his time cooperating with the Florida State Plant Board and USDA in this program. Information on the description, life history and habits of the fly and copies of various regulations and procedures were obtained and sent to county Extension workers and many other interested people as rapidly as was practical. Twenty sets of 2 x 2 color slides of the Medfly and several 'phases of the program were obtained and made available to agents in citrus counties to be used in their educational program. The Extension Entomologist made several talks to citrus institutes, civic clubs and grower meetings, on the Medfly program. The talks in cluded the Florida Mango Forum, Citrus Institute at Camp McQuarrie, Citrus and Sub-Tropical Fruits Institute, Indian River Citrus Seminar, Agricultural Extension Workers Annual Conference and the Annual Con. ference of Veterans and Vocational Agriculture Teachers. Publications.-The Extension Entomologist cooperated in the prepara tion of Circulars 152, Commercial Vegetable Pest Control Guide, and 159, Vegetable Pesticide Tolerance Guide. Several mimeographs were prepared and distributed. Among these were: Major Mites of Citrus and Their Control and Suggestions for Making Counts, Control of Some Insects and Mites of Ornamnetal Plants (revised) and Insects and Mites of Citrus . and Their Control. 4-H Entomology.-Interest in the 4-H entomology project is increasing. Ninety-one members in 17 counties completed projects in 1954. In 1955 there were 198 completions in 28 counties. During 1956 the number in creased to 252 in 32 counties. Jimmy Gray, Suwannee County, won first place in the national 4-H entomology awards program, but entered the Navy before 4-H Congress met in Chicago. The alternate Richard Sears, Lake County, was awarded the trip to Chicago. The 4-H entomology program was discussed at the Girls' State 4-H Short Course at Florida State University and at the Honey-Electric-Entomology Short Course at Camp McQuarrie. Training Meetings.-Insect identification, injury and control were dis cussed at three area agents' training meetings in field crops, two in vege table crops, two in citrus, and four in ornamental horticulture. Entomology was taught at three ornamental horticulture schools, two citrus schools, and the Nurserymen and Growers' Short Course at the University which had over 200 registrants. Radio, TV and Newspapers.-The Editorial Department, in cooperation with the Extension Entomologist, prepared seven timely stories on insect control to be used by county agents in local newspapers. Two radio talks were given at the University and two TV 'programs staged. One of these latter was made on film and sent to several TV

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44 Florida Cooperative Extension stations in the state. Two radio tapes were made with the Editorial De partment and two with county agents. Other Activities.-The Extension Entomologist worked with the Florida State Plant Board and USDA on problems of mutual interest, including sweetpotato weevil control and quarantine. He worked with the College Entomology Department in making 2 x 2 color slides. Over 400 color slides have been made and obtained for use by Extension specialists and county workers . .

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Annual Report, 1956 FARM AND HOME DEVELOPMENT Susan Christian, Farm and Home Development Specialist Clyde Murphree, Farm and Home Development Specialist 45 The use of the f _ arm and home development approach was expanded considerably. According to reports of county personnel, the farm and home development method was employed with a total of 416 famUes during the year. This represents an approximate increase of 230 families over 1955. The farm families involved included 89 with which the Extension Service had had little or no contact in the past. Families assisted just getting started in farming numbered 45. Of the total, agents classified 188 as low income and 103 as part-time farmers. Individual contacts only were used for assisting 27 3 of the families develop operating plans and a combination of indivdual and group contacts were used with 138. The remaining 5 families were contacted exclusively in groups. Approximately this same ratio was used in assisting families put their plans into action. Determining long-time goals was a part of the planning process with 340 of the families and 287 families were assisted in determining short time goals. The development of a written plan was a part of the Farm and Home Development process with 256 families. However, 334 families were as sisted in analyzing their resources in an effort to more effectively formulate solutions for farm and home problems. The plans of 278 families were reviewed and revised at the end of the year. A total of 176 families had 4-H Club members whose 'project activities directly supported the farm and home plan. A county committee to give guidance to farm and home development work was used in six counties. These counties were originally selected for intensive work in 1954 and committees were created for this purpose at the time. Training activities during the year were concentrated on subject matter specialists and negro personnel. Each of the production specialists on the Gainesville staff was requested to prepare a typical hypothetical farming operation involving his subject matter field. The operation included a detailed summary of receipts and expenses. In addition, various opportunities were outlined for increasing the income of the operation. Each of these changes was expressed in terms of effect on receipts and expenses. The Tallahassee staff prepared . material representing a typical farm family. The goals of the family and problems related to the achievement of goals were enumerated. Possible solutions to each of the problems were explored by appropriate members of the subject matter staff. A part of this material was presented and discussed at a joint staff meeting attended by all subject matter specialists. It is felt that the entire staff gained a considerable amount of understanding of the farm and home development method. The negro training included the distribution of a questionnaire to all county personnel designed to determine their progress in farm and home development. At the negro annual agents conference a discussion session was conducted on the basis of the assembled information. Following this conference project leaders individually spent a day each in training the team of negro district agents.

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46 Florida Cooperative Extension The training of the white county personnel was largely limited to a . series of topics presented during the annual agents conference and con tacts of the project leaders with individuals during the year. A 'preliminary evaluation of farm and home development work outside the pilot counties during the year indicated the need for a partial planning form. Such a form was devised in the belief that partial planning is a logical step between informal planning practiced by most families and the detailed planning procedure outlined for use in the pilot counties. The problem of adapting the farm and home development approach to central and southern Florida conditions has been recognized from the out set. As the year progressed it was apparent that in some counties the 'personnel were encourtering problems for which a solution was not readily available. The basic problem of this area appears to be complications arising from the frequent physical separation of the farm and home. Since farm and home development strongly emphasizes the management aspects of farming and homemaking, a close working relationship with the Department of Home Economics is desirable. In order to foster this re lationship, the presentation of a series of topics dealing with the work of the Agricultural Extension Service was arranged for the Agricultural Economics Seminar. A tangible result apparent at this time is the ex pressed interest of a graduate student in selecting a phase of 4-H Club work for research as a thesis project.

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Annual Report, 1956 FARM AND HOME SAFETY A. M. Pettis, Safety Leader Frances C. Cannon, Safety Leader 47 A survey was conducted to learn agents' needs and literature concerning sa fety was obtained for them. A safety record book and safety plays were di s tributed . Safety exhibits were prepared to teach 4-H members and adults. At two tractor clinics and at a 4 H camp the project leaders taught 230 4-H members and leaders about safety. Each we e k during the summ e r approximately 500 4-H boys and girls w e re taught water safety and highway s afety at the 4-H camps. At white and negro wildlife camps 125 agents and 4-H boy s received training con cerning safety in the woods, safety in the water, safety with fir e arms, and safety with shop tools. County home demonstration agent s devoted 648 days to safety work thi s year, compared to 554 days in 1955. Safety information was given to the people largE:!ly through radio, news articles, exhibits, circular letters, council meetings and 4-H Camp. There were 4,207 home demonstration programs on safety and fire pre v e ntion. Some of these subjects were preparing houses for vacation ab sences, family fire drills, home responsibility and protection in case of an emergency, Chri s tmas safety, care of medicin e cabinets, and first aid in the home. Safety education was emphasized al s o in s ome 4-H Club meetings. Orange County 4-H Club members were given demonstrations on making a nd using safe toys, while in Suwannee County artificial r e spiration was demonstrat e d to, and practiced by, all 4-H Club members. In Palm Beach County three 4-H Clubs made a survey of their schools and were instrumental in getting several sidewalks repaired and other hazards removed. In another county two 4-H Club girls wrote and had their club stage a safety skit at county council meeting, Farm Bureau meet ing and county commissionei : s' luncheon. At each 4-H Club camp a safety education trooper with the Florida Highway Patrol came into camp and spent a morning discussing with the boys and girls, safety on the streets-walking, riding bicycle s and motor sc ooters, and driving a car: Safety e xhibits were mad e and displayed at youth fairs, county fairs, achievement day, in downtown store windows, and as floats in parades. The national sponsor of the 4-H safety pro g ram is General Motors and the s tate winner this year was Willodean Burden of Lake County, who received a free trip to National 4-H Congre s s in Chicago. Negro state winn e r of the $50 savings bond was Alphonso Spark s of Gadsden County. During 1956, 14,834 4 H members in 59 counties received training in safety.

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48 Florida Cooperatfoe Extension FARM FORESTRY L. T. Nieland, Forester A. S. Jensen, Assistant Forester ' The long-time objectives of the Extension educational program for farm forestry were consistently promoted during the year. Principal features of the program were: (1) forest fire prevention, (2) forest plant ing, (3) timber marketing, (4) forest management, (5) insect and disease prevention and control, (6) game and wildlife restoration, and (7) developing interest in forestry among rural young people through 4-H Clubs and other youth groups. As opportunity afforded, the work was coordinated with programs of other agencies, both public and private, that are in a position to advance the objectives of the Extension program. Among these were the Florida Forest Service, U. S. Forest Service, Soil Conservation Service, boards of county commissioners, Agricultural Experiment Stations, Fish and Wildlife Service, lumber companies, American Turpentine Farmers' Association, Florida Bankers' Association, Florida Cattlemen's Association and the several Florida pulp and paper mills. FOREST FIRE PREVENTION Fire in Florida's forests, large or small, still presents one of the main hindrances to profitable forestry. This was another drouth year in most of Florida and hundreds of thousands of acres of valuable young pine forests were destroyed. Some fires were of an incendiary nature but most resulted from carelessness. Forest owners have the desire to protect their timber froin fire, but during severe drouth years when strong winds blow they do not yet have the means to stop fires until they get out of hand. One fire burned a strip almost five miles wide and 35 miles long through some of the state's choicest pine timber. To provide the means for successful forest fire protection, the Exten sion Forester continued his 15-year campaign for protecting forest land by establishing 100-foot-wide improved pasture _ fire guards around forest boundaries. The forest interior is then divided into suitably sized blocks of timber, each surrounded by other 100-foot-wide grazing strip. These will keep an interior fire from getting out of hand if one should get started. Demonstrations in this type of forest fire protection have proven successful wherever established. The idea has been adopted in parts of Georgia and North Carolina also with marked success. The establishment and maintenance of game and other desirable forms of wildlife has been added from the beginning. Therefore, it has been called the Florida Timber-Grazing-Game Program. Although technicians have been relatively slow to adopt this method of fire protection, forest landowners like it and more are adopting the program each year. It is believed to be the most successful, economical, practical, simple and con structive multiple and integrated use of forest land yet devised. During the year, 4,965 farmers in 60 counties were encouraged and assisted, chiefly through the efforts of Florida's county agents, in safe guarding their timber from fire. FOREST PLANTINGS Demonstration plantings of forest trees again constituted one of the big features of the Extension farm forestry program. There does not seem

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Annual R eport, 1956 49 to be a better way to develop needed farmer interest in practicing farm forestry than through the medium of a newly planted forest . It is a permanent demonstration which grnw s more effective with each passing year. S la s h Pine Plantings. -Plantings of slash pine, Florida 's most important native forest tree, received major attention again in 1956 . County agents in 40 counties distributed 16,207,990 s la s h pine seed lings to 2,519 farmers and other owners of sma ll forests. This i s over 4 million mor e pine seed lings than were distributed in 1955, the best previous year. A l so, 638 more farmers were furnished seedl ing s in 1956 than during the best past year. These seedlings planted 23,835 acres of new farm forest. Of the total, 354,350 slash pine seedling were disti'ibuted by county agents to 4-H and FFA members for demonstration plantings. Also, 5,033,640 free seedlings were made ava ' lable to county agents fo1 distribu tion by a cooperative arrangement between Extension and 12 different public-spirited wood-using industries. Such a cooperat iv e agreement be tween Extension and industry has been in effect during the past 17 years, and has greatly stimulated and extended forest planting on farms. R ed Ce dar Plantings.-Hundred s of Florida farmers and ranchers have been calling for cedar seed l ings for forest and Christmas tree plant in gs during the past 15 years. Since cedar seedlings have not yet been pro duced in State Forest Service nurseries and are not available elsewhere, the Extension Fore ste r s again assisted in collecting 672,000 cedar seeds for free distribution to farmers in lots of 10 to 20,000 seeds to each. Fig. 9 . -A Hernando County farmer looks over his three-year-old catalpa post planting which the Extension Forester help ed him make.

