Report Florida agricultural extension service

UF00075773_00014 ( .pdf )

COOPERATIVE EX'CENB1N WORK IN, ATRIAUL tUlRE AND IIOME ECONOMICS
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1953 REPORT






EXjrTENSION SERVICE











!RAPOR OF GENERAL ACTVITIES AOR 195&
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FINANCIAL STATEMENT EOR TER
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COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK IN AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS
(Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914)
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
FLORIDA STATE UNIvERSITY
AND UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT or AGRICULTURE COOPERATING
H. G. CLAYTON, DIRECTOR











1953 REPORT


FLORIDA AGRICULTURAL


EXTENSION SERVICE











REPORT OF GENERAL ACTIVITIES FOR 1953 with
FINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR THE

FISCAL YEAR ENDED

JUNE 30, 1953












BOARD OF CONTROL


Hollis Rinehart, Chairman, Miami Win. H. Dial, Orlando J. Lee Ballard, St. Petersburg Fred H. Kent, Jacksonville


W. Glenn Miller, Monticello Geo. W. English, Jr., Ft. Lauderdale Mrs. Jessie B. duPont, Jacksonville J. Broward Culpepper, Secretary, Tallahassee


STAFF, AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE


J. Wayne Reitz, Ph.D., Provost for
Agriculture 1
H. G. Clayton, M.S.A., Director of Extension
Marshall 0. Watkins, M.Agr., Assistant
Director
F. W. Parvin, M.S.A., Assistant to the
Director 2
F. R. Edwards, M.S.A., Interim Asst. to the
Director
Rogers L. Bartley, B.S., Administrative
Assistant 1

AGRICULTURAL DEMONSTRATION
WORK, GAINESVILLE
J. Francis Cooper, M.S.A., Editor 3
Clyde Beale, A.B.J., Associate Editor 1 S. L. Burgess, A.B.J., Assistant Editor
K. S. McMullen, M.Agr., District Agent
5 F. S. Perry, RYA., District Agent
j W. J. Platt, Jr.,-Bt9A., D7istrict Agent
R. S. Dennis, B.S.A., Executive Officer,
ASC Office I
C. W. Reaves, B.S.A., Dairy Husbandman T. W. Sparks, B.S.A., Asst. Dairy Husb.
N. R. Mehrhof, M.Agr., Poultry
Husbandman 1
J. S. Moore, M.S.A., Poultryman
A. W. O'Steen, B.S.A., Supervisor EggLaying Test, Chipley
L. W. Kalch, B.S.A., Asst. Poultry Husb.
T. J. Cunha, Ph.D., Animal Industrialist 3
0. F. Goen, D.V.M., Animal Husbandman J. E. Pace, M.S.A., Asst. An. Industrialist
L T. Nieland, Farm Forester
A. S. Jensen, B.S.A., Asst. Forester H. G. Hamilton, Ph.D., Agricultural
Economist 1
Charles M. Hampson, M.S., Agricultural
Economist, Farm Management 1
E. W. Cake, Ph.D., Marketing Economist Clyde E. Murphree, M.S., Asst. Economist
E. W. McElwee, Ph.D., Ornamental
Horticulturist
Lred P. Lawrence, B-SA., Citriculturist
J. N. Joiner, B.S.A., Assistant Horticulturist W. W. Brown, B.S.A., Boys' 4-H Club Agent G. M. Godwin, B.S.A,, Asst. Boys' Club Agent

I Cooperative, other divisions, U. of F.


T. C. Skinner, M.Agr., Agricultural
Engineer
A. M. Pettis, B.S.A., Farm Electrification
Specialist
John D. Haynie, B.S.A., Apiculturist V. L. Johnson, Rodent Control Specialist a J. Russell Henderson, M.S.A., Agronomist 1 A. C. Mixon, M.S.A., Asst. Agronomist F. S. Jamison, Ph.D., Vegetable Crops
Specialist 1
Stanley E. Rosenberger, M.Agr., Assistant
Vegetable Crops Specialist
Forrest E. Myers, M.Agr., Assistant
Vegetable Crops Specialist
J. Montelaro, Ph.D., Asst. Veg. Crops Splat. James E. Brogdon, M.S.A., Entomologist

IOME DEMONSTRATION WORK
TALLAHASSEE
Anna Mae Sikes, M.S., State Agent Eunice Grady, M.S., Asst. to State HDA Ethyl Holloway, B.S., District Agent Mrs. Edyth Y. Barrus, B.S.H.E., District ,Agt. Joyce Bevis, A.M., District Agent Mrs. Bonnie J. Carter, B.S., Home
Improvement Specialist
Mrs. Gladys Kendall, A.B., Home Industries
and Marketing Specialist
Emily King, B.S., State Girls' 4-H Club
Agent
Bronna Mae Elkins, B.S.H.E., Assistant
Girls' 4-H Club Agent
Cleo M. Arnett, M.S., Extension Nutritionist Helen D. Holstein, M.S., Food Conservation
Specialist
Alice L. Cromartie, M.S., Assistant
Economist in Food Conservation
Katherine Simpson, M.S., Extension Clothing
Specialist
Alma Warren, M.S., Assistant Editor and
Visual Aids Specialist
Frances C. Cannon, M.S., Health Education
Specialist

NEGRO EXTENSION WORK
TALLAHASSEE
Floy Britt, B.S.H.E., Negro District Agent J. A. Gresham, B.S.A., Negro District Agent

2 On leave. 3 In cooperation with U. S.









CONTENTS


Page
7

15
-------- --------- 18

21 . I ----------------- - ------------- 21
22 24


Director's Report .
Statistical Report Editorial Department Safety and Fire Prevention Supervision of County Agents Agricultural Economics .
Farm Management Activities
Citrus Grove Management
Marketing


Agricultural Engineering and Farm Electrificati
Agricultural Engineering .
Farm Electrification Agronomy
Anirnal Husbandry Apiculture .
Boys' 4-H Club Work Citrus Culture . - ---------Dairy Husbandry Entomology . ------------Forestry
Ornamental Horticulture ---------- ----------Poultry Activities Soil and Water Conservation -----------Vegetable Production and Merchandising
Vegetable Production
Merchandising Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Hc.me Demonstration Work Clothing and Textiles Editorial and Visual Aids Food and Nutrition Food Conservation . . Fooo Production Girls' 4-H Club Work Health Education Home Improvement Home Industries and Marketing Negro Farm Demonstration Work Negro Home Demonstration Work
Negro Statistical Report, Men and Women


on 27
27 28 31
34 36
------------------------ 38
--------------- . 42
--------- 44
. 49
. -------- 50
53
54 58 60 60
-------- ------ 62
64 68 . 70 72
74 76 78 79 81
84 87 89 91







COUNTY AND HOME DEMONSTRATION AGENTS
(As of November 30, 1953) Home Demonstration
County Ccunty Agent Address Agent
Alachua.--. Loonis Blitch --------.------ Gainesville.Mrs. Josephine McSwine
Alachua
(Asst.) . Lester W. Kalch . Gainesville . Mrs. Mary Z. Philyaw Baker ----------- A. L. Harrell----- .- Macclenny
Bay ------------- J. A. Sorenson --------. Panama CityMiss Emma L. Stevenson
Bradford ----------- G. T. Huggins . Starke .----- Miss Dorothy P. Ross
Brevard . J. T. Oxford .Cocoa Mrs. Sue B. Young Brevard
(Asst.)- . H. W. Cunningham . Cocoa
Broward . B. E. Lawton ------------------ Ft. Lauderdale . Miss Louise Taylor
Broward
(Asst.) . Robert S. Pryor.-----.Ft. Lauderdale.Miss Audrey R. McKay
Calhoun ------------- Thomas B. Jones. .Blountstown
Calhoun
(Asst.) . F. M. Shuler . Blountstown Charlotte . N. H. McQueen . Punta Gorda Citrus ----.------- Quentin Medlin . Inverness.Miss Sallie S. Koon
Citrus (Asst.).C. R. Smith Inverness
Clay . Charles C. Below . Green Cove Springs
-Mrs. Sue P. Murphy
Collier --------_---- D. W. Lander----- . Everglades
Columbia . Neal M. Dukes ----------- --- Lake City . Mrs. Glenn M. Sewell
Columbia
(Asst.) ---- R. A. Andrews . Lake City
Dade . C. H. Steffani ----------------- Miami Miss Olga Kent
Dade (Asst.).Roy J. Champagne ------- Miami .--Miss Helen B. MacTavish
Dade (Asst.).John D. Campbell . Homestead Dade (Asst.).-Rayburn K. Price . Miami . Mrs. Ruth T. Penner Miami -------------- Mrs. Camille N. Helgren
Dade (Asst.). Nolan L. Durre -------. Homestead
DeSoto-.-.--------.W. L. Woods -------. -Arcadia
Dixie . D. E. Adams-.--.-. ---Cross City
Duval . James N. Watson . Jacksonville . Mrs. Nellie D. Mills Duval (Asst.)-.Wm. E. Kloeppel .__Jacksonville . Miss Betty Lou Nuttle Duval (Asst.).J. R. Yelvington - ------- Jacksonville ---- Miss Louise M. Spaeth
Escambia --------- E. N. Stephens . Pensacola . Miss Ethel Atkinson
Escambia
(Asst.) ---------- Henry P. Davis . Pensacola . Mrs. Lucy M. Gray
Franklin- .W. C. Zorn Appalachicola
-Miss Miriam A. Edwards Gadsden ------------ A. G. Driggers .Quincy .-Mrs. Marjorie B. Gregory
Gadsden
(Asst.) -------- Bernard H. Clark -----------.Quincy . Mrs. Mary E. Bassett
Gilchrist . L. C. Cobb Trenton
Glades --------------- A. G. Hutchinson . Moore Haven
Gulf ------------------ C. R. Laird Wewahitchka ---- .-Miss Ruth L. Milton
Hamilton -----.A. E. Nesmith -----.------- Jasper
Hardee.---------- J. F. Barco Wauchula. Miss Josephine Moore
Hendry -------------- H. L. Johnson -------. LaBelle
Hernando-.-.-.Harry J. Brinkley.------- Brooksville
Highlands . B. J. Harris, Jr . Sebring . Miss Catherine Brabson Highlands
(A sst.) . J. C . H aym an -------.------ . Sebring ---------------------------------------------- ------








COUNTY AND HOME DEMONSTRATION AGENTS-(Continued)
Home Demonstration
County County Agent Address Agent
Hillsborough.---.Alec White Tampa Miss Lora Kiser
Hillsborough
(Asst.) .Edwin Booth . . .Tampa Hillsborough
(Asst.) ---.Jean Beem Tampa.
Hillsborough
(Asst.) .Neal B. Witmer .---Tampa Hillsborough
(Asst.).1--- -. 0. Armor . . Plant City. Mrs. Marguriette F. Reese
Hillsborough
(Asst.) Ruskin Miss Ethel Weeks
Holmes---_.John C. Russell_------ Bonifay .Mrs. Anita B. Davis
Indian River Vero Beach
Jackson---_.Woodrow W. Glen . Marianna.Mrs. Alyne C. Heath Jefferson.Albert H. Odom .Monticello .Mrs. Mary C. McLeod Lefayette .S. L. Brothers .Mayo Lake . R. E. Norris .----.Tavares. Mrs. Lucie K. Miller
Lake (Asst.).-- Jack T. McCown --------Tavares .Miss Martha C. Burdine
Lee.-------C. P. Heuck . -----Fort Myers
Leon -------- _.-- James L. Rhoden .Tallahassee.-Mrs. Mamie C. Daughtry
Leon (Asst.).-- W. 0. Whittle.-- ---Tallahassee
Levy.- _.T. D. Rickenbaker ------ Bronson .Miss Margaret M. Godfrey
Liberty . ----Horace M. Carr.-------Bristol .Mrs. Camilla R. Alexander
Madison.Oliver R. Hamrick, Jr .Madison. Miss Shirley V. Carr Manatee----- Wilson H. Kendrick.Palmetto . . .Mrs. Anne D. Davis
Manatee
(Asst.) --- E. M. Kelly Palmetto
Manatee
(Asst.) ----.Robert G. Curtis.------Palmetto
Marion .A. David Vaillbe, Jr.-. .Ocala Miss Allie Lee Rush
Marion
(Asst.) .E. W. Rowam . Ocala. Miss Barabara A. Kelly Martin.L. M. Johnson . Stuart.---Mrs. Lucile I. Claggett Nassau .---Gordon B. Ellis. Hilliard.Mrs. Julia P. Jernagan Okaloosa .Alexander H.
Clemnmons . Crestview Okeechobee .C. R. Boyles.-------Okeechobee
Orange. . F. E. Baetzman .Orlando.--Miss Marjorie K. Ludeman Orange
(Asst.)-. Henry F. Swanson -- ----Orlando
Osceola.------J. R. Gunn Kissimmee.Miss Muriel A. Beck
Palm Beach .M. U. Mounts-. West Palm Beach .,. Miss Sara Horton Palm Beach
(Asst.) . John H. Causey.West Palm Beach
-Miss Elizabeth Hudson Palm Beach
(Act. Asst.) Raleigh S. Griffis.---West Palm Beach Palm Beach
(Asst.).-----H. L. Speer.----.---.--Belle Glade
Pasco.------J. F. Higgins . .Dade City . .Mrs. Mary R. Stearns
Pasco (Asst.).James B. Smith----- Dade City Pinellas_ . __J. H. Logan . Clearwater
-Mrs. Charlotte M. Lattimer







COUNTY AND HOME DEMONSTRATION AGENTS-(Continued)
Home Demonstration
County County Agent Address Agent
Pinellas
(Asst.).L. E. Cunningham.Clearwater- Mrs. Doris E. Beauchamp Polk---. W. P. Hayman.Bartow.---. Mrs. Ruth M. Elkins
Polk (Asst.).Thomas W. Sparks .Bartow. Miss Doris E. Frazier Polk (Asst.).F. N. McCullars.------Bartow
Polk (Asst.).---Jackson A. Haddox .---Bartow Putnam.H. E. Maltby.---.----Palatka ---Mrs. Elizabeth W. Starbird
Putnam
(Asst.) -- .Ralph T. Clay . Palatka
St. Johns ------P. R. McMullen.----St. Augustine
St. Lucie.Charles D. Kime .Fort Pierce .Mrs. Ray C. Baxter Santa Rosa .Emmett D. McCall.----Milton Miss Lora A. Botts
Santa Rosa
(Asst.) .C. T. Dozier . .---Milton Mrs. Lula D. Smith
Sarasota-.Kenneth A. Clark.Sarasota-.----- Mrs. Laleab B. Brown
Sarasota
(Asst.) .Frank L. Polhill_.----Sarasota Seminole.C. R. Dawson.-------Sanford
Sumter_.------0. M. Maines, Jr_.-----Bushnell.-.Miss Magdalene M. Downey
Sumter
(Asst.).-----Wilburn C. Farrell.----Bushnell
Suwannee-. Floyd L. Eubanks .Live Oak.--Mrs. Esther F. Harper Suwannee
(Asst.).--J. P. Crews Live Oak
Taylor.---- S. C. Kierce.-----.---Perry
Union -. William J. Cowen.-----Lake Butler Volusia DeLand Mrs. Edna L. Eby
Volusia
(Asst.) .Thomas R. Townsend .,DeLand
Wakulla . A. S. Laird Crawfordville
Walton .H. 0. Harrison .DeFuniak Springs .-Mrs. Florence M. Gatlirn
Washington.---Johnnie E. Davis .Chipley .Mrs. Mary L. Minchin

NEGRO COUNTY AND HOME DEMONSTRATION AGENTS
Home Demonstration
County County Agent Address Agent
Alachua ----. English M. Greene ------ Gainesville.---Leontine Williams
Columbia. .McKinley Jeffers.------Lake City Gladys Wilkins
Dade Miami. -----Victoria M. Simpson
Duval Jacksonville.------Ethel M. Powell
Gadsden .Russell Stephens_.Quincy.----_--Ursula H. Williams Hamilton .Isaac Chandler, Jr._White Springs Hillsborough Tampa Sudella J. Ford
Jackson.----Virgil Elkins.-------Marianna. ---Virginia V. Dickens
Jefferson.M. E. Groover . Monticello Leon . --Richard A. Hartsfield . Tallahassee -----. Iris Mae Clark
Madison .James C. Miller .----Madison Lola E. Preston
Marion .Eugene P. Smith.Ocala Marion Reddick
Putnam Palatka Leala M. Reeves
Sumter. ._.Richard L. Bradley---.Bushnell Volusia DeLand Ida T. Pemberton










DIRECTOR'S REPORT

H. G. Clayton, Director
Marshall 0. Watkins, Assistant Director
F. W. Parvin, Assistant to the Director (on leave) F. R. Edwards, Interim Assistant to the Director

With farm income off somewhat, farm people were much interested in receiving and using information which would help them cope with this situation. Extension workers increased their efforts all along the line to reach additional people with new and timely information which would prove beneficial on the farms and in the homes of Florida residents.
During the year much progress has been made toward improving the contribution of the Extension Service to the advancement of Florida's agriculture. With an ever-ebanging situation in the State's development, the Extension Service is constantly seeking better ways and means to provide for quicker access to and application of research findings. Nationally, the capital investment per worker employed is larger in agriculture than in any other major industry. Hence, it is essential to survival and future improvements that research facts be made available and put into effect in the shortest possible time. This is a national problem that must be handled in the states, counties and communities, on farms and in homes. It is generally recognized that the Cooperative Extension Service is the most successful approach to this problem developed by any nation.
Total 4-H Club enrollment increased from 28,695 in 1952 to 30,203 in 1953, the highest 4-H enrollment Florida has ever had. Also, 4-H completions increased from 20,152 in 1952 to 21,681 in 1953, rising percentagewise from 70 percent to 72 percent.
Statistical reports show that agents had more telephone calls and fewer office calls, prepared more news articles, made more radio broadcasts, distributed more bulletins, and otherwise performed more activities in the field of mass media in 1953 than in 1952.
The Extension Service received increased support and appropriations from the Florida Legislature and cooperating boards of county commissioners in 1953.
A county agent and a home demonstration agent were placed in a county which did not have county Extension agents previously. This makes a total of 65 county agents and 48 home demonstration agents. Three assistant home demonstration agents were added during the year.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT 1952-53
Federal Funds:
Sm ith-Lever ---- ------_--_---- . . . 82,884.75
Bankhead-Jones ---- 129,651.51
Capper-Ketcham -------- . . 28,802.26
Bankhead-Flannagan -1 . 121,915.18
Clark-McNary . . 1,620.00
Research & Marketing 906.25
Farm Housing --------- 640.00
Rural Electrification ------ ---- --_----- ----- _ 2,500.00

$ 368,419.95








Florida Cooperative Extension


State Appropriations:
Legislature -------__-------_- $498,640.97 $ 498,640.97
State Trust Funds: ------- ----------- 17,822.13 17,822.13
County Appropriations: -------- ------------ --------_------- 490,392.00 490,392.00

Grand Total . - . -------- $1,375,275.05


FINANCIAL STATEMENT 1953-54


Federal Funds:
Smith-Lever Amended . . -------Clark-M cN ary -------------- ----- -------------------Research & Marketing ----------Farm Housing . ___ __- _ __


. $362,753.70
1,620.00 1,500.00
--- 640.00

366,513.70


State Appropriations:
Legislature ----------- 667,755.00


667,755.00


State Trust Funds:
(Est) 20,000.00 20,000.00
County Appropriations: 520,201.00 520,201.00

G rand Total . . . $1,574,469.70

CHANGES IN STATE STAFF
The 1953 Legislature provided for an Assistant to the State Home Demonstration Agent. This position was filled by a former home demonstration agent, Miss Eunice Grady, who has been assigned responsibility for both in service and pre-service training of home demonstration agents and prospective agents, in addition to other routine duties.
An Ornamental Horticulturist, one full-time Assistant and a halftime Assistant Ornamental Horticulturist were added. The half-time assistant devotes the remainder of his time to assisting the Extension Citriculturist. One Extension Entomologist was added, a position heretofore not in existence. One Assistant Vegetable Crops Specialist, devoting half time to Extension and the rest to research, was placed fulltime with Extension. The Vegetable Crops Specialist, who devotes
half-time to Extension and half to research, returned from a year's leave of absence in Europe. This makes a total of two full-time and one half-time vegetable crops specialists The following staff positions were added and filled: Assistant Farm Forester, Assistant Agronomist, Assistant Dairyman and Assistant Poultryman. The Assistant Farm Management and Marketing Specialist returned in September from a year's leave of absence granted for graduate work. The Extension
Engineer resigned in September to take a position in industry. This vacancy was filled by an agricultural engineer from the teaching division. During the year two Assistant Editors resigned, one to take a position with another department of the University and the other to assume the position of Assistant Ornamental Horticulturist. One of the two vacancies was filled but the other is still vacant. A position of garden specialist has not been filled. The position of Assistant State Boys' 4-H Club Agent, vacant for some time due to a military leave, was filled by the appointment of an assistant county agent.
I Includes $37,345.97 in carried-over funds from 1951-52 appropriations.








Annual Report, 1953


PERSONNEL TRAINING
In January 1953 a two-day training conference was held for all Assistant County Agents in citrus-producing counties. They received instruction concerning the more common citrus insects and diseases and minor element deficiencies of citrus. They were taken on a field trip to see citrus result demonstrations carried on by County Agents. Proram planning was discussed at a night meeting with emphasis on planning programs with citrus growers. Also in January a two-day training conference featuring new subject matter in field crops and livestock was held for agents in North and West Florida at the North Florida Experiment Station.
The annual three weeks' summer school for Florida Extension workers was held at the University of Florida June 15 to July 3, 1953. Four courses were offered, each carrying 11/2 hours credit, with students permitted to enroll for two. Twenty-eight Extension workers attended.
The annual conference for all Extension workers was held October 4-9, 1953. Morning sessions were for both men and women workers and featured talks by outstanding speakers on national and international matters affectin.- agriculture. Separate sessions for men and women were held in the afternoons to bring agents new information in subject matter fields.
District Agents carried on in-service training with county workers throughout the year in program development, Extension methods and policies governing Extension work. Conferences for agents were held at Experiment Stations during the year and workers were encouraged to attend meetings of professional and scientific groups and the various Extension institutes to keep informed on new subject matter. Specialists carried on their usual function of training agents individually and in small groups in new subject matter.

DEVELOPING STATE PROGRAMS
Additional progress was made during the year in developing a county Extension program for each of the 65 counties. All Extension personnel in each county participate in the building of one county program, working with the local people through the various community and commodity organizatioDs.
County programs are reflected in State-wide programs and State programs in county programs. This is accomplished through committees composed of both county and State workers who are responsible for work on State programs and for initiating county action on these programs.
The Extension Citrus Advisory Committee is composed of five County Agents and the State staff members who make a contribution to the citrus program. The County Agents on this committee are elected for a term of three years by the agents themselves. Terms are staggered.
A Vegetable Advisory Committee has functioned to develop vegetable programs in much the same manner.
Planning for 4-11 Club activities and events is carried out on an area basis by County Agents and State staff members. The State is divided into 10 districts. The agents and State staff meet at least once a year to plan for such activities as recreation training for 4-H leaders, public speaking contests, livestock shows and judging contests. Winning teams and individuals in the area contests then participate in State contests. ,








Florida Cooperative Extension


Community home demonstration programs are developed by local clubs. These clubs then send representatives to county councils to develop county programs. The county councils in turn send their representatives to the State Home Demonstration Council meeting held annually at the University of Florida where plans are developed for the ensuing year.

BROAD EXTENSION ACTIVITIES THAT HELP TO SOLVE MAJOR PROBLEMS

4-H CLUB WORK
Work with the 30,000 4-11 Club boys and girls in Florida involves every staff member in the Extension Service on both the State and county level. In addition, these staff members are assisted by over 2,000 adult voluntary local leaders and over 800 older 4-H Club boys and girls. The 4-H Club has the active support and cooperation of the various commercial concerns and agencies throughout the State.
There are five State 4-H Club camps located at strategic points, four for white boys and giris and one for negroes. State and county personnel cooperate to provide instruction, recreation and supervision for the 5,000 campers each summer.
Specialists assist State and county workers with project work and State programs in their respective fields. All cooperate in carrying out the annual 4-H Club short courses.
Major contributions within the State in such fields as poultry, dairying, beef cattle and hogs can be attributed largely to 4-H project work in those fields. Higher producing stock and better management practices have been demonstrated to the State through 4-H. The major objective, however, is the development of the boys and girls, in which project work has its part.
CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES
Conservation of resources has been a basic part of Extension programs for many years. The conservation program includes the following major projects:
1. Conservation of soils through demonstrations and assisting farmers with green manure crops, winter legumes, winter feed crops, terracing lands, and establishing permanent pastures.
2. Planting and protecting farm forests through four 4-H timberrazing-game demonstration forests involving over 1,200 acres of land in four counties; distribution of more than 4,000,000 slash pine seedlings to farmers in 1953 and demonstration of planting techniques; 4-11 forestry projects; demonstrations in fire protection; -rowing and distributing catalpa seedlings for fence posts; and red cedar demonstrations.
3. Wildlife management and protection throu.-h the timber-grazinggame demonstrations; 4-H wildlife projects; the wood duck nesting project; restocking lakes with fish at 4-11 camps; and an annual 4-H wildlife camp.
4. Food conservation through demonstrating correct methods; teaching families to conserve food according to a budget of family needs; advice and demonstrations on adequate storage for preserved foods; and teaching and demonstrating care and better use of equipment.

EXTENSION TRAINING FOR FOREIGN VISITORS
During 1953 the Florida Agricultural Extension Service, together with the Agricultural Experiment Station and other divisions of the University,







Annual Report, 1953


has provided special training in agriculture for 62 foreign visitors from 15 different countries. Of these, 37 were chiefly interested in agriculture and 33 received all or most of their training from the Extension staff. The training periods in Extension for these visitors ranged from 4 to 46 days, averaging over two working weeks for eaeh trainee. Their official positions ranged from minor officials to those directing the agricultural organizations for entire, countries.
During the year the Extension Service assisted in training professional agricultural workers from Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Egypt, Germany (Western), Indonesia, Israel, Lebanon, Nepal, the Netherlands, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand and Turkey. Florida's organization and production is of particular interest to many foreign workers because of the unique development here in subtropical agriculture.
Many countries have shown clearly that research knowledge in the hands of research workers or in scientific journals has little effect in improving agriculture unless there is also an effective Extension Service making research facts available to farm people in their communities and getting them put into effect on farms in the shortest possible time. This is one reason why most of the free countries of the world are now establishing Extension Services and are studying the methods and organization followed in the United States.
Most of these visitors from other lands were here under the Point IV program. Some of the benefits received from these foreign visitors, in addition to what they receive from us, are the exchange of ideas and learning about successful agricultural practices in other lands that might prove to be of value here in Florida. The intangible good will built up by this is evidenced by many letters and words of appreciation from these visitors after they returned home.

STATISTICAL REPORT, MEN AND WOMEN

Data from White County and Home Demonstration Agents' Reports
(See page 91 for data on Negro work)
GENERAL ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Farm or home visits made 71,791
Calls relating to Extension work: .-. . office 234,374; telephone 239,484 News articles or stories prepared 1.2,656
Broadcasts made or prepared: -----------------_ -------- television 93; radio 3,083
Bulletins distributed 383,122
Adult result demonstrations conducted . 7,226
Training meetings held for local leaders:
Number 2 .195
Total attendance 52,717
All other meetings agents held or participated in:
Number 20,586
Total attendance 708,640
Meetings held or conducted by local leaders:
Number -----------_- ---------- _ . 4,432
Total attendance 79,034

COOPERATIVE AGRICULTURAL PLANNING
Total number of different voluntary leaders assisting Extension agents with organization, planning and conducting of Extension work in counties:







Florida Cooperative Extension


Men - ------ 2,108
Women 5,083
Older club boys . 195
Older club girls 528
Individuals assisted to adopt recommended production and marketing practices in subject matter fields:


Crop Production Individuals assisted with: Grain crops
Hay and other forage, pasture, range . ------_----Cotton and other fibre crops Tobacco
Oil and sugar crops -----------Fruits and nuts . . Vegetables including potatoes . -- ----Flowers, ornamental shrubs


Livestock
Individuals assisted with: Dairy animals and products
Poultry and products -------Beef cattle Sheep and goats . Swine .
Other livestock .


14,112

17,830 5,153 5,936 5,698 26,935

31,522
42,840


10,893 13,972
18,234
215 13,096
1,491


Planning and Management
of the Farm Business
Individuals assisted with .-. 16,766


Conservation of Natural
Resources
Individual-, assisted with: Soil and water conservation and management -------_- 17,432 Forestry _. 4,560
Wildlife 1,689
The House and Surroundings,
Furnishings and Equipment
Individuals or families assisted with: The house and surroundings . . 24,073
Furnishings and equipment 17,363
Foods and Nutrition, Health,
Family Life and Safety Families assisted with: Foods and nutrition --- ------- 40,599 Health . 16,715
Family life 11,656
Safety 20,840


Farm Buildings and Mechanical Equipment Individuals assisted with: Farm buildings . Farm mechanical equipment


2,618

4,297


Home Management, Family
Economics and Clothing Individuals assisted with: Home management ---- . 14,938 Family economics . 6,970 Clothing 25,570

Marketing and Distribution Individuals assisted with: Information on agricultural products 27,843


ASSISTANCE GIVEN TO FORMALLY ORGANIZED COOPERATIVES
I AND TO INFORMALLY ORGANIZED GROUPS

Formally organized groups assisted Informally organized groups assisted
with: with:
Marketing and purchasing: Marketing and purchasing:
Number 116 Number 66
Members 14,881 Members 7,479
Farm and home service: Farm and home service:
Number 69 Number 76
Members 25,012 Members 5,388







Annual Report, 1953


PERSONS PARTICIPATING IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND
PUBLIC AFFAIRS PROJECTS, PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES ON WHICH AGENTS WORKED


Citizenship activities. Developing and improving county or community organization-Local projects of a general public nature:


General community problems
Improving health facilities Improving schools.-Improving churches---. Bettering town-country
relations


5,950 9,610 4,256
4,000

8,553


Libraries Roads. Telephones Community centers . Recreation programs and
facilities
Community beautification.


Regional or area development programs National programs --. World affairs
Emergency activities .


14,184 14,527

2,372
801 1,661
2,234

11,919 6,582
4,021 6,604 2,811
4,229


SUMMARY OF 4-H CLUB WORK Number of 4-11 Clubs .1,098


Number of 4-H members enrolled in and completing projects:
Enrolled: Boys-9,876; g-irls-13,488; total.
Completing: Boys-7,235; girls- 9,028; total 4-H membership:
Boys: Farm-5,838; rural non-farm-2,443; urban Girls: Farm-6,217; rural non-farm-3,845; urban 4-H projects completions by projects:


23,364 16,263


1,595
3,426


Corn
Other cereals Peanuts Soybeans and other legumes Potatoes, Irish and sweet Cotton-----Tobacco Vegetables Fruits Range and pasture -----Other crops Soil and water conservation
and management. Forestry Wildlife and nature study.Poultry . Dairy cattle Beef cattle Swine.--Rabbits Other livestock .-Bees .-----.-----------


907
34 172

20 158 101
40 3,772 321 301 91

93 327
74 2,022 1,030
904 1,073 589 65 169


Entomology
Tractor maintenance ----Electricity
Farm shop
Other engineering projects Farm management.---Beautification of home
grounds
Meal planning and preparation
Canning and preserving Freezing of foods.---Health, nursing, first aid. Child care
Clothing
Home management. Home furnishings and room
improvement.---Home industries, arts,
crafts
Junior leadership . All other
Total Projects Completed


43 196 265
4

29

1,768

5,122
884 360 1,369
1,134 5,958
533

1,595

1,101
853 1,025 34,506







14 Florida Cooperative Extension

SUMMARY OF EXTENSION
Farm families making changes in agricultural practices 33,999
Rural non-farm families making changes in agricultural practices . 17,284 Urban families making changes in agricultural practices --------------_--- 55,350
Farm families making changes in homemaking practices -----------------_- 16,811
Rural non-farm families making changes in homemaking practices . 15,995 Urban families making changes in homemaking practices . 42,060 Total different farm families assisted by Extension programs . 40,887 Total different rural non-farm families assisted by Extension programs 27,782
Total different -urban families assisted by Extension programs, -------- 78,202







Annual Report, 1953 ~ 15



EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT

J. Francis Cooper, Editor
Clyde Beale, Associate Editor
J. N. Joiner, Assistant Editor
S. L. Burgess. Assistant Editor

Visual aids equipment in the department was expanded slightly during the year, but is still far from being adequate. The number of bulletins printed was about usual, but the number of circulars was increased. Demand for publications continued heavy.
Assistant Editor L. Odell Griffith resigned August 31 and was succeeded on September 16 by Samuel L. Burgess. Assistant Editor Jasper N. Joiner transferred to ornamentals and citrus work on December 1, immediately following this reporting year.
All of the Extension Editors continued to devote approximately onehalf of their time to duties of the Agricultural Experiment Station, by whom they are cooperatively employed. The Editor continued also to serve as distribution officer for USDA publications.

PUBLICATIONS
One new bulletin (153) was printed in two colors and three others in black and white. The four ranged in size from 12 to 112 pages, totaling 188, and in edition from 10,000 to 30,000, totaling 85,000 copies. Six new circulars ranging in. size from 4 to 16 pages, totaling 48, and in edition from 10,000 to 20,000, totaling 77,000 copies, also were printed. Revised editions of four circulars, each six pages and 7,500 in number, were issued. Thus the bulletin and circular series accounted for 272 pages and 192,000 copies in the year's printing.
Miscellaneous materials printed included the annual report for the Florida National Egg-Laying Test, the biennial report for the State Soil Conservation Board, a folder for this Board, Let's Practice Soil and Water Conservation, a 4-H Club electricity record book and various report forms and programs.
Following is a list of major items published during the fiscal year ending June 30:
Pages Edition
Bul. 153 Asparagus Fern Culture, by William J1. Platt, Jr. 12 10,000


Bul. 154 Brooding Chicks, Producing Broilers, Raising
Pullets, by N. R. Mebrhof and J. S. Moore. . 40 Bul. 155 Canning Florida Fruits and Vegetables, by Alice
L. Cromartie .- 24
Bul. 156 Miscellaneous Tropical and Sub-Tropical Florida
Fruits, by Harold Mowry, L. R. Toy, H. S.
Wolfe and George D. Ruehie. ._. . 112 Circ. 111 Portable All-Purpose Poultry House, by J. S.
Moore and N. R. Mehrhof . . .S8 Circ. 1.12 Electricity Made Easy, by A. M. Pettis . 16 Circ. 113 An Electric Chick Brooder, by A. M. Pettis and
J. Clyde Driggers . 1.- 4
Circ. 114 TV Tips, by A. M. Pettis.-----. 12


20,000 30,000 25,000

20,000 10,000 10,000 10,000







Florida Cooperative Extension


Cire. 115 Hedging of Florida Citrus, by R. E. Norr.is . 8 12,000 Circ. 116 Pruning Citrus in Relation to Disease Control,
by James F. L. Childs 12 15,000
Cire. 100 'Snap Bean Production Guide (revised) . 6 7,500 Cire. 101 Cucumber Production Guide (revised) . _ ---- 6 7,500 Cire. 102 Pepper Production Guide (revised) . . 6 7,500 Circ. 103 Squash Production Guide (revised) . . . 6 7,500
These publications, together with others and other materials and supplies, were distributed from the mailing room. County and home demonstration agents in 65 counties reported distributing 400,078 State and USDA bulletins.

NEWSPAPER AND FARM JOURNAL SERVICE
Service to Florida newspapers was expanded slightly during the reporting year (ending November 30). Beginning August 14 two "skeleton" stories a week were sent to county agents to be filled in and turned over to their papers. These were used widely and appreciated by the agents.
The weekly clipsbeet, Agricultural News Service, was printed and distributed weekly for its 30th year. It was sent to weekly papers, dailies requesting it, farm magazines, county and home demonstration agents, vocational agriculture teachers and others working with groups of farm people. It contained from 8 to 15 stories each week and served the Extension Service, Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, State Plant Board, and some Florida offices of U. S. Department of Agriculture agencies.
Spot news stories and current information continued to be released to the Associated Press wire service at the rate of two to seven stories a week. Occasional stories were sent direct to one or more daily newspapers and occasional mats were supplied to both'daily and weekly papers.
Material supplied by Extension Editors to farm magazines was used in much larger quantities this year. Seven Florida jourQs and one magazine section printed 33 articles amounting to 818 column inches; two Southern journals used four stories for'90 column inches, and two national magazines printed two stories in 27 column inches.
County and home demonstration agents in 64 counties reported preparing 13,035 news stories for their local papers.

RADIO AND TELEVISION
More recorded features were sent to Florida radio stations this year than ever before. Six stations were sent 41 tapes containing 69 talks by Extension workers and other talks by Experiment Station staff members and others. One tape supplied by a rational organization was sent to one station.
One television show relating to Extension was staged over a Jacksonsonville station under supervision of the Extension Editors.
The Florida Farm Hour over WRUF, the University of Florida station in Gainesville, continued to be a major radio outlet and celebrated its 25th year on the air. It went on every week day except two, on which the Farm Hour was canceled to permit the station to carry inauguration ceremonies for Governor McCarty and President Eisenhower. The 311 programs staged presented about 1,000 speaking parts, including talks. interviews and group features. It carried 83 talks by Extension specialists, 133 by Experiment Station staff members. 21 by College of Agriculture workers,







Annual Report, 1953


12 by a home economist for an electric cooperative, 11 by state employees of the Production and Marketing Administration, 3 by State Plant Board workers, 2 by faculty members of the School of Forestry, I by the state dairy supervisor, 1 by a former provost for a-riculture and 3 by the present provost for agriculture at the Universit;
Extension Editorial workers, in addition, presented farm news daily for 309 days, 50 weekly editorials, 49 weekly home economics notes, and 50 weekly farm question box programs. Farm flashes from the USDA were broadcast on 120 seven-minute spots.
Three remote control features were broadcast, two from the Florida State Fair at Tampa and one from the Lake County Fair and Sportmen's Exposition. Also, three specially recorded features were aired over the Florida Farm Hour, two from the Central Florida Expositi-on in Orlando and one from the Poultry Institute at Camp McQuarrie.' Agriculturual transcriptions broadcast included two from the USDA and two from commercial organizations.
Others appearing on the Farm Hour during the year included two doctors, one priest, one Production Credit Association secretary, one Farmers' Home Administration employee, two visitors from Nepal, one magazine editor, at least 10 visiting scientists, 10 or more 4-H Club boys, five or more 4-H Club girls, and 10 or more home demonstration club women, farmers and cattlemen.
Farm Flashes sent five days a week to 43 other stations or county agents included 259 features, of which 130 were by Experiment Station staff members, 73 by Extension, 40 by USDA, and 16 by others.
About five minutes of Florida Farm Review copy was sent weekly to the Associated Press for distribution to 22 Florida stations on its teletype circuit and 26 Fortnightly Review of Florida Agriculture scripts were sent direct to 33 stations not on the AP circuit.
County and home demonstration agents in 42 counties reported 3,141 radio talks and those in six counties reported making 93 television appearances.
VISUAL AIDS AND MISCELLANEOUS
Equipment for animated exhibits was obtained and used and a special 4-H Club exhibit prepared by the Visual Aids Editor was shown at four fairs. Public address systems, motion picture projectors and slide throwers were maintained and used.
The filmstrip and slide libraries continue to be expanded slowly. Only a few motion picture films are maintained in this office, and all were used frequently. Agents were assisted in obtaining films from the General Extension Division depository.
The Editors spoke to four groups totaling 239 people. They included a brief talk, accompanied by a motion picture, on foot and mouth disease eradication, and classes in Extension methods and forestry.
The Editor continued to serve as a member of the agriculture and publicatiods committees of the local Chamber of Commerce and the University's Public Relations Council. Representatives of several foreign countries were shown the work of the Extension Editorial Office.







Florida Cooperative Extension


SAFETY AND FIRE PREVENTION

Frances C. Cannon and L. T. Nieland

The Health Education Specialist and the Extension Forester were assigned responsibility for the Farm and Home Safety Program in addition to their other duties. This program was carried on during the year by working through County Agents and Home Demonstration Agents throughout the State.
The Extension Editor and his staff rendered close cooperation by assuming responsibility for sending to all agents the National Safety Council's Farm Safety packets. This material provided the agents with excellent display material as well as instructions for carrying out an effective county-wide farm and home safety campaign.
A number of safety and fire prevention topics were covered in 1,472 home demonstration and girl's 4-H Club programs held on this subject during the year. Emphasis was placed on safety in the home, on the highway and on the farm. While all agents may not have had specific programs on safety, most reported that their safety program was a part of each phase of work. For example, safety precautions were taught in connection with such home duties as preparing food, sewing, using home equipment, etc.
Demonstrations were given by agents and club members on storing rakes and similar articles, cleaning and caring for oil heaters, making a civil defense kit, and how to look for fire hazards.
Exhibits and demonstrations on safety and fire prevention were staged by the girls and women at Florida State Fair, Florida defense meeting and achievement days. In St. Lucie County safety was used in an interesting manner in 4-H Achievement Day by one of the 4-H Clubs. Two doll houses were used-one showing safely arranged furniture and the other unsafe.
Some 'phase of safety and fire prevention was mentioned by many county agents and home demonstration agents on their radio programs and in their newspaper articles. A safety quiz in the form of a game was used widely over the State. Through these activities 18,708 families received assistance in safety and fire prevention, and 5,147 4-H members received training in farm and home safety.
The Extension Forester assisted in carrying on the state-wide 4-H safety contest and in judging the work of contestants. The State winner in 1953 was a 4-H Club boy.







Annual Report, 195.3


SUPERVISION OF COUNTY AGENTS

H. C. Clayton, Director J. Lee Smith, District Agent 2 W. J. Platt, Jr., District Agent K. S. McMullen, District Agent F. S. Perry, District Agent

On September 30, 1953, J. Lee Smith retired as District Agent for West Florida. He had served over 34 years with the Agricultural Extension Service. This position was filled on October 1, 1953, by W. J. Platt, Jr., former county agent in Volusia.


Fig. 1.-B. E. Lawton, as Florida county agent with longest service, was awarded a trophy by a well known pharmaceutical firm. The presentation was made by E. H. Finlayson (right), president of the Florida Farm Bureau, as Director H. G. Clayton (center) locked on.

A larger than usual number of vacancies occurred in county agent and assistant agent positions during the year. Marcel Boudet, county agent of Indian River County, died October 27, 1953, and J. Lawrence Edwards,
Retired September 30, 193.
Appointed October 1, 1953







Florida Cooperative Extension


assistant county agent of Dade County, died February 13, 1953. Three county agents retired and two resigned to take other positions. One assistant agent was granted military leave. One assistant agent was transferred to the state office as assistant State Boys' 4-H Club Agent, and, as mentioned, one county agent was promoted to district agent in the State .office. One new assistant county agent position was opened.
To fill the vacancies created by these changes, two assistant agents were transferred to other counties as assistants, six assistant agents were promoted to county agents and four county agents were transferred to other counties. Twelve new appointments to assistant agent positions were made. One county agent returned to his position from military leave.
To fill the assistant agent positions, the District Agents interviewed large numbers of young men interested in Extension work. From those interested they selected one or more to be recommended to the board of county commissioners in each county where there was a vacancy. . In filling county agent positions the District Agents reviewed the records of assistant agents and other county agents. Appointments were cleared with boards of county commissioners, the State Board of Control and the U. S. Department of Agricultural Extension Service. Boards of county commissioners generally expressed approval of County Agent work by raising county Extension budgets in a number of counties.
During the fall and winter months the supervisors spent time working with agents in the development of the county programs and annual plans of work. Throughout the year the supervisors worked closely with the agents in carrying out these programs.
District Agents carried on a continuous program of in-service training for both new and old agents. This was done on visits to counties, through the mails and by telephone. They also helped organize district and area, training meetings for agents and served on committees arranging for thd annual conference program.
The District Agents spent much of their time coordinating the work of the specialists in their respective districts. This included relaying requests for specialist help from the agents to the specialists and scheduling specialist work in the counties to the end that the specialists' time would be used to maximum advantage.
District Agents, with other State and county workers, helped plan and carry out institutes, short courses, fairs, livestock and citrus schools, seminars and other events.







Annual Report, 1953


AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

H. G. Hamilton, Agricultural Economist

FARM MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES

C. M. Harapson, Economist in Farm Management
Clyde E. Murphree, Assistant Economist'

The Economist in Farm Management is employed one-half time in teaching Extension Service methods and the Assistant Economist was on leave of absence the first nine months of the year for professional improvement.
Farm and Home Planning.-Farm and home planning with individuals having low-income farms continued through its thirteenth year in six counties. The agents in these counties annually are given a refresher in planning, followed by a one-day field trip visiting farm families and assisting them with farm and home planning. This project reaches about 270 families annually, resulting in added income totaling about $105,000. Because this project is limited by the amount of time county agents can devote to it and because of more demands from the farmers for assistance in farm and home planning, the Economist is experimenting with and preparing for planning with small groups among whom, through selection, there is considerable similarity in type and size of farm, tenure, education, financial rating, etc.
Developments in this project indicate clearly the need for such rule-ofthumb data as initial investment required for an enterprise, current expenses, land and equipment needed, feed and labor requirements, calendar showing peak labor loads, economic sizes of enterprises, and reasonable net returns to be expected from given units. Data are needed also on local production practices, economic effects from other than usual practices, the economy of high cost equipment and custom work, methods of assisting individuals in group meetings with their arithmetic and their decision making, and training of personnel for farm and home planning.
The Economist also experimented with farm planning among owners of farms having investments exceeding $50,000, without following the traditional detailed calculations for every enterprise on the farm. The average increase of $3,000 in net income per farm indicates favorable possibilities from such planning.
Farm Management for Retirement Farmers.-During the year a study was made of 113 retirement farmers by a graduate student, an Experiment Station research worker, and the Economist. Some conclusions reached include: retired aged persons have no interest in returns to capital invested, productive work units, labor income, and other conventional measures of the efficiency of commercial farmers. Instead, they want to know how to stretch pennies and how to produce food for the family with their very limited energy.
Economic Outlook.-The Assistant Economist, after return from leave, devoted full time to economic outlook work. Much of the time covered by this report was spent in evaluating past efforts in the economic outlook field and developing a future program. He attended the agricultural Outlook Conference in Washington October 26 to 30. Information from this
On leave of absence for graduate work until September 1, 1953.






Florida Cooperative Extension


conference and from other sources was prepared for practically every important crop in Florida. Outlook information was distributed through county agents in the form of printed matter, tape recordings, addresses to groups at the request of the County Agents, and through our Editorial Department.
Teaching Extension Service Methods.-Five different courses in Extension methods were offered during the year, four by the Economist and one by Miss Mary L. Collings of the Federal Extension Office. In addition, one course was offered at the three-week summer school for Extension workers in each of the following subjects: agricultural 'policy, soils, and poultry husbandry The enrollment for fall and winter terms totaled 72 and for the summer school 28, including 6 members of the State Extension Staff, two of whom were awarded the degree of Master of Agriculture.
Miscellaneous, Activities The two specialists participated in the following miscellaneous activities: assisted in writing Station bulletins on part-time farming and farm leases; preparing a handbook for Extension workers; planning and conducting a pasture improvement contest; 4-H Club camps and short course. Also they served as consultants to Florida Resources-Use Education Committee and Veterans Training Committee; supplied information through press and radio regarding income tax returns, keeping farm records, outlook and farm and home planning; supplied various statistical and economic data to co-workers; and conducted conferences with 17 men from five foreign countries.

CITRUS GROVE MANAGEMENT

Zach Savage, Associate Agricultural Economist, Experiment Station

Production costs per acre on bearing citrus groves increased each season from 1939-40 to 1946-47, seven successive seasons, and then decreased for three seasons to 1949-50. Increases followed for the succeeding two seasons, then there was a slight decrease for 1952-53. The 1951-52 'Production costs per acre were the highest of the 22 seasons since these studies were started$177 for operating costs and $239 with interest on estimated grove valuation included. Yields tended to increase during the period, partly due to increasing maturity of groves.
For the five-year period 1945-50 average yields by varieties from highest to lowest ranged from early oranges (highest), late oranges, Temples, tangerines, to midseason oranges (lowest). For the 20-year period, the order was: early oranges (highest), late oranges, midseason oranges, Temples, and tangerines (lowest). Yield here is taken as "commercial yield" or boxes harvested-some fruit is not harvested, particularly tangerines, during seasons of low prices or small sizes.
During five seasons (1945-50) the growers in this group received prices varying from Temples (highest), late oranges, early oranges, midseason oranges, to tangerines (lowest). Also, during this period the net returns over operating costs were in that same order, with late oranges having only a slight advantage over early oranges.
Florida's grapefruit trees produce heavily and yields averaged one-fourth higher than late oranges of comparable ages for the same five seasons. They also yielded higher than other citrus except early oranges which were about equal. During this same period all grapefruit prices averaged 81 cents, about 48 percent of the price received for late oranges. The average price for seeded grapefruit was 74 cents, as compared with 90 cents for seedless grapefruit, or 44 and 54 percent, respectively, of late orange prices for the period. Net returns over operating costs were higher on seedless than







Annual Report, 1953 23

seeded grapefruit and both were exceeded by the three kinds of oranges and Temples. Tangerines were the least profitable of the seven groups of citrus mentioned.
World production of oranges, grapefruit and tangerines in 1952-53 was estimated at 366 million boxes-exceeding the largest yield ever produced by 15 million boxes or 4 percent. Since 1948-49 Florida has produced more oranges and tangerines annually than any other state or country. In 195253 Florida produced 44 percent as many oranges and tangerines as all countries outside North America and 54 percent of the North American yield. The Florida crop was'63 percent of the U. S. crop. The 1952-53 U. S. grapefruit crop at 36 million boxes was 57 percent of peak production in 1945-46 and 89 percent of the 1952-53 world production. Florida produced 75 percent of the world production that season, which was 85 percent of the U. S. production.
Growers realize that quAlity of fruit is of increasing importance in securing better prices and more profits. At the same time high yields have not decreased in importance. Poorproducing trees should be replaced with the best nursery stock available and vacancies should never be found in a grove. For the 11-year period ending 1951, groves of small acreage returned as much profit per acre and per box as did groves of larger acreage. In no way were the small acreage groves at an economic disadvantage.
Good management of groves cannot be over-emphasized. Good groves are usually under-valued and the best buys unless purchased for speculation or capital gain. Florida citrus grove sizes will remain largely matters of promotion and economics, since groves are usually operated with hired labor and only a small part of the product is used at home. People contemplating the purchase of grove property should recognize that citrus production is a highly competitive enterprise.
In 1952 United States exports of oranges and tangerines were 7.7 million boxes, or 6.2 percent of its production. This was 13.2 percent of world exports. United States grapefruit exports that season were 1.7 million boxes, or 4.0 percent of its 'production and 56 percent of world exports, making this country the world's leading export nation for grapefruit.
If irrigation is to be profitable, it should increase yields sufficiently to more than repay its cost. Each grower should check to determine if irrigation is profitable on his grove.
Yields of less than 200 boxes per acre were obtained in 10 percent of the 192 account groves over 10 years old in 1950-51, while 9 percent had yields of more than 550 boxes, the average being 360 boxes. Operating costs varied from $66.62 to $368.31 per acre and from 20 cents to $6.73 per box, with 27 percent less than $125 per acre and 22 percent more than $225, while 12 percent had costs of less than 30 cents per box and 13 percent over 80 cents. Of these groves 10 percent did not return operating costs that season and 20 'percent returned $400 or more per acre above operating costs. Over the 20-year period (1931-51) 19 percent of these groves failed to return operating costs and 15 percent returned $400 or more above operating costs.
Persons retiring or purchasing groves for a livelihood should consider all points before purchasing. It is important to purchase ample acreage if one expects a reasonable return.
During the past year 200,125 pages of material were issued representing 22,425 copies of eight publications, 10 different sheets of data, two form letters, and two forms for use in compilations.







