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INTRODUCTORY.
To him who, in the love of Natore, holds
(ommunion with her r'ltble flarm-, e qpoak
SA various lauk e.--BaXn.
IN NOrmAl
triem, whi
"-Birds of
*
ology there are certain birds okad in tropical coun-
ch on amount of their gorgeous plumage, are called
Paradise i 'and
frtiticulture,
orange,
lemq, and the citrpn,
with
U TLruits ofd Ptadise."
ruit.^ : -4 "
equal
propriety,
might
Among the vafted fruits
termed
own or
ny 'ime,
what equals them in beauty, in form, or
Ittee ilf, with its symmetrical shape, its evngreen
syxnq ^,na
frk a- Li
*
Z h *m wri*
Kin dom-wth
o .
its&
its golden
the
mild
neing In fragrance the whole Flora
n fruit hanging in the bright sunlight,
silvery rays of 'the moon, excels an2
came
delectable
r-t,
fruit,
in and history i
t. fruit for ae gods ?
stolen, by tome myth-
Galled
En Elysium, like the fire by Prometheus
bis celebrated work on The Citrun a Faily,
(page
4ive the following long but otenNely interesting seeount of
tIbgative country, origiti and in tc.tion into Europe, which I
, ., -
(p4Jemgth: 4.
A'eaan0Lf .ad lemon trees were uoDn to the BEcizEm ai,'ir tLI
a -. -- .k. .. *- -
d. WaUgenow la xn
Lgm I /~p' P1 b, '.r .t
wem Uths gnrt
i euzpr, yet
o~tal bofd.a
BRoma,
jr'4 a,
-St^^b
4'*
a'c
Ba4
N >1L
t..-tii Ja ,
aan
iM Mie
drrJifi
* >...
~I
L'II
olqio al
s^ttillabT
,j 'mtpj i
^ ifl"
B n
1NTBODU
to ui tat It wra no naturalized there tUUill long water, ke u ortain tbatwa
etiryunkown there as well as in wpe It o t, at the the
dtcover of. the Cape of Good Hopm. the Portugee foud many droama tli-
garea upon the eaterm no of *frWqa, -n t*Qbi j of UtbiopLa wkret Ro
m haSd jverpetrated; but they foud time trm only in garden, d In a
statee &of lomueaity, and we do not know but that the Arabs, who had cMtivate
them in Egpt, in Syria, and in Bxbmy, bad puett d iuo.thWes countries In
the first years of their conqueU. Thre nu ., 'tblU, or ut 'only to se: the
native country of the orange in Southern ua4a s-ha- to ay, in those vaa con-
trle. known under the geperul name of EaMt Ine Rut th.we P l 44
pat known to the Rom who, sine the discovery of themi aT, a4de by
ppduu, carried their aritim e oosa ar a MAro, (Iamf im; tithda
off the southeat coat of Ara4 -TnuA.) byway d*e )6 pk
tion of which employed a great number of vo l, ad whoee
1g to Pliny, should have been valued at ty million stec T.)
per SanUm. Their fle had pdwt-ted even toPtum e
pears to have been the present Ceylon; anl, altho uh th e hVOlh o m
fve yn of fatigue and danger. neMve, ths thira
Rome bhad multiplied to the lut degree th vtals eoml
mut believe, then, that the lemon and ora l did o
o ray d of this die a Iof the ls, sad
that rS e ad the Qao ; otiMri
Roaa meraat-wre the mtroe cI
at lewne at ltion made or them in at
fro thoaeent tmem It wn x).tbl
jkn the river Indmn to the Expbrate, we ve
e o Aa capins; th Tr,
ohre^ ^dMertpbofan of P a i
hfe b~dthuohby a IU of/a
^ Ae 1^~S~t~n~i~t~on M*^ < thu O oT. tr oa ; y^e 8
Iu the panMt1 Indto his a phm, my*i
bei at girtlly of all the tre o pholie.
rugyoaa t t-a ratio o ra arfl the
fysi in public *od
brd aaw In ttt unknown ite iag o vbe
ai that we reWgDb.e maize, whiaM bee istrdebd : 5
qoo bgj. .)P~~ ~ 1C ~? -~
7' 4? ^ ''C *'^^^VTT^Tt T~ r ^y ^~7^
1# *k .
t, MT9bs OuMbto4.
4B p
PTl.Bt
*.
row*d
INTRODUOTOBY.
the sdi of India, as far as it was ever carried during- the empire; the power of
Rome instead of increasing, only becaml'6weaker from this period; and the fall
of the Western portion was accompanied in Europe by the decay of letters, arts;
agriculture and commerce. In this general overturn, the Greeks preserved, it is
true, with a taSte for arts and luxury, some relations with India, but trade with
those countries had never taken other cotife than by way of the' Red Sea, and
this was closed from the seventh century by the Arabian invasion of Egypt, which
soon followed the invasion'of Arabia by the Batbarians of the west. (Ethiopians T.)
The commerce of these rich lands must then have taken a much longer and
more dangers routq. The traders were obliged, after going down the Indus, to
reascend that stream, and by the Bactrea (Bolkh) to reach the Oxus-'and final-
ly, by the last pass into the Caspean Sea, from whence they went into the Black
Sea by the river Ddn. But thislong and dangerous' voyage was never underta-
ken by the traders of Constantinople; they would not have been able to trav-
erse with safety such an extent of country partly a desert, and in part inhabited
by wandering tribes, most of them nations with whom they were nearly always
at war, who were destined in the end to swallow the Greek Empire.
They therefore limited themaelvies to receiving upon the borders of the CGa-
pew Sea, the merchandise of India, brought to them by intermediate people.
One can scuarely realize that in such a state of affairs the orange tree could pars
into Europe, for this beautiful pmrt tf the world had never been in so general dt-
order aor had so little intercourse with India. Her luxury and commerce ire
nealy annihilated, and the Araians, whom the new religion of Mahdmetren-
deoed fanatics and ,conqueres, menaced on one side the tottering empire of the
Greeku, and os the other threatened to plunge into barbarism the ett, jut b
ginning to bQivilized. Yet it was precisely at this point of time, andby th4e
conquering spiritof this people that the great changes were prepared thien uhdtiid
revive and extend further than ever before the commercial relatiofl of Eurt
with b Aa to of Asia herself with the more distant regions of her own "tn ent.
The Aed in a country which binds togethbrthree grand divisk of the
globe, have;ittoded their conquests into Asia and Africa much fartherui n' any
people befom them. Masters of the Red Sea, and Mediterranean, they hSliUMadhd
all the African coast this side of Atlas, and penetrated beyond to the teglon of the
Troglodytes, (Ethiopianslivi6g in caves-Trans.,) theancient limit of the Roman
establishments on the east .ooeftf this continent; they had made settlements there,
and acIording to the testimony of a historian of the country, cited by Barros, they .
had populated in the fourth century of the Hegira, (A. D. 944,) theotowns of
Brave, Mombas and Quiloa, whence they extended themselves to Sofulo, Melinda
and ~be islands of Bemba, Zanzibar, Monfra, Comoro and 'Bt. Laurent. On
the sQi of -sia they had carried their conquests in the third century of the Hegi-
ra, to the extremities of the Relnahar, and towards the middle of the fourth oen-
te, under the Selucide. they lad established a colony at Kashgar, the usual
r cf aravans to Torolanr a to China, and which, according to Albufeda,
(<4i per mad hitoriAi of Damascus, Trans.,) I situated ia lol tude 87 deg.
(6rdeg., B7 mIn. Trans..) mnquently they had penetrated vwy far'Into Ada.
Neve rld then been in Ada an empire s vPY aind never had the commeror
r ons so near Europe been pushed so Ni tnto India.
rt "tbna thus advahtageoua Ad favorable to the commercial spirit and love
Vr U~;c~f-
ms thqigr had ooumend, oa to th edjob ag ooauelta Ftod of nadite
se rgiourJ, il which they hbrve ipealy excelled, ad < the pleam t the
Wp orumt, La whkchth M hrve lweu dih they ontued to pltwith
iFn, r from t| adractgu fusd by their stemIs, ad the lo cenm s
wa tbaqaed. kIndad, Is dto a9w wa e n onweae edw g f emr
plnt pem n aad OMriemal wwuh u aM, nuatl, nW mmd
It wM the Arabs who turlld I Bpi wurdlni, ed Nd I. the oUe.
hr oaf ( oAMc aed the ugar-ane of IndLa: Md n tbeir amdsl we fr tom tf t
toi hw t of te hemiial ohage known a- dNelation, yhi sli U n to bkw
maibted in the duitre to atsJ from ntran tle petp of Pewmr el 1
4 b them .ot eurprdog h we ae a idebtd to thbs for the cAS dthn i Sr
the ogse ad lew on teeypi, Africa ed ome Europem dl. It M
wtrman hat the ange was known to their phyritoa from the a4oehaua of
the firth oe tuy o th Hegi The gen la h I ANtSii ,
the recipe for mang l with orange, end their eed (ozUm -m a asa,
rossux na ouzaoumzau sammaeu. MAT Bay., 68,) d Avdloomi fno
died laSO4 ef the gira, ((10) baa added the juice of the o de qq Tmp'
( auao r an Oa ciaorm~~Am onIT (atrodj,) n or Eonns se*maM
eqaa(uumdgu)." Tbhe two atbiea -a e tob. ftsmpl ithn
I have x a med with ca the authuistb arom who paod
inno other tle ht t relatin totheeoe, evewho sea artbe dt
roaany, otawordo oraoge o lemoa. Ilmn obeeruvd, oathe tomy, titAviL
aen, tlils rep fori Ui glm p rile( wIt i Pt mei rne
tblpl., anmowince. it-an oepoud of isown Invt. TI~cl6mtMea.
wumM m U thas tbi rit hadbees wan but asinw btanito
SM#wae i r vd thae to prv&rtatIt migit, at on, pe into (they,
IWkrbp ID Atlao Turtq, ooi.irin Bagda Taam.) ad bia e
~ eeapu which Je welo owneetd by pOslio i* hi
at.e pwmumoatue, aad sheir ivabitat were moe dM.eedm, thea b,
t, or ridm. ML pauoby Miod nport by the lKtaed M.kta t
wWte to b tr bd f a writer d te telh rotdr a w atoCI,
aeems to ooar a r deerp tais no jot 4 to deterumi e lbeiir i thim
ev.t It aoore with al the data JSt gi/tra, d with hbtoieito t he
.alced He U.pr Ms a mtleet "Te r'd oul n ctrodj ridawn
bouSbt from Indt aeso the ywo a of the Hegir. It wau rnt owd b hOma
(pot d a, T) from tooeomwrild tofi, (ps t OI Pri, s)
d 8yrSa becoming very oomnon in the hboe of Taum d ot.er be .
oCs c Byria, at Antcbh, upon the oo of Syria, in Pautin ad li Ibrp6.
On bkMw It not beaorq but it lot iuch dof theswt odor ad oie coa rt. I
laM i. ITi. beoame it had not the maslit o, Sand ab thS ia p sb
lar to that country" T sm perd ltle a
.tevt ooea, tor e no meomtQoof either in the Drm mor iwjL-
oeo, bt e dMruuIpti Umets our eyeIn alla tb wore oi rana wmt dea.
tu-b osturye, ecily b-Btar,w b a to it i
wy o tmpe reedi u.e PlJt i thiis tin of thte atiSe na pUfa^
Pwktn# Ba;r~3kdesBahe The Imperl liJJ-t th Mb'w suCte uern
!NToDVUwOUT 91
tbe ntth a havi MM in a a toty of India and Chn, ded Ot tM
Hegira, (A. PT .O T.)odwhItsh 1a' M-lt war printd Pint PIa 1fg
th wrlte ha4poekeha of ti laefmk a. fit dmndin Oha. tM .lflaw
wbo enwkne e brei rI, i.raned tha w end huams nP lamwiid y a
nuuor e. As b a te m d tM o m Jb mi nwf
merely cfioi 'Terefore this history, far from proving that the Arabs knw a
mon te M Pth imsiod, rovs qult, tha e amt wmm- at nel t Wath
century our em ~ ths e warlike people enrlchmd with whne tram the gaen
of Oman, (.a SO tl Arabia, Tnd ) whet they wl
.r.. ad .5pt t. wa tMee oastrime thy patd inW htu y ad4pSa,
rhp who lnto 9icil.
Leon of Otla, tells us that 100% a pctie of S b lmapmwmmL tln. qpl
(poa c aswA) tthe Nanr pales who had sold MA m athe &Iaa L
Th eflou prclo o0rfat aeed by t(i author appeve to mo he ignP
truM like Rth dSa tb se th e c dtraon it, ithe n mm zmder s ua of
rrITI, or Of MALA MEDIOA.
It i thue tI e aould fooagni t(he omap la the tem n-m m epa of by
)iM oudi in a pMeg already quced. Ths oonJectue aa moid ith -no W
events ad dat Tb Arbts invaded' dly about the begnlg d l natn
century, (888,) the orange was taken from India to ArbnI sr Ptu UM 1 S f
the Bhcgfb4 be to esy, ebty in the ninth entmy of aur nt. '1e uae
apple it leaM d' Ofz d from 18at, an d ns ag ad objet mt ne ad
pwsonu esugh to be offend gift- to pjrluc Tau w bha baetwem H a
tndUetiot into Arbia, and prop again in icl n te tnt i mdy sUfl7 .
dsr to coatonn ta tomKof Mamrofld, l et M a ppo U ir me
tug wmbrreak from b aUa oe thhity or fotim- year M-r-ay abtet 0
Hgira, If we .UoW r gaty yea5 ior ia tppagtloa I paaie, fptap Bubu,
madrally twat ,yeaM for Us atmnfaUoml In in oly, we mi prlry t tate.u
Tal bween oe poh ad the mwr.
A pesle in he Io of Blly, by NitoolUaim a wrMttt in thle
teeth oent, gre aill men probbhlty to thl apinioa.
eThe m rit la r by theYt of he Dt n tuke olCml
in lD ia, t tvlat Mitof Pamn Pant a didt aos m emema tan
qpuP, (btiMu. add,) oaled by the pepie among, whi hiad Sund dan Mold
tha, tshe waX pea. of 00hb. (Nieolae Ip k. 7, e. 19.)
Tb. aa 0 ibis given to thin royac pi anor ape, mNOto r tr to the fIl
of the Arabic rule, it L probably derived hom the AM i rord eS'obth, Santh
1.3U o arh, phrgp some gpad dom upoa thim oonmyhoeoe fi thepl -e
its aane
Thee da, however, do t appear to mn seat m ety Strog to ambet the
stht otda way relabbe hMriodz, who mays expab, tha theo lem the
aong trem Wie nnot kwn in Ihy or Prana at in othlr part of ChdtatfrUE.
rope la th th ceotry. SBch are the word oa Jaoque de Vitry, in peak-
ing c Syrian treeinhis hIoy i Jerumalo. Te testluxmy o thiS bt aop, whn
oght to an known tlme acuftri, would ppar to have ano w~d t than
isag mtecwn. baud upon neoningo from aogy. Wh aver be the is
rMbd ofr tanped with thepia pd ompatk4 idand by u with
nm 0 i b w1 always be deaive 'mpMis Lake Grda mad CU S
of Lla aSd PAbna
VmI INTKODUOYOBY.
were nbimown, not only in the tenth but even in the eleventh century. fut ao
etraordinary event, destined to chnge the fae of Eutope, ws to o n anew to
the pople'of.the West the etranmce to Syria ad Paline.: Thb4s also the
time whe :the:sOwadea which began at the cloe of the eleventh century (1096,
r.), sgawakened among Europeans he sprit of commerce and atamte for art and
hlmy. .
i tfThbe ( naders entered Asia Minor as onquerors, and thence read themselves
aM rader into all parts of Adk.. They were not mere soldiers, but brave men
d3swn from their fpmiliee by religious enthiulasm, and who, in conequenee, would
oi fast to thek country end their homes. They could not see without coveting
these charming trees which embellished the vicinity of Jerusalem, with whose ex-
quiite frita Nature has favored theeHmates of Asia.
It-was, indeed, at this time that Etrope enriched its orchards by many of these
kree. and that the French prince. canied into their country the damson, the St.
Catharine (a pair, Tr.), the apricot, from Alexandria and other specieslndigenous
to thoae regions.
S- ilians, Genoeae andProvincals transported to bSlermo, St. Remo and Hyeres
the lemon and orange trees. Hear what a historian of the thirteenth century says
to uo on thi subject; he had been in Palestine with the Cresdes, ad his word
should have great weight-,
Jaequm de Vitry expremed himself thueo--"Bedde many tree eaItated in
Italy, Qonos France, and other part of urpe, we Bad here (in Palmse) spe-
di peeular to the country, and of which some e sterile and odn bear fruit.
HBe are trees being very beautiful apple-the color ot the httro-upon which
is distinctly en the mark of a man's tooth. This has given them .the common
name of poame d' Adam (Adm's appl)-othes, produce sour frlt, of a din-
geMab e taste (pontci), which are called limous. Their uice i Med for mseaon-
ing too* bamse it is cool, pricks the palate, and provokes appetite.. We sho
see eedas of Lebanon, very fine and tall, but srile. There. is a species of cedar,
called cedre maritime, whose plant lb mail but productive, giving very fine fruits
-as large as a man's head. Some call them ctr or pommes citrneas. These
frtsemi e formed of a triple ubstanoe, ad have three different tate. The first
le.wamm, .the second is emperate, the last is oold. Same my that this is tefruit
of wich b Godommaded in Leviticus--Take you the first day of thl year the
fruit of the finest tree," We see in this country mothbe' species ofB ctrine apples,
bor by mall trees aad of which the cool pat is lem and of a digreeable and
adcd tute-tha the& native call "reng."
8ehold.th.e te Adsm's apple, the lemon, dte itron, and the bigarde found
in Palestine by.the Crusaders, and regarded a new trees foreign to Europe.
This p gdoss at ood ai far a the citron concerned, with what Pal-
ladiu says. He telkus that this plant wa in his time, cultivated in ardinia
sad in Sdly. But. wes m, by Jacques de Vhry, that the citron of Palstne wm
dbtla piishis by the etracdinauy se of Its fruit, equal to a man's head. ad it
mist bkebl thi lamt w a variety unknown to Europe.
I a4, 'tna~ed, only, sine t~h epoch that we and in European histians and
wkae upoc agrsiouture any matio. of thus tram. Doutlem the Aaian had
d n tated them in Africa ad Spain, where the tpratre favcod s
ama thiIr prout DoubtlI Lip. I Ia dse put of Italy tesr the cte ol
INTRODUCTORY.
work of a doctor of medicine of Mantu, writing near the middle
century. He uay-
"The lemon Il one of the species of Qltrine apples, which are four in number.
First, citron. Secondly, range, (citrangulum,) 6f which we have apbken before.
Thirdly, the lemon. Fourthly, the fruit vugarly dcal~lhna. These four specdi
are very well known, principally in Ligurls. The legion is a hsdiote friit, of
fine odor. Its form is more oblong than that of the orange, and, like the orange,
it's full of a sharp, acid Juice, very proper for seasoning meats. They mAkel o
its flower odoriferous waters, ft for the use of the luxuriou.
"The tiees of these four species are very similar add all are thorned. The
* U
leaves of the citron and lime are larger and less deeply colored than thomseof the
orange or lemon. The lemon is composed 4 fur dierent substanes, well a
the citron, lime and orange. It has an outer skin, not as deep hi color s that of
the orange, but which has more of the white. It is hot and bit n, thuB it shows
Its bitter taste. The second skin or pith, between the outr skin mid the e, it
white, cold, and difficult to gest. The third substance is its juioe, which it
sharp, and of a strong adcid, which will expel worms, and Is very cold. The
fourth Is the seed, which, likp that'bf the orange, is warm, dry and bitter."' (Se6
Mat. SilV., Pandecta Medicin, fol. 125.)
This testimony of Bilvaticus is strengthened by all the author who have written
upon the dcitrus. Tre is not one but Is convinced that these trees were for a long
time very rare in Itmt qnd in France, and that Liguria alone ha traded tha
sine they were fM known there. Sicily and the kingdom of Naples cultivated1
perhaps before the LIjuana, the citron and orange trees; but in spite e ad-
vantage of climate, itWs only, as objects of curioity, limited to some delightful
spots. This fact i es tablished by the manner in which moqt writersof the twelfth
century exprem themnibves on this subject. Hugo Falandus, who wrote of the
exploits of the Nprmans in Sicily, from 1145 to 1109, saw there lume and oran-
ges, and points them out as singular plants, whose culture was still very tare.
(Hugo Falcadu See Muratori, Rerum Itallcarm crIptores.)
Ebn-AI-Awam, an Arabian writer upon agriculture it Seville, near the end of
the twelfth century, and whose work, translated into Spanish, was published at
Madrid in 1809, bpeks as if the culture were very much extended in 0pdn. Abd-
Allatlf, Oo was cotemporay with the las-named author, ephimelf in
like manner, and decribs also a nunm
Egypt-a dIrcumutanoe howling that -t
protem wa slower in Italy and France
firs nto them parts s a variety of dt
rope wri ter under the generic name a
of Prhane the people had known it front
limon-a name which has come down t
In fact, we find it in botanical works
sometime citrus media. The last w
er ofat varieties cultivated In his tme in
hee trees had greatly multiple. Ther
. It appears that hi lemon tree, brought
on, was for a long time designated by Eu-
of dtrus, although in Ttaly and the South
the beginning nder the'proper name of
o us without m bmitting to any change
called dtrd itmon, or mala ona, and
as indefinitely used to degnate' lemon,
citron and orange, and very often the genus citrus.
The orange appeared in Italy under the name of orenges, which the people
modiied according to the pronunciations of the different sections, into aranglo,
mar o, aram, rmano, citrone, cetrangolo, melaruado, melangolo, aranelo.
One meet mas ceslvely all these names in works of the thirteenth, fourteenth and
fMa na, rmniwlm manh sA thma anf nun Wplane lnan 1a le Anmnial&t 'RIondua
INTRODUOTORY,
Leandro AlbertI, and several others. The Provencals also received this tree un-
der the name of orenges, and have changed it from time to.tims in different pro-
vince, into arrange, sirange, orange and finally orange. (See Glomry of the
Roman language, by Roquefort.)
During several centuries the Latin authors found themselves embarrassed in dee-
ignating this fruit, which had no name in that language. The first who spoke of
it used a phrase indicating its characteristic, accompanying it with the popular
name of arangi, latinized into orenges, arangi, asantiumn.
Thus, Jacques de Vitry, who calls the orange poma citrina, adds, "The Arabs
call them orenges." And Nicolas 8pedall designated them as pommes aigre
(acripomorum arbore, observing tiht the people call them arangius. These have
been followed by Blondus Flavius and many others. Matheus Silvatlcus first
gave to the orange the name of citrangulum, and this denomination seems to have
been followed for a long time by physicians and translators of Arabic works, who
have very generally adopted it for rendering the Arabic word, arindj.
