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 Front Cover
 Field block locations
 Agenda
 Table of Contents
 Introduction
 History of the Gulf Coast Research...
 Gulf Coast Research and Education...
 Summary of vegetable research...
 Vegetable crop improvement
 Vegetable crop protection
 Vegetable crop production
 Acknowledgement
 Back Cover


FLAG IFAS PALMM



Vegetable field day
ALL VOLUMES CITATION SEARCH THUMBNAILS PAGE IMAGE ZOOMABLE
Full Citation
STANDARD VIEW MARC VIEW
Permanent Link: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00054244/00012
 Material Information
Title: Vegetable field day
Series Title: Bradenton GCREC research report
Physical Description: v. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.
Language: English
Creator: University of Florida -- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
Agricultural Research & Education Center (Bradenton, Fla.)
Gulf Coast Research and Education Center (Bradenton, Fla.)
Publisher: University of Florida.
Place of Publication: Gainesville Fla
Creation Date: 1995
Frequency: annual
regular
 Subjects
Subjects / Keywords: Plants, Cultivated -- Field experiments -- Periodicals -- Florida   ( lcsh )
Plants, Protection of -- Research -- Periodicals -- Florida   ( lcsh )
Vegetables -- Diseases and pests -- Periodicals -- Florida   ( lcsh )
Vegetables -- Varieties -- Periodicals -- Florida   ( lcsh )
Genre: government publication (state, provincial, terriorial, dependent)   ( marcgt )
serial   ( sobekcm )
 Notes
General Note: Description based on: 30th (1973); title from caption.
General Note: Latest issue consulted: 43rd (1999).
Funding: Florida Historical Agriculture and Rural Life
 Record Information
Source Institution: Marston Science Library, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida
Holding Location: Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, and the Engineering and Industrial Experiment Station; Institute for Food and Agricultural Services (IFAS), University of Florida
Rights Management: All rights reserved by the source institution and holding location.
Resource Identifier: oclc - 62706005
lccn - 2005229077
System ID: UF00054244:00012

Table of Contents
    Front Cover
        Front Cover
    Field block locations
        Page i
    Agenda
        Page ii
    Table of Contents
        Page iii
    Introduction
        Page 1
    History of the Gulf Coast Research and Education Center
        Page 2
    Gulf Coast Research and Education Center personnel
        Page 3
        Page 4
        Page 5
        Page 6
    Summary of vegetable research accomplishments
        Page 7
        Page 8
        Page 9
        Page 10
        Page 11
        Page 12
        Page 13
        Page 14
        Page 15
        Page 16
        Page 17
        Page 18
        Page 19
        Page 20
        Page 21
        Page 22
        Page 23
        Page 24
        Page 25
        Page 26
        Page 27
        Page 28
        Page 29
        Page 30
        Page 31
        Page 32
        Page 33
        Page 34
        Page 35
        Page 36
        Page 37
    Vegetable crop improvement
        Page 38
        Page 39
        Page 40
        Page 41
        Page 42
        Page 43
        Page 44
        Page 45
        Page 46
        Page 47
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        Page 49
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        Page 58
        Page 59
        Page 60
        Page 61
        Page 62
        Page 63
        Page 64
        Page 65
    Vegetable crop protection
        Page 66
        Page 67
        Page 68
        Page 69
        Page 70
        Page 71
        Page 72
        Page 73
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        Page 89
        Page 90
        Page 91
        Page 92
        Page 93
        Page 94
        Page 95
        Page 96
        Page 97
    Vegetable crop production
        Page 98
        Page 99
        Page 100
        Page 101
        Page 102
        Page 103
        Page 104
        Page 105
        Page 106
        Page 107
        Page 108
    Acknowledgement
        Page 109
        Page 110
        Page 111
        Page 112
    Back Cover
        Back Cover
Full Text
/ 'O"S


Gulf Coast Research and Education Center
Bradenton, Florida


41st


Vegetable


Field


Marston Science
Library
JUN 2 11995
University of Forida


Day


D.N. Maynard, J.P. Jones, W.E. Waters, Editors


Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
University of Florida


Bradenton GCREC Research Report BRA 1995-14


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University of Florida, IFAS
Gulf Coast Research and Education Center
Bradenton, Florida

41St VEGETABLE FIELD DAY

Wednesday, May 17, 1995

##########################################################
Field Day Coordinators: Don N. Maynard and John Paul Jones

Moderator: Don N. Maynard, Extension Vegetable Specialist


AM 8:15

9:00

9:10

9:30


9:50

10:10

10:30

PM 12:00

1:00

2:30

2:30-
4:00


Registration

Welcome and Introduction W. E. Waters

IFAS Research Overview Richard L. Jones,
UF-IFAS Dean for Research

"Alternatives to Methyl Bromide Fumigation"
by Jim Gilreath and John Paul Jones

"Management of Silverleaf Whitefly"
by David Schuster

COFFEE BREAK

Tours (Choice of Tour 1, 2, or 3)

LUNCH

Tours (Choice of Tour 1, 2, or 3)

Adjourn

Individual Talks with Faculty


Three tours will be available:


(1) vegetable crop Improvement
(2) vegetable Crop Protection
(3) vegetable Crop Production








TABLE OF CONTENTS


Page
Introduction .............................................................................. 1

History of GCREC Bradenton ....................................... ............ 2

List of Program Leaders ........................................................... ... 3

USPS Employees ........................................................................ 5

Vegetable Research Accomplishments ...................................... ...... 7

Tour 1: Vegetable Crop Improvement ...................................... 38

Tour 2: Vegetable Crop Protection ......................................... 66

Tour 3: Vegetable Crop Production ......................................... 98

Acknowledgement/Grantors ............................................................ 109







INTRODUCTION


On behalf of the faculty and staff, I want to welcome each of you to the Gulf Coast
Research and Education Center, at Bradenton, Florida. This Center began in 1925 as the
Tomato Disease Laboratory (a one-man operation in Palmetto), and the first ornamental
programs began about 17 years later. This Center, with the affiliated unit in Dover, is
a Research and Education unit of the University of Florida's Institute of Food and
Agricultural Sciences.
In Bradenton, we have 3 grant-supported scientist positions, three state extension
specialist positions, and 14 state research scientist positions from various disciplines of
training who participate in all phases of vegetable and ornamental horticulture. This
interdisciplinary team approach, combining several research disciplines and a wide range
of industry and faculty contacts, often is more productive than could be accomplished
with limited investments in independent programs.
The primary mission of the Gulf Coast REC at Bradenton and Dover is:
To develop and disseminate new scientific knowledge and technology on
commercial ornamental, strawberry, and vegetable crops which will allow Florida
agriculture to remain efficient and economically competitive with other regions of
the world.
To assist the Cooperative Extension Service, IFAS campus departments, and other
research centers with extension, undergraduate and graduate student training, and
cooperative research for the benefit of Florida's consumers, producers, and
students.
Program Areas Emphasized:
1. Genetics, plant breeding and variety development, with special emphasis on
tomato, strawberry, calabaza, caladium, gladiolus, and other flower crops.
2. Integrated biological, chemical, and cultural pest management in bacteriology,
entomology, nematology, mycology, virology, and weed science.
3. Soil and water management and natural resource protection.
4. Production, culture, management, and pre-and postharvest physiology of
ornamentals, strawberry, and vegetable crops.
5. Leadership in floriculture, vegetable, and water management for state extension
programs in southwest Florida.
6. Graduate student training and special undergraduate courses.
7. Advancement of fundamental knowledge of disciplines represented by faculty.
Information presented in this publication summarizes the active research projects on
vegetable crops. We sincerely appreciate your interest and support of these research
programs, and continuously solicit your suggestions for improvement of research and
extension programs.


CeWi E. Wrector
Center Director







HISTORY OF THE GULF COAST RESEARCH AND EDUCATION CENTER

The Gulf Coast Research and Education Center originated in the fall of 1925 with the
construction of the Tomato Disease Laboratory.

Tomato Disease Laboratory: A 20 acre tract of Manatee County-owned property in Palmetto
was made available with the cooperation of the Manatee Board of county Commissioners.
Operational and construction money and equipment were supplied by local growers. The
primary objective of the laboratory was to formulate a control of nailhead spot of tomato. Later
studies emphasized the breeding for resistance to Fusarium wilt and the control of tobacco
mosaic on tomatoes. In 1937, with expansion of the vegetable industry in Manatee County and
surrounding areas, the State Legislature authorized new facilities for the research program.

Vegetable Crops Laboratory: In August, 1938, the Manatee County Commissioners donated
80% of the purchase price of a 106 acre tract in east Bradenton. The expanded facility and
diversified vegetable crop research led to the establishment of the Vegetable Crops Laboratory.
Following this relocation, horticultural, entomological, and soil studies were initiated on
tomatoes, peppers, lettuce, sweet corn, and other vegetables. Since the laboratory was located
in a region where gladiolus was grown for winter cut flowers, the scope of the laboratory was
broadened in 1942 to include disease problems confronting gladiolus growers.