Florida Cooperative Extensiou


Fig. 2-This group of winning 4-H Club members and leaders attended the annual meeting of the National Council of Farmer Cooperatives. The Shady Grove Club in Taylor County won the Florida cooperative activities contest.

4-H Cooperative Activity Contest.-The Specialist worked closely with the State Boys' 4-H Club Agent in operating a 4-H Cooperative Activity Contest sponsored by the Extension Service. This was designed to give 4-H boys some elementary farm business training, including marketing. Awards in the contest were provided by the Florida Council of Farmer Cooperatives, for which this Specialist served as Executive Secretary. He prepared all material necessary for the contest, including, announcement, regulations, score sheet, record sheets, report outline, suggested talks and demon stations, and numerous letters to all county agents. Participation by clubs was good. Winning clubs were declared in all 10 Florida 4-H districts and for the State.


MARKETING

E. W. Cake, Extension Econonlist in Marketing

Extension Marketing work for Florida was handled by one man during the year. The summary of the inost important projects handled during this time is given here.







Annual Report, 1953


FFA Cooperative Activity Contest.-As Executive Secretary of the Florida Council of Farmer Cooperatives this Specialist spearheaded the contest, working closely with those in charge of Florida FFA. This contest also was designed to give training in farm business, including marketing. The same materials were prepared by the Specialist as in the 4-H contest. Participation and results were good and winners were chosen in all six Florida FFA districts and the State winner went on to be National winner.
Avocado Marketing Agreement.-At the request of the Dade County Agent, who had been working on the idea many years, the Specialist prepared a suggested Federal Marketing Agreement for avocado growers. He explained the agreement and other marketing problems at three grower meetings in Dade County. Growers and handlers are pushing ahead to get the agreement into operation and success appears probable.
Egg and Poultry Marketing The Specialist worked closely with the County Agent and leading producers in the Masaryktown section to form a new egg and poultry marketing cooperative. This organization is now handling over 600 cases of eggs weekly at 2 cents per dozen more than was previously secured. This cooperative organization also is saving its members $1.00 per bag on egg mash, or an additional 5 cents per dozen eggs. Work was continued, as started the previous year, in the Tampa area on egg and poultry marketing. This involved further investigation of marketing in the area, reports at meetings to producers, and work with groups attempting to do something about problems. Similar work in egg marketing was carried on in Pinellas County, where the cooperative in operation needs to increase its volume and improve its operating procedure.
Improved Handling of Potatoes.-The Specialist worked with the County Agent in the Hastings potato area in making results of recent research on improved handling of potatoes available to growers and shippers. This was done at meetings and by many personal contacts in the area.
Honey Marketing.-At the request of honey producers, the Specialist wrote a bill that allows Florida honey producers to have their honey certified by State Inspectors as pure tupelo, orange, or other variety. The bill was passed without opposition in the State Legislature. Producers believe this will help in their marketing program. The Specialist also worked with the Extension Apiculturist and three County Agents in helping beekeeper organizations and their marketing cooperative.
Farmers Markets.-At the request of either County Agents or grower groups, work was carried on with committees at five different farmers' markets, meeting with each committee two or three times during the year. These five markets were Gainesville, Plant City, Starke, Wauchula, and Webster. Suggestions were made on improving market operation and rendering more and better service to growers, thus increasing grower support and returning better prices to growers.
New Cooperatives-Six other grower groups and County Agents requested help in forming new cooperatives during'the year. These included two in Collier County and one each in Hernando, Martin, Palm Beach, and Pinellas counties. Suggested charters, by-laws, and other papers were prepared for each of these. Five of them are now operating successfully.
Other State Organizations.-The Specialist helped the directors of the Florida Fruit and Vegetable Association to draw up a suggested project for an Extension Vegetable Marketing Specialist they hope Florida may ,obtain. Also, he worked with this organization in conducting a poll among celery and tomato growers to determine whether they would favor marketing agreements. He worked with the directors of the Florida Express Ship-







26 Florida Cooperative Extension

pers League to 'plan a program which the Extension Service will assist them to start during the coming year.
4-H Summer Short Course and Camping Program.-Assistance was given the State 4-11 Club Agents in their short course and camping program. At short course the Specialist led singing at assemblies of the 450 boys twice daily during the week and had charge of the awards presentation assembly program. He attended a 4-H camp for another week and taught a class there each morning and led singing at assemblies twice daily.
Outlook Work.-During the first eight months of the year, while the Economic Outlook Specialist was on leave of absence, the Marketing Specialist handled as much as 'possible of the outlook work. This involved developing material for numerous outlook talks covering a wide range of products and presenting these at many places.
Extension Service Institute and Schools Program.-This Specialist worked with other specialists and with district agents in putting on various grower institutes in Florida. This involved a week's work at the Citrus Institute at Camp McQuarrie, where he served as song leader at all assemblies and panel leader on a marketing discussion. Talks were given at the Poultry Institute at Camp McQuarrie, at the West Florida Citrus Institute at Brooksville and the farm and home institutes at Camp Timpoochee and Camp Cherry Lake. Talks also were given at the Extension Beef Cattle School held at Orlando and the Poultry School at Belleview. These talks required the preparation of papers and charts.








Annual Report, 1953


AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND FARM
ELECTRIFICATION

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

Thomas C. Skinner, Agricultural Engineer'
John M. Johnson, Agricultural En.-ineer '

The Agricultural Engineering Extension program emphasizes farm buildings, housing, electrification, machinery, irrigation and drainage. County Extension Agents reported assisting 43,649 farmers and farm families in various phases of the engineering program during the year.
Farm Structures.-This includes farm service buildings and farm housing. The Florida Farm Building Plan Service is a part of this program which reached 33,055 fan-lilies this year, or 10.8 percent more than in 1952. Visual aids were used in training agents and local leaders, and in promotional work to interest farmers in making needed changes. Visual aids now on hand include five large colored charts, four large blueprints, six posters and 25 scale models of farm buildings. These have found extensive use during the year in training schools and as displays and exhibits at State and county fairs and shows. The Florida Farm Building Plan Service is conducted in cooperation with the USDA Regional Plan Service Exchange. During the year the Specialist met with 10 groups interested in special buildings.
Farm Machincry Florida farmers continue to add more mechanical equipment each year to reduce labor costs, expand acreage and reduce drudgery. In 1953 agents assisted 6,269 farmers with farm machinery or equipment problems. There were 303 4-H boys from 33 counties enrolled in tractor maintenance projects. They conducted numerous demonstrations at fairs and farmers' meetings. The Specialist encouraged farm equipment and machinery dealers and distributors to participate, display, and demonstrate their equipment at farmers' gatherings. Fifty such demonstrations were held. Two adult machinery maintenance schools were held during the year with an attendance of 48 white farmer owners and operators at one and 14 Negro farmer owners and operators at the other.
Farm Processing Facilities-It is often important for farmers to go beyond the production stage in realizing the largest returns possible from their products. The preparation of farm products for sale or for home use is an important step in a balanced farm program.
Assistance was given by county Extension agents to farm people in preparing their products for market and home use. Available information on curing tobacco, farm drying of hay and seed and treating fence posts and lumber was disseminated through leaflets, newsletters, and magazine articles. The mimeographed leaflet "Treating Fence Posts," prepared by the Specialist in cooperation ' with the Extension Farm Forester, was widely used. Hay and seed drying has continued to receive much attention. The slated floor seed and grain dryer and the Florida combination dryer, both developed by the Extension Agricultural Engineer, are being used throughout the State lay farmers and commercial seedsmen. Largely due to Extension activity, there are now approximately 200 dryers on farms in Florida.
5 Appointed September 16, 1953.
6 Resigned September 10, 19,53.









Florida Cooperatice Ext ths2of


Irrigation and Drainage-Activities in these two programs, are limited chiefly to personal service work. The Specialist gave talks and demonstrations on irrigation at five meetings to over 250 farmers. Three irrigation manufacturers were furnished information on Florida's irrigation problems, and recommendations were made for needed new equipment.

FARM ELECTRIFICATION

A. MI. Pettis, Assistant Agricultural Engineer and Farm Electrification Specialist

The farm electrification program was designed to assist rural people with problems concerning electricity. This has been carried out through the County Extension Agents, the various power suppliers of Florida, and the State Extension office. The following activities have received attention:
Wiring.-Good wiring is the basis of successful farm electrification. It must be carefully planned for future needs to avoid overloading, which results in fire hazard and poor operation of equipment. The promotion of good wiring wvas carried out by talks-, demonstrations, exhibits, and printed articles . A voltage drop wiring panel constructed by the Specialist was use. successfully to teach good wiring. It shows vividly that appliances give better results when used on good wiring. The Specialist trained 4-H Club members and loaned them this equipment for teaching others.
Lighting.-Good lighting has been promoted extensively during 1953. A leaflet entitled "A Good Reading Lamp" was prepared and distributed to farmers, 4-H members, and farm leaders over the State. Advice, assistance, and exhibit materials were furnished County Extension workers who made lighting exhibits at county fairs. The Specialist planned and assisted in conducting a good reading lamp contest at the annual 4-H Boys' Short Course. Twelve counties entered lamps in the State contest, with awards to first, second and third place winners as follows: a radio to Lake County; a fan to Volusia: and a soldering iron to Sumter County.


Fig. 3.-These 4-H boys were winners in the lamp making contest.








Annual Report, 1953


Farm Equipment.-Infra-red brooding for chicks was investigated and extensively promoted. Equipment on infra-red lamps was constructed to demonstrate the nature of infra-red energy. This gave a striking and easily comprehended visual demonstration of how this form of energy acts in 'practical use with poultry. The Specialist also assisted in the installation and construction of electric hotbeds for sweet potato plants. Irrigation, using electric motors, was promoted and publicized and brooders for pigs and chicks were loaned to County Agents for use in county fair exhibits.
Home Equipment.-County and State training meetings have been held to give home demonstration agents and other rural women leaders instruction on home electric equipment. A two-year correspondence course on television was completed by the Specialist, enabling him to prepare Extension Circular 114, "TV Tips." Florida is believed to be the first State to have such a publication for rural people. During the past year, Florida farm people have shown more interest in television than in any other home electric use.
4-H Electric Program.-Considerable emphasis has been placed this year on the 4-H farm and home electric program. Circular 112, "Electricity Made Easy," was revised to help 4-H members enrolled in electrical projects. A record book was prepared especially for negroes, and other literature was made available which helped them improve the quality of their work in such projects. A $50 bond and seven gold medals were awarded negro 4-H members for outstanding work.
More than 1,000 4-H members at Boys' short course, Girls' short course, the negro short course, and four 4-H camps were taught by this Specialist. One-fourth of the demonstrations given by 4-H members at the 1953 State Fair were on electricity subjects. Gold medals for outstanding work were awarded to 63 4-H members as compared to 40 the previous year. Five major additional awards, consisting of a trip to Chicago and four valuable appliances, were presented to the 4-H members doing the most outstanding work in this project. The national sponsor is the Westinghouse Electric Corporation and the State sponsor is the Florida REA Cooperatives Association.
Power Supplier Cooperati6n As of July 1, 1953, 46,532 Florida farms, 81.7 percent of the total, were receiving electric service from 15 electric (REA) cooperatives, four major power companies, and several small companies and municipalities. The Specialist cooperated with all power suppliers to increase the effectiveness of the farm electrification program. Each month articles on electric subjects were sent to electric co-ops for use in their monthly news publications. Cooperation with electric co-ops resulted in electric demonstrations being given by 4-H members at half of the co-op annual meetings.
Coordination of County Work-The Specialist kept county Extension workers acquainted withpersonnel of the rural electric co-ops. He also has arranged for invitations to interested Extension agents to attend annual co-op meetings and for them to receive co-op monthly publications.
Teaching and Training-Training meetings were held in eight counties for Extension agents and 4-H members, and the 4-11 electric program was discussed at four district training meetings. Training in farm electrification was given to all negro county and home demonstration agents at the annual negro Extension conference. Adult white women were trained at the Farm and Home Institute and at the meeting of the State Home Demonstration Council.
A honey-electric training school was held at Camp McQuarrie in cooperation with the Extension Apiculturist; practical training in electricity








Florida Cooperative Extension


was given the 20 agents and 4-H members attending. During the past year electrical materials for demonstrations and exhibits were loaned 28 times to agents in 17 counties.
New Electrical Uses.-Some of the new electrical appliances investigated and publicized during the past year by this Specialist have been nut crackers. dehorners, animal clippers, television sets, farm welders, beat pumps, and room coolers.
Rural 'Telephones.-Advice and assistance was given farm leaders representing rural people desiring telephone service. Close cooperation was maintained with representatives of the Rural Electrification Administration, which lends money to increase and improve rural telephone service. Six such loans have been 'made in Florida and approximately 12,000 Florida farms, about 21 percent of the total, now have telephone service.
Publicity.-The Specialist prepared 57 articles on farm electrification during the 'past year and articles were sent to publications throughout the State, through the office of the Extension Editor, as well as to co-op publications, state and national magazines, and to -national bulletins and other news sources. Six radio talks and tape recordings were made for use over the State.
AdditicnaI Assistance.-It is estimated that more than 8,500 persons, both white and negro, including rural adults and 4-11 members, Extension agents and other farm leaders, attended a total of 102 talks and demonstrations by the Farm Electrification Specialist this year. Many Florida Extension, USDA, and commercial publications have been distributed and numerous inquiries have been answered.
County Extension workers' records show that they have assisted farm people with electrification problems in 1953 as follows:
Problems Concerning White Negro Total
Water and sewage systems 1,164 209 1,373
Electrical systems 975 182 1,157
Home equipment 8,630 392 9,022
Irrigation 1,163- 76 1,239
Electricity for income purposes 1,034 297 1,331







Annual Report, 1953


AGRONOMY

J. R. Henderson, Extension Agronomist

The Extension Agronomy work during the year was designed to bring to the attention of county agents, industry groups, and others who work with farmers information on soil and crop management practices that would help farmers to maintain or improve soil fertility, increase yields, and improve the quality of their field crops and pastures.
Major activities included: Preparing and distributing to county agents field crop production guides; conferences with county agents in state-wide and area groups for presentation of subject-matter information and discussion of Extension methods; meetings with industry groups to acquaint them better with research results and Extension recommendations pertaining to the production and management of field crops and pastures; handling the distribution of foundation seed of field crops; handling individual letter and office inquiries.
Field Crop Production Guides. New mimeographed production guides for corn, cotton, peanuts and flue-cured tobacco were prepared and distributed to county agents in early January. A mimeographed soybean production guide, prepared by Station workers, was distributed to all county agents.
Conferences with County Agents.-A two-day training school for County Agents in the field crops was held in Quincy in December. The latest research results were presented and discussed and county Extension activities planned. At the annual State-wide conference of county agents held in October, the Agronomist summarized soil testing information and recommendations and acted as a member of a panel which discussed the economics of beef cattle production in Florida.
Work with Industry Groups.-Tbe project leader acted as moderator of a panel which discussed the latest findings on fertilization of pastures at the annual meeting of the Florida Agricultural Research Institute.
In cooperation with other specialists and officers of the Florida Seedsmen's Association, the annual State-wide seedsmen's short course was again held on the campus of the University. The Agronomist also J)lanned and moderated a discussion of new varieties of field crops at the annual meeting of the Florida Seedsmen's Association.
Through cooperation with officers of the Central Florida Cattlemen's Association and the Extension Service, a 13-lecture cattlemen's school, for which more than 250 cattlemen registered, was held at Orlando and Tavares. The specialist assisted with planning the program and gave two lectures on soils and pastures.
The Agronomist gave a general talk on pastures at the annual meeting of the Florida Dairy Association and authored an article on winter pastures which was published in the September issue of Florida Dairy News.
The Agronomist assisted the Experiment Station Turf Specialist and officers of the Florida Turf Association in planning the program for the first annual University of Florida Turf Conference. He appeared on the program as a speaker on the major characteristics of soils in relation to turf management.
Distribution of Foundation Seed of Field Crops-The specialist solicited applications, and distributed through the county agents' offices, Station-produced foundation seed of Dixie 18 corn, Florispan Runner and Dixie Runner peanuts, and Floriland, Sunland, and Seminole oats.







32 Florida Cooperative Extension

Cooperation with others.-The Extension Agronomist worked closely with the District Agents in planning meetings, conferences and tours. Mutual exchange of information on progress of county programs in agronomy was the rule throughout the year.
The 4-H Club leaders and the Extension Agronomists worked together in planning corn production projects of 4-H Club boys and in staging the State 4-H Club Corn Show.
In holding State-wide, area and county meetings, the leaders of the agronomy project received the wholehearted cooperation of the specialists in vegetable production, citriculture, ornamentals, animal husbandry, dairying, agricultural economics, agricultural engineering and entomology.
Working relationships with the research personnel was excellent. Experiment Station workers gave their time freely, appearing as speakers on subject-matter programs and going over their work wii the project leaders. Each branch station at which agronomy research projects were carried was visited at least once during the year for observation of the work in progress. Production problems for which solutions were needed were brought to the attention of Station workers and assistance was given in planning new research projects on both so-.Is and field crops.
Assistance was given the State Department of Agriculture in carrying out its program of seed certification, and the Farmers Home Administration, by supplying field crop production recommendations.
Most of the State-level activities were designed to assist the County Agents, either directly or indirectly, in carrying out their programs of work.
Many county problems were handled by correspondence, but on-the-spot assistance was given with certain activities, such as local meetings, tours and field days. The project leaders assisted with 59 county meetings, at which subject-matter information was presented and discussed.
Activities and Results.-Reports from the county workers show that they spent a total of 8,566 days on crop production. A breakdown of this activity, showing the number of farmers assisted with various phases of field crop production, is given below:

Number of Farmers Assisted by County Workers with Various Field Crop Production Problems:
Cotton
Hav and Oil and
Problem Grain anA Other To- Sugar
Crops Forage Fiber bacco Crops
Crops Crops
Use of improved
varieties and strains 9,055 8,067 2,548 1,788 3,101
Use of fertilizers . 10,383 9,662 2,863 3,643 3,596 Control of injurious
insects 4,321 4,001 2,987 3,599 3,536
Control of diseases . 1,866 1,521 823 3,207 1,395
Harvesting, storing, and
curing 4,554 4,055 827 3,243 2,837

Crop yields are considered to be good guides to the effectiveness of Extension programs in crop production. However, yields for a single year are less reliable indicators than those for longer periods. Comparative yields of the major field crops for tb(. last two five-year periods were as follows:







Annual Report, 195.5 33

Average Yields of Principal Field Crops Grown in Florida for the Last Two Five-Year Periods:

Yieldl per Acre '/ Increase During
Crops 1944-19-18 1949-1953 Last 5-Year Period
Corn, bushels .10.7 15.0 40
Cotton, pounds.---186.6 215.4 15
Peanuts, pounds ------ 637.0 857.0 35
Flue-cured tobacco,
pounds.952.6 1,107.2 16
Oats, bushels . 18.9 23.4 24








Florida Cooperative Extension


ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Oliver F. Goen, Extension Animal Husbandman'
James E. Pace, Assistant Animal Industrialist

Beef cattle numbers in Florida increased 10.1 percent, from 1,250,000 as of January 1, 1952, to 1,376,000 as of January 1, 1953. Florida ranks 13th among the states in total numbers of beef cattle, but is relatively low in total pounds produced and quality of beef. This indicates that most Florida beef cattle herds still need much improvement.
Swine on Florida farms decreased 8.7 percent, from 610,000 head to 531,000 head, during the year ending January 1, 1953. For the same period their values decreased from $13,725,000 to $10,567,000. Florida will probably continue to be a deficit state in pork production in the foreseeable years.
4-H Club Activities One of the continued primary efforts of the Specialist has been to stress the importance of livestock improvement in Florida. Expansion in 4-H livestock projects has been encouraged as a means of achieving this objective. A commercial steer sale was held in August 1953 with the cooperation of the Arcadia Livestock Market. Approximately 150 steers were sold and the results of this first trial were so good that the project is being expanded.
The Fourth Annual 4-H Fat Barrow Show was held in Tallahassee, but due to the outbreak of vesicular exanthema in the State, not as many barrows were exhibited as in recent years. However, there was a decided improvement in quality.
The State Champion 4-11 Livestock Judging Team competed in the National 4-H Judging Contest in Chicago. The Florida team tied for 11th place, with 28 teams competing. The trip to Chicago was sponsored by the Tampa Morning Tribune. Five area livc-stock judging schools were conducted over the State for 4-H boys during the year in cooperation with the State 4-H Club Leader.
The following table summarizes the year's 4-H livestock activities:
Units Involved
Members Members in Completed
Enrolled Completing Projects
Beef cattle . ----------------- 1,351 1,030 2,191
Swine 1,952 1,473 4,148
Sheep 1 1 7
Other livestock . .- 104 6 5 257

Other Activities.-A 13-week Cattlemen's School was conducted in Lake and Orange counties in. cooperation with those County Agents, the Extension Agronomist, and Experiment Station personnel. Classes were held one night each week and each class was attended by approximately 200 cattlemen.
A two-day refresher school was conducted at the North Florida Experiment Station for the County Agents of West Florida. The Extension Agronomist and the Extension animal husbandry personnel cooperated in this. The Animal Husbandmen discussed feeding, breeding, management, disease, and parasite problems.
On military leave.






Annual Report, 1953


A well-attended Swine Producer's Field Day was held in August at Quincy. The Assistant Animal InduArialist worked closely with the Florida Swine Producer's Association and Experiment Station personnel in making this event a success.
During the past year the Assistant Animal Industrialist gave 12 talks to cattlemen's associations, five talks to general farmer groups, and attended three farm tours. Also, he judged six livestock shows and assisted with the management of many others. He spent 133 days in the field, working primarily with County Agents.

SUMMARY OF RESULTS 19i3


Beef Sheep and Other
Cattle Swine Goats Livestock

6,790 4,949 70 406

7,897 7,828 92 403


7,602 6,835 93 303


6,339 9,242 106 321


Farmers employing proper selection and breeding practices Farmers employing proper feeding practices ----Farmers employing proper external parasite control methods ---------Farmers employing proper disease and internal parasite control methods
Farmers employing efficient work methods


3,327 . 44 239







Florida Cooperative Extension


APICULTURE

John D. Haynie, Ex'ension Apiculturist

The Extension program in apiculture in Florida includes both production and marketing. Since the major problenis here are in the marketing field, it has received the most time ard attention.
The 1953 Florida honey crop was produced several weeks earlier than usual. Export orders were received before the crop was extracted and there was a constant demand as a result of such orders. European orders were for over 2,000,000 pounds in 1953, abot the same as in 1952. Most of the 1953 orders had to be filled from the Southeastern and Southwestern States, since Northern honey was not then available. This eliminated the supply of Florida honey and left packers without any citrus honey for months, creating a problem for thc retail home trade.
Only 104,000 pounds of honey has been placed under the loan program in Florida this year, according to the Production and Marketing Administration. The 1953 honey crop is believed to have broken all records for earliness in moving from producer's hands and for the small amounts of stock ca'r'ed over in packer's hands.
Tupelo Honey Certification,-The Floridla producers -f tupelo honey have for years desired some method of certification so that they could assure their customers as to grade and kind. A dozen 'tmaples of tupelo honey were collected from producers three years a.-o by the Extension Apiculturist

Fig. 4.-Preparing honey jelly in the laboratory in an effort to expand the market for this Florida sweet.







Annual Report, 1953


and sent to the USDA Eastern Regional Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, for analysis. This has been repeated each year. The data from this, including dextrose-levulose ratio and moisture content, have made it possible for the Food Inspection Department of the State Department of Agriculture to initiate a program for inspecting and grading the 1954 honey crop. The Extension Mariketing Specialist and the Gulf County agent assisted the beekeepers to start this certification program of tupelo honey. A bill has passed the Florida Legislature authorizing the inspection of tupelo honey.
Citrus honey producers now want a similar program for inspection and certification. Citrus honey samples were collected in the spring of 1953 in order to study factors affecting the color of honey and to start analysis work for a certification program.
Florida Honey Co-operative.-This organization has packed over 5,000,000 pounds of honey since it was organized in 1949, mostly in barrels and 60-pound containers. It handles most of the honey produced by its members, although some members pack a part of their crop.
The Cooperative asked that a label be prepared to be used on five-pound pails for marketing Florida orange blossom honey for its members or for any beekeeper interested in packing a "number one grade" of citrus honey. The Apiculturist designed the label for this and a final order for these labels was delivered after the 1953 citrus honey season was over. Contents of these cans will be inspected for grade ana quality and beekeepers not maintaining number one grade standards will be required to remove container and honey from the market and will not be furnished more cans.
State and County Fairs.-Prior to 1953 the Apiculturist has done more work at the State Fair than in district and county fairs. The beekeepers' exhibits at the Florida State Fair in Tampa have been excellent and have stimulated the initiation and expansion of mrore and better beekeeping exhibits at local fairs. In 1953 eight such individual county exhibits were promoted and one group of beekeepers exhibited at a district fair in addition to eight beekeepers exhibiting at the State Fair. These local exhibits are seen by many people who do not 'have an opportunity to see the State Fair exhibits. Two beekeepers promoted apiary exhibits in their county fairs for the first time this past year.
Florida Forest Service.-Most of Florida's honey is from natural plants. For this the apiaries are operated in natural wooded areas protected from fire. The Florida Forest Service is depended upon to keep fires from destroying gallberry (Ilex), titi, saw palmetto and many other low, bush-type nectar plants. Since these and certain gum trees need cooperative management, the Forest Service has established a nursery to propagate and dis ,tribute tupelo, black gumn, and tulip poplar seedlings to beekeepers, landowners and timber-growing firms.
1411 Apiary Awards.-Each year a large seed company contributes apiary euuipmEnt and supplies for prizes to 4-11 Club members in apiary projects on a State-wide basis. The 1953 winners were: Allen Jones, Raker County; Arthur Brady, Orange: and Lee Howell, Alachua County.
Cooperative Hive Project with Bpeekeepers.-The Extension Apiculturist set up a cooperative hive project in 1952 to compare the efficiencies of four distinct sizes of hives. This project is located in the tupelo section and its purpose is to determine if a single unit, a one-story hive, is better to winter a colony and supply sufficient roomn for brood rearing in the spring, than the methods now being used generally. The cost of producing honey in the tupelo section is higher than in other parts of the State and any method of decreasing equipment expense will result in lower production costs. Data will he assembled and analyzed late in 1954.







38 Florida Cooperative Extension



BOYS 4-H CLUB WORK

W. W. Brown, State Boys' 4-H Club Agent
Grant M. Godwin, Assistant State Boys' 4-H Club Agent'

Boys' 4-H Club work in Florida. in 1953 had a banner year. This has been manifested through increased 4-11 participation in club meetings, more community activities, productive projects, and method and result demonstrations, and a host of special 4-H Club events, including short course, summer camps, special State-wide encampments, and many high quality 4-H shows and fairs. Certainly, this "parade of progress" on the part of Florida's 4-11'ers can be attributed directly to discreet planning and close adherence to plans developed through the coordinated efforts of both State and county Extension workers.
The work at the State level was implemented by the State Boys' 4-H Club Agent and two Assistant State Boys' 4-H Club agents, one of whom was appointed on June 1, 1.953, to devote full time to 4-H Club work while the other, a County Extension Agent, contin-aed to devote part time work to the camping program in the southern areas of the State.
Continued emphasis on and better use of the plan dividing the State into 10 4-H Club districts has helped to improve the work this year and greatly aided the State 4-H staff. The 10 district meetings, attended by almost 100 percent of the county Extension agents, provided the proper setting for developing 4-H pro-grams based on the mutual thinking of the administrative staff, specialists staff and county personnel. Through this device, programs more nearly met the varying agricultural needs and interests State-wide.
An increase of 65 percent in the State and national 4-H Awards Programs was noted over the preceding year. While the 9,876 white 4-H Club boys enrolled during 1953 was almost the same as the enrollments for 1.952, there was a marked increase in percentage of completions. Records show that 73.3 percent couipleted in 1953, as compared to 70.3 percent in 1952.
4-H ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTS
The major 4-H Club activities and projects in which 4-11 boys and girls received training and experience under the direction of county Extension workers throughout the State are summarized below.


No.


4-11 Members
6,255 10,000
5,394 5,579 6,731 11,070 9,782 7,200
4,524 3,656 6,759
4,360

1,058


A. Participation in 4-H Activities


1. Judging - I . .
2. Giving demonstrations . . ------ --_----3. Group recreation leadership ----------- -- . .
4. Music appreciation ---- . - .
5. Money management (thrift)
6. Farm and hom e safety . . . -----7. Citizenship
8. Personality improvement
9. Soil and water conservation .
10. Forestry . --- ---------- .
ll. Health, nursing, first aid --------- . . _._12. Camping . -- . - . --13. Community activities (improving school .-rounds
conducting achievement programs and fairs)
8Appointed June 1, 1953.







Annual Report, 1953


B. Participation in 4-11 Projects Scope
1. Corn . . . . . . . . . 3,288 acres 2. Peanuts . . 1,314 acres
3. Soybeans, field peas, alfalfa, and other legunies 459 acres 4. Potatoes, Irish and sweet . . . 1-11. 675 acres
5. Cotton . . . 598 acres
6. Tobacco . . . - ---- 96 acres
7. Vegetable growing ------ - ------ --------- 2,932 acres
8. Range and pasture . I . 2,524 acres
9. Soil and water conservation and mana--ement . 2,703 acres
10. Forestry . -- -------------- . . - 2,021 acres
11. Wildlife and nature study . . . ------------ ------- 169 members
12. Poultry (including turkeys) . - 162,539 birds
13. Dairy cattle . . -_- . 1,938 animals
14. Beef cattle . . . 2,191 animals
15. Sw ine . . . . . . 4,148 anim als 16. Bees -- . 725 colonies
17. Entomology . . . . 55 members
18. Tractor maintenance __. ------ ---------------- . 329 members
19. Electricity - . . 601 members
20. Beautification of home grounds _. ---- __ . -------- 4,536 members
21. Health, nursing, first aid . --------- . . . 2,647 members
22. Junior leadership . . 1,298 members

4-H CAMPS
There were 3,956 4-H Club boys and girls who attended the five State a-H Club camps in the summer of 1953'. Members arrived in camp on Monday and left on Saturday each week. The geographic location of these five State 4-H camps makes for easy accessibility. Heretofore, sites of permanent State 4-H camps have been in Okaloosa, Madison, Marion, and Lake counties; however, through the combined efforts of Extension workers and friends of 4-H throughout the State, a new State 4-H camp in Highlands County is almost completed. In addition to 4-H use, adults attended Citrus, Poultry, and Farm and Home Institutes at three of these State 4-H camps.
SHORT COURSE
Thirty-four annual boys' 4-11 short courses have been held on the campus of the University of Florida. The purpose of these is to provide outstanding 4-H Club boys from counties t rougbout the State with one week of training and inspiration at their land grant college each summer.
The 1953 short course was attended by 36t 4-H boys from 52 counties selected on the basis of their 4-H Club work. In addition to courses, four State-wide special 4-H events were held in conjunction with this short course. They were (1) the State Dairy Judging Contest, (2) the State Tractor Operator's Contest, (3) the State Public Speaking Contest, and
(4) the State Reading Lamp Building Contest. All of these contests indicated good work was being done back in the counties.

4-H AWARDS PROGRAM
During 1953 all records submitted to the State 4-H Club office in Statewide competition were summarized and a complete report was given to each county Extension agent. This summarization was made in an effort to show each county its comparative rating with other counties partici-







Florida Cooperative Extension


rating, and to point out the type of reports necessary to qualify the State in the various awards programs. The reports were evaluated and returned to the respective agents so that they would serve as a stimulus to the awards programs and create more enthusiasm among 4-H Club
members.
There were 29 State and National awards programs available for Florida 4-H members during 1953. These awards include free trips to the National 4-H Club Camp and Congress, gold catches, ca--h awards, trophies, county medals and scholarships.
The trip to the National 4-H Camp in Washin4'ton, D. C., is considered to )e the culminating award for outstanding leadership and achievement in 4-H Club work. Annually, two 4-H boys are given this trip, while the runner-up receives a trip to the Danforth Leadership Camp in Shelby, Michigan.
An outstanding 4-H Club boy from each county has been selected annually to receive a certificate at the Florida State Fair on 4-H Club Day. A Dairy Efficiency Contest has been held to select the best dairy club boy in each of the 10 4-H Club districts. District winners received cash awards, and the top dairy project winner in the State received a larye plaque. In addition, the outstanding county in 4-H dairy project work was presented a large plaque.

SP'E('IAL .FATE--IIE SCHOOLS
The State 4-H Club staff rooted a series of five area livestock judging' schools throughout tie State for the putpose of p' )vidling timely instruction

Fig. 5.-These five 4-H boys received $100 scholarships from the Florida
Bankers' Association, presented by Executive Secretary Floyd Call.








Annual Report, 1953


on basic and current livestock judging techniques. County agents reported that these schools were very effective in providing needed training for their 4-H livestock judging teams which were held prior to the State contest at the Florida State Fair in Tampa.
The annual 4-H wildlife camp was held at Camp McQuarrie during the week of July 13-18, with 19 counties represented by 89 4-H Club members, adult leaders, and Extension agents. The purpose of this camp was to create an understanding on the part of our rural youth for wildlife and its importance and to instill in them a strong desire for its conservation and preservation. Those in attendance received organized instruction in the fields of game, forestry, and fresh water fish management from competent men in these fieldIs.
For the past eight years the State 4-H staff has been holding a special State clinic for the purpose of providing adequate training for older 4-H Club members, interested adult 4-H Club leaders, and Extension agents in 4-H tractor maintenance. This state-wide clinic functions to provide training for those who want first-hand experience in tractor maintenance and how to conduct 4-H tractor maintenance programs in their local 4-11 Clubs. The instructional offerings at Camnp MeQuarrie during the week of September 1-4 were shared by 38 junior 4-H1 Club leaders and Extension agents from 12 counties.

PROMOTrIONAL TECHNIQUES
Each month the State 4-H1 staff prepares and submits a 4-H newsletter to all county offices. The purpose of this newsletter is to keep agents abreast of current 4-H Club activities throughout the State, to provide timely tips on 4-H programs and project work, and to recognize agents for outstanding 4-H Club work. Response by county agents indicates that these -new~sletters have been most helpful in expediting and correlating 4-H Club work between the State 4-H Club office and the county Extension offices.
County 4-H officers' and leaders' training schools have been promoted and supported tbrough the State 4-H Club office- County Agents have been encouraged and assisted to provide increased opportunities for 4-Hparticipation in method and result demonstrations. As a result, more than 55 county 4-H demonstration teams performed effectively at the Florida State Fair. The use of 4-H exhibits, achievement days, rally days, county fairs, shows and contests has been stressed throughout the year.

NEGRO 4-H WORK
The negro 4-HI Club program is supervised by negro Extension personnel. The State 4-H Club staff made subject matter materials available for negro work and assisted with officer-leader schools and other phases of the negro 4-H program. Record books, record cards and information on 4-H Club work were made accessible to negro county workers. The agents worked closely with negro groups in staging shows, judging contests and building exhibits for county and State fairs. The State Boys' 4-H Club Agent employed the camp personnel, helped plan camp programs for the negro groups, and assisted negro district agents in planning short course and Extension conferences.
The State assisted in soliciting money to provide expenses for the eight negro 4-H members selected for the Regional Camp Award. Negro 4-H members participate in national awards in field crops, health, garden, meat animals and poultry.







Florida Cooperative Extension


CITRUS CULTURE

Fred P. Lawrence, Citriculturist

Florida has 550,100 acres of citrus groves, .69,800 of which are classed as young, non-bearing trees that are coming into production at the rate of 12,000 to 15,000 acres per year. Florida produced 110,200,000 boxes of citrus fruits during the 1952-53 season. Total citrus production dropped about 9,000,000 boxes from the record production peak established during the 1951-52 season. Adverse weather conditions were the principal cause of the drop.
The position of the Agricultural Extension Service in the citrus industry has been tremendously strengthened through the efforts of the Extension Service's Citrus Advisory Committee formed by the Citriculturist in 1947. As a result of unified work by this committee, almost all industry elections and large citrus meetings are arranged and handled through the appropriate county agent's office.
Training Prograni-Emphasis was placed on program. planning and training agents in citrus culture and methods of disseminating citrus information. In this field the Citriculturist was assisted by the Citrus Advisory Committee. Six subject-matter training meetings for Extension personnel xvere held-two exclusively for citrus and four joint meetings on citrus and other fruits.
The Citriculturist, assisted by the Citrus Advisory Committee, held a two-day training school for county agents in citrus producing counties. In addition to the class and laboratory work the agents were taken into two counties to observe Extension citrus demonstrations.
A period during the annual Extension conference was devoted to citrus instruction.
Citrus Clinics.-At 11 citrus clinics between 3,500 and 4,000 growers were advised on individual citrus problems. These clinics were usually of one day duration. The growers came at their convenience during the day bringing specimens and their problems for diagnosis and help.
Institutes.-Through one lime-avocado and three citrus institutes an additional 1,500 growers were contacted and given the latest research information on production and marketing. These institutes varied from one to five days in length.
Citrus Schools.-One 18-week citrus school was held in Polk County. Classes met once a week for two hours. Registration for the school was 291.
Demonstrations and Tours.-The Citriculturist assisted with preparing and conducting 24 county demonstrations and 12 county tours. The tours were of two types-one being to USDA or State Experiment Stations and laboratories and the other to farmers' groves where demonstrations based on research and grower practices were observed.
Citrus 4-H Work.-The Citriculturist outlined a 4-H Club program in citrus culture in several counties and taught 4-H classes in budding, graftting, and general plant propagation. Plans, were made to get two 4-H citrus nurseries into the budwood certification prog-ram-one is now actively participating.
The Citriculturist served as chairman of the beautifi cation committee for the new State 4-11 Club camp. He assisted in getting Florida Citrus Mutual to sponsor a $20,000 fund raising campaign for a cafeteria building at the camp.








Annual Report, 1953


Other Activities.-The following tabulation will show the major activities and accomplishments of the State Extension citrus program for the year:
Activities Planned Accomplished
Meetings to be held by State Advisory Committee 4 3
Number of meetings to train agents in subject
matter and Extension methods ---------- . 2 6
Number of citrus institutes . 4 4
Number of ornamental and citrus clinics ---------_---- 15 11
Number of newsletters --------------- -- 6 4
Number of mimeographed releases . . 6 6
Assist in developing State-wide budwood
certification program -------- 1 1
Number of citrus schools 1 1
Formal lectures to farmer groups 0 10
Prepare and conduct demonstrations 12 24
Prepare for and conduct tours . . . . 15 12
Serve county offices with research data and
information 25 25
Prepare news articles, radio scripts, and
mimeographed pamphlets 20 30*
Make tape recordings for county use _. . . 0 15*

* Estimated.







. Florida Cooperative Extension


DAIRY HUSBANDRY

C. W. Reaves, Extension Dairy Husbandman

Major objectives of the dairy Extension program in 1953 were herd improvement for efficient production, breeding better dairy cattle, production of more pasture and forage crops, development of young folks through successful 4-H dairy projects, and cooperation with other organizations for the improvement of the dairy industry.
Dairy Herd Improvement Association Work.-The DHIA program was carried out in 22 counties to provide the members with records for use as a guide in the culling, feeding and management of their dairy herds and to build up higher producing, more profitable herds. These herds serve as practical demonstrations of the value of improved practices.
The following is the State DHIA summary for the 1952-53 year and for the 1947-48 year, the first year after the work was reorganized.

NUMBER COWS ON TEST AND YEARLY PER-COW AVERAGES


U2
YEAR

&i

1952-53 7,143 6,415 4.5 288 $210 $251 $2.20 $3.27 1947-48 1,815 6,440 4.7 S02 227 169 1.74 3.52

The number of cows on DHIA test has been quadrupled during the liveyear period, bringing into the herd improvement program a much larger number of commercial herds, so that a biv.-er percentage of grade cows compared to registered cows is represented in the 1.952-53 summary. The average production of the large group on test in 1952-53 is approximately equal to that of the relatively smali group in 1-947-48, indicating that improved practices have been applied with the grade or commercial herds on test as well as with the registered herds.
The feed cost of producing 100 pounds of milk was reduced 25 cents during the period by the DHIA members.
The National DHIA summary shows that at the end of 1953 Florida had 8,834 cows in the DHIA program, representing 6 percent of its dairy cows. This is equal to the national average and near the top among the Southern States.
The DHIA project provided excellent demonstrations of efficient dairy production practices during 1953. Recognition was given to county, district and state winners in the DHIA efficient dairy production contest to emphasize efficient methods of pasture and feed production, feeding, and management for high production at less cost per 100 pounds milk produced. The winning herd in this program was that of Walter Schmid of Tallavast, Manatee County. Its record and the record of the lowest-producing herd in the same DHIA follow-(see next page).
The records show the top herd had double the butterfat production per cow, almost triple the income above feed cost, and Droduced milk at







Annual Report, 1953 45

$2.02 less feed cost per 100 pounds of milk. The higher-producing herd owner carried out an excellent pasture program, including a supplementary winter pasture. He fed a medium amount of concentrates according to each cow's production and practiced good herd management.




TT


E 103 7,956 4.7 375 $565 $18 $397 $3.36 $2.11 C ;9 4,217 4.3 181 319 174 145 1.83 4.13

Official Cow Testing.-The Extension Dairyma:n is State superintendent of official cow testing. Sixteen purebred herds had 384 cows on Advanced Registry test and 20 herds with 1,175 re-'istered cows were on Herd Improvement Registry test with their breed associations. These, added to the total of the cows on DHIA. test, oive a total of 10,3M cows, although some are on both programs.
Better Sire Program.-The organized artificial breeding program has been a big factor in the elimination of scrub or in' erior bulls from Florida diairy herds. It completed its fifth year in Florida in 19.53 with a total for the year of 24,691 cows bred to high-production bulls. S-tarted as an Extension project in late 1948, the Extension Servic.e helped the cooperative breeding associations to get organized, mem-bership signed up, and technicians employed, and g-ave supervision to the young associations. The program grew rapidly, with around 24,000 cows being bred artificially each of the last three years. The 1.953 number of 24,691 is the hi04 he;t to (late.

Fig. 6.-Harvesting grass and legume silage with a field chopper, which
blows chopped forage into an enclosed trailer wagon.








Florida Cooperative Extension


The Suwannee Valley Artificial Breeding Association was organized during 1953 to serve LaFayette, Suwannee and Columbia counties. The service is now available in 27 counties comprising most of the dairy counties.
The production of the limited number of artificia!ly-sired cows for which production records have been reported on DHIA lactation reports indicates a satisfactory improvement for the heifers born as a result of this program.

YEARLY PER-COW AVERAGES
Lbs.
Lbs. Milk % Butterfat

Florida cows sired by bulls in ABA
bull studs and with records reported in DHIA .7,4J1 4.7 349
All Florida DHIA cows . 6,415 4.5 288
All Florida milk cows (BAE) __.4.370 4.2 184

The average of the cows sired by artificial breeding association bulls showed 1,016 pounds milk and 61 pounds butterfat more than all Florida DHIA cows per year's test. The latter showed 2,045 pounds milk and 104 pounds butterfat more pei year than all Florida milk cows
A few herds carrying out a good breeding program with a production testing and classification program are selling :some well-bred bulls for use in natural service. The DIJA records prove the value of bulls used in DHA herds. Production data were reported and tabulated on daughters of 27 bulls in Florida in 1953.
The summary of the county agents' reports (white and negro) shows a total of 3,876 persons assisted directly or indirectly in selection and breeding practices of dairy cattle.

Fig. 7.-Grass silage stored in a large above-ground horizontal silo with earth-banked walls provided good, economical roughage for periods of sh-ort pasture.







Annual Report, 1953


Feeding, Pasture, and Herd Management.-Better feeding practices and the production of more home-grown feed were emphasized during the year. A mimeographed paper on the construction and use of different type trench silos prepared by the Extension Dairyman and the Extension Agricultural Engineer has been in large demand. Meetings were held on the construetion of trench silos, built either in the ground, partly in the ground, or with sides mounded above the ground level according to the water table. In 1953 more trench silos than upright silos were filled, mostly with grass or legume crops. A survey showed that twice as many dairymen were storing silage as in 1950.
A Florida dairy pasture contest was started in 1953 with the sponsorship of the Florida Dairy Association. Patterned after the very successful New England green pasture contest, it provided for recognition of dairymen with top pasture and forage production with the added feature of recognizing those making the most improvement over the previous year and of providing certificates to all those scoring 75 percent or above. Over 70 dairymen enrolled. Awards will be made at the 1954 Dairy Field day. The project will be continued in 1954.
Assistance was given to dairymen not in a DRIA in keeping breeding records and yearly milk production records for use as a guide for feeding and culling. Analysis of the feeding and pasture program was made of a few herds for information and use as demonstrations. Assistance was given in conducting the Dairy Herdsmen's Short Course and the Dairy Field Day, which were held at the University of Florida.
4-H Dairy Club Work Three State-wide production contests, eight district shows, climaxed by the State 4-11 Dairy Show, and judging, fitting and showing contests provide opportunities for the 4-H Club members to secure many educational and other worthwhile experiences. The enrollment in the 4-H dairy project included 1,367 white -members and 134 negro members, making a total of 1,501, of which 76 percent completed their year's work.
William Schack, winner of the State 4-H dairy production contest, has bought and paid for nine registered Jerseys, having started with one grade heifer seven years ago. James Thornhill, the State dairy achievement winner, also has the nucleus of a herd to go into the dairy business which he has developed entirely through 4-H Club projects.
Polk County received the plaque for the best over-all county 4-H dairy program, with 93 percent of the 86 members completing their projects, comprising 79 registered and 49 grade dairy animals. A total of 62 established or improved a pasture, and all members carried out mineral feeding, parasite control, and vaccination or testing for brucellosis. Four-H District III (North Florida) made a cooperative purchase of heifers which were distributed by "drawing for choice" in a very successful program.
Two truck loads of Florida 4-H Jerseys were exhibited at the Mid-South National Junior Dairy Show at Memphis. Florida was also represented in the National 4-H Dairy Cattle Judging Contest at Waterloo, Iowa, placing 17th in the nation.
Cooperation with Other Organizations.-Cooperative work was done with the dairy cattle breed associations, Florida Dairy Association, the State Department of Agriculture, Florida Livestock Board, Florida State Fair, and other groups interested in the State's dairy industry.
The following tabulation gives recent results from some of the dairy Extension lines of work:







48 Florida Cooperative Extension

1952 1953
Number of dairy herd improvement associations ------ 8 8
Cows included on DHIA 7,921 8,8304
Cows on official test 1,319 1,559
Number bulls proved by DHIA records 14 27
Cows bred in artificial breeding units . . . 24,308 24,691
" Number receiving aid with feeding problems ------ ----- 1,454 5,377
" Number receiving aid on controlling external
parasites 1-1 --- I ---- 2,711 3,781
" Number receiving aid on controlling diseases and
internal parasites . . 2,747 4,479
Number 4-H Club members with dairy projects -------- 1,384 1,501 Number dairymen enrolled in pasture project . ------- _ 70

" Includes family-cow owners and 4-H Club members as well as dairymen.