Thus, citrangulum was received for more than a century in the language of
science. Finally, little by little, were adopted the vulgar Latinized name in use
among other writers, such as authors of chronicles, etc., and they have written
successively, arangium, arandum, arantium, anarantium, nerantium, aurantunm,
pomen aureum. The Greeks followed in the same step. They have either Gre-
clanied the name of narenge, which was in use among Syrian Arab, or they re-
ceived it from the Crusaders from the Holy Land, and have adopted it in their
language, calling it nerantzion. These have, however, always 'been considered
vulgar names, and, in general, the better Latin writers have made me of the ge-
neric name, citrus, for designating the Agrumi.
This usage, followed by moat of the writers on history and choreography, often
occasions uncertainty and difficulty in researches concerning the beginning of this
culture in the different countries where these trees have been introduced. The
use of it as eamoning for food, brought from Palestine to Liguria, to Provnce, and
to Sidly, penetrated to the interior of Italy and France. The taste for confections
was propagated in Europe with the introduction of sugar, and this delicate food
became at once a necemry article to men in easy 'drcunmtance, anw a luxury
upon all table. It was, above all, as confections, that the Agrumi entered into
commerce, and we see by the records of Savona that they were meat into cold
parts of Italy, where people were very greedy for them.
After having cultivated these specie for the use made of their fruits, they soon
cultivated them as ornaments for the gardens. The monks began to fill witi these
trees the courts of their monasteries, in climates suited to their continual growth,
and soon one found no convent not surrounded by them. Indeed, the courts and
gardens of these houses show us now trees of great age, and it 1i said that the old
tree, of which we see now a rejeton in the court of the convent of St. Sabina, at
Rome, was planted by St. Dominic, about the year 1i00. This fact has no other
foundation than tradition, but this tradition, preserved for many centuries, not
only among the monks of the convent, buateso among the clergy of Rome, t re-
ported by Augustin Gallo, who, in 1IO, speaks of this orange as a tree
since time Immemorial.
must at at refer it to
century, at the la et
If we refuse to attribute its planting to St. I
a period son after, that is, to the end of the
. t .- a -- _* 3 ._* t^ -- L-----
TIThODUTTO RY.
ges, or tra of our apples (pommet alpe.), which he regards a rare plants,
embellishing the 'pleasure-home df Cubba.
Blondus Flavius, a writer of the middle of the following century, speaks of the
orange on the coast of Amalfl (a city of Naples, '
yet had no name in mdentifc language, (Blond.Flav.
extols the valleys of Rapallo and Ban Remo, In L
dtruu, a rare tree in, Italy. Cugue ager (Ban Remo,)
palmanqu, arborum n Italia ariair un, ferax. (1
296.) Lastly, Herre de Cremcenui, senator of Bol
treatise on agriculture, speaks only of the citron tree.
kr.) a a new plant, which as
SItal. Illu., p. 420), and he
igurla, for the culture of the
these are hbis words, et dtri,
Blond. Favy., Ital. Illust., p.
logna, who wrote in 1800 a
We find in his expreions
no hint of lemon a orange. The culture oS these trees, then, had been begun in
the fourteenth century only in a few places, but was extended in proportion as
arts and luxury advanced the civilization of Europe.
The onge was from the first valued not alone for the beauty of Its foliage and
quality of Its fruit, of which the juice was used in medicine, but also for the
aroma of its flowers, of which esences were made. Pharmacists have employed
with success the juice of the lemoi-in making medicines.
The orange tree must have been taken to Provence about the time it entered
Liguria. It is to be presumed that the city of Hyeras, so celebrated for the soft.
neo of its climate and the fertility of its soil, received it from the Crusaders, be-
care from this port the expeditions to the Holy Land took their departure. We
see, indeed, that it was greatly multiplied there, and in 1566 the plantations of
oranges within its territory were so extensive and well-grown as to present the a-
pect of a forest.
The territory of Nice, so advantageously placed between Ligurlaand Provence,
would necesmrily receive from its neighbors a tree sosuited to the aoftnes of its
climate, sheltered by the Alps, and to the nature of its soil, fertilized by abundant
waters. It appear that the culture had already greatly extended towards the
middle of the fourteenth century, as we find in the history of Dauphiny that the
Dauphin Humbert, returning from Naples in 1386, bought at Nice twenty plants
of orange trees. (Hist. of Dauphiny, bk. 2, p. 271.)
From Napls and Sicily the orange and lemon trees must have been carried into
the loman States into Sardinia and Corsica and to Malta. The islands of the
Archipelago perhaps first received them, because, belonging in great part to the
Genoaee and Venetiane, it is probable they were'the interhedlate points whence
the Cruader of Genoa and Venice transported the plants to their homes. From
thee miles the tree have afterwards spread into the delightful coast of Salo on the
shores of Lake Garde, where, in Gallo's time (1589,) they were regarded as accli-
mated from time immemorial. Finally, the orange and the lemon penetrated into
the older latitudes, and perhaps, one owes to the desire of enjoying their flowers
and fruit the invention of hot-houses, afterwards called orangeries. (The name
of arangere is a modern word in the
use it-he oalls this kind of inclosure
has no wrd sponing precisely to c
equivalent wads, such a arancier,
nrtuoc bk. 1, p. 74. But the ancen
ths tress by the 'phrme, Stansone
tats thy call thsm rimeme. In o
of nre (Incure). Matioll says, thi
French language. Olivier de Berre does not
orange-houses, p. 688. The Italian language
,rangery. We find in some modern authors,
cedroniera, citronera. Fontana, Dilzonario
t writers styled these places for preserving
per i cedri. In Tascany and the Roman
other places they are known under the name
st in his time they cultivated the angels in
* Ct S SW .
XII INTRODUCTORY.
dens of the interior, but he says nothing of the.placew for aefterflg them. Gallo
speaks of rnoomsde ne to reelve th boxes of oeage. ^h'were wery
numerous at Breids, but he does not'designae them by rin'ltL r non
The Lat write also ued a periphdm. Ferrl-s =its 4, hi-
bernum. Others call it ells citrria.)
This agricultural luxury wrs unknown in Euore bfor the introduction of the
citron-tree, We Afid not theleast trace of It ettb&hti ieek or tIJIt writers.
It Is true that from the tine of the Empa t Tfhevtat Ba, they endcomd
melons in ceftn portable bores of wood, w*ih wfte eXpoaed to the tm In winter
to make the 'fruit grow out of season. These loures were cunred from the
effects of cold by she's or fram, and received the dun's rays thlrtgiapdl ha-
nous stones, (specularia,) which hel the placef of r glass. But it seems they
used no fire for heating them, and that they merely enclosed taus indgenous
plants, of which they wished to force te fruiting out of eason, it bete a specu-
lation of the cultivtor rather than a luxihrio ornament for embelldtng the gar-
dens. (Pi~ny, bk. 19, chap 5, p. 886, and Oolumell, bk. 9, ohap. 8, p. 41) It
is after the introduction of the citron tree into Europe that we begin to find among
the ancients examples of artificldd coverings and shelters against Cold. Pallclius
Is the first who speaks of these coverings, but only a appropriate for the citron,
and gives no description of them. Florentin, who wrote probably after him, de-
cribes them at more length, and it seems by his expresdonu that in hit time the
citron was covered in the bad meaaon by wooden roofs, which could be withdrawn
when there was no occasion to defend them from cold, and which, also, could be
arranged to secure for them the rays of the sun. (Florent. bk. 10, chap. 7, p. 219.)
This agricultural luxury, which began to appear about the time of Palladius
and otenttin, .must have been entirely destroyed in Italy by the Ivadion of the
barbarians. I have remarked that Pierre de Creseoati, whp wrote a treatise on
agriculture in 1300, while treating of the citon, speaks only of walls to defend it
froni the north, and of aome covers of straw. Brunsdus and Antonina, quoted by
1yirengel, have thought to find in the Statutes of Charlemagne indications of a hot-
house. I have closely examined the artlci) cited by those writers, (it Comment.
de reb. Franc. orient, bk. %, p. 902, etc.,) but have not fobld* a word that could
make me believe this means of preserving delicate plants was employed at that
period. I have even remarked that in these ordinance many pllmts sre named
which Charlemagne ed to have in h fields, but no word to be construedinto
ordering a shelter for aiy, unless the fig ad almond. It is atonishing that hav-
hng spoken in detail of all the parts of the house, of laboring utend s the mos
ordinary-and even of those of housekeeping-he forgot an object of sadch gret
luxury s a hot-house. But in proportion as dcviliutlon and commerce Incresed
I
i
J
riches and extravagance, the fruit of this tree became more sought for, sand at the
hme time, more common; whilst, above a, the properties of the new spaes
just Introduced extended its use in me&noe, in reesble drinks, and a
a luxury of the table. At first they were in cold countries only a foreign pro-
duction procured from the South, but afterwards the people began to covet from
the more happy climates the ornament of these trees, and to wish, above all, to
embellish with them their gardens. In temperate climes they beqn to eutis
them in vases, depositing them during winter In caves; and in the caid.s
the neceilty of struggling against nature, gave the idea of onstnrcttg
mun.. whioh nmnl ha hA tAr at nlAnanm h flnr. 'an'd which' WOld shabtet re
INTRODUTORY. XIII
It la difficult to fix the date at which they began to build edi0ces for protection
of oranges. The oldest trace of it that I have been able to And, is furnished by a
passage In the history of Dauphiny, dated 1886, (we find in this history, printed
at Geneva in 1792, an extract from an account of expenses made by Humbert, the
Dauphin, In his voyage of Naples in 1886. In the expenses for the return we se
the sum of ten tarins-the tarin was the thirtieth part of an ounce of Naples-for
the purchase of twenty orange plants. Item pro arboribus viginti de plants aran-
giounm ad plantandum taren. X. Sit. of Daup., bk 2, p. 276.) This, it is true,
offers few circumstantial details for fixing the fact that the princes of Dauphiny
had really, at that time, an orangery; but as this historian tells us that Humbert
bought at Nice twenty roots of rangers for a plantation, (ad plantandum,) it is
to be supposed that he had in his palace at Vienna a place designed to preserve
them in the winter; for, without this precaution, they certainly would have
perished in the rigorous climate of Dauphiny. (In southwest part of France. Tr.)
This luxury must have passed immediately into the capital of France, and
though I have not yet found in history indications of these establishments before
1500, it is very probable that they were known there about the middle of the four-
teenth century.
The celebrated tree, preserved still in the orangery at Versailles, under the name
of Francis First, or Grand Bourbon, was taken from the Constable of Bourbon, in
the seizure made of his goods in 1528. And this prince, who, it is said, possessed
it for eighty years, could not have kept it except in an orangery. (The orange
tree at Vermslles, known as Francis Premier, is the most beautiful tree that I have
sen in a box. It is twenty feet high, and extends its branches to a circumference
of forty feet Spite of that I scarcely believe that this fine stalk dates from the
fourteenth century. It is too vigorous, and the skin is too smooth, to be able to
count so many years. It is probable that in so long a course of time it has been
cut, and that the present tree is a sprout from the old root. This might have oc-
curred after the frost of 1709, which penetrated even into sheltered places. One
circumstance gives foundation to this conjecture. This tree is composed of two
stalks, which both come out of the earth, and have a common stock. This is
never the way the tree grows by nature, still less in a state of culture, and from
rooted held in vases. I have mostly remarked it in the greater-number of trees
growing upon a stump which had been razeed at the level of the ground. In such
case one is forced to leave two suckers, because the s being very abundant,
could hot develop itself in one shoot. It would experience a sort of reaction
which would suuocate the stump and make it perish. This is a well-knowa fact
in the South, where we cultivate largely the orange, and where the trees of
double stems are generally recognized as rejetons, or suckers from old roots.)
After all these data, we are authorized to think that in the fourteenth century
they .had begun already to erect buildiap designed to create for exotic plants an
artificial climate. But at the beginning dof the fifteenth century orangerie passed
from king gardens to those of the people, chiefly in countries where they were
not compelled to heat them by fire, as in Brescia, Rmagna and Tuscany. (See
Matioll, who ays that in his day the orange was cultivated in Italy, in all the
wtdeqs of the interior, where certainly it could not live, unless in orangeries.
DMo c. 18. We also find in 8prengPl's History of Botany, that in this country
tbes wee at that time many botanical gardens where they cultivated exotic
plen-. circumstance which presupposes the necessity of hom-bows)
XIV
INTBODUOTORY.
About the middle of the seventeenth century this luxury was very general, and
we see distinguished by their magnificence and grandeur, the orangeries of the
Farnese family at Parma, of the Cardinal Xantes, Aldobrandini and Plo, at
Rome, of the Elector Palatin at Heidelberg, (Olv. de Ser., p. 688,) of Louis
Thirteenth, in France; and even at Ghent, in Belgium, that of M. de Hellibuul,
who imported plants from Genoa, and carried his tabllahment to the last degree
of magnificence. (See Ferraris, p. 150, wherj he describes the orangery of M. de
Hellibusi at Ghent, and that of Louis Thirtedhth at Part. The latter has been
replaced by that of Versailles, of which the magnificence renders it perhaps the
finest monument of this kind to be found in Europe.)
We now see orangeries in all the civilized parts of Europe, it being an embel-
lishment necessary to all country-eats and houses of pleasure.
I
THE ORANGE IN FLORIDA.
From all accounts the orange is not in
although vast groves of wild orange trees e
of the State. It was nevertheless brought i
probably in the beginning of their conquest
of the sixteenth century.
The wild orange has a bitter, acrid tas
some, agrees with that grown in modern di
as thb "Seville Orange." Whatever its
cultivation, budding and importation, it
changed, and the "Florida Orange" for its
vor, has gained a reputation second to none
- On coming to Florida for the first time i
I found orange culture the great industry
where I would, orange groves and their cull
theme of conversation. Indeed, -the "orani
gious, and very few visitors to the "Land
without imbibing some of its contagion.
gation, I found there was good cause for th
digenous to Florida,
exist in different parts
here by the Spaniards
ts, in the early part
te, and
ays in
origin i
a a
according, to
Spain, known
n Florida by
has become greatly
size, beauty and fla-
in existence.
n the winter of 1876,
y of the State. Go
ture was the principal
ge fever" was conta-
of flowers" escaped
However, on inveuti-
Le enthusiasm.
When it is known that a small
an acre of land, in full bearing
come of from a thousand to two
L
a
ten acres, an inomoe of ten thous
wondered at, that people beoome
their culture?
nually twelve
Th
grove of c
audition, y
thousand d
and dollars
so wild s
ere is a tree near
Palatk a
ne hundred trees on
fields annually an in-
ollars, or a grove of
or more--is it to be
nd enthusiastic
that prod ue.'f.
I-
thousand oranges.'
Ai -s A at
INTEODUOTORY.
apple, peach, pear, &c.,
that
had different kinds of insect enemies,
"Myriads on myriads
Keen in the poiaon'd breeze would wasteful eat
Through bud and bark into the blackened core."
which lived on the foliage, fed on the sap,
or otherwise proved
destructive.
I also learnedthat they in their turn
were preyed
upon by others.
Among the most injurious of these were various kinds of Bark-
Lice or Scale I iects, (Coceida,) which frequently killed the tree
or damaged it to such an extent as to cause whole branches to die
back, and otherwise retarded the growth and
vigor of
tree.
The majority of these I found had been
imported from foreign
shores, and had been taken up
"On the wing of the heavy gales
Through the boundless arch of heaven."
to lodge again on trees in other groves, until they were distribu-
ted to all parts of the State.
dollars are annually lost to orange-growers from
the depredations of these pests.
Having always had a "hobby"
for bugs and
"curious creatures
every kind,
immediately
set to worlc reading
up, studying and
investigating their habits.
Within the past two years, I
have
received
so many commum-
cations from parties
over
State, requesting information
in regard to these insects, and feeling that the publication of my
studies and researches would fill a want long needed by the orange-
grower, I have concluded to
publish them
book-form, laying
no claim to literary merit, but only desiring that they may prove
valuable to
the fruit-grower, by enabling
him to discern friends
from foes, and after
vestigate and
learning their
habits, stimulate
methods for
to in-
their de-
struction.
Having thus briefly given my reasons for bringing myself be-
fore the public, after having given a short account of the orange-
tree, I will now proceed to treat of its insect inhabitants-friends
an4 foes
Thousands of
experiment for successful
THE
LONG, OR
MUSSEL-SHELL
SCALE.
(Mytitsapi
[Atpidiotuw]
Oloverii,
Packard.)
[Ord., HaoIP A.
Fam., Cocoma.]
BIBLIOGdRAPIdAL.
Aepidietu O!verii, Packard, Guide to Study of InPMOt.
jL
The first of the
many
scale
insects of the orange tree to be
treated of, is
Long Scale,
or Muasel-Shell
Scale, named
Prof.
Packard,
A piditue
(GloVwrii,
after
Townend
Glover,
recently of the Agricultural
Department at
According to the latest revision of the
Washington, D. 0.
Signoret,
of Fiance, it belongs properly to the genus
Mytilapie, but as it
. generally known
in Florida
under the name of ABpidiota ,
iave still, in brackets, retained that name for it.
ITS IMPORTATION
AND 8pBeAD.
In the year 1885,
making itt
(date given
on some orange
appearance in th
me,) it
trees
imported
first brought into
from China, first
grove of Dr. Robinson, at
lannr
a small
town
on the
Johns
River,
about
'tiWe
niles frm
Jacksonville.
a few years, it had spread to the
wres throughout Florida, carrying devastation and
ver it went.
wher-
So great was the damage that orange growers be-
same
discourage, and
orange
culture
was nearly annihilated.
any grove
that
been
yielding
handsome
incomes,
wre
totally destroyed.
ultuoi
Happily,
lom numerous,
revived, and tl
however, in a few years
orange trees
result
were.
is seen
the eales
planted,
in the
their
rapidly growing
datSy
Florida, today, produces between fifty and sixty mil-
pa f ared
or three
years will
double that num.
n mN DODUOMO N
Ime O
rLOw)DA.
Cocidc by KM.
again
I I
ORANGE IN8UmWi
"This insect first
made
its appearate in
Florida, in Robin-
son's grove, at Mandarin, on
St. John's, in
1888, (this date
is evidently a mistake,) on i
which had been procured in
;ome
New
trees of the
SYork. In
Mandarin orange,
the course of three
or four years'they had spread to the nf
the distance of tpn miles, and were the
neighboring plantations, to
most
rapid
their mi-
grations
'direction
of the
prevailing
winds,- which
evi-
dently
aided
them in
their
movements.
1840,
Smith, of
I 11*i
St. Augunhe, obtained some orange .trees from Man-
t ~ r 'r j^ / v 1, I r *n j l m
darin and had them planted in his front yard.
Firom these eo
the insects went to others in the same enclosure, and rapidly ex-
tended themselves to the trees and
and westerly parts of that city and
plantations to
northerly
/vicinity, obvioumy aided
their
there
migrations
almost
daily
by the
during
southeast trade winds, which
summer;
what
blow
is remarkable,
these'insects were occupied nearly three
yeas in reaching trees
in the southeast
side of
city, only about
half a mile from
their
original
point
attack.
They have sin.e, however
tended themselves to all the trees in and alout the city, but have
not yet traveled in any directti beyond two miles.
in their dispersion by birds and other natural cau
Being aided
se, impossible
to guard against, they must eventually attack most i. oti
trees in Florida
for the wild orange groves suffer
which have been
cultivated, and
no difference
ceivtidn their ravages between old and young trees, nor
vigorous and decayed ones.
"Various remedies have been
such,as fumigating the trees with
with lime, potash,
tried to
arrest theirproun
tobacco-smoke, covering them
sulphur, shellac, glue, and other visoidand4.e
nacious
substances
mired with
clay
quick-lime, salt,
etc.; bt
all have failed, partially .or entirely, and
it appears
notto be in
inqignifioant
, the power of man to
prevent
the ravages of -the
insidious
destroyers.
Most
cultvated
oranges
Florida
have
already
been
branches having been.mostl1
it is true, remain alive, and
injured.
their'
Destroyed. Th rbostems,
annually send forth a rop 9 yopgg
shoots, only to share the fate of their p ed.cuor.
The
. 4
if
t
i 1I
I
the,
type
ORANGwe
mn-.
the means which nature has provided to check their increase, are
various species
of birds that devour inconceivable numbers of
them, and the ooccidc are invariably accompanied by considera-
ble numbers of yellow lady-bugs, (cocinella.) which, it has been
conjectured, have been appointed to keep them down."
Many other
insects
are found
preying
upon
them,
which
shall describe further on.
METHOD OF SPREADING.
Various, theories in regardto the manner in which these insects
spread from tree to
gated
published
tree and grove to grove, have been
i in different .journals, particularly
promul-
y in the
Florida papery. In m
ways of transportation
opinion,
First, on
there are but three principal
nursery stock; second, by the
wind; third, on the fruit itself.
ON NUSEBTY IYMOK.
From reliable authorities we
learn
that the specie
under con-
sideration, was imported into Florida in this way, and in like man-
ner distributed to other groves, until to-day, it is, I believe, found
in the United States wherever the orange is cultivated.
BY THE
WINDS.
In
the i
extended
*
early. aed
aided in.tl
blow there
able, these
ing trees ii
mil from
and fall, j
numerous
h ur iow
I e.bom.
fL- >I: Tflft
pport
this,
went to
Mr.
Browyn
others
themselves to
westerly
says,
"From
these
same enclosure, and
the trees and plantations in
parts of the city
eir migrations
almost
insects
daily
were
s by the
during
occupied
southeast side
their original
ast when
ti
we have (
blowing at
e y
hur
the
point of
trees,
rapidly
north-
vicinity, obviously
southeast trade winds,
summer;
d nearly
of the
and
three
city,
attack."
young insects
heaviest
rate of
which
what is remark-
years in reach-
only
about half
Now, in the spring
are hatching,
storpns,
! forty,
meet
sometimes
fifty,
or more miles
During one of these storms, I have often een leaves,
ea n^Ln^ !tnaaUatil
1
regular
s~h~a
__ ^fria
kkwunjki*AA
vqJrb
ohrxes
8fow
but a
eaMy,
then,
would it
few atome
weight,
teede and pollen of plant
borne
ho i eda
lad
mile
,be for tame
to e narnied
flowers, twa
through the
to 4ies.
&I be
I~h~a.
The
arei
.. ri
original strtizg point.
Woold it then
cm
be Wv
for these small iasects to be carrid in like
'aes
O TH FrUIT rr1 nm.
Townenq Glover, in his
scale,
some lemons from Bermuda.
other on.)
Citrico
Report for 1855, st. th 4tb L
was
imported
Ser oa4
(See facowt of Oval
Scale; for-
If any one will take the trouble to
or lemons brought into the northerza
find icales on some of them.
dealers
a -. --
These
every part of. the covanbr, sad in
of the different
eNsamine izorted oran se
market, he cannot fail to
ranges -,are sent by fruit-
species of inaect are distributed.
mahner many
ITS NaTITAL
IsOrBY.
