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FI UNIVERSITY of UFFLORIDA IFAS Extension MAgrononiy Votes Vo8ume 32:1 Features... Corn, Cotton, Soybeans Check Economics of Crops before Planting in 2008 Topdress Small Grain with Nitrogen in Late January or early February Forage Living Needs for Florida Pastures Peanuts Peanut Inoculation Weed Cotfroe Thistle Control Miscectaneous Keeping Connected Calendar January 2008 Page 2 Page 2 Page 3 Page 5 Page 4 Page 3 Page 5 The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Employment Opportunity- A lirmaliie Action Employer authorized to provide research educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function without regard to race, color, sex, age, handicap or national origin. For information on obtaining other extension publications, contact your county Cooperative Extension Office. Florida Cooperative Extension Service/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences/University of Florida/Larry Arrington, Dean. eOecq ecoomiCS of crops Oefore growing tnIe in 2008 With fertilizer and fuel prices at the highest prices ever, study the production cost of each crop prior to committing to growing them. Corn often requires as much as 500 Ibs/A of total N, P, K nutrients and requires more water than most agronomic crops. The nutrients alone would cost close to $300/A at current prices. Cotton and peanut are among the most drought tolerant row crops and can do well with limited or no irrigation. Soybeans normally grow best on heavy soils with good water holding capacity and can also be double cropped with small grain and after corn. All of these factors have to be reviewed when growing crops in the new year. When planning your planting, be aware that the spring of 2008 is projected to be drier and warmer than normal. Plant as early as possible for all crops since moisture generally becomes more limiting later into the spring if dry conditions persist. Dr. David Wright, Extension Agronomist North Florida REC, Quincy wright(q@ufl.cdu Topdress Smnaee gains witA Nitrogen iln ate January or early Feruary Small grains should be topdressed with nitrogen no later than early February. Small grains will be tillering usually by early to mid January if it has been planted timely. Herbicide may be applied with the nitrogen application to control broadleaf weeds by late January to keep weeds from becoming too big for effective control. Growers generally use nitrogen with sulfur since most of our soils are deficient in sulfur. Growers can use 16-19% solutions of nitrogen with sulfur which are usually cheaper per unit of nitrogen than the more concentrated 28-32% nitrogen solution. However, more volume is needed to get the same rate (28-32%) when using the low nitrogen concentration solution (16-19%.) About 90-120 lbs of total nitrogen per acre is enough to make top yields. The total amount of nitrogen needed depends on soil type, previous crops, and rainfall amount. Additional nitrogen can be applied about 4-5 weeks after the January February early application if needed. Dr. David Wright, Extension Agronomist North Florida REC, Quincy wright@ufl.edu Agronomy Notes P4 -" \grnnolmy Notes" is prepared by: J.M. Bennett, Chairman and Yoana Newman, Extension Forage Specialist (\Lcnew i'ull.cdul; J.A. Ferrell, Extension Agronomist tjialIrrc.llhit.il ull cdu). F.M. Fis- hel, Pesticide Coordinator (weeddr@ifas.utl.edu); Clyde Fraissc. Extension Climate Specialist (cfr;ii.s.,.eUiull cdu); James J. Marois, Extension Agronomist (ilnaroilnr ull.edui; and D.L. Wright, Extension *\grononlisi (dluI @iis ull.tdu). Designed by Cynthia Hight. The use of trade names does not constitute a guarantee or warrant of products named and does not signify approval to the exclusion of similar products. tifhing Needs for FHorida Pastares\ The reason for liming pastures is to guarantee the right soil conditions for the pasture plant to take up the soil nutrients. If the soil pH is not the correct one, soil nutrients will not be available for the plant to absorb them. In many cases, raising the pH of the soil by applying lime makes the nutrients available at less cost than applying those nutrients through inorganic fertilizer. Only apply lime when your soil test recommendation calls for it otherwise you might be spoiling what might be an existing good soil condition, plus if it is not needed you are just wasting money. The soil pH, or soil reaction, is a measure of the degree of acidity or alkalinity of the soil. A soil pH -. reading of 7.0 is neutral, below 7.0 is acid, and above 7.0 is basic or alkaline. The target pH for most Storage crops is slightly acidic (6.0); perennial peanut has a target F pH of 6.0; cool-season annual So ... : .