Annual Report, 1953


ENTOMOLOGY

James E. Brogdon, Extension Entomologist Appointed September 16, 1953

The Extension Entomologist began work on September 16 and became the first Entomologist on the Extension staff for more than 25 years. Major activity consisted of getting acquainted with people, learning about some
*of the problems and needs, and developing plans.
The Entomologist went into a few counties and worked with the agents. Information dealing with insect identification and control was sent to each county. Insect specimens were sent in from seven counties for identification and control measures were recommended.
A. survey letter to a number of county agents at random over the state revealed that approximately 20 to 25 percent of the questions that came to their offices during the growing season pertained to insects or insect control and about 10 to 15 percent of the inquiries during the entire year concerned insects or insect control.
4-11 Club Entomology Program.-The 4-H Club Entomology program was started before an Entomologist was appointed. During the past year 55 boys from 15 counties enrolled in the new project and 43 from 14 counties completed. Jim Aitken, Orange County, was state winner and Monty Haight, Volusia County, was second.
County Agents' Handbook A handbook for County Agents is being con-piled. The Entomologist devoted considerable, time to collecting and simplifying information concerning insect pests and recommendations for their control on flowers and ornamental shrubs, field crops and pastures. Tables to simplify the calculation of percentages or amounts of various insecticides have been included.
Cooperation With Other Specialists The Entomologist is serving on the Extension Citrus Advisory Committee and the Better Fruit Program Committee. He made field trips with the Citriculturist and was informed and shown some of the needs of the citrus industry. Investigations are under way that will aid in getting pictures and recommended controls of citrus insects to county agents.
The Entomologist secured and condensed control recommendations for flo-,mrs and ornamentals for use in both the ornamentals program and the county agents' handbook.
The Entomologist sent to all agents mimeographed material suggesting timely application of insecticides for livestock parasites. He has assembled the control recommendations for field crops and pasture insects.
Teaching and Other Materials-The Entomologist sends out a newsletter monthly to Experiment Station, College and State Plant Board entomologists. Contributions from various Experiment Stations concern insect problems in the different areas and control measures being tested or recommended.
The 4-H entomology project record book is almost completed.








Florida Cooperative Extension


FORESTRY

L. T. Nieland, Extension Forester
Anthoy S. Jensen, Assistant Extension Forester

Fire Protection.-Much time and effort throughout the year has been given to educational work toward protecting Florila's farm forest lands from fire. Educational programs have substantially reduced the number of fires intentionally set to give early spring gra7ing. However, carelessness and inadequate precautionary measures still cause heavy damage to many farm woodlots.
Farmers have had their attention -ailed to the severe losses they suffer from woods burning, and they have been assisted in establishing effective safeguards to prevent accidental forest fires. Complete fire protection, necessary for obtaining a yomig stand of forest seedlings, results in a heavy accumulation of dry wiregrass that is a bad fre hazard. To offset this, the Extension Foresters have assisted agricultural workers, particularly county agents, in developing and making available to farmers specific information and procedures for safeguarding their woods. For this the new Extension method of surrounding farm woodlands with wide, improved pasture grass barrier strips was again recommended and promoted. These pasture grass strips, when closely grazed, keep oItside fires from getting into the woods. They not only safeguard the forest and eliminate the expense of annual replewing-' of fire-lines, but produce extra pounds of beef.

Br [einil n Septembri 1, 195:1

Fig. 8.-The Extension Forester inspects the State's first commercial planting of red cedars.








Annual Report, 1953 51

Forest fire protection educational procedures included assistance to county agents in establishing demonstrations, and in providing them with bulletins, pictures, films, radio talks, and news releases for farmers having fire problems. County agents report assisting 2,968 farmers and .534 4-H Club members in protecting f arm and forestry projects during the year. A steady increase is shown in the number of farmers throughout the State who are successfully protecting their forested acres.
Forest Planting.-More time was given to promoting farm forest plantings than to any other part of the program. The replanting of denuded farm forest land to suitable species is the shortest road to forest income, and the farmer who plants a forest usually adopts other improved forestry practices, including fire protection. County agents' records show that 222 farmers and 403 4-H Club members in 532 counties were given assistance in forest planting. Incomplete figures show that over 4,000,000 pine seedlings were distributed to them during the year by county agents. More than double this -number would have been distributed if seedlings had been available from nurseries.
The Extension Forester's chief part in this activity included assistance to county agents in planning, promoting, and coordinating the planting prog-rams with those of the five Florida pulp mills that contributed 3,000,000 pine seedlings to farmers. Cooperative arrangements also were made with the State Forest Service, which produced both the free and pay seedlings that were distributed through the Extension Service. Other functions in forest planting consisted of assistance to county agents, farmers and 4-H Club members, in establishing demonstrations in proper forest planting, advising on adapted. soil types, and timely information on availability of forest planting stock.
Red Cedar Plantings.-For many years seedlings of red cedar have been unobtainable for farm plantings. The Extension Service has helped solve this problem by developing a method for quick and dependable germination of the seeds. Work has continued on perfecting this method so farmers can now produce their own seedlings. As a result of newspaper publicity originating from this office, hundreds of farmers have heen collecting seeds this winter (1953-54) and calling for further advice on details. The Extension Forester made six plantings of red cedar on four farms and two 4-HI Club projects, using 4,000 seedlings he produced in cooperation with the West Florida Experiment Station.
Catalpa Plantiags.-Because of Florida's growing shortage of longlasting fence post material, educational work in establishing plantings of catalpa was continued. The Extension Forester, with assistance from the West Florida Experiment Station, produced and distributed 1,000 seedlings to farmers and 4-H Club members during 1.953 and collected 100,000 seeds for demonstration plantings in 1954.
Tupelo Gum Plantings.-The interest of beekeepers continues in extending the natural range of tupelo gum trees. This past year additional small demonstration plantings of tupelo seedlings have been made, including 50 one-year-old seedlings grown in cooperation with the Extension Apiculturist and planted on the 480-acre timber-grazing-game project in Escambia County. Smaller plantings have been made at the new 4-H1 camp in Highlands County and in Lake, Alachua, and Okeechobee counties. These include both white and black tupelo varieties. The first experimental plantings of tupelos were made in Florida by the Extension Forester in 1943.
Other Species for Forest Plantings.--Work, continued on the two oldest demonstration forest plantings made in 1943 by the Extension Forester. These plantings include 27 native hardwood species and six conifers. Many







52 Florida Cooperative Extension

of these have never previously been tried as forest plantings in Florida. A detailed report for the 10-year period of these demonstrations has been prepared, recording important data for each species. Information was obtained, previously unavailable, on growth rates, adaptabilities, tolerances, damages by pests, and other important practical factors. This information helps answer frequent questions of farmers.
Windbreak, Shade and Shelter Plantings. Assisted by the Forester, county agents have continued to promote the planting of windbreaks and trees for shade and shelter on farms for livestock and field crops. These protect livestock against cold winter winds and the hot summer sun, and crops against whipping Spring winds.
4-H Forestry Club Work.-Forestry work with 4-H Clubs was again, given a leading place in the Extension Forester's work schedule. Activities included preparation and distribution to county agents and others of 4-H forestry plans, instructions and materials, including 'various seeds and seedlings for demonstrations and projects. Field trips were made to develop individual projects. The four group club projects total 1,260 acres. Other 4-Il educational activities included farm forestry instruction at four summer camps and two short courses, to a total of 328 farm boys. The 4-H forestry programs also included game and wildlife projects and wildlife conservation. A total of 534 members of 4-H Clubs were enrolled ir forestry projects and 169 in wildlife conservation, according to records of county agents.







Annual Report, 1953


ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE

E. W. McElwee, Ornamental Horticulturist Appointed October 1, 1953

Before the Ornamental Horticultrist was appointed, the Citriculturist did a small amount of work along this line, consisting primarily of clinics, demonstrations and lectures for home owners, gardeners and groups interested in home improvement.
Ornamental horticulture work will be with three groups--the home owner and gardener, the nursery industry and the floriculture industry. Often the same firm produces both nursery and floriculture products.

WORK WITH HOME GARDENERS
During the two months of this reporting year in which he was on the job, the Ornamental Horticulturist attended two ornamental and citrus clinics and made two lectures to garden clubs and home owners. About 600 home owners and growers attended the two clinics. They received assistance from Experiment Station and Extension specialists in diagnosing and prescribing for disease, insect, lawn, gardening and landscape problems.
The home gardener in Florida is an important factor not only in assistance required but also as a market for ornamental products. The average Floridian spends three times as much annually for horticultural specialties (flowers, shrubs and bulbs) as does the average United States citizen.
WORK WITH INDUSTRY
Commercial ornamental horticulture in Florida returns an estimated $40,000,000 annually, 85 percent from cut flowers, flowering and foliage plants and 15 percent from nursery products. Seventy percent of the cut flowers, flowering and foliage plants are grown outdoors or under lath or cloth.
Several factors increase the opportunity and value of Extension work in this field. These are: (1) the intensive cultural systems used with most ornamental crops, which increases production problems; (2) the high investment per acre in labor, equipment and plants, requiring good management to show a satisfactory profit; (3) the exact timing of flowering and maturing of many ornamental plants necessary to permit marketing during periods of peak demand; and (4) the seriousness of diseases, insect, soil and fertilizer troubles, occasioned by intensive cropping systems and complicated cultural procedures.
Principal work with the industry for the last two months of the reporting year consisted of trouble shooting and advising growers on their problems during visits to nurseries or greenhouses. The Ornamental Horticulturist visited 10 nurseries, florists and growers and attended two industry meetings. He also served three county offices with specialty data and information.








Florida Cooperative Extension


POULTRY ACTIVITIES

N. R. Mehrhof, Poultry Husbandman
J. S. Moore, Extension Poultryman
A. W. O'Steen, Supervisor, Florida National Egg-Laying Test, Chipley

Florida is a deficit producing area for poultry and poultry products. The poultry industry is a $35,000,000 annual business ranking fifth in importance of agricultural enterprises in the State. Florida poultrymen had 3,302,000 layers on hand January 1, 1953. These layers produced more than 430 million eggs. Approximately 11 million broilers and 182,000 turkeys were produced in the State in 1953.
The various educational agencies, poultry associations, feed manufacturers, and poultry and egg processors, have worked closely with the Extension workers in developing and promoting the poultry program during the year.
Growing Healthy Pullets.-The most important factors stressed in producing quality pullets were: Hatch or purchase early (February-April); use only quality chicks; follow proper brooding procedure, including clean houses and equipment; grow on clean land with soil; feed a balanced ration from start to finish; and grow pullets separate from cockerels.
During the past year a larger percentage of the commercial poultrymen started "pullet chicks" rather than "3traight-run chicks". Farmers are now hatching earlier than in former years to take advantage of better prices for eggs during the early fall months.
Layer Management.-The program for the laying flock has been divided into three phases. These are the backyard or small farm flock of less than 30 birds for producing the home supply of eggs and poultry meat, the flock of 300 or more birds which may be used as a side-line, and the cornmercial flock with a minimum of 2,500 layers.
The layer efficiency program which has been stressed with commercial egg producers consists of these items: 2,500 layers per year, 200 eggs per bird per year. 60 winter eggs, 10 percent mortality, 210 eggs per 100 lbs. feed, and 100 percent pullet flock.
Broiler Management.-The broiler industry iii Florida for the years 1935-1939 average producing 1,370,000 birds. It has grown steadily and rapidly to a total of 11,000,000 in *1958. For high broiler production efficiency, the following points were stressed: 40,000 broilers per man per year, 4 lots of 10,000 each per year, 34 pounds of meat per 100 pounds of feed, less than 5 percent mortality, and market before 11 weeks of age.
Marketing Poultry and Eggs.-The marketing of quality products, both meat and eggs, is of paramount importance to poultry producers of Florida. Egg marketing methods are: (1) direct to the consumer, (2) from producer to a retail outlet, (3) from producer to a wholesaler-1r. many cases the feed supplier, and (4) through cooperatives to chain grocery stores.
Points stressed in producing quality eggs were good birds with good breeding, proper feeding, good management, and proper care of eggs. Small farm flock owners were urged to grow more and make better use of home-grown feeds and green feed. A system of rotation to provide green feed for growing pullets and laying birds is desirable with commercial layer flocks.







Annual Report, 1953


Junior Poultry Work.--Poultry club members were assisted in their program to supply eggs and poultry for home consumution. They carried out production demonstrations with both broiler and layer projects. They have exhibited their eg-gs and birds and participated in poultry judging contests at county, district, and State levels. k team of 4-H poultry chlb members participated in the Invitational Interstate Poultry Judging Con test in Chicago.
The fourth annual District V 4-H Livestock and Poultry Show and Ju(oging Contest was held in JIacksonville with 285 birdie and 30 dozen eg,s on display. The third annual Ocala Area Junior Livestock and Poultry Show was held at the Southeastern Livestock Pavilion in Ocala and 300 chickens and 32 dozen eggs were exhibited.
The special boys' and girls' 4-H Club poultry demonstration project sponsored by the Sears, Roebuck Foundation w-tn started in 10 Florida counties in 1945. Since then 33 counties have participated. This project gives the club members experience in brooding, feeding and managin," baby chicks, marketing' broilers, raising pullets, and care and management of laying flocks. Records are kept of all activities and a pullet show is held in each county in the fall and an egg show in the spring.
The Boys' and Girls' annual State 4-H Poultry and Egg Show and Judging Contest was held in connection with the Central Florida Exposition at Orlando. This is one of the largest such shows held in the entire country. Four-H Club members from 11 Florida counties exhibited more than 1,200 birds and 183 dozen eggs. Thirteen teams of four members each competed in the poultry judging' contest.
Roger Williams of Alachus County was awarded the $100.00 State Department of Agriculture scholarship to the University of Florida as the outsta going 4-H poultry club member. The Alachua County Poultry Judging team placed seventh in the Invitational Interstate Poultry Judging Contest at Chicago.

Fig. i.-Attractive egg exhibit at the Florida 4-H Poultry and Egg Show.
P>5

















4




SI DMgm







Florida Cooperative Extension


Turkey Management.Ti'e raising of turkeys in Florida has undergone a change from farm flocks of 25 to 100 birds to commercial flocks of 1,000 up to 12,000 within recent years. Production in Florida can and should be expanded in line with demands. The Florida Turkey Association held two educational meetings during the year. Some of the larger feed m-anufacturers are financing turkey growers. Additional local financing- is needed to develop further turkey raisin.-. Most of the poults now needed in Florida are being furnished locally by eig-ht turkey hatcheries, with a capacity of 92,000 eggs and operating under the National Poultry Improvement Plan.
Florida National Egg-Laying Test.-Eighty-nine pens of pullets were entered in the 27th egg-laying test which started October 1, 1952, and ended September 15, 1953, a period of 350 days. Average egg production per bird was 231.9 eggs, with a value of 239.6 points. This is about 10 eggs and 10 points higher than the 26th test. The high pen in the test was a group of 13 In-Cross pullets entered by Blanton Smith, Nashville, Tennessee. These produced 3,756 eggs, valued at 3,948.3 points. The high pullet was a Single Comb Rhode Island Red entered by J. J. Warren, North Brookfield, Massachusetts, which produced 334 eggs, with a score of 363.25 points. This pullet missed a perfect record by only 16 days. Average feed consumption per bird for the test period was 98 pounds of mash and grain. Grain and mash were fed at the ratio of 1 part of grain to 1.6 parts of mash. Only 4.8 pounds of feed wvere required to produce a dozen eggs. Two hundred thirty-six eggs were obtained from each 100 pounds of feed. Mortality was 13.3 percent.
Random Sample Poultry Test.-The Florida Random Sample Poultry Test was started April 4, 1952, and concluded September 15, 19531, covering 530 days. The pullet chicks entered in this test were selected at random from poultry farms of seven cooperators and sent to the Florida National Egg-Laying Test. Fifty chicks from each breeder were wing banded. All feeding and management practices were kept as uniform as possible. Records were tabulated for the rearing period (1 - 180 days), the laying period (181 - 530 days), and the combined rearing-laying period.
Final results were based on returns per pullet housed, taking into consideration cost of the chicks, cost of feed during the rearing and laying periods, cost of vaccination, and medication and value of eggs produced, value of cockerels, and meat value of birds at end of the 530 days. During the rearing period chick mortality varied from none to 16 percent. Fced consumption per pullet housed for the first six months varied from 22.4 pounds to 30.2 pounds, with WVhite Leghorns averaging 22.7 pounds, and New Hampshires 30.2 pounds. The "out-of-pocket" cost (chick, feed, and medication) per pullet housed varied from $1.54 to $1.89. All entries averaged over 200 eggs per pullet housed, the highest being 236.5 eggs for the 350-day laying period. Efficiency of housing capacity for the even lots, of birds averaged 96.4 percent for the year, raiiging from 93.6 to 98.9 percent. Total cash receipts over chick, feed, and medication costs (per pullet housed) for the 530-day period ranged from $3.87 to $6.15.
The second Random Sample Poultry Test was started April 1, 1953, with nine cooperators entering 50 pullet chicks each. The chick, feed, and medication costs per pullet housed varied from $1.52 to $1.86 per entry.
Annual Breeders Conference.-The 1952 Breeders' Conference was held at the Poultry Laboratory, Gainesville, December 3 and 4. About 40 hatcherymen and poultrymen attended to hear the topics discussed and to attend the winter meeting of the Florida Hatchery and Breeders' Association. Topics discussed included breeding for egg production, pro-







Annual Report, 195.3


auction of hatching eggs in cages, Random Sample Poultry Test, "ertil ty and hatchability of chicken eggs, breeding for meat production, and Newcastle vaccination. A hatchery panel discussion and a tour of the new poultry unit also were held.
Annual Poultry Institute.-The theme of the 12th annual Poultry Institute, held at Camp McQuarrie the week of August 25-30, 1953, was "Exten-ion's Golden Anniversary Marl s Pouitry Progress and Looks to the Future." Over 400 people registered from all sections of Florida and 10 other states, Washington, D. C., and Puerto Rico. The main features of the week's program included broilers, layers, turkeys, breeders, hatcheries, hatchery management, disease control, poultry association meetings and general poultry management. A special feature of the program was a discussion of the subject, "Are We Helping the Poultry Leaders of Tomorrow?" This was designed to bring to the attention of the leaders in the poultry industry what is being done to encourage young people in poultry work, and how the members of the industry can aid in this work. Other segments of the poultry industry, both public and private, cooperated to make this institute a success.
Associations.-The several county and State associations have been most active during the year and have assisted the Extension workers in furthering the poultry program in the State. The different State organizations which are working very closely with the Extension poultry program include the Florida Poultry and Egg Council, Florida State Poultry Producers' Association, Florida Hatchery and Breeders' Association, Florida Turkey Association, Florida Feed Dealers' Association, and poultry and egg processors of Florida with membership in the Southeastern Poultry and Egg Association.
To increase sales of poultry meat, two-day schools were held in Miami, Orlando, Tampa, and Jacksonville, at which time a representative from the Poultry and Egg National Board discussed and demonstrated methods of cutting up and displaying poultry in show cases. These schools were attended by retail butchers, poultry processors, and store managers.








Florida Cooperative Extension


SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

H. S. McLendon
Extension Soil Conservationist"

The Extension Soil Conservationist retired on June 30, 1953. The previous report covered activities in district through June 1952 and this report brings the information up to December 31, 1952. These data cover the work in 54 organized districts.

COMBINED REPORT OF SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICT
ACTIVITIES FROM DATE OF ORGANIZATION TO DECEMBER 31,1952


Established 239,899 acres 474,541 acres 411,467 acres 12,987 acres 354,261 acres 812,160 acres 7,435 acres 652,176 acres 101,211 acres 1,144,797 acres
35,206 acres 76,886 acres 702,647 acres 755 number
13,935.2 miles
271.2 miles 1,508,450 L. Ft.
10,841.3 miles 145,776 acres 3,501 acres 9,214 acres 2,139 acres 13,675 acres 696,359 acres 10,234 acres 607,740 acres 839 number
152.6 miles


Practice
Contour farming Cover cropping Stubble mulching Strip cropping Range improvement . . Pasture improvement ---------_-----Seeding of range Seeding of pasture Wildlife area improvement . Woodland management ---------Tree planting Irrigation land preparation . Farm drainage Farm and ranch ponds ---------Terraces
Field diversions Closed drains Open drains Improved water applications Water disposal areas . Kudzu
Sericea
Alfalfa and permanent grass . Woodland protection ------------- .
Contour citrus groves . Crop rotation Fish ponds Field windbreaks


Planned
311,894 acres 589,977 acres 498,385 acres 22,862 acres 696,395 acres 1,811,449 acres 20,773 acres ,639,218 acres 119,569 acres 1,355,678 acres
66,633 acres 142,570 acres ,599,667 acres
1,047 number 25,343.0 miles 382.3 miles 1,819,260 L. Ft. 14,488.5 miles 232,001 acres 7,759 acres 21,867 acres 5,967 acres 27,414 acres 931,926 acres
16,221 acres 689,270 acres 1,244 number
296.6 miles


FARM AND RANCH CONSERVATION PLANS Number
Applications received June 1 to Dec. 30, 1952 --- -------- 1,064
Applications received to date 22,233
Active applications to date 1,999
Plans prepared and signed June I to Dec. 30, 1952 ---- 770 Plans prepared and signed to date 16,526
Active conservation plans to date 14,330
Combined treatment June I to Dec. 30, 1952 . Combined treatment to date
10 Retired June 30, 1953.


Acres
583,976
10,418,991 2,274,817
265,381
6,004,041 5,242,082
262,104 2,998,471







Annual Report, 1953


Until June 30, 1953, the State Board of Control served as the State Soil Conservation Board. The Director of the Florida Agricultural Extension Service was designated by this Board to serve as Administrator of the State Soil Conservation District Act. The 1953 Legislature amended the original Soil Conservation Districts Act to provide for the establishment of a State Soil Conservation Board composed of five farmers to be appointed by the Governor.
The new board was appointed by Governor Dan McCarty in July 1953 and the Director of the Agricultural Extension Service was requested to continue to serve as administrator for the act. Later the board appointed an executive secretary to assist in carrying out the details concerning the administration of the program. Elections of super-visors for the districts were held in July.
Charters were issued to three new districts in 1953, the Franklin, Baker and Duval districts.
The Extension Soil Conservationist met with various district boards of supervisors at their regular meetings and discussed with them the need for getting additional cooperators to apply soil and water conservation 'practices on their farms.
There was continued interest in pasture improvement during the year, and especially in winter and summer legumes. An increase in acreage seeded to clovers in permanent pastures was noted. Sweet yellow lupine has become very popular as a winter grazing crop. Annual white sweet clover is receiving more attention, especially on light soils.
There has been a continued interest in irrigation and water control, especially on the better permanent pastures. A number of pasture tours were organized during the year.
The Extension Soil Conservationist met with county agents and assistants to help them with the soil and water conservation projects of 4-H Club members and to encourage and assist them in establishing demonstrations in growing soil improving crops and better crop rotations.







Florida Cooperative Extension


VEGETABLE PRODUCTION AND MERCHANDISING

F. S. Jamison," Vegetable Crop Specialist

VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

Forrest E. Myers, Assistant Vegetable Crop Specialist James Montelaro," Assistant Vegetable Crop Specialist

Major Extension activities in vegetable production as planned by the State Vegetable Advisory Committee have continued to develop into a very effective vegetable program. The return of the Specialist from leave of absence and the addition of another full-time Assistant Specialist have strengthened this work. Activities satisfactorily expanded included grower meetings, crop production guides, work with industry organizations, evaluation studies, local leader training, and field days. Although considerable progress can be reported, there were demands for much additional work in -such activities as the "Vegetarian" newsletter, tape recordings for agents, review of research, preparation of agents' handbook, developing training aids, and vegetable training schools for county agricultural agents. The need was particularly pressing for a State-wide automatic flow of research results to the Extension Specialists for effective dissemination to agents, growers, and industry.
Area Grewer Meetings.-This popular activity continued to be an effective means of presenting timely recommendations and -research results. It contributed to county agent training, helped to inform industry representatives, and offered a means of measuring the effectiveness of specific phases of Extension and research programs. Twenty-two meetings were held.
A definite increase in attendance and agent participation over previous years was noted. Increased interest was evident in several new areas and was met in part by four additional meetings over the number held in 1953.
"Vegetarian" Newsletter.-Four newsletters to county agricultural agents included the latest research results as presented at field days, conferences and industry organization meetings. One newsletter was designed to help the reader visualize the complex vegetable industry, the various vegetable areas, acreages, crops, and planting and harvesting seasons. A State-wide summary of suggestions on herbicides and fumigants was prepared for use in future newsletters. The "Vegetarian" phase of the program was not developed as fully as desired. This necessary approach, however, offered a means of measuring the popularity and effectiveness of the newsletter. Requests for more active participation were constant.
Production Guides.-New vegetable production guides were published on cabbage and potatoes. Final manuscripts were prepared for three other crops. Two were revisions of earlier guides on tomatoes and sweet corn and the third was a new guide on celery production. Manuscripts were drafted for similar 'publications on additional crops for the coming year. It was evident that production guides were rapidly becoming standard vegetable equipment for reference and distribution. This was particularly noticeable in county agent offices, Experiment Station publications, and industry interests. Reprints of 7,500 were necessary during the past year for production guides on each of the following: snap beans, cucumbers,
"Returned from leave of absence September 16, 1953.
11 Half-time January-June, then full time July-December,







Annual Report, 1953 61

pepper, and squash. Additional copies of the vegetable garden guide numbered 20,000.
Florida Seedsmen's Association.-In cooperation with other specialists, the annual State-wide Seedsmen's Short Course was held again at the University of Florida. Store and field representatives from several sections of the State received basic and timely instruction on vegetable production. Seedsmen participating in the short course represented a definite increase over previous years, and this was attributed in part to Extension efforts to determine and meet special instructional needs.
At the annual meeting of the Seedmen's Association, a 'panel-slide discussion of key developments was presented to State and area representatives. A production specialist planned and moderated this discussion.
Florida Agricultural Research Institute-In cooperation with the Extension Agronomist, a series of meetings was held in six major vegetable areas to discuss current and future Extension-research-industry fertilizer recommendations. Preliminary results indicate the possibility of standardizing and reducing the numbers of recommendations. Over a period of time this may result in actual savings to many.
At the Institute's annual meeting a panel discussion for area and State commercial representatives presented latest research developments in soils and horticulture as related to vegetable production. A production specialist planned and moderated this discussion.
Florida Fruit and Vegetable Association.-Frequent informal contacts with association representatives resulted in several mutual benefits, such as members attending grower meetings, better utilization of information, and analyzing specific production problems. Such contacts also offered a means of measuring the effectiveness of Extension, research, and industry programs.
Letter and Office Inquiries.-Annually, some 1,000 inquiries for vegetable information are answered by the specialists through correspondence, phone and office visits. These include all phases of production, from gardens to commercial production, and originate from a wide range of individuals. A portion of this time-consuming activity was analyzed for one full-time assistant specialist. Records were kept on over 300 letters covering a period of eight months. Many related items were tabulated. For example, 75% of the letters were written by Florida 'people, 44% were addressed to the Experiment Station, while only 1161o were addressed to Extension, 57% were on commercial production as contrasted with home garden inquiries, 5501o asked a specific question, while only 1001o wanted all vegetable information available. These results offer preliminary data for further consideration; of better ways for meeting the problem.
Grower Contact Study-A preliminary survey was conducted and reported last year on growers contacted regarding nine area vegetable meetings. Emphasis this year was toward summarizing data into a usable form, and preparing and releasing comparable county data timed to coincide with publicizing grower meetings. This contributed in part to the general increase in participation through more effective grower contact.
Local Leader Training.-Outstanding 4-H boys and girls who produce vegetables and are considered local leaders attended 14 short course sessions presented by the Specialists over a two-week period at the University of Florida and Florida State University. Instruction also was presented to local leaders and agents in home demonstration work at the Annual State Council Conference. Practically all sections of the State were represented at these events. Having checked these groups in previous years, it was noted for the first time this year that the standard Florida







Florida Cooperative Extension


,vegetable garden reference (Extension Circular 104) -was being distributed to these local leaders.
Radio and Tape Recordings.-Six radio talks were presented for the Florida Farm Hour over WRUF, Gainesville. Fourteen tape recordings were made in cooperation with county agricultural agents and the Editorial Department for use in stations at Tampa (6), Bradenton (4), and Leesburg (4).
Grower Field Days.-The specialists actively assisted in staging the annual vegetable field day at the main station, Gainesville. Extension participation also was credited with having an important part in the success of vegetable field days at Hastings, Belle Glade, Ft. Pierce, Bradenton, and Homestead (2) branch stations.
Preparation of Agents' Handbook Material.-Special efforts were directed toward assembling and revising vegetable material for ready reference in a proposed county agents' handbook. Considerable time was devoted to complete revisions of State-wide recommendations on insecticides, fungicides, varieties, fertilizers, and planting charts.
Other Activities.-There are always numerous efforts which, taken separately, cannot be listed as receiving major emphasis but definitely accumulate into necessary time-consuming proportions. Among these were such items as Agents' Annual Conference Committee, County Agents' Handbook Committee, instigating research on specific problems, developing training aids, travel, and reviewing in various ways research in Florida and other states.

MERCHANDISING FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

S. E. Rosenberger, Assistant Vegetable Crop Specialist

In post-harvest handling of fruits and vegetables a great deal of valuable research information is available. Likewise, we have a fair understanding of the factors involved in fruit and vegetable distribution. Until recently, however, much of this information was not available to the retailer. The merchandise must be presented for consumer acceptance in an attractive manner that creates the desire to buy. Surplus production of vegetables is already with us and we have an even greater potential to produce.
Recognizing the importance of more effective and efficient fresh fruit and vegetable merchandising, this project is designated to improve the produce operations of the average retail grocery store. In an effort to accomplish at least 'part of this goal, 29 stores were assisted to improve their merchandising methods this past year. The Produce School held in food stores for managers and clerks was made up of four two-hour classes and was completed by 210 persons. The Specialist worked with stores in seven counties. County agents from 33 counties reported having contacted 432 retailers for help with fresh fruit and vegetable merchandising problems.
The profit motive is used as incentive for the retailer to become more interested in better merchandising 'practices for his produce department. "Sell More and Waste Less" is used as a slogan to challenge the previous record established by the retailer.
Definite improvement occurred immediately after merchandising training was offered at one store where the produce department was looked upon with disfavor because it lost money. The produce department was rundown and without proper management. Records available indicated that








Annual Report, 1953


a gross margin of about 12 percent of sales had been made. This represented about one-half of what is considered a normal and reasonable gross. Lack of attention and know-how were permitting losses to become excessive. Within a month after the training period the gross margin had been corrected (mainly by inventory control and turnover) and the produce department became the center of attraction for the store. Customer response and a profitable operation were more than gratifying to the store owner.
I A group of four small country stores under one management bad a very poor showing of produce sales compared to other food items sold. The main trouble in these stores was that all supplies were bought on a basis of price. Merchandise received for sale was, for the most part, in an unusable condition. Customers had to go elsewhere for desirable fresh produce or do without. In some cases it meant driving many extra miles to the next store and with no certainty that the 'produce there would be any better. This situation was greatly improved with the regular produce merchandise training plus demonstrations on how the excessive loss from low-priced goods more than offset the price advantage.
A small retail neighborhood grocer who participated in the merchandising program requested plans for construction of a mirror'-back display case. He had been using an old, level, dump type table to pile his produce on and had no opportunity for using water for freshness. He had been carrying small quantities of produce items, but throwing most of them away. After completion of his new produce mirror-back slanting display case that provided for sprinkling the merchandise, his produce business greatly increased. Sales records were not kept, but he says he buys more than twice the 'previous amount of goods and has practically no waste. Other activities to advance better produceimerchandising included close cooperation with other Extension Specialists so that production-level defects that show up in retailing would not go unnoticed.
Information and assistance were given to and received from the Federal Extension Service as needed. Close contact was maintained with the USDA Agricultural Marketing Service office at Orlando. The Specialist appeared before two separate classes of college students studying the fruit and vegetable industry. Also, be represented the vegetable industry at the annual Florida Agricultural Outlook Committee. Work was carried out with the U. S. Air Force commissaries of Orlando and Patrick Air Force Bases to better their produce operations and to train their personnel. The project leader participated in the annual Florida Seedmen's Short Course program. He attended and took 'part in the annual State Retail Grocers' Convention. A closer working relationship with this organization has been -established and with two different cooperative wholesale houses, one service wholesaler, and one independent wholesaler. The project leader presented a paper on produce merchandising before the Florida State Horticultural Society.







Florida Cooperative Extension


HOME DEMONSTRATION WORK

Anna Mae Sikes, State Home Demonstration Agent
Eunice Grady, Assistant to State Home Demonstration Agent, Training Program"
Ethyl Holloway, District Home Demonstration Agent Edith Y. Barrus, District Home Demonstration Agent
Joyce Bevis, District Home Demonstration Agent

Home demonstration workers in Florida are responsible for the development and supervision of integrated and coordinated programs for both white and negro home demonstration women and 4-H Club girls. They also share responsibility for the over-all Agricultural Extension Service program to improve home and family life.

ORGANIZATION AND SUPERVISION

The State Home Demonstration Agent's responsibilities were largely in the fields of personnel relationships, supervision, coordination, and administration of the home demonstration program under the guidance of the Agricultural Extension Service Director.
Counties were divided into three districts with District Home Demonstration Agents supervising the work in each district and assisting with the development of a State-wide home demonstration program.
Negro home demonstration work was supervised by a Negro District Home Demonstration Agent who worked under the direction of the State Home Demonstration Agent. Headquarters were maintained at Florida A. & M. University.
All home demonstration workers were responsible for a State-wide educational program which involved both adults and girls. The program was based on family and community needs and interests and was closely integrated. Two State Councils of Home Demonstration Work, with women and girl members, aided in developing the State-wide program.
Community home demonstration clubs were composed of women interested in planning and carrying through a program directed to the improvement of family and community life. The clubs elected officers and selected volunteer leaders or chairmen as activities demanded.
The home demonstration agent organized the clubs so as to be welldistributed throughout the county. All women living within reach of a community club were eligible for membership. Clubs usually met once a month. Programs usually included an educational feature related to homemaking, a discussion of community and county needs and activities, and some type of recreation. Other features were included as interests demanded. All community home demonstration clubs were eligible for membership in county home demonstration councils and county councils were represented on the State Council of Senior Home Demonstration Work. The purposes of the councils, both adult and junior, were to make and carry out a plan of work and to receive leadership training necessary in developing a program of iinproved family and community life.
During the year 12,519 women were enrolled in 493 organized home demonstration clubs and 17,288 girls were enrolled in 750 4-H Clubs. There were 29,807 girls and women actively participating in programs which the women and girls planned with the advice and aid of the home
13 Appointed September 1, 19,52.







Annual Report, 1953


demonstration agents. There were 4,747 individual demonstrators and 6,772 cooperators who were not members of any community club. Agents reported that 25,724 individuals not in organized clubs received timely information through clubs and club members.
Reports indicate that the home demonstration program in Florida is serving urban as well as rural 'people. They show that 42,765 urban families were assisted in making some changes in homemaking practices during the year, that 56,018 urban families were assisted with agricultural practices, and that 4-H Club members came from 3,845 urban homes.

FINANCING HOME DEMONSTRATION WORK
The budget for home demonstration work came from two sources, the regular Extension Service budget and a budget at Florida State University. The two budgets were related to each other and were operated under the same general policies. The State Home Demonstration Agent worked directly with the President of Florida State University in developing and operating the budget there and with the Director of the Agricultural Extension Service in all financial matters.
Florida State University provided housing, part of expense funds for travel, office equipment, demonstration equipment, and supplies for the State Office of Home Demonstration Work and a financial budget which permitted additional personnel and a pre-service training program for prospective home demonstration agents.
In 1953 there was an increase of $20,681.00 in funds for home demonstration work from county appropriating boards. This included salary increases, clerical assistants, funds for other expenses, and the addition of one county to the program.

PERSONNEL
There were 94 home demonstration workers, exclusive of clerical assistants, employed in State and county offices. Of these, 48 were county home demonstration agents, 17 were assistant county home demonstration agents, 12 were negro home demonstration agents, 10 were specialists and 4 were District Home Demonstration agents. An assistant to the State Home Demonstration Agent in training programs was appointed September 1, 1953. This was a cooperative appointment with the School of Home Economics at Florida State University.
The State Girls' 4-H Club Agent resigned February 1, 1953. This position was filled October 1 by an experienced county home demonstration agent. In the interim the Assistant State Girls' 4-H Club Agent assumed the responsibility for the leadership of the State girls' 4-H Club program, assisted by other State Home Demonstration Staff members.

PERSONNEL TRAINING

With the scarcity of suitably trained personnel and the expanded scope of home demonstration work, there continued to be a need for a strong program to train workers. A lack of adequate pre-service instruction and in-service training for home demonstration agents further emphasized this need.
The State Home Demonstration Agent served as adviser to the University Curriculum Committee on suitable courses in 'preparation for Extension work.
Recruitment was carried on at several levels. Interested high school students were guided in choosing home economics as their field of study







Florida Cooperative Extension


at college. County reports showed that 10 home demonstration agents helped at 59 high school career days by talking on the advantages of a home economics education and home demonstration work as a career.
The home demonstration trainee program was continued. Funds from Florida State University provided for two trainees.
Induction Training Newly appointed home demonstration agents were made acquainted with the State staff, county office organization and facilities, and with the organization and services of the teaching and research departments of the University of Florida and Florida State University. The training included background information about the history, philosophy, policies, regulations, and objectives of the Florida Agricultural Extension Service.
All staff members were kept informed on new developments, problems, methods, and equipment. Training included conferences, short courses, workshops, institutes, and advanced study. All staff members were encouraged to keep abreast of new information and have membership and active participation in professional organizations. All agents were urged to attend summer school at the University of Florida or the Regional Extension Summer School, and to avail themselves of scholarships, national and State.
During 1953, training included individual help to agents given by District Agents and Specialists, training meetings on food production n, a workshop on home furnishings, workshops in home industries and marketing, and help in food conservation.
Area meetings for the county home demonstration agents, led by the District Agents, were held to give training in defining the job of a home demonstration agent and in working on county program planning and leadership development. Extension policies and regulations were also reviewed. These meetings provided the same interpretation of responsibilities to all agents and gave the large number of new agents some excellent information on developing and carrying out a sound county program.
ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS
There were indications that progress is being made in leadership development. The data show that during the year there were 4,323 voluntary leaders in adult home demonstration work, 1,514 voluntary leaders in girls' 4-H Club work, and 68 voluntary leaders in young men and women's work; 986 training meetings were held for voluntary leaders in girls' 4-H Club work, with an attendance of 31,129, and 23 training meetings held for voluntary leaders in young men and women's work, with an attendance of 271; 2,025 meetings were conducted by voluntary leaders in adult work, with an attendance of 25,862; 1,892 4-H meetings, with attendance of 28,102, were conducted by local leaders. In each instance this was an increase in participation over 1952.

PROGRESS IN PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
The home demonstration program continued to broaden in scope and contribute more to better living for all families. Families were assisted with plans for food production, conservation, and utilization. Data show that 19,024 families were assisted with planning and/or producing the home food supply, 20,933 in improving diets, and 21,950 with preservation and storage of food.
Homemakers and others were helped to solve their clothing problems. Homemakers numbering 14,486 were assisted with the selection and buying







Annual Report, 19,53


of clothing, 12,550 with care and mending of clothing, and 20,532 with clothing construction.
Homemakers and others were assisted in conserving time, labor and money; agents helped 11,514 to improve housekeeping methods, 3,464 to use rural family outlook information, 4,756 to do family financial planning, and 2,071 to keep and analyze home records.
Families, homemakers, and others were assisted to plant, decorate, and furnish homes that were functional and within incomes. New homes totaled 777; 4,037 families remodeled or repaired their houses; 1,373 installed water and/or sewage systems; and 1,157 planned electrical systems. Families totaling 9,022 were assisted with the selection, use, and care of home equipment (other than sewing equipment); 5,713 in the selection, use, and construction of home furnishings; 8,259 with repair, reconditioning, and care of home furnishings.
Homemakers and families numbering 11,870 were assisted with landscaping home grounds, 9,787 with sanitation practices and facilities, 17,180 with fire prevention around the farm home, and 12,198 with accident prevention around farm and home.
Groups were assisted to develop and relate the resources of the community to the needs of the family. There were 294 fact-finding surveys conducted for Extension program planning purposes, 372 communities or groups were assisted to improve health facilities, services, and programs, 175 with improving schools, 146 with improving churches, 82 with improving libraries, and 354 with improving recreation programs and facilities.
In newer areas of the program, families were assisted to develop health protective skills, facilities and services as follows: first aid and home nursing, 3,922; dental health education, 6,504; health education leading to physical examination by physicians, ' 7,035; communities or groups assisted in improving health facilities, services and programs, 372.
Consumer education cut across all areas of living as 29,371 persons were assisted with consumer information on agricultural products.
There was a trend to develop a recreational program that recognized the needs of individuals of all ages, the family and community, and that developed a sound philosophy of recreation as an essential part of family living. Families numbering 8,282 were assisted with home and family recreation, 354 with community recreation, and 5,394 4-H Club members received training in group recreation leadership.
Family life programs increased 50 percent in 1953 over 1952.
There was increased assistance given to families on establishing a long-time farm and home plan based on an integration of facts, research findings, and successful folk experience applicable to the family situation and needs of the farm.
Increased assistance was given to communities or groups working on problems calling for group action, such as improving libraries, choral programs, recreation and health.
Increased assistance was given to families in the fields of human relationships and adjustments as related to child development and guidance, individual adjustments and personality development, better understanding of town-country relations, and program planning around cultural interests.
As a part of citizenship development and public problems, 5,217 4-H Club members received definite training in.citizenship.
Home demonstration members, communities, and groups were given increased assistance in improving community organizations, study of community problems, study of national programs, and proposals affecting agriculture and rural life and world affairs.







68 Florida Cooperative Extension



CLOTHING AND TEXTILES

Katherine Simpson, Specialist in Clothing and Textiles

During 1953 the clothing and textiles program has received major emphasis throughout the State. The objective of this program has been to inform the homemaker of the essentials for a well-planned home clothing program. Another goal has been to have each family member clothed so the health, appearance, comfort, poise, and satisfaction are at a high level and expenditures kept within the family clothing budget.
The program has been made flexible to meet the needs, interests and desires of as many people as possible. With ready-made garments high in price, it is recognized that many families must stretch clothing dollars by sewing at home. It is estimated that eight out of nine women are doing home sewing.
In 1953 more than 3,000 Florida homemakers sewed for the first time, constructing garments for themselves and other members of their families. To reach the additional number of women doing home sewing, some 891 local clothing leaders held workshops under the direction of county home demonstration agents. This program was imperative because new blends and new finishes were on the market and new fabrics with qualities never before known in textile history were available. As interest in home sewing continues, a number of new sewing machines and equipment have appeared on the market. Information regarding the purchase of machines and equipment has been emphasized throughout the State.
An analysis of the 1953 statistical report shows home demonstration agents devoting 2,996 days to clothing and textiles work. As a result of 30 leader training meetings, county clothing leaders have held 478 meetings in their local communities. The work done in these local workshops has consisted of selection, construction, use, and care of clothing. To familiarize the public with the type of work that has been done following these county workshops, 1,302 white and 71 negro women have reviewed their garments.
Clothing has played a major part in the over-all program of 4-H Club girls. The following statistics show what has been accomplished in this phase of the work in 1953.
Agents Agents
White Reporting Negro Reporting
Girls enrolled . 9,620 49 1,731 12
Girls completing projects 5,958 49 1,486 12
Number of garments made 16,040 48 4,978 12

CLOTHING AND HOUSEHOLD TEXTILES
A report from 47 white and 12 negro home demonstration agents gives the following tabulated results of some of the clothing work carried on in their counties:
White Negro
Women Girls Women Girls
Demonstrations on clothing and textile
subjects by agents to 706 1,635 121 125
Demonstrations on clothing and textile
subjects by club members . __ -------- _. 564 1,177 141 157








Annual Report, 1953


Club members entering county dress
revues or shows 1,302 2,809 71 137
Clothing leaders in the county . 962 919 109 132
Training meetings for clothing leaders 76 919 13 13
Training meetings by clothing leaders 284 195 V; 16
Clothing exhibits, talks, or radio programs by agents 713 43
Clothing exhibits, talks, or radio pro.-rams by women members .-. . 429 29
Home demonstration women making.garments for first time --------- _ . . 3,017 821
New garments made by adults . . . 162,794 11,215
Garments remodeled bv adults . _ 42,357 4,763
Household articles made * _ . . 98,889 4,850 Families helped on home laundry problems 5,122 644

* Includes sheets, pillow cases, curtains, draperies, slip covers, etc.

The clothing and textiles program for Florida will continue to stress these points:
Awareness of economy, thoughtful planning and care of clothing.
Importance of acquiring a knowledge of new materials available on the markets and the use and care of each for better and longer service.
Importance of acquiring skills and knowledge related to the construction of clothing.
Learning to dress appropriately, becomingly, economically, and beautifully at all times and for all occasions in keeping with a well-planned clothing budget.








Florida Cooperati'e Extension


EDITORIAL AND VISUAL AIDS

Alna Wairen, Assistant Editor and Visual Aids Specialist

Through news article,;, feature stories, radio broadcasts, television programs, and the distribution of publications, the State Home Demonstration Office sought to keep people informed on timely, up-to-date home economics information. The Assistant Editor assi.sted the home demonstration staff with their information and educational program through training in how to write news releases, gathering material for magazine articles and radio and television programs and scripts, and circulating films, filmstrips, slides, books, and publications. Assistance also was rendered through newsletters, exhibits, workshops, clinics, and conferences.
Approximately 5,712 of 6,043 news and picture stories prepared in 1953 to give home demonstration information were written by home demonstra


Fig. 10.-An assistant home demonstration agent presenting a weekly broadcast on 4-H activities.







Annual Report, 1953


tion agents. Also, 1,112 radio programs provided timely information on various homemaking topics. Television came into wider use as an educational medium, with home demonstration agents presenting 40 programs. A series of three television programs on consumer baying and kitchen planning was presented as a telecourse with 300 viewers completing the course and receiving certificates. Farm magazines carried 35 stories about Florida's home demonstration programs.
Motion pictures, colored slides, photographs, and exhibits at fairs and achievement days were used to present information to the public. A total of 201,955 publications were distributed to persons requesting them from home demonstration agents. The State Home Demonstration Office had additional requests for more than 8,300 publications.
Libraries received a big boost from home demonstration clubs in 1953. The clubs maintained 58 libraries and assisted 4 37 others. The great interest and increase in rural libraries in Florida is due largely to a cooperative enterprise between the State Home Dem ' onstration Office and the State Library. The State Library provides collections of carefully selected books which are changed every three months. The Assistant Editor and Visual Aids Specialist worked with home demonstration agents who in turn worked through their home demonstration councils, clubs, and individual members in securing these circulating libraries and in housing and caring for them while they were in the community.
Club members exchanged 1,170 books and magazines at meetings and added 1,212 new books to libraries. They subscribed to 184 magazines and papers for these libraries.
Home demonstration club women and 4-H Club girls wrote 2,569 news stories and feature articles this year, as well as 17 magazine articles. They saw 201 educational motion pictures and 224 filmstrips and appeared on 232 radio and 40 television programs. They planned 114 meetings in the field of art, 100 in music, and 38 in literature. Community choruses made 20 appearances. Four counties sent special talent to the first AllFlorida Folklore Festival at the Stephen Foster Memorial.
Pictorial reporting of home demonstration and 4-H achievements moved forward steadily, with eight full-page pictorials appearing during National Home Demonstration Week. One edition of a local paper was devoted to 4-H Club activities during a youth fair. Home demonstration and 4-H Club members went on 201 tours for educational purposes in 1953.








Florida Cooperative E.rtoi.,;ion


FOOD AND NUTRITION

Cleo M. Arnett, Extension Nutritionist

This program is designed to teach the value of good nutrition as a basie factor in health and happiness and to motivate the adoption of good food habits as a part of daily living. To help accomplish this goal the program has been developed as an integral part of the total family-centered home demonstration program. Integration of the work and materials at the state level helped to solve some of the problems in the counties in accomplishing this program.
Work by the Extension Nutritionist was organized around adult and junior horne demonstration programs. Work with the two groups -Was interrelated and included nutrition and health, food selection and prel3aration, and planning and serving meals. Special emphasis was placed on increasing: the use of fruits, vegetables, and milk; on good nutrition in weight control; and on better breakfasts.
Families were reached through radio, television, news articles, pamphlets, bulletins, exhibits, method demonstrations, meetings, institutes, short courses, and home and office visits. Continued development of local leadership helped to reach many people. There were 1,137 women and girls serving as voluntary local leaders in this project during the year. They assisted 5,961 families. White and negro home demonstration agents reported spending 3,539 days developing the food and nutrition program. They contacted 76,165 persons individually or through meetings.

Fig: 1 L-Florida 4-H Club girls enjoy milk on the lawn during Short Coui se.







Annual Report, 195.3


FAMILY NUTRITION
During the year families were assisted as follows:
20,9333 improving diets.
19,024 planning and/or producing the home food supply.
17,919 food selection for quality, nutritional needs, amount to buy, variety and form.
11,569 food for children.
4,696 food for older people.
5,670 good nutrition in weight control.
4,885 packed balanced lunches for school children.
2,696 packed balanced lunches for adult workers.

FOOD SELECTION, PREPARATION AND MEAL PLANNING
A total of 27,983 families were assisted with food selection, meal planning, and food preparation. In recent years there has been marked improvement in methods of food preparation.
Numbers of families using recommended food preparation methods:


1951
Dairy products . 1 8,638
Meat and fish 10,745
Poultiy and eggs 9,960
Vegetables:
Cooked 14,789
Raw
Baked products . . 10,486


1952 11,177 11,079 11,658

15,669
14,562 39,132


1953 15,800 13,979
17,434

16,173 19,075
14,550


4-H CLUB WORK
The 4-H Club food and nutrition program emphasizes development of interest and ability in planning, preparing, and serving simple well-balanced meals, using home or locally produced foods when possible. Club members were urged to learn and follow good food habits essential to optimum growth and development. Acceptance of the 4-H Club dairy foods awards program encouraged many girls to use more milk. During the year 9,721 girls enrolled in and 6,275 girls completed food preparation projects. Dairy foods demonstrations were given by 130 teams of two girls each and 440 individuals.








Florida Cooperative Extemion


FOOD CONSERVATION

Alice L. Cromartie, Assistant Economist, Food Conservation

This year has seeni the close integration of the programs in food and nutrition, production, conservation, and consumer buying in order to better serve Florida families. Specialists concerned with these programs have worked together to develop a coordinated program that will tie into family living as a whole. Recognition of the more common dietary deficiencies in Florida-calcium and vitamins A and C-has given the program added emphasis.


4, "17



Fig. 12. The Assistant Food Conservation Specialist and two judges
discuss the factors that mnake quality canned goods.