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50 Florida Cooperat'ive Extension Printed instructions on how to produce cedar seedlings in home nurseries were furnished with the seeds. Many have been successful. Due to the success of early Christmas tree plantings on farms, and the quick profits made from yule tree sales, the demand for cedar seedlings has grown until State Forest Service nurseries are now purchasing cedar seeds in an effort to supply the farmer demand for cedar seedlings next winter. Catalpa Plantings.-Farmers were again assisted in makingcatalna fence post plantings. The Extension Foresters collected 132,000 seeds from trees and distributed them free to 34 farmers a,1ct 4-H Club members for additional fence post demonstration plantings. Since catalpa seed.ings have not been available from other sources, farmers were furnished with instructions on how they can grow their own seedlings in a home nursery. The Extension Forester continued work in six older fence post plantings to determine best fertilization, cultivation, 'pruning and other cultural practices. Growing catalpas for fence posts is a new venture in Florida. Other Forest Demonstration Plantings.-Other plantings of native trees promoted by the Extension Foresters included tulip poplar and tupelo gum for Florida beekeepers, sand 'pine for sites too dry for slash pine, windbreak plantings around crop fields, and shade and shelter plantings for livestock in open pasture land. TIMBER MARKETING Agents were assisted with timber marketing problems in their counties. Individual assistance was given to farmers and land owners in some areas where services of a Forest Service farm forester were not available and where a forest marketing demonstration was needed. A landowner who is well satisfied with a timber marketing job is an excellent example for his neighbors to observe and follow. 4-H CLUB WORK Continued efforts were made to provide assistance to agents along 4-H forestry lines. Forestry was taught at three 4-H summer camps and at wildlife camps and short course. The Assistant Extension Forester also taught at many 4-H meetings and visited 4-H forestry projects. County 4-H forests were expanded during the year. Preliminary plans were made in several counties to establish 4-H county forests. Five hundred and two boys completed forestry projects this year. NAVAL STORES The production of gum continued to decline in Florida demonstrations. Publicity and publications on the profit from working trees for gum before cutting were distributed. Individual assistance to landowners may be the only answer to this problem of getting farmers to begin a profitable gum farming operation. Due to other work load and limited field time, only a limited amount of this assistance can be given. Training meetings for agents are needed. EXHIBITS AND PUBLICITY Numerous talks, news articles and mimeographs were prepared on all phases of forestry. Fair exhibits were erected at county fairs. Leaf and wood sample exhibits were prepared for exhibit and teaching purposes. Two forestry TV shows were staged during the year.

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Annual Report, 1956 ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE E. W. McElwee, Ornamental Horticulturist T. J. Sheehan, Assistant Ornamental Horticulturist S. A. Rose, Assistant Ornamental Horticulturist• J. N. Joiner, Assistant Horticulturist' 51 Principal accomplishments in the field of ornamentals this year included: Assisting 109 commercial nurserymen, florists and growers; 46 meetings with industry groups, attended by 1,148; 56 horticultural clinics and asso ciated meetings, attended by 3,471; 108 county offices visited, assisted or supplied with information, including training meetings; 29 home owners visited or assisted; 29 meetings with garden clubs, home demonstration clubs and interest groups; attended by 959; five 4-H meetings, camps and short courses; five news articles; and 13 radio talks and television programs. 4-H Club Activities.-A landscape plan was drawn for and assistance given in planting the Cloverleaf 4-H Club cam p. Assistance was given to 4-H district and state leaders in judging horticulture work books, par ticipating in fairs and conducting classes at 4-H short courses for both girls and boys. Special County Program.-The horticultural schools and clinics held in various areas of the state are establ'shed to train county and home demon stration agents, as well as homeowners and growers. From them the agents learn solutions for the more common problems and are thus better qualified to answer future requests. In addition, oneand two-day train ing schools are held for county agents. These give specialized training to the agents in the fundamentals of ornamental horticulture. Four such training meetings were held this year at the request of agents. Such training is planned as a continuing feature of the ornamentals project. Two three-year home grounds improvement programs for home d~mon stration agents and representatives of local HD clubs are in progress. Such programs are set up on a county-wide basis. Leaders from each home demonstration club in the county meet quarterly with the agent and the specialists for a day of special instruction and demonstration. They are also provided with printed and mimeographed material. These leaders then return to their respective clubs and hold training meetings for all members based on the information received from the specialists. Such training programs have been highly successful and additional ones are 'planned for the future . Regional and National Cooperation.-The specialists assisted in organ izing and participated in the regional program of the Southern Flower Growers Association meeting, held ths year in Florida, and the Sou '. hern Agricultural Workers annual meeting in Atlanta. In addition, a specialist attended the marketing workshop, sponsored by the Society of American Florists', held in Washington, D. C. Several articles and papers were con tributed to regional and national trade magazines. The specialists also sent copies of circulars and bulletins to fellow workers in the Southeastern states. Public Affairs.-City improvement and city beautification programs were started in copoeration with municipal governments and civic organ5 Transferred to the Agricultural Experiment Stations effective July 1, 1956. 6 Appointed September 1, 1956. 'Returned from leave of absence October 17, 1956.

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52 Florida Cooperative E x ten si on ization s . In addition, staff members participated in other pub li c program, suc h as : (1) advi ing on the planning of grounds and land scapi ng of courthouses, sc hool building s , agricultural buildings, co mmunit y centers, church es and youth camps and the care and management of municipal s had e trees; (2) ad v i s ing and j ud g ing fairs, trade and plant s how s ; (3) advi s ing and assisting with the programs for co n vent ion s and meeting s of indu stry as oc iation s ; (4) working with s tat e -wid e organization s on programs of highway beautification. Other Activities.-The s peciali sts assisted Experiment Station and State Plant Board personnel in p l ann ing a re s earch program designed to control or erad i cate the Mediterranean fruit fly and to determine the se n sit ivi ty of ornamental plants to the sprays uti li zed in Medfly control work. In addition, they aided State Plant Board personnel in informing growers and hom eowners of ornamental plants likely to be affected by this pest . A ss i s tance was given Stat e Plant Board members in formulating a program for the cert ification of lawn gra sses within the state. One s peciali st was appointed to the Go ver nor' s Citizen Comm itt ee to help in t h e development of an anti -li tter and "Keep Florida Beautiful" program. At the reque st of the State Fair committee, the specialists revised the premium list s , judging r e gulati,on s and entrance r eq uir e ments for the horti cu ltural exhibits and judged all exhibits in the horticulture bui l ding. Several bulletin s , circu lars ai1d mimeographed leaflet s were prepared and made available to county worker s . Fertilizer demon s tration plot s -one on ferns and one o n woody nursery crops-and a propagation demonstration were estab li s h ed in two diffeTent co unti es. Fig. 10.-An ornamental horticulturist in st ruct s 4-H C lub girls in identification, establi s hment and maintenance of Tecommended grasses for a lawn, a ba s i c requirement of any good landscape plan .

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Annual R eport, 1956 53 PLANT PATHOLOGY D. M . Coe, Associate Pathologi st I t has been 30 years since t h e Extension Service ha s had a p l ant path o l og i t on the staff. During the first year's term of t hi s appointment co n side rabl e effort has been devoted to exploring the best means of u s in g the appointment wit h t h e most effect i veness. In the past the work h as been divided among the crop specia li sts as a pa rt of their overall programs . Efforts throughout t hi s past year have been towa rd complementing ex i st ing Extension programs . The Extension Plant Pathologi st participated in 23 pub li c me e ting s s u c h a s hort co ur ses, clinics and work hop s. Through these h e dev e lop ed an acquaintan ce with the problems of t he area and the personne l of the va r io u s agr i c ul tura l e nterpri ses. Radio a nd press st ori es were prepared in conjunction with t h e ed itori a l staff. Th ese a ctivit i es are in t h e process of expansion. A limit ed number of r esu l t demonstration plots for t h e contro l of potato d i seases were established in cooperation with t h e County A gent in Hill sb orough Cou nt y and t h e Potato In vestigations Lab oratory . Fig. 11.-An o rnam enta l h ortic ulturi st h e lp s one of the man y green hou se growers in F l orida . Th e gree nhou se indu stry in t hi s st at e i s v alu ed at more than 33 million do llar s a yea r .

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54 Florida Cooperative Extension POULTRY HUSBANDRY N. R. Mehrhof, Poultry Husbandman J. S. Moore, Exten s ion Poultryman L. W . Kalch, Assistant in Poultry Husbandry A. W. O'Steen, Supervisor, Florida National Egg-Laying Test, Chipley The production of broilers, eggs and turkeys was increased during the year. Primarily this increase was a result of larger size of business and improved efficiency rather than new enterprises. Production of Chicks.-The number of hatcheries continued to decrease. Since 1954, the number of hatcheries decreased from 80 to 51, but the in cubator capacity increased from 5,040,425 to 5,677,320, indicating increase in size of hatcheries . Chick production increased to a high of ov e r 35,000,000. Approximately 12,000,000 chicks were exported to countries south of Florida. Broiler Production.-More than 11,830,000 broilers were grown in Flor ida in 1956. Practically all of the broilers were grown under contract, with a no loss or guaranteed income per bird or per pound with benefit payments for efficiency practices (feed conversion). Efficiency factors emphasized during the year included these minimum suggestions: 40,000 broilers per man per year, 4 lots per year, 40 pounds meat per 100 pounds feed, less than 5 % mortality and market before 10 weeks of age. Growing Pullets and Managing Layers.-The number of layers has re mained about the same during the past three years, approximately 3 million, but total egg production has increased from 501 to over 575 million. Records from the Random and Egg-Laying Tests have been used to develop the grow healthy chick and layer management programs . Better chicks, vaccination and adoption of improved feeding and management practices during the growing and laying periods have been stressed. Particular emphasis has been placed on adequate properly arranged feeding and water ing equipment for growing and laying birds. Small .Flocks.-Management of small flocks to provide adequate eggs and poultry meat has been encouraged. A flock of 25 to 30 layers and 100 chicks will provide a sufficient quantity of poultry products for a family of five. Poultry projects by 4 H Club members have provided demonstrations on the value of the small flock. Turkey Management.-Eight turkey hatcheries produced sufficient poults to sell to growers to raise approximately 200,000 turkeys. Commercial turkey farms ranged in size from 1,000 to 35,000 birds per farm. Emphasis was placed on better poults, management practices, equipment, processing and merchandising. Home-Grown Feeds and Green Feed.-Feed represents 60 percent of the total cost of growing pullets and of producing eggs. A program to use home-grown feeds, especially green feed, has been emphasized by Extension workers. Marketing Poultry and Poultry Products.-The production, processing and merchandising of quality eggs and poultry meat have been stressed. The jobs of cleaning, cooling, sizing, candiing and packaging are performed by the producer, egg dealer, trucker or cooperative. The trend is to have the egg dealers and cooperative render this service to provide a more uni form package. Additional egg coolers were constructed. Five egg buying cooperatives are operating at present. Junior Poultry Work.-A total of 3,732 boys and girls from 63 counties enrolled in 4-H P?ultry projects. These club members had production

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Annual R eport, 1956 55 demonstrations wit h bro il ers and layers, with e mpha sis on s upplying eggs and m e at for home co n sumption . These boys and girls ex h1bi .ed eggs and birds and part i c ip ated in judging pou l try and eggs at c ounty, di st rict and state co nt ests. C la sses in pou l try were h e ld during the week of the Girl s' 4 -H Short Co ur se in Tallaha ssee and the Boys' 4-H S h ort Course in Gainesville. Four H poult r y judging sc hool s were cond uct e d in Eustis, Gainesville and Miami. Thre e district 4 -H shows and judging contests were h e ld at Ja cksonv ill e , Tampa and Ocala. A total of 1,361 birds and 88 dozen eggs were ex hibit ed. Tw enty-five poultry judging teams partic i pated in t he se contests, with the Du val County girls, Lake County boys and Marion Co un ty boys top teams at Ja ckso nvill e, Tampa and Ocala. Tw e ntytwo countie carried the 4-H C lu b boys' and gir l s' poultry demon strat i o n project sponsored by t h e Sea r s, Roebuck Foundation. A total of 22,000 quality day -o ld chicks were p la ced with 230 4-H C lub member s wh o ga in e d expe ri e n ce in brooding, feed in g and mana g ing ch i c k s , mark e tin g broiler s, r a i s ing pullets and managing the layin g flock. Pullet s how s were h e ld in the fall and egg shows in the spring. Th e 24th Annual State Bo ys' a nd Girls' 4-H P o ul try and Egg S h ow and Jud g in g Contest was h eld during the week of February 20 25, in conFig. 1 2.-F lori da's 4-H poultry judging team won the 1956 Invitational Interstate P o ul try Jud ging Contest at Chicago . John Buffington and Bill Nelson are seated. Others are Mickey McGee, Coach Earl Nelson, Budd y Frazee and L. W. Kalch . Th e tea m represented Marion County.