Gulf Coast Experiment Station: In March, 1957, the State Board of control elevated the status
of the Vegetable Crops Laboratory to a branch station and renamed it The Gulf Coast
Experiment Station. Investigations were begun on chemical weed control, nematodes, and other
soil-borne pests. In 1954, the ornamental program was broadened to include chrysanthemums
and other commercial cut-flowers. In 1959, a 200 acre tract was acquired 8 miles east of
Bradenton along State Route 70 and the Caruso Road. All of the vegetable experimental field
programs were moved to this new location.

In 1965, after construction of office and laboratory facilities, farm buildings, greenhouses, and
a residence, all research programs were conducted on this new farm.

Agricultural Research & Education Center-Bradenton: In 1971, the Gulf Coast Experiment
Station was renamed Agricultural Research and Education Center to emphasize the programs of
both research and education.

Gulf Coast Research & Education Center: In 1984, to reflect the regionality of the research
and education programs at Bradenton, IFAS and the State Board of Regents renamed the center
the Gulf Coast Research and Education Center.

Current programs are in progress and production problems associated with vegetables and
ornamentals and strawberries grown on the sandy soils of Florida.

The Gulf Coast Research and Education Center has administrative and research supervision over
a satellite station, GCREC-Dover (formerly the Strawberry and Vegetable Field Laboratory).
The Dover station is the hub of strawberry research in Florida, including breeding, horticultural,
and pathological studies.







GULF COAST RESEARCH AND EDUCATION CENTER
BRADENTON, FLORIDA

Program Leaders. Appointment Date. and Area of Specialization


Waters, Will E.,


Bouzar, H.,


Csizinszky, A. A.,


Dean, D. E.,



Gilreath, J. P.,


Harbaugh, B. K.,


Howe, T. K.,


Jones, J. B.,


Jones, J. P.,


Maynard, D. N.,


Polston, J. E.,


Price, J. F.,


Schuster, D. J.,


Scott, J. W.,

Somodi, G. C.,


1960. Professor, Center Director. Administration, soil and plant
nutrition, and ornamental horticulture.

1990. Assistant-In Plant Pathology. Ecology of bacterial
pathogens of ornamental and vegetable crops.

1976. Associate Professor. Production systems, crop management
and post-harvest studies on vegetable crops.

1994. Postdoctoral Research Scientist. Methodology for screening
and development of germplasm for resistance to sweetpotato
whitefly and tomato mottle virus.

1981. Associate Professor. Weed control of vegetable and
ornamental crops.

1975. Professor. Production, harvesting and marketing systems
for ornamental crops.


1979. Coordinator, Research Programs/Services.
evaluations for ornamental and vegetable crops.


Variety


1981. Professor. Ecology and control of bacterial diseases of
ornamental and vegetable crops.

1958. Professor. Etiology and control of diseases of vegetable
crops.

1985. Professor. Extension educational programs and research on
vegetable crops.

1991. Assistant Professor. Ecology and control of viral diseases
of vegetables and ornamentals.

1978. Associate Professor. Identification, biology and control of
insects and mites of ornamental and strawberry crops.

1975. Professor. Identification, biology and control of insects and
mites of vegetable crops.

1981. Professor. Tomato cultivar development and genetics.

1986. Assistant-In Plant Pathology. Ecology of bacterial
pathogens of ornamental and vegetable crops.






Stanley, C. D., 1979. Associate Professor. Soil-water relations for ornamental
and vegetable crops.

Wilfret, G. J., 1969. Professor. Breeding and development of new cultivars of
cut flowers and other ornamental crops.

VACANT Assistant Professor. Agricultural Engineer Water Management
Specialist.

VACANT Assistant Professor. Extension and research in commercial
floriculture production.

VACANT Assistant Professor. Etiology and control of diseases of
ornamental crops.

Gulf Coast Research and Education Center-Dover. Florida

Chandler, C. K., 1987. Associate Professor. Strawberry breeding and development
of new varieties of strawberry.

Legard, D. E. 1995. Assistant Professor. Etiology and control of strawberry and
vegetable diseases.

VACANT Assistant Professor. Production and physiology of strawberries
and vegetables.

Emeritus Faculty Gulf Coast Research and Education Center

Albregts, E. E., 1967. Professor. Production, soil and plant nutrition of
strawberry and vegetable crops.

Burgis, D. S., 1946. Professor. Vegetable production, weed control and growth
regulators.

Engelhard, A. W., 1966. Professor. Etiology and control of diseases of ornamental
crops.

Geraldson, C. M., 1951. Professor. Soil nutritional problems and their relationship
with cultural methods for vegetable production.

Overman, A. J., 1945. Professor. Etiology and control of nematode- incited
diseases of ornamentals and vegetables.

Marlowe, G. A., Jr., 1976. Professor. Vegetable production, and Extension.

Woltz, S. S., 1953. Professor. Physiological and nutritional disorders and
diseases of vegetables and ornamental crops.

*********************************************************************







***s***s***s***************s*******X********}5##**************t*******#


Administrative and Professional Staff

Max W. Beeler Coordinator, Research Programs/Services
Frederick Snyder Business Manager


University


Support Personnel


Office Staff:


Nancy J. Kost
Tracey A. Revels
Gena White
Patricia McClain
Debbie Smelser


Program Assistant
Word Processing Operator
Senior Fiscal Assistant
Secretary
Secretary


Service Staff:


Richard J. Thomas
Charles L. Pratt
Donald Ness
John Lehman


Engineer
Maintenance Specialist
Maintenance Mechanic
Agricultural Assistant


Farm Operations Staff:


Mark Knowles
Todd Test
Joyce Jones
Lamar R. Parrish
Hector G. Ortiz
Osbaldo Toribio
Lisa Prouchy
Jennifer Boucher


Farm Supervisor
Senior Agricultural Assistant
Senior Agricultural Assistant
Senior Agricultural Assistant
Agricultural Assistant
Agricultural Assistant
Agricultural Assistant
Agricultural Assistant


Universif









Agricultural & Engineering Assistant Staff:


Dagmar D. Taborsky
VACANT
Jan Watson
Diane Russ
David Umlor
William Cooper
Guillermo Alverio
Brian Neuman


Biological Technician Staff:

Renata Zalewski
John Hogue
Patricia M. Jones
Richard O. Kelly
Karen I. Pearce
Nancy G. West
Curtis A. Nagle
Emily E. Vasquez
Danuta Bois
Ramona Reiser
VACANT
Russell W. Owens


GCREC-Dover Staff:


Annie F. Turgeau
Alicia J. Whidden
James C. Sumler, Jr.
Kelly Burke
Larry J. Smith
Frederick D. Wenzel
Mitchell Boles


Senior Agricultural Assistant
Senior Agricultural Assistant
Senior Agricultural Assistant
Senior Agricultural Assistant
Senior Agricultural Assistant
Senior Agricultural Assistant
Engineering Technician
Engineering Assistant


Chemist
Biological Scientist
Biological Scientist
Biological Scientist
Biological Scientist
Biological Scientist
Biological Scientist
Biological Scientist
Biological Scientist
Biological Scientist
Biological Scientist
Lab Technician


Secretary
Biological Scientist
Biological Scientist
Biological Scientist
Agricultural Assistant Superv.
Senior Agricultural Assistant
Agricultural Assistant








SUMMARY OF VEGETABLE RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1992-94
Page

8 Vegetable Crop Nutrition and Culture A. A. Csizinszky

11 Vegetable Weed Control J. P. Gilreath, J. P. Jones, A. J. Overman,
& J. W. Noling

13 Variety Trial Program T. K. Howe and W. E. Waters

23 Bacterial Disease Research J. B. Jones, H. Bouzar, G. C. Somodi,
J. W. Scott, and R. E. Stall

24 Control of Fungus Incited Diseases of Vegetables J. P. Jones, S. S. Woltz,
and J. W. Scott

25 Evaluation of Specialty Vegetables for Commercial Production in West
Central Florida D. N. Maynard

27 Vegetable Virus Management J. E. Polston, D. J. Schuster, E. Hiebert,
D. O. Chellemi, R. J. McGovern, S. E. Webb

30 Vegetable Insect Control D. J. Schuster, A. A. Csizinszky, J. E. Polston,
M. Stevens, C. Thome, J. W. Scott, S. G. Muigai, D. Dean, P. A. Stansly

34 Tomato Breeding Research J. W. Scott

36 Water Management For Vegetables C. D. Stanley, B. L. McNeal,
Johann Scholberg, Jim Jones, A. G. Smajstrla, P. R. Gilreath,
J. Creighton, R. Clarke








VEGETABLE CROP NUTRITION AND CULTURE


A. A. Csizinszky

A. Tomatoes

1. In a four seasons-long investigation on the effect of potassium sources and
rates on 'Sunny' tomato fruit size and yield, extra-large (xlg) and
marketable total yields were better with KN03 or K2S04 than with KCL.
Extra-large yields were highest with 33 lb and marketable yields with 44 lb
K20/1000 lbf. Nitrogen rate in the study was 20 lb and P205 rate was 12
lb/1000 lbf.