The elongated, dark brown scale, (Fig.
1, twig f.ted,)Y oon-
sadting of a series of successive waxy meretion., (
-t
L
)
co ncak l
Je*rfnl
be my
Aspidiotus
a.
p
1 I
OBRAGE
-IB;WB .
They crawl
for three or
four days over
the leaves and twige, then finding a suitable
place, insert tbeir
beaks, become
stationa-
ry-never afterwards moving.
days
waxy
covering,
or shell,
a few
begins
to form over them;
legs, as
they have
no more
cause for
them,
drop off, and
insect, by -a retrograde development, chang-
es into a legless
larval
form, of
a pinkish
Fig, .
(After Glover.)
or flesh color.
S(Plate 1, fg.
This species differs very much from all others I have examined
It is
men.
very
elongated,
Underneath
with
well-defined
abdomen,
thorax, head,
different
abdo-
segments corn-
uprising it
are ihrnished
with
claws, which
enables
it to erawl
backwards and forwards in its long scale.
view, greatly.
enlarged) gives
a good
idea
Plate 1 (Fig. 7, pide
of these. When it
has reached this stage it is fully
matured, and
soon
afteiwads
lays its eggs.
The male, (Fig. 2,) unlike the female, is furnished
with two wings, which enables it to
It is of
a reddish
color,
with
lpng,
migrate wherever it pleases.
hairy, ten-jointed antenna
und black eyes; abdomen paler, and furnished with a long, curved
>enis; it has no beak; the place where it should be indicated
by two or three
black
dots;
consequently it
never feeds,
oon after performing the
duties for which
it was create
V
,r r ,.';'
- f-
4 ,'
V1"^
i':. w -- fl i
' ;,' '
/ '~- t* .- '
* *^
* ~
*
I, ^-
I -
f t'-
* :
* v^l
*- ..^t .t-A
N..
?k ,
* ,
-:
I ,
* .
A -,-*. ^
- ,.'
aqr;
A ''
- 4#.
)
*'1
* *1
Vic.
-, H
. "* ..* "''
V f-
1 .
OBLNGE
EXPLANA
rxasfoT'.
PLATE .
'Figs.
1 and
2.-Female
winged
individual
SpAonid
phora cienfol .
AsBHnEa.
Fig. 8.-Wings of same, showing venation.
Fig. 6.-Beak of same.
Fig. 4.- Female 2ihogramma .farSw.
Fig. 5.-Hind legs and 'coee of same.
Asmwn.
*
Fig.
7.--idae
view
larval
form
aMytapis Glowrii,
showing claws on segments.
Fig. 8.-Lartval
moved.
form
same,
as it
appeal with
scale
Fig. 9.-Larval form of ABpidiotus lemonii f
Fig. 10.-Larval
form
Lcanium
Aweridu'n,
legs gone, and showing transparent spot with viscera in
In life the round dot palpitatee up and down.
With hind
centre.
Fig. 11.--Egg of
emonii.
Fig. 12.-Scale of L. perwwum.
Figs. 18 and 14.-Showing nervops and
Aeeperiumn after Lubbock.
digestive systems of
14.-gg, hepatic
, pyriform gland,
glands; t
crop -o'
oesophagues,
stomach,
' .1
(long and nar-
-with 'remarkable
oelluir contorted internal gland;
d, ilium, short in
open-
into
rectum, (c;)
6, narrow tube leading into rectum;
UA, recurrent intestine, two
stomach, (f;) e, coeum, swel
ends of which are attached
at its
base, and is perhaps the
equivalent of the sucking stomach.
Fig. 18.-Ganglionic column;
c, large nervous column, with
two divisions, each
plexus o% nerves to
of which again
posterior part of
od an inker nerveNI.)
enbdivide, $dpg a
body;
i nare, throwing
i I.
*
-
X
.i-
t
*J
?V
F .
-.
r
*,
S:' /. ,
- 1 '
. '" '
.* a '
*1
**A,
r-^^t
:Mr
S 5
S ?. .
u
r
i
~3k~i~
ORANGE
ImSUOf.
rTf NATURAL SNm -
One cause
of its
rapid spread
soon
after
introduction, is
probably due to the fact that its natural enemies (species of chal-
cid flies) were not imported with it; consequently it Lad full sway,
and nothing to prevent its prolific breeding. *
In time, some of
our own
native
insects
began preying upon
it, and to these is probably due
fact of their ceasing to
so destructive as they were the first few years of their importa-
tion.
The following are the principal ones
so far discovered, an ac-
count of
which
given
regular
ct der,
according
to their importance:
TmI
OBRaN SO8ALE APHELnUS
Aphelinus
aspidioticola, Ash-
mead.
TnE Twxou-STaBBD L
THE Mxmrr Sormxvne:
AJDY
Buo
Chilocorus
bivunaerus,
Hyperaspidius coccidivora, N
Mule.
THn RED MIrrE O TH OoANOE:
THE ORANGE COBYBOPA
Oribates Gloverii, Ashmead.
Chrysopa citri, N4
THE
ORAN GE
SCALE
APHELINUS.
Ashmead.)
[Ord.,
HYMENOPTEBA.
Fam.
, CALOIDIaj
'" 4
BaILIOOGBAPHIOAl
Aphelines a pidtio a, Canadian Entomologist,
Aphelinue capidtico,
1879.
Florida Agriculturis4,
Vol. XI.
Vol. II, No. 17,
"A Iend in need ie a friend Indeed.
It wa but a few years after the orange groves of Florida had
been 'bIted ad rained by scale insects, that this wonderful and
wlanuaa FAA $n tAh
n, n.;ma n Ma i ml ifi Anmwawnnna
(Aphldinu apidioticola.
. a.
1
ORANGE IN BOer.
son, the numerous scales
terly destroy all orange
would
trees, and
so increase in numbers as to ut-
another panic_ in
orange cul-
ture would ensue as disastrous and uncontrollable as the one Mt-
neseed in
years
from
1835 to 1840.
How important, then
is it for us to study the life-histories of thsee destructive insectse-
to seek
out their
habits, find
their
likes
dislikes, discover
their foes, and thus
by their means, if by no other, control and
keep them in subjection
to our will.
What a glorious science,
then, is Entomology to the fruit-grower, agriculturist, and florist I
ITB FIRST APPBANON.
The first account we have of
our little friend is that given by
Glover, in his
Report on
Orange
Insects, in the United States
Agricultural Report for the year 1855.
enopterous fly came but of
He says,
the dead scales,
which
other hynm-
o measured
about the twentieth
part of
an inch
length, the
thorax
first segment of the body being light brown,
abdomen blackish and hairy;
with the rest of the
head was furnished with three
ocelli;
four wings were' transparent, and
jointed, and hairy."
Entomologist,
-(IEge 119.)
Vol. XI, under the r
anteinne long,
I described it in the Canadian
lame of Apheinus aEpidiot-
co&-4. e., inhabitant of the a pidiotue.
SITS NATURAL HISTORY.
It is about .02 of an inch in length; of a light brownish color,
with four wings, ciliated, and agrees very much with the descrip-
tion of the Aphelinus of the apple-tree A. mytfiaepis, found prey-
ing upon the apple
scale-insect, My
but d offers in the following respects:
spis pomiorticis, (Biley,)
it i smaller, the abdomen
is considerably longer than
from just before the apex;
thorax, with
the wing. ciliated
antenna, too, is different.
(Plate 2,
gives a good
under each scale,
ing, the larva, whie
beins feeding upon th
trot ha reMahed full
idea of it.) It lays its eggsa ingle one,
hong the eggs of the scade inset On batch-
is a white, fleshy, foot~ grub, ip meditely
iem. After it ha destrji1d klt*e egs,
growth, it changes inta. pupai ^1tt 2,
ig. 1;) uurining in this condition for .a awi
it tihe
tnam
*r -. a as a -Y a .
fig. 1,
_
OBANGEB aimas.
Groves badly infeted with scales, in which these flies do not
appear, I would recommend the transportation of Aphelini into
btem. Le
transported
to apple
essful but
rig branohe
haloidiaed,
Baron, State Entomol
the Aphelinus of th
orchards, and the exp
beneficial. It can ea
* infested with scales,
and tying them on the
ogiat ol
le apple
eriment
irily be
that are
infested
! Illinois, scoemflUy
scale, A. mytilaspis,
proved not only 0nvt
acoomplished by tak-
known to have been
trees.
L
DBMoEIPTIVB.
APHBriu .AAPDpnonoo.A FsUL Leingth about .0 of an inch. Head
rider than thoax, both light reddish brown-bead nearly mame width asthorax,
hree ocelli forming a triangle-compound eyes, prominent, dark-antemnn eight-
ointed, seaceous first Joint longer than 2, 3, 4 and 8, second Joint round, nearly
wice sa wide as third, other joints gradually inrasg in d, somewhat trn-
ate anteiorly, 14W or apical Joint large and clb-aped-legs, yellowish, long and
etaceotu,-with a tiblI spur, tarsi long, five Jointed-wings, hyaline, ciliated from
tigma--with numerous anall shbrt bristles on the surface-abdomen longer than
horax, upper surface of segment more or les dusky, blackish towards apex,
rith several hairs surrounding ovipositor.
MA-l-Arees very-much with above descrMption, excepting t is lightly smaller
nd scape r first Joint of antenna is shorter and broader, the other joints more
wounded than in the female, with red spot on thorax at base of each wing, with
pper surface of abdominal segments dark brownish.
O0
TWICE-STABBED
LADY
BUG.
(Chilocore bitulneria, Mules,)
(Ord., OOLOPrBRA.
Fam., CoofBrmeum.]
This important
plant lice is quite
enefactions to thf
lced and recorded
factor in
widely spi
e agriculti
Sby many
the destruction of scale insects and
read over the United States, and its
irist and fruit-grower haW been no-
obervers.
iS NATURaAL NSTOWY.
Bprly in the season, from February t<
ley sad their dark slateoolored larva,
-,. 3pineO, may be men ortwling
o November, in Florida,
which are .covered with
up apd down the trulh
OBANGE INm ow.
fall,
early
lays
eggs
spring the
wherever
small
spiny
scales
are thickest
larvae hatch,
imme-
diately begin feeding upon' them.
On reahing maturity they
Scrawl
twig,
off to
and c
a retired
change
into
place, suspend themselves from a leaf or
pnpe, transforming in a few days into
beetles, which make their exit from. the ppsa-skin by a longitudi-
nal slit down the back.
(Fig. 8.)
On emerg-
ing, the beetle is soft and of a pale color, with-
out signs of spots, but
within a
shirt
time
the elytra harden, color darkens to black, two
spots
on wing-covers
appear,
perfect
insect (fig.
4) is
before
Should
there be any Spanies moss
(Jcmclandewa e
oidE)
on the
tree, the larva will
invariably
congregate, and transform attached to it.
they
-are
very
important
deetroyiug
scale insects, every
care should
taken
Figs.
increase hair umbers..
I wPud sio recommend transporting the
larva into rfos where they do not exist, sa
Fl&a.
it could
trouble, s
be done without mueh expense,
nd
prove
more, could be sent in
of incalculable value.
a small tin
box by
with
but little
dozen, or
for twp or
I rther cents.
8Sveral instances of the
lartme
being
insects have been brought to my notice;
for such mistakes, as
mistake for injurious
there is nbw no excuse
the admirable cuts will acquaint any one
with its various forms.
'THE
MINUTE
SOy
N.US.
(Hj pew ie wc N. 8.)
[Ord.,
LUOPTA.
Fam., OooaIjnuD
hismasmel bbeetle, on aooount of its. diminuti
bdbor been noticed by the orangPsegrower. I
fiI (
.hb never
iLoeod it
*witk it lar in &gl, 18iss78 .1 g -wi th Sdo. omviC'wn
ORAiGE
Incp'S-
sonville.
GO. H.
ported it
scAbe it
I sent
Hoar,
Snew t
under t
specimens of it, with c
of Philadelphia, for del
to science. I shall, their
he name H. coccidivra.
theirr oleoptera, to Dr.
termination, and he re-
efore, designate and de-
ITrr NATURAL HISTORY.
4-
By looking carefully in April and .
easily be distinguished on the trunks
larva, which is flattened and of a uni
Although so small and insignific
a great deal in the destruction of. t
larvae, hatching in the spring, at the
scale insects, immediate begin their
they continue even after they 'have tr
It would be difficult to estimate the
little beetles. After May and June,
denly disappear, and we do no
fall brood of scales hatch.
Though the kindness of Dr
give the following description:
t se
e t
May, the beetle
of the trees,
form brownish
ant, it accomj
ie scale insect
S(fig. 6) can
with its
color.
plishee
. The
I i. _
same ime wim me
warfare upon them,
ansformed into beetle
benefit derived front
the majgriy of the
;hem again until thd
. Go. H. Hons, I
Fig.
young
which
8e.
t these
m ad-
grat
am enabled
HBrmaAmim cooorivona, N. S.-Bro y oval, onvex, piceo, hidag,
eahyo .a large, dly-delnd rutfo ics, which Kmti diabes
.the ad- ma f and Tru p, pe. Ely mae
coaely pnmctred. Body beneath, nd leg pioous, shining. Length, .04 ih.
Th Inset resembles om of or rmallser Symnus, but it ib entirely wi toi
pubaemoge/ It iflot larger than Pxurnn Pouuza, and from tts remunblaoe6t
that tnmet, except in olor, would have been referred to that geas, but there
are dx abdominal segment.
THE
LARGE
SCYMI US.
(Bcymnua servialie, Muls.)
[Ord., OoxoLaoP.
This is a hemispherical beetle,
very dark bue elytim, and from
It it etO numerous as the previ
ab sb man rare. It evidently
- v -,, .m...ktL t- I
Fam., OooommnhnaD.]
, of a reddish brown color, with
.08 to .10 of an inch in length.
oualy described spoeieoalthoughlh
helps the others in destroying
__
I
__lltL T
i
r
__I_
J
ImLb
ORANGE
SMeTS.
longer, elenderer, and narrower
bulck, round head;* the legs are
in OociaULa.. The rings are
above, though provided with a
long."
than in
long
rather
fewh
SCoooinolla,
and slender,
convex, not
airs. It is .1
with mall,
more so than
tdberofa bd
B of an ideh
THE
RED
ORANGE-MITE.
({Qriate a.pidigi, Aihmxnp,)
This mite was first described by me in "Canadian Entomolo-
gist," for May, 1879, and I have not since met with it. It was
found feeding upon the eggs of the long scale, (Aspidio tu
Gloverii,) infesting an orange branch, brought to me by Mr.
AuLL~ H. OueIss, who resides about five miles from Jackson-
ville. It is, therefore, not so widely Qpread as Tyroglyphk
Oloveri, to b'eafter treated of. That it may be known
when seen, I quote the original description.
"OqBuTM AslpnwTL-Elo.htep 4~tteupd, narrowing tpwad* bql, dark
reddaih brown color-bdomen, pubeuuem with two ov! puta PoOiu the
flrinn entire, Jut bca of ephat am the -ood lit belw mJddle of M Od o-
mqp, fotle *Lmte-opte r e.4. dtty arw* d-4nu hp, SuM nd with bpt
ope mlw c d iw4r1 wit U&tb or w ibm. hatn.L~ngtL~ ift ,r loPh.
Pote % NI. 11, r,.pw erprtotim $0bnt(l< ^.(Hli) t ff incU
tbJi4 i W piuatured ton Q< tbe ebon at flm, it 4L s tnddIh (ad emd au to
Cl darktowr, (md vis yer4d And tpgti. Tbeim'rst i~o other stai of a Pe
olsple *, 901 7noy the bdMoqmen l ruudx Tbus, tooA(ek fxwlgusaup is.
C
THE
ORANGE
OHRYSOPA.
(Cyepa citri, N. 8p.)
trd., NBOPTrrEA.
Fam., CHOYSnP.s]
Another beneficial insect to the orange
culturist, is a lace- d fly, which 1 de-
teoted preying upon the saeinsemts two
years ago; and -or whioh I puypo.d the
name of OCrApap cit, at the idt meetg
r
1
jAi'ltij'
-uum
ITS NATAL HISTORY.
The eggs of
thread, nearly I
this species are suspended upon a delicate silver
talf
an inch long upon
to the under part e ,a' orange
he upper and frequently
VplyyJe elongate oval,
about :06 of an inch in length, and are either greenish yellow or
purplib is iolor, aeoordipg to age.
(Fig. 10, plte 2.)
larva,
dried leaves 'and
the common
on hatching, covers
other
lion.
particles;
(Plate S
itself it
when g grown
fir. i4.) It ies
tiieo of
it rnamitblee
dpinkih; And
beautifully
mottled with brownish spots:
The ipiralei .of the
thoracic
segments
are very
long,
gowih g
*ith
larva And
to suit the
of
rubbish on its
the spiracle
back, smaller air-vemels ramify frbm
tube
,through
toney
mass.
Plate
, fig.
gives a
mosesy
insects
good
covering has
I plant-lice,
representation
been removed.
particularly
thime
spiraele after
foods on.
latter,
Secarihg
the iale
thbm
by its.)png curved pincor-like mandible. It
noss-like cocoon on the upper part of the leaf,'
;ransforms into
the pafeot fly, (fig. 6,) with
tforedm' aa ial
tnra bet days
long anhisat net-
winged, and bright golden eyes, shining in thb dark likd coats f
n-sOBPnTRm
CRYeSOPA orITE, N. Sp.-B.dgt yeflow*Srl Mh. At eziA, t WItwAIL
onger than wing, and finely annulated, dark reddlih rom n at bme, Pl t
o odethird the length.
Head, genish yellow, three dark apot on occiput, two
lust ba on neck.
Winp, hyaline, Iri
Length of body from had to eA of at
length to tip, .67 Ino--ve-u,
omen, .88of aninch.
We have also found two other chrym ie upon th orange tree--. nPo-
&BanUA, mad the other is an undetermined spede of BenerobM.
cdeien
leaf.
mimite
cOA(Ian
EXPLANATION
omm -
PLATE
Figure 1.--Female of AphAlimu a iotiola, AhWeM.
Fig, &.-Fore wing of same.
Fig. 7.-Antenna of same.
Fig. 9.-Hind leg.
Fig. 18.-Antenna of male.
Fig.. .-SiAnpkora flavopaliatus, Aahmead.
Fig. 8.-.Antenna.%
Figs. 6 and 8.-
Wings of same.
Fig. 19.-Fore leg, showing om...
Fig. .-Hind leg, showing appendage .
Fig. 11.- Pupa of a chalcid fly found under oval sale.
Fig. I.-Larn of
CAirye citri,
with
moasy
covering
moved, showing spiracles.
Fig. 1-Cocoon of same on orange l, showing method of
oap of perfect fly. *
fig. 17.-Bed mite of orange, auppoesd to be a more matured
fonm of
OrMb at pidioi, Ashmead.
,I4gA8.;.Pytoptua droture, Ashmead.
.rl
A
t
'-K
.. V
* ;:
,\ v~td
ak
I
*.^
I
, .,
I.
* *
*:- ^
*I
i^^
I.
* a" --
*
*^
;1<
OwAnIQ maomI
Many washes have been
denied and
recommended .as a sure
dostoyer of theee pests, tAe majority of which I believe are effi-
cacious, if they reach the inest., which they frequently never do.
The great difficulty is
apply the wash at the
proper time,
when the youngare soft and just hatched.
It is just here where the Entomologist steps in, and proves the
usefulness of his bug-investigatin' propensities.
posed to
by many the
insect
proper, is mere
The scale, sup-
ly a waxyelike
covering, forming a
protection
first for
insect, and
after
wards
its eggs, and, like a good
roof, &i impervious
external substances.
of their existence are
Consequently, washes applied at this stage
worthless, expensive, and
labor
lost.
particular
scale, as
I have shown, there are
three distinct
broods in a season ; hence there must
three
seasons in which
to apply the
washes-i. e.,
just after each
brood
has hatched.
Knowing when these hatch, the time varying but slightly from
given
under
head
of its
natural history, in
parts of
Florida, from difference in climate, moisture, or backwardness in
seasons, one can have no difficulty in exterminating and
them under control.
keeping
For trees badly affected I would recommend opting the smaller
limbo off
the balani
and burning, as the most rapid method of destroying;
the tree should
then
receive an applidtion
le of the washes', as soon as the young scale insects hatch.
The
text rainy spell wouldsoon- replace the limbs removed, and after-
ds one would have
no trouble in keeping his trees free from
'cales.
ASUHX
L-A wash made from
whale-oil soap, and
syringed
a decootion
upon
of tobacco leaves
parts infested with
;he young lice,
)adly aeeted,
always kill them.
it would
be advisable
trunks
to apply the wash
of trees
W
ended by Dr. Harris, in his celebrated work on Insects Injdii-
usto
which' is as follows:
made
two parts of soft soap and eight of water,
1t if k ito be mixed lime enough to bring it to the consists
,:t whiwah. This is to
Jnb ti. the toee. with a brush, and
q-.
;-'s *v-*
e put upon
the trnks
u high as practicable,
the whole surface and il all the emcks in the bak.
THE
WHITE
SCAL5,
(cropl rawoi, Linn)
[Ord., H:
. Fym.,
OOWOD^-]
BIBIUOOlAPmoAL.
4wcnw rwci, Linn., Sys. Nat.-Fab. Syst. Ent., 1175
Idu, Spec., Ins., 1781. Id., Mitie Ins., 1787.
r4., Ent. Sya., 1794
Mfodeer, Act. Goth.,
1
jiv., Eocyc. Meth., 1
Id., Sys. Ryng, 1808.
778. Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1701.
791. .eurica, Fab. Ent. 8yt., 1794.
14., Syst.,
yiig.,
Aoad., 1775.
Boieduval, Ent.,
1804.
Bernard, Mem.
Hist.
Nat.,
et Mem.
Fronkcol, Ann.' Stc. Ent., 18*4.
Short 1867. Lopus teulata, Klein, 1784.
Calypnt.u teetudinesa
line.
Oosta,
1887
Faun. Begm., Nap.,
Gal-
Clurmnna tetudinata, Targioni, 1866.
- Atti del, deorg6f.
Id., Studi Sulle COocinig, Ext. Soe. Ital. Scien., Milan., et Catal,
1868.
(Signoret.)
This species, as the bibliographical account
shows, has been renamed
by various authors,
thqs creating for it many synonyms. '
It was frst described by Lian"eu, pader the
name of C7 rwCi, and although bioue'tly
redescribed by various authors, it must Still
retain the original name given by him.
a A
Trs DmTrIBToDN
It is widely distributed bethg fiEi in Ea-
"pe,,
Australia, and
America.
Like
the,
long
SBtothbttn bpt
fawrii4 it bes probably been izpbl ml
AridubKa
this country; as I
can find
no rtdo itob
having
been found
ossid. *tarf
back, and it .i now'jtM
* j-enr a
w
W
9P^^ale
S\ rdb i' ^I
O344GB
,-*.1' .* I
xNnBr^.