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56 Florida Cooperative E xtension nection with the Central Florida Fair at Orlando. A total of 1, 321 birds and 157 dozen eggs were exhibited by 4-H Club members. Fifteen teams competed in the judging contest. The three top teams were Marion County boys; Duval County girls and Dade County boy s. Bill elson, Marion County, was high individual judge and received a $100.00 sc holar s hip offered by the State Department of Agriculture. The winning team of boys from Marion County compo eel of Bill Nelson, Budd y Frazee, Mickey McGe e and John Buffington participated in the Invitational Interstate 4-H Poultry Judging Contest in Chicago on Novem ber 24 . This team placed first in the country, with 15 state teams com peting. Th e Florida boys placed second, fourth, s ixth and ninth in in dividual placings. This team won three cups, one wrist watch, 10 medals and five fountain pens as team and individual awards. F lorida National Egg-Lay in g Test. -T h e 3 0th Test was conducted from October 1, 1955, to September 14, 1956, a period of 350 days, with 64 pens (13 pullets per pen) consisting of five breeds of chickens from 18 s tates and Canada entered. Some of the result s obtained includ e (1) an average egg production per pu ll et hou sed of 237.3 eggs valued at 245.9 points, ( 2 ) feed consumption per pullet per year of 103.6 pounds, (3) feed e fficien cy of 5 pounds of feed for each dozen eggs produced, ( 4) 229 eggs from e ach 100 pounds of feed, and (5) a mortali ty of 8.7 percent. One of the S. C. White Leghorn entries in this test was high pen in the cou ntry in all Standard T ests . These 13 pullets produced 3,965 eggs fo r a value of 4,250.05 points, laying at a rate of 87.1 percent. The high pullet in this test was second high in the country, laying 339 eggs for a value of 368.25 points. The F ourth F lorida Random Sample Poultry Test covered the period from March 26, 1955, to September 6, 1956-a total of 530 days . The 20 e ntri es of 50 pullet ch i cks each were sent to Chipley the latt er part of March, w h ere t h ey were brooded and rear ed for 180 day s and then placed in laying hou ses, where they were kept for the next 350 days. Mortality averaged 5.94 percent durin g the growing period and 7.07 percent during the laying period. Average feed co n su mption per pullet housed during the grow in g period was 24.2 pounds for the light breeds and 30.7 pounds for the h eavy breeds. Feed consumption during the laying period averaged 100.9 pounds per pullet housed, 98.8 pounds for the light breeds and 112 . 1 pounds for the h eavy breeds. Average egg production per pullet hou sed for the entire test was 240.3 eggs, 243.3 eggs for the light breeds and 224 . 0 eggs for the h eavy bre e d s. Fig. 13.-H i gh pen in the 30t h Egg-Laying T est . Th ese birds, owned by Honegg ers' Breeding Farm, laid 3,965 eggs worth 4,250.05 points, ano WPre hi'?'h 'pen in 8 11 Un i ted States tests.

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Annual Report, 1956 57 Feed required for each dozen eggs was 5.04 pounds-4.87 pounds for the light breeds and 6.00 pounds for the heavy breeds. The Fifth Random Sample Poultry Test started April 6, 1956, with 20 entries of 50 pullet chicks each. In this test the growing period was changed from 180 days to 160 days. Some of the results during the growing period include (1) a mortality ranging from none to 20 percent per entry, (2) a range of feed consumption per pullet housed from 18.8 to 25.4 pounds and (3) a weight range per pullet housed from 2.98 to 4.73 pounds. These pullets are now in the laying house. Poultry Institute.-The 15th annual Poultry Institute sponsored by the Department of Poultry Husbandry, Agricultural Extension Service, Uni versity of Florida, and cooperating state agencies and associations, was held at Camp McQuarrie the week of August 20-25, 1956. Over 400 poultrymen registered and attended from all sections of the state, as well as from nine other states and Cuba. The topics presented by outstanding leaders covered the production and marketing of broilers, eggs and turkeys. Cooperating Agencies.-The State De partment of Agriculture has been most helpful in the development of the 4-H poultry club work and a sound state poultry industry. Officials of the State Marketing Bureau and the Poultry and Egg Inspection Division have been very cooperative in further ing the poultry Extension program. The Florida Livestock Board has supervision of the National Poultry Improvement Plan and the poultry diagnostic laboratories. In 1956 there were 126 flocks with a total of 235,991 birds in this program. The new diagnostic laboratories have been located in Jackson, Nassau, Flagler and Dade counties and are being staffed and buildings constructed. Personnel of this board have assisted in the development of the Extension program at meetings, conferences and the Poultry Institute. The Florida State Poultry Producers Association, Florida Hatchery and Breeders' Association, Florida Turkey Association, Florida Feed Dealers Association and Florida Poultry and Egg Council are the state organiza tions working with the Extension Service. There are 22 county poultry associations, four of which were organized during the year.

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58 Florida Cooperative Extension SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION J. H. Herbert, Jr., Assistant Soil Conservationist County Extension Prograrns.-Since county Extension personnel are charged with the responsibility of administering a diversified educational program, the Assistant Soil Conservationist assists county personnel with the phases of their program which relate to soil and water conservation. County Extension workers in 66 Florida counties assisted 28,674 in dividuals in adopting recommended conservation practices, including proper land use, contour. strip cropping, terracing, grassed waterways, water sup ply, drainage, irrigation, use of soil amendments, use of fertilizers, soil improvement crops, crop rotations, land clearing and conservation forestry plantings. County personnel spent 2,100 days and attended 1,722 meetings in cooperation with county Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation committees, the USDA Soil Conservation Service and Soil Conservation Districts. Four-H Club Soil and Water Conservation Prograrn.-The teaching of the principles of soil and water conservation to rural and urban youth is of inestimable value. There were 4,383 4-H Club members who received from county Extension workers definite training in soil and water conservation. Of these, 235 individuals completed projects in soil and water conservation involving 4,797 acres. Horne Demonstration Prograrn.-A state home demonstration conserva tion committee was created to assist in expanding home demonstration club conservation activities. The committee has been most helpful in suggesting ways and means for cultivating interest in conservation on the part . of club members. Soil Conservation District Prograrn.-Cooperation with Soil Conserva tion Districts in educational activities is steadily increasing. County agri cultural agents serve as secretaries to 46 of the 59 soil conservation districts in Florida. Educational activities with which Extension personnel cooperated with districts included farm tours, speaking contests, fair ex hibits, demonstrations, public school programs and field days.

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Annual Report, 1956 59 VEGETABLE PRODUCTION AND MARKETING F. S. Jamison, Vegetable Crop Specialist COMMERCIAL VEGETABLE PRODUCTION Forrest E. Myers, Assistant Vegetable Crop Specialist Commercial vegetables maintained a prominent place in the 1955-56 agricultural economy , accounting for $187,000,000 value, 412,400 acres har vested, 155,000 carlots shipped out of state and 12,000 carlots used within state. Activities and accomplishments of the Extension vegetable program in commercial production were closely cooperative with growers, commercial representatives, county agricultural agents, research workers and other Extension specialists. Agencies and organizations such as the United States Department of Agriculture, Florida Agricultural Experiment Sta tion, State Department of Agriculture, Florida Agricultural Re s earch Institute and Florida Fruit and Vegetable Association actively supported mutual undertakings for increased effectiveness of the program. The Vegetable Crop Specialist became head of the Department of ,Vege table Crops in teaching, research and Extension, and the assistant specialist position vacancy existing since December 1955 remained unfilled. Emphasis of available personnel was intensified in key activities. Publications included seven Extension circulars, two "Vegetarian" news letters to county agents, three "Vegegram" letters to growers, Agent Handbook revisions, and other less formal written reviews and reports. t Thirteen general grower meetings were held over the > s tate in addition { to local meetings on limited topics. Publicity of vegetable < field days and ".i results at nine Experiment Station locations received Extension effort, and ' were supplemented by special plot visits. Two formal arell vegetable training conf e rences were held for selected agents in key counties. Extension planning and workbook preparation for the Third Annual Vegetable Work Conference summarized all research in the state, high lighted agent opinion on further n e eded research, and contributed measur ably to evaluation and presentation of additional grower and industry opinion. Other nece s sary specialist activities included research reviews in liter ature and experiment stations over the state; visits to growers and county agents to check field developments and to diagnose specific problems; at tending and assisting in grower, industry, other agen c y and 'professional organization meetings and activities; answering office calls and correspond., .ence and formal committee appointments . . ~-: County agent activities in vegetable production are shown below in a ~': statistical summary; It e m Total number of p e rsonal contacts made Vegetables Including Potatoes individua,lly or through meetings ....... ... . .... . 97,027 Estimated total number of DIFFERENT farmers and oth e r individuals assisted directly or indirectly TO ADOPT recommended practices . . . .. . ...... . . . .... . ... . ... . .. . . . . 48 , 219 Counties Reportin g 66 66

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60 Florida Cooperative E x tension E s timated number of farmers and other in dividuals reported in above item assisted with any phase of 'production ................... . Of this numb er the following were assisted witha. U se of improved var i et i es and st rain s .. b. Use of fe r ti li ze r s . . ...... . . . ...... . ................... . c . Control of injuriou s insects ................... . d . Control of di seases ............ . ... . .............. . ... . e. Harv est ing, stori n g, and cur in g ........... . f. Efficient work method ......................... . 38,8 16 23, 02 8 26, 0 52 20,3 1 3 16,342 7,606 7,470 VEGETABLE GARDE ING J . D. Norton, Assistant Vegetab l e Crop Specia li st 66 65 66 64 64 57 52 Ev e ry effort was made to pla n and carry out the program of hom e vegetable gardening in s u c h a way a s to appeal to and in sp ir e a ll gro u p s to appreciat e what ga rd ening ca n mean to the e n tire fam il y . Individual s were reminded of t h e financial, p h sic al and s ocial v alu es of gar d e ning. Th e garden bulletin, G row Your Own Vegetable s, was d eve lop ed. Thre e home demon str ation garden lead er ' guides were prepared in cooperation with the Economist in Food Conservat ion and Farm and Home D eve lopFig . 14.-Th ese 4 H C lu b boys and girls inte n t l y st ud y t h e veget abl e c la sses at one of Florida' s fir s t 4 -H j udging sc h oo l s.

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Annual Report, 1956 61 ment. To strengthen the 4-H garden program, the leaders' g uide for 4-H vegetable garden projects, exhibiting and judging vegetables, and straw berries for 4-H members were prepared. Tape recordings, demonstrations and two 35 mm. color slide loan sets were developed. A script was pre pared for use with the slid e s. Leader training meetings were held as requested by county agricultural and home demonstration agents. Seven home demonstration and eight 4-H leader training sessions were held. Garden clinics were held at Penney Farms, Sarasota and Orlando. These clinics were held to take the latest information to the home gardener and to answer any immediate problem he might have. Upon the suggestions of district and 4-H agents, eight counties were selected to initiate vegetable judging and demonstration activities. Ma terial for agent use in conducting the county events was prepared. The Specialist a s sisted the agents in training the young people and planning and conducting the county event. The survey to determine the value of the home vegetable garden was continued. By determining its value, there would be a better opportunity for encouraging home owners and 4-H Club members to plant vegetable gardens. The Extension Specialist met with district and county agents in all areas of the state to survey the needs and present the present garden program. The Specialist served as State Chairman for the National Junior Vege table Growers Association. This required preparation of letters for county agents and vocational agriculture teachers, correspondence with members and district and national chairman, and judging records. In addition, the Specialist attended the national convention in New Orleans. He assisted in setting up and conducting the national judging, grading and identifica tion contest. Every effort was made to cooperate with other Extension workers in conducting farm and home development work. Two garden training meet ings were held for farm families in this program. In addition, four timely garden letters were prepared for this group. The Specialist assisted agents and individual families in home garden activities. A mimeograph, Vegetable Gardening for Agent Use in Program Pro jection Planning, was prepared. Also, the Specialist assisted agents and men and women leaders in planning their garden program. VEGETABLE MARKETING Stanley E. Rosenberger, Assistant Marketing Specialist in Vegetable Cro'ps The merchandising of fresh fruits and vegetables is of national im portance, since these Florida commodities are marketed throughout the entire country. Retail merchandising is the last activity in the marketing process but the most vital phase of the fresh fruit and vegetable industry. It is at retail that the products must attract the consumers' dol:ar and prove so satisfactory that the consumer will make repeat purchases. Poor appearance or low quality can have a very discouraging effect upon con sumers and be very detrimental to the fresh fruit and vegetable market. In an effort to keep retail merchandising of fresh fruits and vegetables at as high a level as possible and in the most efficient manner known, as well as to maintain a well informed food industry so that peak production supplies could be moved on to consumers and not left in the field to rot; the following activities were carried out:

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62 Florida Cooperative E x tension Special feature promotions for periods of unusually heavy s upplies. This program involves daily study of market conditions and s h : pping trends . When a large commodity inventory accumulates in the terminal mark ets as shipments increase it is a good indication that market condit ion s are not adjusting to allow for increased volume movements. In var iably low FOB prices accompany large terminal market inventory of a commodity. 480-450420 -390 -360 330-300-CARS 270 -240 4 ,,, 2 10l8o150-120-90 -CABBAGE 1956 DAILY AVERAGES BY WEEKS I U.S . SHI ~NTS PLUS TORIES IN FOB BELLE G E, FLORIDA ..,.-""\ \ \ \ ?'\ 6 CITIES \ \. __ _ /--------'\ ORGANIZED MERCHANDISING FROY.OTI ONS THROOOHOUT TUE SOUTHEAST --l . 80 --l. 60 --l .50 -l. 40 DOLLARS --l. 30 PER --l. 20 --l.l O BAG --l. 00 --. 90 --. 80 --. 70 ---. 60 Fig. 15. Promotional campaigns were effect ive in moving large supplies of cabbage, of which Florida s uppli ed about 50 percent of the shipments. As these condit ion s become apparent a telephone ca ll goes out to as much food merchandising power in the So uth east as is practical to reach. Th e foo d merchandi sers are informed of c urrent market conditions and trends and they are requested to help move a larg er volume of the com modity in heavy s uppl y. It takes 10 days to conduct a special featur e pro motion from organization to completion . Such an item, when given the spec ial feature promotion, can be expected to move into consumers' hand s at somewhere around 1.5 to 2 times the normal rate for each st ore featur ing it. During the second sweet corn promotion of 1956 calculated FOB s ales increased about $209,000 from week ending May 19 to week end ing May 26 .