2. Controlled-release N and K fertilizers and rates for 'Agriset 761' tomato:
Controlled-(slow-)release ('Multicote') N and K fertilizer sources were
evaluated at four soluble/controlled-release N and K ratios and at two N and
K rates for 'Agriset 761' tomato. The controlled-release N and K fertilizer
was 0, 25, 50, and 75% of the total N and K. The remaining N and K
were applied from soluble NH4N03 and KNO3. Nitrogen and K rates were
20 lb N and 40 lb K20, or 30 lb N and 60 lb K20 1000 lbf. Phosphorous
was applied at 12 lb P205/1000 Ibf in all treatments. Controlled-release
fertilizers had little or no effect on earliness ana fruit size of tomatoes.
Increasing the proportion of the 'Multicote' to 75,% of the total N and K
applied, reduced the seasonal total marketable yiel s. Early yields of extra-
large and marketable fruits were higher with 20 11 N and 40 lb K20/1000
lbf than with the higher N and K rate. For the' season, however, both
extra-large and marketable yields were higher vith 30 lb N and 60 lb
K20/1000 lbf than with the lower N and K20 rate.

3. Response of 'Sunny' tomato to insecticidal spray nd K-rates (with D. J.
Schuster): 'Sunny' tomatoes were planted in a split-plot design in which
main plots were two insecticidal spray treatments and sub-plots were three
K20 rates. In the main plots, plants were sprayed three times per week
against whiteflies or not sprayed. In the sub-plots KO0 was applied at lx 2x
and 3x rate where Ix K20 rate was equivalent to 36 lb K20/1000 lbf.
Nitrogen, at 36 Ib N, and P205, at 15 lb/1000 lbf, were kept constant.
Early and seasonal total marketable yields were higher in the spray than in
the control plots. Fruit size, marketable yields were lowest and number of
plants with virus symptoms were highest with the 3x K20 rate (108 lb
K20/1000 lbf).








4. Evaluations of 'Acadian' seaweed extract foliar sprays on 'Agriset 761'
tomato at two micronutrient and two N and K20 rates: Seaweed sprays at
112 fl oz/acre (in 4 applications of 28 fl oz) or 168 fl oz/acre (in 7
applications of 24 fl oz) were applied with or without pre-plant
micronutrients at two N and K20 rates (20 lb N and 40 lb K20, and 30 lb N
and 60 lb K20/1000 lbf) on 'Agriset 761' tomatoes. Yields were higher
with than without micronutrients and for the season; fruit size and
marketable yields were higher with the higher N and K rates. Seaweed
sprays had little or no effect on tomato yields compared to water control.

5. Evaluation of 'Atonik' plant stimulant foliar spray on 'Agriset 761' tomato:
Windstorm damaged tomatoes were treated with 30 fl oz/acre (5
applications of 6 fl oz) of 'Atonik' biostimulant. Early yields of extra large
fruits increased by 38 % and marketable fruits by 28 % with 'Atonik' sprays.
For the season, however, fruit size and marketable yields were higher with
water control than with 'Atonik' sprays.

B. Bell Peppers

1. Evaluation of controlled-release N fertilizer for 'Jupiter' bell pepper:
Controlled-release N fertilizer (Scott's polymer and sulphur-coated urea;
38% N) alone and in combination with soluble N sources (NIHN03 and
KN03) was evaluated for 'Jupiter' bell pepper. Nitrogen rate, from
controlled plus soluble N sources, was 30 lb/1000 lbf. Potassium, from
KNO3 and K2S04 was applied at 36 lb K20 and phosphorous at 12 Ib
P205/1000 lbf in all treatments. Overall, the 50% controlled- and 50%
soluble-N combination, yielded 13% more US Fancy grade and 8% more
marketable grade fruits than the 100% soluble-N treatment. These yield
differences, however, were not statistically significant.

2. Evaluation of 'Acadian' foliar seaweed sprays on 'Capistrano' bell peppers
at two micronutrient and two N and K rates: Seaweed sprays, at rates and
frequencies and micronutrient rates as described above for tomatoes, were
applied for 'Capistrano' peppers grown with two N and K20 rates: 20 lb N
and 28 lb K20. Fruit size and total marketable yields were similar with
seaweed spray or water treatments and micronutrient and N and 20 rates.

3. Evaluation of 'Atonik' foliar-applied biostimulant on 'Jupiter' bell peppers:
'Jupiter' peppers were sprayed with 'Atonik' biostimulant to evaluate its
effect on fruit size and yield. The 'Atonik' was applied with a backpack
sprayer in 50 gal/A of water, three times during the season: at bud
formation (8 oz/A); at first bloom (6 oz/A) and when small fruits were on
the plants (6 oz/A). The 'Atonik' sprays increased US Fancy grade pepper








yields by 18% and reduced cull grade fruits by 38% compared to water
control. Most of the increase in US Fancy grade fruit occurred in the last
(5th) harvest.

C. Broccoflower

1. Effect of planting time, within-row plant spacings and N and K,0 rates on
broccoflower. cv. Alverda: The yield response of 'Alverda' broccoflower
was investigated in three consecutive plantings (10 Oct., 24 Nov., and 12
Jan.) to two in-row spacings: 12- and 15- inches and to the factional
combinations of 10, 20 and 30 lb of N and 12, 24, and 36 lb K,0/1000 lbf.
Marketable yields (curds > 12 oz) were highest in the January planting at
15-inch spacing and 30 lb N/1000 lbf. Potassium rates had no significant
effect on yields.

2. Evaluation of broccoflower cultivars at three plant densities: Three green
cauliflower (Broccoflower) cvs, Alverda, Green Godess, and Parks 5092,
were evaluated for their yield potential at 3 three within row spacings: 15",
18" and 21". Between row spacing was 14". Calculated on a per acre
basis (8712 linear bed feet per acre) the plant populations were 13,900,
11.600 and 9,900 plants per acre, respectively, at the three in row spacings.
'Alverda' at 18" spacing had the best yield, 403 25-lb cartons per acre.
followed by the same cv at 15" spacing, 399 ctn per acre and at the 21"
spacing. 339 cm per acre. With increased in row spacing total plant weight
increased but the proportion of head weight of the total plant weight
decreased.

D. Herbs

1. Yield potential of herbs at 3 N and K20 rates and in multiple harvests:
Sweet marjoram, Italian parsley, Russian tarragon, and Thyme were planted
on 2 Dec. 1993 in double rows on the raised, mulched beds at 12 inches
between and 6 inches within row spacing at three N and K rates: Ix, 2x
and 3x. The Ix N and K rate was equivalent to 44 N and 36 K lb per acre
(acre = 8712 linear bed feet). Phosphorous, from 0-8.74-0 (N-P-K)
superphosphate, was applied at 30 lb P per acre at each N and K
randomized complete block and replicated four times. In the first harvest
marjoram yields were best at the 1 x N and K rate (P < 0.05), the other
3 herbs had similar yields with increasing N and K rates. For the season,
marjoram yields (4 harvests) were best with the 2 x N and K rate; parsley
and tarragon yields (in 5 harvests) at the 3x N and K rates. Thyme yields
(3 harvests) were similar at all 3 N and K rates.








VEGETABLE WEED CONTROL


J. P. Gilreath, J. P. Jones,
A. J. Overman, & J. W. Noling

Nightshade and Grass Control. Research has continued on herbicidal control of
nightshade and other weeds in tomato middles. Cobra still is the most efficacous product
for nightshade control, but must be tank mixed with another product to give satisfactory
control of grasses. Paraquat (Gramoxone Extra) is one such product; however, some
growers have expressed interest in other options in view of the threshold planning
quantity trigger for paraquat. Research has been conducted at the GCREC and on local
growers' farms to evaluate Poast and Select for grass control when tank mixed with
Cobra. Poast and Select are both specific for grasses only. When tank mixed with Cobra
they have provided the needed grass control without affecting Cobra's efficacy on
broadleaf weeds, including nightshade. Cobra has reduced the efficacy of Poast in some
trials and not in others, whereas this effect has not been observed with Select. Poast is
registered for use on tomatoes and peppers and Select is expected to be labeled for this
use in the near future.