ITS FOOD PLAuTS.
, i \ i
M. Siporet Eussai sr lea Cpocbinelj gives its foqd
Europe ye
myrtle, ommopn
hpl1y,
plants
wormwqe4.
Florid, I hpye found it on the myrtle, orage, fig, and olepder.
Prof. J
E, Comstpqn in his tour through Florida la$t spring,
told me he found it in abundance on the gallberry, (Iska glabr.)
IT8 NATURAL HISTORY.
The
myrtle,
from .1
scale, (-Plate 8,
showing scales
0 to
fig. 1, greatly enlarged; fig.
attached,) when
.14 of an inch in length,
7, branch
fully matured, averages
by from
.06 to .08 of an inch
in breadth, and is
highly arched.
tessellated
with
seven
well-defined
, oval, elevated
checkers,
three
on each
side, nearly round, the
triangular.
seventh
at posterior, being more or less
At first the color is whitish, resembling wax, with which it is
similar in consistency, being soft and pliable. As it reaches ma-
turity, it becomes pinkish,
with a slight yellowish tint in depres-
sions.
and t
Just
before
top changes
young
to a dark
hatch, !
brown.
takes a globular form
The summer brood of
young hatch from sixteen to twenty days after the egg has been
laid.
The female (Plate 8, fig. 4) is flattened, oval, resembling,
when highly magnified, a wood-louse, only not so convex.
It is
pale
yellow in
color,
with
light
brownish
lateral
dorsal
stripes, probably caused by the viscera.
the posterior end s.
a deep
triangular indentation, from
centre
of which
prQ-
trades a fleshy tubercle, reaching to outer
edge
from
each cor-
ner of the notch, on either side of the tubercles, is a long caudal
filament, nearly
as long
as the
body.
(Plate 3, figs. 3 and 4.)
On each side of these
filaments are
short
hairs.
The eyes are
round and black, at
tenna, moderately
can be seen from
long, six-jointed,
below an'
d a ove.
(not easily made
An-
out,) with
three long hairs on inner side, and three at apex, the inner being
the longest.
They
crawl around
or three
days
after
hatching, then
insert their
beaks, and
become
attached
surface of the leaf or bark;
the waxy secretion frnms over them
in small globules, and in a few days is plainly visible in the form
of small,. white, round, elevated' soots astoundinr the insect,
nut above
the i
I
As it
adenirl
Dmr__eularlv
(breathinn-holm.1
|
ORANGE
INBEWTrs.
increases in size, the limbs,
which are of
no more use, gradually
disappear, (Fig.
2, plate 8,) and on reaching maturity it forms a
brownish oval pupa, (Plate* fig.
one hundred in number. In one
6,) which encloses-its eggs, over
I counted one hundred and five I
These
are elliptical, and
of a
pale
yellow
color.
(Sbe
plate 3.)
NUMBER OF BROOD8.
During the year there are three broods
the first brood hatches
in April
third, last
and May; s
of August
second,
middle of July to
to second
first of
August
week in September.
Some idea of their prolificness can be
that nothing prevents the hundred eggs of
formed
flrs
by supposing
t brood from
hatching out in April, and each egg being allowed to mature; in
July,
each
insect
again
produces
a hundred,
making just
thousand
now, suppose these, too, hatch, each producing its hun-
dred, this would give a grand total of one million.
the offspring of
a single insect
in one
season
One million,
; this rate, it
would
take
long
every
orange,
or quince
Florida to be filled with them.
Thanks, however, to that immu-
table law which governs the universe, they have their enemies to
prey upon and keep them under.
ITS NATURAL ENEMIES..
The
Twice-Stabbed
Blood-Red Lady-Bug,
are its chief
enemies.
Lady-Bug, Chiloc
Cyloneda sanguine
The latter, I have
orne
bivulnerws;
id a chalcid
as vet been unable to
procure specimens of, although I have found many of the scales
perforated with a hole in the top, through which it made its exit.
I hope, in time, to secure these and determine the species.
I have also discovered a very small, active, minute mite, (Plate
3, fig 12,) about 300ths of an inch in length, with eight legs, two
pair thrust
forward
parr
backwards,
crawling about
among the eggs and old scales.
Whether it is an
I cannot say, as I have failed to detect
am inclined to think it merely preys
it doinj
upon
enemy or not,
Sandy injury. I
decaying matter
of the old scales.
DUBSIPTIVE.
ORANGE IN8EOTB. 1
first whitish, changing to a pale yellow' before hbtching, and promiscuously en-
closed in dried-up body walls of the female.
Latis, oz FPa-AU-Length about 4.1 of an inch, flattened, pale yellow, nearly
three times long a broad, and with two pale brownish, longitudinal dorsal
Mands, one on each aide of the middle, probably cased by the viscea Antenmn
six joint, third and last joint longest, other joint thick and irregular, the last
ending in three or four hairs, two of which are.long, interior one being the longer.
Also two long inner hairs, with other shorter hairs below these. Legs, normal,
ending in a feeble claw, surrounded by three or four short hairs and one digitulL
Abdomen costs of seven segments, and deeply trangulrly notched at the
end, with a fleshy tubercle protruding from the centre, reaching to outer edge,
two long anal mset, nearly the length of body, with a short hair on either side, a
few short hairs surrounding outer edge.
SeaL.--Oval, highly arched when matured, from .16 to .14 of an inch in
length by from .06 to .08 of an inch in width, and nearly the same in height,
teUsellated on top with seven well-defined checkers, lateral three roundish, the
seventh more or les triangular. Color whitish or pinkish, tinted in depreedons
with yellow, losing most of the checkers and becoming globular and brownish
with age.
et
4
9*
9<
oaeu zxSEmw .
EXP44AA4TSN TIO
Pigurp .-Showing taiow on le 4of e rr4 .
Pig. 8.-Showing insect nnder scale,aer losing one pair o le .
Fig. t.-Under surface of Scale fully matured.
FrP. 4.- -emale, soon after hatching.
Fig. 5.-Same viewed from beneath.
Fig. 6.-Matured female, having lost items limbs, and with piece
of body wall removed so as to show eggs enclosed. -
Fig..7.-Egg, highly magnified.
Fig. 8-Egg,
with insect hatching.
Fig. 9.-Egg Shell after escape of
insect.
Fig. 10.-Antenna.
Fig. 11.-Foot, showing digituli.
Fig. 12.-Mite, found crawling under the old scale.
S
PLATE
~4
V
'- V
* *
' 1w#,-'' *
yr
4f3
-./ .t! .
- -V
F .,v* *
A .I~ ?-
i,- ^ .
>i ~ r. ^
- 4
I A l.
-
i '
.- -
'V0
*i '.
f .
* .
4
".- A'
* s
-V
-4
-
I '
-,
1' A I
i;l
j w ..V.,
4; k
-4
ad' l
' *
.--. *-
S,-
., -*^ r
*'
1 .1,
a f
..'\^
S' .J'-
*;/.
,zt E. .
* -
1'-
t
k
) I
. -'.
53 Af
* '1
3F :Id
'.*
/I IW
I
THE
RED,
aR
CIRCULAR
SCALE.
(Cryagmphalue jc, Riley.)
[Ord., HBM.PTeA.
Fam., COCaIDa.]
BIBLIOGeOAPHIAL.
Chryaompacaluseuwa, Riley, Manuscript Notes.
Chrysompkalue lcuw, Ashmead, Fla.
Agriculturist, 1879.
C7ryysomphalue uu, Ashmead, Pacific Rural Preee,
1880.
ITS FIRST APPEARANOE INr FLORIDA.
InSeptember, 1879,
I received
following communication,
with specimens of infested leaves, from Mr. G. M.
Holmes
ORANDO, Oiange County, Sept. 20,
"W. H. H. As H.D-
"Dear Sit:-Enclosed
send
a leaf of
an orange tree
infested with what appears to be a species of
scale insect,
which
is new to us down here.
It spreads from tree to tree very rapidly,
is not
confined to the leaf, but appears upon
tender
stems
and thorns.
Tou
can see it turns the
yellow
wherever
16catese
itself.
I should
much to be dreaded, and if
to know
whether it is an
enemy
you have had experience with it and
the cure.
Although
a stranger to
you,
see by
Florida
Agriculturist, you have made the insects on orange trees a study,
thought you might give
particular insect.
The scale being new to
me some
information about this
Yours, respectfully,
G. M. Honms."
immediately forwarded spedi-
means to Prof. O.
R. iley,
lowing:
"The Circular, Dark
from
Brown
long been in my cabinet, and
Scale,
I have
reply I quote the fol-
with a golden centre, has
found is quite injurious to
ce nitida.
I have
designated
C~Oorymphaiue foL, but have
not published
manuscript name,
any dewriptioi of
it, asM
the mere description
of the
scale,
tqirng tbI kn4et that ntere it, in both
without
fully
charac-
sexes, is imperfect ento-
ORANGE
MINBeaT.
ITS IMPORTATION AND SPREAD.
Angeles,
San Jose,
California, and indeed, in
various
parts of the State, it is
quite
numerous
on the
orange, and
there known as
the "Red
&cale."
The orange tree has but
lately been introduced and
grow
this
n
in California,. and
particular
species
therefore,
Flg. 8.
introduced
into the State
not indigenous
* there.
SWhere, therefore, did it
come from, and how 1as it
Theee are two very important ques-
tions.
Now,
commercial
relations
existing between the CalifOr-
nians with the
people
China,
Japan
Australia, point to
either one of these countries
as the
original
home, Or
starting
point from
which
.has spread.
Indeed,
many
oranges
have
been imported from all these places, and. it would not be surpris-
ing if, like our own Long Scal the
Red Scale hdd been impor-
ted in the same manner-i. e., on the leaves, branches or twigs of
an imported tree. .
rrI FOOD PLANT.
Prof. 0.
. Riley
states
he first found it on the .Fkus i ida.
This, I presume, is an exotic species of fig.
I see by the Pacific
Rural Press, that this, or an 4lUied specie,'had been found on the
apple trees in San
Jose,
Cal.
SWith
the orange, it attacks
fruit, leaves and twigs, seeming to
other.
like one about as well as the
rmw NATURAL mBTOBTI.
I have
been
'able to
work
up this
insect
thoroughly for
want of specimens.
What little I have done, is due to the kind-
nee of Mr. G. M. Holmes, who has kindly
sent
from which my cuts and figures have been made.
senate part of an orange leaf with scale attached.
me specimens
Figbre 8 repre-
From
specimens received at ditfre
at 'l| ast tkpal
1.taaAa IS
n_ ad t_
|-a 1
a a
,I know there are
.4 '- ^ -
OANGE INSEarB8.
week in August;
and the.
third
, last of September to first week
in October;
these two last broods
sent me by -Mr.Holmes.
The young (Plate 4, figs. 4 and 6
I have raised from specimens
) are less than .01 of an inch
long, nearly twice as long as broad, and of a bright yellow color;
antenna, six-jointed, ending at tip into two
long hairs, the inner
being the
longer,
with
three
inner
two outer
hairs
lower
down
the abdomen has no indentation or notches like the other
species, and the two anal filaments
are very short.
The
figures
n Plate 4, give an excellent
idea of the
different parts, and no
one can fail to recognize them after studying the figures.
The egg (Plate 4, fig.
7) is
than
.01 of
an inch long, and
is of
takes
a blight yellow color, not
quite
twice as long, as wide.
from five to six weeks for this to mature
this time, if
we examine one of the scales, we will find a f Zltlesslarva, (Plate 4,
underneath it of a golden
color.
This soon dies, enclos-
ing its eggs in its own body.
The young, on hatching, force their
out after
remaining
or three
days under the scale.
Sometimes they attach themselves to the leaf under the old scale,
all huddled in a heap together.
but two or three,
When
as there is not enough
the case, all
sustenance to keep all
alive, and the weaker must succumb to the stronger.
4
ITS NATURAL -sNmcsE.
Being so far from
vicinity where this species is found, I
im unable
give
a list of its foes, but know that the Twice-
Stabbed Lady Bug, axd one or two other insects belonging to the
Coccinellida, are found
it to a certain extent.
where
it occurs,
must prey upon
B mm.EDB.
Mr. G. M. Holmes
writes me from Orlando, Fla., under date
of August 6th, as follows: "As you request, I forward you by
this mail a box containing specimens of the Ckhryomphalus fcue,
rhich I hope may reach you in good order.
They have not done
ne any material
damage as yet, but
I keep my
trees in a very
healthy condition and thrifty growth, as I have a large drove of
battle, and can cow-pen't hm.
In my experiments for their re-
oval, I have been most successful in the use of a strong brine
I
ORANGEx
INBErT .
is heroic treatment, a
with them, and if do,
send' out a luxuriant
before I think if po
be an improvement,
have my beet wishes
Dlv a want much felt
The
tried.
washes recomi
nd takes
ne just p
new gro
'tash was
rior
wth
Smix
and I am g
for success w
by intelligei
ended for t
leaves off, but the scale comes
to a growing season, they soon
and seem more healthy than
ed with salt .and water it would
going to use it that way. Yon
ith your book, which will sup-
It orange growers."
he other species might also be
DEOSCRIfPIVE.
Eeos.-From 18 to 80 under each scale, less than .01 of an inch in length,
ovoid, smooth, not quite as long as broad, of a bright yellow, promiscuously en-
closed in body walls of dead female.
LavBa, ou FPMAL..-Length of body less than .01 of an inch, nearly twice a
long as wide, bright yellow, ovoid, much wider towards bead, being tbb widest
at thoracic segments; tyv very short anal setse, hinder margin rough from nu-
merous small fleshy tuflercles, with afew short hairs around margin, no indenta-
tion like C. rusco, &o. Amrams, six-jointed, (not easily made out with my
microscoe which 1l of a low power,) basil joint short and stnt, nearly as wide
as long, joints two and three smaller in width and of equal size, joints four and
five about equal, longer and thicker than two and three, joint sx' mch thinner,
ending at tip into two long hairs, inner being longest, an inner and outer hair on
bMll Joint, with two inner hairs and two outer above these; Las, with single
Jointed tared, ending in feeble claw and four digitull, the two upper being longest,
femora thickly swollen, with a distinct lobe near bae, from
lae, (Plate 4, fig. 9.)
SoLu..-Form round or circular, flattened, liglitly riin
from a reddih to blackish yrown color, paler at margin, me
. 12 of an inch in diameter; in the centre is a slight circular
pemens .08 to .08 of an inch in diameter, andof a bright
a small brown cap.
which a sharp spine
g towards centre, of
mauring from .04 to
depr.iom, in large
olden yellow, with
tI
ORANGE INSECTS.
S
EXPLANATION
Figure 1.-Scale of
Fig. 2.-Sm, bowing larval form
Fig. 3.-Immature larval form.
Fig. 5.-Fully matured laval for.t,
golden centre in top of
PLATE
beneath.
depression caused by
scale.
Ejg. 4 and 6.-Insect soon after hatching.
U Fig. .- Eg.
Fig. 8.-Form of
Fig. 9.-Hind leg,
Egg-shell just after the insect
showing lobe with hair.
hatched.
Fig. 10.-Right anteanna.
N-
6Orysomrphalw fcus, enlarged.
THE
OVAL
SCALE.
(Aspidiotus citricola, Packard.)
[Ord.,
HaEMwrrn.
Fam., OooOIDJ).
Bib I *IOdL
Aepidiotue citricola, Packard, Guide to Study of Insects.
Prof. Packard, in his Guide to the Study of Insects, page 1678
states this insect as having
been
found
on the orange
tree
Florida by Townend Glover, and gives it the name of itricola,
stating
at the same
time the possibility of its proving identical
with Boisduval's A .itri,
which
was found damaging the orange
crops
Maritime
Alps of
Northern
Italy.
belongs
properly to the genus Aspidiotus.
In my opinion, it is probably
identical
with Signoret's limonii; but from
my present
knowl-
edge of the Coccidm, I do not feel warranted in positively stating
it to
be so.
I3T IMPORTATION AND SBPEAD.
Thb only account of its
introduction is that
in the Agricultural Report for the year 1855.
given by Glover
He.says: "While
on the subject of
Orange
Scale insects, it may be well
men-
tion that some time last year (1855) another ocus was imported
into Jacksonville, Florida, on some lemons sent from Bermuda;
and as they may,
to draw attention
perhaps, spread in the vicinity, it would be well
to the insect, and describe it as far as known.
The length of the fully grown female scale is rather more thtn
the twentieth of an inch;
brown color; the grub is of
it is somewhat pear-shaped, and of a
a reddish-yellew, and furnished with
a piercer from its breast, like the coccus first described; the young
have two antenna, six legs and two long
hairs or bristle, at the
end of the body.
and is formed of
The male scale is ndt so large as
a white
cottony or
parohment-fike
female,
substance ,
pxasttituting a case, with an. elevated ad r
p415.%-,- .^
wounded ridge in the
OBALNGN IXBITS.
,ast skin of the larva.
male larva is reddish in color, and
measures not more than the fortieth
an inch in length.
The
perfect fly ii. 0 red, and is furnished with two hairy antennae,
iix lees, and h : the.Athorax very larre. The two wins are
U C
C
;rasparent, and t eind of the body
lard projectioL As it is very probe
is furnished with a curved
able that this insect will in-
grease, it would be well to note any progress it may make during
;he ensuing year, and to use
remedies
suggested in the first
article on the coccus on the orange."
This well timed warning was not heeded, and the consequences
Allowed.
ITB DISTRIBUTION.
now
pretty
carried from place
widely
place
distributed
through
winds,
Florida, being
on fruit, &c.,
but is
Itill found much more abundantly in
ville.
It is also found in Louisiana, the
surrounding
West
Indies,
Jackson-
Southern
Europe,
Australia,
probably wherever the
orange is culti-
Fated.
ITS NATURAL HISTORY.
Unlike the long scale, which
is generally
found
on the twigs
md branches, these species seem to be confined to thet fruit and
leaves, disfiguring the former to such an extent as to'damage the
In an injurious point of view,
it does
not compare
with
the others; still,
it injures the appearance of the fruft, asd every
possible means should
employed
pread.
The ovoid or pyriform scale,
eight yellowish brown,
n length, with a very
Formed female (Plate
to prevent its increase and
sometimes
nearly round, is of
averages from .03 to .05 of
thin lighter margin.
1,fig.
is encased
an inch
Under it, the pupa-
in a white cottony
substance.
is purplish,
with numerous small fleshy tubercles
frrounding hinder, edge, with a yellow anus.
eggs (Plate 1,
Jig. 11)
are of
a pearly
white color,
ess than .01 of
an inch in length,
and somewhat pointed at one
They
number
from
eighteen
twenty-five
under each
eale.
The young are broadly oval, .01 of
inch long, some-
bo4t sAfawnkiiwfr.. *Lr inns ala ownnrnhnnr thra
h av
twn ,andli
OSAWn ma.
ITS NATURAL ENUMS. .
Besides the Orange Aphelinus, Twiee-Stabbed Lady Bug, and
its larva, the Minute Scymnus and the Large Scymnus, there are
three
other insects
prey
upon
it-a Mite, the Blood Bed
Lady Bug, and a hymenopterous
parasite
belonging to the- lal
cidide family.
These are all of
the greatest importance in the
destruction of this scale.
The Mite may be known as "Glover's,
or the
Yellow Orange Mite,"
the Lady Bug as
above,
hymenopterous fly as "the Blue
Yellow-Cloaked Ohalcid" of the
orange.
above-mentioned
enemies,
excepting
the last
three, have been described under the Long Scale; we have, thd
fore
but the habits of these three to treat of and describe.
GLOVER'S
THE
YELLOW
ORANGE
MITE.
(TyroglyphAus (tmeri, Ashmead.
[Ord, ABOHNOIDEA.
Famn., TYBOGLYPHIDA.]
BIBLrOGnERAPIAL.
T. Gloer, UIT
S. Agricultural Report for 1856.
Acarus Gloverii,
Ashmead
, The Florida Agriculturist,
Vol.
No. 6T, 1879.
Acarue ? Gloverii,
Ashmead,
Canadian Entomologist,
Vol.
1879.
TIBRST NOTION OF THe Mx'.
In the U
8. Agricultural
Report for 1855, I find the follow
of this mite by Townend Glovrw.
S'Thdre are asbo found on
orange treee numbers of smuDl
mites which have frequently been mistaken for the ymtung
hot they may be very easily distinguished by their activity fron
the young sele iheecte,
which
leg,
crawl
abotit
very slowly.
mites
have
eight
hairy
somewhat
those
minute
spiders, and are mostly of
also found of a delicate
running
a yellowish
pink
among the stationary
hue.
CODCCI
colot,
They
although some ari
are generally seer
may
often
be fount
eoooeaed under the old scales;
int whether they
do any
to tLmr, o merely feed up.. th dad or dyig ,oc*' has n
aww
OBAiG
InaEtre.
Although the
characterize this
honor, Glovrsii.
first discoverer,
mite, I
Glover did
name or
therefore described agd named it in his.
rru LI HIwOTBY.
During the winter and spring of
1879-80, finding these mites
very numerous,
studied
up their life history, (on orange trees
in my yard,) an account of which was published in the American
Entomologist for April, 1880, and is as follows:
mite
belongs to the genus Tyroglyphus.
tween two and three hundred,
der part of
are laid
an orange leaf, generally close
mary vein, and frequently alongside of
The eggs,
December on the un.
a midrib or a pri-
They are ellip-
a scale
tical,
a reddish-yellow
color,
nearly
-twice as long as broad,
and very finely granulated.
Length about 1-500ths of
an inch.
From the middle of
hatches a six-legged
January
mite,
until
a bright
four oval black spots on hinder part
middle
blood-red,
abdomen.
March, there
with three or
sparsely
covered with long hairs, six of these, (two anterior, two posterior,
lateral,)
are much
longer
than
others.
from
three to four weeks, these curl up their legs and form
a sort of
pupa, which, in a few days,
changes
an eight-legged mite,
having nearly the shape as before, only larger, broader and more
flattened; with two short hairs protruding from the head, and of
a lighter shade of red.
these
stages they are gregarious, all
living hudd
again chan|
in Canadial
mites are a]
grower.
THE
[
This isa
September,
lied together close to midrib.
The eight-legged
mite
ges its skin and becomes the active little mite described
n Entomologist.
Scales on the same
wiith these
Ways empty, proving they are beneficial to toe orange
BLUE
YELLOW-OLOAKED
(Sigipsora oravopalliatue, N
Ord., HrEMNOPTERA.
very
anomaouBa
OHALOID.
Sp.)
Fam., CHALOIDZ.]
chalcid fly,
discovered
me in
running over the leaves of orange trees infested with
I
OBrIAON mEBw..
r8l NATUBAL HISTORY.
Its habits are gmilar to the orange aphelinos.
I have watched
several
through my pocket
lens,
They would run up to a scale, tap
not satisfied with their inspection,
as they
it with
are not
timid.
their antenna, and if
would run off to another, end
so on until they were suited,
then
backing
arftnd they seemed
to insert ;their ovipositor, probably
at the
same
time depositing
an egg into the scale.