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Annual Report, 1956 6 3 Consumer information people in Florida and in some other s tates are informed of the marketing picture for a commodity when sh ipm ents are high , terminal inventories ar e large and FOB prices are low. They are requested to watch foT r etail spec ial feature promotions and tie-in good con um er va lu es wit h local food ads. CARS CORN 19 56 DAILY AVERA GES BY WEEKS 420 -l TOTAL U , S . SHIENTS PLUS INV.liTORIES IN 16 CITIE 390\, 360 -330 -300270 240 -21 0 -1 6 0 150-120-90 -6o -3 0 -/ / ;-I I I I I I ' . --3. 60 3 . 6o -3 , 4 0 -3 .2 0 -3. 00 -2 , 60 -2 . 60 DOLLARS --e . 4o PER 5 . .... ..... .......... •' -2 , 20 DO Z, -2 . 00 CRATE --1. 60 --l. 6o '\ l. 40 -1 , 20 ORGANIZED MERCHAND IS ING PROMOTIO!IS THROUGH O UT THE SO'JTHEAST 0 -T I 24 31 ' ' -I {4 MAR APR J J1AY ' { 2 ! --1. 00 JUNE Fig. 16. Prom ot ional campaigns al s o helped move sweet corn, of which Fl o rida s u pplied 95 percent . R eta il merchandising information and traini n g in t h e buying, handling, displaying, pricing, s e llin g, record keeping, quality maintenance a nd man agem e nt decisions of fresh fruits and vegetab l es is the activity receiving mo st attention. R eta il food handl e r s are worked with a s individual s and a s groups of ind e p e nd ents a s w e ll as chain s tore per s onn e l. Retailer ar e advi e d on store layout and arrangement and ar e as s i st ed in initial produce di s pla y for new sto r es . Whol esa l e produce handl ers and opera tor s are wor k ed with on care and quality maint ena nc e, as well as e ffi c i ency in their overall operat ion. Co unt y extens ion sta ff s are presented with vegetable merchand i s ing in format i on that w ill en abl e t h em to gain a better understanding of fooci

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64 Florida Cooperative Extension retailers' problems and procedures. An increasing number of contacts is being reported by the co unt y offices in the merchandising field. Research personnel of both the Florida Experiment Station and of the USDA Agricultural Marketing Service are consulted frequently for re searc h results of value to the fresh produce merchandising fie l d. One of the most int eresting research projects currently being conduct e d and being followed co n stantly by retailers is the s helling of fresh peas and lima beans by machine for sale fresh, with the convenience of "bu ilt in-maid service" suc h as the frozen products hav e . Should this id ea be perfected fresh beans and peas may eas ily regain their former prominence 011 the family dining table . R eta il ers indi cate that they can se ll three to four times as many s hell ed by hand as they can in the s h ell, even t hough the cost is high . FRESH SWEET GOLDEN BANTAM . " SHOP I N TODAY !" U Fig. 17.-Food stores throughout F l orida joined in advertising promotion of corn when it was plentiful. Th e USDA Florida Crop Reporting Service in Orlando is a constant ource of supply for crop co ndition r eports, s hipping trends and peak h arvest periods, as well as s hort-term s upply outlook. The Orlando office of the Crop Reporting S erv ic e and the Extension Service work c lo se ly together on the speci al feature promotion program. The State Department of Agriculture's State Marketing Bur eau's Mar ket News Service and the Extension Serv i ce al s o work closely together on the pecial feature promotion program so that adequate and current information i s always available for use. The Florida Chain Store Council is a supporte r of Extension programs a nd theiT inter est in the removal of s urplu s perishables from the market can be readily see n.

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Annual Report, 1956 65 The Retail Grocers Association of Florida is an organization that works well with the Extension Service in program planning. College classes in vegetable crops are given an insight into the mer chandising of fresh produce, the problems involved and how they are fre quently handled. Plentiful food for the USDA Food Distribution Division's monthly list are recommended each month. The Florida Outlook Committee meets annually and vegetable market ing and merchandising is represented at these committee meetings. Various trade association meetings are participated in when the oc casions arise. Trade association meetings attended this year were the National Produce Packaging Association, the Florida Fruit and Vegetable Association, and the Retail Grocers Association of Florida.

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66 Florida Cooperative Extension HOME DEMONSTRATION WORK Anna Mae Sikes, State Home Demonstration Agent Eunice Grady, Assistant to State Home Demon s tration Agent in Training Program Edith Y. Barrus, District Home Demonstration Agent Joyce Bevis, District Home Demonstration Agent Helen Holstein, District Home Demonstration Agent Home demonstration workers in Florida continued to be res'ponsible for the development and supervision of integrated and coordinated programs for both white and negro families, home demonstration club women and 4-H girls, and to the public generally. Insofar as.personnel and facilities permitted, assistance was given to all families who wished such help farm, part-time farm, rural non-farm and urban families. The program continued to give increasing recognition to the importance of people thinking and planning as family and community groups. The problems of home, family and community life continued to be the basic concern of all home demonstration workers. Families continued to seek information that would help them with immediate income and technical and human relation problems which they could solve. Home demonstration personnel included 112 home demonstration work ers, exclusive of clerical assistants, in state and county offices: 53 county home demonstration agents; 29 assistant county home demonstration agents; 1 Indian home demonstration worker; 12 negro home demonstration agents; 10 specialists and 4 district home demonstration agents; 1 assistant to the state home demonstration agent in training program. PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT As a part of program projection, county home demonstration workers emphasized the importance of program planning at the community level with women and girls and as far as possible with families. Discussion with community groups centered around: (1) the collection, organization and analysis of the many facts affecting the situation in which 'people live; (2) decision as to goals, in terms of a more efficient and prosperous agri culture and more satisfactory family and community living; (3) a determina tion of the problems restricting the attainment of goals; ( 4) the develop ment of a program of Extension education to help solve priority problems; and (5)' a determination of the Extension resources needed to expand the program over a designated 'period of years. The summarized study on "Who's Who in Home Demonstration Clubs in Florida" was used as back ground information in analyzing county situations and in determining needed organizational adjustments. Agents made use of various kinds of opinion and survey sheets to find county and community needs to use as information and for a basis of group discussion. Each year district agents and subject-matter specialists supply county home demonstration agents with situation and outlook information showing organization trends and in various subject-matter fields to use as a guide in program planning. This information was prepared by the state office committees working on the integrated 'program for home demonstration work. It was distributed as "Points to Consider in Program Planning" at the Annual Agents' Conference. County home demonstration councils, working through county home demonstration clubs, continued to give valuable assistance in getting an

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Annual R eport, 1956 67 expression from women, girls and, in so me instance s, familie s a s to their individual and community needs. Home demonstration agents were en couraged to bold p l anning me etings and to include entire family groups; to present pertinent and reliable factual data; to encourage d iscuss ion of individual and community problems as a basis for setti ng obje3t ive s ; and to set goals in terms of broad objectives which wou ld lead to an ex panded program. St a te C oun c il s . -S tate councils for women and girls aid in developing a tate-wide educat i ona l program. The co un cils strengthen and systemat iz e home demonstration work in the state and assist h o m e demonstration agents in the development of l e ad ers hip among adults and youth; provide opportunity for homemaker s and 4-H girls in groups to pool their judgment and experience for t h e progressive improvem e nt of Florida home and community l ife; pro m ote and develop 4-H Club work and other youth activities; extend the services of h o m e demonstration work to a la rge r number of individual s and club groups; and offer a means by which h omemakers a nd 4-H girls may initiate, int e rpr et and promote state, national and in ter national programs which affect the security and development of American home and family life. Community home d e monstrat io n clubs were composed of women inter es ted in planning and carrying thr o ugh a program to make th e most of community resources, human and material; develop and encourage leader s hip for an expand ing program; a ssist in extending the services of agents to individual famili es through farm and home development. Pro bl e m A ppro a ch . For the pa st thr ee years counties throug h out t h e state have been working toward a major and a minor emphasis plan, with the county-wide program cent ered on two (one major and one minor) pha s e s of subject matter and their re lated areas. The areas to rece i ve em pha s i s ar e decid e d on by the people themselves at ther regular plannin g meeting. The major and minor s ubj ect -ma tte r areas undertaken result from. the majority of expressed need s and int e rests of the peopl e. Fig . 18.-Annual m e eting and s hort c our se of t he State Home Demon stration Council give the women training and an opportunity to assi s t the s tate st aff in formu l at i ng and conducting programs of home demonstration work.

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68 Floricla Cooperative Extension At the re g ul ar organized cl ub s one s ubj ect-matter area i s taught at as many co n sec uti ve m eet ing s as needed to provide a co ntinuity of l ear ning. Some co unti es ha ve progressed more than others in this direction. They are finding already t h at this major emp ha s i s plan ha s proven a g r eat help . Horne demonstration agents st udying and p r e paring mat eri al s for c lub demonstrations find that it is a l so u s able for radio and television broad casts , informational news co lumn s, leader t raining meeting s and ex hibi ts, thus sav ing time and g iving a fee lin g of greater accomplishment. Requests for other assistance in s ubject matter are m e t t hrou g h specia l interest groups, workshops and open meetings co ndu cted by l ea d ers , agents, spec iali sts and other qualified people . All phases of mass media are used, including tours to res ult demon s tration s. Fig. 19 . Pre s ident Reitz awards a certificate to Mrs. Walter Acker at the complet i on of th e a nnu al council sess ion and s hort co ur se . Dire ctor Watkins beam s approval. Leadershi 11 Development. Methods u se d so far to develop leaders and to train home demonstration agents in recognizing opportunities for lead ers to function included lead ers hip training meeting s in co untie s in s ubje ct matter to develop lead e rs' s kills and knowledge of s ubject. The se w e r e conducted by spec iali sts, agents and tra in e d leader s. Lead e rship training meetings for junior and sen ior organization leader s were h e ld by county home demon s tration agents, assisted by di s trict agents, s peciali sts and s tate 4-H Club agent s . A s hort course on "A s Leader s W e Serve" was held at the annual meeting of the se nior council this year and l ea d ers hip training was the emphasis of the Annual 4-H Short Course. In 1956, 4,260 voluntary l ea ders assisted with g irl s' 4-H Club work; 1,994 meetings were held or conducted by leader s in girls' 4 -H C lub work with an attendance of 33,046 and 1,120 training meetin gs were held by vol unt ary l eaders in adult work w ith attendance of 27,799.