Cobra Management Studies or Understanding Cobra in Tomato & Pepper.
Section 18 registration of Cobra resulted in a lot of growers using it for the first time
about 2 years ago. Most growers found it to be a very effective herbicide for controlling
nightshade in tomato and pepper row middles. A small, but vocal number of growers
experienced problems with Cobra that spring. Plants developed gnarled growth,
ocassional spotting was observed, and some plants stopped growing for 2 weeks. In some
cases the damage appeared similar to 2,4-D injury and caused considerable panic. Plants
resumed normal growth after 2 weeks (maximum), if left in the field, and produced
normal yields. Extensive research was conducted in the field, greenhouse, and laboratory
to understand this problem and determine the causes) and develop corrective measures.
It was determined that most of the damage resulted from spray drift due to application
under conditions too windy or with poorly constructed shields or no shields. In some
situations, the grower had applied Cobra with sufficient care and injury still resulted.
This was traced back to two sources or causes; 1) wind blown deposition of treated soil
and 2) active residue on plastic mulch. Cobra is not unique in these two phenomena.
Soil treated with Cobra as well as Sencor, has been observed to cause problems
occasionally. Cobra can remain active on soil for some time. Wind deposition followed
by rain or dew can deposit Cobra on tomato foliage and injury results. Injury under these
conditions is often greatest in the drier areas of fields. Weed cover in the middles during
March can help minimize this problem. We are all well aware of the residual life of
paraquat and Roundup on plastic mulch. Paraquat can remain active in sufficient quantity
to damage tomatoes for 5 to 7 days, while Roundup residues can last in excess of 10
days. Cobra appears to remain active for about 7 to 10 days. Rainfall or irrigation








overhead do not seem to affect the residual life of paraquat, Roundup, or Cobra to any
appreciable extent.

Management measures resulting from this work are contained in the Valent Cobra
Technical Information Bulletin (referred to as green head) and include application prior
to 7 to 10 days prior to transplanting or after tomato plants are about 16 inches in height.
Manage water to eliminate dry areas in field to reduce wind blown sand as a carrier.
Maintain effective sprayer shields and observe wind conditions to time application.

Nutsedge Control Soil Fumigation. Various soil fumigants and contact nematicides
have been evaluated over the past 2 years to serve as alternatives to methyl bromide. The
greatest problem with all of these alternatives has been the lack of nutsedge control with
them. Tillam herbicide has been used successfully in combination with Telone C-17 for
nutsedge control, but other herbicide options are needed as Tillam is labeled only on
tomato. Therefore, in addition to evaluation of Telone C-17 with Tillam other herbicides
are being screened for possible use with tomato and pepper. Most of the emphasis is on
products which are already labeled since minimal time and expense would be involved
in developing a program approach for their use with a fumigant. Although Basamid,
chloropicrin, and Vapam are continuing to be evaluated along with C-17, Telone C-17
appears to be the most likely alternative for methyl bromide at this time. Results with
Basamid have been erratic over the past two years. Considerable effort has been
expended trying to find a way to make Vapam work as it does in other areas of the
U.S.A., but results have been erratic and less than acceptable in most trials. Several
other products have been evaluated and discarded because they did not work. One
contact nematicide has been investigated and shows some promise, but its future is
unclear at this time. Several herbicides have shown promise for nutsedge control under
plastic, but Tillam consistently has been the best. The combination of Telone C-17 and
Tillam has provided nutsedge control as good as 350 lb./acre of methyl bromide (676/33).
0








VARIETY TRIAL PROGRAM
T. K. Howe and W. E. Waters


Numerous vegetable variety trials have been completed since the spring of 1993, the time
of the last vegetable field day at the Gulf Coast Research & Education Center.
Evaluations included fresh market tomato (spring and fall 1993, spring and fall 1994),
bell pepper (spring and fall 1993, spring and fall 1994), cabbage (winter 1993-1994 and
1994-1995), short day onion (winter 1993-1994 and 1994-1995), jalepeno pepper (spring
and fall 1993) and cubanelle pepper (spring 1994). All tomato trials were done in
cooperation with Dr. J. W. Scott, UF tomato breeder. Highlights of these trials included
assessments of heat tolerant, Fusarium race 3 tolerant and bacterial leaf spot tolerant
tomato hybrids from UF and commercial sources; screening new bacterial spot resistant
bell pepper hybrids; and evaluation of new cultivars of short day onion, cabbage,
specialty pepper, jalapeno pepper, and cubanelle pepper.

Fresh market tomato, spring 1993: Replicated and observational fresh market tomato
trials were conducted to assess various commercial cultivars and breeding lines and IFAS
breeding lines. There were 20 replicated entries which were harvested for yield
comparisons and 76 observational entries which were not harvested. Tomatoes were
grown spaced 24 inches apart under stake culture from transplants on raised, mulched
beds of EauGallie fine sand. Plants were not pruned. One acre was equivalent to 8712
linear feet of bed. Water was provided via subsurface seepage irrigation via ditches
lateral to the beds. Quantitative results from the replicated trial follows: Total
marketable yield after three harvests ranged from 1800 25 lb-cartons/A for HMX 2822
to 2628 cartons/A for IFAS 7375. All entries except 'Olympic' and HMX 2822 were not
significantly different from IAS 7375. Yield of extra-large fruit ranged from 766
cartons/A for 'Monte Verde' to 2067 cartons/A for 'Passion'. Only 'Tango' at 1775
cartons/A was statistically similar to 'Passion' in extra-large fruit yield for the season.
Average individual fruit weight ranged from 5.0 oz for 'Monte Verde' to 7.2 oz for
HMX 2822. 'Olympic' (6.8 oz), 'Passion' (6.8 oz), 'Merced' (6.7 oz), FMX 171 (6.7
oz), 'Mountain Spring' (6.5 oz), XPH 10005 (6.5 oz) and 'Tango' (6.5 oz) were not
significantly different than HMX 2822 in average seasonal fruit weight. Cull fruit
accounted for 23-40% of total harvest with six entries with less than 30% culled fuit.
They were: 'Mountain Fresh', 'Monte Verde', IFAS 7430, FMX 171, 'Passion' and
'Mountain Spring'.

Total marketable yield for the first harvest ranged from 147 cartons/A for 'Sunny' to 796
cartons/A for 'Passion'. Only 'Merced' at 655 cartons/A was not significantly different
than 'Passion' in total marketable yield at first pick. 'Passion' had the greatest
marketable yield of extra-large fruit with 702 cartons/A. Extra-large fruit yield for all
other entries ranged from 110 to 546 cartons/A. Average individual fruit weight ranged
from 6.1 oz for 'Sunny' to 8.2 oz for HMX 2822. While HMX 2822 exceeded 8 oz








average fruit weight, eight other entries, which were equal to or exceeded 7.5 oz, were
not significantly different than HMX 2822. Cull fruit accounted for 24-54% of the total
fruit harvested at the first pick. The defects of cull fruit were predominantly rough fruit
shape, zippering, rough blossom ends and radial cracking in that order.

All observational entries were rated subjectively in the field for numerous plant and fruit
characteristics and defects.

Fresh market tomato, fall 1993: Replicated and observational fresh market tomato trials
were conducted to assess various commercial cultivars and breeding lines and IFAS
breeding lines. There were 23 replicated entries which were harvested and 56
observational entries which were not harvested. Tomatoes were grown as specified for
spring 1993. Quantitative results from the replicated trial follows: Total marketable
yields after three harvests for the fall ranged from 701 cartons/A for 'Bonita' to 1513
cartons/A for 'Agriset 761'. Fifteen other entries were not significantly different than
'Agriset 761' in total seasonal yield. Yield of extra-large fruit ranged from 51 cartons/A
for 'Bonita' to 558 cartons/A for 'Passion' and XPH 10005. Six other entries were
similar to 'Passion' and XPH 10005 in extra-large fruit yield, they were: 'Solar Set' (475
cartons/A), 'Agriset 761' (450), FMX 174 (399), 'Merced' (386), 'Acclaim' (380) and
'Sunmaster' (368). Average iiidividual fruit weight ranged from 4.1 oz for 'Bonita' to
5.6 oz for 'Passion'. Only HMX 2822 (5.5 oz), XPH 10005 (5.4 oz) and 'Mountain
Fresh' (5.2 oz) were not significantly different than 'Passion' in average fruit weight.
Cull fruit accounted for 18-45% of total yields with 11 entries below 30% and only
'Mountain Fresh' below 20%.

Total marketable yield for the first harvest ranged from 132 cartons/A for 'Bonita' to 430
cartons/A for XPH 10005. Nine other entries were not significantly different than XPH
10005 in total marketable yield, they were: 'Sunmaster' (608 cartons/A), 'Merced' (599),
'Solar Set' (579), 'Agriset 761' (565), 'Passion' (558), IFAS 7249B (524). 'Heatwave'
(523), 'Acclaim' (488) and FMX 174 (487). Yield of extra-large fruit ranged from 33
cartons/A for 'Bonita' to 430 cartons/A for XPH 10005. Only 'Passion' (385 cartons/A),
'Agriset 761' (350) and 'Solar Set' (321) were similar to XPH 10005 in early extra-large
fruit.yield. Average fruit weight at first harvest ranged from 5.1 oz to 6.7 oz. Eleven
entries equalled or exceeded 6.0 oz average fruit weight at this time.