-. grasses, 6.0. Most legumes will require a slightly higher pH: warm -season legumes or legume-grass mixtures, 6.5; soybeans, 6.5. However, for perennial warm- season 'bahiagrass' the target pH is 5.5 for any fertilization management intensity used (High-N, Medium-N, or Low-N fertilization). And for limpograss the target pH is one of the lowest at 5.0. Whichever the pasture plant, this soil pH will only be determined by doing a soil test. The coming months. January and February, are timely for lime application, particularly if you are plant ing new areas or renovating others. Dr. Yoana Newman Extension Forage Specialist ycnew@ufl.edu UNIVERSITY of I FLOR Keeping Connected I FAS Extension UF/IFAS For a list ing of hInsects, Mites En tomology and Nem atology and other topics. check: newsletter available at http :U,/pests. i fas. u fl.ed u/ http://,e nt new s.ifas.ufl.edu/ Agronosey Notes P fAist e Cotrol January is a time when most people are not thinking about pasture maintenance. But right now is when thistles are the most productive. In January, most thistles are still in the rosette stage (a small ring of leaves on top of the ground) and are easily overlooked. However, as warm weather approaches the thistle will send up a stalk and produce a flower. A single thistle plant can produce at least 4,000 seeds that will drift in the wind andproduce higher thistle populations in the pasture the following year. Consequently, management practices need to be conducted prior to flower formation for effective thistle control. Even if thistles have not infested your pasture in the past, it is ideal that your pastures are scouted in late fall through mid-spring to ensure that thistles do not get out of control. New infestations are easier to manage than large-scale populations. Although there are at least nine different species of thistle in Florida, most are closely related and control recommendations will not differ. As a general rule, thistles in the rosette stage are much easier, and cheaper, to control than thistles that are flowering (Table 1). If caught early, a few dollars per acre of 2,4-D ester is the best solution. This application is best made when daytime temperatures are consistently in the 60s. Applications made during a cold snap can decrease activity. Herbicide Thistle Growth Stage Rate $/A" Rosetteb Bolting' Flowering 2,4-D 2 qt/A 6 90 85 40 Weedmaster Weedaster 2 pt/A 6 95 90 55 Remedy 2 pt/A 21 95 90 75 Pasturegard 3 pt/A 18 95 90 70 Milestone Milestone oA 11 99 95 90 a Approximate herbicide costs. b The rosette stage is when the thistle forms a low-growing ring of leaves. c The bolting stage is when the thistle forms a stalk and prepares to flower. -'ot' is the time to quickly scout your pastures and determine if enough thistles are present to S require a herbicide application. If so, spraying early will always be easier and provide much greater dividends. For more information on thistle control, check the reference titled: Thistle Control in Pastures at h11p:' cd is. ifas.utl.cdu AG253. Dr. Jason Ferrell, Extension Weed Specialist jferrell( ufl.edu Agronomy Notes Pc There is much speculation about whether to inocul to be inoculated and if newer, higher yielding varie older varieties. A study was conducted in 2007 with three of the nc McCloud to compare inoculated with non inoculate planting methods. Tillage did not affect nut yield with 4297 lb acre-' strip till a\ raged across inoculations and cultivars. without loss of yield and can reduce input costs anc treatments had slightly higher yield than non-inocu harrowed), but results were reversed in strip till tre; the inoculated and 4299 Ibs acre-' for the non-inocu in bahiagrass for 3 years and had not been in peanu Results from this study indicate that inoc old or new varieties ofpeanuts ifpeanuts h year However, cultivars varied in yield with Florida 07 1 by AP-3, 4371, and McCloud, 4335. Yield different AP-3 in conventional tillage with non-inoculation I than non-inoculated AP-3. Dr. David Wright, Extension Agronomist, North Florida REC, Quincy \wright(@ufl.cdu January 26-31 American For; Louisville, Ken January 29-30 19th Annual F at the Best Wes http://confcrenc February 3-5 Southern Asso Dallas, Texas July 13-17 Caribbean Fo( Miami, FL H ate peanuts each year and how often they need ties have a greater need to be inoculated than ewer peanut variety ics, Florida 07, AP-3, and xd plots over conventional and strip tillage for conventional tillage and 4372 lbs acre' for These data indicate that tillage can be reduced I increase net economic return. Inoculated lated plots in conventional tillage (turned and atment. Peanut yields were 4371 lbs acre-' for elation treatments even though the area had been Its for more than 6 years. elation may not be important for either iave been grown in the fields within five 's. having highest yield of 4668 lbs acre-' followed ce was only detected between Florida 07 and Florida 07 being significantly higher yielding age and Grassland Council (AFGC) tucky lorida Ruminant Nutritional Symposium tern Gateway Grand in Gainesville, FL :c. ifs.ufl.edu/ruminant ciation of Agricultural Scientists (SAAS) )d Crops Society Meeti osted by UF/IFAS ng AgronomyyNotes P |