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Ann ual R eport, 1956 69 PERSONNEL TRAINING Recruitment. Th e State Home D emo n strat ion Agent and the district agents hav e e ff ected mo st of the r ecruit ment of Florida home demonstra tion personnel during 1956. The new workers have come from home demon stration programs in other states, hom e eco nomic s teaching, home economics in busines s, and recent graduates in home eco nomic s. Re c ruitment for future hom e demonstration workers was furthered by g i ving information on home d e mon stra tion work as a career to older 4-H Club girls and to home economics st ud e nt s a t t h e Florida Stat e University and as a part of Junior and Senior Hi g h School Career Day s. Pre-Service Trai nin g . Th e State Home Demon st ration Agent and st aff continued to advise on suitab l e courses in preparation for Extension work. The A ss i sta nt to the State H orne Demon strat ion Agent in Training Program planned and directed the t raining program for hom e eco nomist s who were preparing to e nter hom e demonstration work. Fig. 20.-A USDA field agent gives in-service training to seven Florida home demonstration agents. Junior and se nior co ur ses in home demon s tration education at both g raduate and und ergrad uate l eve l s were taught at Florida State University. In the State Horne Demonstrati on Office there were two types of pre-service training: (a) the long-time st udy 'plan of s ix to e ight month s for graduate home economists with no job exper i ence and (b) the s hort-tim e study plan lasting three to e ight weeks for graduate home economist s with experience in teaching or some other area of h ome economics . During the period of this report, 11 home ec onomist s have st udied in the State Horne Demon s tration Office prior to their appointment to cou nt y positions. Induction Training. -The induction training given by the district agent s was adapted to individual needs but in general in cluded policies, regula tions, records, reports, Extension educational ph il osophy, educat i on and organizatio n , job analy s i s, program plann ing , lead ers hip and office and

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70 Florida Cooperativ e Extension field management. This was done on initial and follow-up conferences, through printed material, contacts and by letter. The district agents served as li a ison between the Assistant to the State Home Demonstration Agent in Training Program and the comity home demonstration agent. Training of State Home Demonstration Staff and County Home Demon stration Workers.-An extensive and comprehensive program of in-service training has been in action during 1956 for both county and state workers. Four m e mbers of the federal Extension staff worked with state home demonstration staff members. Other national workers contributed to the in-service training for various state staff members. Many conferences and workshops both in and out of Florida provided training for state staff members during the year. Other in-service training for state and county home demonstration workers included summer schools, general Extension courses, area and county in-service training meetings, committee work, state-wide meetings and miscellaneous work . PROGRESS IN PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT Families were given continued assistance with immediate income, tech nical and human relationship problems of the home which the family could solve. In family living, 65,988 families planned an adequate and nutritious food supply, 73,086 families were assisted with clothing needs, . 50,676 families built or remodeled homes, 23,098 families were helped to develop a satisfying family life, 29,728 families improved their health, 56,526 bene fited from consumer education, 7,615 families were assisted w th making management decisions, 5,024 were assisted with financial planning and 3,791 with keeping and analyzing records . Families were assisted with 'problems which have to be approached through group action in the community. In community cooperation, 528 communities improved conditions affecting health, 242 communities improved their educational facilities, 546 communities improved their recreat i onal resources, and 16,791 families were assisted with home and family recreation. Families were assisted with human relationships-6,590 families with child development and guidance and 8,032 families with developing har monious family life. Home demonstration work in urban areas comes in response to a grow ing demand, as a result of Florida's rapidly increas:ng population, espec ; ally in urban areas; 127,326 urban families were assisted by home demonstration program with agricultural information, 73,778 urban families were assisted with homemaking information, 6,939 4-H girls enrolled from urban homes. In citizenship and public problems, 520 communities or groups assisted with citizenship activities. FOREIGN STUDENT ACTIVITIES During 1955-56 the State Home Demonstration Office continued to assist foreign students who came to Florida for part of their study programs. In December 1955, the State Girls' 4-H Club Agent accompanied the Boys' 4-H Club Agent and a group of foreign students who were especially in terested in club work in Florida on a trip to several counties in the state. Other foreign visitors were scheduled for visits in 12 counties where the county home demonstration agents assisted in showing them agricul tural and home economics activities and Extension programs and giving them some contacts with family life in Florida. The home demonstration worker with the Seminole Indians reported that 38 men and 37 women (foreign visitors) visited the Indian craft shop to learn more of Indian crafts and culture.

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Annual R eport, 1 956 71 CLOTHING AND TEXTILES Elizabeth Dickenson, Clothing and Textiles Sp ec iali s t The clothing and textile pro gr am ha s continued to hold major emp hasi s th r oughout Florida. Th e Speciali t ha directed h e r e ffort s toward develop ing sta ndard s in clothing and textiles which would improv e the appearanc e, health and comfort of each member of the family and help them rea li ze t h e sat i s faction of living within a family budget. To m eet this goal, work ha s be e n don e with ag e nt s, vo lunt ee r l eaders and individual s . Goals set for 195 5 s howed mu c h progress, but there wa s mu c h l eft to be accom p li shed . Thus during 1956 these goa l s were cont inu e d, giv ing s pecia l e pha s i s to a ss i sting families with the following: Learning to plan family wardrobe, l ea rn ing how to mak e bett e r fitted garme nt s , se le c ting r eady made garments, c haracteri s ti cs and best u ses o f fiber s , fini s h es, bl e nded fab ric s, and making s lip covers . Mor e than 963 hom e mak ers in 45 countie made garm e nt s for t h e first t ime. In 1955 49 counties reported 1,067 homemakers who made garments for t h e fir st time. A s a result of training m eeti ng s h eld for white clothing leader s , ther e were 957 demonstrations given by women and 1, 4 91 demon s trat i ons by girl s (40 co un ties) . T h ere were 61 demon s trat i on s g i ve n by negro women and 8 6 by n eg r o g irl s (nine counties). Fig . 21.-Two 4-H girls exp lain the poster u se d at s hort co ur se to teach se l ection of proper sewing equipme n t.

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72 Florida Cooperative Extension There were 1,160 white women and 3,493 4-H girls and 66 negro women and 317 negro girls who modeled their garments during the year. This was an increase of 99 white women and a decrease of 124 negro women over 1955. There was an increase of 1,072 white 4-H girls. who modeled their garments and an increase of 128 negro 4-H members. Modeling garments was a climax to the clothing program and helped to develop grace and poise among the participants. Clothing was of main interest to Florida 4-H girls. The following statistical report shows results of this program during 1956. Girls enrolled ............................. . Girls completing projects ....... . Number of garments made ..... . Counties Reporting 52 50 49 White 12,476 7,343 23,029 Counties Reporting 12 12 12 White 1. New garments made .............. . ..................................... *133,923 2. Garments remodeled .................................................... 51,407 3. Making garments for first time ................................ 963 4. Household articles made, including slip covers and draperies ................................................................ 96,420 5. Receiving help in family laundry problems ............ 8,715 6. Clothing leaders in county: Women ...................................................................... 697 Girls .......................................................................... 463 7. Exhibits, talks, radio programs by: Women ..................................................................... . Girls ......................................................................... . 8. Demonstrations given by agents on clothing and textiles for: Women ..................................................................... . Girls ......................................................................... . 9. Demonstrations given by: Women ..................................................................... . Girls ......................................................................... . From supplemental report. 512 1,587 1,690 4,665 957 1,491 Negro 1,986 1,516 6,448 Negro 13,329 5,789 319 6,690 782 138 173 31 43 508 704 61 86 Methods used to meet the needs of adults and 4-H Clubs have been as follows: County leader training meetings; classes for groups at State Senior Council Short Course and 4-H Short Course; illustrative material; simple mimeograph materials; materials for radio and TV programs; home visits; fair exhibits, window displays, exhibits at achievement days and dress revues in communities and county-wide; workshops on clothing con struction conducted by leaders after attending training meetings; State Dress Revues (women and girls); news art:cles; assistance with individual clothing problems; use of samples of fabrics to teach uses and finishes and characteristics; and workshops in making slip covers.

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Annual R eport, 195 7 3 E DITORI A L AN D VISUA L A ID S Alma Warren, A ss i stant Editor and Visual Aids Specia l ist Broadening t h e widesp r ead influence of the Extension Service through the media of new s releases, rad i o and television programs, printed ma ter ial s and visual aids has been the goal of the A ss i ta n t Editor and Visual Aid s Specia li st . By me an s of r e l eases to Florida' s 192 week l y and daily newspapers and to it s radio and t e l ev i s i on stat ion s , every resi d ent h a d an op po rt unit y to receive informati on from the Agri c ultu ra l Extension S ervice. In addition , the As s i st ant Editor provided material to state and national magazines . Sh e s upplied serv i ces seve ral times during t h e yea r to papers and co mmuni t i es wishing to conduct promotional ca mpai gns a nd gave ge n era l support to all worthwhile programs of rural groups . Pr eparations and editing of publications in all the varied fie ld s of Extensio n woTk also was a respo n s ibility of h ers . These publications are avai l ab l e to a ll citizens of the state and provide individuals w ith a Teady so ur ce of in fo rmati o n on topics in which they are interested. The wo rk of the Assistant Editor ex tended beyond the re s p o n s ibilit y of preparing materials. It included traini ng st at e and county st aff mem bers, assisting wit h the preparation of materials and placing in t h eir hand s moTe e ff ect i ve tools with which to perform t h e ir duties . Among ot h e r spec ializ e d se r vices perfor m ed by t h e Assistant Editor was the pre para tion of ex hibi t material for spec ialists' and h ome d e mon strat ion agents' use. Radio and te l evis ion materia l s were p r epared for bot h . Visual aids in t h e form of pictures, movie s, and filmstrips were s up plied agents in cooperation wit h the audio vis ual cente r a nd the p hoto graph i c laboratory of F l or ida State Univers i ty. Fig. 22.-Home demonstration and library officials discuss reading facili t i es and magazine s avai l ab l e at a newl y opened hom e demonstration c l ub library in A l ac h ua County.

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74 Florida Cooperative Extension Florida newspapers printed 6,088 news and feature articles about home demonstration work. Home demonstration agents contributed 3,566 articles to the newspapers. Club members wrote 3,254 news stories and seven maga zine articles. News pictures about home demonstration and 4-H Club events and personalities were widely distributed in the state's press. Ten special editions on home demonstration work were printed. One thousand three hundred and fifty-nine radio broadcasts and 214 television programs were staged. Home demonstration agents distributed 351,427 bulletins. Four new home demonstration bulletins were printed. Home demonstration clubs maintained 33 libraries, with an estimated 1,646 farm families using th e m. Home demonstration clubs borrowing books from state libraries number 41. Assisting with libraries were 34 home demonstration clubs. Clubs exchanged 1,564 books and magazine s at meetings. New books contributed to libraries totaled 599. Clubs sub scribed to 424 magazines and papers for their libraries. Camp libraries were maintained at McQuarrie, Doe Lake, Tim'pochee, Cherry Lake and Cloverleaf, the new camp at Lake Placid. The State Home Demonstration Office has cooperated with local, state, and federal agencies in the preparation and dissemination of mass media materials.

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Annual Report, 1956 75 FOOD AND NUTRITION Alice L. Cromartie, Extension Nutritionist This year we have been able to establish in home demonstration work major and minor problem areas and arrange travel to assist directly those counties where the family's food is to receive the larger portion of emphasis. There are 13 counties with the family's food as a major activity and 12 who carry it as a minor problem area. The three members of foods staff share in the work with these counties. Assistance is given all other counties in the planning of educational programs for radio and television, and in preparing articles for the press. The specialists have also prepared timely material to be used by all counties in promoting better food habits. The home demonstration staff feels that with this trend in program planning, pro gram projection is just a step ahead. We look toward the state-wide projected program as our long-time goal. The other objective for 1956 has been that of better family meals for all ages, with emphasis on weight control. It is reported that 15,629 families are serving better meals as a result of nutrition teaching by mass media, group meetings, special interest groups and 4-H Club work. Assist ance was given to 11,375 families with young children and 7,014 families made up largely of older folks. Ten thousand and thirty-one families received help on weight control through better meal planning and prepara tion. Information on wise buying with the family's food dollar was used by families. There are 14,485 4-H Club girls enrolled in 4-H food and nutrition projects, which help influence meal 'planning, preparation and service in the home. The foods staff also began development of new 4-H food and nutrition project materials with leader's guides. The Extension Nutritionist also prepared two bulletins for printing.

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76 Florida Cooperative Extension FOOD CONSERVATION Lena E. Sturges, Assistant Economist in Food Conservation Basic principles .of food conservation have been stressed during the year. The fact that home freezers are steadily on the increase as major equipment in Florida homes does not lessen the need for teaching principles of home canning, which will always have a place in the food conservation plan. During 1956 there were 14,147 home freezers in use by home demon stration club women. This shows an increase of 3,597 from the 1955 num ber. Home demonstration agents reported 5,460 users of commercial frozen 'foods lockers. Meat continues to be the food item most often frozen. Reports show 1,368,291 pounds of meat frozen during the year, and 815,203 pounds cured. This represents an increase during the year of 65,037 pounds frozen and 57,046 pounds cured. A total of 946,880 pints of food were canned in 1956. This shows a decrease of 136,171 pints over 1955 figures. Reports show 862,505 pounds of fruits and vegetables frozen in 1956, an increase of 212,964 pounds over 1955; Direct assistance was given to agents in 30 counties through leader training meetings. A closer integration of food conservation, production, and utilization has been stressed. Counties designating the _ family food as a major or minor program area for 1957 received assistance in setting up an integrated program. Thirty-four records and stories of 4-H Club girls were entered in the state canning and frozen foods projects.