All observational entries were rated subjectively in the field for numerous plant and fruit
characteristics and defects.

Fresh market tomato, spring 1994: Replicated and observational fresh market tomato
trials were conducted to assess various commercial cultivars and breeding material and
UF breeding lines. There were 23 replicated entries which were harvested for yield
comparisons and 62 observational entries which were not harvested. Tomatoes were
grown as specified for spring 1993. Quantitative results from the replicated trial follows:








Total marketable yield after three harvests exceeded the state average of 1483 cartons/A
and ranged from 2363 25 lb-cartons/A for 'Mountain Fresh' to 3196 cartons/A for XPH
10005. All entries except 'Acclaim', 'Spitfire', 'Mountain Spring', 'Bonita', HMX 2822
and 'Mountain Fresh' were not significantly different from XPH 10005. Yield of extra-
large fruit ranged from 1025 cartons/A for Sunex 6591 to 2524 cartons/A for XPH
10005. Only HMX 2824 at 2141 cartons/A and 'Sunbeam' at 2100 cartons/A were
similar to XPH 10005 in extra-large fruit yield for the season. Average individual fruit
weight ranged from 5.0 oz for Sunex 6591 to 6.6 oz for HMX 2822. XPH 10005 (6.5
oz), 'Merced' (6.5 oz), HMX 2824 (6.3 oz) and 'Mountain Spring' (6.2 oz) were not
significantly different than HMX 2822 in average seasonal fruit weight. Cull fruit
accounted for 13-29% of total harvest with six entries with less than 20% culled fruit.
They were: XPH 10005, 'Equinox', HMX 2824, 'Sunbeam', 'Mountain Spring' and
'Mountain Fresh'.

Total marketable yield for the first harvest ranged from 114 cartons/A for 'Sunny' to 795
cartons/A for XPH 10005. Only 'Merced' (738 cartons/A), 'Solar Set' (688), IFAS 7578
(683) and 'Florasette' (630) were similar to XPH 10005 in total marketable yield. Extra-
large fruit yield for all entries ranged from 86 cartons/A for 'Sunny' to 751 cartons/A for
XPH 10005. Only 'Merced' (675 cartons/A) and 'Solar Set' (688) were similar to XPH
10005 in extra-large fruit yield. Average individual fruit weight ranged from 5.9 oz for
IFAS 7603 to 8.5 oz for HMX 2822. Only five entries met or exceeded an average fruit
weight of 8.0 oz at the first harvest, they were: XPH 10005, 'Merced', HMX 2824,
HMX 2822 and PSX 810790. Cull fruit accounted for 16-44% of the total fruit harvested
at the first pick. The defects of cull fruit were predominately rough blossom ends,
zippering and radial cracking in that order.

All observational entries were rated subjectively in the field for numerous plant and fruit
characteristics and defects.

Fresh market tomato, fall 1994: Replicated and observational fresh market tomato trials
were conducted to assess various commercial cultivars and breeding lines and IFAS
breeding lines. There were 22 replicated entries which were harvested and 63
observational entries which were not harvested. Tomatoes were grown spaced as
specified for spring 1993. Quantitative results from the replicated trial follows: Total
marketable yields after three harvests for the fall ranged from 1084 25 lb-cartons/A for
'Bonita' to 2124 cartons/A for PSX 803090. Eleven other entries were not significantly
different than PSX 803090 in total seasonal yield. Yield of extra-large fruit ranged from
172 cartons/A for HMX 3800 to 862 cartons/A from 'Merced'. Only PSX 803090,
'Tango', Fa. 7578 and PSX 600091 were similar to 'Merced' in seasonal yield of extra-
large fruit. Average individual fruit weight ranged from 4.1 oz for HMX 3800 to 5.7
oz for 'Conquest'. Only 'Merced' (5.6 oz), 'Solar Set (5.5 oz) and 'Spitfire' (5.3 oz)
were similar to 'Conquest' in average fruit weight. Cull fruit accounted for 16-35% of
total yields with 17 entries below 30% and 6 entries below 20%.







Total marketable yield for the first harvest ranged from 213 cartons/A for 'Bonita' to 732
cartons/A for Fla. 7578. No other entries approached the yield of Fla. 7578 at the first
harvest. Yield of extra-large fruit at the first harvest ranged from 58 cartons/A for HMX
3800 to 515 cartons/A for Fla. 7578. Only Fla. 7514 and 'Merced' were not
significantly different in yield from Fla. 7578. Average fruit weight at the first harvest
ranged from 5.0 to 7.1 oz. All but HMX 3800 exceeded 6.0 oz average fruit weight.

All observational entries were rated subjectively in the field for numerous plant and fruit
characteristics and defects.

Bell pepper. spring 1993: Twenty-four cultigens of sweet bell pepper were evaluated
in replicated yield trial at the mature green stage during the spring of 1993. In addition,
12 cultigens were rated subjectively, along with the replicated entries, for plant and fruit
characteristics. Plants were grown on raised, mulched beds of EauGallie fine sand.
Water was applied by subsurface seepage irrigation via ditches lateral to the beds. Plants
were placed in double rows on each bed with 10 inches between rows and 22 inches
between plants within a row due to replanting after a storm. Plants were not staked.
One acre was equivalent to 8712 linear feet of bed. Seasonal yields for three harvests
ranged from 389 bushels/A for FMX 1153 to 889 bushels/A for FM 284. Twelve other
entries were not significantly different from FM 284 in total seasonal yield. The number
of marketable fruit per plant ranged from 2.6 for FMX 1153 to 7.2 for HMX 8862. FM
284, XPH 5963 and PS 3187 were not significantly different than HMX 8862 in the
number of marketable fruit obtained per plant. Average marketable fruit weight for the
season ranged from 5.4 oz for PR 300-3 to 7.5 oz for 'Camelot'. Only 'King Arthur' at
7.0 oz was similar to 'Camelot' in fruit weight. The proportion of harvested fruit which
were culled ranged from 15 % for FM 284 to 51 % for FMX 1153. Fourteen other entries
were not significantly different from FM 284 in low amount of cull fruit. Plant stand was
excellent for all replicated entries.

At the first harvest on 19 May, the marketable yields ranged from 106 bu/A for PR 300-3
to 346 bu/A for 'Valiant'. Twelve other entries were not significantly different from
'Valiant' in high yield. The number of marketable fruit per plant ranged from 0.8 for
PR 300-3 to 2.0 for 'Valiant'. All but nine entries were similar to 'Valiant' in the
number of fruit harvested per plant. Average marketable fruit weight ranged from 6.4
oz for PR 300-3 to 9.3 oz for FMX 1153. Only 'Camelot' at 8.6 oz was not significantly
different than FMX 1153 in individual fruit weight. The proportion of cull fruit ranged
from 0% for HMX 2660 to 23 % for FMX 1153. Average fruit length at first harvest
ranged from 3.5 inches for 'Ssupersweet 862R' to 4.4 inches for 'Camelot' and XPH
5963. Fruit width ranged from 3.1 inches for PR 300-3 to 3.7 inches for 'Ssupersweet
862R'. The ratio of fruit length to fruit width ranged from 1.0 for 'Jupiter' and
'Ssupersweet 862R' to 1.3 for 'Camelot', XPH 5963, 'Whopper Improved', and PR 300-
3. A ratio of 1.0 indicates a blocky fruit shape. Wall thickness ranged from 0.239
inches for PR 300-4 to 0.296 inches for 'Ssupersweet 862R'. Nine other entries were
not significantly different than 'Ssupersweet 862R' in wall thickness. They were:
'Whopper Improved', PS 3187, 'Valiant', 'Verdel', 'King Arthur', 'Boynton Bell', PR







300-6, NVH 3079, and 'Camelot'. The number of lobes per fruit varied from 2.8 to 3.6
with the vast majority averaging at least 3.0 lobes.

Of the dozen entries in single plots, seasonal yields ranged from 431 bu/A for the
miniature bell pepper 'Jingle Bells' to 966 bu/A for the very long processing pepper NS
43504. Those standard bell pepper entries with yields of at least 700 bu/A should be
considered for further evaluation. They were: HMX 2656, HMX 2659, NS 411, NS
43504, 0324 and 8229.

