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UNIVERSITY of UF FLORIDAm te IFAS Extension * I Dr. Kenneth Cassman visits UF Feature on Page 6 Volume 32:4 April 2008 Special Feature: UFDepartments bring Renown Agronomist to UF ................................. Page 6 Features..... Forage Follow-up on Forage Potential of Edible Peanut ......... Page 2 Forages and Sulfur Fertilization....................................... Page 2 Hay, Forage, and Weather Updates for Florida ......... Page 3 Planting Forages and Minimizing Risks ........................... Page 2 Soybeans Soybean Maturity Group and Planting Date ..................Page 5 Increased Soybean Acreage ...............................................Page 7 Seeding Rates for Narrow and Wide Row Soybeans...Page 8 Weed Control Slender-leaf Goldenrod Control in Pastures ..................Page 8 Does Your Pesticide Storage Facility M measure Up? ............. ......... .............................Page 9 Late Season Burndown in Cotton .......................................Page 10 Miscellaneous Calendar Dates .......... ........................Page 5 Cover Crops ... ....................................................................Page 7 Sulfur Fertilization of Crops................................................Page 7 Volunteers Needed to Read on Florida Ag Literacy Day ........................................................ Page 10 Upcoming Field Days Everglades REC, Belle Glade, FL, Tues., April 8 For more information: http://erec.ifas.ufl.edu or call (561) 993-4702 n our March issue of Agronomy Notes, we discussed the forage potential of edible peanuts. It is important to remind producers that many of the herbicides commonly used for edible peanut production (Cadre, Valor, Prowl, etc), or fungicides, restrict grazing or haying the peanut vines. We realized that some people do bale peanut vines but this is an illegal practice if they have used pesticides that restrict feeding. Some of the newer cultivars do have levels of leaf spot and rust resistance that would permit the successful use of peanut vine for grazing or haying without the use of fungicide, however, weed control applications may still be required. Dr. Yoana Newman, Dr. Jason Ferrell Extension Forage Specialist Extension Weed Specialist vcnew(@iufl.edu iferrell(@iufl.edu As mentioned in the Spring weather outlook, April and May are usually too dry in Florida. These month are not ideal for establishing pastures as they are risky for planting if in rain- fed conditions. This year because of the predicted drier than normal conditions due to La Nina, the risk of establishment failure seems to increase unless you have irrigation. Instead of planting, use this dry period to prepare the field using the dry conditions to your advantage. Make sure you do your lime application if your soil test calls for it, and do it ahead of time before starting the land preparation. Do the planning now for summer planting; contact your seed provider, plan for conditioning of the seed if planting vegetative material, and make arrangements toward that so you can be ready when the summer rains start. Our somewhat unique conditions in Florida make it ideal for summer planting (remember summer time is hurricane season, and even in dry years, it is in summer when we receive most of the rainfall in the majority of Florida). Planting in summer time will minimize your risk when establishing pastures if you have prepared your seed bed well and have a weed free planting area. As much as possible plant into a moist or humid seedbed. Dr. Yoana Newman When planting pastures, adequate sulfur supply to the forage plant in the top soil (top 6 inches) is important because these new areas, particularly in sandy soils, are low in organic matter and the newly established forage plant is in the process of developing a root system and may not be able to uptake sulfur available at lower depth. Sulfur is a secondary nutrient together with calcium and magnesium; 'secondary' meaning that these are nutrients required in lesser amounts than the primary nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Sulfur is essential in proteins and is important for nitrogen fixation in legumes. Sulfur is mobile and in sandy soils it tends to leach more compared to soils that have more content of clay. The suggested recommendations for forage crops in sulfur deficient areas is to apply 5 lb per expected ton of dry matter. If anticipating a yield of 5 tons of dry matter, the rate of sulfur to use should be about 20 to 25 lb per acre. Dr. Yoana Newman Extension Forage Specialist, ycnew@ufl.edu Agronomy Notes Pa Hay, Forage, and Weather Updates for Florida March 24, 2008 Following is an update on hay and forage production as well as weather conditions for Florida. This update provides a perspective of where we are in pasture and hay production. There is also the Spring weather update for strategic and critical decision making. Drought Monitor March 18, 2008 http://drought unl.edu/dmn intensity DO Abnomialy Dry Di Olmighl Mcdarctte U D2 Ormighl S-CE!Ir4 DA ODA I hrnijgl