' The fly is a beautiful, little creature, less
than .02 of
an inch long, robust,
with
head wider than 'thorax,
three ocelli, three-jointed antenna, first joint
being long, second'
small and round, third' long and
wide,
dlub-shaped ;
abdti-
men is somewhat sharply pointed
with
a rather long- ovipositor
in the end;
head
abdomen
are bluish-black,
while
thorax
is orange-yellow
wings are clear,
iridescent,
strongly fringed or ciliated with
long hairs, with shorter ones on
their surface
legs are
pale yellow, and
furnished with an anomalous five-lobed appendage,
hinder pair is
where usually
is the tibial spur.
little friend.
Plate 2, fig. 2 gives an
Sinoe writing the above,
have
excellent idea of our
raised specimens from scales
put in a glass tumbler, and find that it is parasitic on this species.
Owing to the anomalous character of this fly
to which it belongs.
can find no genus
I therefore, propose a new one, under the
name of ,Signiphora, (the token bearer.)
BIGNIPHORA NOV. GEBN.
Form
robust,
polished,
or shining ;
head
much
wider than
thorax, 4ree
jointed;
close to
small ai
thorax 1
ocelli,
antennae
triangularly
inserted
gether, three-jointed
round
broad
third
, nob quite
large
front
first
and
as long
arranged,
between
joint
labial
Sthe
or scape
fusiform,
as abdomen;
palpi
eyes,
three-
rather
long, second
(Plate 2, fg. 8;)
legs setaceous,
with five-jointed tarsi, first joint longest; Aid tia in place of
the ual spine, finished witi an anomalosa fi -lobed ape-
dae, (Plato 2, fig.
respect,
differing
from
known
inog in
chalcid.
rather a
Abdbmen
somewhat sharply pointed
ovipositor, (Plhe 9, fig;
and end-
Wing. well
J.. Al a .4= ,,dm.,,a,,.1 .dl
(PIlh Q
AL RLAr BA
flra
1
long
dI*A
OAnFM InsBO.
DEfOBIPlPIVB.
SleIarPoBA rLvo-PAnnTUO N. .--Female.-Length .09 of aninch, Ro-
bust, polished; mAn bluish-black, much wider than thorax, three ocelli, black,
two rauied curved line, ooe on each ide of anteoams 'm imminent, numerous
facets; ArnTama three jointed, first joint shorter thanthird, wider and rounded
st apex, second joint very small and round; apical, or third joint, longer than
frst, six or seven times longer than second, and widening very much, clavtform;
rnomx stout, nearly as wide along, ad of an orange-yellow, excepting a m.-e
ent shaped space collagee) next to the head, which is bluish-black;a namo
longer than thorax, bluish-black, and decreasing sharply to a point, ending in
father a long ovipositoa; mitin seatTor unifotr blush-black, with a few haih
n the different segmeatS; wises hyaline, rlduoent and strongly ihad, well
wounded at apex, with short set. on the surface; Luse pale yellow, with five
pointed tar, status, femora, amewhat woolen. Instead of a tibial spur on
inder legs, there is a singular anomalous apical five-lobed appendage, (See Plate
f, fg. 15,) alo two exterior spiny processes-oa not quite touehting eoh
other. Male not yt discovered. Inhabits Florida. Described from numeroS
specimens
THE
BLOOD-RED
LADY
BUG.
(Cycloneda eanguinea, Linn.)
[Ord., COLEOP ERA.
Fam.,
COOINELmzrm.]
This well known species is widely distributed over the
United States. In Florida it is particularly numerous on
>ak shrubs, evidently attracted there by a species of aphis.
Fig.*.
ITS NATURAL HISTORY.
The larva of this species is entirely different from that of the
?wice-8tabbed Lady Bug, being devoid of spines, flattened, with
ransverse yellow bands' and spotted with black. It is most
abundant in the spring, and is exceedingly active and voracious,
inning about in search of scale insects or aphides; on seizing one,
t stops and immediately begins to devour it, then starts off in
earch of others, seemingly unable to appease its appetite. On
teaching maturity, it fastens itself to a leaf by secreting a gummy
ubetance, and gradually tnasforms into a naked pupa, changing
- a few days to a perfect beetle, which is red, without spots or
i
I
1
t
t
I
OANGEM INOUTSe.
THE
BROAD
SCALE.
(Lecanium rid, Linn.)
[Ord., HBrumiaA.
Faim., Cocomoo.]
BIBLIOGRAPHIOAL.
Coccus
eaperidurm,, Linn,
Sye. Nat., 1735.
ld. Fann. Sne.,
1746.
La Hire et
Sedilean
1692.
Coccus
Aeeeridum,
Hist
Acad. Sciences et Mem.
Acad, Sciences, 1704.
Reaumur Frist.
Ins., 1736.
Geoffroy Ins., 1762.
Sulzer Ins., 1861.
Schaefer
Element
Nat., 1,
Meth.,
Shrank
1766.
r88
i7Tr.
1791.
Emon.
Modeer
DeVillier's
Fabrieius
Anst., 1
Act.
Sys.
Ent.
L783.
Gothend
Nat.,
Syst.,
1778.
1789.
1794,
Fonscolombe,
Gmelin,
Olivier,
et
Ann.
Encytlo.
lyst.
Soc.
Ryng.
Ent.,
1834.
1840.
Burm, Handb. Ent.,
Calymnatue
1835.
Blanchard, Hist. Nat.
Costa
Nuev.
Observa,
1835.
Costa Faun. Ins. Nap.
Gallinsects, 1837
. Lubbock, Proc. Roy.
Soc., IX, 1848, and Ann. Nat. Hist, 1839.
Beck, Trans. Micros.
Soc.,
London, new
series,
1861.
Boisduval' Ent. Hortic.
1867.
Targioni,
Catal.
1868.
(Signoret.)
This is another scale insect found on the leaves of the orange,
and is by far less numerous and less to be feared than any of the
others.
SITS IMPORTATION AND SPREAD.
Like the Long Scale, the
Mealy Bug,
Oval
Scale and the
Red Scale, it has been imported, but in what year or about wh:
time, it is impossible to find out.
IT DISTRIBUTION.
It and cocms ciri, are
only
two scales mentioned as inju
rious to
orange trees
in Rieso
Poiteau's
elaborate
work on Lthistoire des Oranges," both of which are qui
widely spread throughout
Southern Europe.
Although
known for many years to infest the orange trees of Florn
da, it has confined its attacks chiefly
to the leaves,
has not spread rapidly,
nor done
munch
mischief.
seldom seen, except early in tie spring and sometimes i1
I -
the fall.
Why
.it hab not increased nore .rapidly, is
Aespgeridum,
OBANGA II
IT NATURAL
SDCrOS.
HISTORY.
This scale (Fig. 10, after Glover, Plate 1, fig.
largest found on the orange.
12) is one of the
It is oval, somewhat elongated, aver-
aging from .08 to
.14 of
an inch long, and but slightly wider at
end.
It is of
a greenish brown color, highly convex,
with
wide flat margin surrounding the convex part, a -posterior inden-
tation withtwo lateral ones on each side, caused by the anus and
legs.
($ee Plate 1,
t. 0 )
SThe onsae part is arlo pauatrod
with lrge, irregpler r~e indentations, whioh, asthe insect meaches
maturity, .disappear, and the .seale becomes dark brownish.
The
larva is elongated, oemi-transpa~ent, ,(8ee,
the vxecer Qatjnqt)y seenn wd$r the sca
Plat
e 1, g.10) with
Thbe 7yang, wh
rit ba~tched,
(Fig. 3A,) are little woer .01 of an indh in length.
They are -yellowish,
with
long
anal
filaments,
resembling
very much thosQ previously deacribd.
Tkoy
may, how ever, be
readily
4 rijt nJed?
from
tbem by their having aeen-jointed
antennae instead of six.
ON THE DIGESTIVE AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Sir John Lubbock, in
Vol. XI of the Microscopical Society of
London,
gives
a very
nervous system of
deal of
interesting
insect. H
account of the
:e shows that there
digestive and
is
variation in the intestines of different specimens.
a great
(Plate
, figs. 13 and 14, represents the usual form.)
Plate
, fig.
14.--,
!hep tic
glands.
esophagus,
long and narrow, or stomach.
pyriform crop bag or stomach,
with a remarkable cellular contorted
internal gland.
ilium,
short
intestine
opening
rectum
narrow tube
leading into rectum,
which opens into vent on upper side of body
, recurrent intestines,
ends of
which
are attached
tihe stomach, F
cecum
swoolen
its base,
and probably
the equivalent of the sucking stomach.
THE
YELLOW
OHALOID
THE
ORANGE.
(lWchogramma lavu, N
Sp.)
[Ord,, HTrEOPnEBA.
Fim.
, CHaMeIDDa.]
This litti
n-aln.. a
' ma first dmteuted
noon the
leaves of
some
ORANGE INSEOT8.
lar to the others. I cannot state positively to which scale its
attacks are confined, but as I found one under Lecanium heeperi-
dum, I presume it preys upon it, and may account for the scarcity
of this scale.
DMSOBrIPnVE.
TIzxoenOB MMA nLAvue, N. Sp. -Female. -Length .04of an inch. Head wider
than thorax, brownish, three ocelli triangularly arranged, with two smaller red
ones back of these. Eyes reddish, excepting dark spot on side nearest ocelli.
Antenne, fiAve-ointed, yellowish red, first Jbint longer than two and three com-
bined and narrows than joint two. Joint two not as long as fit, but wider-n
long a joints three and four together. Joints three and four equal, narrower
than second, Fifth, or apical joint, s long as second, third and fourth combined
and much wider, claviform. Thorax and abdomen a bright yellow, reddish along
hinder prt of thrax, where it joins abdomen. Abdomen brownish on segments
one to five around the spiracles, also a few hairs issuing, therefrom. Ovipostor
long, mrrounded at bese with short hairs. Wipg hyaline, fore wings rather long
and well rounded, with fringing of short fine cili. Hind.wings narrow, curving
into a sharp point from the middle, also ciliated. Under surface uniform yellow.
Legs thin; paler but uniform in color, sparsely covered with hair, a short tibial
spur, tam five jointed. (Plate 1, Pig. 4.) Described fma tour iqpemens.
THE
MEALY
BUG.
(Dact ylopiue adonidum, Linn.)
[Ord, HEMIPTA .
Faro., Cooo0D].
BIBLIOGRAFHIOAL.
Coccus adonidum, Linm
Geoff. Ins., 1764. Fab. SJ
Id. Syst. Byng., 1801.
Goth., 1778. Gmelin, 1781
Paris, 1785. Oliv. Encyc.
., Syst.
rst. Ent.,
Id. Ent.
8. DeV
Meth., 1
Nat.,
1775.
Syst.,
illiers,
791.
1767.
Id. 8S
1794.
C. adonidum;
pee. Ins., 1781.
Modeer Act.
1791. Foureroy Ent.
Haworth, Ent. Trans.,
1812. Diaprotetfut
Bouche Gart. Ins., 1
Blanchard, Hist. Nat
Nat. article QochenD
Hem., 1848. TareJ
Chron., 1848. Coc
C. qdonidum, Mitner
1881. Boijduval E
adonidu .,Costa, 1828. C7.
833. B ester; Handb. der I
t. Ins., 1840. id., 1848. Dict. I
ille. Amyot. et Serville Hist.
ocwrys adEnidum, Onuster Rur
us Zumias, Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent.
SIns. nufsiblee anX plants de Cafe
nt. Hist.,. 1867. Dacrtyoph
idonidum,
Snt., 1835.
Iniv. Hist.
Nat. Ins.
ic, Gard.
Fr., 1855.
a Ceylon,
zdonidum,
ORANGE INBEOT8.
This insect, aa the above
bibliographical
account
shows,
been known to the entomologist for over a century.
ITS IMPORTATION AND SPREAD.
Having
been
imported
various
hot-house
plants,
spread so rapidly as to
found abundantly on different plants,
shrubs and trees in nearly every part of the United States.
ITS FOOD PLANTS AND INOREASE.
In Europe, it has
long
been known
to in-
fest certain plants and shrubs, and is particu-
Larly destructive to the
In Florida, besides t
Pine-apple.
Le Pine apple,
lately attacked the orange, guava
and grape-
e.
So numerous has it' become and so difficult'
to exterminate,
)range trees, w
that there
are now very few
ith the exception of
groves in
bouth
escaped
Florida
*j
its
oon check
interior,
ravages.
d. it will
)vgr the State,
If its
which have
progress
ultimately
prove
is not
spread
among
all Fig. U
After Packard.
the worst of the many
njurious insects found
In the beginning
d on the orange.
ITS NATURAL ENEMIES.
studies, I unfortunately took it to be
new species, and gave it the
name
Leaf
Scale
Coccus,
Ahylloccue, an account of which was published in the Canadian
entomologist and Florida
Agriculturist
searches have proved my error.
This particular species
an anomalous
row
character
under
among
1878.
consideration
Coccida.
Subsequent
I find to be
Unlike
thers, it forms no scale for
ot stationary, having power
protection of its eggs,
) move
wherever it pleases.
ggs, instead of being laid under
a scale,
are played
beneath a
ottony-like substance,
secreted by. the
female.
They
are of
ale yellow, elliptical in shape, and about .08 of an inch in length.
I from twelve to sixteen
en of
days
a yellolth qolor, .02 of
a -
these
hatch, and
an inch
-
the young
in length oval,
with
ORANGE INBWIl.
/
covered with a few short hairs;
also two short anal sete
) '
(Pig. 10, after Packard,)
mealy substance has been i
are also short hairs.' The
ing or feeding on the tend
substance
begins
hence the name i
.14 of an inph in
form, and lays its
often become so
the hairs serroun
above the sniracle
L
[ealy B
length,
eggs as
thick' a
ding th
a
U
gives a very
removed. Su
young soon
er leaves and
secreted from
Q. When ft
having
describe
i to form
e body;
good idea
Frrounding
begin to ra
shoots, and
pores all
dllyv row
V 0
a round; aspheri
d above. The
scales, which
particularly do
of it after th
t
0
he outer edge
l al)bot, sune
theine meal
ver the body
n, this insect il
cal or globular
mealy Bsuistnla
are attached to
es it accumulate
s or breathing holes.
THE MALE.
For the past two
species. This fall,
succeeded in finding
tree badly infested
large as the males
book, it is therefore
long undiscovered.
caudal appendage i
filaments issuing fr
head is separated f
) years I have failed to dete
however, I have been more
g him caught in a spider's
with the Mealy Bug. Beie
of the other scale insects
e surprising that i should
It is brownish in color, an
like the male of 4. Olover
om the sixth segment of tih
rom the thorax by a well de
DEBOBIPTIVE.
ct the male ol
fortunate, ha
web on an or
ng nearly twi
treated of in
have remain
Id instead of a
ii, he has two
B abdomen, an
fined neck.
f this
.ving
inge
ce as
this
ed so
long
long
d his
leha-D. ADnomnDv.-Length not quite .04 of an inch. Ala Expanse .08 of
wfl Brownish. Heed parated from thorax. Eye black, prominent, no
^ ernlemible. No beak-in place are two large black'smooth ocelli. An-
ten-jointed, fist joint thick and stat second as thick a fArs and
- ding at top, third longer, much narrower than firs and second, four
five and dzx, about equal, seventh greatly sollen, eighth about Iurns lwnth but
much thinner, 'ninth Slighty longer; tenth greatly swollen, thorax fithtly longer
and muc wider than abdomen wider anteriorly tha rounded I
front. ng hy ptulate, thte vein, coal parallel with outer edge,
thickening at -qtfer and at plcal uargia, 6&ud ven tartiang at quarter of
wing and ingagonally to hinder edg e third i 1 r nlt ju
neath it. Abdm pale yedowlsh, aght ugments dsoMinible, zixth Widest and
with long lamenppendge a prirging out, one from each ids, longer hq ab
domie, av.th mnall-blackih ben rnh, ninth almost a knob. Lgple yel-
low th, eu taSpsnt, with very m lon rrow tilta, hinder taUni joint rodlen
S'.9
]
i
ORANGE
INBEOT8.
ITS NATURAL ENEMIES AND REMEDY.
enemies
have
been
detected
preying
although three or four times 1 caught a large
upon
black
this species,
ichneumon
fly in close proximity to a cluster
of them.
They increase very
rapidly, breeding all through the year, and severe methods should
be used for their destruction.
The
usual
method seem to have
no effect.
I would, therefore, recommend kerosene, diluted with
three
parts
water.
This
should
syringed
over
them.
Great care should be taken to shake the wash well before apply-
ing it, for unless this is done, the oil rises to the top of the water,
and wherever pure kerosene
is ejected
upon the tree, the leaves
and twigs are sure to die.
This is obviated to'
certain
extent
by having the wash properly mixed; for then what few leaves do
die are soon replaced and the trees left free from bugs.
THE
ORANGE
PSOCUS.
(Psocue citricola, Ashmead.)
[Ord., NzaaoPTrzA.
Fam., Peoeorm .]
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL.
Psocua citricla, Ashmead,
Canadian
The Florida Agriculturist,
Vol.
Entomologist,
II, 1879.
Vol. XI,
ITS NATURAL HISTORY.
These
>range
active
trees
thought thej
little
badly a
r might
insects
ffeoted with
possibly be
found
very
the Mealy
beneficial 1
plentifully
Bng.
first,
preying on the
ggs of the latter, but careful observation fails to show any such
disposition on their part. They
feeding upon the excrementitious
ire, however, not injurious, only
particles
caused by the Mealy
g. Their eggs, of a pearls pinkish white, are rval, about
an inch in length and are laid in oval masses, from seven
n, on the under, and sometimes
on the
upper
part of
a leaf,
protected by a closely woven web, through which
)oty particles.
are sprinkled
The young,
when first watched, are exceedingly active,
aphis-
ke looking creature, and are fond of
clustering together under
ORANGE INSECTS.
small wingless ones to those fully developed.
them, they disperse with surprising rapidity.
disturbing
DESCRIPTIVE.
P. crroITIo -Elongate, pale yellowish. Head large, as wide a long, outer
edge from eye to eye forming a perect half circle. Eyes are large and very
prominent. Maxillary palpi four-jointed, thq bhal joint little longer than either
of the others, but narrower-the others about even in length but gradually in-
creasing in thickness, the lapt being the thickest. Antennae three-Jointed, frt
two short, same size, as wide as long. The last joint is long and fliform, reach-
ing nearly to the end of the abdomen and covered with Idng fine hair. Thorax
narrower than head, slightly longer than wide,, rounded at edges, with a tram
verse suture dividing it into two parts (impmature specimen). Abdomen longer
than head and thorax together, eight segments, the largest being nearly as wide
thorax. Legs six, rather long, tarsi two-jointed, ending in two minute clawa
The abdomen and legs have small short hairs springing out all over them. Wings
hyaline, with coastal. subcostal, median and submedian veins. In fore wings the
subcoctal runs parallel with coetal until
and then curves upwards, ending at ten
cell which is opaque. It also sends a v
and curve around upwards until near
lower ending in outer edge. The other
before reaching apex it bends downwards
mrination of coastal vein, forming a itigmal
einlet from before middle that descends
the third of the wing, when it divides, the
runs to below apex, near the edge, where
it divide into two abort veinlets, terminating at outer edge. Medium vein curves
slightly downwards until near the middle of wing, it then divides into two, the
lower descending till near apex of inner.edge, when it suddenly curve upwards,
terminating at outer edge, the cell thus formed being opaque. The other veinlet
ascends, coming the branch of the subostal till just before reaching the apex it
breaks into two veinleti, forming a small. triangular cell at apex. Hind wbogs
contain one coastal, three subcostal, two submedlan, and one internal cell. Length
6f matured specimens from .10 to .12 of an inch.
THE
LEAF
FOOTED
PLANT
BUG.
(Leptogloseus phyllpus, Linn.)
[Ord., HEXIPTERA.
Sub-Fam., AIoaosoLMDNA.]
SmBIBLIOGBAPHIOAL.
Cmi phyU8yst. Nat. ed. i. 781, No. 118.
Lygmaus phyl pz Fab. Ent. Syst., iv, 139.
Anisedii acicincdu, Say. Heteropt, New Harmony, 12, No. 2;
Wolff, Icenes Cin., 196, fig. 190.
Anis eeis con ea, Dallas, Brit. Mus. List Hemipt, ii, 458;,o. 4.
ORANGE INSECTS.
Anisoscelis
phyllopus,
Barns, Handb., ii, 322, No. 5 ;
Westw.,
in Hope Catal. ii, 16.
This
is a curious
shaped, reddish-
brown bug,
and
band
when
tithl a long
a transverse
across
raised,
sharp
yellowish
its wing covers.
show
beak,
white
These,
back
hollowed
red color,
flattehed, of
a bright
with transverse black spots.
The shanks of the hind legs are
tened
(Fig.
out into
leaf-like appendages,
first,
young are
Fig. 12. After Glover.
a bright yellowish
red,
without the flattened
appendages
to the
hind
legs.
(See
lower
figure in cut.)
These only
appear
before
casting
skin.
ITr DESTRUCTIVENE8.
It has not only
sucking .the sap
proved
from
very
tender
destructive to the orange tree by
shoots and terminal branches,
thus killing them,
but I have also observed it thrusting its sharp
beak into plums and sucking their contents
to such an extent as
to rende:
0oore's
the sumi
them in
'ice, just
tages of
ne that
nanner..
The o
satch the
r them unfit either for eating or selling.
place, at Fruit Cove, they
ner of
1879
were
On Mr. T
unusually abundant
, and in August of the same year, I observed
countless numbers, settling upon the heads of the young
before ripening, from six to ten on a blade,
growth,
sucking the "
nearly all his
rloe
milky kernel."
crop was
REMEDY.
nly method of
destruction I
destroyed
in various
Mr. M. informed
them
can at present suggest is to
em in a butterfly net and scald them.
THE
TREE
PLANT
BUG.
(Brockymena 'arborea, Say.)
[Ord,
HFl -- .r ^
Sub-Fam., HUL.YDmA.]
BIBLIOGRAPHIOAL.
S
ORANGE INS8~Ts.
Complete
writing, ii,
239.
Dallas, Brit.
Mue.
List,
Hemip. i,
188, No. 1.
This
as the
oval f
is a large
other, and
orm,
speckled
grey plant
a different
.64 of
shape.
an inch
bug,
not so numerous
It is of a flattened,
length, sides of thorax
being armed with seven small spines
the antenna thin and five-
jointed, reaching to end
of first
ventral
segment;
beak
long and slender, and when
under part of the body,
use lies folded close
reaching to second
to the
ventral segment.
have often caught it on the trunks of, orange trees infested with
scale insect, and think it probably feeds on them, as I have never
detected it feeding upon the young shoots.
tionable whether it is beneficial or injurious.
It is therefore ques-
THE
RUST
MITE
OF THE
OBAN GE.