Bell pepper. fall 1993: Twenty-three cultigens and breeding lines of sweet bell pepper
were evaluated in replicated yield trial at the green stage during the fall of 1993. In
addition, 9 cultigens were harvested for yield estimates from single, unreplicated plots.
Plants were grown as specified for spring 1993, except that plants were placed in double
rows on each bed with 10 inches between rows and 11 inches between plants within a
row. Seasonal yields for four harvests ranged from 467 bushels/A for NVH 3082 to
1129 bushels/A from 'King Arthur'. Nine other entries were similar to 'King Arthur'
in total seasonal yields, they were: XPH 5963 (1065 bu/A), 'Ssupersweet 862R' (1019),
'Bell King' (1011), PSX 296491 (976), XPH 5936 (901), NVH 3083 (899), 'Valiant'
(860), PR300-11 (841) and 'Boynton Bell' (836). The number of marketable fruit per
plant ranged from 2.3 for NVH 3082 to 5.3 for NVH 3083. Fifteen other entries were
not significantly different than NVH 3083 in the number of marketable fruit produced per
plant. Average marketable fruit weight for the season ranged from 4.4 oz for HMX 8862
to 5.7 oz for 'King Arthur'. Eleven entries were similar to 'King Arthur' in average fruit
weight, all exceeding 5.0 oz. The proportion of harvested fruit which were culled ranged
from 18-48 %. Ten entries produced less than 30% of total yields as culls. Only NVH
3083 had a plant stand significantly less than 100% (84%).

At the first harvest on November 2, the marketable yields ranged from 45 bu/A for NVH
3082 to 254 bu/A for 'Bell King'. Twelve other entries were not significantly different
than 'Bell King' in seasonal yield. The number of marketable fruit produced per plant
ranged from 0.2 to 1.1 at the first harvest. Average marketable fruit weight ranged from
4.7 oz for HMX 8862 to 6.5 oz for PSX 296491. Thirteen other entries were similar to
PSX 296491 in average fruit weight, all exceeding 5.4 oz. The proportion of cull fruit
ranged from 9% for XPH 5964 to 55% for NVH 3082. Average fruit length at first
harvest ranged from 2.9 inches for 'Verdel' to 4.4 inches for 'Estima'. 'Estima' and
'Bell King' produced the longest peppers. Average fruit width ranged from 2.5 to 3.3
inches, with 'Estima' producing the narrowest fruit. The ratio of fruit length to width
ranged from 0.95 for 'Ssupersweet 862R' to 1.72 for 'Estima'. A ratio of 1.00 indicates
a square fruit. 'Verdel', NVH 3082 and NVH 3083 produced the squarest fruit. Wall
thickness ranged from 0.195 inches for NVH 3081 to 0.264 inches for 'Whopper
Improved'. 'Whopper Improved' produced the thickest walled fruit of the trial. The
number of lobes per fruit ranged from 3.2 to 3.9 among all entries.

Bell pepper, spring 1994: Thirty-two cultigens of sweet bell pepper were evaluated in
replicated yield trial at the mature green stage during the spring of 1994. In addition, 20







cultigens of bell and non-bell types were rated subjectively, along with the replicated
entries, for plant and fruit characteristics. Plants were grown as specified for fall 1993.
Seasonal yield for four harvests ranged from 647 bushels/A for XPH 12114 to 1286
bushels/A for 'Camelot'. Fourteen other entries were not significantly different from
'Camelot' in total seasonal yield. All but ten entries exceeded the average commercial
yield. Also, these yields are as good as or better, than those recorded in previous spring
trials in 1991 and 1993 at this location, but lower than in the spring of 1990 and 1992.
The number of marketable fruit per plant ranged from 2.6 for HMX 2662 to 5.3 for
'Camelot'. Twenty-one other entries were not significantly different from 'Camelot' in
the number of marketable fruit obtained per plant. Average marketable fruit weight for
the season ranged from 4.8 oz for NVH 3082 to 6.3 oz for PR 93-2-1. Nine other
entries (all over 5.5 oz) were not significantly different from PR 93-2-1 in average
seasonal fruit weight. The percentage of harvested fruit which were culled ranged from
21% for 'Camelot' to 52% for 'Jupiter'. Five other entries were not significantly
different from 'Camelot' in the percentage of cull fruit. Throughout the season fruit were
culled mainly due to lepidopterous larvae damage, undersized fruit and misshapen fruit.
Worm damage was severe enough to tabulate separately and ranged from 3 to 24%
among the cultivars for the season. Plant stand was nearly 100 % for all replicated entries
except PR 300-4 (96%).

At the first harvest, the marketable yields ranged from 13 bu/A for 'Orobelle' to 227
bu/A for PR 93-2-1. This harvest did not yield heavily since it was intended to give an
indication of which entries matured earliest, so only the largest crown-set fruit were
harvested at this time. Four entries were not significantly different from PR 93-2-1 in
best early yield: 'Camelot', XPH 12101, 'Whopper Improved' and NVH 3082. The
number of marketable fruit per plant ranged from 0.1 to 0.7. Average marketable fruit
weight ranged from 5.8 oz for 'Orobelle' to 7.6 oz for 'Camelot'. All but three entries
were similar to 'Camelot' in average fruit weight at the first harvest. The proportion of
cull fruit ranged from 2% for 'X3R Camelot' to 75% for 'Orobelle'. The majority of
cull fruit were worm-damaged and accounted for between 0 and 54% of the harvested
fruit. Average fruit length ranged from 3.0 inches for 'Ssupersweet 862R' to 4.0 inches
for 'NVH 3081. Fruit width ranged from 3.2 inches for HMX 2660 to 3.8 inches for
PR 93-2-1. The ratio of fruit length to fruit width ranged from 0.83 for 'Ssupersweet
862R' to 1.16 for NVH 3081. A ratio of 1.0 indicates a blocky fruit shape. Wall
thickness ranged from 0.190 inches for PR 300-4 to 0.251 inches for 'Whopper
Improved'. No other entries had walls as thick as 'Whopper Improved'. The number
of lobes per fruit varied from 2.7 to 3.8 with the sixteen entries having at least 3.5 lobes.

Bell pepper, fall 1994: Forty-six cultigens and breeding lines of sweet bell pepper were
harvested for yield estimates from single, unreplicated plots at the green stage. Plants
were grown as specified for fall 1993, except that they were supplied with additional
fertilizer at mid-season. All results are from single plots. Seasonal yields among bell-type
pepper for three harvests ranged from 267 28-1b cartons/A for PR 9300-8 to 792
cartons/A for 'Verdel'. The number of marketable fruit per plant ranged from 1.3 for
PR 9300-8 and XPH 12101 to 5.2 for FMX 1145. Average marketable fruit weight






ranged from 3.9 oz for 'Admiral' to 6.3 oz for 'King Arthur'. Only 'King Arthur'
exceeded 6.0 oz individual fruit weight. The proportion of harvested fruit which were
culled ranged from 10% for HMX 2662 to 52% for XPH 12101. Plant stands exceeded
90% for all but 9 entries. Average fruit length at the first harvest ranged from 2.9 inches
for 'Orobelle' to 5.5 inches for 'Soni'. Fruit width ranged from 2.4 inches for 'Tomi'
to 3 inches for 'Lancelot'. The ratio of fruit length to fruit width ranged from 0.97 for
'Sentinel' and 'Verdel' to 2.12 for 'Soni'. The most square entries were 'Sentinel',
'Verdel', 'Lancelot', XPH 12101 and PR 300-6, all within 0.03 of a 1.00 ratio.

Cabbage, winter 1993-94: Twenty-six cultivars of cabbage were examined in a
replicated and 7 in an observational yield trial at GCREC during the winter of 1993-94.
Plants were set in double rows 16 inches apart between rows and 11 inches apart within
each row on raised, mulched beds of EauGallie fine sand. Water was supplied by
subsurface seepage irrigation from ditches lateral to the beds. One acre was equivalent
to 8712 linear feet of bed. Subjective evaluations characterized head shape, density, color
and other attributes. Those entries which were superior in head density included AMX
21029, XPH 5789r, 'Cecile', 'Gideon', 'Minstrel' and PSR 18589. However, these had
unique characteristics which might be of interest in variety selection such as the pointed
head shape of 'Minstrel', the serrated leaf edge of 'Gideon', or the susceptibility to leaf
tipbur of outer leaves of XPH 5789r. Yield by weight ranged from 654 crates/A for
'A.C. #5 Plus' to 1689 crates/A for AMX 21030. Only PSR 18589 (1648 crates/A),
Applause (1553), 'Rio Verde' (1540), 'Solid Blue 790' (1487), 'Tempo' (1484), 'Cheers'
(1466), HMX 7270 (1453) and AMX 21029 (1441) were not significantly different from
AMX 21030 in yield by weight. Yields exceeded or were very similar to those of
previous trials at this location in 1992-93, 1990-91, 1989-90 and 1988-89 and all entries
exceeded the state average. Days to harvest after transplanting ranged from 63 days for
'Minstrel' to 98 days for 'Solid Blue 780', 'Solid Blue 790', and 'Gideon'. Yield, based
on the percentage of marketable heads cut from the number of plants set, ranged from
44% for 'A.C. #5 Plus' to 100% for 'Solid Blue 780' and 'Solid Blue 790'. All but four
entries were not significantly different than 'A.C. #5 Plus' in yield by percentage of
heads harvested. Plant stands for all cultivars did not significantly vary from 100%.