DA Ornlgh, F-IT.Ophonal North Florida Current forage production in the North West area is good although set back due to frost in the last week of March. The Florida Panhandle is gradually recovering its moisture. In this quarter some areas have received 17 inches of rainfall. Ponds are filled, soil moisture is replenished. Within this context, winter forage production is good despite the warm temperatures and the slow start due to the dry soil conditions on which these forages were planted. Hay prices for bahiagrass are $40-50/round bale. In the North East, the hay supply is good. There is plenty of hay in the barn. Many areas in this part of the state do not have much winter pasture grown because the rains needed at planting were not there. Pastures are in 'overgrazed' condition with presence of many winter annual weeds. At present many producers are feeding hay until bahiagrass comes out. Hay prices for bahiagrass in the northeast are $45-55/round bale; high quality nay is $, 5-ou/round Dale; sc range from $ 5.5 to 7.5/bale. Central Florida Central Florida winter weather has been favorable with intermittent but well distribute allowing for adequate ryegrass production. The water table is close to ideal conditions areas. Price of round bales in Central East Florida is $45-50 for bahiagrass, and up to $ bermudagrass hay; square bales are approx. $ 8/bale. South Florida South Florida remains under the influence of severe drought conditions but there seem release with spotty rainfall events. The local hay supply has been used but there is a fa hay brought from neighboring states. Hay prices for bahiagrass round bales in south F -45 and $48-52 for bermudagrass. SAgronom) * [om uare Dales d rainfall in some ;70 for s to be some iir supply of lorida are $40 /Notes Pac Current Weather Conditions Moderate La Nifia (colder than normal ocean temperatures along the equator in tt Pacific Ocean) conditions that developed during this fall and winter has likely rec and will continue at least through the month of April. La Nifia is well known to t conditions and warmer weather to the Southeast in the colder months (November While the threat of a dry winter did not fully materialize in the northern parts oft counties in south Florida remain under severe (most of the southwest including C Charlotte, Desoto, and Sarasota) or extreme (Glades, parts of Highlands) drough Spring Weather Outlook Spring in Florida is generally dry due to the weakness of two important mechanisms by which rainfall reaches the state. The polar jet stream rarely passes into the Deep South causing frontal rainfall to become less frequent than during the winter. The other reason is that the stable air flowing from high pressure systems over the Atlantic 'L ~ Ocean continues during the spring and reduces convectional and . STHREE-MONTH OUTLOOK convergent rainfall, our main source TEMPERATURE PROBRBILITY 0. 5 MONTH LERD of summer rain. VRLrD RMJ 2008 rMADE 20 RMR 2008 Looking at historical rainfall measurements from past La Nifia Temperature outlookforApril-May-June .,i. i,, episodes, April generally brings a above normal temperature across most of the south weak tendency for drier than normal conditions over the Florida peninsula. The most recent released drought outlook www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/expertassessment/seasondrought.gif) calls f( persist in the southwest region of the state during the next three months. Warmer also expected to persist through June across Florida. Keep this forecast in mind when planning the 'planting of your pastures' and for cultural practices on those that are already established. (For more information ch( about 'Pasture Establishment and Minimizing Risk'). Dr. Yoana Newman Dr. Clyde Fraisse Extension Climate Specialist Extension Forage Specialist ycnew@ufl.edu cfraisse@ufl.edu [ ie eastern and central iched its peak intensity typically bring drier through March). he state, several ollier, Hendry, Lee, t conditions. i. higher chances for hern U.S.A. (http:// or drought conditions to than normal weather is implementation of eck article on page 10 Igronomy Notes Pac Soybean Maturity Group and Planting Date Several years of research with group V-VIII soybean shows that the opt soybean is early May through the second week of June. Earlier planting result in lower soybean yield. The long juvenile soybean that was dev( allow higher yields at early and later planting. However, even these va yields planted during the recommended planting date of May 10 to June 15. Pla earlier is normally better than planting a week or two later than the recommend are more group V, VI, and VII soybean on the market than there are group VIII were developed for the deep south and the acreage has been low in these states many cases, group V and VI soybean will do better under rainfed conditions th because they mature earlier and need good soil moisture during the months of September. Group VII and VIII soybean will need good soil moisture through October. Group V soybean will normally be ready to harvest by about October soybean will be ready to