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Annual R e port, 1956 77 FOOD PRODUCTION Susan R. Christian, Ass i stant Nutritionist This 'program was integrated with other subject matter programs to fit the interests and needs of F l orida fam ili es. It was p l anned and executed through the cooperative efforts of State Agr i cultural Exten s ion Service s taff s , county home demonstration and agricultural agents, volunteer lead ers, home demon s tration and 4-H Clubs, junior and senior home demonstra tion councils, and individual s . In working with this phase of the program, fami lie s were co ntinuall y reminded of t h e relationship between home food prod u ct ion and all phases of family living . In planning t h e food prod u ct i on program, e mph as i s was placed upon t h e fam il y's food needs, faci li tie s for pro du ci n g food , c limati c and soi l cond iti ons, e.::onomic factors involved, and suitability and various s ectio n s of the s tate for certain food crop s . Th e entire family was en couraged to p l an th e production of it own food, taking the above factor into con s ideration. The importance of home food 'produ c tion a s a means of providing a more nutritious di e t, of supp l ementing family income, and of d e velop in g opportun i ties for family recreation was stres s ed. Program empha s i s was placed on producing a variety of foods to meet nutr i tional need s . Where practica l , fam ili es were enco ura ged to g row garden s to f urni h veg e tables for home use t h e year round; 'produce fruit 1111, \ 1 : u , \ IJ \ll' J 1111\\1 ) 11 1 •u ".l I I" 011 '111.11 '"" 1 •~,.,r., 1'111\ , \EH , \ , \H i\' O'J' 'l' JII \ \ E IJ l ' I ' J 'U OJ'I O '" ... , , . , ""' ""' l'I \ t H I r .. o \ ,i I II 1 .. ,, , , h .... ,, , ...... ''' ' '"'" "' " ' ' ' Fig. 23.-A hom e demo n st r ation agent demonstrates c hoi ce of p l a n ts for transplanting to t he home garden.

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78 Florida Cooperative Extension adapted to the region as a part of the yard beautification plan or to grow a small family orchard; to keep at least one or two dairy cows to provide milk, butter and other dairy product s ; to keep a poultry flock for meat and eggs for family meals; and to raise meat animals for a home supply of meat. Fifty-five county stati s tical re ports-including white and negro-showed that 17,339 families were assisted by Extension agents in planning or producing the home food supply . Fruits and Vegetables.-This phase of the program was approach e d from the standpoint of home grounds beautification a s well as nutrition, health and economy. Increasing the varieties planted was stressed, in addition to using recommended varieties, improved practices and better management. Many families participated in this program, as shown below by statistical reports of home demonstration agents. Work Done Women Home gardens planted . . ... .... .. ..... ..... . .. . . . ....... . . . . ... . ... . . ..... . ... . . Fruit trees planted ... . .. .. . . .. . ........... . . .. ................ ..... . . ........ .... . Garden demonstrators ... .............. .... . . .. . ............. ... ............. .. . Orchard demonstrators . ........ . ...... . . .... .. . ....... . ... ... ...... . ..... . . .. . Berries planted this year . .. . .. .. .. ...... . ... . . .... . . . ... . . .. . .. . . .. ... . .... . Garden chairmen and leaders ....... . .. .. .. . ......... .. . ... . . . .. ....... .. .. . . Orchard chairmen ........ . .. .. ............... .. . . ............. . .. . ..... : ........ . . . 11.798 8,317 1,894 706 53,111 393 244 Girl s 2,760 1,168 974 95 10,92 3 299 120 Livestock and Livestock Products.-Since prices paid the producer for beef animals have been low compared with previous years, and with an increase in th e purchase of home freezers, families have butch e red an in creasing number of animals for home use. The production of livestock was faced from a realistic standpoint and emphasis placed where production was practical. This program includes poultry, dairy and meat animals. Statistical reports of home demonstra tion agents show that 698 4-H Club girls were 'poultry demonstrators, owning 25,502 chickens, and 515 girls kept poultry records. One hundred and eighty-sev e n girls had method demonstrations in home dairying. Home demonstration club members, according to 44 county reports, bought 1,206 milk cows bringing the total up to 8,124 milk cows owned by home demon stration and 4-H Club members. It was reported that 17,924 families used a quart of milk daily for each child and a pint for each adult. This indicated that these families appr e ciated the value of milk and milk products in the diet, which is one of the most important ste ps in the promotion of home production of milk and milk products. Families were urged to use the offspring from the family milk cow to supply additional meat for the family diet. During 1956, 20 , 104 hogs, 5,832 beeves and 3,357 other meat animals were grown and used at home. The Assistant Nutritionist and Farm and Home Development Specialist spent 129 days in the field working with county home demonstration agents and assistants on farm and home development, food production and nutri tion. She has devoted approximately one-third of her time to each of these three areas. Her contribution in the . area of food production has largely been that of coordinating the food production phase of the home demon stration program with that of the agricultural program through confer ences with agricultural specialists in program plann'ng and in preparation of subject-matter materials for use with home demonstration clubs and councils and 4-H Clubs and councils.

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Annual Report, 1956 79 GIRLS' 4-H CLUB WORK Emily King, State Girls' 4-H Club Agent Bronna Mae Elkins, Assistant State Girls' 4-H Club Agent There were 21,764 girls enrolled for the year in 829 4-H Clubs. The girls gained ability to assume more responsibility and pass subject-matter information on to others. This program helps 4-H Club members to be come better family members and more interested citizens in their com munities and counties. State 4-H Club Short Courses.-The theme for the 41st Annual State Girls' 4-H Club Short Course at Florida State University was "4-H Oppor tunities in Focus". It was planned and developed on the basis of the pur poses of short course, which were: 1. To provide opportunity for growth and development of our 4-H Club girls. 2. To effect better public relations on local, county and state levels. 3. To deepen the appreciation of 4-H Club work. 4. To promote a recruitment program. Leadership was the keynote of the 1956 Short Course. Besides the leadership training the 410 4-H Club girls and 37 adult leaders received in their intensive subject-matter classes, each was given a special assign ment such as assisting with special programs. There were 180 4-H Club girls, 17 local leaders, 12 negro home demon stration agents and one district negro home demonstration agent in attend ance at the 35th annual State Short Course for Negro Girls and Boys at Florida A and M University in Tallahassee, June 5-9. State Girls' 4-H Club Councils.-The State Girls' 4-H Club Council met during the State Girls' 4-H Club Short Course. Members of the council, composed of representatives from 41 counties, share ideas with each other about work being accomplished in their respective counties. Experience was gained by these girls in working and cooperating with girls of their own age group. The executive committee met three times during the year to make plans and carry out responsibility at the State Fair, as well as make plans for their state meeting. The Negro State Girls' 4-H Club Council held three sessions during their week of annual 4-H Short Course. 4-H Camping Program.-There were 2,673 4-H Club girls who camped during the nine one-week camping sessions held for girls at the four dis trict 4-H Club camps and the two county camps (Dade and Pinellas). The 4-H Club camping experience is valued as another opportunity for training junior and adult 4-H Club leaders, and for recognition of achieve ments of 4-H Club girls and leaders. A special handbook and planning guide were 'prepared this year with policy and guidance for camp planning. Recognition Program.-Recognition is for the purpose of giving credit for work well done and encouraging a person toward more achievement. Recognition was given through 10 district demonstration days which were held simultaneously on March 17. The girls who were county winners gave dairy foods and other demonstrations, made talks and displayed their talent. During 1956, 25 girls and two adults received state honors provided through awards' program for Florida 4-H Club girls. State 4-H Committee of County Home Demonstration Agents.-This committee is made up of the home demonstration agents who are chairmen

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80 Flo rida Coo p er at ive E x t ension of the 10 4-H C lub di s trict s, the two State Girl s' 4-H C lub Agent s, t he three District Hom e D e mon str ation Agent s and the State Home Demon s tration Agent. Thi s committee wa s reorganized this year with the pur po se of impr ov ing 4-H C lub work wit h girl s in Florida through cooperative planning, eva lu at ion of result s a nd discussion and und e r stan din g of mutual prob l ems. Leader hip. -Ad ul t h ome demonstration c lu b member s , a s individual s and as organized groups, ha ve perhaps given more e ncourag e men t, in sp ira tion and a c tu a l assistance to the 4-H Cl ub program than any oth er Exten s ion group through their cooperation and lead e r s hip. In the l e ad e r s hip phase of the program, 1 , 104 4-H C lub girl s accepted r es ponsibiliti es in t h e ir local groups and 1 ,4 16 wom e n worked in different ways with 4-H C lub girls. Wh e re there were ad e quat e junior and adult l e ader s, it wa s pos s ible for th e 4 -H Clubs to meet more often. For training, so me 30,459 attended the 881 l e ad er training meetings in 1 956. Fairs. Fou r -H C lub girls ex hibit ed and participated in county fairs , co un ty yo uth fa ir s, Florida State Fair, Centra l Fl orida Fair , Nor t h Florida Fair, and Greater J acksonville Fair. U niver s ity 4-H Club Girls . Th e State Home D e mon s tration Offi ce s p o s ored this group a s a m e an s of h e lping 4-H Club girls now in c olle ge c on tinue to develop their h e ad, hear t, hand s and h e alth. Thi s year for the ninth time this group s ponsor e d the Annual Youth Conference on the Florida State Univer s ity Campus. Th e il' topic for di s c u ss ion was "What Do You Think? " Fig. 2 4.-Annual Rural Youth Confe r ence at F l orida State Univers i ty provided college 4 H girls an d boys an op portunity to do so me se riou s thinking and discussing, as we ll as to engage in a f ew light er moment s with discussion l eade r s.

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Annual Report, 1956 81 HEALTH EDUCATION Frances C. Cannon, Assistant Health Education Specialist Continuous progress is being made in health education. Evidences were seen and reported not only on the phases of work emphasized this year but also on the emphasis programs of past years. Health Education.-Continued emphasis was placed on including health education in all Extension activities. This showed the growing concept of the value of health education. County home demonstration agents spent 1,186 days furthering the knowledge of health. This was done through club and council programs, news articles, radio talks, home visits and counseling. Some of the subjects covered were: Understanding yourself, work habits, rodent control, sani tation, weight control, tuberculosis, cancer and health problems of older age. Home demonstration agents held programs on health subjects of this type. A total of 367 adult home demonstration clubs and 281 girls' 4-H Clubs have health chairmen. There were 49 leader training meetings held, with 737 women attending. In addition, health education classes were held as parts of the State Home Demonstration Short Course, the Girls' State 4-H Short Course and 4-H camps. 4-H Health.-There were 6,560 4-H Club girls who received definite training in health, nursing, first aid and good grooming. This training was given in 4-H Club meetings, at 4-H camps, achievement days and short course. Progress is being made in having 4-H members receive physical exam inations before camps. Each year more and more are having this as a requirement for protection of the individual as well as the group. This year 3,914 4-H Club girls received physical examinations. Also 3,542 were enrolled in health improvement projects and 1,946 completed their work. Cooperation with other agencies provided additional opportunities for home demonstration work to promote health education activities. Also, it served to better inform the general public of home demonstration's interest and part in community and county-wide health problems. Three home demonstration agents served on their county cancer boards while a fourth one helped organize a county cancer unit. Cancer education films and programs were presented at club meetings, achievement days and county councils. Seminole County women made gowns for cancer clinic and many other counties made cancer dressings. Helping with the Cancer Crusade were 357 home demonstration clubs and 146 4-H Clubs. Three counties held education 'programs on tuberculosis, while others cooperated with X-ray mobile units. In Citrus County two home demon stration clubs had charge of the chest X-ray units in their community. Twenty women worked and around 700 people were X-rayed in, the two days. In the Christmas seal sales 287 home demonstration clubs and 290 4-H Clubs gave their assistance. Three hundred and eighty-six home demonstration clubs and 336 4-H Clubs assisted with the March of Dimes. Four-H Club members in two counties sold Easter lilies for crippled children's homes. The Liberty County Home Demonstration Agent made arrangements with the Crippled Children's Clinic for treatment of a 4-H girl injured when five years old by a falling ice box. A few of the other ways home demonstration and 4-H Clubs cooperated with local agencies were: Helped organize two county health committees,

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82 Florida Cooperative E xtension program on Florida Stat e Alcoholic Rehabilitation plan, brought pre-school children and their moth e r s to clinics, s upplied toys for a negro nur sery , made lap robes and scuffs for vetera n s ho sp ital, and made doll s for chil dren's home. Additional c lo se cooperation was given by county health department s , t h e State B oa rd of Health, local physicians, the Florida Medical Asso ciation, Red Cross chapters, veterans' hospitals and c hildren' s homes. Recreat i on . -M any of the activities of home demonstration c lub s and 4-H Clubs are looked upon by the women and girls as recreation. In several county reports mention is made of women getting away from their home and mixing with others only at home demon st ration club meetings. Levy County home demon s tration women s poke of State Senior Council meeting as being their only vacation, as well as educational. Almost all home demonstration and 4-H Clubs hold Christmas parties in Decemb e r and picn i cs in the summer . In one cou nt y the women have added a new annual recreation affair-a Valentine Dinner for their husbands only. In Ta y lor County some type of recreation is a part of each c lub meet ing a s a mean s of enco uraging more fa mily a nd community recreation. Thi s i s true in many other counties, too. Recreation ha s been presented as s ubject matter also . Jackson County had a se ries of me e tings on good music in the home, while in another county good books in th e home was the su bject. Home demon strat ion clubs do not keep recreation just to themselves. Ba y County's women planned and conducted a party for the golden age people of their co unt y. Th e 4-H C lub s in other counties hav e held recre ational activities for county homes (for o ld people), cr ippled c hildr e n' s groups and underprivileged children. Fig. 25.-These youngsters enjoy taking training in recreation method s .