Marketable head weights ranged from 2.6 lbs for 'Pennant' to 4.7 lbs for AMX 21030.
Nine other entries were not significantly different then AMX 21030 in average head
weight, they were: PSR 18589 (4.6 lbs), 'Rio Verde' (4.6), 'A.C. #5 Plus' (4.6), HMX
7270 (4.6), 'Applause' (4.5), 'Tempo' (4.4), AMX 21029 (4.4), 'Bravo' (4.2) and
'Cheers' (4.2). Three other entries were similar to 'Pennant' in small head weight, they
were: 'Blue Gem' (3.0 lbs), 'Royal Vantage' (2.9) and 'Minstrel' (2.7). Marketable head
diameter ranged from 5.6 inches for 'Royal Vantage' to 7.6 inches for 'A.C. #5 Plus'.
No other entry was as large in diameter as 'A.C. #5 Plus'.

Cabbage, winter 1994-95: Twenty-five cultigens of cabbage were examined in a
replicated yield trial and 16 cultigens were harvested from single, unreplicated plots.
Plants were grown as specified for winter 1993-94. Subjective evaluations were made
to characterize head shape, density and other attributes. Data acquisition began February
6 and was completed by Febraury 26, 1995. Data is in tabulation.







Onion, winter 1993-94: Twenty-two cultigens of short day onion were examined in a
replicated yield trial. Plants were set in triple rows 12 inches apart between rows and 6
inches apart within rows on raised, mulched beds of EauGallie fine sand. Water was
supplied by subsurface seepage irrigation from ditches lateral to beds. One acre was
equivalent to 8712 linear feet of bed. Seasonal yield of green-topped short day bulb onion
at or exceeding 3.5 inches in diameter ranged from 177 cwt/A for RXC 1916 to 485
cwt/A for 'Dessex'. Thirteen other entries were not significantly different in yield than
'Dessex', they were: 'Yellow Granex Improved' (477 cwt/A), 'Granex 33' (474),
'Equanex' (453), 'Rio Enrique' (433), 'Ultra' (425), Sunex 1504 (415), 'Savannah
Sweet' (406), RXC 1913 (386), Sunex (1514), RXC 1906 (383), 'Sweet Dixie' (381),
'Rio Bravo' (372) and Sunex 1502 (359). Yield expressed as a percentage of the bulbs
harvested ranged from 36% for 'Rio Ringo' to 87% for 'Dessex'. Nine other entries
were not significantly different from 'Dessex' with respect to percentage yield.

Average bulb weight ranged from 0.89 lb for RXC 1903 to 1.29 lb for 'Ultra'. All but
five entries exceeded an average bulb weight of 1.00 lb. Bulb shapes were deep flat,
thick flat, flat globe and top according to definitions in the U. S. Standards for Grades.
Those bulbs which never achieved a size of 3.5 inches were harvested as dry bulbs. The
percentage of dry bulbs of those harvested ranged from 6% for 'Granex 429' to 60% for
RXC 1916. Only 'Rio Ringo (58%) and 'Rio Hondo' (43%) were not significantly
different in dry bulb production from RXC 1916. Total cull bulbs as a percentage of all
harvested bulbs (which did not include dry bulbs) ranged from 3 % for 'Rio Bravo' and
RXC 1916 to 54% for 'Granex 429'. Split bulbs accounted for between 0% to 51% of
harvested yield among the entries. 'Granex 429' had, by far, the most split bulbs at 51 %
of the total harvest for that cultivar.

Onion, winter 1994-95: Sixteen cultigens of short day onion were examined in a
replicated yield trial. An additional 3 cultigens were harvested from single, unreplicated
plots. Plants were grown as specifeid for winter 1993-94. Data acquisition to began
February 14, 1995 and ended March 23, 1995. Data is in tabulation.

Specialty pepper, spring 1993: Three specialty pepper cultigens were evaluated at the
mature green and/or red/yellow stage. Cultural conditions were the same as for the
spring 1993 bell pepper trial. 'Hungarian Yellow Wax', 'Sweet Banana' and 'Cayenne'
specialty peppers had total marketable yields for the season of 145, 141 and 66 cwt/A,
respectively. 'Hungarian Yellow Wax' and 'Sweet Banana' produced about 20
marketable fruit per plant for the season, while 'Cayenne' produced 70. Average
marketable fruit weight was 1.3 oz for 'Sweet Banana', 1.0 oz for 'Hungarian Yellow
Wax' and 0.2 oz for 'Cayenne'. Cull fruit accounted for between 21 and 32% of total
harvested fruit among the three types. 'Sweet Banana' had nearly 10% higher yield of
cull fruit than the other two types. Defects found in 'Sweet Banana' included: damage
when stems did not tear easily resulting in torn pod walls, virus-type symptoms where
the pod wall was puckered and discolored, misshapen fruit, soft rot and pepper weevil
damage. 'Hungarian Yellow Wax' had problems with spotty coloration.








At the first harvest on 20 May, marketable yields were 44, 41 and 21 cwt/A for
'Hungarian Yellow Wax', 'Sweet Banana' and 'Cayenne', respectively. 'Hungarian
Yellow Wax' and 'Sweet Banana' had 6 and 5 marketable fruit per plant averaging 1.2
and 1.5 oz per fruit, respectively. 'Cayenne' yielded 19 fruit per plant at 0.2 oz each.
Cull fruit yield was below 20 % for all three types. All three types had fruit greater than
4 inches in length. Fruit width was 1.3 inches for 'Hungarian Yellow Wax', 1.5 inches
for 'Sweet Banana' and 0.5 inches for 'Cayenne'. The ratio of fruit length to width was
3.59 for 'Hungarian Yellow Wax' and 3.36 for 'Sweet Banana', and 8.2 for 'Cayenne'.
Pod wall thickness was 0.152 inches for 'Sweet Banana', 0.139 inches for 'Hungarian
Yellow Wax' and 0.063 inches for 'Cayenne'. Locule number averaged just over 2 for
'Hungarian Yellow Wax' and 'Cayenne' and just over 3 for 'Sweet Banana'.

Jalapeno peppers, spring 1993: Five jalapeno cultigens were evaluated in a replicated
yield trial at the mature green stage during the spring of 1993. Cultural conditions were
the same as for the spring 1993 bell pepper trial. Total marketable yield of jalapeno
peppers after 3 harvests ranged from 54 cwt/A for 'Jalapeno' to 198 cwt/A for Sunex
4509. Sunex 4509 produced significantly higher yield by weight than any other entry.
The number of marketable fruit per plant ranged from 15 fruit for 'Jalapeno' to 32 fruit
for 'Jalapa'. 'Jalapa' produced significantly more fruit per plant than any other entry,
except 'Ebano'. The greatest individual fruit weight was produced by Sunex 4509 at 1.4
oz, significantly different than all the other entries. Fruit from 'Jalapa', 'Jalapeno',
'Jalapeno M', and 'Ebano', averaged 0.6 or 0.7 oz and were not significantly different
from each other. The proportion of harvested fruit which were cull ranged from 12%
for 'Jalapeno M' to 19% for 'Ebano' and 'Jalapeno', however there were no significant
differences. Defects were mainly confined to undersized fruit and pepper weevil damage.
Plant stand was excellent for all entries.

At the first harvest on May 20, marketable yields ranged from 11 cwt/A for 'Jalapeno'
to 43 cwt/A for 'Jalapa'. The number of marketable fruit per plant ranged from 3 fruit
for 'Jalapeno' and Sunex 4509 to 9 fruit for 'Jalapa', with 'Jalapa' producing significantly
more fruit than the other entries. Average marketable fruit weight ranged from 0.6 oz
for 'Jalapeno' and 'Jalapeno M' to 1.8 oz for Sunex 4509. Sunex 4509 fruit were
significantly heavier than any other. All other jalapeno entries were of similar weight at
0.6 to 0.8 oz. The proportion of cull fruit ranged from 6% for Sunex 4509 and 'Jalapeno
M' to 17% for 'Ebano' and 'Jalapeno', but none of the entries were significantly
different. Characteristics of marketable jalapeno fruit were quantified from a sample of
the earliest fruit harvested. Average fruit length ranged from 2.6 inches for 'Jalapeno
M' and 'Jalapa' to 4.1 inches for 'Sunex 4509'. Fruit width ranged from 1.0 inch for
'Jalapeno M' to 1.5 inches for Sunex 4509. The ratio of fruit length to width ranged
from 2.39 for 'Jalapa' to 2.72 for Sunex 4509. Wall thickness ranged from 0.168 inches
for 'Jalapeno M' to 0.196 inches for 'Jalapeno', with no significant differences among
the entries. All entries except 'Jalapeno' had less than 3 locules per fruit.