harvest around November 7-10. The other groups will 10 days apart. Dr. David Wri North Florida REC Upcoming Field Days April 8 Everglades REC, Belle Glade, FL For more information: http://erec.ifas.ufl.edu or c April 11 Goat Field Day, FAMU Research & Extension Quincy, FL For information, www.famu.edu/herds Professional Society Meetings May 12-14 Southern Peanut and Forage Crops Improvem Knoxville, TN June 1-4 Florida State Horticultural Society and Crop Society of Florida Meeting, Marriott North, Ft. June 17 19 2008 Florida Cattleman's Association Convenl Marco Island, FL July 13-17 Caribbean Food Crops Society Meeting Miami, FL Hosted by UF/IFAS July 13-15 Southern Peanut Growers Conference Edgewater Beach Resort, Panama City Beach, FI imum planting date for g or later planting will loped by Dr. Hinson will rieties will have higher nting a week or two ed planting period. There . The later group beans in the last 10-15 years. In an later group soybean August and early September and early 7-10 while group VIII fall in between about 7 - ght, Extension Agronomist , Quincy, wright@ufl.edu all (561) 993-4702 Center lent Conference Science Lauderdale, FL tion Agronomy Notes Pag I UF Departments bring Renown Agronomist to UF Lecture available on-line at https://swsde.ifas.ufl edu/ I were pleased to host a visit to the UF campus by Dr. Kenneth Cassman on March 5-6. Dr. Cassman is Professor and Director of the Nebraska Center for Energy Sciences Research and former Head of the Department ofAgronomy and Horticulture at the University ofNebraska. Dr Cassman is an international leader in agronomy and soil science, and his recent work on the use of crops as sources of bioenergy has gained broad attention. During his two-day visit to campus, Dr. Cassman presented a lecture entitled Biofuels, Global Food Security, Land-Use Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions and this lecture is available on-line at the link above. Once the page is accessed, there's no need to log on. Scroll about halfway down the page and click on "Ken Cassman," and the video will load. During his visit, Dr. Cassman also addressed the Graduate Agronomy Seminar class on the topic of Trends in Crop Yield Potential and Ecological Intensification ofAgriculture. In addition, Dr. Cassman discussed issues related to energy Dr. Kenneth Cassman visits UF. production, especially the production of bioenergy crops, with Courtesy Photo: University ofNebraska about 60 students in two other courses, and met with Agronomy and Soil and Water Department faculty and graduate students, as well as with members of the IFAS administration. Dr. Cassman shared considerable scientific expertise, enthusiasm, and excitement for the work he has been doing and certainly stimulated our scientific thinking on issues associated with the rapidly expanding use of crops for energy production. Jerry M. Bennett, Chair and Professor Agronomy Department University of Florida jmbt@ufl.edu Agronomy Notes Pa "Agronomy Notes" is prepared by: J.M. Bennett, Chairman and Yoana Newman, Extension Forage Specialist ( tic ,, !1 ci...ll i J.A. Ferrell, Extension Agronomist (jaferrell@ifas.ufl.edu); F.M. Fishel, Pesticide Coordinator (weeddr@ifas.ufl.edu); Clyde Fraisse, Extension Forage Specialist (cfraisse@ufl.edu), Brent Sellers, Extension Weed Scientist (bsellers@ufl.edu); and D.L. Wright, Extension Agronomist (dlw@ifas.ufl.edu). Designed by Cynthia Hight (chight@ufl.edu.) The use of trade names does not constitute a guarantee or warrant of products named and does not signify approval to the exclusion of similar products. the current price and the price of fertilizer and inputs that other crops Seed should be purchased early to make sure that you get better variety for the Deep South can be found on the web at www.griffin.uga.edu/s recommended soybean varieties are already taken and varieties will h, maturity group without a lot of information on them (Maturity Group more to residual fertility than to direct fertilization but can respond to testing low or very low. There are several good Roundup Ready varie growing soybean much easier than using conventional varieties from should be planted in rows 30"-36" apart with subsoiling in the row. M inoculated with the proper inoculant (Rhizobium japonicum) at plantii soybean plants can fix their own nitrogen for good plant growth and y high yield and should not be grown in the same field more than once i C over crops have value in producing nitrogen if it is a legume. All grass and legume cover crops act as a reservoir for maintain after they are killed. Cover crops help to increase water holding capac up soil moisture for the crop that is to be planted behind it if it turns o killed early enough. As the cover crop degrades it provides energy fo carbon dioxide. Caution exchange capacity of the soil can be increase by cover crops. It is important to kill the cover crop at least three and advance of planting the crop. This practice helps to eliminate soil inse drying. It is much easier to plant through dried cover crops than those( coulters have to slice through the soil