The food conservation program has stressed conservation practices which would retain as much of the nutritive value of food as possible after preparation, processing, and storing. Emphasis has been given to increasing the conservation of fruits and vegetables high in calcium and vitamins A and C.
The number of trained food conservation leaders in 1953 was 501. This was an increase of 62 over 1952. The Specialist worked directly with 139) leaders and their agents.
One outstanding phase of the conservation program in 1953 has been the promotion of fruit in the family diet. Fruit production training meetings for ag-ents have been held by the Food Production and Conservation






Annual Report, 1953 75

Specialists and the Home Improvement Specialist, with the assistance of men specialists and research people. As a part of this program, the Assistant Food Conservation Specialist endeavored to train and encourage home demonstration agents and leaders to conserve more fruits for family use. The Extension Nutritionist, then, as a part of the nutrition program, stressed using these fruits both fresh and conserved in the diet.
During 1953 there were 6,377 home freezers in use by home demonstration families. This increase in home freezer owners and the increase of 6,525 commercial locker users accounts for the larger increase in meats frozen during the past year. Reports show that there were 1,054,592 pounds of meat frozen and 1,036,203 pounds cured. This affected the meat canning program to some extent because of the flavor changes occurring when meat is canned. A total of 366,295 pounds of vegetables and 97,548 pounds of fruits -vas frozen during the year. Canning of fruits and vegetables totalled 794,087 pints. This was approximately the same as for the previous year.
Home demonstration agents reported this year that 4,238 families had conserved their family food supply by a planned budget. This type of planning insured a variety in the diet and a better balanced meal for the family. Better care of home canning equipment has also been emphasized. There were 2,015 gauges checked on pressure cookers and 619 sealers were adjusted during the year.







Florida Cooperative Extension -


FOOD PRODUCTION

Helen D. Holstein, Food Production and Conservation Specialist

Every effort was made to plan and carry out the program on food production in such a way as to appeal to and inspire all groups of people to appreciate what food production to meet family needs can mean to the entire family. In working with this very important phase of the Agricultural Extension program, families were constantly reminded of the relationship between food production at home and all phases of family living-financial, physical, and social.
The entire family planned the production of its own food. This planning included:
1. Growing a garden to furnish vegetables for year-round home use.
2. Producing fruits adapted to the region as a part of a yard beautification plan and/or growing a small family orchard. Emphasis was placed on quick-growing fruits.
3. Keeping at least one or two cows to provide milk, butter, and cheese.
4. Keeping a poultry Rock for meat and eggs.
5. Raising meat animals for a home supply of meat.
Special emphasis was placed on the importance of home food produetion as a means of supplementing family income, of providing a more nutritious diet and of developing opportunities for family recreation. Increased emphasis was placed on a "family centered" program adjusted to chan,-ing conditions, so that people might be stimulated to seek and apply knowledge in food production. This program was integrated with other subject-matter programs to fit the interests and needs of Florida families.
Program emphasis was paced on growing a variety of foods based on nutritional needs, developing and using improved practices, and improving livestock breeds. Sixty-four statistical reports-including white and negro-sbowed that 19,024 families were assisted by Extension agents in planning or producing the home food supply. The program was planned and carried out through the cooperative efforts of the State Home Demonstration Staff, county home demonstration agents, volunteer leaders, home demonstration and 4-H Clubs, junior and senior home demonstration councils, and individuals.

PRODUCTION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
This phase of the program was approached from the standpoint of home grounds beautification as well as nutrition, health, and economy. Increasing the varieties planted was stressed, in addition to using recommended varieties, improved practices, and better management. Many
families participated in this program, as shown below by statistical reports of agents:
Work Done Women Girls
Planted home gardens 9,708 2,348
Planted fruit trees and berries 79,007 5,163
Served as garden demonstrators . 4,387 203
Served as orchard demonstrators . 158 337 Enrolled in 4-H garden and orchard projects - 4,377
Served as garden chairmen and leaders . 420 375 Served as orchard chairmen 270 191







Annual Report, 1953


PRODUCTION OF LIVESTOCK AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS
The production of livestock was faced from a realistic standpoint and emphasis placed where production was practical. This program includes poultry and dairy and meat animals. Four-H Club girls are becoming increasingly interested in these phases of the program. Statistical reports of agents show that 1,913 4-H girls were poultry demonstrators, raising 51,805 chickens, and 864 girls kept poultry records. Dairy projects were carried by 382 girls and 644 were enrolled in other livestock projects. Home demonstration club members in 47 counties bought 1,074 milk cows, bringing the total up to 10,450 milk cows owned by home demonstration and 4-H Club members. It was reported that 10,175 families used a quart of milk daily for each child and a pint for each adult. This indicates that these families appreciate the value of milk and milk products in the diet, which is one of the most important steps in the promotion of home production of milk and milk products. Families were urged to use the offspring from the family milk cow to supply additional meat for the family diet. During 1953 19,406 hogs, 4,834 beeves, and 3,826 other meat animals
--were grown and used at home.
The Food Production and Conservation Specialist spent 159 days in the field working primarily with county home demonstration agents, assistant agents, and leaders. She assisted with five area in-service training meetings for home demonstration agents and assistant agents on fruit production. Increased attendance of county home demonstration personnel and specialists at Experiment Station field days, poultry and citrus institutes, vegetable schools, vegetable and fruit clinics, and judging events increased as they sought more technical information on food production.







Florida Cooperative Extension


GIRLS' 4-H CLUB WORK

Emily King, State Girls' 4-H Club Agent"
Bronna Mae Elkins, Asst. State Girls' 4-H Club Agent

There were 17,575 girls enrolled -in 1,339 4-H Clubs during 1953. The girls assumed 4-H Club project responsibilities and passed 441 information to others. The program has helped 4-H Club girls to be better citizens in their homes, clubs, communities, and counties.
The 35 county girls' 4-H Club councils served as advisory committees to the county home demonstration agents. Each council, composed of two girls from each 4-H Club, met regularly and helped to plan and direct county 4-H Club events. The councils also interpreted to the agent and leaders the needs of the girls in the local clubs and helped local groups to fit into the over-all county and State 4-H Club program. Two representatives from each county 4-H council made up the State Girls' 4-H Club Council. These representatives worked together on committees during the State Girls' 4-H Club short course and members presided at all general sessions.
The officers of the State Girls' 4-H Club Council held three meetings during the year, at which they helped plan the annual meeting and the 4-H exhibit at the State Fair.
The necessary requirements to complete specific projects in the subjectmatter phase of the program were met by 12,006 girls. These requirements included making an exhibit and submitting a project record and story of achievement. County home demonstration agents, adult 4-H Club leaders, and others provided information and encouragement to the 4-H Club girls in completing their projects. The adults helped with training meetings, exhibits, news stories, bulletins, achievement days, tours, camps, and rallies and gave individual assistance.
The 542 4-H Club girls who gave leadership assistance in their local and county 4-H Club groups worked closely with adult 4-H Club leaders and county home demonstration agents in the development of 4-H Club work. One thousand five hundred and sixty-two adults served as volunteer leaders under the direction of home demonstration agents and a total of 19,537 attended 1,019 training meetings.
Group activities helped provide 4-H Club girls with needed information and aided others to have a better understanding of the place of 4-H in the Extension Service program. A total of 273 tours were held for 4-H Club girls and home demonstration agents, 23 weeks of camp were attended by 1,952 girls, and 428 achievement events were held.
The observance of National 4-H Club Achievement Day, National 4-H Club Week, and Rural Life Sunday, and participation in local and district and state fairs, short courses, camps, and rallies helped keep others informed about 4-H programs. These events also provided opportunities for the girls to develop their individual abilities by assuming responsibilities in the planning and direction - of activities.
Girls' 4-H Club work showed growth, strength, and expansion during the year. The number of 4-H Club girls enrolled increased by 1,289. Some 576 more 4-H Club meetings were held by agents and 363 more meetings were held by leaders. Attendance at 4-H Club meetings -%vas 144,706 more than in 1952 and there were 45 more Clubs than in 1952.
14 AppoirAed October 1, 1953.








Annuoal Report, 1953


HEALTH EDUCATION

Frances C. Cannon, Assistant Health Education Specialist

The health program has continued to increase in scope. In 1953 there were more cluh meetings, news articles, and radio scripts emphasizing health and safety. The agents devoted 1,119 days to all phases of health work.
Improved Health.-Health was an important aspect of all phases of homemaking programs carried on by home agents. However, there are certain important health needs whbich merit more emphasis, such as iml rnunization, home care of the sick, and the why and how of physical examrinations.
The health education program. contributed materially to the results reported by home demionstrato agents on health activities of home demonstration members as follows: 13,358 family members had medical examinations; 5,330 families had children immunized and/'or continued immunization; 3,173 families had their water supply checked this year; 16,208 families practiced correct methods of disposing of garbage; 5,631 families have first aid equipment in the home.
Community Health.-As more subdivisions are developed and expanded, the problem of correct garbage disposal becomes more pressing. Home demonstration women have been a big- factor in having proper garbage collections instituted and enlarged.
There are 20 representatives of the Senior Council of Home Demonstration Work serving on county-wide health boards. -tome demonstration women and 4-H Club girls have shared with their communities the health education information they have gained. A total of 193 exhibits were madle on health this year. Some of the central ideas used were, "Home Care of the Sick," "Cancer," and "Safety in the Home." Health skits were presented at both the Timpoochee and Cherry Lake Farm and Homle Institutes.

Fig. 13.-Recreation for both young and old is important in maintaining, good health.







80 Florida Cooperative Extension

Cooperation with Health Agencies.-In the past the majority of the health work in home demonstration programs has been in such activities as drives and sewing for hospitals. The women and girls continued these activities this year. The records show the following:
Cooperating
Activity Adult Clubs 4-11 Clubs
March of Dimes (Infantile paralysis) ---- 398 273
Cancer Crusade . . 339 106 Christmas TB seal sales . . 333 242 Easter stamp sales 129 1.10
Pre-School clinics 146 52
Prenatal and well baby clinics . 79 12

While it is felt that these activities are important, emphasis this year has been placed on the health education program rather than limiting activities to cooperation with others. The cancer education program has been very successful. In one county a doctor reported that as a result of this program, three home demonstration club women who came to him for examinations were found to have early stages of cancer. There was close cooperation with the county health departments, the State Board of Health, local physicians, and the Florida Medical Association.
4-H Health Tbe 4-H enrollments and completions in health projects were the largest ever reported. There were 2,647 4-H members enrolled in the health projects with 1,952 completing their work. Definite training in health, nursing, and first aid was given to 6,769 club members. Because of their participation in the Extension health program 4,001 4-H Club members had health examinations.
Health instruction was given to 4-H Club members at the Girls' 4-11 short course, at 4-H camps, and achievement days, and at individual club meetings. The mimeographed 4-H Health Improvement Record Book was revised and printed in 1953.
Leadership Training.-A total of 284 adult Home Demonstration clubs and 234 girls' 4-H Clubs have health chairmen. Fifty-three health training meetings were held, with 1,324 attending. In addition, a health education "class" was held as a part of the State Home Demonstration Council Short Course.
Recreation Efforts were made in 1953 to give some type of recreation at each Home Demonstration meeting which the women and girls could enjoy and also take home for family recreation purposes.
County home demonstration agents and club members planned and, directed 594 special recreation activities. Training in leading recreation was received by 245 women and 673 4-H girls.







Annual Report, 1953


HOME IMPROVEMENT

Bonnie J. Carter, Home Improvement Specialist

The home improvement program was planned and carried out in 48 counties by home demonstration agents, with the assistance of the Specialist, the administrative staff, volunteer local leaders, and senior and junior counils of home demonstration work. During the year agents spent 5,523 days working on all phases of honie improvement. Voluntary local leaders numbering 2,879 assisted with the program. A zotal of 151 training meetings were held for these leaders.
The home improvement program in Florida is dcsipned to meet the needs of the people for comfortable, convenient, beautiful, and well-managed homes. It enables them to live more sati.4fyi g lives and become better citizens.
The House and Surroundings, Furnishings and Equipment.-This phase of the program is designed to improve housing conditions, create a desire for a high standard of living, and promote good health. The program includes buildings, remodeling and repairing homes, and adding conveniences to meet family needs; beaLtifyino the home and surroundings; furnishing the home for beauty, comfort, and convenience.


Fig. 14.-These 4-H girls learn to select color schemes and accessories for the home.







Florida Cooperative Extension


Family Living.-The major purposes of this program are to help people improve family living by making satisfactory adjustments to living conditions; adopting good practices in rearing children; managing income to meet needs of the family; making wise use of credit; using human and material resources for bettering family living; adding to the family income; practicing orderly, systematic, and efficient work babies; practicing good housekeeping; providing security for old age; medical and dental care.
Consumer Education.-The objectives of this program are to help people make better use of their resources by learning to make wise decisions when buying household supplies, equipment, furnishings, and building materials; to develop skills in building and in repairing and refinishing floors, walls, work surfaces, furniture, and woodwork; to teach people to read and understand labels, specifications, guarantees, and directions oil care and use of equipment and materials used at home.
Results of' Home Improvement activities promoted through the Extension program are listed below. These figures represent work of men, women, girls, and boys, both white and negro.
Days spent by agents in all phases of home improvement . 5,523 Total persons contacted individually or through meetings . 128,669 Number voluntary local leaders assisting 2,879
Estimated number of different families, homemakers or
other individuals assisted . 85,515
Families, Homemakers and Other Individuals Assisted With
House building 777
House remodeling or repairing 4,037
Kitchen and laundry improvement 3,534
Storage space improvement 3,397
Selection, installation and care of:
(a) water and/or sewage systern . - --_------_---------- 1,373
(b) cooling systems . 641
Planning electrical systems 1,157
Landscaping home grounds 11,870
Home equipment selection, use and care (other than sewing) 9,022 Home furnishings selection, use and construction . . 5,713 Home furnishings repair, reconditioning and care ---------------- 8,259
Furniture arrangement and use of accessories 8,538
Color schemes and wall finishes 8,198
Floor finishes 2,000
Management decisions 6,697
Improving housekeeping methods 11,514
Family laundering problems 8,511
Use of rural family outlook information 3,464
Planning family finances . . . 4,756
Record keeping and analysis . 2,071
Family legal matters . . ------------ ------ 666
Families Assisted With
Child development and guidance ---- 5,689
Providing play, clothing and equipment suited to age of
children 6,082
Strengthening family relationships and understanding roles
of family member . . . 6,798
Individual adjustments and personality development . . 3,765 Home and family recreation 8,282







Annual Report, 1953


4-11 Club Work is designed to stimulate the interest of girls in learning to do simple home tasks well, in making their homes more beautiful, comfortable, and convenient, both inside and out, in becoming well adjusted members of their families and communities.
4-H Club member participation in 1953 home improvement activity projects:
Enrolled Completing
Child care 2,271 1,391
Home management (good housekeeping) . 1,340 1,000
Beautification of home .-rounds -------------------- 4,536 3,053
Home furnishings and room improvement . 2,866 1,999
Units involved-rooms 2,446
articles 6,144
Money management training 6,731
Leading training meetings 74
Attendance at these . 973
Exhibits by club members 887
Requests for help with the several phases of home improvement have increased during the past few years. Apparently the Home Demonstration agents, assisted by the Home Improvement and other Extension Specialists, will need to train more voluntary local leaders and point out opportunities for them to help in their communities, if the need is to be met.

































































Total of all products


84 Florida Cooperative Extension


HOME INDUSTRIES AND MARKETING

Gladys Kendall, Home Industries and Marketing Specialist

The objectives of the home industries and marketing program were to assist families in obtaining and using consumer information so that they might produce and market quality products at home. This program also included emphasis on better management of time, energy, money, and other resources.
Consumer Information and Management of Resources.-In the consumer information phase of the program, major emphasis was on buying foods, furnishings and equipment. In management of resources emphasis was on managing time, energy, and money. Families were assisted with problems concerning selection, purchasing, and "making versus buying" decisions. All county Extension agents spent 1,394 days working on home management and family economics. The agents and volunteer leaders assisted families in the following lines:


Assistance With Fam
Management decisions Family laundering problems Use of rural family outlook information Family financial planning . Keeping and analyzing home records Family legal matters .
Selection and buying food Selection and buying
Clothing
Home equipment other than sewing equipment .
Home furnishings


ilies Assisted 6,697 8,511
3,464 4,756 2,071 666 17,919


14,486 9,022 5,713


Home Industries, Arts, and Crafts Home industries were developed to supplement family income. Use was made of native materials, food products and other resources of the farm and home. Home demonstration families received approximately 60 percent more cash from the sale of home-produced products in 1953 than in 1952. Approximately 90 percent of cash received was from the sale of food products and the other 10 percent from the sale of flowers, plants, handicraft articles, and services such as nursing, baby sitting, catering, and sewing. About 57 percent of the total cash received was from the sale of eggs. in addition to the cash received for their products, many families contributed home-made products to charity and community drives in place of cash.
Home demonstration and 4-H Club members reported marketing the following:


Food Products Eggs
P oultry . --- -------- .
Fresh vegetables Dairy products Fresh fruits Baked foods Canned foods
Total food products _. . .
Other products


Value
$436,185.80
---- 76,316.58
30,416.12
--- 98,946.67
38,649.86 8,819.81 6,489.32
$695,824.16
74,333.35
. $770,157.51







Annual Report, 195")


The demand for teaching craft skills was met by helping people to learn. and apply art principles to homemaking and to create and produce inexpensive gifts and articles for family use and sale. All craft activities were a definite part of a basic family living program. Volunteer leaders actively assisted with this part of the program. There was a ready market for quality handicraft articles that were suitable for gifts and souvenirs and that sold at a reasonable price. The development of profitable hobbies and leisure time activities was encouraged.
Families were helped with the following:

Assistance With Families Assisted
Developing home industries 2,252
Standardizing products 930
Improving quality of products 1,417
Practices incident to home arts and crafts --- . . _ 7,117

Marketing Activities.-The program in marketing and distribution of agricultural products was conducted by Extension Specialists in Agricultural Economics, Marketing and other agricultural subject-matter. However, people who worked closely with the home demonstration agents looked to them for guidance and assistance in marketing farm products.
Home demonstration agents devoted 300 days to assisting with marketing agricultural products. They assisted with organizing 13 cooperatives with 1,102 members. In addition, 107 groups with 437 members were organized informally to market cooperatively. A total of 3,602 persons were assisted by agents with some phase of marketing. Also, 1,824 others were assisted, including buyers, sellers, and handlers.
Program Development The home industries and marketing program was integrated with related subject-matter. It was planned and developed in 48 counties by the Specialist, working cooperatively with other members of the Agricultural Extension Service, volunteer leaders, home demonstration and 4-H Club members, junior and senior councils, and others. Instruction was given in (1) improving consumer buying practices when selecting foods, furnishings, and equipment; (2) making quality products of palmetto, bamboo, coconut fronds, pine needles, and other semi-tropical plants; (3) improving standards, packaging, and labeling of home products;
(4) interpreting laws and regulations concerning the marketing of products;
(5) making accessories for the home, such as rugs, flower containers, stools, lamps, and lamp-shades; (6) making toys and games from scrap and gifts from inexpensive materials; (7) recognizing and using art principles; and (8) how to plan, prepare, and arrange educational exhibits for use at airs, achievement days, and other events. Volunteer leaders assisting with this program included 542 in home management, 457 in family economics, 163 in marketing of home products, and 703 in home arts and crafts.
In 56 training meetings the Specialist assisted with training a total of 1,288 leaders. Agents conducted 20 training meetings in marketing and 252 in home ar s and crafts for leaders. Leaders and others held 1,416 meetings attended by approximately 28,000 adults and 4-H Club girls. Assistance was given to agents, leaders, club members and others at three training meetings for agents, at state-wide conferences, short courses, institutes, and other special events. In 13 counties 297 leaders were trained to plan, prepare, arrange, and judge or evaluate exhibits. The Specialist also worked with three county fair committees, judged at five fairs and, through personal conferences, assisted 11 white and three negro home demonstration agents with planning exhibits. A total of 4,618 exhibits







86 Florida Cooperative Extension

were used to inform the public of home demonstration work. Also, the Specialist visited 48 established demonstrations, participated in 40 meetings, and four radio and three television programs; and assisted in 35 counties with other problems relating to home industries and marketing. Approximately 6,500 persons other than Extension Service personnel were contacted by the Specialist.
4-H Club Work.-The 4-H Club program emphasized management of resources, using consumer information when selecting foods, using improved practices and methods when producing articles for sale or for gifts, and keeping more accurate and complete records. There were 1;340 club members enrolled in management projects, with 1,000 completing, and a total of 6,731 members who received some training in management. A total of 2,038 members were enrolled in home industries, art and crafts, with 1,681 completing 5,698 articles.
Special training in better buying practices and in using art principles was given to approximately 800 4-H Club girls, leaders, and home demonstration agents at short courses and 4-H Club camps.








Ammnal Report. 1953)


NEGRO FARM DEMONSTRATION WORK

Joseph A. Gresham, Negro District Ageit

Negro county ag-ents se' ved 10 counties in, Florida in 195o. including Alachua. Columbia, Gadsden- Hamilton, Jackson, Jetfforson, Leon, Madison, Marion, and Sumter. These counties are located for the most part in the northern part of the State, where a large negro rural population is found.
Fl 'e of these agents received salary increases from their counties in 1953 and all were given increases, from the State. Four have part-time clerical help. Office space is provided fur all agents by the counties. Help was given by Specialists with outlook meetings, livestock and coin shows, tours, field meetings, 4-1H shor[ courses, judging and team demonstrations, camps and achievement days.
Two negro agents from nearby counties attended night and Saturday classes at Florida A. and M. University. All agents were in attendance during the annual conference for negro county and home agents, October 12-16. Two groups of agents visited experiment stations at Gainesville and Quincy.

Fig. 15.-A demonstration in power mower operation is staged on a
well-kept lawn of an attractive, comfortable home.







88 Florida Cooperative Extension

County exhibits were displayed by negro agents in Tampa at the Florida State Fair in February and agents received favorable comments from thousands of visitors. Seven Extension agents exhibited at county and area fairs. A state-wide 4-H Club corn show was held in Tallahassee at the North Florida Fair, a 4-H fat cattle show was conducted in Gadsden County, and a 4-H fat hog show was held in Sumter County at Webster. Seven counties held achievement days and farm tours were conducted in three.
Agents devoted 1,592 days to work with adults, 1,116 with 4-H Club work, and 257 with young men-a total of 2,965 days. By subjects, their work with crops took 21.717o of their time; livestock 15.6%; marketing, distribution, and service organizations 8.5%; community development and public affairs 6.9%; planning and management of farm business 5.8%; Extension organization and planning 5.51/c; soil and water conservation and management 5.1%; farm building and mechanical equipment 4.6%; wildlife 3.61 ,; and forestry 3.5%. Meetings were held as follows:
No. Meetings Attendance
By Extension workers:
For local leaders
Adults ------------- 66 1,899
Young men --------- 1 26 560
4-H Club 73 1,233
All other meetings
Adults . 101 3,409
Young men 20 729
By Local Leaders:
Adults 60 1,365
Young men 23 670
4-11 Club 68 1,576
Cam ps . . ------_ ---- ----------- 3 257

4-H Clubs.-Florida was represented at the Regional 4-H Club Camp held at State College, Frankfort, Kentucky, the second week in June. For the third year Florida's 4-H Club work for negro youths received an award for outstanding achievement. This has helped to stimulate interest in 4-H Club work. Teams from four counties conducted eight 4-H Club method demonstrations at the Florida State Fair. A total of 2,752 boys were enrolled in 4-H Clubs, of which 2,153 boys completed their projects-or 78.3%. Of the boys enrolled, 94.3%o were from rural homes.







Annual Report, 195.] 89



NEGRO HOME DEMONSTRATION WORK

Floy Britt, District Home Demonstration Agent

Home demonstration work for negro women and girls is established in 12 counties in Florida. These include Alachua, Columbia, Dade, Duval, Hillsborough, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Madison, Marion, Putnam, and Vo]usia. With the exception of Dade, these counties are located in the general farming area of the northern and central parts of the State.
The State program for negro home demonstration work is directed by the State Home Demonstration Agent, with one of the District Agents serving, as a consultant to the Negro District Agent. In carrying on the Extension program for negroes, negro home demonstration agents made 4,300 home visits, had 3,606 telephone calls, received 6,910 office calls, published 206 news articles, and distributed 9,699 bulletins. As a result of Extension influence, 2.526 neg-ro families changed their practices to provide for better family nutrition and 4,093 families made improvements in food production, conservation, and preparation.
More assistance frontt Extension specialists was available during' the year, which helped agents to do better work. Two home demonstration agents took Extension courses during the summer to increase their eiciency as Agents.
Adult Programs.-The negro Extension program was designed to increase and conserve food needs for Florida negro families, provide more convenient and attractive homes and clothing, improve health practices and family recreational facilities, and teach families to spend their incomes more wisely.


Fig. 16.-Negro agents are trained to demonstrate reupholstering furniture
and other home improvement accomplishments.







Florida Cooperative Extension


Agents reported that 84 adult clubs were organized in 1953, with an enrollment of 1,551 members. Also held were 102 adult training meetings, with 1,169 attending; 682 method demonstration meetings, with 10,156 attending; 12 achievement days, with 12,000 attending; and 14 home improvement tours, with an attendance of 360.
Homemakers from 12 counties set up a creditable negro exhibit at the Florida State Fair, and 12 agents, working with home demonstration leaders, displayed creditable achievement exhibits in their various counties.
4-11 Activities.-Negro home demonstration agents organized 126 girls' 4-H Clubs, with an enrollment of 4,087 girls. Four-H girls enrolled for 11,474 projects and completed 9,436. In addition, agents held 166 4-H training meetings, with 1,994 attending, 836 method demonstration mectings, with 18,859 in attendance, and 12 4-H achievement days, with 5,000 attending.
Eleven 4-H Club girls won honors in the 1953 awards program. This activity is creating more interest in 4-H Club work. For the last three years this has been a means of getting girls to keep better project records. Four outstanding 4-H Club girls won free trips to the 1953 Regional 4-H Club Camp which was held at Kentucky State College, Frankfort, Kentucky. Twelve county-wide vegetable garden tours were held and 294 homes werq made more sanitary, comfortable, convenient, and attractive for Florida negro farm families.
The negro county workers make joint plans of work with the other Extension workers in the county and, in turn, receive cooperation from the county agricultural agents, home demonstration agents and specialists in carrying out the plan. The specialists worked closely with the Negro District Agent and negro county home demonstration agents at the annual negro Extension conference and State short course to bring them new information and keep them up-to-date on Extension program planning and development.
The negro home demonstration workers also were given help with ways and means of developing leadership at the annual negro conference and 4-H short course, as well as at other times throughout the year.
Annual Agents' Conference.-The theme of the annual conference this year was: "Effective Program Planning to Improve Extension Work." To develop this theme, interesting and well-qualified speakers were secured at joint morning assemblies. These speakers developed such topics as: Looking Ahead in Extension; Extension's Responsibilities in Strengthening Home and Family Life; Involving People in the Planning Process; and Organizing and Managing County Extension Offices.
Each day during the week after the morning sessions, the Agents divided into four smaller mixed groups and discussed how to: Involve people in the planning process; locate, train and recognize local leaders in adult work; promote interest through effective teaching aids; and how do we know when our program is effective ?
After the week's discussions, each group made recommendations that were compiled and sent to each agent in attendance. Each group had a consultant from the State Home Demonstration Office present at these workshop sessions. The agents were most appreciative of this program, which was planned by the two Negro District Agents.
State 4-11 Short Course for Negroes.-The theme of the annual short course this year was "Working Together for World Understanding." This annual -meeting is a joint one for boys and girls. The morning programs included Joint assemblies with good speakers who inspired the boys and







Annual Report, 1953


girls to want to do a better job in 4-H Club work and encouraged them to want to be better leaders in their own counties and communities.
Following the assemblies, the boys and girls were divided into groups for instruction. The afternoon sessions were devoted to tours, recreation, camp planning, leadership training, and council organization for agents, leaders, and girls. Special programs on recreation, State dress revue, and candle lighting service were planned for the evening programs.
State Fair Negro Extension workers take a very active part in the State Fair at Tampa. They plan and display an educational exhibit to show what their home demonstration program includes. Also, during the fair, the negro 4-H Club girls give method demonstrations at intervals during each day. These are on different phases of 4-H Club work. This has been a highly successful means of developing more and better quality leadership among the older negro 4-H Club girls.
4-H Camps.-The camp provided for negroes has been a means of strengthening the negro 4-H Club program over the State. The summer camp program has improved greatly during the past two years. This year at the annual negro 4-H short course the District Agents worked with the county and home demonstration agents for better pre-planning of summer camps.


NEGRO STATISTICAL REPORT, MEN AND WOMEN

Data from Negro County and Home Demonstration Agents' Reports

GENERAL ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Farm or home visits made 9,501
Calls relating to Extension work: office 14,489; telephone ---------------- 6,311
News articles or stories prepared . 379 Broadcasts made or prepared: radio 58
Bulletins distributed 16,956
Adult result demonstrations conducted 467
Training meetings held for local leaders:
Number --------- - --------- 439
Total attendance ------------ 6,921
All other meetings agents held or participated m:
Number . 12878
Total attendance 38,318
Meetings held or conducted by local leaders:
Number 418
Total attendance . ----------------------- 8,319

COOPERATIVE AGRICULTURAL PLANNING
Total number of different voluntary leaders assisting Extension agents with organization, plannitig and conduct of Extension work in counties:
Men 491
W om en -------------------------- __ . --- I . - 392
Older club boys -.-. . - . --- - 102
Older club girls ---- ----- I . ----- 14
Individuals assisted to adopt recommended production and marketing practices in subject matter fields:








Florida Cooperative Extension


Crop Production Individuals assisted with: Grain crops 1,585
Hay and other forage, pasture, range -------------- __ 1,223
Cotton and other fiber
crops _ ----------- --------- --------- 647
Tobacco 880
Oil and sugar crops -------- _ 1,030 Fruits and nuts . ------ ------- ---- 1,074
Vegetables including
potatoes 2,421
Flowers, ornamental
shrubs 1,280
Conservation of Natural
Resources
Individuals assisted with: Soil and water conservation and management . ----- 1,837
Forestry ---------- -------- . 701
Wildlife . 566
The House and Surroundings, Furnishings and Equipment Individuals or families assisted
with:
The house and surroundings 3,110
Furnishings and equipment 2,077
Foods and Nutrition, Health
Family Life and Safety Families assisted with:
Foods and nutrition . . 2,526 Health . . 2,921


Family life 1,689
Safety 2,867

Livestock
Individuals assisted with:
Dairy animals and
products .-. ----- __ ------ . 1,076
Poultry and products . . 1,929 Beef cattle 709
Sheep and goats ------------ --- 71
Swine - 1,857
Other livestock . --------- . 120

Planning and Management
of the Farm Business
Individuals assisted with _. 2,037

Farm Buildings and
Mechanical Equipment Individuals assisted with:
Farm buildings . . . _ 464
Farm mechanical
equipment 589

Home Management, Family
Economics and Clothing


Individuals assisted with: Home management ---------Family economics . ---------Clothing


2,126 1,519 2,613


Marketing and Distribution Individuals assisted with: Information on agricultural products 1,528


ASSISTANCE GIVEN TO FORMALLY ORGANIZED COOPERATIVES
AND TO INFORMALLY ORGANIZED GROUPS


Informally organized groups
assisted with:
Marketing and purchasing:
Number
38 Members
Farm and home service:
Number Members


Formally organized groups
assisted with:
Marketing and purchasing: Number Members


PERSONS PARTICIPATING IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND
PUBLIC AFFAIRS PROJECTS, PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES
WHICH AGENTS WORKED ON
Citizenship activities -------------- -- 1,392
Developing and improving county or community organization -------------- - 1,725
Local projects of a general public nature:








Annual Report, 1953)


General community problems .1,202 Improving health facilities 1,782 Improving schools . 2,205 Improving churches -.2,014 Bettering town-country
relations 1,935


Libraries .
Roads
Telephones Community centers -----Recreation programs and
facilities
Community beautification.


195 255 616 769

2,965
1,417


National programs . 1,173,
Emergency activities 998

SUMMARY OF 4-H CLUB WORK Number of 4-H Clubs 241
Number of 4-H members enrolled in and completing projects:
Enrolled: Boys-2,752; girls-4,087; total-6,839
Completing: Boys-2,153; girls-3,265; total-5,41S


4-H membership:
Boys: Farm-2,286; Girls: Farm-2,361,; 4-H project completions by
projects:
Corn
Other cereals ._---Peanuts Soybeans and other
legumes
Potatoes, Irish and sweet Tobacco Cotton Vegetables Fruits Range and pasture. Other crops Soil and water conservation and management Forestry Wildlife and nature study Poultry.---Dairy cattle Beef cattle Swine
Rabbits


rural non-farm- 310; rural non farm-1,307;


370 57 338

153 219 66
200 1,403 234 S1
24

49 49 49 1,058 105 126
400 34


urban-156 urban-419


Bees
Tractor maintenance. Electricity
Farm shop
Farm management.----Beautification of home
grounds
Meal planning and preparation
Canning and preserving Freezing of foods . Health, nursing, first aid Child care
Clothing
Home management.---Home furnishings and
room improvement. Home industries, arts,
crafts
Junior leadership. All other
Total Projects Completed


*15 62
139 77 16

1,285

1,153 866
42 583 257
1,486 467

404

580 301 123

12,871


SUMMARY OF EXTENSION INFLUENCE
Farm families making changes in agricultural practices . 2,130 Rural non-farm families making changes in agricultural practices _ 987 Urban families making changes in agricultural practices.---. 668 Farm families making changes in homemaking practices .1,584
Rural non-farm families making changes in homemaking practices 1,346 Urban families making changes in homemaking practices . 705 Total different farm families assisted by Extension programs .2,947 Total different rural non-farm families assisted by Extension
programs 2,208
Total different urban families assisted by Extension programs _. ---- 1,293








Florida Cooperative Extcnsion


INDEX


Agents, County, 4,5,6
District, 19
Home Demonstration, 4,5,6 Agricultural Economics, 21 Agricultural Engineering, 27 Agricultural planning, 11 Agricultural research, 61 Agronomy, 31
activities, 32 Aitken, Jim, 49 Animal Husbandry, 34
summary, 35
4-H, 34
Apiary, 4-H, 37 Apiculture, 36 Arnett, Cleo M., 72 Arts, 84
Assistance to cooperatives, 12 Avocado, 25

Barrus, Edith Y., 64 Beale, Clyde, 15 Bevis, Joyce, 64 Britt, Floy, 89 Brogdon, J. E., 49 Broiler management, 54 Brown, W. W., 38 Bulletins, Extension, 15 Burgess, S. L., 15

Cake, E. W., 24 Cannon, Frances C., 18,79 Carter, Bonnie J., 81 Catalpa, 51 Cedars, 51 Changes in State staff, 8 Circulars, Extension, 15 Citrus activities, 43
advisory committee, 9
clinics, 49 culture, 42
demonstration, 42
grove management, 22
Institute, 42
schools, 42
tours, 42
training program, 42
4-H, 42
Clayton, H. G., 7,19 Clothing and textiles, 68 Community health, 79 Conservation of resources, 10 Consumer education, 82
information, 84


Cooper, J. Francis, 15 Cooperative agriculture planning, 11 Cooperatives, assistance to, 12,25 County agents handbook, 49 Cow testing, 45 Crafts, 84 Cromartie, Alice L., 74

Dairy cooperation, 47 Dairy Husbandry, 44 DHIA, 44 Dairy 4-H, 47 Director's report, 7 District agents, 19 Drainage, 28

Editorial, 15
and visual aids, 70 Edwards, F. R., 7 Egg and poultry marketing, 25,54 Electricity, teachiDg,,29
uses, 30
Elkins, Bronna Mae, 78 Entomology, 49
cooperation, 49
teaching materials, 49 Equipment, 29

Family living, 82
nutrition, 72
Farm and home planning, 21 Farm, electrification, 27
equipment, 29
Flashes, 17
journal service, 16
machinery, 27 magazines, 16
management, 21
news, 17
processing, 27
safety program, 18
structures, 27
Farmers markets, 25 Federal Marketing Agreement, 25 FFA activity, 25 Field crop seed, 31
production guide, 31
yields, 33
Field day, grower, 62 Financing, home demonstration, 65 Financial statement, 7,8 Finlayson, E. H., 19 Fire prevention, 18
protection, 50







Annual Report, 195.3


Florida Agricultural Research
Institute, 61
Farm Hour, 16
Forest Service, 37
National Egg-Laying Test 56
Seedsmen's Association, 61 Floriculture, 53 Food conservation, 10, 74
nutrition, 72 planning, 72
preparation, 72 production, 76
products, 84 selection, 72
Forest planting, 51 Forestry, 50
4-H, 52,18
Forests, farm, 10 Foreign visitors, training, 10 4-H Club activities, 38
agronomy, 32
animal husbandry, 34
apiary, 37
awards program, 39
boys, 38
camps, 39 citrus, 42 dairy, 47
electric program, 29
enrollment, 7
entomology, 49
forestry, 52
girls, 78
health, 80
home furnishing, 83
home industries, 86
marketing, 24
negro,88
promotional techniques, 41
short courses, 39,90
state-wide schools, 40
work, 10,41
summary, 13
Fruit and vegetable association, 61 Fruit production, 76 Furnishing, house, 81

Girls' 4-H, 78 Godwin, G. M., 38 Goen, 0. F., 34 Grady, Eunice, 8,64 Gresham, J. A., 87 Grove management, 22 Grower contact study, 61 Grower field days, 62 meetings, 60


Growing pullets, 54
Hamilton, H. G., 21 Hampson, C. M., 21. Haynie, J. D., 36 Health cooperation, 80
education, 79 leadership, 80 recreation, 80
Henderson, J. R., 31 Herd management, 47 Holstein, Helen D., 76 Holloway, Ethyl, 64 Home demonstration accomplishments, 66
activities, 66 financing, 65
organization, 64
personnel, 65
program development, 66
progress, 66
supervision, 64
training, 66
Home equipment, 29
furnishings, 82
gardener, 53
improvement, 81
industries, 84 marketing, 84
planning, 21
program development, 85 Honey cooperative, 37
jelly, 36
marketing, 25 production, 36
state and county fairs, 37
Tupelo, 37
House equipment, 81
furnishings, 81
Household textiles, 68

Irrigation, 28

Jamison, F. S., 60 Jensen, A. S., 50 Johnson, J. M., 27 Joiner, J. N., 15

King, Emily, 78

Lawrence, Fred P., 42 Layer management, 54 Lighting, 28 Livestock production, 77

McElwee, E. W., 53 McLendon, H. S., 58 McMullen, K. S., 19







96 Florida Coop

Machinery, farm, 27 Management, citrus grove, 22
resources, 84 Marketing, 24
activities, 85
agreements, 25
avocado, 25
eggs and poultry, 25
home, 84 honey,25
outlook, 26 potatoes, 25
poultry and eggs, Z4 Markets, farmers, 25 Materials, teaching, 49 Meal planning, 72 Mehrhof, N. R., 54 Merchandising, 62 Methods, teaching, 22 Montelaro, James, 60 Moore, J. S_54 Murphree, Clyde E., 21 Myers, F. E., 60

Negro adult programs, 89
agents' conference, 90
farm demonstration work, 87
4-H activities, 41,90
4-H Camps, 91
4-11 Clubs, 88
home demonstration. work, 89
statistical report, 91 Newspaper service, 16 Nieland, L. T., 18,50 Nursery industry, 53 Nutrition, 72

Organization, home demonstration, 64
Ornamental Horticulture, 53 O'Steen, A. W., 54 Outlook, 21

Pace, J. E., 34 Parvin, F. W., 7 Pasture management, 47 Perry, F. S., 19 Personnel training, 9 Pettis, A. M., 28 Planning, cooperatively, 11 Planting forests, 10 Platt, W. J., Jr., 19 Point IV Program, 11 Potato marketing, 25 Poultry, 54,56
association, 57
Institute, 57


erative Extension


Power supplier cooperation, 29 Processing facilities, 27 Production guides, 60,31 Production, honey, 36 Programs, development, 9 Publications, list, 15 Pullets, growing, 54

Radio, 16,62 Reaves, C. W., 44 Recordings, tape, 16 Resource management, 84 Retired farmers, 21 Rosenberger, S. E., 62

Safety, 18
Savage, Zach, 22 Seed, crop, 31 Shelter plantings, 52 Sikes, Anna Mae, 64 Simpson, Katherine, 68 Skinner, T. C., 27 Smith, J. Lee, 19 Soil and water conservation, 10,58 State fair, 91 State organizations, 25 State programs, development, 9 Statistical report, 11 Structures, farm, 27 Supervision, home demonstration, 64

Tape recordings, 16,62 Teaching methods, 22 Telephones, rural, 30 Testing cow, 45 Textiles, 68 Training of foreign visitors, 10 Training personnel, 9 Training programs, electricity, 29 Tupelo gum, 51
honey,37
Turkey management, 56 TV, 16

Vegetable activities, 62
Advisory Committee, 9
field days, 62
merchandising, 60 production, 60,76
training, 61
Visual aid equipment, 15

Warren, Alma, 70 Watkins, M. 0., 7 Wildlife management, 10 Windbreaks, 52 Wiring, 28

PAGE 1

COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK IN AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS (Acts o( May 8 and June 30, 1914) AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVIC E , UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA FLORIDA ST.\TR UNI\'ERSITY AND UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURB COOPERATING H. G. CLAYTON, Dm&CTOR 1953 REPORT FLORIDA AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE REPORT OF GENERAL ACTIVITIES FOR 1953 with FINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1953

PAGE 2

COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK IN AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS (Act s of May 8 and June 30, 1914) A GR I CUL TURAL E X TE NS ION S ERV I CE , U N IV ERSIT Y OF FL OR IDA FL OR ID A ST.\T E U N !Y ERS IT Y AND UN I TE D S TATE S D EPARTM E N T O F AGR I CUL T URE COO PERA TING H . G. CLAYT OX , DIRECT OR 1953 REPORT FLORIDA AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE REPORT OF GENERAL ACTIVITIES FOR 1953 with FINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1953

PAGE 3

BOARD OF CONTROL HoJli s Rinehart , Ch a irman 1 Miami Wm. H. Dial, Orlando . J. Lee Ballard, St. Petersbur g Fred H. Kent, Jack s on ville W. Glenn Miller, Monticello Geo. W. English, Jr., Ft. Lauderdale Mrs: Jes s ie B. duPont, .Jacksonville J . Broward Culp e pper, S e cretar y , Tallahassee STAFF, AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE j ,.,,.J. Wayne R e itz, Ph.D., Provost for Agricuttur e 1 H. G. Clayton, M.S.A., Director of Extensi o n Marshall 0. Watkins , M.Agr., Assistant Director F. W. Parvin, M.S.A. , Assi s tant to the Dir e ctor 2 F. R. Edward s , M . S.A . , Interim A s st. to the Director Rogers L. Bartley, B.S., Administrative Assisrtant 1 AGRICULTURAL DEMONSTRATION WORK, GAINESVILLE J. Francis Cooper, M . S.A., Editor 1 Clyde Beale, A . B..J., Associate Editor 1 S. L. Burge s s , A.B.J ., Assistant Editor 1 K. S . . McMuJlen, M.A g r., Di s trict Agent F. S. Perry, ll'l&A., District Agent W . .J. Platt, Jr . , •~A., Uistrict Agent R. S. Dennis, B.S.A., Executive Officer, ASC Office• C. W. Reaves, B.S.A., Dairy Husbandman T. W. Spar)
PAGE 4

CONTENTS Page Director's Report ....... .................................................. .......................................... 7 Statistical Report ............................................ . .. . ........................................... 11 Editorial Department .......................... . .................... . ............... . ........................... 15 Safety and Fire Prevention ............ . .. . ....... . 18 Supervision of County Agents ................................ . . . Agricultural Economics .................................. . . . .. . Farm Management Activities 19 21 21 Citrus Grove Management ............... . ..... . .. . .. . . ..... . .. . ..... . .. . .............. 22 lvlarketing .............................................................................................. . ........... 24 Agricultural Engineering and Farm Electrification ...... . ..................... . ....... 27 Agricultural Engineering ............... ................ . . .............................. 27 Farm Electrification ........................... . ............ . ............................ . .. . .............. 28 Agronomy ............................................................. . ...... . .......... . .......... 31 Animal Husbandry ........................... . ................ .' ................................................... 34 Apiculture .................................... . .............. . ....................... . .. . ................................ 36 Boys' 4-H Club Work ..... . ............................ . ...................... . ........... . ............. 38 Citn,s Culture .................. . ... . .............................. . .. . .. . 42 Dairy Husbandry .............. . . ........................ . ..... . .. . .. . .. . 44 Entomology ............. . .......................... . .. . ... . 49 Forestry .................................................... . ... . .... . . . .. 50 Ornamental Horticulture ........................ . .............. . ........................................... 53 Poultry Activities ......................................... . .... . .. . .. . ........... . ...... . .............. . .. . ....... 54 Soil and Water Conservation ....................................................................... . .... 58 Vegetable Production and Merchandising ............ : ......................................... 60 Vegetable Production ............................................... . .. . .................................. 60 Merchandising Fresh Fruits and Vegetables ............ . .............................. 62 Home Demonstration Work ........................................... . .. . ..... . ..................... . ....... 64 Clothing and Textiles ...................... . ................................................. . ................... 68 Editorial and Visual Aids ................... . .. . ......................................................... 70 Food and Nutrition ....................................... . .................... : ................................. 72 Food Conservation .............. . .................................................. . .. . .......................... 74 Food Production ........................ . .. . .................................... . ........................... . ....... 76 Girls' 4-H Club Work ............................. . ........... .. . ........................ 78 Health Education ................ . ................. . .................. . .............. . 79 Home Improvement ............................. . .. . ............... . 81 Home Industries and Marketing ............................................ . ........ . ............... 84 Negro Farm Demonstration Work .......... . . . . ......... . .................................... 87 Negro Home Demonstration Work ................................................................. 89 Negro Statistical Report, Men and Women ... 91 [ 3]

PAGE 5

COUNTY AND HOME DEMONSTRATION AGENTS (As of November 30, 1953) Horne Demonstration County Cc-unty Agent Address Agent Alachua ... . .. . .... Loonis Blitch . . . . . ........ ...... Gainesville .... Mrs. Josephine McSwine Alachua (Asst.) .......... Lester W. Kalch ........... .. Gainesville ........ Mrs. Mary Z . Philyaw Baker .. ...... ........ A. L. Harrell. ........... .... ... Macclenny .................. . ............. ... .... . ....... . Bay ... ... .. .. ... . ...... J. A. Sorenson ................. Panama City .. Miss Emma L.Stevenson Bradford ........... G. T. Huggins .......... .. . .... Starke ................ Miss Dorothy P. Ross Brevard . . ........... J. T. Oxford .......... .. . . ...... . Cocoa ........................ Mrs. Sue B. Young Brevard (Asst.) .... .. .. .. H. W. Cunningham ........ Cocoa ................................ ... .. . .... ............... . Broward ... . ....... . B. E. Lawton ......... .. ....... . Ft. Lauderdale .. . ..... Miss Louise Taylor Broward (Asst.) ...... .... Robert S. Pryor ..... .... . .. .. Ft. Lauderdale .. Miss Audrey R. McKay Calhoun ... . .. .. . . ... Thomas B. Jones .... ...... .. Blountstown ....... . .. .......... . .............. . . ..... . .. . Calhoun (Asst.) .. .. ... ... F. M. Shuler .. .............. .... Blountstown ......................... .. ... .. ............. . Charlotte .......... N. H. McQueen ....... . ....... Punta Gorda ..................... . ..................... . Citrus ... ............ . Quentin Medlin ......... . ..... Inverness ................ Miss Sallie S. Koon Citrus (Asst.) .. C. R. Smith ............... .. ..... lnverness .......................... ...... ................. . Clay ................... Charles C. Below .... ........ Green Cove Springs -Mrs. Sue P. Murphy Collier .. . ............ D. W. Lander ........ . . . .. . . . . .. Everglades ................... . ...... . . .. . ...... .......... . Columbia .. . ....... Neal M. Dukes ....... ... .... .. Lake City ............ Mrs. Glenn M. Sewell Columbia (Asst.) . . . ... R. A. Andrews ......... . . .. .. . .Lake City .......................... .. ... ....... ........... . Dade ... .. ........... .. C. H. Steffani.. ...... .... ..... Miami... ........................... Miss Olga Kent Dade (Asst.) .. . . Roy , J. Champagne ..... .. .. Miami .. .. .. . . .... Mi:;is Helen B. MacTavish Dade (Asst.) ... .John D. Campbell ...... ..... Home s tead ............................. . ..... . .. . ....... . . Dade (Asst.) ... . Rayburn K. Price ...... . .. .. Miami .................... Mrs. Ruth T. Penner Miami ......... ..... Mrs. Camille N. Helgren Dade (Asst.) ... Nolan L. Durre ... . . . . . ....... Homestead ......................... . ........ . ..... ... .... . DeSoto .............. . W. L. Woods ............... . ... Arcadia ............................ ... . ...... .... .. ......... . Dixie . ................. D. E. Adams ................... Cross City ....................... .. ... .. ................. . Duval ................. James N. Watson ...... . .... Jacksonville ............ Mrs. Nellie D. Mills Duval (Asst.) .. Wm. E. Kloeppel... .......... Jacksonville ...... Miss Betty Lou Nuttle Duval (Asst.) .. J. R. Yelvington . ... ......... Jacksonville ...... Miss Louise M. Spaeth E sca mbia ... ....... E. N. Stephens ........... ... . P ensaco la .............. Mitss Ethel Atkinson Escambia (Asst.) . . ... . .... Henry P . Davis .. .. .......... Pensacola .... ......... .. . Mrs. Lucy M. Gray Franklin . .. .. . .. .. . . W. C. Zorn . .. ............ . ...... . Appalachicola -Miss Miriam A. Edwards Gadsden ....... .... . A. G. Drigger s .... . ... ... . .... Quincy ........ Mrs. Marjorie B. Gregory Gadsden (Asst.) .... ...... Bernard H. Clark. .. . ....... Quincy ................ Mrs. Mary E. Bassett Gilchri s t ..... . ..... .L. C. Cobb ......... . .. ........... Trenton ........................... ............... .. . ........ . Glade s ... . ..... . ... .. A. G. Hutchinson .... ... .... Moore Haven .................... ..... .. . ........ . ...... . Gulf.. ................. C. R. Laird ............. ........ . .Wewahitchka ........ Miss Ruth L. Milton Hamilton ... .. . .... A. E. Nesmith ....... ... ....... Jasper . ................................... .... . .. ............ . Hardee .... ..... ..... J. F. Barco .............. ..... .... Wauchula ............ Miss Josephine Moore Hendry . . . ... . ..... . . H. L. J ohnson ...... .. .......... LaBelle ...................................... . . .. ........... . Hernando .. ....... . Harry J. Brinkley .......... . Brooksville ................. ... .................. . ... .. . .. . Highlands .. .. ..... B. J. Harri s, Jr .. ........ . . ... Sebring ............ Miss Catherine Brabson Highlands (Asst.) ......... . .J. C. Hayman .. . .. . Sebring [ 4]