(PAytoptus oleiwru, Ashmead.)
[Ord., AoAmm&A.
Fam., PHnrrorrm.]
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL.
7Ty lodromus
Vol. XI, 1879.
leiwvoru,
Ashmead,
Florida Agriculturist,
Canadian
Entomologist,
Vol. II, 1879.
Some of the four-legged mites that are
family name of Pkytoptidca, or popularly
known to entomologists for two centuries
now known under the
Gall-Mites, have
been
, and their life history,
up to the
present
time,
remains unravelled.
Tlhe late Andrew
Murray, in his work entitled "Aptera," gives a succinct account
of all known species, and to those desiring fuller information on
these interesting mites, I would recommend his work.
IT DIUOOVlBT.
In the latter part of
called
attention
August,
this in
1879,
tereeting
SRev.
miti, at the same
Moore
time
stating his belief
that it was
cause of the
orange
rust.
immediately began to study it, and
soon
after
wrote him that I
had discovered what it was, and forwarded a description oi it for
m a -, m- -t ,a. at a~ a SS
OnAwoE mnEB.
feed on the essential oil of the
orange.
replied as follows
. E. AsnMaA:
Dear Sir:--Your
favor
of yesterday
hand.
You
mistaken in mentioning me as the discoverer of the insect.
The
opinion has long been ,entertained
by an insect, but we had
that
no certain
rust was
knowledge of th
occasioned
ie fact till
a few months since.
Mr. J
H. Gates, from
near
Palatka,
covered something, and placing it under the microscope, found it
to be an insect.
. 0.
Hargrove was the first to mention
the subject to me.
I am still at work studying the habits and
looking for the de-
stroyer of the
insect,
think
am making
some
progress,
though some of
my experiments have been rather expensive.
There is one form of
rust which I think is not caused by this
insect, as evidently the oil flows out without the assistance of the
puncture of
I am
the insect, simply from its superabundance.
, my dear sir, yours truly,
Mooa.
FRurr Covn, August 27.
The article was as follows:
My attention has been drawn by the Rev.
. Moore
strange insect on his orange trees and on the trees of Mr. Byron
Oak,
and I have also
noticed
on the fruit of several
others
n and surrounding Jacksonville.
It is one of the most interest-
ng insects I ever saw.
nens off Mr. Oak's trees,
rith a powerful microscope,
ro-day, August
have
25th, I obtained speci-
examined them thoroughly
six or seven
hundred diameter.
They
are not apparent
naked
I found
them
great numbers on all rusty fruit
examined;
they are almost sta-
lionary, seldom
moving,
vhich they pdnctare with
and a
their
attach themselves to the oil cells,
beaks, probably, feeding on the
>il. Mr. Moore attributes to them the cause of the orange rust,
n which opinion I concur.
The puncture causes the oil
exude,
the chemical action of
he atmosphere causes it to oxidize, and the result is a hard,
rusty
On all orange that had begun
to rust,
we found the in-
ects in great numbers;
nor could we
them anywhere
elke,
. W
OBAk-QX
had been picked, no insect could be found; they had all fallen of
and disappeared. This
never detect any insect,
is the reason why the microscopist could
and as a dernier reeat attributed the
result to a fungoid.
It is a four-legged'mite, belonging to the genum Typhlodromus,
and is probably the first speciesoaf the genusdiscovered in Atmeri-
ca. It may be termed the oil-eating mite of the orange.
Thus the long vexed question xof
what canoes the orange rest
is solved, and proves not to be a fungoid, as many supposed,
an infinitesimal creature,
that could never have been
discovered
except with the aid of
a microscope.
Florida
Agriculturist,
the following
communication
appeared:
I see that
Ashmead
classified
named the small
insect that I believe to be the cause of the
will give a short history of its discovery.
Some time in May, Mr. J
on oranges.
H. (3ites called my attention
small insect upon an orange he was just ending the pieroscopist
f o the A ricultural Department atWashnagton. Ifeltthiswas
Wa uA -I a -r ---
---.
a valuable discovery, and that the insect was the cause, of the rust,
once commenced
investigating
little
"chap."
Gates' reply
from
Washington did not, in my
opinion, describe
the insect as I saw it with my gla
means of the insect and 'oranges,
insect, to Mr. Thomas Taylor, W
reply was misdirected and did no
fI
immediately
sent speci-
together with a drawing of the
rashington.
t reach m
Unfortunately, his
In a subsequent
letter asking that I send some leaves from the same tree, he says:
"1 think that the insect you describe
disease in this case."
which is due to Mr. Gates.
L Early in June, Rev. Mr.
is the cause of the orange
This much for the discovery of the insect,
oore, of Fruit Cove, was in Palatka,
and I gave him a description of the inseet; it being night, I could
not show him
a specimen.
few weeks after, Mr. Hargrove
showed Mr. Moore the insects in his own grove -Md he has devo-
ted much time and attention to them since.
In my investigation I was aided by Mr.
. O. Hargrove, who
is a -ose o-berver, and has ban much interested in the cause of
-. Ab Aa
bran
' u m nh
#AAVL
D#II^^^^^-f^^^^
Eaalu4m
rkntrx
M~ldM
iflari.
He said at once,
oranges,
as aon ibe
d84cribed
that Mehr ydar hi 'oranges
thb appearance of the
'that
appearance at the
comtrfenleaneiOt obf tA osdth.
I considered this'good testimony
and vahabit if6rmattnm.
At rit the orb 'hgI dustys ppear~ne to the unaided 'eye,
and althotg th'e t mre 'e"tet,"
after
a liftlt
practice ron
can detect
them at
onde.
Under
a glaus, the ortge appearA
covered with thousands.
I haVe exaliwied orngit fr-one
differ-
cet groves, and in every case have found
the insect where there
were rusty oranges.
They remain upon the orange
about
four
weeks-that is, when there is a
large number upon one orange.
By that time they have punctured all the oil
the oil to exude, and with the excretion froin
cells, which allows
the insect become
oxidized, and they, no longer able to obtain food, leave.
'I find
he oranges attacked early in the season are more uniformly rosty
and darker than those late in
the Beason, which may be owing
to two cause---iot so many insects; or the
developed.
They prefer the oranges on the outside of
oranges
more
fully
most
exposed to be seen.
I have asked
How do you account for
nany turning dark immediately after a rain I
I account
n this way
The insect has been doing
work,
the rain
coming in contact with the oil and
resinous matter, causes it
e precipitated at once, which hardens, and
aa soon
as the
shines
bright,
turns
dark
oxidizatioin.
By taking
)range, before it had tutni dark, but had that peculiar dust-like
appearance and plenty of insects, dipping it into water, the resin-
)us matter
was
precipitated
once, and could be removed by
he thumb-nail quits readily,
md harden td the oratige.
done
before it had
time to dry
About
three
weeks
ago they
made
range tree -that had fine bright fruit.
ruit is of
a bronze
color, not very dari
their s
Today
r, but
appearance on as
over half of the
so much
so that
heir price will be materially lessened.
PAL xT FLA., Sept. 11.
Credit is therefore due Mr. J.
overer, which' Mr. GOrll Aays waB
Inch an inhMicnti AImanwatrw a 1
Gates
as the
S. CRIaL.
original d
last 6f May,
1879.
khfa ainnlhA hlaa hin nuhliahed
olA'roit
ORANGE INxsrui
WHAT Is THE OAlEOB BUST ?
For the past ten or fifteen
years
there
appeared on
numbers
variously
)f the fruit,
attributed t<
a reddish
a fungus,
brownish rust,
moisture,
which
wet swampy
proximity to pines, or to an insect,
All these theories were pro
mulgated from time to time, but no facts given to eupportthem.
I consider this
question
now
definitely
settled
beyond
contro-
very as the work of the Phytoptut.
TS ORIGIN AND BPREAD.
As far as I can learn,
the rust first made
appearance soon
after the war on fruit from Mandarin,
sinme
spread
nearly
over the whole of
Florida,
some
years appearing
more
plentiful in
one
place
than
another, and without regard to
soil, swampy land, proximity to pine trees, or anything else.
DAMAGE DONE TO THE FRUIT.
The r dish or brownish
fruit or tree, excepting in
does
appearance,
not materially injure the
which
damage the sale.
In fact, for shipping purposes, it is rather beneficial, as the hard
rusty skin prevents the air from reaching the interior part of the
fruit, thus causing it to keep much better and longer.
ITS NATUt AL HIBTOBY.
As I have previously stated, nothing, so far, is known of the
life-history of
any of these four-legged mites.
While
"The garden glows and lb the liberal air
With lavish fragrane; while the promined fruit
Lie yet f little embryo uapeslted
Within its crimon tlde,"
the little pkytoptuw begins its work of destruction.
Last
orange
April,
leaves,
I noticed
numerous gall-like prominnces on the
it immediately
ooourred
me that these
might probably prove
began investigating b
dissecting others. 1
to be
the work of the little phytopti.
placing some under the microscope; and
found
that they were caused by an insect,
whether by the phytoptus or not I
I left Jacksonville the last of
cannot positively say, as
April, and could not continue my
researches.
My opinion is
Ihah1 4m0,+ ftVau h.ck, ak-,n+. tha dirn+ -
were the cause.
haofna
It is pro-
n
TlnUt
W. if| I
OSAmeS INTSwf
and plate 4, fig. 11, highly
of the little fellow.
magnified,
will give one a good idea
Nf DY*.
It is
probable
that
early application of on
Mr. Moore informs me
"rustv fruit"
ie of the washes
could be prevented by an
used
for scale
insects.
has had no difficulty in killing them
with a wash made from tobacco leaves and soap sads.
DMEIOBIPIV.
PaYTOPTUs oL rVOUS.
Whitish fleh color, elgated, cy lldrcdually
incre g in ie near the hed it
beom r
twie u thick m poi
abdo
men finely and transverely triate, apparently o of numarery thin
aegmenta;
to the oran
in thorax
at the extremity Is a biped appendage that e-vk-ntly quiJt- In clingng
ge
; Ju above it protude two caudal
ent;
head amot hidden
; four leg rather ort with one claw, a long lair springrom knee.
THE
ORANGE
BUTTERFLY
AND
ORANGE
DOG.
(PApilo crapkontee, Oramer.)
[Ord.,
LEPIDOPTLa.
Fam., PAPIxomDoa.]
SBDIumaomAIAL.
Papilio thoa,
Fab.,
Spec.
Mantis
Id. Etom.
Syst.
Meth.
Papilio replkotes, Hubst.
PapiliU thoae, God.
Enc.
Pcpilio thoe, Boisduval et Leconte, Lepidopteres
de 1'Amerique Septentrionale, 1883.
val, Specjee General
Synopsis
Morris.
pelten V
des Lepidopteree,
described
Papilio
oorkomende in de drie,
Papilio
1836.
Lepidoptera of North
Oramer,
Waereld Dulen
thoas,
Boisdu-
Palpio tJoae,
America, by
ttandsohe Ka-
, Asia Africa
en America, Plate CLXVI, fig. B., 1779.
SOne of the most beautiful and abundant butterflies to be seen
n Florida
from
early
spring
until
in winter,
is a
large
)lack butterfly with two yellow bands extending aeroes the wings,
ormed by a series of large yellow spots, (Fig.
anuary and February, it may sometimes
be seen
As early as
flying up the
principall
middle of
L a--
1I
business
street,
i .9
thoroughfare
*Inow
j>
Jacksonville;
on the4tidewalk,
I
*
now
bobbing
in the
here and
AqI I I 1 1
flr 'Tn-* --- a Sl a aL a* U a -~r a a ewr nC -r a Aq a an -
crsphontes,
A
*
OalNN rWmam.
that
Few
that
curitos
gay,
active
exorementitious
known to orange growers, under the
Dog.
butterfly is the parent of
looking o
common
aterpillar,
name of
sO well
Orange
rti DTrIBlUTION.
This
Ora
bernfy
was
first
, haindted and
described by a Dutch Entomologist,
Dveaitsgo, (1779) under the name
- .a
4 a
are
ugly,
*
*. 9,_ _* t__
atsbnm.
States, and extending Northward as far
in which' place it is rare.
as Ontario
40C
anada,
II WPOOD PLANTr.
Its original
food
plant
was
probably the Prickly
Ash, Zan-
thozylum Americanum, or an allied species.
feedi
ly.
It is
here
found
ng upon X. Cainianum and all species of the citrus fami-
On the FloridfKeys, I found its food pleatsllbe Zanthtkoy-
lum Pterota,
a small
species of
In Kanas, Prof.
Snow
reports it feeding on Prickly
fop Tree, Pelea trifoliatq.
Ash
, Znthrtytum
Amricauntm,
In Ontario, Canada, Wm..Murray,
anadian Entomologist,
Vol. XI,
states having found it feeding
)n Dictamnue frawinel.a-uba .
rrF SATyR
The female butterfly, when.
ready to oviporate, fies.here
ud there through the groye,
epositing from one. to two 4
found eggs on a leaf. From
these, in a few days, hatch out
caterpillar, without sign of th
ack : this dnos not annal nl
-. .-
"rp-
moult the hair disappears,
nee.
It feeds
I
AL HISTORY.
ig. 14.
a small
e 4eam
atil
hairy,
colored
the third'
browI
band
moult.
cored
over
After this
it has a slimy nauseating appear-
on the orange leaves, and after several moultings
f its skin, teaches maturity, measuring from two to three inches
1 length.
(Fig. 14.)
On disturbing, it protrudes
long
filaments fronr the
3gments above the head, and at the same time secreting
isagreeable odor, which is supposed to be a. pro-
a very
nation against its
enemies.
When ready to pu
5, it secretes a small silky web to a twig or thi
ody of the tree,
attaches
itself by its
nd a
silken
thread across its back, then changes
to a chrysalis, (Fig. 15.)
In from eight to sixteen
days, the back of the
rysalia splits
butterfly
t, the wings are wet and durmbli,
LV. maltino nn fhk th.M I
emerges.
U -
but the bnuh
Pna*IMn P
w twima
otfLrttk
&
wilt*
ORANGoE ImNSn.
formed kplpking wings, and as the veses
pand. ri continues slowly flapping them
fill with air, they ex-
down,
until
they are entirely expanded and strong, when it is ready for flight.
The fall
brood
caterpillars remain
the chrysalis all
winter, transforming into butterflies early. in the spring.
The caterpilhr of this
butterfly,
unlike
many others, hps no
parasite to prey upon it, or at least none so far discovered.
Even
birds, on account of its
ugly,
unpalatable appearance,
eat it.
The question is how to keep them in subjection and prevent
them from defoliating the young orange trees, of which they are
particularly fond.
The only remedy I know of, is hand-picking,
a tedious
spring
process,
I fall,
biu a
rhen
very
they
necessary one, especially
are most
numerous.
The
modt
opemwtcis to provide
keep th
terpillars in;
yourself with
a bucket
Go carefully over yor
or something to
ir trees, pick off
all to be found
put them
bucket,
then kill
scalding
them.
Repeat
his every two or three weeks and your trees will
be kept comparatively free from them.
4 1
LANOE
(Agrotis Ypi
(Ord., LBPIDOPTEfA.
RUSTIC
MOTH.
niloA, Hufn.)
FPa., NOO'tUIa ]
BBLIOGBAPmOAL.
.Esn.
Suffusa
Den.
piess TdrM, Harris, Insects Inj. to
February,
1880,
Robert 8.
Turnqr,
Scheit.
Vegetati<
of Fort
Wiener
3n.
IsldM, Florida, brought me
fro:t the rotsof his orange
pups of a nocturnal moth, du
tree.
These, I put
a breeding
bo, ftd by the first
week
March, there
hatched out several
the with
which
was
unacquainted.
sent
specimens
Profesor hiey, who replied as follows
iaB Sm
The moth' y
sendpj a lark spoierpe of Agrotis
- -
THE
YpTilon,
Aye
Ve
qw
*I
z. m .
III
Aln inLn.
descted i
euhfr, ab
deifra, by
Wine
1 again by
whieb anme-
Verseicia under the specib name
Harrie,
under
*
I haw given am
First Report on Ineeots of Missouri, p. 80.
specific
name
.mwont of ft i my
ft may popilarly be
known as. the Lance Rustic, and is the parent of one of our com-
ragnest
cited.
'ca worms,'
illnustated
plate
of port
This worm does great injury by chatting of tender plants
early in Spring.
It comes
growth
the latitude of St.
Louis, during May, the moth making its appearance two or three
months later.
It is sch a general feeder that I am not surprised
at yovr finding it on the' leaves of an orange tree."
ITS NATURAL HBTORY..
Professor Riley
describe~
larva under
name of
" Large
Black
Cut-Worm.
It is an inch
a half in length
when crawling, and its
general Aolor above is dull, d
ek bownw,
with a faint trace of yellowish white along the bok.
dorsal line is more distinct, and Letween it and re s
two other indistinct lines.
The sub-
bagmatic are
There are eight black shining, pilifer-
onu spots
on each
segment;
near
eabdorsal
line, the
smaller a little above it
The other two are placed each side of,
;he stigmata, the one anteriorly a little above the other
just be-
dind in the same line with them, and having a white shade above
(Fig.
16, upper figure.)
This caterpillar feeds only at night,
crawling
n the ,
,round (
dqwn from
morning
,r under rubbish
the orange tree
hiding in the
durin he
The eggs of
this species are of
flattened spheroid shape, purplish in
with longitudinal
ribs, and re-
embles
very
otton moth.
era on
range
halhid
under
much
They are
or upper
leaf, :and ari
which,
eggs
of the
laid in clus-
part
subjected
as I have
to the attacks of
never
bred,
ni.u
cannot
a parsite
d dserbe.
ve frequently found the eg after the fly had escaped.
Aese
g appear to be laid- in early spring,
LalVs hidrl ela ElA rA Mn ,, A 4a dA 4LA,,
asth
the only idqne
ti'
I A i ..
m
ree 40*'
S1i .,WRpt
u, pfh d ed
The fe wwipgs
d*b liuu mnd bea o)f (a dark brpwn;
ohwrn. na dp umd.4 the
row frmup ot dono.
MW^^'^
heor 0
kfs reabdi
with a es-
did.ro txdin
S.m
TER Wooltt BEAR OR. STInGWG CATLA
(Ord., LEuDOra
Fam, BourOmea.),
Toward, the latter pet of August, until oldd weather sets in,
one frequesny oeem aerem a curios looking caterpillar crawl-
ing on a rostamh, orange, or plum tree, about an ineb in
ad thiok
eowred tith
long7ellowlhh
brown
Vain.
length
Under
the lag had are eoten mdip ard barbed, wMhic, should one
tappa to eom
.evs .U
Pin eoetact itBh, are eapible of inflicting a very
An sBte wase created to me of a boy tho was
evenrrly stahg by one of these Wotma and o powerful and poison-
one wt the Woind, that it was thought to be the bite-of a snake,
antii tvatipation
erpillam.
proved it to b one of
these
smaDl
Woolly
ITS NATUT&
wth, this caterpillar makes a thin, tough,
over, dark brown eose the inside of which is white td smooth,
while on the outside are a few silken hairs.
part of boardd, &.l. c
This is attached to
In this it changes to a pupa, and
i M^ ^a
count of belag eooend with
Bear!'
yellowish
brown
fine hairs, t
moth, whih, on sc
remdthe "Whej
rFl WOOD PLATh .
The caterpillar, in .Floride, has
been f
d feeding on
ves of t]e orange, the quine, and other tre9s; alSo on the.rose
MOe ENam.S
a a -- a d -*- -
a a-. SI
-An
wip .i^t> ^^^^^^y^
d he
ia bM~b>
hrtM
L-'..
L,,
h J
-IIR
THE
BASKET
WOR
OF THE
ORANGE.
( "
J~Ocic w tvirii, Packard.)
fOrd., LuwIDaPna.
Fam., BonBoaOa]
Packard, Guide 'to the tdy of Insect, page
8. AgritUM eport,
391.
Glove, I
1 WrTUORAL WRIOBY.
This curious bombycid
onee
worm was ndmbd
*Professor
Packard after
its discoverer, Townend Glover, who published a
description.
of its habits in
the Agripultural Report for
1858
mnd from which I ihall qdote.
H6 rys
S" A hall hang or drop
worm
(oikoticu)
is very
prevalent
found moet frequently suspended
upon
from
orange leaves, and is
n leaf, entirely envel-
)ped in a brotih, oblong, oval egte, of a paper-like substance,
pan by the worm
within
and interwoven
with dried scrape of
he leaf itself, or
any other material
over which ithe worm may
Wander."
The male case is about
0.5 of
an inch in length.
Within it
ves the worm,
which is 0.8 of an inch in length, and qif brown-
h color, clouded or spotted with darker brown on th&
wo first
nent wh
emgtndnta,
Len
feeding
case, which
chrysalis of a dark
protruding
or moving
is spun
brown c
only
from
from
tolor,
unshes itself nearly out of the O
)
head
place
worm
place.
itself,
With-
is found
which, when about 4 qbnge,
.wint in the lower eetiy,
rhen the back fIpits and a ii mh of about 0.5 f fmh.in
readth across the expanded wigs of black color and hiflg
feather-like antenna, comes out.
The female case is much larger, measuring 0.7
length, and is formed
of 'the
same materials as the
of an inch
male
cae.
-he femnleM however, nev<
change, fatem the a to
er acquires
the leaf w
wings, but when ready to
ith silk, lays its eggs and
lies in the Oae whieh it had eonstruoted as a shelter for its sot
ad flhy bodyr.
The e e likewise laid
atoheA, from the no
the case, and
young, When
fla at thei lower and .and disperse
first
1
OBRAGE
mI"rBon.
I have also'found this inseet
feeding
and have also detected it, or a similar
r on the leaves of the fig,
species, preying upon the
scale
insects.
It is
by no
mean. common,
nor do
I ..
I apprehend
ever
becoming so.
Should it be.proven to be identical with the
species
detected
preying
ioale inb
aig. 17.
sects, it nust be considered beneficial. Fig.
17, (after Packard,) gives a good idea of its
different forms.
, moth;
B, caterpillar;
0, pupa;
D, case in
which caterpillar lives.
THE
A NGULAR-WINGED
KATY-DID.
(Microcentre retinervi, Burm.)
[Ord., OwTHorrTBA.
Fam., LoousnTDA.]
This large, green
Katy-did,
or Grasshopper, as it is variously
called
, is among. the commonest we have.
During
daytime
it is seldom seen
, being hidden away
among the thick foliage of
trees and shrubs;
towards
dusk,
as the
shadows of
night
begin. to fall, it comes forth from its hiding place
and begins its
song of
"Katy-did
Katy-did'nt,"
so familiar to every
This song is not produced by its mouth, as nearly every one sup-
poses, but by slightly opening its wings and rubbing them against
its ,thighs.
- it (Afsr Besy.)
H NAYUTULL LMMNWTY.
Early
fall,
dung the
winter and in
tiay often observe on the outer edge of
the sp
the orange
kl
parallel rows of:lsrge muM-s6haped eggs of a greylth s
hee
are the eggs of the Katy-did.