ahead of the subsoil shank. that contain little or no sulfur. Most of the crops require 15-20 lbs/A this amount of sulfur should be applied with nitrogen or as Potassium magnesia or other sulfur containing fertilizers. Growers may use nitro sulfur when applying split applications and when sidedressing the cro sulfur from leaching along with nitrogen. Dr. David Wright, Extension Agronomist North Florida REC, Quincy wright@ufl.edu The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Employment Opporl Affirmative Action Employer authorized to provide research educational information and services only to individuals and institutions that function without regard to race, color, se, handicap or national origin. For information on obtaining other extension publications, c your county Cooperative Extension Office. Florida Cooperative Extension Service/Instit Food and Agricultural Sciences/University of Florida/Larry Arrington, Dean. interest in soybean this year than in the past 10 years due to require in greater amounts. :ies. Soybean performance trials wvt. However, most of the ave to be grown for the proper V-VII). Soybean responds potassium applications on soils ties on the market that make 10-12 years ago. Soybean [ake sure the seeds are ng to ensure that the young ield. Good rotation is critical to n three years. Dr. David Wright ning nutrients in the topsoil ity of the soil but may also use ut dry or if the cover crop is not r microorganisms releasing d and soil structure improved preferably four or five weeks in :cts and to keep soil from that are wilted and tough when Dr. David Wright Sany of the fertilizers that are used today are high analysis materials of sulfur for best yields. At least sulfate, sulfate of potash gen materials that contain 3-5% p. This practice will help keep Agronomy Notes Pa I tunity- other x, age, contact ute of Soybeans are usually grown in 36" rows by most producers and this comes from tradition of having to cultivate. However, this is no longer the case with roundup Ready soybean. Herbicide resistant weeds are making it more necessary to keep residual herbicides in the program. Seeding rates will be different for different row spacings. Normally we suggest 7-9 seeds per foot of row in 36" rows which amounts to about 40-45 lbs of seed per acre de- pending on seed size. With no-till drilled beans in 10" rows, 3-4 seeds per foot of row are required or about 65 lbs of seed per acre. If a conventional drill is used with 7" spacing, about 2-3 seed are needed or about 75 lbs of seed per acre. If conditions are optimal at planting a few less seed can be used but if conditions are harsh at planting higher seeding rates are needed as well as for late plantings in July. Yields are normally highest planted in 30-36 inch rows when planting during the recommended dates of May 15-June 15 as compared to more narrow rows. Very late plantings should have more narrow rows to take advantage of light, water, and nutrients from plants that are smaller. Dr. David Wright, Extension Agronomist North Florida REC, Quincy, wright@ufl.edu Slender-leaf Goldenrod Control in Pastures Slender-leaf goldenrod (Euthamia caroliniana), commonly called flat-top goldenrod, is found throughout Florida. Its native range extends from Louisiana to Nova Scotia, with many different ecotypes throughout. In Florida, this weed is found in 'older' pastures that have not been well managed and likely have low soil pH. Many of us do not notice this weed until it begins to flower from August through November; a point in time where an herbicide application is not beneficial. ~ Slender-leaf goldenrod is a perennial plant that spreads by both seed as well as creeping rhizomes. Individual leaves are up to 8 cm long and 3 to 5 mm wide with 1-5 visible veins. At maturity, individual plants can reach heights of 3 to 4 feet. The flowers are 1 s yellow. S'. l Control of slender-leaf goldenrod is not easy once plants have become established in a pasture. Therefore, the first step is prevention. Slender-leaf goldenrod prefers acidic soils; maintaining the proper soil pH for optimum forage growth will limit infestations of this weed. Once established, however, there are very few herbicide options. If plants are 15 inches tall or greater, no herbicide available for use in pasture will provide adequate control. Slender-leaf goldenrod with yellow blooms. In fact, all the herbicides available for the pasture market did not even injure slender-leaf goldenrod when applied at flowering. The Photo: Brent Sellers only time control with herbicides has been successful is the early spring when plants are beginning new growth. Apply 3 to 4 pints/ acre of WeedMaster (banvel + 2,4-D) to plants less than 15 inches tall (April to May). This application rate should provide 80 to 95% control of this weed species. Brent A. Sellers, Extension Weed Scientist Range Cattle REC, Ona AgronomyNotes sellersb@ufl.edu L 1 I Does Your Pesticide Storage Facility Measure Up? It's one of those jobs that we say we'll get around to doing on a rainy day cleaning up and evaluating the pesticide storage facility. If you've ever seen a facility such as the one shown on the left, then you know that a little effort can save lots of future work and headaches. Anyone managing an agricultural production firm that has had a FDACS pesticide use inspection understands that the storage component of the inspection is straightforward Basically, inspectors will check for 3 items: An example of improper storage ofpesticides. > Are restricted use pesticides stored in a (Not at UF, of course!) secure manner? That is, are they kept under Photos on this page: Fred Fishel lock and key with signage indicating their presence as in the photo on the right? : Are pesticides stored according to label directions? Are they labeled and their containers capped? 