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COUNTY AND HOME DEMONSTRATION AGENTS-(Continued) Home Demonstration County County Agent Address Agent Hillsborough ... .Alec White .... . .. ..... ........... Tampa ..... .. . ..... ........... ... Miss Lora Kiser Hillsborough (Asst.) ...... ... . Edwin Booth ........... ... . .. . . Tampa ...... . ................................................ . Hillsborough (Asst.) .. . ....... Jean Beem .... . .................. Tampa .... .. ... . .............. .... ........ . .... ... . . ......... . Hillsborough (Asst.) ... .... . .. Neal B. Witmer ..... . ....... . Tampa ... ... . . ........... ............... ........ ..... ........ . Hillsborough (Asst.) .......... .J. 0 . Armor .. ......... .......... Plant City .. Mrs. Marguriette F. Reese Hillsborough (Asst.) . .............. . ... . ................................. Ruskin ........ .. .............. Miss Ethel Weeks Holmes . ....... ..... . .John C. Rus se ll... . ......... .. Bonifay ..... .. . . .. . ..... . Mrs. Anita B. Davis Indian River .... . ....... . .. .. ............................... Vero Beach . .. ............ ... ............... . ... . ......... . Jackson ............. Woodrow W. Glen ......... . Marianna .... : ....... Mrs. Alyne C. Heath Jefferson . .......... Albert H. Odom ............. . Monticello .. . ....... Mrs. Mary C. McLeod Lefayette . . ... .... . S. L. Brothers . .... .. ..... . . . . Mayo ...... .. . .......... .. ...... . . . . ....... . ..... .. ........... . Lake ........ . ...... ... R. E. Norris ... ... . . . . ...... .... . Tavares . .......... ..... Mrs. Lucie K. Miller Lake (Asst.) .... .Jack T. McCown .. .......... . Tavares ... . . ... .. Miss Martha C. Burdine Lee ........ .... ......... C. P. Heuck. .................... Fort Myers .. ................................... .. ........ . Leon ...... .. ... .. ..... James L. Rhoden .......... Tallahassee . . Mrs. Mamie C. Daughtry Leon (Asst.) .... W . 0 . Whittle .. .... . .. ........ Tallahassee .......... . .. . . . ................... ..... ..... . Levy ... . ..... ... ...... T. D. Rickenbaker ....... .. . Bronson ...... Miss Margaret M. Godfrey Liberty ... . . . : ....... Horace M. Carr .... ......... .. Brist-ol... ..... Mrs. Camilla R. Alexander Madison ............ Oliver R. Hamrick, Jr .... Madison ..... . .......... Miss Shirley V. Carr Manatee . . ...... .... Wilson H. Kendrick. .. .... Palmetto .. ....... ....... Mrs. Anne D. Davis Manatee (Asst.) ........ .. E. M. Kelly ... ...... . . ......... .. . Palmetto .................. .. .. .. .............. . .. .. ........ . Manatee (Asst.) .... ...... Robert G. Curtis ........... .. Palmetto . .. .................. . ................. . ........... . Marion ... ...... ..... A. David Vaillie, Jr ...... . Ocala . .. .......... ...... . .. Mi ss Allie Lee Rush Marion (Asst.) . ..... .... E. W . Rowam ..... ............. Ocala ........ ... ..... Miss Barabara A. Kelly Martin ... ... ........ .L. M . Johrison ................. Stuart ..... ... . . . .... . Mrs. Lucile I. Claggett Nassau . .... ....... .. Gordon B. Ellis ............... Hilliard ... . . .. ..... Mrs. Julia P. Jernagan Okaloosa ........... Alexander H. Clemmons ........ ..... . ...... . Crestview .................. . . ..... .......... ...... ........ . Okeechobee ...... C. R. Boyles .................... . Okeechobee ............... . . .. ............... ... .......... . Orange . ... .... . ..... F. E. Baetzman . ............. Orlando ...... Miss Marjorie K. Ludeman Orange (Asst.) .. .. ... ... Henry F. Swanson ...... ... Orlando ..................................................... . Osceola ............. J. R. Gunn .... . . .. ............... Kissimmee ... ... : ..... Miss Muriel A. Beck Palm Beach ...... M. U. Mounts .. .. .............. . West Palm Beach . ... Miss Sara Horton Palm Beach (Asst.) .. .. . . . ... John H. Causey .... .. .. . .. ... West Palm Beach -Miss Elizabeth Hudson Palm Beach (Act. Asst.) Raleigh S. Griffis .......... We s t Palm Beach . ... . ....... ....... . . .... . . ........ . Palm Beach (Asst.) .......... H. L. Speer . .. .... ............ .. Belle Glade ............... .. ............. . .. ..... ....... . Pasco ... .... . . ........ .J. F. Higgins ............... . Dade City . ... ........ Mrs. Mary R. Stearns Pasco (Asst.) .. .James B. Smith ............ . . Dade City . ... . ... ..... ... .. ....... ....... . .. ... . . ......... . Pinella s ..... .... .... J. H . Logan .. . .. ............. . .. Slearwater -Mrs. Charlotte M. Lattimer [ 5 J

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COUNTY AND HOME DEMONSTRATION AGENTS-(Continued) County Pinellas County Agent Address Home Demonstration Agent (Asst.) . .. .. ... .. L. E. Cunningham .... . .... Clearwater . . Mrs. Doris E. Beauchamp Polk. .................. W. P. Hayman ................ Bartow .... . ............. Mrs. Ruth M. Elkins Polk (Asst.) ..... Thomas W. Sparks ..... ... Bartow .... . ........... Miss Doris E. Frazier Polk (Asst.) ..... F. N. McCullars . ... .... . .... Bartow .... . ............................. .. ........... .. .... . Polk (Asst.) ...... Jackson A. Haddox . .... .. Bartow . . ........... . . . ........ . .......... .... ........ .. .... . Putnam ............. H. E. Maltby .... .. ........ .... . Palatka ... . Mrs. Elizabeth W. Starbird Putnam (Asst.) .. ..... ... Ralph T. Clay ................. Palatka ... .. ......... . ....... ...... ...... .. . ... ..... ..... .. . St. Johns ......... . P. R. McMullen .. ........ .. ... St. Augustine . .. . .. ....... ... ....... . . .... ............ . St. Lucie ........... Charles D. Kime ............ Fort Pierce ............ Mrs. Ray C. Baxt~ Santa Rosa ...... Emmett D. McCall... ...... Milton ......... . ............ Miss Lora A. Botts Santa Rosa (Asst.) ..... . .... C. T. Dozier ..................... Milton ...................... Mrs. Lula D. Smith Sarasota. .... .... .. Kenneth A. Clark. .... . ... .. Sarasota ... . ... ..... Mrs. Laleah B. Brown Sarasota (Asst.) .......... Frank L. Polhill . .. ..... .... . Sarasota ............. .... ........ . ....... . ................. . Seminole ..... ... .. . C. R. Dawson .. . ... . . . ... . .. . . .Sanford .. .. . . . . ..... .... ....... ... ..... .... .. ......... .. .... . Sumter .............. O. M. Maines, Jr ....... . .... Bushnell... . Miss Magdalene M. Downey Sumter (A s st.) ... ..... .. Wilburn C. Farrell. ... . .... Bushnell . . .......... . ............ . .......... . ....... . . .... . . Suwannee ......... Floyd L. Eubanks .... ... .. .Live Oak. ..... ...... Mrs. Esther F. Harper Suwannee (Asst.) .... ...... .J. P. Crews ..................... .Live Oak . . ......... . . ... ...... ... .................. .. ...... . Taylor . ... ....... . ... S. C. Kierce ..... .... ............ Perry ......... ... ........ .. ....... . ........................... . Union ... ........ . .... . William J. Cowen .......... .Lake Butler ........ . ....... .. . . ...... ............ .. .... . . Volusia . ........ ... . . ..... ..... ................................. DeLand ..... ..... ...... .. .... Mrs. Edna L. Eby Volusia (Asst.) ..... .. ... Thomas R. Town se nd . .... DeLand . . . . ................ . .............. .. ..... . ........ .. . Wakulla ............ A. S. Laird ...................... Crawfordville ............ . ........... . ............ . ... . Walton ........ ... . . . H. 0. Harrison . . ... ....... . .. DeFuniak Springs M rs . Florence M. Gatlin Washington .... .. Johnnie E. Davis ............ Chipley .... . . .. ...... Mrs. Mary L. Minchin NEGRO COUNTY AND HOME DEMONSTRATION AGENTS Home Demonstration County County Agent Address Agent Alachua ............ English ;M. Greene ...... .. Gainesville . ....... . .. .. ... Leontine Williams Columbia .......... McKinley Jeffers ....... .. . . . Lake City .. . .. .. .. ... . ........... Gladys Wilkins Dade .. . ................................ . .......... .. .......... . .. Miami. .................. . Victoria M. Simpson Duval. . ...... ..... ............ . .......... . ......... . ....... .. ... Jacksonville ....... . .......... Ethel M. Powell Gadsden ...... . . .... Russell Stephens ....... . . . .. Quincy ........... . ........ Ursula H. Williams Hamilton ....... . .. Isaac Chandler, Jr ....... . .. White Springs Hillsborough ........... .. ...... . .. ..... ..... . ....... ....... Tampa ................ . ........... Sudella J. Ford Jackson ............. Virgil Elkins ..... . ........ . .... Marianna ...... .. ... ... . . Virginia V. Dickens Jefferson ..... ... ... M. E. Groover .... . ....... . . ... Monticello ......... . ........ . .. ... ..... .. ................ . Leon ..... .......... ... Richard A. Hartsfi eld ... Tallahasse e .. ........ . ......... Irie Mae Clark Madison ............ James C. Miller .............. Madison ... .. ................... Lola E. Preston Marion .... ... ..... .. Eugene P. Smith ......... .. Ocala ......................................... ... ............. . Marion ........ . . . ...................... . ........... .. ...... . ... Reddick .. . . .. .......... .. ......... . ......................... . Putnam ............................... . ........... . ............ Palatka ..... . .................. L ea la M. Reeves Sumter . .. .. . ...... .. Richard L. Bradley ........ .Bushnell .. ............. ..... .. ......... .. ......... . ...... . Volusia .......... . ........ ........ ... ....... .... ....... .. .... ... DeLand .. ........ . .......... Ida T. P e mb er ton [ 6]

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DIRECTOR'S REPORT H. G. Clayton, Director Marshall 0. Watkins, Assistant Director F. W. Parvin, Assistant to the Dir ect or (on leave) F. R. Edwards, Interim Assistant to the Director With farm income off somewhat, farm people were much interested in receiving and using information which would help them cope with this situation. Extension workers increased their efforts all along the line to reach additional people with new and timely information which would prove beneficial on the farms and in the homes of Florida residents. During the year much progress has been mane toward improving the contribution of the Extension Service to the advancement of Florida's agriculture. With an ever-changing situation in the State's development, the Extension Service is constantly seeking better ways and means to provide for quicker access to and application of research findings. Na tionally, the capital investment per worker employed is larger in agri culture than in any other major industry. Hence, it is essential to survival and future improvements that research facts be made available and put into effect in the shortest possible time. This is a national problem that must be handled in the states, counties and communities, on farms and in homes. It is generally recognized that the Cooperative Extension Service is the most successful approach to this problem developed by any nation. Total 4-H Club enrollment increased from 28,695 in 1952 to 30,203 in 1953, the highest 4-H enrollment Florida has ever had. Also, 4-H completions increased from 20,152 in 1952 to 21,681 in 1953, rising per centagewise from 70 percent to 72 percent. Statistical reports show that agents had more telephone calls and fewer office calls, prepared more news articles, made more radio broad casts, distributed more bulletins, and otherwise performed more activities in the field of mass media in 1953 than in 1952. The Extension Service received increased support and appropriations from the Florida Legislature and cooperating boards of county commis sioners in 1953. A county agent and a home demonstration agent were placed in a county which did not have county Extension agents previously. This makes a total of 65 county agents and 48 home demonstration agents. Three assistant home demonstration agents were added during the year. FINANCIAL STATEMENT 1952-53 F e deral Funds: Smith-Lever .. .. ....... ......... . .............. . . ........... ........ $ 82,384.75 Bankhead-Jones .................... . ........................... ... . 12tl,651.51 Capper-Ketcham ......... .............. .... ................ ... . .. 28,802.26 Bankhead-Flannagan ............. ..... ................. . ....... 121,915.18 Clark-McNary .... . .................... .. .......................... . . 1,620.00 Research & Marketing ...................... ......... . ....... 906.25 Farm Housing ....................... ........ ..... . ..... .. .. ..... . . .. 640.00 Rural Electrification ...... . .... .. ........ ......... . 2,500.00 $ 368,419.95 [ 7 J

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8 Florida Coopemtive E x tension State Appropriatiom ; : L eg islature ............. .... . ............... .. .. . .. .. . ......... . . .. . .. . $498, 6 40.97 State Trust Funds: ...... ... . . ...... . ........ .. . . .. ..... ..... . . . . . . ...... 17,822.13 County Appropriations: ....... . .. .. .. .... . . .. .... . . . .. . . . . ... . ... 490, 39 2.00 $ 498,640.97 1 17,822.13 490,392.00 G ra nd Tota l ... ... . ...... . .. .. . .... ..... .... . .. . ... ........ .. . ... .. ... ..... $1 ,3 75,275.05 FINANCIAL STA ' fEMENT 19535 4 Federal Fund s : Smith-Lev e r Amend e d .... ....... ....... . ... . . ... .. . ..... . .. . $362,7 53 .70 Cl a rk-McNary ........ . . . . .. .. .. . . . ... ....... .. .. . . . ..... .... . ... . . . . 1, 6 20 . 00 R e search & Marketin g . . .. ..... . .. . .. . . . . . . ... . .. .. .. . . .. . ... 1 ,5 00.00 F ar m Hou s in g.... ..... .. . .. ..... . . ... . . . . ... . . . .. .... . . . .. . .. . . .. . 6 40 . 00 Stat e Appropriations: L eg islatur e . .. . ...... . ... .... . . . .. . . .. .. ...... .. . . ... . . . . . . . . 6 67 , 7 5 5.00 State Trust Funds: (E s t) . .... .... . . . .. . .. ...... ... . .. .. ... ........ ... .. . . ... .......... . . . . . . . .. . 20,000.00 County Appropriations: . .. . ...... ... .. . . . ... . . .. . ... . .. ... . . . . ..... 520,201 . 00 $ 3 6 6,513.70 6 67,755.00 20,000.00 520 , 201.00 Gt'and Tot a l .. . . . . . ... .. ... . . . . , . .. .. . .... . . , . . . . . .. ..... .. .. .. . .. . . . . .... $1 , 574 , 469.70 CHANGES IN STATE STAFF The 1953 Le g i s lature provided fc,r an As s i s t a nt to the State Home Dem onstr a tion Agent. This p os ition w as filled by a former home dem o nstration agent, Miss Eunice Grady, who ha s been a ss i g ned responsibility for both in s ervice and pre-service training of home demonstration a g ents and pro spec tive agents, in addition to other routine duties. An Ornamental Horticulturi s t , one full-time A s sistant and a half time Assistant Ornamental Horticulturist were added. The half-time assist a nt devotes the remainder of his time to assisting the Extension Citriculturist. One Exten s ion Entomologi s t was added, a position here tofor e not in existenc e . One A s sistant Ve g etable C r ops Specialist, de votin g half time to Extension and the rest to research, was placed full time with Exten s ion. The Ve g et a ble C r ops Specialist, who devotes half-time to Ext e nsion and half to r e search, returned from a year' s l e ave of ab s ence in Europe. This makes total of two full-time a nd one half-time vegetable c r op s speciali s ts The following staff positions were added and filled: A s sistant Farm Forester, As s istant A g ronomist, Assistant Dairyman and Assistant Poultryman. The Assistant Farm Mana g ement and Marketin g Sp e cialist returned in Septemb er from a ye a r' s leave of absence granted for graduate work. The Extension Engineer resigned in September to take a position in industry. This vacancy was fill e d by an a gricultural engin e er from the teaching division. During the year tvrn As ,; i s tant Editors re s igned, one to take a position with another department of the University and the other to a ss ume the position of Assistant Ornamental Horticulturist. One of the two va cancies , . :vas filled but the other is still vacant. A position of garden specialist has not been filled. The position of Assistant State Boys' 4-H Club Agent, vacant for some tim e due to a military leave, was filled by the appointment of an ass istant county a g ent. 1 Includes $37,34 5. 97 in c a rri e d-over fund s from 19 5 1 52 appr o priations.

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Annual Report, 1953 9 PERSONNEL TRAINING In January 1953 a hvo-day training conference was held for all As sistant County Agents in citrus-producing counties. They received in struction concerning the more common citrus insects and diseases and minor element deficiencies of citrus. They were taken on a field trip to see citrus result demonstrations carried on by County Agents. Pro gram planning was discussed at a night meeting with emphasis on planning programs with citrus growers. Also in January a _ two-day training con ference featuring new subject matter in field crops and livestock was held for agents in North and West Florida at the North Florida Experiment Station. The annual three weeks' summer school for F'lorida Extension workers was held at the University of Florida June 15 to Jnly 3, 1953. Four courses were offered, each carrying 1 hours credit, with students permitted to enroll for two. Twenty-eight Extension workers attended. The annual conference for all Extension workers was held October 4-9, 1953. Morning sessions were for both men and women workers and featured talks by outstanding speakers on national and international mat ters affecting agriculture. Separate sessions for men and women were held in the afternoons to bring agents new information in subject matter fields. District Agents carried on in-service training with county workers throughout the year in program development, Extension methods and poli cies governing Extension work. Conferences for agents were held at Experiment Stations duringthe year and workers were encouraged to attend meetings of professional and scientific groups and the various Extension institutes to keep informed on new subject matter. Specialists carried on their usual function of training agents individually and in small groups in new subject matter. DEVELOPING STATE PROGRAMS Additional progress was made during the year in developing a county Extension program for each of the 65 counties. All Extension personnel in each county participate in the building of one county program, work ing with the local people through the various community and commodity organizations. County programs are reflected in State-wide programs and State pro grams in county programs. This is accomplished through committees composed of both county and State workers who are responsible for work on State programs and for initiating county action on these pro grams. The Extension Citrus Advisory Committee is composed of five County Agents and the State staff members who make a contribution to the citrus program. The County Agents on this committee are elected for a term of three years by the agents themselves. Terms are staggered. A Vegetable Advisory Committee has functioned to develop vegetable programs in much the same manner. Planning for 4-H Club activities and events is carried out on an area basis by County Agents and State staff members. The State is divided into 10 districts. 'fhe agents and State staff meet at least once a year to plan for such activities as recreation training for 4-H leaders, public speaking contests, livestock shows and judging contests. Winning teams and individuals in the area contests then participate in State con tests. ,

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Plorida Cooperative Extension Community home demonstration programs are developed by local clubs. These clubs then send representatives to county councils to develop county programs. The county councils in turn send their representatives to the State Home Demonstration Council meeting held annually at the Uni versity of Florida where plans are developed for the ensuing year. BROAD EXTENSION ACTIVITIES THAT HELP TO SOLVE MAJOR PROBLEMS 4-H CLUB WORK Work with the 30,001) 4-H Club boys and girls in Florida involves every staff member in the Extension Service on both the State and county level. In addition, these staff members are assisted by over 2,000 adult voluntary local leaders and over 800 older 4-H Club boys and girls. The 4-H Club has the active support and cooperation of the various commercial con eerns and agencies throughout the State. Thei-e are five State 4-H Club camps located at strategic points, four for white boys and giris and one for negroes. State and county personnel cooperate to provide instruction, recreation and supervision for the 5,000 campers each summer. Specialists assist State and county workers with project work and State programs in their respective fields. All cooperate in carrying out the annual 4-H Club short courses. Major contributions within the State in such fields as poultry, dairy ing, beef cattle and hogs can be attributed largely to 4-H project work in those fields. Higher producing stock and better management practices have been demonstrated to the State through 4-H. The major objective, however, is the development of the boys and girls, in which project work has its part. CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES Conservation o:( resour c es has been a basic part of Extension programs for many years. The conservation program includes the following major projects: 1. Conservation of soils through demonstrations and assisting farmers with green manure crops, winter legumes, winter feed crops, terracing lands, and establishing permanent pastures. 2. Planting and protecting farm forests through four 4-H timber grazing-game demonstration forests involving over 1,200 acres of land in four counties; distribution of more than 4,000 , 000 slash pine seedlings to farmers in 1953 and demonstration of planting techniques; 4-H forestry projects; demonstrations in fire protection; growing and distributing catalpa seedlings for fenee posts; and red cedar demonstrations. 3. Wildlife management and protection through the timber-grazing game demonstrations; 4-H wildlife projects; the wood duck nesting project; restocking lakes with fish at 4-H camps; and an annual 4-H wildlife camp. 4. Food conservation through demonstrating correct methods; teach ing families to conserve food according to a budget of family needs; advice and demonstrations on adequate storage for preserved foods; and teaching and demonstrating care and better use of equipment. EXTENSION THAINING FOR FOREIGN VISITORS During 1953 the Florida Agricultural Extension Service, together with the Agricultural Experiment Station and other divisions of the University,

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Annual Report, 1958 11 has provided special training in agriculture .for 62 forei g n visitors from 15 different countries. Of these, 37 were chiefly interested in agriculture arid 33 received all or most of their training from the Extension staff. The training periods in Extension for these visitors ranged from 4 to 46 days, averaging over two working weeks for each trainee. Their official positions ranged from minor officials to those directing the agricultural or ga nizations for entire countries. During the year the Extension Service assisted in training professional agricultural workers from Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Egypt , Ger many (Western), Indonesia, Israel, Lebanon, Nepal, the Netherlands, Pakistan , the Philippines, Thailand and Turkey. Florida's organization and production is of particular interest to many foreign workers because of the unique development here in subtropical ag-riculture. Many countries have shown clearly that research knowledge in the hands of research workers or in scientific journals has little effect in im proving agriculture unless there is also an effective Extension Service making research facts available to farm people in their communities and getting them put into effect on farms in the shortest possible time. This is one reason why most of the free countries of the world are now establishing Extension Services and are studying the methods and or ganization followed in the United States. Most of these visitors from other lands were here under the Point IV program. Some of the benefits received from these foreign visitors, in addition to what they receive from us, are the exchange of ideas and learning about successful agricultural practices in other lands that might prove to be of value here in Florida. The intangible good will built up by this is evidenced by many letters and words of appreciation from these visitors after they returned home. STATISTICAL REPORT, MEN AND WOMEN Data from White County and Home Demonstration Agents' Reports (See page 91 for data on Negro work) GENERAL ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS Farm or home visits made ...... .. .................. .. .... .. ............... . ..... ... ... ... ....... . Calls relating to Extension work: ............ office 234,374; telephone News articles or stories prepared . . . .. ... .... .............. ... ............... ........ .... .. . Broadcasts made or prepared: .......................... . . television 93; radio Bulletins distributed ... .... . ... .. ...... . .... .... .. .... ... . .... . . .. ... ........ ..... .. .... . .............. . Adult result demonstrations conducted ........................................ . ..... . . .. . Training meetings held for local leaders: Number ................................................................. ... ................................. . Total attendance All other meetings agents held or participated in: Number ..................................................................................................... . Total attendance ......... . ..... ........ .. . ......... . . .... ... .... .. .... ... . ................. .......... . Meetings held or conducted by local leaders: Number . . ........... . ......... ..... ......... . .............. ..... ............... ... .... . .... ... ............. . Total attendance ....................... . ........ ... . ...... ........ .... .. .... ..... . .. .... ..... .... .... . COOPERATIVE AGRICULTURAL PLANNING 71,791 239,484 12,656 3,083 383,122 7,226 2,195 52,717 20,586 708,640 4,432 79,034 Total number of different voluntary leaders assisting Extension agents with organization, planning and conducting of Extension work in counties:

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12 Florida Cooper-ative Extension Men ...................................... . ....... . ..... ... ... .... . ..... .. . . .......... . ........... . .... ....... . 2,108 5,083 195 528 Women .................. ; .... .... . .. ... .. ..... ....... . . .. ... .... .. ... ... . ... . .............................. . Older club boys ........................ . .. ... ............... ... ... . .................................... . Older club girls . ........... ..... . ............... .. ................................ .. . . ........... . Individuals as s isted to adopt recommended production and marketing practices in subject matter fields: Crop Production Livestock Individuals assisted with: Grain crops .... ... ... ... ......... .. .. 14,112 Hay and other forage, pasture, range ................. . Cotton and other fibre crops Tobacco .. .. . ....... ... ... . ..... .. ... ... . . Oil and sugar crops . ....... . .. . Fruits and nuts .......... . .. ...... . Vegetables including pota17,830 5,153 5,936 5,698 26,935 toes .. .... ... .. . .. . ................. .. .. 31,522 Flowers, ornamental shrubs 42,840 Conservation of Natural Resources Individuals as s isted with: Soil and water conservation and management ............ 17,432 Forestry ..... . . .. . ..................... 4,560 Wildlife .. ..... . .... ... .. .... ........... 1,689 The House and Surroundings , Furnishings and Equipment Individuals or families assisted with: The house and surroundings ....... . ........................... 24,0'73 Furnishings and equipment 17,363 Foods and Nutrition, Health , Family Life and Safety Families assisted with: Foods and nutrition .. ... ... ... . 40,599 Health .. . . .. .. ... .... .. .. .... ......... .. 16,715 Family life ......... .. ..... .. ...... . .. . 11,656 Safety .................................... 20,840 Individuals assisted with: Dairy animals and products . .......................... . Poultry and products ..... . . . Beef cattle . .. .... .. ......... .... .. . .. . Sheep and goa ts ........... .... . Swine ....... . .. .. . .......... .. .......... . Other livestock ................... . 10,893 13,972 18,234 215 13,096 1,491 Planning and Management of the Farm Business Individuals assisted with .. ... . 16,766 Farm Buildings and Mechanical Equipment Individuals assisted with: Farm buildings ............ . ....... 2,618 Farm mechanical equipment ................................ .. 4,297 Home Management, Family Economics and Clothing Individuals assisted with: Home management .... .. .... ... . Family economics .. . ............ . Clothing . . . ... . .... .. ........... ... . . . 14,938 6,970 25,570 Marketing and Distribution Individuals assisted with: Information on agricutural products . .. . . .. .. . .................. 27,843 ASSISTANCE GIVEN TO FORMALLY ORGANIZED COOPERATIVES AND TO INFORMALLY ORGANIZED GROUPS Formally organized groups assisted with: Marketing and purchasing: Number ....... . ... ...... .. ... . ... 116 Members . .. ......................... 14,881 Farm and home service: Number.. . . .... ... ................... 69 Members . . .. .. ...................... 25,012 Informally organized groups assisted with: Marketing and purchasing: Ntimber ....... . ................... . Members . ...... ...... .. .... .. ... . . Farm and home service: Number ........ . ................. . . Members .................. . . .... . . 66 7,479 76 5,388

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Annual Report, 1953 13 PERSONS PARTICIPATING IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS PROJECTS, PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES ON WHICH AGENTS WORKED Citizenship activities .................................... . . . . ... . . . ............... .. .. ... .. . 14,184 Developing and improving county or community or g anization ............ 14,527 Local projects of a general public nature: General community problems . ... .. . . . . ... . .. . .... ... ... ... .. ... . Improving health facilities Improving schools ............... . Improving churches ........... . Bettering town-country relations ........ .. ... . ........... .. . 5,950 9,610 4,256 4,000 8,553 Libraries . ... .. .... .. ... ... .. .......... . . Roads ... .. .. .. .... .... .... .... .. ..... . .... . Telephones ........ . ........... . ..... . . Community centers ........... . Recreation programs and facilities . . ... .. ......... . ... . .... . Community beautification .. Regional or area development programs . .... . ...... . .................................. . National programs ... .... .. ... . .................. . .......... ... ........ .... .... . .... .. ................. . World affairs ............ . ........... . ........... . .......... . .......... ... . . . .. . ........ . .. . ...... .. ...... ... . . Emergency activities .................................... . .................... .. .... . . . ......... .. ... .. . SUMMARY OF 4-H CLUB WORK 2,372 801 1,661 2,234 11,919 6,582 4,021 6,604 2,811 4 , 229 Number of 4-II Clubs ... .... .. ... ..... ... ... .. .... .. . . .. ... . ............ . .. . . . ..... . ... ... .... .. ...... 1,098 Number of 4-H members enrolled in and completing projects : Enrolled: Boys-9,876; girls-13,488; total ..... . ..... . ..... . .... .. ...... 23,364 Completing: Boys-7 , 235; g irls9 , 028; total ......... . ..... .. .... . . .. .. ... .. 16,263 4-H membership: Boys: Farm-5,838; rural non-farm-2,443; urban . .... . ..... .. ... .. ..... . Girls: Farm-6,217; rural non-farm-3,845; urban ... .. .... . ..... ... . ... . . 4-H projects completions by projects: Corn. . ................. . .................. . . 907 Other cereal s ........................ 34 Peanuts .... . .. .... ......... .. .... .. .... 172 Soybeans and other legume s ............................ . . Potatoes, Irish and s weet Cotton .......................... . ...... . Tobacco .. ...... .. ... ... .. .... .......... . . Vegetabl es ... .. ...................... . Fruits ......... .. ........... . ............ . Range and pasture . .. .. . ... .. . Other crops . ..... . . ... . . ........ ... .. . . Soil and water conservation and management .... .. ..... .. . Forestry ....................... . ..... .. . Wildlife and nature study .. Poultry ........ . . .. .. ... ... ... ... ... .. . Dairy rattle ....... ... .... ... ........ . Beef cattle . .. ... . ............. . ...... . Swine .............................. . .... .. . Rabbits .. ..... . . . ... .. : ......... .. .... .. . Other livestock ........... .. ....... . Bee s ... ... .. .......... .. ............ . ...... . 20 158 101 40 3,772 321 301 9 1 93 327 74 2,022 1 , 030 904 1,073 589 65 169 Entomology .... ........ .. ... ... ... . . . Tractor maintenanc e . . . . ... .. . Electricity .. ..... ... .. ... ..... ....... . Farm s hop ........................... . Other engineering project s Farm management . ............ . Beautification of hom e grounds .. . ..... .. ......... ... ... .. . Meal planning and preparation ................. . .... .. .... . ... ... . Canning and preserving . .. . Freezing of foods ........ ... .. . . . Health, nursing, first aid . . Child care .... . ..... . .................. . Clothing ... . . . .. ... .... .. ..... .. ... . .. . . Home management ........... . Home furnishings and room improvement .. .. .... .... .. .. ... . Home industries, arts, crafts ...... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . Junior leadership ............... . All other .............. . ....... .. ... .. . Total Projects Completed . . 1,595 3 ,426 43 196 265 4 3 29 1,768 5,122 884 360 1,369 1,134 5,958 1,595 1,101 853 1,025 34,506

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14 Florida Cooperative Extension SUMMARY OF EXTENSION Farm families making changes in agricultural practices ........................ 33,999 Rural non-farm families making changes in agricultural practices .... 17,284 Urban f a milies making changes in agricultural practices .. . .... .. .. .... ..... 55,350 Farm families making changes in homemaking practices .................... 16,811 Rural non-farm families making changes in homemaking practices .... 15,995 Urban families making changes in homemaking practices ................ 42,060 Total different farm families assisted by Extension programs ............ 40,887 Total different rural non-farm families assisted by Extension programs ............ . ..... ... ...... ..... ........... . ...... .. ..... .. ............... .... ............................ 27,782 Total different urban families assisted by Extension programs _ ........ 78,202

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Annual Report, 1953 EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT J . Francis Cooper , Editor Clyde Beale, Asso c iate Editor J, N. ,Joiner, Assistant Editor S. L. Burgess, Assi s tant Editor 15 Visual aids equipment in th e department was expanded slightly during the year, but is s till far from being ad e quat e . The number of bulletins printed was about usual, but the number of circulars wa s increased. De mand for publications continued heavy. A s si s tant Editor L. Odell Griffith r es igned August 31 and was succe e ded on September 16 by Samuel L. Burges s . A s sistant Editor Jasper N. Joiner transferred to ornamentals anrl citru s work on December 1, imme diately following this reportin g year. All of the Extension Editors continued to devote approximately on e half of their time to duties of the Agricultural Experiment Station, by whom they are cooperatively employed. The Editor continued also to s e rve as distribution officer for USDA publication s . PUBLICATIONS One new bulletin (153) was printed in two colors and three others in black and white. The four ranged in size from 12 to 112 pages, totaling 188, and in edition from 10,000 to 30,000 , totaling 85 , 000 copies. Six new circulars ranging in size from 4 to 16 pag e s, tot a ling 48, and in edition from 10,000 to 20,000, totalin g 77,000 copies, also were printed. Revised editions of four circular s , eath s ix pa g es and 7,500 in number, were is s ued . Thus the bulletin and circular series accounted for 272 pages and 192,000 copie s in the y e ar's printin g . Miscellaneous material s print ed included the annual report for th e Florida National Egg-Laying Test , the biennial r e port for the State Soil Con se rvation Boa r d, a folder for this Board, L e t's Practice Soil and Water Cons e rv a tion, a 4-H Club eledricit y 1e c, d book a nd variou s report form s and pro g rams. Following i s a list of major items publish e d during the fis c al year ending June 30: Pages Bui. 15 3 Asp a r ag u s Fern Culture, by Willi a m , T. Platt, Jr. 12 Bui. 154 Brooding Chi c k s , Producing Broilers, Raising Pull e t s , by N. R. Mehrhof and J. S. Moore ... . 4 0 Bui. 15 5 Bui. 15 6 Circ. 11 1 Circ. 112 Circ. 11 3 Circ. 114 Cannin g Florida Pruits a nd Ve g etable s , by Ali c e L. Cromartie . ..... . .... . . . ... .. . ... . .... .. .... .. . .. ... . .. .. .. . . .. ... 24 Miscellaneou s Tropical a nd Sub-Tropical Florida Fruits , by Harold Mowry, L. R. Toy, H. S. Wolfe and G e orge D. Ruehle . . . . ... . ... . ... . . . . . .. 112 Portable All-Purpose Poultry House, by J. S. Moore and N . R. Mehrhof . ... ...... .. ... ... . . .. ... ..... . 8 Electri c ity Made Ea s y, by A. M . Petti s . . . . . . ... ... 16 An El e ctric Chick Brooder, by A. M . P e tti s and J. C lyde Dri g gers . .. .... .. .... . . .... . . . ... ..... . . . ... . . .. . .. 4 TV Tip s , by A. M. Pettis .... .... ... ... .... . .... .. . . .. . ... . . . 12 Edition 10 , 000 20,000 30 , 000 25,000 20,000 10,000 10,000 10,000

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16 Florida Cooperative Extension Circ. 115 Hedging of Florida Citrus, by R. E. Norris . ....... 8 12,000 Circ. 116 Pruning Citrus in Relation to Disease Control, by James F. L. Childs -12 15,000 Circ. 100 Snap Bean Production Guide (revised) 6 7,500 Circ. 101 Cucumber Production Guide (revised) 6 7,500 Circ. 102 Pepper Production Guide (revised) 6 7,500 Circ. 103 Squash Production Guide (revised) 6 7,500 These publications, together with others and other materials and sup plies, were distributed from the mailing room. County and home dem onstration agents in 65 counties reported distributing 400,078 State and USDA bulletins. NEWSPAPER AND FARM JOT.TRN1\L SERVICE Service to Florida newspapers was expanded slightly during the re porting year (ending November 30). B egin ning August 14 two "skeleton" stories a week were sent to county agents to be filled in and turned over to their papers. These were u sed widely and appreciated by the agents. The weekly clipsheet, Agricultural News Service, was printed and dis tributed weekly for its 30th year. It was sen t to weekly papers, dailies requesting it, farm magazines, county and home demonstration agents, vocational agriculture teachers and others working with groups of farm people. It contained from 8 to 15 stories each week and served the Ex tension Service, Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, State Plant Board, and some Florida offices of U. ~Department of Agri culture agencies. Spot news stories and current information continued to be released to the Associated Press wire serYice at the rate of two to seven stories a week. Occasional stories were sent direct to one or more daily newspapers and occasional mats were supplied to both 'daily and weekly papers. Material supplied by Extension Editors to farm magazines was used in much larger quantities this year. Seven Florida journals and one maga zine section printed 33 articles amounting to 818 column inches; two South ern journals used four stories for go column in ches; and two national maga zines printed two stories in 27 column inches. County and home demonstration agents in 64 rounties reported pre paring 13,035 news stories for their local papers. RADIO AND TELEVISION More recorded features were sent to Florida radio stations this year than ever before. Six stations were sent 41 tapes containing 69 talks by Extension workers and other talks by Experiment Station staff members and others. One tape supplied by a national organization was sent to one station . One television show relating to Extension was staged over a Jackson sonville station under sur,ervision of the Extension Editors. The Florida Farm Hour over WRUF, the University of Florida station in Gainesville, continued to be a major radio outlet ancl celebrated its 25th year on the air. It went on every week day except two, on which the Farm Hour was canceled to permit the station to carry inauguration ceremonies for Governor McCarty and President Eisenhower. The 31:! programs staged presented about 1 ,000 speaking parts, including talks, interviews and group features. It carried 83 talks by :F.:xten~ior'. specialists, 133 by Experiment Station staff members. 21 by College of Agricultme workers,

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Annual Report, 1953 17 12 by a home economist for an electric cooperative, 11 by state employees of the Production and Marketing Administration, 3 by State Plant Board workers, 2 by faculty members of the School of Forestry, 1 by the state dairy supervisor, 1 by a former provost for agriculture and 3 by the present provost for agriculture at the University. Extension Editorial workers, in addition, presented farm news daily for 309 days, 50 weekly editorials, 49 weekly home economics notes, and 50 weekly farm question box programs. _ Farm flashes from the USDA were broadcast on 120 seven-minute spots. Three remote control features were broadcast, two from the Florida State Fair at Tampa and one from the Lake County Fai.r and Sportmen's Exposition. Also, three specially recorded features were aired over the Florida Farm Hour, two from the Central Florida Exposition in Orlando and one from the Poultry Institute at Camp McQuaITie. Agriculturual transcriptions broadcast included two from the USDA and two from com mercial organizations. Others appearing on the Farm Hour during the year included two doc tors, one priest, one Production Credit Association secretary, one Farmers' Home Administration employee, two visitors from Nepal, one magazine editor, at least 10 visiting scientists, 10 or more 4-H Club boys, five or more 4-H Club girls, and 10 or more home demonstration club women, farmers and cattlemen. Farm Flashes sent five days a week to 43 other stations or county agents included 259 features, of which 130 were by Experiment Station staff members, 73 by Extension, 40 by USDA, and 16 by others. About five minutes of Florida Farm Review copy was sent weekly to th e Associated Press for distribution to 22 Florida stations on its teletype circuit and 26 Fortnightly Review of Florida Agriculture scripts were sent direct to 33 stations not on the AP circuit. County and home demonstration agents in 42 counties reported 3,141 radio talks and those in six counties reported making 93 television ap pearances. VISUAL AIDS AND 1\1.ISCELLANEOUS Equipment for animated exhibits was obtained and used and a special 4-H Club exhibit prepared by the Visual Aids Editor was shown at four fairs. Public address systems, motion picture projectors and slide throw ers were maintained and used. The filmstrip and slide libraries continue to be expanded slowly. Only a few motion picture films are maintained in this office, and all were used frequently. Agents were assisted in obtaining films from the General Ex tension Division depository. The Editors spoke to four groups totaling 239 peo"ple. They included a brief talk, accompanied by a motion picture, on foot and mouth disease eradication, and classes in Extension methods and forestry. The .Editor continued to serve as a member of the agriculture and pub licatiorls committees of the local Chamber of Commerce and the University's Public Relations Council. Representatives of several foreign countries were shown the work of the Extension Editorial Office.

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18 Florida Cooperative Extension SAFETY AND FIRE PREVENTION Frances C. Cannon and L. T. Nieland The Health Education Specialist and the Extension Fore s ter were assigned responsibility for the Farm and Home Safety Program in addition to their other duties. This program was carried on during the year by working through County Agents and Home Demonstration Agents through out the State. The Extension Editor and his staff rendered close coo peration by assuming responsibility for sending to all agents the National Safety Council's Farm Safety packets. This material provided the agents with excellent display material as well as instructions for carrying out an effec tive county-wide farm and home safety campaign. A number of safety and fire prevention topics were covered in 1,472 home demonstration and girl's 4-H Club programs held on this subject during the year. Emphasis was placed on safety in the home, on the high way and on the farm. While all agents may not have had specific programs on safety, most reported that their safety program was a part of each phase of work. For example, safety precautions were taught in connec tion with such home duti e s as preparing food, sewing, using home equip ment, etc. Demonstration s were given by agents and club members on storing rakes and similar articles, cleaning and caring for oil heaters, making a civil defense kit, and how to look for fire hazards. Exhibits and demonstrations on s afety and fire prevention were staged by th e girls and women at Florida State Fair, Florida defense meeting and achievement days. In St. Lucie County safety was used in an interest ing manner in 4-H Achievement Day by one of the 4-H Clubs. Two doll hou s es were used-one showing safely arranged furniture and the other unsafe. Some 'phase of safety and fire prevention was mentioned by many county agents and home demonstration agents on their radio programs and in their newspaper articles. A safety quiz in the form of a game was used widely over the State. Through these activities 18,708 families r e ceived assistance in safety and fire prevention, and 5,147 4-H members received training in farm and home safety. The Extension Forester assisted in carrying on the state-wide 4-H safety contest and in judging the work of contestant s. The State winner in 1953 was a 4-H Club boy.

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Annual R eport, 1953 SUPERVISION OF COUNTY AGENTS H. G. Clayton, Director J. Lee Smith, District Agent 2 W. J. Platt, Jr., District Agent " K. S. McMull en, District Agent F. S. P erry, District Agen t 19 On September 3 0, 195 3 , J. Lee Smith retired a s District Agent for We t Florida. He bad se rved over 34 years with the Agricultural Extension Service. Thi s position wa filled on October 1, 1953, by W. J. Platt, Jr. , former county agent in Volusia. Fig. 1.-B. E. Lawton, as Florida county agent with longest service, wa s awarded a trophy by a well known 'pharmaceutical firm. The presentation was made by E. H. Finlayson (right), president of the Florida Farm Bmeau, as Director H. G. Clayton (center) looked on . A larger than u sua l number of vacancies occurred in co unty agent and assistant agent positions during the year. Marcel Boudet , county agent of Indian River County, died October 27, 1953, and J. Lawience Edwards, ' Retir e d September 3 0, 19 53. 3 Appoint e d O ctober 1, 1953.

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20 Florida Cooperative E x tension a ssistant county agent of Dade County, died February 13, 1953. Thre e county agents retired and two resigned to take other positions. One as sistant agent was granted military leave. One assistant agent was trans ferred to the state office as assistant State Boys' 4-H Club Agent, and, as mentioned, one county agent was promoted to district agent in the State oflice. One new assistant county agent position was opened. To fill the vacancies cr e ated by these changes, two assistant agents were transferred to other counties as assistants, six assistant agents were promoted to county agents and four county agents were transferred to other counties. Twelve new appointments to assistant agent positions were made. One county agent returned to his position from military leave. To fill the assistant agent positions, the District Agents interviewed large numbers of young men interested in Extension work. From those interested they selected one or more to be recommended to the board of county commissioners in each county where there was a vacancy. In filling county agent positions the District Agents reviewed the records of assistant agents and other county agents. Appointments were cleared with boards of county commissioners, the State Board of Control and the U. S. Department of Agricultural Extension Service. Boards of county commissioners generally expressed approval of County Agent work by raising county Extension budgets in a number of counties. During the fall and winter months the supervisors spent time working with agents in the development of the county programs and annual plans of work. Throughout the year the supervisors worked closely with th~ agents in carrying out these programs. . District Agents carried on a continuous program of in-service training for both new and old agents. This was done on visits to counties, through the mails and by telephone. They also helped organize district and area'. training meeting s for agents and served on committees arranging for th~ annual conference program. . The District Agents spent much of their time coordinating the work of the specialists in their respective districts . This included relaying requests for specialist help from the agents to the specialists and schedul ing specialist work in the counties to the end that the specialists' time would be used to maximum advantage. District Agents, with other State and county workers, helped plan and carry out institutes, short courses, fairs, livestock and citrus schools, s emi nars and other events.

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Annual Report, 1953 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS H. G. Hamilton, Agricultural Economist FARM MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES C. M. Hampson, Economist in Farm Management Clyde E. Murphree, Assistant Economist• 21 The Economist in Farm Management is employed one-half time in teaching Extension Service methods and the Assistant Economist was on leave of absence the first nine months of the year for professional im provement. Farm and Home Planning.-Farm and home planning with individuals having low-income farms continued through its thirteenth year in six countie s . The agents in these counties annually are given a refresher in planning, followed by a one-day field trip visiting farm families and assist ing them with farm and home planning. This project reaches about 270 families annually, resulting in added income totaling about $105,000. Be cause this project is limited by the amount of time county agents can devote to it and because of more demands from the farmers for assistance in farm and home planning, the Economist is experimenting with and pre paring for planning with small groups among whom, through selection, there is considerable similarity in type and size of farm, tenure, educa tion, financial rating, etc. Developments in this project indicate clearly the need for such rule-of thumb data as initial investment required for an enterprise, current expenses, land and equipment needed, feed and labor requirements, cal endar showing peak labor loads, economic sizes of enterprises, and reason able net returns to be expected from given unit s. Data are needed also on local production practices, economic effects from other than usual practices, the economy of high cost equipment and custom work, methods of assisting individuals in group meetings with their arithmetic and their decision making, and training of personnel :for farm and home planning. The Economist also experimented with farm planning among owners of farms having investments exceeding $50,000, without following the tradi tional detailed calculations for every enterprise on the farm. The average increase of $3,000 in net income per farm indicates favorable possibilities from such 'planning. Farm Management for Retirement Farmers.-During the year a study was made of 113 retirement farmers by a graduate student, an Experiment Station research worker, and the Economist. Some conclusions reached include: retired aged persons have no interest in returns to capital invested, productive work units, labor income, and other conventional measures of the efficiency of commercial farmers. Instead, they want to know how to stretch pennies and how to produce food for the family with their very limited energy. Economic Outlook.-The Assistant Economist, after return from leave, devoted full time to economic outlook work. Much of the time covered by this report was spent in evaluating past efforts in the economic outlook field and developing a future program. He attended the agricultural Out look Conference in Washington October 26 to 30. Information from this 1 On l eR v e of absen ce for gra duate work un t il Septemb er 1, HHi3.