Prof. O.
' obqesred it lonely and bred.it id eoldlnement, gives an
ring, one
aves two
ate oolor.
, who hn
excellent
.Riley,
__
".The female aommewee to oviposit early in September,
continues to lay
at intervals until
"the
sere
frot.
The
eggs are occasionally deposited during the day, bt the operation
usually takes place at night
of a common
reception
Selecting a twig of about the ize
goose-quill, this provident' moth. preae t for
of her eggs .by biting and roughening the bark
with her jaws for a distance of two or three
is not gradual; like that
made
when
feeding,
inches.
This
bite
but i sudden and
vigorous, the insect chewing and pressing the .twig each side, so
as to form an edme This operation is accomplished by a sud-
den nervous shake of the body from side to side, and Ints some-
times
When
9 three
operation
minutes,
sometimes
is accomplished
more
than
her satisfaction,
clutches, with her front feet 'the stem to be used, and anchors the
middle
hindmost feet
for .the
most part upon
contiguous
eaves or branches,
often
quite
wide
apart.
Then,
if she
ias her head in an upward
direction,
(for it
seems to be imma-
erial to
her whether the
eggs
are placed
from
below,
ap, or
ice era,) she begin
;ion of the twig,
and,
at the
lower end
after fitting it
of the
anew
witt
roughened por-
i her jaws and
measuring and feeling it over again
and again with her palpi, as
f to assure herself that all is as it should lie,
nuch apparent effort, and
slowly-with
not without letting it partly fall sev-
pral timese-curls the abdomen under until the lower edge of the
:urled ovipositor is brought between the jaws and palpi, by which
t is grasped and guided to the right position.
is then
ix minute&-l
worked
ll the
slightly
time
guided
down
by the
tor from
four to
jaws-eAft a shiny
iscid fluid is. given out apparently from the ovipositor.
Finally,
fer a 'few
seconds,
or suspension
work,
the egz
dually rises, and, as it passe
'between
the ovipositor, runs so
iat the one end
appear almost simultaneously from between
xe convex .d4e with the other from the lower tip of tlh blade.
he egg tdhenrm
to the roughned
bark rin a obaliqu podion.
uis t blt Mad highly rarhedbat it aoq in formal
within
"Afte the
S -
lgh or toiep hor. -
kphwd, the abdomen is InigrUed oattnd
N= a -
eolor
9_
I
OXllTA ar
cept that
the second egg is placed
on the opposite side of the
twig and a little above the.fsnt one. The third, egg is punched
in betwae the top of the fiat one and the twig, the fourth be-
twee top of the seond,,and o on, one each aide, alternately.
Th" tee egp are not laid, a we might ntay imply,
one over the tbher, but rather, oe unde the other; i. e., each
oc pair having their nd thrt in between the tops of
the preceding pair, the teeth at the end of the oviutor~ helping
to crowd teinto pla,
"The lentb o time required from the commencement of the
ing of the wi to the Droper placing of the eng rarie all
way from
q a-aU
minutes.
Sometimes, as
instance,
where a bod cone in the way, the
preparation of the twig will
a comparatively
long time, and
after the ovipositor is
brought up and a futile attempt made to place the egg, it will be
let down again and the work of preparing the
twig more vigor
only proseeuted
second
one time varies from two to
time.
thirty, 1
The number of eggs laid at
the
first
more than those deposited later in the' season.
batches containing
Each female pro-
dnoep from
one hundred and fifty to
two hundred, or perhaj
more, and I have known them to lay on the edge of a leaf, or o
a pianocover, or along a piece of cord.
remarked, are rather fiat when laid, bi
These eggs, as already
become more
swol
so that they have a narrower look as they approach the hatching
period in the spring.
During the early part of May, the embryo
stgbt in its egg-completely filling it-with
larva, which lie
the eap bent U
as in pupa, and the long antenna curling around them, attain
ite fsal development sand after
hour of tedious contracting
expanding movements, manage to burst the egg open at its to
or exped end along the narow edge, and gerally about ha
*ay down. Through t. opening young Katy slowly emergE
undergoig a moult unng the procm, and leaving it ak in
crpledM white ma attached to the empty biralrular egshe
Incluj lP q and anem i WS ae, tth timee rath
more than macin in lemngh, ,e body ae be.oge-eith I
a
* V '- -
fttl
the
vy
require
-IMS.
pressed
into
comparatively
small skin
which
we see it
clinging.
"In from ten
twenty minutes after
bathing,
these
beings essay their first leaps, and soon begin to eat with avi!
They
feed
with
'almost
4
foliage, but I have found
leaves, such as lettuce, cabbage, ptralain and
less hardy, and do not attain so great an age
upon more lignec
"The
weeks.
the like, they are
as when nourished
towards the end
of June, the rudiments of the wings and of
sexual organs may be distinguished.
In the pupa state they
quite
pretty,
their fael have a
every motion is invested with a sort of
to amuse the observer.
" Including the moult in leaving the egg,
omically wild look, add
dignity that cannot fat
they cast their siid
five times, becoming pupa at the fourth and acquiring wings at
the fifth.
In each case the palpi are
adroitly used to help the
long antenna out of the old usins, and a description of the last,
which is more easily watched, will convey a correct idea of all.
In changing from a ptpa to the perfect form, the insect stations
itself firmly upon a large stem or a couple of twigs, which branch
in such a manner as to afford a convenient support, and, after a
short period of inactvity, a rupture appears in
the head and gradually extends
of the thorax.
the covering of
backward to the potetrior
neck, and by a few upward
and downward
slide off in front, the long thradlike
antennte
motions, is
being drawn out
of their sheathed with treat are in constantly lengthening loops,
the palpi tftrd ihg much' alistance in puhidng the old skit donta-
ward.
SAfter the head and
antenna are entirely freed, the in-
sect remains for a short time motionle, a' if to recover from
its exertions. Very soon, however, it renews its effort in a sertW.
of rapid jers a4d ttr6i~ y w ii the body is
forward while the ct ro i akin i Mld Sirmly in pplace by .
elaWS of the middle a por ile which remain fixed in the
wood. dThe tnqt s dielult part of the. whole poeeas seems to be
l
equal relish upon a great variety i
that when reared upon very succulent
larval i
Shortly
us food, as the leaves of oak, apple otfcher.
fe of these insects lasts from seven to e ;h
before the change to pupe, which takes $lan
The armor of the head is next detached
i 4
56 omni weaO .
Katy-did has something to grasp with, anS experiences no further
trouble in withdrawing the body and the remaining legs rtotz the
old integument, often leaving the latter as an almost transparent
shell in perfect shape upon the twig..
It is not allowed
to r.
main long, however, as an object of enriosity, for almost the 'first
efforts of the transformed insect are. dirted .to the, task of eat.
h
ing up tl
out of its
his, its out-grown
pupal
covering, the w
out-worn garment.
rings of the nature
When firt
insect hang
dbwn on each side as flexible and shapeless as strips of dampened
lace; but, they
soon begin to dry and harden, and
are, by de-
greens, drawn
up into
place.
anterior pair, which
were at
first
transparent, become
gradually
green and opaque, and
play the characteristic leaf-like veinings; while the broad under-
wings, formed
of transparent membrane
intersected
by an ex-
quisite net-work of green veins, are folded fan-like beneath them,
with only the tips for about a third of
an inch
visible, this por-
tion being green and thickened like the wing-covers.
operation of moulting is performed within an hour."
The whole
ITS NATURAnL En
Two birds ai4 materially in destroying the
The
Mocking
Bird
(M'am potly yottu,)
young Katy-dide.
1 the Loggerhead
Shrike
or Butcher
Bird, (ollurio
their nests in the orange tree or in
have
young
ApriL
have-
lu-oi cimnuse.)
live-oaks close
fund
Katy-dide
.Both
build
by, and both
impaled on
ge thons by the Shrike.
I once saw a four-footed
enemy,
line. Lizard, (Ameia d-lineata,) .with a full-grown one
outkh; At first it bad great difficulty in swallowing. such a
large morsel, .t finally .ucoeeded.
The most important enemy,
however, is .a
Professor
small
Riley,
Ohalid
Fly, just
also ,bred
bred
myself.
from
He calks
eggs uy
it The
Black Rolling
Wonder."
THE
BLAOLK.ROL
WPNDpg
(AeuMpdw usMu6i0b
WSNMA1U*ALJ ILtpM
# d4)
V .
*.I
.anmau maWrt.
conseque:
numbers.
is of the greatest
importance
din
e female wam fiiset diseo veted by WVlsh.
finishing its
See Vol. 2
of the" American XEntomologist," pages 868470, but the
and its life-history remained unknown until 1874, when Prof. O.
.Riley published a description
his 'Sifth
Annual
Report
on the Noxious, Benecial and ether InseeTs of the te of Mi.-
souri," page tO6, from which I doall quote:
"The ammadous
habit
little
aonsiata in the habit
possessed by the female of rolling up inte a ball backward, aad
in the very great dissimilarity of the male.
SMany other imeects
roll up downward,
with
a convex back,
while some few,
a the
Rove-beetee, (&eaphdyen d.,)
when disturbed
curl
more
or lee
backward,
but ao other species is so curiously constrrted
for rolling backward into perfect
ball, unless
some
longing to the very closely allied genus Euplmte.
These little parasites have always issued in the spring of the
year, just about the time the young Katy-dids would have issued
if they had not been molested; but
specimens in Aunkst, the insect mswt
as Mr.
either
Walsh captured hi
be doubfrbrooded,
or the female must survive during the summer mpntha."
As I have bred it from
correct hypotheia.
The larva of this little anomaly
sphinx eggs, the firt is doubtless the
I have not yet met with, but
the pupa is
characteristically
flattened
and straightened to suit its narrow egg-
bode.
When
*mature, and
wings are expanded and all its parts are
hardened,
gnaws
rough an irregular, but
h *
way
usually
round
he egg.
een by
le anterior or exposed end of
The male, (Fig. 19,) as willAe
glancing
at the figures,
Ft. .
A
approaches much
nr Riley,
nearer
chalidildan
owbody, and is of a
he female, (1ig.' o ,) f
hast had 1not bre both
nore
form.
brilliax
which,
sexes front
hold ry believe them to be at
It.
Shas clear wings, a nar.
metallic green color than
indeed,
ithe a
he dffers
ne batch of
o much
ess !
spedfally connted.
. T. r a a
common
male
at tt
om
r r*
1 .
g
OBISAG INBIWIT
therefore, when, the first wee& in April,
OD opening
these
the
-
box, I. found
small liea
a lot of
examining
Katy-did egge a small romnd hole wns
plainly visible in the top oteach, through
which
the parasite
some'
after its
long winter feast.
come
foith
enPoy
awakening
the sunshine,
beauties
regale
sprg,
marry
and perpetuate its kind.
Fig. e, Ae Riley.
In the fall, when the Katy-did lays her egs, the female ehalcid,
ever on the
watch, inserts her ovipositor into each one, at the
same time depositing an egg. These, on hatching, begin to feed
npon the albuminoas esubtanee contained therein, and like- other
ichneumon or chalcid flies, on arriving at maturity, change into
pups
transform
fliee,
freeing
round holes through their prison walls.
themselves
I hasn
raised
r eating
these in
the spring and fall, proving them to be double brooded.
UBMNDt.
The beat method of destroying the Kqtyrdids is to go over the
trees in winter and spring, lbok for the eggs, and destroy them.
4-
.1?*
THE
LUBBER
GRASSHOPPER.
(Rhwma Mic Mrops~, Berm.)
[Ord.,
OrmTB OPTm
For some unaccountab]
Fam., LoooLrraa.]
are in America
the term "OGran
hopper"
been
given to an
inet, which, in
Earope, Asi
and Afria is knowuas the Locat; while th
is generally pplied,or rather misapplied, to
eie ot Cicadw.
latter
term her
the different oe
A mistake which, in Amerieca, i universdu a
win probably never .b reoitied.
Locus, (grahshw8eu) in Eastern sad tropical eoawtrfes ha
S -
1) ; a a
a & e
*
A A e &Mill
OnAeJOX
INB OnB.
tentots and Kaffir tribes of Central Africa, the Indians of South
America, and some few of the Indian tribes of North America,
il enjoy the delectable dish of "fried
grasshoppers."
Even
;he Bible, in the days of
Christ, we read
that John the Baptist
on "Locust
and
wild
honey."
Centuries
before,
when
Babylon and Nineveh were in their glory, wre rd that at feast.
Locusts were considered a great delicacy.
Austin
Layard, in
"Discoveries among the ruins of
Nineveh and Babylon,"
interesting
account
published in
a sculptured
1853, gives
slab;
the following
on whiob is
reproe-
rented servants carrying fruits, Locusts, pomegranates, &c., to a
feast in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar:
"During
my absence
desert, the excavations at Kon-
yunjik had been actually
carried on
under
the superintendence
of Toma Shishman.
On my arrival he described many interest-
ing discov,&ies, and I hastened to
ruins, crossing in
a rude
ferry-boat
river, now
swollen
by the spring rains to more
than double its usual size.
"The earth had been completely removed from the sides of the
gallery, on the walls of which had been portrayed
the transport
of the large stone and the winged bulls.
An outlet
was discov-
ered near its
western
end,
opening
into
a narrow, descending
passage;
an opening, it would
appear, into the
palace from the
river side.
Its length was ninety-six feet, its
breadth
not more
than
thirteen.
The
about six feet high.
sent a procession of
walls
were
Those to
paneled w
a right, in
ith sculptured slabs
descending,
repre-
servants carrying fruit, flowers, game, and
supplies~aor
a banquet, preceded
mace
bearers.
The
first
servant following the guard bore an object which I should not
hesitate to identify with the pine-apple, unless there were every
reason
that
fruit'
believe
The
that
leaves sprouting
were
m the
unacquainted with
top proved that it
was not
oone of
a pine
tree or
After all, the sacred
symbols held by the
winged figures in
the Assyrian
seulptureb
may be the same fruit, snd not, as I have conjectured, that ote
coniferous tree. The attendants who followed carried olustind
rpe datu and flat
arto. iamlj
baskets
h.n.a hAA o
oaier-work, filled, with pomegran-
9
flw'nfl
ThlFw
0 *IIIU l sll t I JlIt IIls Ier ts -l'
rs asiA
in nmA hand
C
OBANGU MiamiS.
ing hares, partridges and drid lou
locust has ever been an article of fo
sold in the market of many towns in
in this bae-rdef amongst the choice
wasprol* A4iA4 prisd by he A
H. and Bro.., S.
it fastened an
od in the Eat,
Arabia. Beng
delicacies of a
syruia. (Page
rode. Th.
and is still
introduced
banquet, it
289, 3. .
He
taken
which
ancient
food,
deal o:
out an
also gives an account of the mode of preparing the
from Bun khardtes Notes on the Bedouins, p. 369/,'
I shall quote for the benefit of those who desire to try t
6t dish: "The Arabs, in preparing locusts as an article
threw them alive into boiling water, with which a gc
f salt has been mixed; after a few moments they are tal
d dried in the snn. The head, feet and wings are ti
'm,
his
of
iod
:en
Ien
-a -
torn off; the bodies are cleansed from the salt a]
dritd, after which process, whole sacks are filled
the Bedonins. They are sometimes eaten boiled in
they often constitute materials fbr a breakfast, when
unleavened bread mixed with butter "
It has been conjectured thm the locust eoten b
Baptist in the wilderness, was 'the fit of a tree; b
probable that the prophet used a common article of f
inm even in the desert. /
'SF
nd perfectly
rith them by
h(utter, and
spread over
y John the
ut it is more
ood abound-
IrIm tIiATUAL HISTOrY.
As the name microptra indicate, it has very short wings,
reaching only half way to the abdomen, and rendering but slight
assistance in flight. It is very sluggish in its habits, and can
easily be captured. "When full grown, it measures two and a
half inches ih length, and is of a yellowish color, barred and
spotted with black. The wing covers are yellowish, shaded with
rosy pink, and barred and spotted with black. The larvae are
shaped like thb mature insects, but have not the rudiments of
wings. They are of a black color, beautifully striped andbanded
with orange yellow. The pupae have very small rudimentary
wings, black, shaded and bordered on the thorax with yellow;
the abdomen and hind thighs banded with same olor,. Thee
insets destroy many garden vegetables and plants, and may e
seen crawling slggishly over the ground or upon shrab, and
-u -* a,1 n,,,, a, -, aarA A aat ..i St
E.
U
1
WmatM Ima
easily be destroyed, by rushing with the foot, in every stage ot
their existence."
(Glover.)
The eggs are laid in the ground during October and
, generally at the oot of
4
an orange tree or cloee to a
Novem-
ahamb,
that, on watching,
the young
hatch in the spring from the 4
may often be seen congregated
mpay
,have
st to the
round
abundant
middle c
a small b
,f
food.
April,
unsh
They
and
or young
orange tree.
On first hatching, they
are dark brownish, nearly
black, with a broad reddish
ridge of the
back.
Almost
or orange colored
immediately after
strip
down
hatching,
the
they
climb to a green bush or ap to the leaves of a yoang orange tree
add begin to feed.
They are'vigorous
omnivorous feeders,
being fond of nearly every green
thing, particularly tender suc-
culent leaves of young orange trees, which they frequently strip
of all foliage.
3 3nyDe.
The best time for killing them
they are clustered
together
just after
before
hatching
they separate.
, while
At this
time they are small, frail, soft features, and can be easily killed.
No enemies to them have yet been discovered.
THE
LARGE
BLUISH-WHITE
WEEVIL
(Pachlwus opaue, Olivier.)
[Ord., OoLforran.
Fani., OnonarzIomnD.]
BIBLIOGRPHImoAL.
Pachrns
345.
This
caused 1
an inch
longitud
men bln
'This
Florida,
us opalm, Oliv. (Oucutis) Ent.
i
Boh. Bch. Gen. Cure.
s a large, oblong, oval
minute
in
v. 88, p. 889, pt. 4, fig.
vi 1, p. 425.
weevil, of a
bluish-white
color,
powdery scales, averaging from .85 to .42 of
length, having a
moderately
long snout with twelve
final rows of slight punctures in the wing-covers.
ish-white.
weevil
on the
on
Abdo-
The males are always the smallest.
rrIS flOD PLANTS.
we caught
by me
Keys, feeding on
great quantities in
Leaves
a -
South
of the Lime Tree,
k
a- Ge 'an.ihd
ifoia and BOriCAMfrUKW)en, whih I think are ft fral o
plants.
Foat etqr awl, dmmely ocered with pale blue aoaeS with fab it oPi.oa
lurtn. Body wiugedt Head &muaid$ panttrsd, Taihos tenx
broader t ba. iam lbug, lnior rDt, d m odriy c ,p,
faintly lobed, binuate, di mod onvex, media line bly m-
praeed, eprfoae densely pcaly, median line and lida paler. Elytra demey
rrod, with etve Tow f moerte punnctr' the nalfh somewhat cointfed,
kaler ilp Jadi.tpctly bbMraely punktlate Bedy bmesth dmenwly edy WlWae.
larger and paler than above. Logs densely ealy, ttbM, with hat hdb th.
inner dSf. Lengthin, 10 cmi.
OcnM in Plra and is not rae. The ba bf the elyfra i not only bilnuatq
but thee f*is small dei fYorui paomzie ootiguoa to tlerthrdc Mlnd
angle. Lprood) umeatiow this *harmter for two Odbm pSat, ta t fr
our own. (LeConte and Horn the Rhynchaphoim, of Amrca, north V Mexco,
pageT).
THE
SMALL
BLUISH-WUITE
WEEVIL.
(A[tipwj
[Ord., CoLorn-AA.
This is
the other,
in length.
longitudix
ten, and t
much large
, Horn.)
I., O'roTarrtt.])
another weevil, somewhat similar in form and color to
but inch smaller, averaging but .24- to .26 of an inch
The thorax is unevenly punctured; instead of tWelve
nal lines of puncture on thewlag-eovers, there are but
hese very unevenly deeper puwtured, and punctures
rer than in the other species.
WI1 FOOD P~ANB'.
It was 1
Florida, w
i al forn
torinv,
to the oth
abundant
Bra
rbo
t sent to me
rqportd it
by Mr. H.
eath the
ed it in my reaent fip to ti
of the Lime Tw, Oilru
frutawm. It habBa od
er Uulik. the otr. q
on B. .frdacn.
W. William of Bookledge,
slevt ef Ib orange tree.
iFlorida Wey, feeding on
food ar, tbwe for uitirlar
miaw. bown.r i 'w nroe
Ihd *if'e 4AMfi
i Sn
r
o-M. aBR .
weevils, on disturbing, they. loose their hold
drop to the ground, -seeking safety by hiding
under the tree.
and immediately
beneath rubbish
Farm 6bdong, uudaoe densely lothed ith white .ale, virying to
ah blue, thag-'csqs Mse. HWa tte hjrah Hf bt jtng b thelg
parsely punted and deM aaiy Thoraxu m wd 4 kg, diVd,
slightly narrower in front, ideas very slightly aracu, pex and bm truncate,
disc moderately convex, median line moderately impreied, interrpted, .lqcse
aenel scaly. Elytra nemrty twlo as wide be long, bro-liet bhithe mifde.
dae Aebly auate, bar tmb-tuneate, di iodal cdne f
arise with moderie but very unequal pictures pot very cloI $l aed4 itW
rals nearly fiat, each with two rows of Asort ile-like bhair, uOe deaeui
caly, the lower puncte surrounded by a dark area. aody beneath an& leg.
densely scaly and sprtuel harfr. Length 24 indiei, 6 mm.
On examxng the anterior tibiae with rather high power, minute denttiltl
may be detected. This pedee resembles one from Cuba, (meat by Proijoey,
without name,) which has the elytrd interals more convex, the puncturel of the
itria larger, more regular and closer, ans he thorax mor densely punctured.
Several specimens froA Ble4 Wet. tib te ad BHra, the Phynchopera of
America, north of Mexico.) .
SUPPOSED
SN6E
BORER.
(Platypus ompnitu, Say.)
[Ord., COLOPTr.BA.
Fam., PLATYPOD ID.]
BIBLIOGOAPHBiAL.
FIatypus compoiw 8Say, Joura.
vol. iii, 3394
Er. Wiegm.
163, f. 75.
pardilleueg
Vq Am, Entom.
rc ., 1380 vol.
P. parcUlulq Ohs
Fab. Syst. El., vol.
Acdd.
,Ed. b
ii, 66.
p. ibid
ii. 384.
rAt. Sci.,
Ledonte
Ohapuis
L64, f. 76
PA rwi
Philadelphia,
,; vol. ii 189 :
Mon. Plait.;
. Bowtidtue
gerus; Ohap.
in. Plat., 174, f. 85. P, ptefoev, Chap. ibid; 1768 f; 88.
rugomce, Ohaps ibid, 176, f, l (Leonte, Hornx Bhyaelid-
phora, Ui S.)