4> Does the condition of the storage area appear not to injure or endanger water/humans/wildlife/livestock/crops? There are several simple things that can also be done to improve the logistics of the facility. Some of these are relatively inexpensive; others cost nothing. A facility designated as a "pesticide storage facility" should be just that only containers holding pesticides. Paint, solvents, fuels, lubricants, PPE, tools, equipment, food, feed, medicines, clothing, and all other such articles belong somewhere else. Materials and cleaning supplies for the facility. Does the facility have a spill kit? Accidents, large and small, don't keep calendars and clocks. They are a potential to happen at any facility at any time. Spill kits are relatively simple, and contain such items including a shovel, broom, dust pan, absorbent materials and a hazardous materials-rated drum. Many of these items can be held in a 5-gallon drum as in the photo on the left. Post an Emergency Contact List. When and if an accident occurs, will you know who to contact? An emergency contact list can be made and posted at the facility. Materials used for keeping storage facility records. Ask yourself if you can remember when the product arrived at the facility. If the arrival date is not labeled on the container or package, often you will not know. A simple notebook that lists the inventory by product and arrival date is a great and easy way to track what comes in and out of the facility. In the photo, ours is shown in notebook fashion attached to a shelf with the inventory. 4 If it's not a pesticide or one of those materials mentioned, then it belongs somewhere else. You don't have to wait for the rainy day, or worse an accident, to inspect and make any upgrades to the facility. Dr. Fred Fishel, Pesticide Information Officer weeddr@ifas.ufl.edu Agronomy NoesPa The most critical time for weed control in any crop is during the first 6 to 8 weeks after emergence. This demonstrates the importance of "starting clean" an effective preplant burndown program. The most common weeds we encounter at this time are wild radish and cutleaf eveningprimrose. These weeds can be easily controlled with 2,4-D, but the application must be made 30 days prior to planting due to potential crop injury. Although 2,4-D is the least expensive option, the 30 day window is often missed and other herbicides must be used. Below is a list of herbicides that can be used for preplant burndown less than 30 days prior to planting. Although these herbicides will be more expensive than 2,4-D, they can offer greater flexibility if a 2,4 -D application can not be made 30 days prior to planting Herbicide Effectiveness on wild radish Planting delay and cutleaf evening primrose Clarity 8 oz/A Good to excellent on both 21 days and 1" of rainfall species Valor 1 to 2 oz Fair to good on primrose and Strip-tillage: 15 days and 1" rainfall for good on wild radish 1 oz and 21 days for 2 oz. Harmony Extra Fair on primrose, excellent on 14 days 0.5 oz wild radish Dr. Jason Ferrell Extension Weed Specialist jferrell@ufl.edu The Board of Directors and staff of the Florida Agriculture in the Classroom, Inc. (FAITC) invites you to participate in Florida Agricultural Literacy Day. Florida agriculture industry volunteers are asked to visit elementary school classrooms around the state and read a special book written for the fifth anniversary of the event called These Florida Farms! and talk with K-5th grade students about the importance of Florida agriculture. These Florida Farms! by Gary Seamans of FDACS' Division of Marketing is a rhyming book in which students learn about Florida agriculture by touring farms around the state with a safari guide. It's readers' responsibility to schedule classroom visits. While volunteers are encouraged to read on Ag Literacy Day (April 10) they may choose another day. However, readings should be completed by the end of the school year, and classroom visits should be scheduled at least two weeks in advance as some school districts may require volunteers register before they are allowed on school grounds. To register, either visit FAITC's website at www.agtag.org and fill out the form by Friday March 28. Once registration is received, FAITC will send a book, a lesson related to the book, classroom sets of bookmarks and other materials. Agronomy Notes |