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22 Florida Cooperative Extension conference and from other sources was prepared for practically every im po~tant crop in Florida. Outlook information was distributed through county agents in the form of printed matter, tape recordings, addresses to groups at the request of the County Agents, and through our Editorial Department. Teaching Extension Service Methods.-Five different courses in Exten sion methods were offered during the year, four by the Economist and one by Miss Mary L. Collings of the Federal Extension Office. In addition, one course was offered at the three-week summer school for Extension workers in each of the following subjects: agricultural 'policy, soils, and poultry husbandry, The enrollment for fall and winter terms totaled 72 and for the summer school 28, including 6 members of the State Extension Staff, two of whom were awarded the degree of Master of Agriculture. Miscellaneous Activities.-The tw.o specialists participated in the fol lowing miscellaneous activities: assisted in writing Station bulletins on part-time farming and farm leases; preparing a handbook for Extension workers; planning and conducting a pasture improvement contest; 4-H Club camps and short course. Also they served as consultants to Florida Resources-Use Education Committee and Veterans Training Committee; supplied information through press and radio regarding income tax returns, keeping farm records, outlook and farm and home planning; supplied various statistical and economic data to co-workers; and conducted conferences with 17 men from five foreign countries. CITRUS GROVE MANAGEMENT Zach Savage, Associate Agricultural Economist, Experiment Station Production costs per acre on bearing citrus groves increased each season from 1939-40 to 1946-47, seven successive seasons, and then decreased for three seasons to 1949-5-0. Increases followed for the succeeding two seasons, then there was a slight decrease for 1952-53. The 1951-52 production costs per acre were the highest of the 22 seasons since these studies were started $177 for operating costs and $239 with interest on estimated grove valuation included. Yields tended to increase during the period, partly due to increas ing maturity of groves. For the five-year period 1945-50 average yields by varieties from highest to lowest ranged from early oranges (highest), late oranges, Temples, tange rines, to midseason oranges (lowest). For the 20-year period, the order was: early oranges (highest), late oranges, midseason oranges, Temples, and tangerines (lowest). Yield here is taken as "commercial yield" or boxes harvested-some fruit is not harvested, particularly tangerines, during seasons of low prices or small sizes. During five seasons (1945-50) the growers in this group received prices varying from Temples (highest), late oranges, early oranges, midseason oranges, to tangerines (lowest). Also, during this period the net returns over operating costs were in that same order, with late oranges having only a slight advantage over early oranges . . Florida's grapefruit trees produce heavily and yields averaged one-fourth higher than late oranges of comparable ages for the same five seasons. They also yielded higher than other citrus except early oranges which were about equal. During this same period all grapefruit 'prices averaged 81 cents, about 48 percent of the price received for late oranges. The average price for seeded grapefruit was 74 cents, as compared with 90 cents for seedless grapefruit, or 44 and 54 percent, respectively, of late orange prices for the period. Net returns over operating costs were higher on seedless than

PAGE 24

Annual Report, 1953 23 seeded grapefruit and both were exceeded by the three kinds of oranges and Temples. Tangerines were the least profitable of the seven groups of citrus mentioned. World production of oranges, gra'pefruit and tangerines in 1952-53 was estimated at 366 million boxes-exceeding the largest yield ever produced by 15 million boxes or 4 percent. Since 1948-49 Florida has produced more oranges and tangerines annually than any other state or country. In 195253 Florida produced 44 percent as many oranges and tangerines as all coun tries outside North America and 54 percent of the North American yield. The Florida crop was percent of the U.S. crop. The 1952-53 U.S. grape fruit crop at 36 million boxes was 57 percent of peak production in 1945-46 and 89 percent of the 1952-53 world production. Florida produced 75 percent of the world production that season, which was 85 percent of the U. S. production. Growers realize that quality of fruit is of increasing importance in securing better prices and more profits. At the same time high yields have not decreased in importance. Poor producing trees should be replaced with the best nursery stock available and vacancies should never be found in a grove. For the 11-year period ending 1951, groves of small acreage returned as much profit per acre and per box as did groves of larger acreage. In no way were the small acreage groves at an economic disadvantage. Good management of groves cannot be over-emphasized. Good groves are usually under-valued and the best buys unless purchased for specula tion or capital gain. Florida citrus grove sizes will remain largely matters of promotion and economics, since groves are usually operated with hired labor and only a small part of the product is used at home. People con templating the purchase of grove property should recognize that citrus production is a highly competitive enterprise. In 1952 United States exports of oranges and tangerines were 7.7 million boxes, or 6.2 percent of its production. This was 13.2 percent of world exports. United States grapefruit exports that season were 1.7 million boxes, or 4.0 percent of its production and 56 percent of world exports, making this country the world's leading export nation for grape fruit. If irrigation is to be profitable, it should increase yields sufficiently to more than repay its cost. Each grower should check to determine if irriga tion is profitable on his grove. Yields of less than 200 boxes per ac1e were obtained in 10 percent of the 192 account groves over 10 years old in 1950-51, while 9 percent had yields of more than 550 boxes, the average being 360 boxes. Operating costs varied from $66.62 to $368.31 per acre and from 20 cents to $6. 73 per box, with 27 percent less than $125 per acre and 22 percent more than $225, while 12 percent had costs of less than 30 cents per box and 13 . percent over 80 cents. Of these groves 10 percent did not return operating costs that season and 20 percent returned $400 or more per acre above operating costs. Over the 20-year period (1931-51) 19 percent of these groves failed to return operating costs and 15 percent returned $400 or more above operating costs. Persons retiring or purchasing groves for a livelihood should consider all points before purchasing. It is important to purchase ample acreage if one expects a reasonable return. During the past year 200,125 pages of material were issued representing 22,425 copies of eight publications, 10 different sheets of data, two form letters, and two forms for use in com piJations.

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24 Flor i da Coop e rnti ve E x t ensi o n MARKETING E . W. C ak e, Extension Economist in Mark et in g Extension Marketing work for Flo r ida wa handled by one man during t he ye ar. Th e s ummar y of the mo t imp or tan t projects handled durin g th i s time i s g i ven h e r e . Fig. 2.-T hi s group of winning 4-H Cl ub members and l ea d ers attended t h e annual m eet ing of the National Council of Farmer Cooperat ive s. The S hady Grove C lub in Taylor County won t h e Florida cooperative activities co ntest . 4 -H C ooperativ e Activity Co n test . The Speciali st worked closely with the State Boys' 4-H Club Agent in operating a 4 H Cooperative Activity C onte s t sponsored by the Ext e n s ion Serv i ce. Thi wa s de s ign ed to give 4-H boys so m e e l e mentary farm bu s in ess tr aining, in cluding marketing. Awards in t h e co n test we r e provided by the Florida Co un c il of Farmer Coope rati ves, fo r w hi c h this Spec ial ist se1ved as E xecutive Secretary. He pr epared all material ne ces ary for the contest, including a nnoun ce m e nt , regulations, core s h ee t, r ec ord s h ee t s , report outlin e, s ugge s ted talk s and demon s tration s , and numerous l e tt e r s to all county age nt s . Part i cipa tion by club s wa s good. Winning c lu b were declar e d in all 10 Fl o rida 4H di s trict and for t h e Stat e.

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Annual Report, 1953 25 FF A Cooperative Activity Contest.-As Executive Secretary of the Flor ida Council of Farmer Cooperatives this Specialist spearheaded the contest, working closely with those in charge of Florida FF A. This contest also was designed to give training in farm business, including marketing. The same materials were prepared by the Specialist as in the 4-H contest. Participation and results were good and winners were chosen in all six Florida FFA districts and the State winner went on to be National winner. Avocado Marketing Agreement.-At the request of the Dade County Agent, who had been working on the idea many years, the Specialist pre pared a suggested Federal Marketing Agreement for avocado growers. He explained the agreement and other marketing problems at three grower meetings in Dade County. Growers and handlers are pushing ahead to get the agreement into operation and success appears probable. Egg and Poultry Marketing.-The Specialist worked closely with the County Agent and leading producers in the Masaryktown section to form a new egg and poultry marketing cooperative. This organization is now handling over 600 cases of eggs weekly at 2 cents per dozen more than was previously secured. This cooperative organization also is saving its members $1.00 per bag on egg mash, or an additional 5 cents per dozen eggs. Work was continued, as started the previous year, in the Tampa area on egg and poultry marketing. This involved further investigation of marketing in the area, reports at meetings to producers, and work with groups attempting to do something about problems. Similar work in egg marketing was carried on in Pinellas County, where the cooperative in operation needs to increase its volume and improve its operating procedure. Improved Handling of Potatoes.-The Specialist worked with the County Agent in the Hastings potato area in making results of recent research on improved handling of potatoes available to growers and shippers. This was done at meetings and by many personal contacts in the area. Honey Marketing.-At the request of honey producers, the Specialist wrote a bill that allows Florida honey producers to have their honey certi fied by State Inspectors as pure tupelo, orange, or other variety. The bill wa s passed without opposition in the State Legislature. Producers believe this will help in their marketing program. The Specialist al s o worked with the Extension Apiculturist and three County Agents in help ing beekeeper organizations and their marketing cooperative. Farmers Markets.-At the request of either County Agents or grower groups, work was carried on with committees at five different farmers' markets, meeting with each committee two or three times during the year. These five markets were Gainesville, Plant City, Starke, Wauchula, and Web s ter. Suggestions were made on improving market operation and rendering m01 e and better service to growers, thus increasing grower sup port and returning better pric e s to grower s . New Cooperatives.-Six other grower groups and County Agents re que s ted help in forming new cooperatives during" the year. These included two in Collier County and one each in Hernando, Martin, Palm Beach, and Pinellas counti e s. Suggested charter s , by-laws, and other papers were 'prepared for each of these. Five of them are now operating success fully. Other State Organizations.-The Specialist helped the directors of the Florida Fruit and Vegetable Association to draw up a suggested project for an Extension Vegetable Marketing Specialist they hope Florida may obtain. Also, he worked with this organization in conducting a poll among celery and tomato growers to determine whether they would favor market ing agreements. He worked with the directors of the Florida Express Ship

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26 Florida Cooperative Extension pers League to 'plan a program which the Extension Service will assist them to start during the coming year. 4-H Summer Short Course and Camping Program.-Assistance was given the State 4-H Club Agents in their short course and camping program. At short course the Specialist lecj. singing at assemblies of the 450 boys twice daily during the week and had charge of the awards presentation assembly program. He attended a 4-H camp for another week and taught a class there each morning and led singing at assemblies twice daily. Outlook Work.-During the first eight months of the year, whiie the Economic Outlook Specialist was on leave of absence, the Marketing Spe cialist handled as much as 'possible of the outlook work. This involved developing material for numerous outlook talks covering a wide range of products and presenting these at many places. Extension Service Institute and Schools Program.-This Specialist worked with other specialists and with district agents in putting on various grower institutes in Florida. This involved a week's work at the Citrus Institute at Camp McQuarrie, where he served as song leader at all assem blies and panel leader on a marketing discussion. Talks were given at the Poultry Institute at Camp McQuarrie, at the West Florida Citrus Institute at Brooksville and the farm and home institutes at Camp Timpoochee and Camp Cherry Lake. Talks also were given at the Extension Beef Cattle School held at Orlando and the Poultry School at Belleview. These talks required the preparation of papers and charts.

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Annual Report, 1953 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND FARM ELECTRIFICATION AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Thomas C. Skinner, Agricultural Engineer 0 John M. Johnson, Agricultural Engineer• 27 The Agricultural Engineering Extension program emphasizes farm build ings, housing, electrification, machinery, irrigation and drainage. County Extension Agents reported assisting 43,649 farmers and farm families in various phases of the engineering program during the year. Farm Structures.-This includes farm service buildings and farm hous ing. The Florida Farm Building Plan Service is a part of this program which reached 33,055 families this year, or 10.8 percent more than in 1952. Visual aids were used in training agents and local leaders, and in promo tional work to interest farmers in making needed changes. Visual aids now on hand include five large colored charts, four large blueprints, six posters and 25 scale models of farm buildings. These have found extensive use during the year in training schools and as displays and exhibits at State and county fairs and shows. The Florida Farm Building Plan Service is conducted in cooperation with the USDA Regional Plan Service Exchange. During the year the Specialist met with 10 groups interested in special buildings . Farm Machinery.-Florida farmers continue to add more mechanical equipment each year to reduce labor costs, expand acreage and reduce drudgery. In 1953 agents assisted 6,269 farmers with farm machinery or equipment problems. There were 303 4-H boys from 33 counties enrolled in tractor maintenance projects. They conducted numerous demonstrations at fairs and farmers' meetings. The Specialist encouraged farm equipment and machinery dealers and distributors to participate, display, and demon strate their equipment at farmers' gatherings. Fifty . such demonstrations were held. Two adult machinery maintenance schools were held during the year with an attendance of 48 white farmer owners and operators at one and 14 Negro farmer owners and operators at the other. Farm Processing Facilities.-lt is often important for farmers to go beyond the production stage in realizing the largest 1eturns possible from their products. The preparation of farm products for sale or for home use is an important step in a balanced farm program. Assistance was given by county Extension agents to farm people in preparing their products for market and home use. Available information on curing tobacco, farm drying of hay and seed and treating fence posts and lumber was disseminated through leaflets, newsletters, and magazine articles. The mimeographed leaflet "Treating Fence Posts," prepared by the Specialist in cooperation . with the Extension Farm Forester, was widely used. Hay and seed drying has continued to receive much attention. The slated floor seed and grain dryer and the Florida combination dryer, both developed by the Extension Agricultural Engineer, are being used through out the State by farmers and commercial seedsmen. Largely due to Exten sion activity, there are now approximately 200 dryers on farms in Florida. ' Appointed September 16 , 1953, Resigned September 10, 19 5 3.

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28 Florida Cooperative E xtens ion Irrigation and Drainage.-Activities in these two program ' are limited chiefly to personal se rvice work. The Specialist gave ta lk s and demon strations on irrigation at five meetings to over 250 farmer s . Three iniga tion manufacturers were furnished information on Florida's irrigation problems, and recommendations were made for needed new eq uipment. FARM ELECTRIFICATION A. M. Pettis, Assi tant Agricultural Enginee r and Farm El ect rification Speciali st The farm electrification program was designed to as s ist rnral peopl e with problems concerning electricity. Thi has been ca rri ed out through the County Extension Agents, the various power supp l iers of Florida , and the State Extension office. The following activitie s have received attention: Wiring . -Good w irin g is the basis of successful farm e l ect rification. It must be carefully planned for future need s to avoid overloading, which results in fire hazard and poor operation of equ ipm ent. The promotion of good wir in g wa canied out by talk , demon st ration , exhibits, and pri11ted articles. A voltage drop wiring panel constructed by the Specialist was user! successfully to teach good wiring. It how s vividly that appliances give better results when u sed on good wiring. The peciali t trained 4-H Club members and loaned them thi equipment for teaching others . Lighting. -Good lighting has been promoted extensively during 1953. A leaflet e ntitl ed "A Good Reading Lamp" was prepared and distributed to farmers, 4-H members, and farm l eaders over the State . Advice, as sistance, and exhibit material s were furn i shed County Extension worker s who made lighting exh ibit s at county fairs. The Specialist planned and assisted in conducting a good reading lamp co nt est at the annual 4-H Boys' S h ort Co ur se . Twelve count i es entered lamp in the State co nt est, with awards to first, second and third place winners as follows: a radio to Lake County; a fan to Volusia; and a solderi ng iron to Sumter County. Fig. 3.The se 4-H boy were winner s in t h e lamp making co nte st.

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Annual Report, 1953 29 Farm Equipment.-Infra-red brooding for chicks was investigated and extensively promoted. Equipment on infra-red lamps was constructed to demonstrate the nature of infra-red energy. This gave a striking and easily comprehended visual demonstration of how this form of energy acts in practical use with poultry. The Specialist also assisted in the in stallation and construction of electric hotbeds for sweet potato plants. Irri gation, using electric motors, was promoted and publicized and brooders for pigs and chicks were loaned to County Agents for use in county fair exhibits. Home Equipment.-County and State training meetings have be e n held to give home demonstration agents and other rural women leaders instruc tion on home electric equipment. A two-year correspondence course on television was completed by the Specialist, enabling him to prepare Ex tension Circular 114, "TV Tips." Florida is believed to be the first State to have such a publication for rural people. During the past year, Florida farm people have shown more interest in television than in an~• other home electric use. 4-H Electric Program.-Considerable emphasis has been placed this year on the 4-H farm and home electric program. Circular 112, "Electricity Made Easy," was revised to help 4-H members enrolled in electrical projects. A record bo-ok was prepared especially for negroes, and other lit e rature was made available which helped them improve the quality of their work in such projects. A $50 bond and seven gold medals were awarded negro 4-H members for outstanding work. More than 1,000 4-H member s at Boys' short course, Girls' short course, the negro short course, and four 4-H camps were taught by this Specialist. One-fourth of the demonstrations given by 4-H members at the 1953 State Fair were on electricity subjects. Gold medals for outstanding work were awarded to 63 4-H members as compared to 40 the previous year. Five major additional awards, consisting of a trip to Chicago and four valuable appliances, were presented to the 4-H members doing the most outstanding work in this project. The national sponsor is the Westinghouse Electric Corporation and the State sponsor is the Florida REA Coo peratives Asso ciation. Power Supplier Cooperation.-As of July 1, 1953 , 46,532 Florida farms, 81.7 percent of the total , were receiving electric service from 15 electric (REA) cooperatives, four major power companies, and several small com panies and municipalities. The Specialist cooperated with all power sup pliers to increase the effectiveness of the farm electrification program. Each month articles on electric subjects were sent to electric co-ops for use in their monthly new s publications. Cooperation with electric co-ops resulted in electric demonstrations being given by 4-H members at half of the co-op annual me e tings. Coordination of County Work.-The Specialist kept county Extension workers acquainted with personnel of the rural electric co-ops. He also has arranged for invitations to interested Extension agents to attend annual co-op meetings and for them to receive co-op monthly publications. Teaching and Training.-Training meetings were held in e ight counties for Extension agents and 4-H members, and the 4-H electric progra1-r was discussed at four district training meetings. Training in farm electri fic at ion was given to all negro county and home demonstration agents at the annual negro Extension conference. Adult white women were trained at the Farm and Home Institute and at the meeting of the Stat e Home Demonstration Council. A honey-electric training school was held at Camp McQuarrie in co operation with the Extension Apiculturist; practical training in electricity

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30 Florida Cooperative Extension was given the 20 agents and 4-H members attending. During the past year electrical materials for demonstrations and exhibits were loaned 28 times to agents in 17 counties. New Electrical Uses.-Some of the new electrical ap ' pliances investigated and publicized during the past year by this Specialist have been nut crackers, dehorners, animal clippers, television sets, farm welders, heat pumps, and room coolers. Rural Telephones.-Advice and assistance wa s given farm leaders rep resenting rural pe o ple desiring telephone service. Close cooperation was maintained with representatives of the Rural Electrification Administration, which lends money to increase and improve rural telephone service. Six such lo a ns have been ' made in Florida and approximately 12,000 Florida farms, about 21 percent of the total, now have telephone service. Publicity.-The Specialist prepared 57 articles on farm electrific~tion during the 'past year and articles were sent to publications throughout the State, through the office of the Extension Editor, as well as to co-op publica tions, state and national magazines, and to national bulletins and other news sources. Six radio talks and tape recordings were made for use over the State. Additic11al Assistance.-It is estimated that more than 8,500 persons, both white and negro, including rural adults and 4-H members, Extension agents and oth e r farm leaders, attended a total of 102 talks and demon strations by the Farm Electrification Specialist this year. Many Florida Extension, USDA, and commercial publications have been distributed and numerous inquiries have been answered. County Extension workers' records show that they have assisted farm people with electrification problems in 1953 as follows: Problems Concerning Water and sewage systems .... .. .. . .. . . .. . .. ..... . .. .. .. . . Electrical systems .. . ..... . .. . ........... . . .. . . ................ . Home equipment ........... . ................ .. ................... . Irrigation ..................... .. ................................. . .... . Electricity for income purposes . ... . . . . .... . . . . . .... . White 1,164 975 8,630 1,163 1,034 Negro 209 182 392 76 297 Total 1,373 1,157 9,022 1,239 1,331

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Annual Report, 1953 31 AGRONOMY J . R. Henderson, Extension Agronomist The Extension Agronomy work during the year was designed to bring to the attention of county agents, industry groups, and others who work with farmers information on soil and crop management practices that would help farmers to maintain or improve soil fertility, increa s e yields, and improve the quality of their field crops and pastures. Major activities included: Preparing and distributing to county agents field crop production guides; conferences with county agents in state-wide and area groups for presentation of subject-matter information and dis cussion of Extension methods; meetings with industry groups to acquaint them better with research results and Extension recommendations pertain ing to the production and management of field crops and pastures; handling the distribution of foundation seed of field crops; handling individual letter and office inquiries. Field Crop Production Guides.-
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32 Florida Cooperative Extension Cooperation with Othcrs.-The Extension Agronomist worked closely with the District Agents in planning meetings, conferences and tours. Mutual exchange of information on progress of county programs in agronomy was the rule throughout the year. The 4-H Club leaders and the Extension Agronomists worked together in planning corn production projects of 4-H Club boys and in staging the State 4-H Club Corn Show. In holding State-wide, area and county meetings, the leaders of the agronomy project received the wholehearted cooperation of the specialists in vegetable production, citriculture, ornamentals, animal husbandry, dairying, agricultural economics, agricultural engineering and entomology. Working relationships with the research personnel was excellent. Experiment Station workers gave their time freely, appearing as speakers on subject-matte-r programs and going over their work with the project leaders. Each branch station at which agronomy research projects were carried was visited at least once during the year for observation of the work in progress. Production problems for which solutions were needed were brought to the attention of Station workers and assistance was given in planning new research projects on both so;ls and field crops. Assistance was given the State Department of Agriculture in carry ing out its program of seed certification, and the Farmers Home Admin istration, by supplying field crop production recommendations. Most of the State-level
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Annual Report, 1953 33 Averag e Yields of Principa] Field Crops Grown in Florida for the Last Two Five-Year Periorls: Yield per Acre Crops 1944-19 , 18 1949-1953 Corn, bu s h e ls Cotton, pounds ..... .......... . Peanuts, pounds .. ..... . .. . . Flue-cured tobacco, pounds ..... . ... .. . . . . ..... . . . . . Oats, bush e ls ....... ... . . . .... . 10.7 186,f, 637.0 952.6 18.9 15.0 215.1 857.(\ 1,107 . 2 '.?3.4 % Increase During Last 5-Y ear Period 40 1 5 3 5 16 24

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34 Florida Cooperative Extension ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Oliver F. Goen, Extension Animal Hw , bandman' Jame,;; E. Pace, Assfatant Animal Industrialist Beef cattle numbers in Florida increased 10.1 percent, from 1,250,000 as of January 1, 1952, to 1,376,000 as of January 1, 1953. Florida rank s 13th among the states in total numbers of beef cattle, but is relatively low in total pounds produced and quaiity of beef. This indicates that most Florida beef cattle herds still need much improvement. Swine on Florida farms decreased 8. 7 percent, from 610,000 head to 531,000 head, during the year ending January 1, 1953. For the same period their values decreased from $13,725,000 to $10,567,000. Florida will prob ably continue to be a deficit state in pork production in the foreseeable years. 4-H Club Activities.-One of the continued primary efforts of the Spe cialist has been to stress the importance of livestock improvement in Florida. Expansion in 4-H livestock projects has been encouraged as a means of achieving this objective. A commercial steer sale was held In August 1953 with the cooperation of the Arcadia Livesti1ck Market. Approximately 150 steers were sold and the results of this first trial were so good that the project is being expanded. The Fourth Annual 4-H Fat Barrow Show was held in Tallahassee, but due to the outbreak of vesicular exanthema in the State, not as many barrows were exhibited as in recent years. However, there was a decided improvement in quality. The State Champion 4-H Livestock Judging Team competed in the National 4-H Judging Contest in Chicago. The Florida team tied for 11th place, with 28 teams competing. The trip to Chicago was sponsored by the Tampa Morning Tribune. Five area livc ,s tock judging schools were conducted over the State for 4-H boy,; duringthe year in cooperation with the State 4-H Club Leader. The following table summarizes the year's 4-H livestock activities: Members Enrolled Beef cattle .... . Swine ........................... . Sheep ................... . ......... . Other livestock ...... . . . . 1,R51 1,952 1 104 Members Completing 1,030 1,473 1 65 Units Involved in Completed Projects 2,191 4,148 7 257 Other Activities.-A 13-week Cattlemen's School was conducted in Lake and Orange counties in cooperation with those County Agents, the Extension Agronomist, and Experiment Station personnel. Classes were held one night each week and each class was attended by approximately 200 cattlemen. A two-day refresher school was r.ondurted at the North Florida Ex periment Station for the County Agent~ of West Florida. The Extension Agronomist and the Extension animal husbandry personnel cooperated in this. The Animal Husbandmen discus s ed feeding, breeding, manage ment, disease, and parasite problems. 1 On military leave.

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Annual Report, 1953 35 A well-attended Swine Producer's Field Day was held in August at Quincy. The Assistant Animal Indu,;trialist worked closely with the Florida Swine Producer's Association and Experiment Station personnel in making this event a success. During the past year the Assistant Animal Industrialist gave 12 talks to cattlemen's associations, five talks to general farmer groups, and attended three farm tours. Also, he judged six livestock show-; and assisted with the management of many others. He spent 133 days in the field, working primat'ily with County Agents. SUMMARY OF RESULTS 1953 Farmers employing proper se lection and breeding practices Farmers employing proper feeding practices ........................ . ... . Farmers employing proper ex ternal parasite control methorls ................ . . . .. . ..................... .. Farmers employing proper dis ease and internal parasite control methods ............................. . Farmers employing efficient work methods . ......................... .. Beef Cattle 6,790 7,897 7,602 6,339 3,882 Sheep and Other Swine Goats Livestock 4,949 7,828 6,835 9,242 3,327 70 92 93 106 44 406 403 303 321 239

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Florida Coopernt'ive E x t ension APICULTU RE John D. Ha y nie, Ex t ension Api c ulturi s t The Exten s ion program in ap i cu l ture in Florida include : , both product i on ;;ind marketing. Since the major p ro blems h e re are in the marketing fie ld, it ha s received the mo st time and at tc ntion. Th e 195 3 Florida honey crop was produced s ev era l w ee k s earlier Lhan usual. Export order s were received oefore the crop was extracted and there was a constant demand a s a re su lt of ~ u c h orders . European orders were for over 2,000 , 000 pound' in 1953, about the same as in 1952 . Most of the 1953 orders had to be filled from the Southeastern and South western States, s ince Northern honey was not then available. Thi s elimi nated the s upply of Florida hon ey and left packers without any citru s honey for month s , c reating a problem for the retail hom e trade. Only 104,000 pounds of honey has been placed under the loan program in Florida thi s year, accordin g to the Production and Ma : keting Admini stra tion . Th e 1953 honey , ;r op i s believed to have broken all records for earli ne ss in moving from produc e r's hands and for the s mall amounts of stock cacr i ed over in packer's hands. Tupelo Honey Ce rtifi catio 11 . -The Flor i da produce r;; ::> f t up elo hon ey have for years desired s ome method of certification so t hat they co uld assure their custo mers as to grade and kind . A dozen ~ , !lmples of tupelo honey wer e co lle c ted from producers three year s ago by th e Extension Apiculturi st Fig. 4 . Preparing h oney jelly in the laboratory in an effort to expand the market for this Florida sweet .

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Annual Report, 1953 37 and sent to the USDA Eastern Regional Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, for analysis. This has been repeated each year. The data from this, in cluding dextrose-levulose ratio and moisture content, have made it possible for the Food Inspection Department of the State Department of Agriculture to initiate a program for inspecting and grading the 1954 honey crop. The Extension Marketing Specialist and the Gulf Connty agent assisted the bee keepers to start this certifiration prog-n1m of tupelo honey. A bill has passed the Florida Legislature authorizing the inspection of tupelo honey. Citrus honey producers now want a similar program for inspection and certification. Citrus honey samples were '!ollerted in the spring of 1953 in order to study factors affecting the color of honey and to start analysis work for a certification program. Florida Honey Co-operative.-'rhis organization has packed over 5,000,000 pounds of honey since it was organized in 1949, mostly in barrels and 60-pound containers. It handles most of the honey produced by its members, although some members pack a part of their crop. The Cooperative asked that a label be prepared to be used on five-pound pails for marketing Florida orange blossom honey for its members or for any beekeeper interested in packing a "number one grade" of citrus honey. The Apiculturist designed the label for this and a final order for these labels was delivered after the 1953 citrns honey searnn was over. Contents of these cans will be inspected for grade ana quality and beekeepers not maintaining number one grade standards will be required to remove container and honey from the market and will not be furnished more cans. State and County Fairs.-Prior to H.153 the Apiculturist has done more work at the State Fair than in district and county fairs. The beekeepers' exhibits at the Florida State Fair in Tampa have been excellent and have stimulated the initiation and expansion of ll'o . re and better beekeeping exhibits at local fairs. In l!l53 eight such individual county exhibits were promoted and one group of beekeepers exhibited at a district fair in addition to eight beekeepers exhibiting at the f.tate Fair. These local exhibits are seen by mariy people who do not have an opportunity to see the State Fair exhibits. Two beekeeperg promoted apiary exhibits in their county fairs for the first time this past year. Jqorida Forest Service.-Most of Florida's honey is from natural plants. For this the apiaries are operated in natural wooded areas protected from fire. The Florida Forest Service is depended upon to keep fires from de stroying gallberry (Ilex), titi, saw palmetto and many other low, bush-type nectar plants. Since these and certain gum trees need cooperative manage ment, the Forest Service has established a nursery to propagate and dis tribute tupelo, black gum, and tulip poplar seedlings to beekeepers, land owners and timber-growing firms. -1-H Apiary Awards.-Each year a large seed company contributes apiary equi1:mrnt and supplies for prizes to 4-H Club members in apiary projects on a State-wide basis. The 1958 winners were: Allen Jones, Baker County; Arthur Brady, Orange; and Lee Howell, Alachua County. Cooperative Hive Project with Ueekeepers.-The Extension Apiculturist s et up a cooperative hive project in 1952 to compare the efficiencies of four distinct sizes of hives. This project is located in the tupelo section and its purpose is to determine if a .single unit, a one-story hive, is better to winter a colony and supply sufficient room for brood rearing in the spring, than the methods now being used generally. The cost of producing honey in the tupelo section is higher than in other parts of the State and any method of decreasing equipment expense will result in lower production costs. Data will be assembled and analyzed late in 1954.

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38 Florida Cooperative Extension BOYS 4-H CLUB WORK W. W. Brown, State Boys' -1-H Club Agent Grant M. Godwin, Assistant State Boys' 4-H Club Agent ' Boys' 4-H Club work in Florida in 1953 had a banner year. This has been manifested through increased 4-H participation in club meetings, more community activities, productive projects, and method and result demon strations: and a host of special 4-H Club events, including short course, summer camps, special State-wide encampments, and many high quality 4-H shows and fairs. Certainly, this "parade of progress" on the part of Florida's 4-H'ers can be attributed directly to discreet planning and close adherence to plans developed through the coordinated efforts of both State and county Extension workers. The work at the State level was implemented by the State Boys' 4-H Club Agent and two Assistant State Boys' 4-H Club agents, one of whom was appointed on June 1, 1953, to devote full time to 4-H Club work while the other, a County Extension Agent, continued to devote part time work to the camping program in the southern areas of the State. Continued emphasis on and better use of the plan dividing the State into 10 4-H Club districts has helped to improve the work this year and greatly aided the State 4-H staff. The 10 district meetings, attended by almost 100 percent of the county Extension agents, provided the proper setting for developing 4-H programs based on the mutual thinking of the administrative staff, specialists staff and county personnel. Through this device, programs more nearly met the varying agricultural needs and interests State-wide. An increase of 65 percent in the State and national 4-H Awards Pro grams was noted over the preceding year. While the 9,876 white 4-H Club hoys enrolled during 1953 was almost the same as the enrollment!'! for 1952, there was a marked increase in percentage of completions. .Records show that 73.3 percent completed in 1953, as rompared to 70.3 percent in 1952. 4-H ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTS The major 4-H Club activities and projects in which 4-H boys and girls received training and experience under the direction of county Extension workers throughout the State are summarized below. A. Participation in 4-H Activities No. 1. Judging .................... .. .............. . ... . ... .. ... . .. .. .. .. . . ........... . 2. Giving demonstrations .......... . ............... . .. . ....... . ..... . . 3. Group recreation leadership .. . ....... . ... ... ................ . 4. Music appreciation .. . .......... . .. .. . . ....... .. .... . .. .. ... . 5. Money management (thrift) ... . .......... . .. . . .. .......... . .. . . 6 . . Farm and home safety ............................ . . .... . 7. Citizenship ............................. ... ............................... . 8. Personality improvement ........ . ............. .. ..... .. . . ..... . . 9. Soil and water conservation .. . . . .......... . .. . . . .............. . 10. Forestry ................................. . .. ... .......... .... . .. . 11. Health, nursing, first aid ......... , .............. . . . ... . 12. Camping ..................................... . ............ . .. . . 13. Community activities (improving school grounds conducting achievement programs an
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Annual Report, 1953 39 B. Participation in 1-H Projects Scope 1. Corn ........ .... .... ...................................... ..... ..... ......... 3,288 acres 2. Peanuts ........................................................ ...... ....... ... 1,314 acres 3. Soybeans, field peas, alfalfa, and other legumes . . 458 acres 4. Potatoes, Irish and sweet ... ................... ... .. ... . .. .... 675 acres 5. Cotton ............... .... ..... ........ ........................... . .. . ........ 598 acres 6. Tobacco ....... ........... ..... .................. .. . ..... ........ ...... 96 acres 7. Vegetable growing ....................... .......... ...... ......... 2,932 acres 8. Range and pasture .................................... ................. 2,524 acres 9. Soil and water conservation and management .... 2,703 acres 10. Forestry .............................................................. ......... 2,021 acres 11. Wildlife and nature study .... ....... ... . . . . .. ....... ....... 169 members 12. Poultry (including turkeys) .................... . .............. 162,539 birds 13. Dairy cattle ..................................... .... ...... ................ 1,938 animals 14. Beef cattle ................................. ............ ............. ....... 2,191 animals 15. Swine .......... ... . ............. .... .................. ........ . ... .. ........ 4,148 animals 16. Bees .......................................................... .... . ...... ......... 725 colonies 17. Entomology ................................ .. ...... : ........... . . . ......... 55 members 18. Tractor maintenance ... ... ....... ... .... .... . .... . . . .... . ... ....... 329 members 19. Electricity ................................... ..... ... ........... . .......... 601 members 20. Beautification of home grounds ............ ................ 4,536 members 21. Health, nursing, first aid ... .................. ......... ....... 2,647 members 22. Junior leadership ......................... .................... 1,298 members 4-H CAMPS . There were 3,956 4-H Club boys and girls who attended the five State 4-H Club camps in the summer of 1953. Members arrived in camp on Monday and left on Saturday each week. The geographic location of these five State 4-H camps makes for easy accessibility. Heretofore, sites of P!!rmanent State 4-H camps have been in Okaloosa, Madison, Marion, and Lake counties; however, through the combined efforts of Extension workers and friends of 4-H throughout the State, a new State 4-H camp in Highlands County is almost completed. In addition to 4-H use, adults attended Citrus, PoultrJ', and Farm and Home Institutes at three of these State 4-H camps. SHORT COURSE Thirty-four annual boys' 4-H short courses have been held on the campus of the University of Florida. The purpose of these is to provide outstanding 4-H Club boys from counties throughout the State with one week of training and inspiration at their land grant college each summer. The 1953 short course was attended by 361 4-H boys from 52 counties selected on the basis of their 4-H Club work. In addition to courses, four State-wide special 4-H events were held in conjunction with this short course. They were (1) the State Dairy Judging; Contest, (2) the State Tractor Operator's Contest, (3) the Sfate Public Speaking Contest, and ( 4) the State Reading Lamp Building Contest. A 11 of these contests in dicated good work was being done back in the counties. 4-H AWARDS PROGRAM During 1953 all records submitted to the State 4-H Club office in State wide competition were summarized and a complete report was given to each county Extension agent. This summarization was made in an effort to show each county its comparative rating with other counties partici

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40 Florida Cooverative E x ten sion pating, and to voint out the ty p e of report s n ecess ary to qualify thC' State in the various awards programs. Th e reports wel'e evaluated and ret urned to the respective agents so that they would se l' ve as a st imulu s to the awards programs and create more enthasiasm among 4-H Club members. There wer 29 Staie and National awawls progn i ms available .for Flo1ida 4-H member s during 1953. The se awards include free trir io the National 4-H Club Camp and Congress, go ld watche;:, ca h awards, tro phies, county medals and sc holarship s. The tr ip to the -ational 4-H Ca111p in v ashin ton, D. C., is considered to be the culminating award for out s tanding le aders hip and achievement in 4-H Club work. Annually, two 4-H boys are g i ven this trip, while the runnel'-Up receives a trip to the Danforth Leadership Cam p in Shelby, Michigan. An outstanding 4-H C lub boy from each county has been se l ected an nually to receive a certificate at the Florida State Fair on 4-H Club Day. A Dairy Efnciency Conte t has been held to select the be s t dairy club boy in each of the 10 4-H Club districts. District winners received cash awal'ds, and the top dairy project winner in the 'tate received a lar ~e plaque. In addition, the outstanding county in 4-H cfairy prnject work was pr ~ ented a large plaque. SPECIAL STATE-W IDE SCHOOL The State 4-H Club staff prn n,ot ed a se rie s of fi ve area live tock judging s chools throu ghout tl1e State for t h~ purpose of providing time l y in g truc t ion Fig. 5.-These five 4-H boy received $ 100 sc holarship s from the Florida Banker s' A ssoc iation, presented b y Exe c utive Secretary Floyd Call.

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Annual Report, 1953 41 on basic and current livestock judging techniques. County agents reported that these schools were very effective in providing needed training for their 4-H livestock judging teams which were held prior to the State contest at the Florida State Fair in Tampa. The annual 4-H wildlife camp was held at Camp McQuarrie during the week of July 13-18, with 19 counties represented by 89 4-H Club members, adult leaders, and Extension agents. The purpose of this camp was to create an understanding on the part of our rural youth for wildlife and its importance and to instill in them a strong desire for its conservation and preservation. Those in attendance received organized instruction in the fields of game, forestr)T, and fresh water fish management from com petent men in these fieltls. For the past eight years the State 4-H staff has been holding a special State clinic for the purpose of providing a
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42 Florida Cooperative Ext e nsion CITRUS CULTURE Fred P. Lawrence, Citriculturist Florida has 550,100 acres of citrus groves, .69,800 of which are classed as young , non-bearing trees that are coming into production at the rate of 12,000 to 15,000 acres per year. Florida produced 110,200,000 boxes of citrus fruits durin g the 1952-53 season. Total citrus production dropped about 9,000,000 boxes from the record production peak established during the 1951-52 s eason. Adverse weather conditions were the principal cause of the dror. The position of the Agricultural Extension Service in the citrus industry ha s been tremendously strengthened through the efforts of the Extension Service's Citrus Advisory Committee formed by the Citriculturist in 1947. As a result of unified work by this committee, almost all industry elections and large citrus meetings are arranged and handled through the appro priate county agent's office. Training Program.-Emphasis was placed on program planning and training agents in citrus culture and methods of disseminating citrus information. In this field the Citriculturist was assisted by the Citrus Advisory Committee. Six subject-matter training meetings for Extension personnel were held-two exclusively for citrus and four joint meetings on citrus and other fruits. The Citriculturist, assisted by the Citrus Advisory Committee, held a two-day training school for county a g ents in citrus producing counties. In addition to the class and laboratory work the agents were taken into two counties to observe Extension citrus demonstrations. A period during the annual Extension conference was devoted to citrus instruction. Citrus Clinics.-At 11 citrus clinics between :3 , 500 and 4,000 growers were advised on individual citrus problems. These clinics were usually of one day duration. The growers came at their convenience during the day bringing specimens and their problems for di:Jgnosis and help. Institutes.-Through one lime-avocado and three citrus institutes an additional 1,500 growers were contacted and given the latest research in formation on production and marketing. These institutes varied from one to five days in length. Citrus Schools.-One 18-week citrus school was held in Polk County. Classes met once a week for two hours. Registration for the schooi was 291. Demonstrations and Tours.-The Citriculturist assisted with preparing and conducting 24 county demonstrations and 12 county tours. The tours were of two types-one being to USDA or State Experiment Stations and laboratories and the other to farmers' groves where demonstrations based on research and grower practices were observed. Citrus 4-H Work.-The Citriculturist outlined a 4-H Club program in citrus culture in several counties and taught 4-H classes in budding, graft ting, and general plant propagation. Plans were made to get two 4-H citrus nurseries into the budwood certification program-one is now actively participating. The Citriculturist served as chairman of the beautification committ e e for the new State 4-H Club camp. He assisted in getting Florida Citrus Mu tual to sponsor a $20,000 fund raising campai g n for a cafeteria building at the camp.

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Annual Report, 1953 43 Other Activities.-The following tabulation will show the major activi ties and accomplishments of the State Extension citrus program for the year: Activities Planned Accomplished Meetings to be held by State Advisory Committee 4 Number of meetings to train agents in subject matter and Extension methods .. .... .... ... . ....... ..... . 2 Number of citrus institutes ....... .. ......... .. ... .......... . .. . .. 4 Number of ornamental and citrus clinics ........... .. .. 15 Number of newsletters . .... . .. .. ..... .. ...... .. .. ... . . ...... . .... .. 6 Number of mimeographed releases .... . ........ . .. ... ....... . 6 Assist in developing State-wide budwood certification program ................................ :. ........ . ... 1 Number of citrus schools ............. . ......... . ..... . . . : ....... . ..... 1 Formal lectures to farmer groups ....... . ................ .. .... 0 Prepare and conduct demonstrations . ............ .... .. ..... 12 Prepare for and conduct tours ..... ..... .... ... .......... . 15 Serve county offices with research data and information .. .... ...... . ........ . ........ .. ....... ..... ... ....... .... . 25 Prepare news articles, radio scripts, and mimeographed pamphlets . ........ ...... .. .... . ..... .... .. . . .. 20 Make tape recordings for county use . .. ... .. ..... ..... ..... 0 * Estimated. 3 6 4 11 4 6 1 1 10 24 12 25 30* 15*

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44 Florida Cooperative Extension DAIRY HUSBANDRY C. W. Reaves, Extension Dairy Husbandman Major objectives of the dairy Ext ension program in 1953 were herd improvement for efficient production, breeding better dairy cattle, produc tion of more pasture and forage crops, development of young folks through successful 4-H dairy projects, and cooperation with other organizations for the improvement of the dairy industry. Dairy Herd Improvement Association Work.-The DHIA program wa s carried out in 22 counties to provide the members with records for use as a guide in the culling, feeding and management of their dairy herds and to build up higher producing, more profitable herds. These herds serve as practical demonstrations of the value of improved practices. The following is the State DHIA summary fo1 the 1952-53 year and for the 1947-48 year, the first year after the work was reorganized. NUMBER COWS ON TEST AND YEARLY PER-COW AVERAGES ... (/} .... 0 "".:.: (/} u .. i::l.-~ E-"' 'O ]t ....
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Annual R eport, 1953 45 $2.02 les s feed c ost per 100 pound s of milk. Th e higher producing herd owner carried out an excellent pasture program, includ in g a supple mentar y winter pa s tur e. H e fed a medium amount of cc:-nc entrate s ac co rdin g to eac h co w' product i on and practiced good herd management . .., tr. .... ~ } 0 --~ ! 0 ... ' 'O 0.., 0 ... -;; <~ ,-< ;;,.,.,, ~ .,,,. ,.,, ,..... E 10 3 7,966 4.7 375 $565 !!, 1 68 $397 $3 . 30 $2 .11 C 69 4,217 4.3 181 319 174 145 1.83 4.13 Official Cow Testing. -T h e Exten s i on D airymar. i s State snpc rint e nd cnt of officia l cow te st in g . Sixteen purebred h erds h ad 384 cows on Advan ced Registry test a nd 20 h erds with 1 , l'i 5 registered cows were on H erd Imprnvement Registry te s t with t h e i r breed as , oc: i ations. Th ese, added to the tota l of t h e cows on DHIA test, give a total o f 10 ,393 cows, although so me are on both programs . Better Sire P :r ogram. Th e organizer! art ificial breeding program has heen a big factor in the e lim i nation of scrnh or infer i or bulls from .Florida da i ry herds. It completed its fifth year in Florid:=t in 1953 with a total for t h e year of 24,691 cows bred to high-producti on bu ll s. Started as an Extension project in late U/48, the Exte n s ion Service h e lp ed the cooperative breeding assoc iation s to get org : a ni zed, member sh ip s i g n ed up, a nd t ec h nicians e mploy ed, and gave superv i s i on to the yo un g a ssoc iation s . Th e p rogram grew rapidly, with around 24 , 000 cow c; bein g bred artificia ll y eac h of the la st thre e year s . Th e 1 95.3 nurn ber of 2 1,691 is the hi ghe ~t to dat e. F i g. 6.-Harvesting g r ass and legume s ila ge with a field c hopp er, whi c h blows c hopped forage into an enclosed trailer wag on.

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46 Floridci Coopernt'ive E x tension The S uwannee Valley Artificial Breedin g Associatio n was organized dming 1953 to serve LaFayette, Suwannee and Columbia counties . Th e service is now available in 27 counties comprising most of the dairy counties. The production of the limited number of arti fi cia!ly sired cows for which production records have been reported on DHIA la c tation r eports indicate s a sa tisfa cto ry improvement for the heifer s horn a s a result of this pro g ram . YEARLY PER-CO"W AVERAG ES Lbs. i\1ilk Florida cows sired by bulls in ABA bull studs and with records reported in DHIA -------------------_ _ __ 7,4 3 1 All Florida DHIA cows ___ _ ______________ 6,415 All Florida milk cows (BAE) ______ _ _ _ __ 4 . 370 % 4.7 4.5 4 . 2 Lbs. Butterfat 349 288 184 The average of the cows sired by artificial br e eding association bulls s howed 1,016 pounds milk and 61 pounds butterfat more than all Florida DHIA cows per year's test. Th e latter ,; bo wed 2 , 0-15 pounds milk and 104 pounds butterfat more per year than all Florida milk cows . A few herds carrying out a good breeding program with a production testing and classification program are selling s ome well-bred bulls for use in natural service. The DHIA records prove t he value of bulls used in DHIA herds. Production data were reported and tabulated on daughters of 27 bulls in Florida in 195 3 . The sum mary of the county agents' reports (wl1ite and negro) s how s a total of 3,876 persons assisted directly or in directly in selection and breeding practices of dairy cattle . Fig. 7 . -Grass s ilag e stored in a large above-ground horizontal silo with earth-banked walls provided good, economica l roughage for periods of s h -o rt pasture.

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Annual Report, 1953 47 Feeding, Pasture, and Herd Managemcnt.-Better feeding practices and the production of more home-grown feed were emphasized during the year. A mimeographed paper on the construction and use of different type trench silos prepared by the Extension Dairyman and the Extension Agricultural Engineer has been in large demand. Meetings were held on the construc tion of trench silos, built either in the ground, partly in the ground, or with sides mounded above the ground level according to the water table. In 1953 more trench silos than upright silos were filled, mostly with grass or legume crops. A survey showed that twice as many dairymen were storing silage as in 1950. A Florida dair~r pasture contest was started in 1953 with the sponsor ship of the Florida Dairy Association. Patterned after the very success ful New England green pasture contest, it provided for recognition of dairymen with top pasture and forage production with the added feature of recognizing those making the most improvement over the previous year and of providing certificates tu all those scoring 75 percent or above. Over 70 dairymen enrolled. Awards will be made at the 1954 Dairy Field day. The project will be continued in 1954. Assistance was given to dairymen not in a DHIA in keeping breeding records and yearly milk production records for use as a guide for feed ing and culting. Analysis of the feeding and pasture program was made of a few herds for information and use as demcnstrations. Assistance was given in conducting the Dairy Herdsmen's Short Course and the Dairy J:,,ield Day, which were held at the University of Florida. 4-H Dairy Club Work.-Three State-wide production contests, eight district shows, climaxed by the State 4-H Dairy Show, and judging, fitting and showing contests provide opportunities for the 4-H Club members to secure many educational and other worthwhile experiences. The enroll ment in the 4-H dairy project induded 1,367 white members and 134 negro members, making a total of 1,501, of which 76 percent completed their year's work. William Schack, winner of the State 4-H dairy production contest, has bought and paid for nine registered Jerseys, having started with one grade heifer seven years ago. James Thornhill, the State dairy achievement winner, also ha s the nucleus of a herd to go into the dairy business which he has developed entirely through 4-H Club projects. Polk County received the plaque for the best over-all county 4-H dairy program, with 93 percent . of the 86 members completing their projects, comprising 79 registered and 49 grade dairy animals. A total of 62 established or improved a pasture, and all members carried out mineral feeding, parasite control, and vaccination or testing for brucellosis. Four-H District III (North Plorida) made a cooperative p11rchase of heifers which were distributed by "drawing for choice" in a very successful program. Two truck loads of Florida 4-H Jerseys were exhibited at the Mid-South National Junior Dairy Show at Memphis. Florida was also represented in the National 4-H Dairy Cattle Judging Contest at Waterloo, Iowa, placing 17th in the nation . Cooperation with Other Organizations.-Cooperative work was done with the dairy cattle breed associations, Florida Dairy Association, the State Department of Agriculture, Florida Livestock Board, Florida State Fair, and other groups interested in the State's dairy industry. The following tabulation gives recent results from some of the dairy Extension lines of work:

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48 Flor ida Cooperat ive E x tension Number of dairy herd improvement associations ___ _ _ _ Cows included on DHIA ___ _ _ _ __ ______ _ _ ____ _ __ _____ _________ . _ ___ __ _ _ _ Cows on official test -------------------------------___ _______ _ Number bulls proved by DHIA record s --------------------Cows bred in artificial breeding units _____ _______ ----,:, Number receiving aid with feeding problems _________ _ _ * Number receiving aid on controlling external parasites -----------------------------------------------------'~ Number recei v ing aid on controlling disea ses and internal parasites ____ _____ _______ __ _ ------------___ ___ __ .. ___ _ _ _ _ Number 4-H Club members with dairy projects ____ ___ _ Number dairymen enrolled in pasture project _________ __ _ 1952 1953 8 7,921 1,319 14 24,308 1,454 2,711 2,747 1,384 8 8,834 1,559 27 24,691 5,377 3,781 4,479 1,501 70 * Include s family-cow own e rs and 4-H Club members as well as dairymen.

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Annual Report, 1953 ENTOMOLOGY James E. Brogdon, Extension Entomologist Appointed September 16, 1953 49 The Extension Entomologist began work on September 16 and became the first Entomologist on the Extension staff for more than 25 years. Major activity consisted of getting acquainted with people, learning about some of the problems and needs, and developing plans. The Entomologist went into a few counties and worked with the agents. Information dealing with insect identification and control was sent to each county. Insect specimens were sent in from seven counties for identifica tion and control measures were recommended . A survey letter to a number of county agents at random over the state revealed that approximately 20 to 25 percent of the questions that came to their offices during the growing season pertained to insects or insect control and about 10 to 15 percent of the inquiries during the entire year concerned insects or insect control. 4-H Club Entomology Program.-The 4-H Club Entomology program was started before an Entomologist was appointed. During the past year 55 boys from 15 counties enrolled in the new project and 43 from 14 counties completed. Jim Aitken, Orange County, was state winner and Monty Haight, Volusia County, was second. County Agents' Handbook.-A handbook for County Agents is being con:.piled. The Entomologist devoted cansiderable time to collecting and simplifying information concerning insect pests and recommendations for their control on flowers and ornamental shrubs, field crops and pastures. Tables to simplify the calculation of percentages or amounts of various insecticides have been included. Cooperation With Other Specialists.-The Entomologist is serving on the Extension Citrus Advisory Committee and the Better Fruit Program Committee. He made field trips with the Citriculturist and was informed and shown some of the needs of the citrus industry. Investigations are under way that will aid in getting pictures and recommended controls of citrus insects to county agents. The Entomologist secured and condensed control recommendations for flowers and ornamentals for use in both the ornamentals program and the county agents' handbook. The Entomologist sent to all agents mimeographed material suggesting timely application of insecticides for livestock parasites. He has assembled the control recommendations for field crops and pasture insects. 'l'eaching and Other Materials.-The Entomologist sends out a news letter monthly to Experiment Station, College and State Plant Board entomologists. Contributions from various Experiment Stations concern insect problems in the different areas and control measures being tested or recommended. The 4-H entomology project record book is almost completed.