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Annual Report, 1956 83 The many home demonstration clubs which own their club houses offer them to their community for recreational activities. In many instances the home demonstration club house is the only building in the community where groups may gather. Realizing the need for more family get-togethers, the 4-H girls and boys of Pasco County held two county-wide recreation fun nights, inviting their parents and leaders as guests. The parents took part in the games with the youngsters. Recreation plays a big part in 4-H rally day s , 4-H achievement days and 4-H camps. In many camps recreation was taught as one of the group instruction period s. A 4-H recreation project was developed this year by the Assistant Health Education Specialist, the Home Industries and Marketing Specialist, and the 4-H Club agents. The project, as set up, was aimed at guiding the girls and boys in developing well-rounded recreational interest, as well as recreational leadership.

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84 Florida Cooperati ve E x tension HOME IMPROVEMENT Bonnie J. Carter, Ho m e Im provement Spec i a l ist T h e home improvement program in F l orida is des i g n ed to m eet the nee d s of t h e people for comfortab l e, convenient, attractive and well m a n aged homes to enable t h em to l ive more satisfying lives and beco m e better citizens . The program was planned and carried out in 52 counties by wh i te and negro home demon str ation agents. They were aided by s pecialists, state administrative staff, voluntary local leaders and senior and junior councils of home demonstration work. I nformation was presented through 4-H, women's club and spec i a l interest meet in gs, to u rs, ach i eve m e n t days and h o m e visits. Work was a l so carr i ed o n wit h ot h er organ i zat ion s and per so n s, a n d t hr o u g h t h e press and rad i o. Fig. 26. Girl s s tud y co l o r a nd hom e furni s hing s at s hort cour se . Ext e n s ion agent s s pent 5, 6 3 2 day s w o rking o n a ll pha ses o f hom e im pr o vem e nt. Voluntary local l e ad e r s numb e ring 3,9 1 3 ass i s ted with th e hom e improvement prog ra m. Two hundr e d and ninet y -on e m e eting s w e r e h e ld for t h ese v olun t ar y lo c al l e ad ers . Hou s e and Surroundin gs -Furni s hing s and Equipment. Thi s pha se o f t h e program is de s i g ned to improv e h o u s ing condi t i o n s, c reat e a d es ir e for a hi g h e r s tand a rd o f li vi n g, p r omote go od h ea l th, a n d h e l p b r in g a b o u t

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Annual Report, 1956 85 satisfying home and family life. Activities include: (1) building, remodel ing, repairing homes and adding conveniences to meet family needs; (2) beautifying the home and surroundings; (3) furnishing the home for com fort, convenience and beauty. Family Living.-Activities to help people improv e family living include: ( 1) assistance in making satisfactory adju s tments to living cond tions; (2) adopting good practices in rearing children; (3) improving family relationships; (4) und ers tanding children; (5) managing the income to meet needs of the family; (6) making wise use of credit; (7) using human and material resources to improve family living; (8) adding to the family income in kind or cash; (9) practicing orderly, systematic and efficient work habits; (10) practicing everyday good housekeeping; (11) providing security for old age and medical and dental care; (12) 'providing and using opportunities for religious, civic, educational and recreational activiti es and (13) becoming informed on matters of l aw, banking and inve s tments. Consumer Education.-This pha s e of the program is de s igned to help people make better u se of their resources. They are assisted in: (1) learn ing to make wise decisions when buying household supplies, equipment, furnishings and building material; (2) developing skills in building and in repairing and refinishing floors, walls, work surfaces, furniture and woodwork; (3) reading and understanding labels, specifications, guarantees and directions for care and use of equipment and materials used at home; and (4) following recommended practices for use and care of same. Home improvement activities promoted through the Extension program and some of the results are listed below. These figures represent work of men, women, girls, boys, white and negro from 1955 and 1956: Total number of persons contacted individually or through meetings . . . . ..... . ... ..... . . ... . ..... ... . .... .... ...... ...... . . ..... ... . Estimated number of different families, homemakers or other individuals assisted directly or indirectly to adapt recommended practices .. . ..... ... .. . . .... .... .. .... .. . .. . . Families, Homemakers and Other Individuals Assisted with: Building a new house . .... ......... ... . ... .. . . ....... ... .. .... ...... . . .. ... . . Remodeling or repairing the house ........... . ............. .... .. . Improving kitchen and laundry ..... ......... ........ ..... ........ .. . Improving storage space ..... .... .................... . . .... . .... . ... ... . Selection, installation and care of: (a) water and/or sewage system ... ........... ....... ...... . (b) cooling : systems ... . .... . ...... . .. .. . . ........ . . .... . . .... .. . ...... . . Planning electrical systems ..... . .... . .. . ......... ... ........... .. ... . . Landscaping home grounds ....................... ... ........... ... ... . Selection, use and care of home equipment ( other than sewing) ... ... ....... . ... . . . . . ..... . .... . . . ...... . . ..... .. . . Selection, use and construction of home furnishings ... . Repair, reconditioning and care of home furnishings .. Furniture arrangement and use of accessories . .. . . . . .. . Color schemes and wall finishes . ... ........ .. . .... ................ . Floor finishes ........ . ............................. . ............ . ............ .. . ... . . In arriving at management decisions .. . ......... .... ...... ... . . . In improving housekeeping methods . . ...... .. ..... .. .... ...... . With family laundering ................... . .......... . .............. .. .... . In the use of rural family outlook information ... ...... . With family financial planning .... .. ... .. . . .. ....... ...... ..... .... . 1955 1956 156,019 181,886 102,655 138,306 788 1,126 3,618 5,161 3,592 4,828 4,518 5,716 1,509 1,445 1,184 1,176 1,403 1,618 . 19,195 25,554 8,033 9,111 8,460 9,149 6,300 7,643 8,195 10,826 9,963 9,299 2,203 4,027 7,547 7,615 12,868 12,714 7,324 11,694 5,427 5,894 5,490 5,024

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86 Florida Cooperative Extension With keeping and analyzing home records . ... ...... ... . .. . . With family legal matters . . ............... . .......... .... .......... ... . With legal aspects of farm business .. ......... . ............... . With obtaining and using farm credit ..................... . ... . .Families Assisted with: Child development and guidance ...... . ............................ . Providing recommended play, clothing and equipment suited to age of children .... . ........... .. . .. ........... . . Understanding roles of family members and strengthening family relationships ......................... . Individual adjustments and personality development ......... ... ........................................ .. ......... . .. . . Home and family recreation ............. . ... . ..... .. .. . . .. .. . ........ . . Horne Demonstration Reports only. 1955 1956 3,320 2,445 *250 *4 5,993 6,691 6,996 5,861 9,263 3,791 3,951 *610 *13 6,590 8,065 8,032 8,458 16,791 4-H Club Work is designed to stimulate the interest of girls in learning to do simple home tasks well, in making their homes more beautiful, com fortable and convenient, both inside and out, and in becoming well adjusted members of their families and communities. Listed below are activities and results for 1955 and 1956: 4-H Club Members Receiving Definite Training in: Money management . . . ... . . ....... . ... . ...................... .. ... . . . .. .. . . . .. . Beautification of home grounds* ... . .. . ....... .. .. . . . .......... .. .. . Child care ... ... ........... .. ........................... . .............................. . Home management (good housekeeping) ... .. ............ .. .. . Home furnishings and room improvement .. . ......... .... ... . Electricity ............................................ . ............... . . .. .......... . .. . Meetings held to train 4-H leaders . . .. .. .......... . ........... .... . . Attendance of these training meetings ..... ... ....... .. .. .. .. . 1955 8,570 4,245 3,056 1,527 4,300 1,253 93 1,900 1956 8,503 4,499 3,619 1,855 3,781 1,661 180 1,064 Boys and girls in cooperation with Extension Horticulturists and Farm Electrification Specialist. Special training in several phases of 4-H Club home improvement was given to 4-H girls, voluntary local leaders and home demonstration agents numbering 500 at the annual 4-H short courses. Others in the count,es were assisted through leader training meetings, 4-H Club and junior council meetings and home visits. Requests for help with the several phases of home improvement have increased during the past few years. Apparently . the home demonstration agents, assisted by the home improvement and other Extension specialists will .need to train more voluntary local leaders and help provide oppor tunities for them to help in their communities.

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Annual Report, 1956 87 HOME INDUSTRIES AND MARKETING Gladys K e ndall , Home Indu stries and Ma1keting Spec iali st To assist families with ways and means of increasing and extending the fami l y income is the objective of the hom e indu stries an d marketing project. Consumer information, management of resource s, a nd production and marketing quality home-produced products were emp ha sized in both adult and youth work during 1956. C onsumer Information, Ma na gement and Fa mil y Eco nomi cs . -I n t h e co n su m er information phase of t h e program, major emp ha s i s was on buy ing foods, eq uipm e nt , ready-made c lo t hing and hou se h o ld texti l es. In management of resources e m p ha sis was on managing time, energy and money. Families were ass i sted with problems concerning selection, pur c ha sing and "maki n g versus buying" decisions . In fam il y econo mic s, finan cia l planning, banking, investments, in s urance, soc i a l secutity and family lega l affairs were emphasized. County Extension agents s pent 1 ,561 clays working on h ome management and family economics. Fig. 27.-A USDA meat s spec iali st points out to t h e Horn e Indu s tri es and Marketing Specialist h ow cuts of beef may be bought eco n o micall y . Home Indu trie , Arts and Crafts . Home indu str ies were developed to uppl e m e nt family incom e. Use wa s mad e of nativ e material s, food products and other resource s of the farm an d h ome. Thir ty-t h ree co unti es report e d that 3 ,784 4 -H and hom e demonstration c lub members prod u ced agricultural and handicra ft products for market. One thou and e i ght hun dred and forty-one of them marketed sta ndardiz ed products and 1,912 im

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88 Florida Cooperative Extension proved the quality of the products sold. Approximately 93 percent of cash received was from the sale of food products and the other 7 percent from the sale of flowers, plants, handicraft articles and services, such as nursing, baby sitting, catering and sewing. More than 50 percent of the total cash received was from the sale of eggs. In addition to the cash received for their products, many families contributed home-made 'products to charity and community drives in place of cash. Home demonstration and 4-H Club members reported marketing the following food products with values indicted: Eggs, $498,002.72; poultry, $26,527.28; fresh vegetables, $17,129.39; dairy products, $41,443.13; fresh fruit, $16,988.86; baked foods, $8,525.60; canned foods, $4,576.21; frozen and cured foods, $7,705.84; meat, $91,009.06; miscellaneous food products, $57,609.83; total food products, $769,517.92; other products, including crafts, flowers, plants and services, $55,984.71; total of all products, $825,502.63. The demand for learning craft skills was met by helping people know and apply art principles to homemaking and by helping them create and produce inexpensive gifts and articles for family use and for sale. All craft activities were a definite part of a basic family living program. Seven hundred and eighty-nine volunteer leaders actively assisted with this part of the program. Agents, leaders and specialists assisted 9,514 families with practices incident to the production of arts and crafts. There was a ready market for quality handicraft articles that were suitable for gifts and souvenirs and that sold at a reasonable price. The development of profitable hobbies and leisure time activities therefore was encouraged. Marketing Activities.-The program in marketing and distribution of agricultural 'products was conducted by Extension specialists in agricul tural economics, marketing and other agricultural subject matter fields. However, people who worked closely with the home demonstration agents looked to them for guidance and assistance in marketing farm products. Home demonstration agents devoted 82 days to assisting with market ing agricultural products. They assisted 11 organized cooperatives which have 1,193 members. In addition, 18 informally organized groups were assisted with marketing. A total of 3,673 persons were assisted by home demonstration agents with some phases of farm marketing, including preparation for market, outlook and market information, arranging to sell, and selling. Program Development.-The home industries and marketing program was integrated with related subject matter. It was planned and developed in 52 counties by the specialist, working cooperatively with other members of the Agricultural Extension Service, volunteer leaders, home demonstra tion and 4-H Club members, junior and senior councils, and others. In struction was given in: (1) improving consumer buying practices when selecting foods, household textiles, clothing, house furnishings and equip ment; (2) managing to best advantage all resources, especially time, energy and money; (3) improving the management of family business affairs; (4) making quality products of palmetto, bamboo, cocoanut fronds, pine needles, cattail rush, reed and other materials; (5) improving stand ards, packaging and labeling of home products; (6) interpreting laws and regulations concerning the marketing of products; (7) making toys and games from scrap and gifts from inexpensive materials; (8) making per sonal accessories such as bags, hats and jewelry; (9) recognizing and using art principles; and (10) how to plan, prepare and arrange educa tional exhibits for use at fairs, achievement days and other events. Volunteer leaders assisting with this program included 664 in home management, 494 in family economics, 178 in marketing of home products

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Annual Report, 1956 89 and 789 in home arts and crafts. In 20 training meetings the specialist assisted with tra : ning a total of 676 leaders . Agents conducted 10 training meetings in marketing and 215 in home arts and crafts for leader s . Agents, leaders and others held 3 , 283 meetings attended by approximately 32,000 adults and 4-H Club girls. The specialist trained agents, leaders, club members and others at three in-service meetings for agents, at state-wide conferences, short courses and other special events. In six counties 195 leaders were trained to plan, prepare, arrange and judge or evaluate exhibits. Agents used a total of 6,235 exhibits to inform the public of home demonstration work. 4-H Club Work.-The 4-H Club program emphasized management of time and money; using consumer information when selecting foods, cloth ing, textiles and equipment; using improved practices and methods when producing articles for sale or for gifts; and keeping more accurate and complete records. There were 1,854 club members enrolled in management projects, with 1,243 completing, and a total of 8,503 members who received definite training in money management. A total of 2,698 members w e re enrolled in home industries, art and crafts, with 2,160 complet:ng. Special training in better buying practices, management and art and crafts was given to approximately 375 4-H Club girls, leaders and home demonstration agents at short courses and 4-H Club camps.