This is an elongated, cylindrical, reddish
14 to .18 of an inmh long, with lBs wing
md ending $B t^vrpu teeth at tip.
brown be~tle,
cover deeply s
front
Nfl nf oh SuB.mf
RM~ of ffleri4," Dr. Ltbltf e 14.tt lifi
Uhiio UtoA 4 L?6dI Sarb,
PA1IfrPMt* SS a^iwf BffIWIM.f
-T -.1
Mc
P.
i*
.- 'f'
|
arOm.
ra oaSmaL FOOD PLANT.
The insect
always,
I believe,
confined it attalkm to t
Pine tree, into which it bores and lays its egg, the larva boring
wood.
by 1 0. J. Kenworthy from ir
been found boring into orange t.e
authentically, to establish this fact.
Speimens were brought me
e St. Johns liver, said to have
s, but i have never been abl
I hate frequently heard of
a borer in the orange tree, but have beed unable to secure
taiens in order to find out what it is.
'U.
I am inclined to th
little beetle has been unjustly accused of doing the damage.
stray beetle might now and then, during its flight at night,
tie upon an orange tree,
at daylight,
naturally -hide in any
crevice.
- TITHE
ORANGE
SPIDER.
(Epira, Sp. )
Moore's "Orange
Culture," under the
head
Insets, page 59, is the following account of this spider:
" One is a spider with a long slender body.
fore-legs
extend forward
the hind-legs
When at rest, its
backwards, and all
parallel with the body, which clings closely to the branch or leaf
on whioh the insect rests.
In this .position
wuid
be mistaken for
a piece of moes or
a rust:
lade on the bark
It is so very timid that it at once attemptfr
this crouching position
on -the
approaoe of'
position not only enables it often to elude observation, but gen-
rally to escape
years, and was
suspicion.
very
slow
thing could have done the
enoe. But I am fully sati
forms .of the diseases kno
Early in the morning
have watched
relieve that so innocent looking a
universally found in its pree-
.that it is the cause of one of the
Sdie-back.
sect is
usually found on the ten-
dermet shoots of the orange, andwherever f
are the same.
If the shoot i
ve. yoUrg
at onee to lose its frehnem and ceoes to
mamem a marnatV anMnnttm mrad flnallr .dim _
feeding upon
a. -
.. 1
r
oiLah mBl.
, whom I sent specimens, states that it is a species of Epira, a
enus, the specie, of which
abits but little known.
are difficult
determine, and its
Careful
observations
have
failed
detect it d
range tree; it is also contrary
he known habits of spid
eed on vegetable jnices.
It is
ell known
that die-back trees
r'e constantly
exuding
sap from
tender, succulent shots,
rhich, in time, hardens.
This sap attracts numerous small bugs
ad $es.
TI is therefore my opinion that these spiders collet in
rder to feed on' these insects.
rent species oh orange trees.
rhite eggs on the under part of
cts by weaving
over
them
I have caught eight or nine dii
The female lays numerous peAly
an orange
a fine
silken
S<;
4.13.
leaf, which she pro-
web, straddling it in
der to guard'it from all enemies.
She also shows solicited
>ndness
eggs.
These
spiders
are very timid, and
sing disturbed,
try to
escape, by dropping from the twig
r leaf to which they are suspended by a silken thread.
THE
ORANGE APHIS.
(Siphonophora citrifolii, N.
JOFd., HMam.
Sp.)
Early in the |
dl, brownish or
.ay be seen com
ring and
during
; plant-lice, as
the summer, until late in the
they
are familiarly
called,
in various stages of development in the
under shoots and brane
of the oranges.
These are the famed
ilch cows of the ants. If you watch them carefully, you will
he that their beaks are inserted into the leaves or the tender suc-
Ient shoots, from, which
otion of the body.
they ex
The ants, el
the juices by a pumping
ng over them in evowds,
refully and gently touch the honej-tubae on the hinder part of
'e aphis with their antenna. Tbhe
small 4rop oozing out at a time
with
,<'The matured
L
pdhis yield up their honey-
whiceh the ants eagerly lap
aphids are Wack, with long
ad full, round, black abdomens.
Fige.4 and S2
Phe Wringed specimens are also black.
(Plate
r-Head black, tubercleB of antefnle stont
Fam., AnPHIDmI.]
I
1
WMl d
men black, shiing; antenn not quite renhia to ad of dMo.
men, variabe, marked aoneMat like
e, stigma
Scurved
rather
nimlg to
darply
fprome femalee
broad, narrowing tawrdme -m ob
omat eoer edge toardr peS atigtal
re o e iqe
reins,
tbe third
Wing,
forked; hindg wi with two obliqe vein;a r 6a.w.
two in m wng and dan in tAe otsr.
mwa.n, u. .,li .
The
Iarnm of
two or three Syrphu and Tachina Flie
'the Blood-red Lady Bug, Twice.tabbed Lady
Ohysopa, Weeping Golden Eye, (Chrytopa
Bug, the Orange
jorabun4a, and a
Freekled hrysopa,(femrew~w,)prey upon this species, destroy-
ense quantities.
I have also bred two internal parasites,
Sa c
Iid fly and
an ichneumon
fly, and from
feeding upon them .on the leaf, a curious fly.
sribe farther on
a larva I found
These I shall de-
Thia species is remarkable for its prolifcness,
and besides laying eggs and
producing
producing
save, it is agamie, i. e.,
young without the intervention
males.
these eauss help to swell their number and render them difficult
to exterminate.
wm m auTos.
In all countries the Aphidida are known in the vegetable gar-
den, on shrubbery, fruit trees and other plants,
in 1868, ennmeated sixty-two rd3erent speides ;
in 1i8, forty-
e species, west of the
Thomas, in his report as entomologist
hundred and ity as ocning in the
As 'In Ad no description that will
Benj. D.Walsh,
tiley & Monell,
i; Prof. Cyru4
enumerates one
United States.
the species under
eosiderstion, I propose the name of Crtniol for it.
,of an th, .6 to Iwidthb. El
black
DM bwmr aw
Anvz.
A-
.Fass-Isgt Alt
tthr blak and sbfhtldor dark brow'
Anam .
ur *md a hr m 4in1 iB inrn,
bffsW% eBd otci ttnd
p lpl dot
-$ft ilagad
' l
MPCI
tIh&. mHfc
1
oa>aO isre.
strong oap-ends, a wabh mads from tobacco !eaves, or any strong
lye wash may be used.
Professor Thomas says:
"The most effective remedy, where
it can be applied, .is tobacco
omoke or the fumes
of burning to-
bacco, sulphur, &ao.
But .to
ider thee sueoeuful, the plants
must be c
*ere in some way, so as to onfine the smoke or fume.
and cause them to penetrate to all parts.
A frame n. the shape
abox
or bell,
covered
with heap cloth
answer very well for the flower or vegetable
be used also for small bushes."
of any kind, will
parden, and might
THE
OHALOID
FLY
OF THE
ORANGE APHIp.
(Stnomesuiwt aphwla, N
[Ord. YmonNOIMR.3
This
Sp.)
Pam., Onatm ms.]
BePab~ee I dstrminsd to out what pttiselar ape-
cies of internal
pauraste
ft wa
that
preyed
upon
Orage
Plant Lice, or Aphides.
been
M~ilTif
I put several of
d ito spQaKt
aftrwmd, on examinkg my boas
boxa
those that 1 perceived.
About two
. mverMd
week.
very
minute lack foar-wTh ed ififes, (Pig. 1,3
different frtm
r.,xrz.
had -r Ma o rea t
Oh .b jeoiq
o iBaro p
i riflmi
wMtlW
V
OBAnoN Snmf.
tenne, males 7 jointed, lege, excepting thighs, pale yellowish;
thorax raised; abdomen of male long and slender; that of female
broader and rounded; wings fo6r, clear and reinlesa, fringed
with short hairs, the fringing on hinder pair
than on fore wings. This,
orange grower, with habits
upon the scale insects. It
female, instead of laying a
the body of a single aphis.
of these little flies.
As t is entirely different
provisionally placed it into
I can consult authorities. -
then, as a
similar to
differs, ho'
single egg
From a
another
those
ever,
being s
little
of th
in thi
, deposits two
single aphis
lightly longer
friend of the
3 fies preying
s respect, the
to three into
I raised three
from any species known to
Westwood's genus Stenomef
[t is probably a new type of
LI have
As, until
a genus.
D ESGUBTIV E.
nronmom s? asmDooLa.-Female.-Length, .05 to .06 of a- Ich. Color,
a deep black. Head wider than thwax, three ocelli Antenn, nine-Jolnted,
etaceom inserted in front and dce together. Scope abort and narrow, ond
joint longer than third. Third, round, fourth, mn-haped, joints 8 and 7 mb.
equal in length, 6th wideMt, 7th narrow, 8th mall, 9th twice a lng a 8th.
Abdomen long butnarmwer than thorax, somewhat rounded, ending In ovipod-
toa. Wing hyaline, oell-lem, shortly cillated, dilation longern minder than on
fee tn Leg., pale'yellowlsh, femeor and.ooxz blacLiu or browiuh .black,
tMi Afve-jointed. Male.--Deription the mmne a above, e~Peptia dighUy
smaller, antenna but even-Jointed, wad not much longer than head breod,
while the abdomen is long, slender and pointed.
Sm
THE
BLACK
YELLOW-LEGGED ICOHNEUMON
< -
FLY.
(7.ooys testa pe.i Oreemoni)
[Ot*d., HT oPnBB. Fam., IVHnNaMONIDS.]
Prof..J. HeDfy Oom46ck, in his BJeport a.' Entomologist to
the United States A grmltura Department for 1879, describes
the discovery f 'another, parasitic four winged 4, belonging to
the ichneumonids'faMilyj.. He says: ': .. .
"The leaves of the terminal twigs of orange tiMs-ai fequent-
ly infested, especi in- the easing, by numerous dark-
green plant-lice, which do considerable injury by checking the
growth of the young .thpokt. At locldedg., F, I foundthat
them nlantHli w wAam dtmvsa in onat,. nnmhAn hv wam lhAaiLnk
Sr
OBtrMEu meWTo.
published, I bred the same species from plantlice infesting the
cotton plant,nd from the common grain plant-louse,(ApAhi asna.)
The specimens were referred to Mr. 3. T, Oresson, who prepared *
the following characterization of the species:"
blak, ys oth
black, smooth
pale
antenna
tand
an'd
Oresson.-Female.-
polished, impunctured;
brownish-black, sometimes
-Piteons or shining
mandibles and palpi
more or less pale be-
neath, thirteen-jointed,' the
last one longest and
joints
thickest;
faintly
wings
fluted or grooved, the
hyaline, iridescent, stigma
pale;
pair g<
legs, including coxea, yellowish,
'n
lly more or less
testaceous,
fuscous or blackish;
posfrior
abdomen 'often
brown or pale piceous with the first, an
second' segment, niore or less teetaceous.
Hab.--Rocklege,
Fla.,
Selma,
Ala.,
id sometimes, part of the
Length ,07
Pocomoke
of an inch.
City, .Md.
Parasitic upon an aphid
infesting twigs of
orange, an aphid on
the cotton-plant and Aphis avemn, Fabr.
I have also
raisetl
a great
many
interesting
species
from parasitized aphis found on
orange trees in my garden, and
have had no difficulty in distinguishing it from Dr. Oroeson's de-
scription.
This not only proves
it to be widely spread through-
out Florida, but numerous, and therefore of the greatest import-
ance in the destruction of the Aphidide.
As Prof. Oomstock and Dr. Cresson do not mention or describe
the male, and as it differs
the following description:
somewhat from
the female, I submit
DCSORIPTIVB.
MuAL-Length .06 of an inh.
tam
, reddl-brown, twelve-jointed, lamt
joint as long a ten and eleven combined, this Joint being much longer in the male
than it iin the female.
Abdomen brownimh, excepting rLt, moa d and third
segments and the under surfae, which are pale tataceona
THE
FOUR SPOTTED
APHIS
FLY
(Onwp qwuadrimaculaa N
[Ord., Drrina.
This curious looking fly as raised
Fam., CONOPID.]
by me froln a larva found
w
1
OGANOW WMI .
'I t '
J
along the back, with a reddish narrow ban
centre. This changed into a piparinm, (
white, with brownish at the .
short hairy tuercen g out front
In about ten days, there sued from tbh
kfe y, (fig. 2,) with a blieh black head a
ed, elub-ls'aped antenna, apical joint f
spine; the wings lear, stigma re
Four yellowish white spots, two 01
=. thiid segments of abdomen. The
are long and of a milky white color.
three or mniore eggs in the midst'of the plant
from eight to ten days,'and the larvo begin t
aphis. They destroy countless nimbers of
seasdn, frequently ridding the orange trees c
Sununipg do9 ,
4g. 89,) of a d'
, sand very minute
i different uem9nt
,' *' -~~~i,, '. 3r
nd short, trei -
niahed wit a
gion jigh1y momky;
n eoid and two aon
y*e(iea 4
rhe fly de dpots two,
lice; theibatol in
o feed on the young
Aphide dAing the
)f these pests.
DWlUI~PTIyE.
Cosors? QUADMMCnuarTA, N. Sr.-Length .40 a n Ih&. Hed much wider
than thorax, blua-black pea, aning, there oll uan a d and
ao a abed prt of rtexs. Atemrne darate, iuot, three-jrted, browunh,
dacktr ttip, a l pointt alonC t a d two.and mmlrdbd wItha dsgle
aLt faoe 6r a ntenos down lo Mdda popa.., w4h two oblon white downy
S theeye. extdg frm labrum and terminatig ju bam oh te.-
, tas vwry narrow line white gy hair aLMM sk eyesa etemdlg rfinm
half the eye downward. Thorax logs than head i.rlnod, black, Iney ponc-
tard, wnaed with extremely rborv ine hair. Mar yellowlhi, browuilt
on top. Abdomen brown, w -e, dante, moar tae twic e length of
thorax and covered like thorax with hair. Flr joint loog and marw, jodam two
and three about equal with two oblique yellowish whtb potW extuir d from bru,
not Jofingg o top, and running obliqly downward nt quite to half of the au-
meat, fourth ngment onthird the length o third, oamen r l ort, al mot hid-
don in sach other. Under miaeh muit pe. pl ting hyatie htl ddfIt,
more perceptble about tgail region. P reddidi, astioC and iadde pair
daxkers t baaeeoff femo and firS, posterior .jmir, beaIy the whd oas fewik ex-
ceptiug jut before junc mewth d btr wk n ei ij na
dark lfowhlb.
THE
S
L
APHIDIUS
(A4p$idiw?
[Ord,'IloNNmUMOnD
THE
ORANGE
APHIS.
citiapkie, N. 8p.)
iM. Fain,, BuAwouma. ,
-t
*
r
o0q'g
Bna-.
'The 4A di4i" of the Orange Apbis.".
species, and its dtcription is as follows
It proves
a new
APHIUSro.OCTBAPH, N; ^.-ttt (a|B
shining. Madblem pi o
first two joint eq ,
joined asd iUghty derewizg in Srma, Iit Joint bul
line, veidQ Cac4f SipsU1 YE .t I CUbJ lyW owYi
honey yellno,!d dyker. loAoblro
teriored. UnderypMoffltmdiro txo
MAI -Lengthf.bi nm tfo l fitaen-jdntMt
of po-tei lbba k. Mnr, foad m4d hMiw
ments of adoAn, !yoliI Zn oher up peqC
female.
ftlofqm lnch. Blfat olmopih,
it&e 1jh longer, lorlt
ogthen mmML Wiahy-
IoGoe pdadfamo
Mis u( tthir-d o
Ltare with daotiono
( '~p9
THE
COMMON
P800 8.
(Pocue venowas, Burm.)
[Ord., NuimoPrrAn.
Fin -.
Fam., Peooms.]
A
a O
Psocu wn gpm Burro., 11-7'
magisq, Walk. Oat., 4
Ramb. Nenr. 821-6. PMo
of de Selys Longchamps.
(Hagen Synqpeis, 40-5.)
These interesting insects
to .32 of an inch in length.
head brassy, with long thin an
GNAPHIOA4,
r8-l0 Walk. .O.,
84-10. P904 '
cue acisa. Fitch 3
hocus
grgari
484-P. c
MB., Collection
sa, Harris Oat.
when full grown, average from .90
They ae of a dark brownish black,
itennae covered with short fine hair;
4- .
the fore
ish, with
and neai
pale yell
numerous
congrega
wingu are black, the three' large principal
a triangular yellowish white spot beyond
r the margin .towards the apex of anterior
ow. 'Towards the winter months, these I
a. It is both interesting and amusing to
ited in Slocks, from fifteen to forty, in all I
reins yellow-
the middle
come qufe
watch. them
itagee of de-
velopment, with and without wings, crawling on fenoen, oW a
and down the trunks of tree, those with wings generally taking
the lead.
ITf D
m~pTUaII
-, ar a -
W W S f*
I
.
w
oBhAGU IxeOlb.
widely
distributed,
being found
New
York,
Ohio, Mexico, Cuba and Maryland.
1I 'NATBAL HISTORY.
Like the Orange Pst
number, ander a
web.
lays
unab
its eggs from eight to ten in
le
state
how
many
female depoeite in a season, but judging from one Which I killed
and examined,
should
say from seventy-five
one hundred.
The eggs of
and
take abo
this species.are larger than the eggs of
t u two weeks to hatch. Toward night
C
other,
, these little
creatures all huddle together in a sheltered
spot on the trunk of
the tree, and here they remain until the sun comes out bright and
warm the next .day
through
cold,
I hye often found them remaining together
-a a
damp;
cloudy
days.
They
may
found
throughout the
whole tinter
living
in sheltered
situations on
trees, &c.
The female hibernates
during the winter, beginning
to lay her eggs in March.
DXROBIPTIVR.
P. wrosus Buzu.-Fsocous.--Heed
Antemsn blacklah, fuo,
(in the male thicker, pilom,) tb1 two b l articulato l.uteh.
with yellow.
The feet lut ,
fuosem.
Thorax mr.
Anterior wings tusrout
blakbh fuacous, ptertlgma triangular, yellowish, basil veins yellk b, apical
one fst
Ihnetn
s
Posterior wing. umoky, hyaline.
BEtxpaae of matador wings 19145 miline
Length to tip of win3g86 mil-
est. (HeI' S)nop)
THE
ORANGE
(TAripe,
(Ord.,
Hm an PaA,
Fam., TannDJw.)
In the flowers of the orange trees during February and March,
are found numerous small
insects which,
presnt the following appearance:
Elongated and narrow, from .0d
to .06
under the microscope,
of an inch in length;
beak, short and sharp; eyes large and prominent;
antenna
long
and covered with short hairs; the wings, four in number, (some-
time, the hinder ones are aborted) clear, marrow and bristly,
placed wide apart, the front pair bMeig much I than hinder
'ons, and slightly widening abtip, whish is rosnded:
thi ,se,
ait
Sam
m"Y
__ r_
I
bury .
glued
otIYGEo~ IKgtOS.
(.(Myrmelsan Sp. ?)
[Ordt NnuBoPrra.
In the soil under every orange tree,
verted shapj
the doodle
, holes, made by what
or "ant-lion." These'
HnEMEnOBs.]
.e dften notices.conicalin-
ip popularly known hete as
| caused by the'larvee of
a large nerved winged
bottom dS each hole.
insect, one of which lies concealed in the
They have long curved jaws or mandibles,
and ttfe bod4 discovered with'long hair.
Should an
ant, bug, or
other insect, fall into this pit, the strong curved jaws immediate-
ly close onit and the ,ant-lion then devours it at leisure.
Some-
times a large
happens,
species of
a fierce
ant fall
trap
battle ensues,, the antTrequently
whenever this
coming
South
victorious.
This
insect is
beneficial in
ways-by
destroying all
jurious insects falling from the tree into the pit, and by burrow-
ing in the soil around the
air and moisture.
roots, thus enabling the
to gain
4i*flc:
THE
ANT-LION.
4b
1./47
IND
EX*
S4t
PAO6.
I-XV
56
Aphidit of th Orange Aphis
Angular-Winged Katy-did .
&nt Lion .
phis or Orange Plant-Louse ..
phelinus, The Orange .
Aphein u aspidio*ticola .
rttipu Floridanue
spidiotu citrioda .
Apkidis citraphie, N. Sp.,
Agti ypson ,
basket Worm, The
lack-rolling Wonder
Blood-red Lady Bug
luish-white Weevil, The Large
LSmall
Brer, Suppod pnge .
road Scale .
rock y rena arbor .
ug, The Leaf-Footed Plant
The Tfe Plant4y
Thealy .
tterly, the Orange
ue Yellow-Cloaked Ohalcid
ack ellow~-Legged Ichneumon Fly
oe .. 4 pbm
, d4
a.
.
Y1
I I
* WA '1 ,
' ,.J '
t I
M&~~4W -vp-fl ';;
I.-
IKtx .
CAryaomphalwue fios
Chilooortsbimbru
Common
Peocrtd
Cyhclneda sanguinea
Chalcid, The Blue-Yello
Cowpet
SYellow
zculata, N
Dactylopidus adonidum
Ep.ira, Sp
Explanation to Plates
,14,
Four-Spo
d Aphis Fly
Gloder's, or
White Orange'Mite
- 28
Grasshopper, The Short-Winged$
Hyperapidius coccidiWvora,
NSp
Lance Rustic
a opercutaris,
jarge Bluish
White
Weevil
Leoanium hetperidum
Leptogloesue phylop
Long, or Munse-Shelj!
Leaf Foote4 PlIt Bdg
Lubber Grasshopper .
Miibcentrue retinervis
MXoaspie Gloweii
Midste sarnusq .
Mit, Glover's, or tie
Mila The Red
Mit4 The Rust.
Mit-The
White
White Scale
Moti The Lance, Rustic
Mot; Tl Woolly Bear
MeaB .
JyBp. .A
U
a &kle Auhelinas
* 50
S ,1 '"
1 T
- V
p
*.
-* V. ,
" .
.
i-fl.
- t n
* 4A, g: ^
4
9'r ^
1 *f.
i ,, *
I s -'
' P44 ;t
ft .''y
.4*
* ~' ,, ,' : i.
* -
;^ ;* -
* **tA-; *-
S",
P*oCu c$ricota
Pevcps Orange
Sone sOommon
Snachnw ac pask
-s7
71
&q
'.
I' ^T
Mite
'4
mcroptnra
*Stipgis Oa.erpillar .
Scale,kT Broad .
Scale, The Bed or Circular
Scale, The Lo. .
Seae, The Qeral
1.eThe White .
.
* ^
.a~
-' a *
*^: .'
. ": *
,'CL
4~
Mealy Bug
JawpaUiatvs, N 8p
ifii, N Sp
N Sp
08 ,,*% tj~^
I s
I4s:
bLge Borer
:I
iWeevil
+-
St
. 1
14
..Rf l
5'
&^~~~
1. tq
.4
-.
N
it.'
^ I ^
*'
* iV
t.WIMR 'T iM '
|