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5 0 F l orida Cooperative Extension F ORE S TR Y L. T. Nieland, Extension Forester Anthony S. Jensen , Assistant Exten ion Fore ster F ir e Protection.-Much tim e am.I effort throu g hout the year ha s been g iven to educational work toward protecting Florida's farm fore s t land s fro m fire. Educational programs have s ubstantially reduced the number of fire s intentionally set to give early spring grazing. However, careless ness and inadequate precautionary m eas ur es still c au se heavy uamage to many farm woodlots. Farmer s have had their attention c alled to the s vere losses they suffer .from woods burning , and they have bee n assisted in establishing e ffective afeguards to prevent accidental forest fire s . Complete fire protection, necessary for obtaining a young stand of forest ,;eed lin gs, results in a h e avy acc umul a ti on of dry wiregrass that is a bad fi r e hazard . To offset this, the Extension Fore s ter s ha ve 2ss i s ted agricultural work e rs, particularly county agents, in developing and making ava il ab le to farmers spec i fic information and procedures for sa feguarding t h eir woods. For this the new Exten s ion method of surrounding farm wood l ands with wide, im . proved pa s ture grass barrier st rips was again r ec ommended and promoted. T hese p asture grass strips, when clo se ly grazed, keep outside fires from getting into the wood s . They not only safeguard the forest and eliminate the expense of annual replowing of fire-lines, but produce extra pounds of beef. 0 Beginnin g Septe m ber 1, 1953. Fig. 8 . -The Extension Fore s ter in s pect s t h e State' s first c omm e r c ial p l anting of red cedars.

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Annual Report, 1953 51 Forest fire protection educational procedures included assistance to county agents in establishing demonstrations, and in providing them with bulletins, pictures, films, radio talks, and news releases for farmers having fire problems. County agents report assisting 2,91i8 farmers and 534 4-H Club members in protecting farm and forestry projects during the year. A steady increase is shown in the number of farmers throughout the State who are successfully protecting their forested acres. Forest Plauting.-1\fore time was given to promoting farm forest plant ings than to any other part of the program. The replanting of denuded farm forest land to suitable species is the shortest road to forest income, and the farmer who plants a forest usualIJ adopts other improved forestry practices, including fire protection. County agents' records show that 222 farmers and 403 4-H Club members in 53 counties were given assistance in forest planting. Incomplete tigures show that over 4,000,000 pine seed lings were distributed to them during the year by county agents. More than double this number would have been distributed if seedlings had been available from nurseries. The Extension Forester's chief part in this activity included assistance to county agents in planning, prcm{,ting, and coordinating the planting programs with those of the five Florida pulp mills that contributed 3,000,000 pine seedlings to farmers. Cooperative arrangements also were made with the State Forest Service, which produced both the free and pay seedlings that were distributed through the Extension Service. Other functions in forest planting consisted of assistance to county agents, farmers and 4-H Club members, in establishing demonstrations in proper forest planting, advising on adaptecl. soil types, and timely information on availability of forest planting stock. Red Cedar Pla~tings.-For many years seedlings of red cedar have been unobtainable for farm plantings. The Extension Service has helped solve this problem by developing a method for quick and dependable germina tion of the seeds. Work has continued on perfecting this method so farmers can now produce their own seedlings. A,; a result of newspaper publicity originating from this office, hundreds of farmers have been collect ing seeds this winter (1953-54) and calling for further advice on details. The Extension Forester made six plantings of red cedar on four farms and two 4-H Club projects, using 4,000 seedlings he produced in cooperation with the West Florida Experiment Station. Catalpa Plautings.-Because of Florida's growing shortage of long lasting fence post material, educational work in establishing plantings of catalpa was continued. The Extension Forester, with assistance from the West Florida Experiment Station, produced and distributed 1,000 seed lings to farmers and 4-H Club members du."ing Hl53 and collected 100,000 seeds for demonstration plantings in 1!)54. Tupelo Gum Plantings.-The interest of beekeepers continues in ex tending the natural range of tupelo gum trees. This past year additional small demonstration plantings of tupelo seedlings have been made, includ ing 50 one-year-old seedlings grown in cooperation with the Extension Apiculturist and planted on the 480-acre timber-grazing-game project in Escambia County. Smaller plantings have been made at the new 4-H camp in Highlands County and in Lake, Alachua, and Okeechobee counties. These include both white and black tupelo varieties. The first experimental plantings of tupelos were made in Florida by the Extension Forester in 1943. Other Species for Forest Plantings.-W ork continued on the two oldest demonstration forest plantings made in 1943 by the Extension Forester. These plantings include 27 native hardwood species and six conifers. Many

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52 Florida Cooperative Extension of these have never previously been tried as forest plantings in Florida. A detailed report for the 10-year period of thP.se demonstrations has been prepared, recording important data for each species. Information was obtained, previously unavailable, on growth rates, adaptabilities, tolerances, damages by pests, and other important practical fadors. This information helps answer frequent questions of farmers. Windbreak, Shade and Shelter Plantings.--Assisted by the Forester, county agents have continued to promote the planting of windbreaks and trees for shade and shelter on farms for livestock and field crops. The1,e protect livestock ag-ainst cold winter winds and ~he hot summer sun, and crops against whipping Spring winds. 4-H Forestry Club Work.-Forestry work with 4-H Clubs was again g iven a leading place in the Extension Forester's work schedule. Activities included preparation and distribution to county agents and others of 4-H forestry plans, instructions and materials, incluJing ' various seeds and seedlings for demonstrations and projl!cts. Field trips were made to de velop individual projects. The four grcup clnb projects total 1,260 acres. Other 4-II educational activities included farm forestry instruction at four summer camps and two short courses, to a total of 328 farm boys. The 4 H forestry programs also included game and wildlife projects and wild life conservation. A t0tal of 534 members of 4-H Clubs were enrolled in forestry projects and 169 in wildlifP. conservation, according to records of county agents.

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Annual Repoit, 1953 ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE E. W. McElwee, Ornamental Horticulturist Appointed October 1, 1953 53 Before the Ornamental Horticultrist was appointed, the Citriculturist did a small amount of work along this line, consisting primarily of clinics, den;onstrations and lectures for home owners, gardeners and groups in terested in home improvement. Ornamental horticulture work will be with three groups-the home owner and gardener, the nursery industry and the floriculture industry. Often the same firm produces both nursery and floriculture products. WORK WITH HOME GARDENERS During the two months of this reporting year in which he was on the job, the Ornamental Horticulturist attended two ornamental and citrus clinks and made two lectures to garden clubs and home owners. About GOO home owners and growers attended the two clinics. They received assistance from Experiment Station and Extension specialists in diagnosing and prescribing for disease, insect, lawn, gardening and landscape prob lems. The home gardener in Florida is an important factor not only in assistance required but also as a market for ornamental products. The average Floridian spends three times as much annually for horticultural specialties (flowers, shrubs and bulbs) as does the average United States citi::en. WORK WITH INDUSTRY Commercial ornamental horticulture in Florida returns an estimated $40,000,000 annually, 85 percent from cut flowers, flowering and foliage plants and 15 percent from nursery products. Seventy percent of the cut flowers, flowering and foliage plants are grown outdoors or under lath or cloth. Several factors increase the opportunity and value of Extension work in this field. These are: (1) the intensive cultural systems used with most ornamental crops, which increases production problems; (2) the high investment per acre in labor, equipment and plants, requiring good manage ment to show a satisfactory profit; (3) the exact timing of flowering and maturing of many ornamental plants necessary to permit marketing during periods of peak demand; and (4) the seriousness of diseases, insect, soil and fertilizer troubles, occasioned by intensive cropping systems and com plicated cultural procedures. Principal work with the industry for the last two months of the reporting year consisted of trouble shooting and advising growers on their problems during visits to nurseries or greenhouses. The Ornamental Horticulturist visited 10 nurseries, florists and growers and attended two industry meet ings. He also served three county offices with specialty data and informa tion.

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54 Florida Cooperative Extension POULTRY ACTIVITIES N. R. Mehrhof, Poultry Husbandman J. S. Moore, Extension Poultryman A. W. O'Steen, Supervisor, Florida National Egg-Laying Test, Chipley Florida is a deficit producing area for poultry and poultry products. The poultry industry js a $35,000,000 annual business ranking fifth in importance of agricultural enterprises in the State. Florida poultrymen had 3,302,000 layers on hand January 1, 1953. These layers produced more than 430 million eggs. Approximately 11 million broilers and 182,000 tur keys were produced in the State in 1953. The various . educational agencies, poultry associations, feed manu facturers, and poultry and egg processors have worked closely with the Extension workers in developing and promoting the poultry program dur ing the year. Growing Healthy Pullets.-The most important factors stressed in pro ducing quality pullets were: Hatch or purchase early (February-April); use only quality chicks; follow proper brooding procedure, including clean houses and equipment; grow on clean land with so , !; feed a balanced ration from start to finish; and grew pullets ::
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Annual Report, 1958 55 Junior Po ul try Work.-Poultry cluiJ member s wel'e assisted in t h eir program to supply eggs and poultry for home consumption. They carrier! out production demonstrations with both broiler and layel' projects . The y have exhibited their eggs and birds and participated in poultry judg i ng contests at county, district, and State levels. i\. team of 4-H poultry club members participated in the (nvitational Interstate Poultry Judging Con test in Chicago. The fourth annual District V 4-H Livestock and Poultry Show and Judging Contest was held in Jacks0nville with 285 birds and 30 dozen P.gg ., on display. The third annual Ocala Area Junior Livestock and Poultry Show was held at the Southeastern Livestock Pavilion in Ocala and 300 chickens and 32 dozen eggs were exhibited. The special boys' a nd girls' 4-H Club poultry demonstiation pl'oject sponsored by the Sears, Roebuck Fonndation wa3 started in 10 Florida counties in 1945 . Since then 33 cou 11tie s have participated. Thi s project gives the club member s experience in brooding, feeding and managing baby chicks, marketing bl'oilers, raising pullets, and care and management of laying flocks. Records are kept of all activities and a pullet show is held in each county in the fall and an egg show in the spring . 'l ' he Boys' and Girls' annual State 4-H Poultry and Egg Show and Judging Contest wBs held in connection with the Central Florida Exposi tion at Orlando. This is one of the largest suc h 5hows held in the entire country. Four-H Club members from 11 Florida counties ex hibited more than 1,200 birds and 183 dozen eggs. 'fhirteen team<, of four members each compP.ted in the poultry judging contest . Roger Williams of Alachua County was awarded the $100.00 State De partment of Agriculture scho lar s hip to the University of Florida as t h e outstanding 4-H poultry ciub member. The Alachua County Poultry Judg ing team pla ed seventh in the Invitational Interstate Poultry Judging Contest ;it Chicago. Fig. 9.-Attractive egg exhibit at the Florida 4-H Poultry and Egg Show.

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56 Florida Cooperative Extension Turkey Management.-The raising of turkeys in Florida has undergone a change from farm flocks of 25 to 100 birds to commercial flocks of 1,000 up to 12,000 within recent years. Production in Florida can and should be expanded in line with demands, The Florida Turkey Association held two educational meetings during the year. Some of the larger feed manu facturers are financing turkey growers. Additional local financing is needed to develop further turkey raising. Most of the poults now needed in Florida are being furnished locally by eight turkey hatcheries, with a capacity of 92,000 eggs and operating under the National Poultry Im provement Plan. Florida National Egg-Laying Test.-Eighty-nine pens of pullets were entered in the 27th egg-J.aying test which started October 1, 1952, and ended September 15, 1953, a period of 350 days. Average egg production per bird was 231.9 eggs, with a value of 239.6 points. This is about 10 eggs and 10 points higher than the 26th test. The high pen in the test was a group of 13 In-Cross pullets entered by Blanton Smith, Nashville, Tennessee. These produced 3,756 eggs, valued at 3,948.3 points. The higll pullet was a Single Comb Rhode Island Red entered by J. J. Warren, North Brookfield, Massachusetts, which produced 334 eggs, with a score of 363.25 points. This pullet missed a perfect record by only 16 days. Average feed consumption per bird for the test period was 98 pounds of mash and grain. Grain and mash were fed at the ratio of 1 part of grain to 1.6 parts of mash. Only 4.8 pounds of feed were required to produce a dozen eggs. Two hundred thirty-six eggs were obtained from each 100 pounds of feed. Mortality was 13.3 percent. Random Sample Poultry Test.-The Florida Random Sample Poultry Test was started April 4, 1952, and concluded September 15, 1953, cover ing 530 days. The pullet chicks entered in this test were selected at random from poultry farms of seven cooperators and sent to the Florida National Egg-Laying Test. Fifty chicks from each breeder were wing banded. All feeding and management practices were kept as unifortn as possible. Records were tabulated for the rearing period (1 180 days), the laying period (181 530 days), and the combined rearing-iaying period . .fi'inal results were based on returns per pullet housed, taking into con sideration cost of the chicks, cost of feed during the rearing and laymg periods, cost of vaccination, and medication and value of eggs produced, value of cockerels, and meat value of birds at end of the 530 days. During the rearing period chick mortality varied from none to 1/l pP.rcenl. Fi:,ed consumption per pullet housed for the first six months varied from 22.4 pounds to 30.2 pounds, with White Leghorns averaging 22.7 ponncfa and New Hampshires 30.2 pounds. The •out-of-pocket" cost (chick, feed, and medication) per pullet housed varied from $1.54 to $1.R9. A l1 er.tries averaged over 200 eggs pe:r pullet housed, the highest being 236.5 e~;gs for the 350-day laying period. Efficiency of housing capacity for the :,even lots of birds averaged 96.4 percent for the year, rm,ging from 93.6 to 98.9 percent. Total cash receipts ovee chick, feed, and medication costs (per pullet housed) for the 530-day period ranged frum $3.87 to $G.15. The second Random Sample Poultry Test was started April 1, 1.953, with nine cooperators entering 50 pullet chicks each. 'I'he chick, feed, and medication costs per puilet housed varied from $1.52 to $1.86 per enLry. Annual Breeders' Conference.-The 1952 Breeders' Conferenee wns held at the Poultry Laboratory, Gainesville, December 3 and 4. About 40 hatcherymen and poultrymen attended to hear the topi<'s di~cussed and to attend the winter meeting of the Florida Hatchery and Breeders' As sociation. Topics discussed included breeding for egg production, pro

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Annual Report, 1953 57 duction of hatchingeggs in cage s , Random Sample Poultry Test, :ertility and hatchability of chickE,n eggs, breeding for meat production, and New ca5'-tle vaccination. A hatchery panel discussion and a tour of ~h e new poultry unit also were held. Annual Poultry Institute.-The theme of the 12th annual Poultry In stitute, held at Camp McQuarrie the week of August 25-30, 1953, was "Exten::sion's Golden Anniversary Marks Pouitry Progress and Looks to the Future.• Over 400 people registered from all sections of Florida and 10 other states, Washington, D. C., and Puerto Rico. The main features of the week's program included broilers, layers, turkeys, breeders, hatch eries, hatchery management, disease control, poultry association meetings and general poultry management. A special feature of the program was a discussion of the subject, "Are We Helping the Poultry Leaders of Tomorrow?" This was designed to bring to the attention of the leaders in the poultry industry what is being done to encourage young people in poultry work, and how the members of the industry can aid in this work. Other segments of the poultry industry, both public and pr1vate, coopE>r ated to make this institute a success. Associatious.-The several county and State associations have been most active during the year and have assisted the Extension workers in further ing the poultry program in the State. The different State organizations which are working very closely with the Extension poultry program in clude the Florida Poultry and Egg Council, Florida State Poultry Pro ducers' Association, Florida Hatchery and Breeders' Association, Florida Turkey Association, Florida Feed Dealers' Association, and poultry and egg processors of Florida with membership in the Southeastern Poultry and Egg Association. To increase sales of poultry meat, two-day schools were held in Miami, Orlando, Tampa, and Jacksonville, at which time a representative from the Poultry and Egg National Board discussed and demonstrated methods of cutting up and displaying poultry in show cases. These schools v,ere attended by retail butchers, poultry processors, and store managers ..

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58 Flo r ida Cooperative Extension SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION H. S. McLendon Ext e nsion Soil Conservationist ' 0 The E x tension Soil Conservationist retired on June 30, 1953. The pre vious re port covered activities in district through June 1952 and this report brings the information up to D e cember 31, 1952 . These data cover the work in 54 organized districts. COMBINED REPORT OF SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICT ACTIVITIES FROM DATE OF ORGANIZATION TO DECEMBER 31, 1952 Practice Contour farming ........ . . .. . . . ...... .. . . . Cover cro ' pping . .... .. . .. . .. . .... . . ..... .. . . . Stubble mulching . . . . . . ... . ... .. . ....... . Strip cropping ... . ....... . . .. . ..... .... .. . . . Range improvement .. ..... . .. ...... . . . . Pasture improvement . . .. .. . . . . . .. ... . . Seeding of range ...... ..... . .... .. . ... . . . . Seeding of pasture ........ . ............ . Wildlife area improvement . . ... .. . Woodland management ....... .... .. . Tree planting ... . .. ........... . . . ........ . . . . Irrigation land preparation ... . . . Farm drainage . . ... . .. .. . .. . . . . . . ..... .. . . . . Farm and ranch pond s ... . .. . . .. .. . . . . Terraces ........ . .. ... .......... . . . . .. ....... . . . Field diversion s .. . .. . . ... .... .. ... .... ... . . Closed drains . . . ... . . . .. . ... .. ... . . .... .. . . . . Open drains ................. .... .......... . . . Improved water applications . . . . Water disposal areas ... .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . Kudzu . .. ... . ...... .... . . . .. ...... .. . .. ............ . Sericea . ..... ...... .. . . . ............... . ........ . . . Alfalfa and permanent grass . . . . W oo dland protection . . ... .. . . . . ... . . .. . . Contour citrus groves . . .. . .......... . . . Crop rotation . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . . . .. . . Fish ponds . ... . .. . . . .. ..... . . .. . .. . . ... . . ... . . Planned 311,894 acres 589,977 acres 498 , 385 acre s 22,862 acres 696,395 acres 1 , 811,449 acre s 20,773 acres 1,639 , 218 acres 119,569 acr e s 1 , 355 , 678 acres 66,633 acres 142,570 acres 1,599,667 acre s 1,047 number 25, 3 43.0 miles 3 82.3 miles 1,819,260 L. Ft. 14,488.5 miles 232,001 acres 7,759 acres 21,867 a c res 5,967 acres 27,414 acres 931,926 acre s 16,221 acres 689,270 acres 1,244 number 2 9 6.6 mile s Field windbreak s ....... ... . .... ...... ... . . . . Established 239,899 acres 474,541 acres 411 , 467 acres 12,987 acres 354,261 acres 812,160 acres 7,435 acres 652,176 acres 101,211 acres 1 , 144,797 a c r e s 35,206 acres 76,886 acres 702,647 acre s 755 number 1 3, 935.2 miles 271.2 mil e s 1,508,450 L. Ft. 10,841.3 miles 145,776 a c res 3,501 acres 9 , 214 acres 2,139 acres 13,675 acres 696 , 359 acres 10,234 acres 607,740 a c res 839 number 152.6 miles FARM AND RAN C H CONSERVATION PLANS Number Applicati o n s received Jun e 1 to D e c. 3 0 , 1952 .... . . ...... 1,064 Applic a tions received to date ... . . . ... . . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ... . . 22 , 23 3 Active applications to date ........ . ........... .. . .. . ...... .... .. ... ..... 1,999 Plans prepared and signed Jun e 1 to Dec . 30, 1 9 52 .... 770 Plan s prepared and signed to date . . .. .. .... .... .. ... . . . . . . . . ..... 16 , 526 Active conservation plan s to date . 14 , 330 Combined treatment June 1 to Dec. 30, 1952 . .. .... . ..... . Combined treatment to date . . .. .. ....... ... . . . . . . .... . . . .. . : .. . .. . .. . . . 1 Retired June 3 0 , 19 5 3. Acres 583,976 10,418,991 2,274,817 265,381 6,004,041 5,242,082 262,104 2,998,471

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Annual Report, 1953 59 Until June 30, 1953, the State Board of Control served as the State Soil Conservation Board. The Director of the Florida Agricultural Ex tension Service was designated by this Board to serve as Administrator of the State Soil Conservation District Act. The 1953 Legislature amended the original Soil Conservation Districts Act to provide for the establish ment of a State Soil Conservation Board composed of five farmers to be appointed by the Governor. The new board was appointed by Governor Dan McCarty in July 1953 and the Director of the Agricultural Extension Service was requested to continue to serve as administrator for the act. Later the board appointed an executive secretary to assist in carrying out the details concerning the administration of the program . Elections of supervisors for the districts were held in July. Charters were issued to three new districts in 1953, the Franklin, Baker and Duval districts. The Extension Soil Conservationist met with various district boards of supervisors at their regular meetings and discussed with them the need for getting additional cooperators to apply soil and water conservation practices on their farms. There was continued interest in pasture improvement during the year, and especially in winter and summer legumes. An increase in acreage seeded to clovers in permanent pastures was noted. Sweet yellow lupine has be come very popular as a winter grazing crop. Annual white sweet clover is receiving more attention, especially on light soils. There has been a continued interest in irrigation and water control, especially on the better permanent pastures. A number of pasture tours were organized during the year. The Extension Soil Conservationist met with county agents and assist ants to help them with the soil and water conservation projects of 4-H Club members and to encourage and assist them in establishing demon strations in growing soil improving crops and better crop rotations.

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60 Florida Cooperative Extension VEGETABLE PRODUCTION AND MERCHANDISING F. S. Jamison, 11 Vegetable Crop Specialist VEGETABLE PRODUCTION Forrest E. Myers, Assistant Vegetable Crop Specialist James Montelaro,'" Assistant Vegetable Crop Specialist Major Extension activities in vegetable production as planned by the State Vegetable Advisory Committee have continued to develop into a very effective vegetable program. The return of the Specialist from leave of absence and the addition of another full-time Assistant Specialist have strengthened this work. Activities satisfactorily expanded included grower meetings, crop production guides, work with industry organizations, evalu ation studies, local leader training, and field days. Although considerable progress can be reported, there were demands for much additional work in .such activities as the "Vegetarian" newsletter, tape recordings for agents, review of research, preparation of agents' handbook, developing training aids, and vegetable training schools for county agricultural agents. The need was particularly pressing for a State-wide automatic flow of research results to the Extension Specialists for effective dissemination to agents, growers, and industry. Area Grcwer Meetings.-This popular activity continued to be an effec tive means of presenting timely recommendations and research results. It contributed to county agent training, helped to inform industry repre sentatives, and offered a means of measuring the effectiveness of specific phases of Extension and research programs. . Twenty-two meetings were held. A definite increase in attendance and agent participation over previous years was noted. Increased interest was evident in several new areas and was met in part by four additional meetings over the number held in 1953. "Vegetarian" Newsletter.-Four newsletters to county agricultural agents included the latest research results as presented at field days, con ferences and industry organization meetings. One newsletter was designed to help the reader visualize the complex vegetable industry, the various vegetable areas, acreages, cro ' ps, and planting and harvesting seasons. A State-wide summary of suggestions on herbicides and fumigants was pre pared for use in future newsletters. The "Vegetarian" phase of the pro gram was not developed as fully as desired. This necessary approach, however, offered a means of measuring the popularity and effectiveness of the newsletter. Requests for more active participation were constant. Production Guides.-New vegetable production guides were published on cabbage and potatoes. Final manuscripts were prepared for three other crops. Two were revisions of earlier guides on tomatoes and sweet corn and the third was a new guide on celery production. Manuscripts were drafted for similar 'publications on additional crops for the coming year. It was evident that production guides were rapidly becoming standard vegetable equipment for reference and distribution. This was particularly noticeable in county agent offices, Experiment Station publications, and industry interests. Reprints of 7,500 were necessary during the past year for production guides on each of the following: snap beans, cucumbers, 11 Returned from leave of absence Septemb e r 16, 1953. 12 Half-time January-June, then full time July-December.

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Annual Report, 1953 61 pepper, and squash. Additional copies of the vegetable garden guide numbered 20,000. Florida Seedsmen's Association.-In cooperation with other specialists, the annual State-wide Seedsmen's Short Course was held again at the University of Florida. Store and field representatives from several sections of the State received basic and timely instruction on vegetable production. Seedsmen participating in the short course represented a definite increase over previous years, and this was attributed in part to Extension efforts to determine and meet special instructional needs. At the annual meeting of the Seedmen's Association, a panel-slide dis cussion of key developments was presented to State and area representa tives. A production specialist planned and moderated this discussion. Florida Agricultural Research Institute.-In cooperation with the Ex tension Agronomist, a series of meetings was held in six major vegetable areas to discuss current and future Extension-research-industry fertilizer recommendations. Preliminary results indicate the possibility of standard izing and reducing the numbers of recommendations. Over a period of time this may result in actual savings to many. At the Institute's annual meeting a panel discussion for area and State commercial representatives presented latest research developments in soils and horticulture as related to vegetable production. A production specialist planned and moderated this discussion. Florida Fruit and Vegetable Association.-Frequent informal contacts with association representatives resulted in several mutual benefits, such as members attending grower meetings, better utilization of information, and analyzing specific production problems. Such contacts also offered a means of measuring the effectiveness of Extension, research, and in dustry programs. Letter and Office lnquiries.-Annually, some 1,000 inquiries for vege table information are answered by the specialists through corres pondence, phone and office visits. These include all phases of production, from gar dens to commercial production, and originate from a wide range of in dividuals. A portion of this time-consuming activity was analyzed for one full-time assistant specialist. Records were kept on over 300 letters cover ing a period of eight months. Many related items were tabulated. For example, 75% of the letters were written by Florida people, 44% were addressed to the Experiment Station, while only 11 % were addres s ed to Extension, 57 % were on commercial production as contrasted with home garden inquiries, 55% asked a specific question, while only 10% wanted all vegetable information available. These results offer preliminary data for further consideration , of better ways for meeting the problem. Grower Contact Study.-A preliminary survey was conducted and re ported last year on growers contacted regarding nine area vegetable meet ings. Emphasis this year was toward summarizing data into a usable form, and preparing and releasing com parable county data timed to coincide with publicizing grower meetings. This contributed in part to the general inc r ease in participation through more effective grower contact. Local Leader Training.-Outstanding 4-H boys and girls who produce vegetables and are considered local leaders attended 14 short course sessions presented by the Specialists over a two-week period at the Uni versity of Florida and Florida State University. Instruction also was presented to local leaders and agents in home demonstration work at the Annual State Council Conference. Practically all sections of the State were represented at these events. Having checked these groups in previous years, it was noted for the first time this year that the standard Florida

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62 Florida Cooperative Extension ,vegetable garden reference (Extension Circular 104) was being distributed to these local leaders. Radio a.nd Tape Recordings.-Six radio talks were presented for the Florida Farm Hour over WRUF, Gainesville. Fourteen tape recordings were made in cooperation with county agricultural agents and the Editorial Department for use in stations at Tampa (6), Bradenton (4), and Lees burg (4). Grower Field Days.-The specialists actively assisted in staging the annual vegetable field day at the main station, Gainesville. Extension par ticipation also was credited with having an important part in the success of vegetable field days at Hastings, Belle Glade, Ft. Pierce, Bradenton, and Homestead (2) branch stations. Preparation of Agents' Handbook Material.-Special efforts were di rected toward assembling and revising vegetable material for ready refer ence in a proposed county agents' handbook. Considerable time was devoted to complete revisions of State-wide recommendations on insecticides, fungi cides, varieties, fertilizers, and planting charts. Other Activities.-There are always numerous efforts which, taken separately, cannot be listed as receiving major emphasis but definitely accumulate into necessary time-consuming proportions. Among these were such items as Agents' Annual Conference Committee, County Agents' Handbook Committee, instigating research on specific problems, develop ing training aids, travel, and reviewing in various ways research in Florida and other states. MERCHANDISING FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES S. E. Rosenberger, Assistant Vegetable Crop Specialist In post-harvest handling of fruits and vegetables a great deal of valuable research information is available. Likewise, we have a fair understanding of the factors involved in fruit and vegetable distribution. Until recently, however, much of this information was not available to the retailer. The merchandise must be presented for consumer acceptance in an attractive manner that creates the desire to buy. Surplus production of vegetables is already with us and we have an even greater potential to produce. Recognizing the importance of more effective and efficient fresh fruit and vegetable merchandising, this project is designated to improve the produce operations of the average retail grocery store. In an effort to accomplish at least part of this goal, 29 stores were assisted to improve their merchandising methods this past year. The Produce School held in food stores for managers and clerks was made up of four two-hour classes and was completed . by 210 persons. The Specialist worked with stores in seven counties. County agents from 33 counties reported having con tacted 432 retailers for help with fresh fruit and vegetable merchandising problems. The profit motive is used as incentive for the retailer to become more interested in better merchandising practices for his produce department. "Sell More and Waste Less" is used as a slogan to challenge the previous record established by the retailer. Definite improvement occurred immediately after merchandising train ing was offered at one store where the produce department was looked upon with disfavor because it lost money. The produce department was run down and without proper management. Records available indicated that

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Annual Report, 195 3 63 a gross margin of about 12 percent of sales had been made. This rep resented about one-half of what is considered a normal and reasonable gross. Lack of attention and know-how were permitting losses to become excessive. Within a month after the training period the gross margin had been corrected (mainly by inventory control and turnover) and the produce department became the center of attraction for the store. Customer response and a 'profitable operation were more than gratifying to the store owner. A group of four small country stores under one management had a very poor s howing of produce sales compared to other food item s sold. The main trouble in these stores was that all supplies were bought on a basis of prfoe. Merchandise received for sale was, for the most part, in an unusable condition. Customers had to go elsewhere for desirable fresh produce or do without. In s ome cases it meant driving many extra miles to the next store and with no certainty that the 'produce there would be any better. This situation was greatly improved with the regular pro duce merchandise training plus demonstrations on how the excessiv e loss from low-priced good s more than offset the price advantage. A small retail neighborhood grocer who participated in the merchan dising program requested plans for construction of a mirror-back display case. He had been using an old, level, dump type table to pile his produce on and had no opportunity for using water for freshness. He had been carrying small quantities of produce items, b ut throwing most of them away. After completion of his new produce mirror-back slanting display case that provided for sprinkling the merchandise, his produce business greatly increased. Sales records were not kept, but he says he buys more than twice the 'previous amount of goods and has practically no waste. Other activities to advance better produceJmerchandising included close cooperation with other Extension Specialists so that production-level de f e cts that show up in retailing would not go unnoticed. Information and assistance were given to and received from the Federal Extension Service as needJ:Jd. Close contact was maintained with the USDA Agricultural Marketing Service office at Orlando. The Specialist appeared before two separate classes of college students studying the fruit and vegetable industry. Also, he represented the vegetable industry at the annual Florida Agricultural Outlook Committee. Work was carried out with the U. S. Air Force commi s saries of Orlando and Patrick Air Force Bases to better their produce operations and to train their personnel. The project leader participated in the annual Florida Seedmen's Short Course program. He attended and took 'part in the annual State Retail Grocers' Convention. A closer working relationship with this organization has been . established and with two different cooperative wholesale houses, one service wholesaler, and one independent wholesaler. The project leader presented a paper on produce merchandising before the Florida State Horti cultural Society.

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Florida . Cooperative Extension HOME DEMONSTRATION WORK Anna Mae Sikes, State Home Demonstration Agent Eunice Grady, Assistant to State Home Demonstration Agent, Training Program 13 Ethyl Holloway, District Home Demonstration Agent Edith Y. Barrus, District Home Demonstration Agent Joyce Bevis, District Home Demonstration Agent Home demonstration workers in Florida are responsible for the develo ' ment and supervision of integrated and coordinated programs for both white and negro home demonstration women and 4-H Club girls. They also share responsibility for the over-all Agricultural Extension Service program to improve home and family life. ORGANIZATION AND SUPERVISION The State Home Demonstration Agent's responsibilities were largely in the fields of personnel relationships, supervision, coordination, and ad ministration of the home demonstration program under the guidance of the Agricultural Extension Service Director. Counties were divided into three districts with District Home Demon stration Agents supervising the work in each district and assisting with the development of a State-wide home demonstration program. Negro home demonstration work was supervised by a Negro District Home Demonstration Agent who worked under the direction of the State Home Demonstration Agent. Headquarters were maintained at Florida A. & M. University. All home demonstration workers were responsible for a State-wide educational program which involved both adults and girls. The program was based on family and community needs and interests and was closely integrated. Two State Councils of Home Demonstration Work, with women and girl members, aided in developing the State-wide program. Community home demonstration clubs were composed of women inter ested in planning and carrying through a program directed to the improve ment of family and community life. The clubs elected officers and selected volunteer leaders or chairmen as activities demanded. The home demonstration agent organized the clubs so as to be well distributed throughout the county. All women living within reach of a community club were eligible for membership. Clubs usually met once a month. Programs usually included an educational feature related to home making, a discussion of community and county needs and activities, and some type of recreation. Other features were included as interests de manded. All community home demonstration clubs were eligible for membership in county home demonstration councils and county councils were represented on the State Council of Senior Home Demonstration Work. The purposes of the councils, both adult and junior, were to make and carry out a plan of work and to receive leadership training necessary in developing a program of im proved family and community life. During the year 12,519 women were enrolled in 493 organized home demonstration clubs and 17,288 girls were enrolled in 750 4-H Clubs. There were 29,807 girls and women actively participating in programs which the women and girls . planned with the advice and aid of the home 1 Appointed September 1, 19/\3 .

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Annual Report, 1953 65 demonstration agents. There were 4,747 individual demonstrators and 6,772 cooperators who were not members of any community club. Agents reported that 25,724 individuals not in organized clubs received timely information through clubs and club members. Reports indicate that the home demonstration program in Florida is serving urban as well as rural people. They show that 42,765 urban fam ilies were assisted in making some changes in . homemaking practices dur ing the year, that 56,018 urban families were assisted with agricultural practices, and that 4-H Club members came from 3,845 urban homes. FINANCING HOME DEMONSTRATION WORK The budget for home demonstration work came from two sources, the regular Extension Service budget and a budget at Florida State Univer sity, The two budgets were related to each other and were operated under the same general policies. The State Home Demonstration Agent worked directly with the President of Florida State University in developing and operating the budget there and with the Director of the Agricultural Ex tension Service in all financial matters. Florida State University provided housing, part of expense funds for travel, office equipment, demonstration equipment, and supplies for the State Office of Home Demonstration Work and a financial budget which permitted additional personnel and a pre-service training program for prospective home demonstration agents. In 1953 there was an increase of $20,681.00 in funds for home demon stration work from county appropriating boards. This included salary increases, clerical assistants, funds for other expenses, and the addition of one county to the program. PERSONNEL There were 94 home demonstration workers, exclusive of clerical as sistants, employed in State and county offices. Of these, 48 were county home demonstration agents, 17 were assistant county home demonstra tion agents, 12 were negro home demonstration agents, 10 were specialists and 4 were District Home Demonstration agents. An assistant to the State Home Demonstration Agent in training programs was appointed September 1, 1953. This was a cooperative appointment with the School of Home Economics at Florida State University. The State Girls' 4-H Club Agent resigned February 1, 1953. This position was filled October 1 by an experienced county home demonstra tion agent. In the interim the Assistant State Girls' 4-H Club Agent assumed the responsibility for the leadership of the State girls' 4-H Club program, assisted by other State Home Demonstration Staff members. PERSONNEL TRAINING With the scaicity of suitably trained personnel and the expanded scope of home demonstration work, there continued to be a need for a strong program to train workers. A lack of adequate pre-service instruction and in-service training for home demonstration agents further emphasized this need. The State Home Demonstration Agent served as adviser to the Uni versity Curriculum Committee on suitable courses in preparation for Ex tension work. Recruitment was carried on at several levels. Interested high school students were guided in choosing home economics as thefr field of study

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66 Florida Cooperative Extension at college. County reports showed that 10 home demonstration agents helped at 59 high school career days by talking on the advantages of a home economics education and home demonstration work as a career. The home demonstration trainee program was continued. Funds from Florida State University provided for two trainees. Induction Training.-Newly appointed home demonstration agents were made acquainted with the State staff, county office organization and facilities, and with the organization and services of the teaching and research departments of the University of Florida and Florida State University. The training included background information about the history, philosophy, policies, regulations, and objectives of the Florida Agricultural Extension Service. All staff members were kept informed on new developments, problems, methods, and equipment. Training included conferences, short courses, workshops, institutes, and advanced study. All staff members were en couraged to keep abreast of new information and have membership and active participation in professional organizations. All agents were urged to attend summer school at the University of Florida or the Regional Extension Summer School, and to avail themselves of scholarships, national and State. During 1953, training included individual help to agents given by District Agents and Specialists, training meetings on food productidn, a workshop on home furnishings, workshops in home industries and market ing, and help in food conservation. Area meetings for the county home demonstration agents, led by the District Agents, were held to give training in defining the job of a home demonstration agent and in working on county program planning and leadership development. Extension policies and regulations were also reviewed. These meetings provided the same interpretation of responsi bilities to all agents and gave the large number of new agents some excellent information on developing and carrying out a sound county pro gram. ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS There were indications that progress is being made in leadership de velopment. The data show that during the year there were 4,323 volun tary leaders in adult home demonstration work, 1,514 voluntary leaders in girls' 4-H Club work, and 68 voluntary leaders in young men and women's work; 986 training meetings were held for voluntary leaders in girls' 4-H Club work, with an attendance of 31,129, and 23 training meetings held for voluntary leaders in young men and women's work, with an attendance of 271; 2,025 meetings were conducted by voluntary leaders in adult work, with an attendance of 25,862; 1,892 4-H meetings, with attendance of 28,102, were conducted by local leaders. In each in stance this was an increase in participation over 1952. PROGRESS IN PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT The home demonstration program continued to broaden in scope and contribute more to better living for all families. Families were assisted with plans for food production, conservation, and utilization. Data show that 19,024 families were assisted with planning and/or producing the home food supply, 20,933 in improving diets, and 21,950 with preservation and storage of food. Homemakers and others were helped to solve their clothing problems. Homemakers numbering 14,486 were assisted with the selection and buying

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Annual Report, 1953 67 of clothing, 12,550 with care and mending of clothing, and 20,532 with clothing construction. Homemakers and others were assisted in conserving time, labor and money; agents helped 11,514 to improve housekeeping methods, 3,464 to use rural family outlook information, 4,756 to do family financial planning, and 2,071 to keep and analyze home records. Families, homemakers, and others were assisted to plant, decorate, and furnish homes that were functional and within incomes. New homes totaled 777; 4,037 families remodeled or repaired their houses; 1,373 installed water and/or sewage systems; and 1,157 planned electrical sys tems. Families totaling 9,022 were assisted with the selection, use, and care of home equipment (other than sewing equipment); 5,713 in the selection, use, and construction of home furnishings; 8,259 with repair, reconditioning, and care of home furnishings. Homemakers and families numbering 11,870 were assisted with land scaping home grounds, 9,787 with sanitation practices and facilities, 17,180 with fire prevention around the farm home, and 12,198 with accident pre vention around farm and home. Groups were assisted to develop and relate the resources of the com munity to the needs of the family. There were 294 f~ct-finding surveys conducted for Extension program planning purposes, 372 communities or groups were assisted to improve health facilities, services, and programs, 175 with improving schools, 146 with improving churches, 82 with improv ing libraries, and 354 with improving recreation programs and facilities. In newer areas of the program, families were assisted to develop health protective skills, facilities and services as follows: first aid and home nursing, 3,922; dental health education, 6,504; health education leading to physical examination by physicians, . 7,035; communities or groups assisted in improving health facilities, services and programs, 372. Consumer education cut across all areas of living as 29,371 persons were assisted with consumer information on agricultural products. There was a trend to develop a recreational program that recognized the needs of individuals of all ages, the family and community, and that developed a sound philosophy of recreation as an essential part of family living. Fimilies numbering 8,282 were assisted with home and family recreation, 354 with community recreation, and 5,394 4-H Club members received training in group recreation leadership. Family life programs increased 50 percent in 1953 over 1952. There was increased assistance given to families on establishing a long-time farm and home plan based on an integration of facts, research findings, and successful folk experience applicable to the family situation and needs of the farm. Increased assistance was given to communities or groups working on problems calling for group action, such as improving libraries, choral programs, recreation and health. Increased assistance was given to families in the fields of human re lationships a _ nd adjustments as related to child development and guidance, individual adjustments and personality development, better understanding of town-country relations, and program planning around cultural interests. As a part of citizenship development and public problems, 5,217 4-H Club members received definite training in citizenship. Home demonstration members, communities, and groups were given increased assistance in improving community organizations, study of community problems, study of national programs, and proposals affecting agriculture and rural life and world affairs.

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68 Florida Cooperative Extension CLOTHING AND TEXTILES Katherine Simpson, Specialist in Clothing and Textiles During 1953 the clothing and textiles program has received major em phasis throughout the State. The objective of this program has been to inform the homemaker of the essentials for a well-planned home clothing program. Another goal has been to have each family member clothed so the health, appearance, comfort, poise, and satisfaction are at a high level and expenditures kept within the family clothing budget. The program has been made flexible to meet the needs, interests and desires of as many people as possible. With ready-made garments high in price, it is recognized that many families must stretch clothing dollars by sewing at home. It is estimated that eight out of nine women are doing home sewing. In 1953 more than 3,000 Florida homemakers sewed for the first time, constructing garments for themselves and other members of their families. To reach the additional number of women doing home sewing, some 891 local clothing leaders held workshops under the direction of county home demonstration agents. This program was imperative because new blends and new finishes were on the market and new fabrics with qualities never before known in textile history were available. As interest in home sewing continues, a number of new sewing machines and equipment have appeared on the market. Information regarding the purchase of machines and equip ment has been emphasized throughout the State. An analysis of the 1953 statistical report shows home demonstration agents devoting 2,996 days to clothing and textiles work. As a result of 30 leader training meetings, county clothing leaders have held 478 meetings in their local communities. The work done in these local workshops has consisted of selection, construction, use, and care of clothing. To fa miliarize the public with the type of work that has been done following these county workshops, 1,302 white and 71 negro women have reviewed their garments. Clothing has played a major part in the over-all program of 4-H Club girls. The following statistics show what has been accomplished in this phase of the work in 1953. Agents Agents White Reporting Negro Reporting Girls enrolled 9,620 49 1,731 12 Girls completing projects .. 5,958 49 1,486 12 Number of garments made 16,040 48 4,978 12 CLOTHING AND HOUSEHOLD TEXTILES A report from 47 white and 12 negro home demonstration agents gives the following tabulated results of some of the clothing work carried on in their counties: Demonstrations on clothing and textile subjects by agents to ........................... . Demonstrations on clothing and textile subjects by club members ................... . White Women Girls 706 564 1,635 1,177 Negro Women Girls 121 125 141 157

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Annual Report, 1953 Club members entering county dress revues or shows ................. . .. . .. . ............. . Clothing leaders in the count)' ... . ........... . Training meetings for clothing leaders .. Training meetings by clothing leaders . . Clothing exhibits, talks, or radio programs by agents ................................. . Clothing exhibits, talks, or radio programs by women members .... . ............ . Home demonstration women making _garments for first time ......... . .......... ... . New garments made by adults . . ...... . ...... . Garments remodeled by adults ............... . Household articles made * ...... . .......... ....... . Families helped on home laundry problems ........................... . ............. . . . .. . ............ . 1,302 962 76 284 713 429 3,017 162,794 42,357 98,889 5,122 " 2,809 71 919 109 919 13 195 1G 43 29 821 11,215 4,763 4,850 644 '' Includes sheets, pillow cases, curtains, draperies, slip covers, etc. 69 137 132 13 l(j The clothing and textiles program for Florida will continue to stress these points: Awareness of economy, thoughtful planning and care of clothing. Importance of acquiring a knowledge of new materials available on the markets and the use and care of each for better and longer service . Importance of acquiring skills and knowledge related to the construc tion of clothing. Learning to dress appropriately, becomingly, economically, and beau tifully at all times and for all occasions in keeping with a well-planned clothing budget.

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70 Florida Coope1ati1;e Extension EDITORIAL AND VIS U AL AIDS Alma Warren, Assistant Editor and Visual Aids Specialist Through news articles, feature stories, radio broadcasts, televisio11 programs , and the distribution of publications, the State Home Demonstra tion Office sought to keep people informed on timely, up to-date hom e economic s information. The Assistant Editor assigted the home dem onstration staff with their information and educational program through training in how to write news releases , gathering mater i al for magazine articles and radio and television programs and scripts, and circulating films, filmstrips, slides, books , and publications. Assistance a l so was ren dered through newsletters, exhibits, workshops, clinics, and conference s. Approximately 5,712 of 6,043 news and picture stories prepared in 1953 to give home demonstration information were written by home dernonstra Fig . 10.-An assistant home demon tration agent presenting a weekly broadca t on 4-H activit i es.

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Annual Report, 1953 71 tion agents. Also, 1,112 radio programs provided timely information on various homemaking topics. Television came into wider use as an educational medium, with home demonstration agents preseriting 40 pro grams. A series of three television programs on consumer buying and kitchen planning was presented as a telecourse with 300 viewers com pleting the course and receiving certificates. Farm magazines carried 35 stories about Florida's home demonstration programs. Motion pictures, colored slides, photograps, and exhibits at fairs and achievement days were used to present information to the public. A total of 201,955 publications were distributed to persons requesting them from home demonstration agents. The State Home Demonstration Office had additional requests for more than 8,300 publications. Libraries received a big boost from home demonstration clubs in 1953. The clubs maintained 58 libraries and assist~/i 37 others. The great in terest and increase in rural libraries in Florida is due largely to a coopera tive enterprise between the State Home Dem_onstration Office and the State Library. The State Library provides collections of carefully selected books which are changed every three months. The Assistant Editor and Visual Aids Specialist worked with home demonstration agents who in turn worked through their home demonstration councils, clubs, and individual members in securing these circulating libraries and in housing and caring for them while they were in the community. Club members exchanged 1,170 books and magazines at meetings and added 1,212 new books to libraries. They subscribed to 184 magazines and papers for these libraries. Home demonstration club women and 4-H Club girls wrote 2,569 news stories and feature articles this year, as well as 17 magazine articles. They saw 201 educational motion pictures and 224 filmstrips and appeared on 232 radio and 40 television programs. They planned 114 meetings in the field of art, 100 in music, and 38 in literature. Community choruses made 20 appearances. Four counties sent special talent to the first All Florida Folklore Festival at the Stephen Foster Memorial. Pictorial reporting of home demonstration and 4-H achievements moved forward steadily, with eight full-page pictorials appearing during National Home Demonstration Week. One edition of a local paper was devoted to 4-H Club activities during a youth fair. Home demonstration and 4-H Club members went on 201 tours for educational purposes in 1953.

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72 Floricla Cooperative E :l'tcn sion FOOD AND NUTRITION ('leo M. Arnett , Extension Nutr iti on i st This program is designed to te a c h the value of good nutrition as a basic factor in h ealth and happiness a n d to motivate t h e adoption of good food ha bits as a part of daily living. To h elp accomplish this go al the program ha s been developeJ as an int egra l part of the total fam ily -centered hom e demonstration program. Inte g ration of the work and mat erials at the state level h el p ed to so lve so m e of the problems in t h e cou n ties in acco mpli s hin g this program. Work by the Exten s ion Nutritioni s t wa s organized around adult and junior home demonstration program s . Work with t h e two groups as interr e lated and included nutrition and h ea lth , food s election and prepa ratio n , and planning and serv ing meal s. Special emphas i s wa s placed on increa s in g t h e u se of fruits , ve ge table s, and milk ; o n good nutrit i on in weight co ntrol; and on bett er breakfasts. F a mili es wer e re a c hed t hrou g h radio, televis ion, news articl es, pam phlets, bull e tin s, exhibits, m et hod d e mon stratio n s , meetin gs , institutes, s ho rt cou r ses, and hom e and office visits. Co n tin ued development of local leader s hip helped to reach many people. There were 1,137 women and girl s se rvin g a s voluntary lo c al leader s in this project durin g th e year. The y assisted 5,961 families. whit e and n egro home demonstration agent s r ported spe ndin g 3,539 days developing the food and nutrition program. They con ta cted 76,165 perso n s individually or through meetin gs. F i ,; 1 1. -Florida 4-H C lu b g irl s enjoy milk on t he lawn during Short Course.

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Annual Report, 195 3 FAMILY NUTRITION During the y ear familie s were a s sisted a s follow s: 20,933 improving diets. 19,024 planning and / or producing the home food supply. 17,919 food selection for quality, nutritional need s , amount to buy, variety and form. 11,569 food for children. 4,696 food for older people. 5,670 g ood nutrition in weight control. 4,885 packed balanced lunches for s chool children. :! , 6 9 6 packed balan c ed lunches for adult worker s . FOOD SELECTION, PREPARATION AND MEAL PLANNING 73 A total of 27,98 3 families were a s si s ted with food sel e ction, meal plan ni n g, and food prepar a tion. In recent years there has been marked im pro v ement in methods of food preparation. Numbers of familie s using recommended food prE>paration method s : 1951 1952 1953 Dairy product s .. . . ... . ... .. . .. ...... . . ... .. . . ... . .. .. . 8,6 3 8 11,177 15,800 Meat and fish . .... ... ..... . .. . ..... . . . ... . . ... ..... . . . ... 10,745 11,079 13,97 9 Poultry and eggs .. . .. . .. .. . . . .... .. . . ... ... ..... ... 9,960 11, 6 58 17,434 Vegetables : Cooked .. ...... .. . .. .. ... ... . . ... .... . , . . .... ..... . . . ... 14,789 15, 6 69 16,1 73 Raw .. .... ... . .. . .... ..... ... . . .. .... . .. . ... .. . . . . ... .. .... . 14,562 19,075 Baked products .. ...... .. .... . ... ... . . ... . . .... . .. .. .. . .. 10,486 J ?. ,132 14,550 4-H CLUB WORK The 4-H Club food and nutrition program emph a sizes development of interest and ability in planning, prep a ring, and serving simple well-balanced meals, using home or locally produced foods when possible. Club members were urged to learn and follow good food habits essential to optimum growth and development. Acceptance of the 4-H Club dairy foods awards program encouraged many girls to use more milk. During the year 9,721 girls enrolled in and 6,275 girls completed food preparation projects. Dair:y foods demonstrations were given by 130 teams of two g irls each and 440 individuals.