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90 Florida Cooperative Extension NEGRO FARM DEMONSTRATION WORK J. A. Gresham, District Agent The programs of the Agricultural Extension Service for and with negro farmers were conducted under the immediate leadership of 10 negro county agents. Program determinations were finalized and execution made through the cooperative efforts of community leaders, county advisory councils, specialists, individual farmers and the supervisor. The state conference of agricultural and home demonstration agents was held on the campus of Florida A and M University September 10-14, with discussion leaders from the State and Federal Extension Service. One livestock slaughtering, meat cutting and curing workshop was held at the University of Florida for all negro Extension workers November 6. A state-wide farmers' conference was held on the campus of Florida A. and M. University early in December, with more than 200 farmers and their wives in attendance. This conference was held cooperatively by the Extension Service, vocational agriculture department and the School of Agriculture at the University. Five counties placed exhibits at the State Fair in Tampa January 31 to February 11. Three agents displayed county exhibits at the North Florida Fair in Tallahassee. Agents also assisted communities and in dividual farmers with exhibit plans and preparation for five county fairs. 4-H Club Work.-Three hundred and seventeen 4-H Club delegates at tended the State 4-H Club Short Course held at Florida A. and M. Uni versity June 5-9. The state 4-H Club camp (Doe Lake) was operated with the record attendance of 315 4-H Club boys during the three-week cam•ping period for boys. Four outstanding boys attended the Regional 4-H Camp in Washington, D. C., along with four girls. All delegates won the right to represent Florida because they excelled in leadership and project work. There were seven state winners in the 4-H Club awards program, which was accepted by Director M. 0. Watkins for negro 4-H Club members. Negro 4-H Club members participated in fairs and shows as follows: State 4-H Club Corn Show at the North Florida Fair, Tallahassee; District 4-H Club fat hog shows at Monticello and Webster; 4-H Club demonstrations at State Fair, Tampa. Summary of Activities.-Records reveal that the agents made 5,477 farm and home visits, received 6,896 office calls and 3,287 telephone calls, prepared 201 news articles or stories, and made or prepared 10 broadcasts. They distributed 14,091 bulletins, conducted 111 adult result demonstra tions, held 73 training meetings for leaders; attended by 1,409; and par ticipated in 231 meetings attended by 5,631 people. Local leaders held or conducted 84 meetings attended by 1,482 people.

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Annual Report, 1956 91 NEGRO HOME DEMONSTRATION WORK Floy Britt, District Home Demonstration Agent Home demonstration work for negro women and girls is established in 12 counties-Alachua, Columbia, Dade, Duval, Gadsden, Hillsborough, Jackson, Leon, Madison, Marion, Putnam and Volusia. The state program for negro home demonstration work is directed by the State Home Demonstration Agent, who is responsible to the State Extension Director. The Negro District Agent supervises the work and assists with state-wide programs. In carrying on the Extension program in 1956, negro home demonstra tion agents made 4,310 home visits, received 6,735 office calls, had 6,233 telephone calls, published 246 news articles and distributed 23,695 bulletins. As a result of Extension influence, 2,793 negro families adopted recom mended practices in improving their homes and surroundings; 3,066 families changed practices in providing family clothing; 3,444 families made im provement in food production, nutrition and health; and 2,788 families adopted recommended practices and methods in safety. Some assistance from Extension specialists was available during the year which helped agents to do better Extension teaching. One home demonstration agent took Extension courses at the Regional Summer School, Prairie View, Texas; one agent attended summer school at Tuskegee Institute, Alabama; one agent took evening classes at Bethune Cookman College, Daytona Beach; the District Agent took evening classes at Florida A. and M. University and al s o took a correspondence course in social work from the General Extension Division of Florida. Efforts for professional improvement weie made by these agents to increase their efficiency as home demonstration and di s trict agents. Adult Program.-The negro Extension program was designed to in crease and conserve food; to meet the needs of Florida negro families; provide more convenient and attractive homes and more adequate clothing; improve health practices and family recreational facilities; and gu:de families in wise spending of their incomes. Agents reported a total of 87 organized adult home demonstration clubs with an enrollment of 2,029 members. They held 908 method demonstra tion meetings with 12,519 attending; conducted 62 adult training meetings with 763 attending; and held 32 county-wide meetings with an attendance of 699. Eleven adult county councils with 328 members were orgnized, and 575 volunteer leaders assisted in promoting the home demonstration program. Under the guidance of the home demonstration agents and the super vision of the District Agent, homemakers from 12 counties set up a credit able state home demonstration exhibit at the Florida State Fair. 4-H Club Activities.-Negro home demonstration agents reported a total of 120 organized 4-H clubs in 12 counties, with 4,717 members enrolled. The 4-H girls enrolled in 12,726 projects and completed 8,847. In addition, agents held 64 4-H training meetings, with 1,056 attending, and 1,051 method demonstration meetings, with 43,692 in attendance. Eleven 4-H Club girls won honors in the 1956 awards program and four outstanding 4-H Club girls won free trips to the 1956 Regional 4-H Club Camp held at Howard University, Wash;ngton, D. C. The State 4-H Short Course was attended by 180 girls and 17 leaders. Cam p attendance at Doe Lake was 325 girls and 24 leaders. A state-wid e 4-H Council for Negro Girls was organized, with -H county council officers from 12 counties participating. Ten 4-H team demonstrations were given at the State Fair and 12 outstanding 4-H Club g;rls were awarded recog nition certificates for meritorious work done in their various counties.

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92 Florida Cooperative Extension INDEX Agents, county, 4 home demonstration, 4 negro, 7 Agricultural economics, 15 Agricultural engineering, 21 Agronomy, 25 Allston, Clifford, 17 Apiary, 30 Animal hu s bandry, 27 meats, 28 sheep, 28 swine, 27 Barrus, Edith Y . , 66 Beekeeping, 30 Bevis, Joyce, 66 Britt, Floy, 91 Broilers, 54 Brogdon, J . E., 43 Brothers, S . L. , 25 Brown, W. W. 32 Bushy, Joe N., 8 Cake, E. W., 17 Camps, 4-H, 32 girls', 79 Cannon, Frances C., 47, 81 Carter, Bonnie J., 84 Christian, Su s an R., 45, 77 Citriculture, 35 Citrus grove management, 15 committee, 35 4-H, 36 institutes, 36 production, 35 schools, 36 tours, 36 yield s , 15 Clayton, H. G., 8 Clothing and textiles, 71 Clubs, boys', 32 girls', 79, 89 home demonstration, 67 negro, 90, 91 University 4-H, 80 Coe, D. M., 53 Conservation, 10 food, 76 soil and water, 58 Consumer education, 85 Cooper, J. Francis, 40 County agents , 4 Cromartie, Alice L., 75 D a iry herd improvement a s sn., 37 Dairy husbandry, 37 breeding program, 38 4-H, 39 management, 38 pasture, 38 records, 37 registry, 38 Demonstration, home, 66 negro women, 91 Development, farm and home, 45 Dickenson , Elizabeth, 21 Director's report, 8 Di s trict agents, 8 Durrance, K. L., 27 Economics, agricultural, 15 Editorial Department, 40 Editorial and visual aids, 73 Education, consumer, 85 health, 81 youth, 11 Egg-Laying Test, 54 Electric, program, 23 equipment, 22 power suppliers, 24 wiring, 23 Electrification, farm, 21 Elkins, Bronna Mae, 79 Engineering, agricultural, 21 Entomology, 43 Exhibits, forestry, 50 safety, 47 Fairs, 80 Farm electrification, 21 Farm and home development, 45 Farm and home s afety, 47 Farm buildings, 21 electrification, 21 equipment, 22 fore s try, 48 machinery, 21 managem e nt, 16 safety, 47 Farmer cooperatives, 17 Financial statement, 9 Florida Dairy A s sociation, 3 8 De partment of Agriculture, 56 National Egg-laying Test, 56 Floyd, Ben H., 32 Forestry, 10, 48 catalpa, 50 fire prevention, 18 red cedar, 49 slash pines, 49

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Annual Report, 1956 Four-H activities, 11, 33 agronomy, 25 apiary, 30 award program, 34 boys' short course, 32 camps, 32, 79, 90, 91 citrus, 36 clothing, 71 conservation, 58 cooperative, 18 dairy, 39 electric program, 23 entomology, 23 food and nutrition, 75 food conservation, 76 food production, 77 forestry, 50 gardening, 60 girls', 79, 91 health education, 81 home industries, 87 livestock judging, 32 negro, 90, 91 ornamental horticulture, 51 poultry, 54 tractor, 22, 33 University club, 80 Food and nutrition, 75 Food conservation, 76 Food 'production, 77 Foreign students, 70 visitor s , 11 , Forestry, 48 Fruits, minor, 35 Gardening, 60 Girls' 4-H, 79 Godwin, Grant M., 32 Grady, Eunice, 66 Gresham, J. A., 90 Hamilton, H: G., 15 Haynie, John D., 30 Health, 10 education, 81 4-H, 81 recreation, 82 Henderson, J. R., 25 Herbert, J. H., Jr., 58 Holstein, Helen, 66 Horne Demonstration, 66 foreign students, 70 4-H committee, 79 libraries, 7 4 personnel training, 69 state council, 67 Home development, 45 Home economics, 66 improvement, 84 industries and marketing, 87 family living, 85 Honey production, SO Horticulture, 51 Institutes, poultry, 57 Irrigation, 21 Jamison, F. S., 59 Jensen, A. S., 48 Joiner, J. N., 51 Judging teams, 29 Kaleb, L. W ., 54 Kendall, Gladys, 87 King, Emily, 79 Lawrence, Fred P., 35 Libraries, 74 Livestock, 27 judging, 32 Management, broiler, 54 layer, 54 turkey, 54 Marketing, 17, 87 agreements, 18, 20 cooperatives, 17 4-H, 18 poultry, 54 organization, 20 research, 20 timber, 50 vegetables, 19, 59, 61 Meats, 28 Mediterranean fruit fly, 43 McCown, Jack T., 35 McElwee, E.W., 51 McMullen, K. S., 8 Mehrhof, N. R., 54 Milk, 37 Mixon, A. C., 25 Moore, J. S., 54 Moxley, C. C., 16 Murphree, Clyde, 45 Myers, Forrest E., 59 , Negro farm demonstration, 7, 90 Negro home demonstration, 7, 91 Newspapers, 40 Nieland, L. T., 48 Norton, J. D., 60 Nutrition and foods, 75 Ornamental horticulture, 51 93

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94 Florida Cooperative Extension activities, 52 4-H, 51 s pecial program, 51 O'Steen, A. W., 49 Pace, J. E., 27 Parvin, F. W., 8 Personnel training, 10 Perry, F. S., 8 Pettis, A. M., 22, 47 Plant pathology, 53 Platt, W. J., Jr., 8 Poultry husbandry, 57 agencies, 57 Egg-laying Test, 54 4-H, 54 institutes, 57 marketing, 54 junior work, 54 tests, 56 Production, foods, 77 fruits and vegetables, 78 Publications, 41 Program, Extension, 8 Projects, 4-H, 32 Radio, 40 Reaves, C. W., 37 Recreation, 4-H, 82 Reddish, R. L., 27 Rose, S. A., 51 Rosenberger, Stanley, 61 Safety, 47 education, 47 Savage, Zach, 15 Schools, cattlemen's, 27 Sharpe, M. H., 40 Schotten, Glenn F., 40 Sheehan, T. J., 51 Sheep, 28 Short course, boys' 32 girls', 79 honey-electric, 31 swine, 28 Sikes, Anna Mae, 66 Skinner, T. C., 21 Social security, 16 Soil conservation, 58 Sparks, T. W., 37 Staff, state, 2 Statistical report, 12 Summary, 4-H, 14 Swine, 27 Telephones, rural, 24 Television, 40 Textiles, 71 Turkeys, 54 Vegetable activities, 59 commercial production, 59 garden, 60 marketing, 61 Visual aids, 42, 73 Warren, Alma, 73 Water conservation, 58 Watkins, Marshall 0., 8 Wildlife camp, 32 Youth education, 14