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74 Floricla Coopernt'ive E xtension F OOD C O NS ER VA TIO N Al i ce L. Cromartie, Assistant Economi st, Food Conserv atio n Thi s year ha s seen the c lose integration of t h e prngrams in food and nutrition, production, conservation, and consumer buying in order to better serve Florida families. Specialists concerned with these programs hav e worked together to develop a coordinated program that will tie into family livin g as a whole. Recognition of t he more common dietary deficiencies in Florida-calcium and vitamins A and C-has g iven the program added emphasis. F'ig. 12.-The Assistant Food Conservation Specialist and two judge s discuss the factors that make quality canned goods . Th e food co n servat io n program ha stressed conservat ion practice s which would retain as much of the 11utritive value of food as possible after preparation, processh1g, and stor ing. Emphasis has been given to increa ing the conservation of fr uit s and vegetables hi g h in calc iu m and vitamin s A and C. Th e number of trained food conservation leaders in 1953 was 501. Thi s was an increase of 62 over 1952 . The Specialist worked direct l y with 13!.J leaders and their agents. One outstanding phase of the conservation program in 1953 ha s been the promotion of fruit in the family diet. Fruit production training meet ing s for agents have b ee n held by the Food Production and Conservation

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Annual Report, 1953 75 Specialists and the Home Improvement Specialist, with the assistance of men specialists and research people. As a part of this program, the Assistant Food Conservation Specialist endeavored to train and encourage home demonstration agents and leaders to conserve more fruits for family use. The Extension Nutritionist, then, as a part of the nutrition program, stressed using these fruits both fresh and conserved in the diet. During 1953 there were 6,377 home freezers in use by home demon stration families. This increase in home freezer owners and the increase of 6,525 commercial locker users accounts for the larger increase in meats frczen during the past year. Reports show that there were 1,054,592 pounds of meat frozen and 1,036,203 pounds cured. This affected the meat canning program to s
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76 Florida Cooperative Extension FOOD PRODUCTION Helen D. Holstein, Food Production and Conservation Specialist Every effort was made to plan and carry out the program on food production in such a way as to appeal to and inspire all groups of people to appreciate what food production to meet family needs can mean to the entire family. In working with this very important phase of the Agri cultural Extension program, families were constantly reminded of the relationship between food production at home and all phases of family living-financial, physical, and social. The entire family planned the production of its own food. This plan' ning included: 1. Growing a garden to furnish vegetables for year-round home use. 2. Producing fruits adapted to the region as a part of a yard beauti fication plan and/or growing a small family orchard. Emphasis was placed on quick-growing fruits. 3. Keeping at least one or two cows to provide milk, butter, and cheese. 4. Keeping a poultry flock for meat and eggs. 5. Raising meat animals for a home supply of meat. Special emphasis was placed on the importance of home food produc tion as a means of supplementing family income, of providing a more nutritious diet and of developing opportunities for family recreation. In crea s ed emphasis was placed on a "family centered" program adjusted to changing conditions, so that people might be stimulated to seek and apply knowledge in food production. This program was integrated with other subject-matter programs to fit the interests and needs of Florida families. Program emphasis was placed on growing a variety of foods based on nutritional needs, developing and using improved practices, and improving livestock breeds . Sixty-four statistical reports-including white and ne gro-showed that 19,024 families were assisted by Extension agents in planning or producing the home food supply. The program was planned and carried out through the cooperative effort s of the State Home Dem onstration Staff, county home demonstration agents, volunteer leaders, home demonstration and 4-H Clubs, junior and senior home demonstration councils, and individuals. PRODUCTION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES This phase of the program was approached from the standpoint of home grounds beautification as well as nutrition, health, and economy. Increasing the varieties planted was stressed, in addition to using recom mended varieties, improved practices, and better management. Many families participated in this pro g ram, as shown below by statistical reports of agents: Work Done Planted home gardens ... . ........... .. . .... ............ . Planted fruit trees and berries ....................... . Served as garden demonstrators ....... .... .. ...... . Served as orchard demonstrators . . ........ . ... ..... . Enrolled in 4-H garden and orchard projects Served as garden chairmen and leaders . . ... . .. . Served as orchard chairmen . . . ....... ..... ... ... . ... . Women 9,708 79,007 4,387 158 420 270 Girls 2,348 5,163 203 337 4,377 375 181

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Annual Report, 1953 77 PRODUCTION OF LIVESTOCK AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS The production of livestock was faced from a realistic standpoint and emphasis placed where production was practical. This program includes poultry and dairy and meat animals. Four-H Club girls are becoming increasingly interested in these phases of the program. Statistical reports of agents show that 1,913 4-H girls were poultry demonstrators, raising 51,805 chickens, and 864 girls kept poultry records. Dairy projects were carried by 382 girls and 644 were enrolled in other livestock projects. Home demonstration club members in 47 counties bought 1,074 milk cows, bring ing the total up to 10,450 milk cows owned by home demonstration and 4-H Club members. It was reported that 10,175 families used a quart of milk daily for each child and a pint for each adult. This indicates that these families appreciate the value of milk and milk products in the diet, which is one of the most important steps in the promotion of home pro duction of milk and milk products. Families were urged to use the off spring from the family milk cow to supply additional meat for the family diet. During 1953 19,406 hogs, 4,834 beeves, and 3,826 other meat animals -were grown and used at home. The Food Production and Conservation Specialist spent 159 days in the field working primarily with county home demonstration agents, assistant agents, and leaders. She assisted with five area in-service training meetings for home demonstration agents and assistant agents on fruit production. Increased .ittendance of county home demonstration personnel and spe cialists at Experiment Station field days, poultry and citrus institutes, vegetable schools, vegetable and fruit clinics, and judging events increased as they sought more technical information on food production.

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78 Florida Cooperati ve Extension GIRLS' 4-H CLUB WORK Emily King, State Girls' 4-H Club Agent 14 Bronna Mae Elkins, Asst. State Girls' 4-H Club Agent There wer e 17,575 girls enrolled in 1,339 4-H Clubs during 1953. The girls assumed 4-H Club project responsibilities and passed 4-H informa tion to others. The program has helped 4-H Club girls to be better citizens in their homes, clubs, communities, and counties. The 35 county girls' 4-H Club councils served as advisory committ ees to the county home demonstration agents. Each council, composed of two girls from each 4-H Club, met regularly and helped to plan and direct county 4-H Club events. The councils also interpreted to the agent and leaders the n ee ds of the girls in the local clubs and helped local groups to fit into the over-all county and State 4-H Club program. Two repre sentatives from each county 4-H council made up the State Girls' 4-H Club Council. These representatives worked together on committees during the State Girls' 4-H Club ,short course and members presided at all general sessions. The officers of the State Girls' 4-H Club Council held three meetings during the year, at which they helped plan the annual meeting and the 4-H exhibit at the State Fair. The necessary requirements to complete specific projects in the subject matter phase of the program were met by 12,006 girls. These requirements included making an exhibit and st,bmitting a project record and story of achievement . County home demonstration agents, adult 4-H Club leaders, and others provided information and encouragement to the 4-H Club girls in completing their projects. The adults helped with training meetings, exhibits, news stories, bulletins, achievement days, tours, camps, and rallies and gave individual assistance. The 542 4-H Club girls who gave leadership assistance in their local and county 4-H Club groups worked closely with adult 4-H Club leaders and county home demonstration agents in the development of 4-H Club work. One thousand five hundred and sixty-two adults served as volunteer leaders under the direction of home demonstration agents and a total of 19,537 attended 1,019 training meetings. Group activities helped provide 4-H Club girls with needed information and aided others to have a better understanding of the place of 4-H in the Extension Service program. A total of 273 tours were held for 4-H Club girls and home demonstration agents, 23 weeks of camp were attended by 1,952 girls, and 428 achievement events were held. The observance of National 4-H Club Achievement Day, National 1-H Club Week, and Rural Life Sunday, and participation in local and district and state fairs, short courses, camps, and rallies helped keep others in formed about 4-H programs. These events also provided opportunities for the girls to develop their individual abilities by assuming responsibilities in the planning and directing of activities. Girls' 4-H Club work showed growth, strength, and expansion during the year. The number of 4-H Club girls enrolled increased by 1,289. Some 576 more 4-H Club meetings were held by agents and 363 more meetings were held by leaders. Attendance at 4-H Club meetings was 144,706 more than in 1952 and there were 45 more Clubs than in 1952. u Appoi n ,ed October 1, 1953.

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Annual R epo1t, 1953 79 HEALTH EDUCATIO Frances Cannon, Assistant Health Education Specialist The health program has continued to increase in scope. In 1953 there were more club meetings, news articles, and radio scripts emphasizing health and safety. The agents devoted 1,119 days to all phases of health work. Improved Hea l th.-Health was an important aspect of all phases of homemaking programs carried on by home agents . However, there are certain important health needs which merit more emphasis, such as i munization, home care of the sick. and the why and how of physical ex aminations. The health education progran : c ontributed materially to the results reported by home demonstration agents on health activitie s of hom e demonstration member s as follows: 13,368 family members had medical examinations; 5,330 families had chilc!Ten immunized and / or continued immunization; 3,173 families had their water supply checked this year; 16,208 families practiced correct methods of di s posing of garbage; 5,631 families have first aid equipment i n the home. Co mmunity Health. A s more subdi visions are developed and expanded, t he problem of conect garbage disposal becomes more pressing. Hom e demonstration women have been a big factor in having proper garbage co llection s instituted and enlarg e d. There are 20 repre entatives of the Senior Council of Home Demon stra tion Work serving on county-wide health boards. Home demonstration women and 4-H Club g irl s hav e shared with their co mmunitie s the health education information they have gained. A total of 193 exhibits were made on health this year. ome of the cent ral ideas used were, "Home Care of the Sick," "Cancer," and "Safety in the Home." Health skits were presented at both the Timpooch ee an l Cherry Lake Farm and Home Institutes. Fig. 13.-Recreation for both y oung and old is important i11 maintainin good h ealth .

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80 Florida Cooperative Extension Cooperation with Health Agencies.-In the past the majority of the health work in home demonstration programs has been in such activities as drives and sewing for hospitals . The women and girls continued these activities this year. The records s how the following: Activity Cooperating Adult Clubs March of Dimes (Infantile paralysis) . . . . 398 Cancer Crusade 339 Christmas TB seal sales .. .. ........ .. ..... . . .. . . .. 333 Easter stamp sales . . . ... . ... ...... : ............ ..... .. 129 Pre-School clinics . .... . .. ............................ .. 146 Prenatal and well baby clinics ........ . .. . .. 79 4-H Clubs 273 106 242 110 52 12 While it is felt that these activities are important, emphasis this year has been placed on the health education program rather than limitin g activities to cooperation with others. The cancer education program has been very successful. In one county a doctor reported that as a result of this program, three home demonstration club women who came to him for examinations were found to have earl~r stages of cancer. There was close cooperation with the county health departments, the State Board of Health, local physician s, and the Florida Medical Association. 4-H Health.-The 4-H enrollments and cvmpletions in health project s were the largest ever reported. There were 2,647 4-H members enrolled in the health projects with 1,952 completing their work. Definite training in health, nursing, and first aid was given to 6,769 club members. Because oi their participation in the Extension health program 4,001 4-H Club mem bers had health examinations. Health instruction was given to 4-H Club members at the Girls' 4-H short course, at 4-H camps, and achievement days, and at individual club meetings. The mimeographed 4-H Health Improvement Record Book was revised and printed in 1953. Leadership Training.-A total of 284 adult Home Demonstration clubs and 234 girls' 4-H Clubs have health chairmen. Fifty-three health training meetings were held, with 1,324 attending. In addition, a health education "class" was held as a part of the State Home Demonstration Council Short Course. Recreation.-Efforts were made in 1953 to give some type of recreation at each Home Demonstration meeting which the women and girls could enjoy and also take home for family recreation purposes. County home demonstration agents and club members planned and directed 594 special recreation activities. Training in leading recreation was received by 245 women and 673 4-H girls.

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Annua l R evo rt , 195 3 81 HOME IMPROVEMENT Bonnie J. C art er, Home Improvement Specialist The hom e improvement program was planned and c:anied out in 48 co untie s by home demonstration agents, with the assistance of the Spe cia li st, the administrative staff, vo lunt eer local l eade r s , and se nio r and junior co un il s of home demonstration work. During the year agents spent 5,523 days working on all phases of home improvement. Voluntary local leaders numbering 2, 79 assisted with the progTam. A total of 151 training meetings were held for these leaders. The hom e improvement program in Florida is desi gned to meet the needs of the people for comfortable, convenient, beautiful, and well-managed homes. It enables them to live more s ati .;fy ing lives and become better citizens. The House and S urrounding s, Furni s hin o-s and Equi1J1ne11t.-Thi s phase of the program i s designed to improve housing co ndition s, crea te a desire for a hi g h st andard of living, and promote g o o d health. The program includes buildin gs, remodeling and repairing home s, and add in g con veniences to meet family need s; beaut i fying th e home and s urroundin gs; furnishing the home for bea ut y, comfort, and convenience. Fi g . 1 4.Th ese 4-H gir l s learn to se l ect col-0r sc h emes and acce ss orie s for the hom e .

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82 Florida Cooperati ve Extension Family Living.-The major purposes of this program are to help people improve family living by making satisfactory adjustments to living con ditions; adopting good practices in rearing children; managing income to meet needs of the family; making wise use of credit; using human and material resources for bettering family living; adding to the family income; practicing orderly, systematic, and efficient work habits; practicin g good housekeeping; providing security for old age; medical and dental care. Consumer Education.-The objective s of this program are to help people make better use of their resourc e s by learning to make wise decisions when buying household supplies, equipment, furnishings, and building materials; to develop skills in building and in repairing and refinishing floors, walls , work surfaces, furniture, and woodwork; to teach people to read and understand labels, specifications, guarantees, and directions on care and use of equipment and materials used at home. Results of Home Improvement. activities promoted through the Ex tension program are listed below. These figures represent work of men, women, girls, and boys, both white and negro. Days spent by agents in all phases of home improvement .... Total persons contacted individually or through meetings .. Number voluntary local leaders assisting ............................... . Estimated number of different families, homemakers or other individuals assisted .... .... . .. . .... .. .. . .................................. . 5,523 128,669 2,879 85,515 Families, Homemakers and Other Individuals Assisted With House building ................ ........ . ............................ ............ . House remodeling or repairing ........... ...... ...... ............... ... . ... .. .... . Kitchen and laundry improvement .. .......................... : . . ....... . .... .. . Storage space improvement ...... .. .. .... . ... . ... ..... ........ ... .. .... . Selection, installation and care of: (a) water and/or sewage system ......... .............. . (b) cooling systems ... . ... .............. . . . ... ..................................... .. . Planning electrical systems .......................................................... . . Landscaping home grounds ........................................................... . Home equipment selection, use and care (other than sewing) Home furnishings selection, use and construction .......... .. . Home furnishings repair, reconditioning and care ........... .... . Furniture arrangement and use of accessories ........... . Color schemes and wall finishes . .. . .... . ... . ... ................ ... . Floor finishes .. ................... . .. . ...... . . ....... ............................ . .. . Management decisions . .. ... ...................... . ................ .. . .. ........ . Improving housekeeping methods ...... . ....................... . .. ......... . .. .. . Family laundering problems ............................. . ..................... ... . . Use of rural family outlook information ........................... .... . Planning family finances .. ............. ..... .... ................... . .. . .......... .... . Record keeping and analysis ........ . ....................................... . . ..... . . Family legal matters .......... ..... ... .. .. ..... ..................... . .... . Families Assisted With Child development and guidance .... .......... ................... ......... . Providing play, clothing and equipment suited to age of children ................................ . . . ...... . ............................................. . Strengthening family relation s hips and understanding role s of family members . ... ..... ........................ .......................... ....... . Individual adjustments and personality development ........... . Home and family recreation .. .... . . . ................... ................ . 777 4,037 3,534 3,397 1,373 641 1,157 11,870 9,022 5,713 8,259 8,538 8,198 2,000 6,697 11,514 8,511 3,464 4,756 2,071 666 5,689 6,082 6,798 3,765 8,282

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Annual Repo r t, 1953 83 4-H Club Work is designed to stimulate the interest of girls in learning to do simple home tasks well, in m a kin g their homes more beautiful, com fortable, and convenient, both inside a nd out, in becoming well adjusted members of their families and communitie s . 4-H C lub member participation in 1 953 home improvement ac tivity project s : Enrolled Child care .............................. ..... . . ... .. . .. ........... 2,271 Hom e management (good hou se k eepi n g ) .. 1,340 B ea utification of home grounds ......... .. . . ....... 4,536 Home furni s hing s and room improvem e nt .. 2,866 Unit s involved-rooms ........ . . .. . .. . ............. . articles ... ... .. . . .... .... .... . .... . Mon e y management training ........... . ......... .. . Leadin g training meetings .. ....... ... .... .. .. ..... .. . Attendance at these ............. . . ... . .......... ... . Exhibits by club memberg . .................. . . .. .. ... . . Compl et ing 1,391 1,000 3,053 1,999 2,446 6,144 6,731 74 973 887 Requests for help with the several phases of home improvement , have increased during the past few years. Apparently the Home Demonstration agents, assisted by the Home Improvement and other Extension Specialists, will need to train more voluntary local leaders and point out opportunities for them to help in their communitie s, if the need is to be met.

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84 Flor i da Cooperati ve Extension HOME INDUSTRIES AND MARKETING Gladys Kendall, Home Industrie s and . Marketing Specialist The objectives of the home industries and marketing program were to assist families in obtaining and using consumer information so that they might produce and market quality products at home. This pro gr am also included emphasis on better management of time , energy, money, and other resources. Consumer Information and Management of Resources . -In the consum e r information phase of the program , major emphasis was on buying foods, furnishings and equipment . In management of resources emphasis wa s on managing time, ener g y, and money. Families were assisted with problems concerning sele c tion, purchasin g, and "making versus buying" decisions. All county E x tension agents spent 1,394 days working on home manag e ment and family economics. The agents and volunteer lead ers assisted families in the following lines: Assistance With Fainilies Assi s ted Man age ment decision s -----------------.. ---------------------.. --6,697 Family laundering problems ___________ ____ ________ .. _______ __ _ __ ___ _____ _ 8,511 Use of rural family outlook information --------------------3,464 Family financial planning -------------------------------------------------4,756 Keeping and analyzin g home record s ............ _ __ _________ ______ __ 2,071 Family legal matter s -------------------------------------__ _ __ _______ 666 Selection and buyin g food ________ ______ ,, .. _ __ _________________ _ __ _ .. ___ ,, __ 17,919 Selection and buying Clothing -----------------------------------------------.. ------.... -14,486 9,022 5,713 Home equipment other than sewing equipment .. ,., __ _ Home furnishings --------------------------------------Home Industries, Arts, and Crafts.-Home industries were developed to supplement family income. Use was made of native materials, food products and other resources of the farm a nd home. Home demonstration families rec e ived approximately 60 percent more cash from the sale of home-produced products in 1953 than in 1952. Approximately 90 percent of cash received was from the sale of food products and the other 10 per cent from the sale of flower s, plants, handicraft articles, and services such as nursing, baby sitting, catering, and sew ing. About 57 percent of the total cash received was from the sale of e ggs . In addition to the cash received for their products, many families ..:ontributed home-made products to charity and community drives in place of cash. Home demonstration and 4-H Club m e mbers reported marketin g the following: Food Products Egg s ---------------------------------------.... .. _ __ _ _ ., ____ ______ .. __ _ Poultry ___________________ .... .. ...... ---------------------_ ___________ .. . Fresh vegetables ------------------------.. .... . . _, _____ -------Dairy products _____ ,, __ ; _____ .. _____ _ _________ _____ __ ,, _ _ _ , ____ _____ ------Fresh fruits -----------------------------.. ----.. .. ---------Baked foods ____ _________ ,, _________ __ _________________ ,, ____ _________________ _ Canned foods ___________ _ ,,_ ,, _____ ________ _ ___ ......... ___________________ .,_, Total food product s ........ .. ....... _______ _ __ .. ___ ___ ,, ________________ __ Other products -----------------------------.. ----------------------Value $ 436,185.80 76,316.58 30,416.12 98,946.67 38,649.86 8,819.81 6,489.32 $695,824.16 74,333.35 Total of all products ----------------------------------_________ $770,157.51

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Annual Repo?'t, 1953 85 The demand for teaching craft skills was met by helping people to learn . and apply art principles to homemaking and to create and produce in expensive gifts and articles for family use and sale. All craft activities were a definite part of a basic family living program. Volunteer leaders actively assisted with this part of the program. There was a ready market for quality handicraft articles that were suitable for gifts and souvenirs and that sold at a reasonable price. The development of profitable hobbies and leisure time activities was encouraged. Families were helped with the following: Assistance With Families Assisted Developing home industries ..... . . .. .. ......... ................. . ........... 2,252 Standardizing products .... . ..... ............. ... .. ................................ 930 Improving quality of products .. .. .. .. .......... ..... .. ............ .. .. ..... 1,417 Practices incident to home arts and crafts ........ ... ........ . . . 7,117 Marketing Activities.-The program in marketing and distribution of agricultural products was conducted by Extension Specialists in Agricul tural Economics, Marketing and other agricultural subject-matter. How ever, people who worked closely with the home demonstration agents looked to them for guidance and assistance in marketing farm products. Home demonstration agents devoted 300 days to assisting with market ing agricultural products. They assisted with organizing 13 cooperatives with 1,102 members. In addition, 107 groups with 437 members were organized informally to market cooperatively. A total of 3,602 persons were assisted by agents with some phase of marketing. Also, 1,824 others were assisted, including buyers, sellers, and handlers. Program Development.-The home industries and marketing program was integrated with related subject-matter. It was planned and developed in 48 counties by the Specialist, working cooperatively with other mem bers of the Agricultural Extension Service, volunteer leaders, home dem onstration and 4-H Club members, junior and senior councils, and others. Instruction was given in (1) improving consumer buying practices when selecting foods, furnishings, and equipment; (2) making quality products of palmetto, bamboo, coconut fronds, pine needles, and other semi-tropical plants; (3) improving standards, packaging, and labeling of home products; (4) interpreting laws and regulations concerning the marketing of products; (5) making accessories for the home, such as rugs, flower containers, stools, lamps, and lamp-shades; (6) making toys and games from scrap and gifts from inexpensive material s ; (7) recognizing and using art prin ciples; and (8) how to plan, prepare, and aITange educational exhibits for use at fairs, achievement days, and other events. Volunteer leaders assisting with this program included 542 in home management, 457 in family economics, 163 in marketing of home products, and 703 in home arts and crafts. In 56 training meetings the Specialist assisted with training a total of 1,288 leaders. Agents conducted 20 training meetings in marketing and 252 in home arts and crafts for leaders. Leaders and others held 1,416 meetings attended by approximately 28,000 adults and 4-H Club girls. Assistance was given to agents, leaders, club members and others at three training meetings for agents, at state-wide conferences, short courses, institutes, and other special events. In 13 counties 297 leaders were trained to plan, prepare, arrange, and judge or evaluate exhibits. The Specialist also worked with three county fair committees, judged at five fairs and, through personal conferences, assisted 11 white and three negro home demonstration agents with planning exhibits. A total of 4,618 exhibits

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86 Florida Cooperative Extension were used to inform the public of home demonstration work. Also, the Specialist visited 48 established demonstrations, participated in 40 meet ings, and four radio and three television programs; and assisted in 35 counties with other problems relating to home industries and marketing. Approximately 6,500 persons other than Extension Service personnel were contacted by the Specialist. 4-H Club Work-The 4-H Club program emphasized management of resources, using consumer information when selecting foods, using im proved practices and methods when producing articles for sale or for gifts, and keeping more accurate and complete records. There were 1;340 club members enrolled in management projects, with 1,000 completing, and a total of 6,731 members who received some training in management. A t0tal of 2,038 members were enrolled in home industries, art and crafts, with 1,681 completing 5,698 articles. Special training in better buying practices and in using art principles was given to approximately 800 4-H Club girls, leaders, and home demon stration agents at short courses and 4-H Club camps.

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Annual R evo1t, 1953 7 NEGR FARM DEMONSTRATION W ORK Jo eph A. Gresham, Negro District Agent Negro co unty agents served 10 counties in Florida in 1 953, includin g Alachua, Co lumbia, Gadsden , Hamilton, Jackson, Jeff erson, L eon, Madison , Mar i on, a nd Sumter. Th ese counties are located for the mo st part in the northern part of t h e State, w h ere a large negro rural population i s found. Fi ve of the e agents recciYcd salary increases from their counties in 1953 and all were g iv en in creases from the State. Four hav e part-time cler i cal help. Office space i s provided for all agent s by the c ounties. H e ! p was g iven by Sp ec iali s ts with outlook rneeting s, live st o c k and corn shows, tour s , field meeting s , 4-H s hort cournes, judging and team demonstration s, ca mps and achievement days. Two negro agents from nearby counties attended night and Saturday c la sses at Florida A. and M. Un iv ersity. AJJ agents were in attendance during the annual conference or negro county and home agents, Octob er 12-16. Two groups of agents vi s ited expe riment s tation s at Gainesville and Quincy. Fig. 15.-A demonstration in power mow er operation i s s taged on a well-kept l awn of an attractive, comfortab le home.

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88 Florida Cooperative Extension County exhibits were displayed by negro agents in Tampa at the Florida State Fair in February and agents received favorable comments from thousands of visitors. Seven Extension agents exhibited at county and area fairs. A state-wide 4-H Club corn show was held in Tallahassee at the North Florida Fair, a 4-H fat cattle show was conducted in Gadsden County, and a 4-H fat hog; show was held in Sumter County at Webster. Seven counties held achievement days and farm tours were conducted in three. Agents devoted 1,592 days to work with adults, 1,116 with 4-H Club work, and 257 with young men-a total of 2,965 days. By subjects, their work with crops took 21.7 % of their time; livestock 15 . 6%; marketing, dis tribution, and service or g anizations 8.5 % ; community development and public affairs 6.9 '/o ; planning and management of farm business 5.8 % ; Ex tension organization and planning 5.5%; soil and water conservation and management 5.1 % ; farm building and mechanical equipment 4.6 % ; wild life 3.6 7, ; and forestry 3.5 % . Meetings were held as follows: No. Meetings By Extension workers: For local leaders Adults ........ . .......... . . . .. . ....... .... ........... .. . .. .... 66 Young men ......... .... ............ .. ...... .... .... . . ... 26 4-H Club .... .. .......... .... ....... . .. . .. ........ .. ... .... 73 All other meetings Adults .... .. ............. .. ... ... .... .. .......... ....... ... . . 101 Young men....... .. .. .. ............... . ........ ........ .. 20 By Local Leaders: Adults ....... ... ......... .... ........ ..... ............ .. ...... 60 Young men ............ .... .......................... . .. ... 23 4-H Club ................. . , ......... .. ............... .. ..... 68 Camps ..... .. .... .. .... . .. .. .. . . . .... ........ ... ... ..... .. ... 3 Attendance 1,899 560 1,233 3,409 729 1,365 670 1,576 257 4-H Clubs.-Florida was represented at the Regional 4-H Club Camp held at State College, Frankfort, Kentucky, the second week in June. For the third year Florida's 4-H Club work for negro youth s received an award for outstanding achievement. This has helped to stimulate interest in 4-H Club work. Teams from four counties conducted eight 4-H Club method demonstrations at the Florida State Fair. A total of 2,752 boys were enrolled in 4-H Clubs, of which 2,153 boys completed their projects-or 78.3%. Of the boys enrolled, 94.3% were from rural homes.

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A .n nual R evort, 1 953 89 NEGRO HOME DEMON S TRATION WORK Floy Britt, Di str ict Home Demonstration Agent Home demonstration work for negro women and girls is established in 12 counties in Florida. These include Alachua, Columbia, Dade, Duval , Hillsborough, Gadsden, Ja ckson, Leon, l\Iadison, Marion, Putnam, and Volusia. With the exception of Dade, these count ie s are lo cated in the general farming area of the northern and central part s of the State. Th e State program for negro home demonstration work i s directed by the State Home Demonstration Agent, with one of the District Agents se rving as a consultant to r.he Negro District Agent . In carrying on the Extension program for negroes, negro home demonstration agents made 4,300 home visits, had 3,606 telephone calls, received 6,910 office calls, published 206 news articles, and d istribut ed 9,699 bulletins. As a result of Extension influen ce, 2,526 negro families changed their practices to provide for better family nutrition and 4,093 families made improvements in food production, conservation, and preparation. More assistance from Extension specia li s t s was available during the year, which helped agents to do better work. Two home demonstratio11 agents took Extension co ur ses during the s ummer to increase their efli ciency as Agents . A dul t Pro g ram .-The negro Extension program was designed to in c rease and conserve food needs for Florida negro families, provide mor e convenie n t and attractive home s and c lothin g, improv e hea l th practice s and family recreational facilities, and teach families to spend their incom es more wisely. Fi g . 16. Ne g ro a g e n t s are t r ai n ed to de m onstr a te re uph o l s t e rin g f urnitur e an d other h ome i m pro v e m e n t acco mpli s hm e n ts .

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90 Florida Cooperative Extension Agents reported that 84 adult clubs were organized in 1953, with an enrollment of 1,551 members. Also held were 102 adult training meet ings, with 1,169 attending; 682 method demonstration meetings, with 10,156 attending; 12 achievement days, with 12,000 attending; and 14 home improvement tours, with an attendance of 360. Homemakers from 12 counties set up a creditable negro exhibit at th e Florida State Fair, and 12 agents, working with home demonstration leaders, displayed creditable achievement exhibits in their various counties. 4-H Activities.-Negro home demonstration agents organized 126 girls' 4-H Clubs, with an enrollment of 4,087 girls. Four-H girls enrolled for 11,474 projects and completed 9,436. In addition, agents held 166 4-H training meetings, with 1,994 attending, 836 method demonstration meet ings, with 18,859 in attendance, and 12 4-H achievement days, with 5,000 attending. Eleven 4-H Club girls won honors in the 1953 awards program. This activity is creating more interest in 4-H Club work. For the last three years this has been a means of getting girls to keep better project records. Four outstanding 4-H Club girls won free trips to the 1953 Regional 4-H Club Camp which was held at Kentucky State College, Frankfort, Kentucky. Twelve county-wide vegetable garden tours were held and 294 homes were made more sanitary, comfortable, convenient, and attractive for Florida negro farm families. The negro county workers make joint plans of work with the other Ex tension workers in the county and, in turn, receive cooperation from the county agricultural agents, home demonstration agents and specialists in carrying out the plan. The specialists worked closely with the Negro Dis trict Agent and negro county home demonstration agents at the annual negro Extension conference and State short course to bring them new information and keep them up-to-date on Extension program planning and development. The negro home demonstration workers also were given help with ways and means of developing leadership at the annual negro conference and 4-H short course, as well as at other times throughout the year. Annual Agents' Conference.-The theme of the . annual conference this year was: "Effective Program Planning to Improve Extension Work." To develop this theme, interesting and well-qualified speakers were secured at joint morning assemblies. These speakers developed such topics as: Looking Ahead in Extension; Extension's Responsibilities in Strengthening Home and Family Life; Involving People in the Planning Process; and Organizing and Managing County Extension Offices. Each day dudng the week after the morning sessions, the Agents di vided into four smaller mixed groups and discussed how to: Involve people in the planning process; locate, train and recognize local leaders in adult work; promote interest through effective teaching aids; and how do we know when our program is effective? After the week's discassions, each group made recommendations that were compiled and sent to each agent in attendance. . Each group had a consultant from the State Home Demonstration Office present at these workshop sessions. The agents were most appreciative of this program, which was planned by the two Negro District Agents. State 4-H Short Course for Negroes.-The theme of the annual short course this year was "Working To g ether for World Understanding . " This annual meeting is a joint one for boys and girls. The morning programs included joint assemblies with good speakers who inspired the boys and

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Annual Report, 195 3 91 girls to want to do a better job in 4-H Club work and encouraged them to want to be better leader s in their own counties and communities. Following the assemblies, the boys an d girls were divid ed into groups for instruction. The afternoon sessions were devoted to tours, recr ea tion, camp planning, leader s hip training, and council organization for agents, leaders, and girls. Special programs on recreation, State dress revue, and candle lighting servi ce were planned for the evening programs. State Fair.-Ne gro Extension workers take a very active part in the State Fair at Tampa. They plan and display an educational exhibit to s how what their home demon st ration program includes. Also, during the fair, the negro 4-H Club girls give method demonstrations at intervals during each day. These are on different phases of 4-H Club work. This has been a highly s uc cess ful means of developing more and better quality leadership among the older negro 4-H Club girl s . 4-H Camps.-The camp provided for negroes has been a means of strengthening the ne gr o 4-H Club program over the State. The summer camp program has improved greatly during the past two years. This year at the annual negro 4-H s hort course the District Agents worked with the county and home demonstration agents for better pre-planning of summer camps. NEGRO STATISTICAL REPORT, MEN AND WOMEN Data from Negro County and Home Demonstration Agents' Reports GENERAL ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS Farm or home visits made . ..... ............. . .. . ..... ........................ .... . ........ ..... . . Calls relating to Extension work: office 14,489; telephone .. . ............ . News articles or stories prepar ed ........ . ... . ............ . .. . . . ............ . . . ............... . Broadcasts made or prepared : ........... .... . . ................... . ..... ... . .... . ..... radio Bulletins distributed .............. . ....... .......... . . ... ............... . . . ..... ...... . . . . ........ ....... . Adult result demonstrations conducted ......... ...... ..... .. .... .. .. . ... . .. .. . . .... ..... . . Training meetings held for loc a l lead ers: Number ............ . ..... .. .......... . .............. . ..... . . . . ..... ... ........ .... .... . .... ... . . .... . ........ . Total attendance ......................................................... . ... ........ . . ... ..... . .. . .. . All other meetings agents held or participated in: Number .. ... ..... . . . ............... ....... .. . ......... ... . . . .............. .. ... . .............................. . Total attendance .. .. . ........ .... . . . .. . ...... ......................... .. ....... ...... ......... ..... .... . Meetings held or conducted by local leaders: Number ................................. . ................ . ................. . ...... ........ . .. .. . .. .......... . Total attendance ... . ........... .. ... . ...... .... ..... .. ...... .... ... . .... . ............ .. ......... . . COOPERATIVE AGRICULTURAL PLANNING 9,501 6,311 379 58 16,956 467 439 6,921 1,878 38 ,318 418 8,319 Total number of different voluntary leaders assisting Extension agents with organization, planning and conduct of Extension work in counties: Men .............................................. . ....... . .. .... .... . ................. . .. .. .. 491 Women ...... . ...... ....... . .. . ....... ......... .... .. ..... ......... ..... .............. . . . . .. 392 Older club boys ...... ..... ............ .... . .... . ............... .. ............... . .. 102 Older club girls ,.. ... . .. . . ............ . ........... .. ... .. .. . . . .... . .. . ... . . . ... . 14 Individuals assi s ted to adopt recomm en ded production and marketing practices in subject matter fields:

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92 Florida Cooperative E x tension Crop Production Individuals assisted with: Grain crops .... . . . ........... ... .... . Hay and other forage, pasture, ran g e .... ... . ... . . . . .. . Cotton and other fiber crop s . ....... ... . . . .. ..... .... .. . ....• Tobacco ... . ... ... . . . .. ....... .. . ..... . . Oil and sugar crops . ..... ... . l<'ruits and nuts ... ...... . . ..... ... . V eget a ble s including potatoes . ..... . ......... . . .. . .... .. . Flowers, ornam e ntal shrub s .... .... . . .. . ..... . .. ..... ... . Conservation of Natural Resources Individuals a ss i s ted with: Soil and water conservation and management . .. .. . .. ... . J<'orestry .. ... .. .. ...... .. ... . .. .. . . .. . . . Wildlif e ....... .. .. . ........ ...... ..... . 1,585 1 , 223 r-;47 880 1,030 1,074 2 , 421 1,280 1, 8 37 701 !j66 The House and Surroundings, Furni s hing-s and Equipment In di vidual s or families a ss isted with: The h o u s e and s urroundings ... .... ........ .... ..... . . 3,110 Furni s hings and equipm e nt 2, 0 77 Foods and Nutrition , Health Family Life and Safety Families assisted with: Foods and nutrition .. . . ...... .. 2,52 6 Health . .. . .... ... .. ... ........ .. . .. . . ... 2,921 Family lifo . ... ... . . ... .. ...... ... ... . . 1,689 Safety . . . . .... ..... . ... ... . ... ..... . . ..... 2,867 Livestock Individuals a ss isted with: Dai r y animals and products ..... ..... .. . .... .......... . Poultry and products . .... .. . Beef c attle .. .. . .... . . .... . ... ..... . . . . Sheep and g oats .. ... ........ . . . Swin e ... .. . .. . ..... .. . . ....... . . ... ... . . . Oth e r live s tock . .. . ...... ..... . .. . . 1,076 1,929 709 71 1,857 120 Planning a nd Managem e nt of the Farm Busine s s Indi v idual s assisted with . . 2,037 Farm Buildings and Mechanical Equipment Individuals a s sisted with: Farm buildings ... . . . . .... ... . . .. . 464 Farm mechanical e q uipment ...... ........ ...... .. .. 589 Horne Management, Family Economics and Clothin g Individuals assi s ted with: Home management . ...... ..... 2,126 Family economics ... .......... . . . 1,519 Clothing .... . .... ... . . ..... . .. . . ... .... . 2,61 3 Marketing and Distribution Individuals a ss isted with: Information on a g ricultural products . . . .. ...... .. . ... ........ .. . 1,528 .ASSISTANCE GIVEN TO FORMALLY ORGANIZED COOPERATIVES AND TO INFORMALLY ORGANIZED GROUPS Formally organiz e d groups assisted with: Marketing and purchasing: Numb e r .. ......... .......... .. . .. .. 1 Memb e r s . ............ . . . .... . .... .. . 3 8 Inform a lly or g anized group s a ssisted with: Marketing and purchasin g : Number .... . . .... . . .. . . ..... .... . .. 29 Members .... ... ......... .... ...... , 137 Farm and home s ervice: Number . .... ..... .. . ..... ..... . . ... 17 Member s ....... ... .... . ..... . . . ..... 306 PERSONS PARTICIPATING IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS PROJECTS, PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES WHICH AGENTS WORKED ON Citizenship activities ... .... ........... .. ...... . ....... . . .... ..... .. ... ..... ....... . . ..... .. . ...... ..... .... 1,392 Dev e lopin g and imp r ovin g county or communit y o rganization ........... 1,72 5 Local projects of a general public nature:

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Annual Report, 1958 93 General community probLibraries ........................ .. . 195 lems .................................... 1,202 Roads .................................... 255 Improving health facilities 1,782 Telephones ........ ... .............. . 616 Improving schools .......... .... 2 ,2 05 Community centers .... ...... .. 769 Improving churches ............ 2,014 Recreation programs and Bettering town-country facilities ............................ 2,965 relations ............................ 1,935 Community beautification .. 1,417 National programs .... .......... ...... .... ........... ..................... .. .. . . . ..... ..... ......... ...... .. .. 1,1.73 . Emergency activities ............... ..... .............. .. ...................... . ...... ...... ....... ......... 998 SUMMARY OF 4-H CLUB WORK Number of 4-H Clubs ..... . .. ... ............. ... ..................... :......................... . .. .... ... 241 Number of 4-H members enrolled in and completing projects: Enroiled: Boys-2,752; girls-4,087; total-6,839 Completing: Boys-2,153; girls-3,265; total-5,418 4-H membership: Boys: Farm-2 ,286 ; Girls: Farm-2,361; rural non-farm310; rural non farm-1,307; urban-156 urban-419 4-H project completions by projects: Corn .......... . ........... .. . ......... : . Other cereals ..... .... .. . ....... . Peanuts .. .. ................. ... ..... . Soybeans and other 370 57 338 Bees .... .... .................. . .......... . Tractor maintenance .. .. . . Electricity ... ..... .............. ... . Farm shop ............... .. ........ . Farm management ......... .. . Beautification of home 15 62 139 77 16 legume s ......................... . 15 3 219 grounds ........... . ............. 1 ,2 85 Potatoes, Irish and s weet Tobacco ......... ...... ............. . . Cotton ...... .... ....................... . Vegetables . ............. . ......... . Fruits ..................... ....... ..... . Range and pasture ........... . Other crops ....................... . Soil and water conservation and management .. Forestry .. ............. .... . ..... .... . Wildlife and nature study Poultry ............................. . Dairy cattle ....................... . Beef cattle .............. . . .. ....... . Swine ..................... . . .. . ....... . 66 200 1,403 234 81 24 49 49 49 1,058 105 126 400 Meal planning and preparation . .................... . ....... . Canning and preserving .. Freezing of foods .. . . . ........ . Health, nursing, fir s t aid Child care ............ . ............ . Clothing ........................... . Home management . . ....... . Home furnishings and room improvement ....... . Home industries, arts, crafts .. ................ .. ... . ..... . Junior leadership . .. .......... . All other ...... ...... ........... .... . Total Projects Com1,153 866 42 583 257 1,486 467 404 580 301 123 Rabbits ..... ... .......... .... . ..... ... . 34 pleted .............. .. .......... 12,871 SUMMARY OF EXTENSION INFLUENCE Farm families making changes in agricultural practices .. .. .. ... .......... . Rural non-farm families makin g changes in agricultural practices .. Urban families making changes in agricultural practices ..... .. .... ........ . Farm families makin g changes in homemaking practices ..... . .. . ............ . Rural non-farm families making changes in homemaking pr ac tices .. Urban families makin g changes in homemaking practices ...... .... ......... . Total different farm families assisted by Extension programs . .. . . ........ . Total different rural non-farm families assisted by Extension 2,130 H87 668 1,584 1,346 705 2,947 programs ................ ..... ........ . . ........ ......... . .... . ................................................ 2,208 Total different urban families assisted by Extension programs ............ 1 ,29 3

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94 Florida Cooperative Extension Agents, County, 4,5,6 District, 19 Home Demonstration, 4,5,6 Agricultural Economics, 21 Agricultural Engineering, 27 Agricultural planning, 11 Agricultural research, 61 Agronomy, 31 activities, 32 Aitken, Jim, 49 Animal Husbandry, 34 summary, 35 4-H, 34 Apiary, 4-H, 37 Apiculture, 36 Arnett, Cleo M., 72 Arts, 84 Assistance to cooperatives, 12 Avo~ado, 25 Barrus, Edith Y., 64 Beale, Clyde, 15 Bevis, Joyce, 64 Britt, Floy, 89 Brogdon, J. E., 49 Broiler management, 54 Brown, W. W., 38 Bulletins, Extension, 15 Burgess, S . L., 15 Cake, E.W., 24 Cannon, Frances C., 18,79 Carter, Bonnie J., 81 Catalpa, 51 Cedars, 51 Changes in State staff, 8 Circulars, Extension, 15 Citrus activities, 43 advisory committee, 9 clinics, 49 culture, 42 demonstration, 42 grove management, 22 Institute, 42 schools, 42 tours, 42 training program, 42 4-H, 42 Clayton, H. G . , 7,19 Clothing and textiles, 68 Community health, 79 Conservation of resources, 10 Consumer education, 82 information, 84 INDEX Cooper, J. Francis, 15 Cooperative agriculture planning, 11 Cooperatives, assistance to, 12,25 County agents handbook, 49 Cow testing, 45 Crafts, 84 Cromartie, Alice L., 74 Dairy cooperation, 47 Dairy Husbandry, 44 DHIA, 44 Dairy 4-H, 47 Director's report, 7 District agents, 19 Drainage, 28 Editorial, 15 and visual aids, 70 Edwards, F. R., 7 Egg and poultry marketing, 25,54 Electricity, teaching, 29 uses, 30 Elkins, Bronna Mae, 78 Entomology, 49 cooperation, 49 teaching materials, 49 Equipment, 29 Family living, 82 nutrition, 72 Farm and home planning, 21 Farm, electrification, 27 equipment, 29 Flashes, 17 journal service, 16 machinery, 27 magazines, 16 management, 21 news, 17 processing, 27 safety program, 18 structures, 27 Farmers markets, 25 Federal Marketing Agreement, 25 FF A activity, 25 Field crop seed, 31 production guide, 31 yields, 33 Field day, grower, 62 Financing, home demonstration, 65 Financial statement, 7,8 Finlayson, E. H., 19 Fire prevention, 18 protection, 50

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Annual Report, 1953 Florida Agricultural Research Institute, 61 Farm Hour, 16 Forest Service, 37 National Egg-Laying Test, 56 Seedsmen's Association, 61 Floriculture , 53 Food conservation, 10, 74 nutrition, 72 planning, 72 preparation, 72 production, 7G products, 84 selection, 72 Forest planting, 51 Forestry, 50 4-H, 52,18 Forests, farm, 10 Foreign visitors, training, 10 4-H Club activities, 38 agronomy, 32 animal husbandry, 34 apiary, 37 awards program, 39 boys, 38 camps, 39 citrus, 42 dairy, 47 electric program, 29 enrollment, 7 entomology, 49 forestry, 52 girls, 78 health, 80 home furnishing, 83 home industries, 86 marketing, 24 negro, 88 promotional techniques, 41 short cour s es, 39,90 s tate-wide school s , 40 work, 10,41 summary, 13 Fruit and vegetable association, 61 Fruit production, 76 Furnishing, house, 81 Girls' 4-H, 7 . 8 Godwin, G . M., 38 Goen, O. F., 34 Grady, Eunice, 8,64 Gresham, J. A., 87 Grove management, 22 Grower contact study, 61 Grower field days, 62 meetings, 60 Growing pullets, 54 Hamilton, H. G., 21 Hampson, C. M., 21. Haynie, J. D., 36 Health cooperation, 80 education, 79 leadership, 80 recreation, 80 Henderson, J. R., 31 Herd management, 47 Holstein, Helen D., 76 Holloway, Ethyl, 64 Home demonstration accomplishments, 66 activities, 66 financing, 65 organization, 64 personnel, 65 program development, 66 progress, 66 supervision, 64 training, 66 Home equipment, 29 furnishings, 82 gardener, 53 improvement, 81 industries, 84 marketing, 84 planning, 21 program development, 85 Honey cooperative, 37 jelly, 36 marketing, 25 production, 36 state and county fairs, 37 Tupelo, 37 House equipment, 81 furnishings, 81 Hou s ehold textiles, 68 Irri g ation, 28 Jami s on, F. S., 60 Jen s en, A. S., 50 Johnson, J. M., 27 Joiner, J. N., 15 King, Emily, 78 Lawrence, Fred P., 42 Layer management, 54 Lighting, 28 Live s tock production, 77 McElwee, E . W . , 53 McLendon, H. S., 58 Mc'.\fullen, K. S., 19 95

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96 Florida, Coopemtive Extension Machinery, farm, 27 Management, citrus grove, 22 resources, 84 Marketing, 24 activities, 85 agreements, 25 avocado, 25 eggs and poultry, 25 home, 84 honey, 25 outlook, 26 potatoes, 25 poultry and eggs, 54 Markets, farmers, 25 Materials, teaching, 49 Meal planning, 72 Mehrhof, N. R., 54 Merchandising, 62 Methods, teaching, 22 Montelaro, James, 60 Moore, J. S., .54 Murphree, Clyde E., 21 Myers, F. E,., 60 Negro adult programs, 89 agents' conference, 90 farm demonstration work, 87 4-H activities, 41,90 4-H Camps, 91 4-H Clubs, 88 home demonstration work, 89 statistical report, 91 Newspaper service, 16 Nieland, L. T., 18,50 Nursery industry, 53 Nutrition, 72 Organization, home demonstration, 64 Ornamental Horticulture, 53 O'Steen, A. W., 54 Outlook, 21 Pace, J. E., 34 Parvin, F. W., 7 Pasture management, 47 Perry, F. S., 19 Personnel training, 9 Pettis, A. M., 28 Planning, cooperatively, 11 Planting forests, 10 Platt, W. J., Jr., 19 Point IV Program, 11 Potato marketing, 25 Poultry, 54,56 association, 57 Institute, 57 Power supplier cooperation, 29 Processing facilities, 27 Production guides, 60,31 Production, honey, 36 Programs, development, 9 Publications, list, 15 Pullets, growing, 54 Radio, 16,62 Reaves, C. W., 44 Recordings, tape, 16 Resource management, 84 Retired farmers, 21 Rosenberger, S. E., 62 Safety, 18 Savage, Zach, 22 Seed, crop, 31 Shelter plantings, 52 Sikes, Anna Mae, 64 Simpson, Katherine, 68 Skinner, T. C., 27 Smith, J. Lee, 19 Soil and water conservation, 10,58 State fair, 91 State organizations, 25 State programs, development; 9 Statistical report, 11 Structures, farm, 27 Supervision, home demonstration, 64 Tape recordings, 16,62 Teaching methods, 22 Telephones, rural, 30 Testing cow, 45 Textiles, 68 Training of foreign visitors, 10 Training personnel, 9 Training programs, electricity, 29 Tupelo gum, 51 honey,37 Turkey management, 56 TV, 16 Vegetable activities, 62 Advisory Committee, 9 field days, 62 merchandising, 60 production, 60,76 training, 61 Visual aid equipment, 15 Warren, Alma, 70 Watkins, M. 0., 7 Wildlife management, 10 Windbreaks, 52 Wiring, 28