Jalapeno pepper, fall 1993: Five jalapeno cultivars were evaluated in a replicated yield
trial at the mature green stage. Cultural conditions were the same as for the spring 1993
bell pepper trial, except that plants were spaced 11 inches withinthe row and 10 inches
between the rows. Total marketable yield of jalapeno peppers after 4 harvests ranged
from 167 cwt/A for 'Early Jalapeno' to 243 cwt/A for 'Ebano'. None of the cultivars
were significantly different in seasonal yields. The number of marketable fruit per plant
ranged from 28 for 'Early Jalapeno' to 38 for 'Ebano', and only these two cultivars were
significantly different. Average fruit weight ranged from 0.5 to 0.6 oz, with no
significant differences among the cultivars. The proportion of cull fruit from the total
fruit harvested ranged from 13 to 31 %. 'Early Jalapeno' produced the most cull fruit at
31%. At the first harvest on November 2, marketable yields ranged from 10 cwt/A for
'Jalapeno M' to 57 cwt/A for 'Jalapa'. 'Jalapana' produced the greatest marketable yield
at the first pick, averaging 8 marketable fruit per plant. Average fruit weight was
between 0.5 and 0.6 oz among the cultivars in trial. The proportion of cull fruit
produced ranged from 9 to 32% for all cultivars. Characteristics of marketable jalapeno
fruit were quantified from a sample of the earliest fruit harvested. Average fruit length
ranged from 1.9 inches for 'Early Jalapeno' to 2.6 inches for 'Ebano'. Fruit width was
between 0.9 and 1.0 inch among the cultivars. The ratio of fruit length to width ranged
from 1.9 for 'Early Jalapeno' (more squat) to 2.8 for 'Jalapeno M' (more narrow). Wall
thickness ranged from 0.148 inches for 'Ole' to 0.176 inches for 'Jalapa'. 'Jalapa',
'Ebano' and 'Early Jalapeno M' were not significantly different in fruit wall thickness.

Cubanelle Pepper, fall 1994: Six cultigens of cubanelle pepper were evaluated in a
replicated yield trial. Fruit were harvested without ripe coloring. Plants were grown as
the fall 1994 bell pepper trail. All statistics were based on a randomized complete block
design. Seasonal marketable yield after 4 harvests ranged from 591 28-1b cartons/A for
SSC-12 to 904 cartons/A for 'Aruba'. 'Aruba' has the greatest yield of any entry. The
number of fruit per plant ranged from 4.9 for 'Espana' to 7.1 for 'Aruba'. Average fruit
weight was greatest for 'Espana' (3.4 oz) and 'Aruba' (3.3 oz). The proportion of fruit
which was culled ranged from 27% for 'Aruba' to 42% for 'Pay Day'. Plant stands
exceeded 93 % for all entries.

Marketable fruit length at the first harvest ranged from 5.5 inches for 'Key Largo' to 6.3
oz for 'Aruba'. Fruit length was greatest for 'Aruba', 'Biscayne' and 'Espana', all at 6.1
inches or greater. 'Pay Day', 'Key Largo', and SSC-12 were all 5.5 to 5.6 inches in
length. Wall thickness was greatest for 'Aruba' at 0.176 inches. All other entries were
between 0.149 and 0.161 inches in wall thickness.








BACTERIAL DISEASE RESEARCH


J. B. Jones, H. Bouzar, G.C. Somodi, J. W. Scott, and R. E. Stall

Until 1991 only one race of the bacterial spot pathogen existed in Florida. It was
identified as race 1. However, in 1991 race 3 was observed for the first time in
Florida and also in the world. We have been successful in identifying several
genotypes which.have a high level of resistance to race 3. Currently, we are
attempting to incorporate this and resistance to the typical race 1 strains into
commercially acceptable genotypes.

The ecology and epidemiology of the race 3 organism is currently being
investigated by looking at the long term survival in crop residue and survival on
weed species commonly found in Florida. The bacterium is able to survive for
several months in crop residue that remains on the soil surface but it declines
rapidly in tissue buried beneath the soil surface. In a very small sampling of weed
species the race 3 pathogen was not detected. A strain of the race 3 pathogen was
isolated from a commercial seedlot.

We have tested the antibiotic, gentamycin, on tomato and pepper and it was shown
to reduce disease severity of bacterial spot as well and in some instances better
than to the standard copper-mancozeb combination. Further studies will be needed
to demonstrate whether or not.this antibiotic is truly efficacious.

We are continuing to screen for bacterial wilt resistant genotypes. Several wild
genotypes have been shown to have high levels of resistance to bacterial wilt. We
have also developed what appears to be a screening technique that is more
reproducible than the techniques that we have used previously. The technique is
based on using an air temperature adjusted to 32 C and a soil temperature at 24
C. In this manner the resistant genotypes are able to survive whereas the
susceptible genotypes succumb to the disease.








CONTROL OF FUNGUS INCITED DISEASES OF VEGETABLES

J. P. Jones, S. S. Woltz, and J. W. Scott


Fusarium Crown Rot of Tomato: A factorial experiment was carried out in the field
in the fall of 1994 to determine the effect of crown rot (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
radicis-lycopersici) on Sun Beam tomatoes. Factors evaluated were: soil fumigation vs
no fumigation, infested soil vs noninfested soil, and inoculated plants vs noninoculated
plants. Soil infestation and plants inoculation greatly affected yields, but soil fumigation
did not. Putting inoculated plants into fumigated, noninfested soil reduced yields 35 %,
infesting fumigated soil and using healthy transplants reduced yields 29%, and planting
inoculated plants into infested, fumigated soil reduced yields 46%. Healthy plants in
noninfested nonfumigated soil produced as well as healthy plants in noninfested,
fumigated soil. Yields of inoculated plants in nonfumigated, noninfested soil were
reduced 39%. Transplanting noninoculated plants into infested, nonfumigated soil
reduced yields 28%, and putting inoculated plants into infested, nonfumigated soil
resulted in a 55 % yield reduction.

Control of Foliar Diseases of Tomato and Cucumber: Bravo 720 (1% disease) and
Manzate 200 (2.5 % disease) applied once weekly to Sunny tomatoes resulted in excellent
control of late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in the spring of 1993. Over 95 % of the
foliage of the nonsprayed plants was diseased. Both fungicides greatly increased yields.

DuPont 667 experimental fungicide applied once weekly to Poinsett cucumber resulted
in excellent control of target spot (Corynespora cassiicola) in two field experiments during
fall 1994. Bravo 720, Chipco 26019, and Manzate 200 also applied once weekly resulted
in superior control. Yields were increased by 667, Brave 720, Chipco 26109, and
Manzate 200.








EVALUATION OF SPECIALTY VEGETABLES FOR COMMERCIAL
PRODUCTION IN WEST CENTRAL FLORIDA

D. N. Maynard


The importance of specialty vegetable crops has increased substantially in recent
years. Specialty vegetables are a diverse group that includes those vegetables
grown on small acreages (formerly called minor crops), ethnic vegetables, gourmet
vegetables, and miniature vegetables. Production of specialty vegetables offers the
opportunity of diversification for large growers and production of high-value crops
by small growers that permit them to be competitive in the market place.

The dramatic increased popularity of specialty vegetables in the U.S. is related to
a) increased awareness of ethnic vegetables among the population at large, and
increased demand by the growing Hispanic-American and Asian-American
communities; b) increased demand for new, unusual, or exotic vegetables by
young, urban professionals; c) increased demand for gourmet vegetables by the
food-service industry; and d) an increased awareness of the health and nutritional
benefits of vegetables that contribute diversity to the diet, are high in nutrients and
fiber, and low in calories, saturated fats, cholesterol, and sodium. Since these
developments are driven by fundamental cultural, economic and demographic
forces, it can be anticipated that they will continue for some time to come.

Summary. The commercial production potential of specialty vegetables evaluated
at the Gulf Coast Research and Education Center thus far is as shown below:




Production Potential'
Vegetable None Slight Some High


Asparagus
Garlic
Globe Artichoke
Leek
Miniature Vegetables
Okra
Pepino
Pepper: Scotch Bonnet
Pumpkin: Halloween
Tropical








Production Potential1
Vegetable None Slight Some High

Radicchio X
Rhubarb X
Shallot (sets) X
(seeds) X
Snowpea X
Spinach X
Tomato: Plum X
Tomatillo X
Watermelon: Icebox X
Seedless X
Witloof Chicory X


1Based on trials at Bradenton and current varieties and technology.








VEGETABLE VIRUS MANAGEMENT


J. E. Polston, D. J. Schuster, E. Hiebert, D. O. Chelemi,
R. J. McGovern, S. E. Webb


Tomato mottle virus.

A two year experiment was conducted in Spring 1992 and 1993 to describe and study in
detail the movement of TMoV in tomato fields in southwestern Florida. The study
revealed that most plants were infected by viruliferous whiteflies coming into the field
and that spread within fields was minor. This lack of spread within fields was due in
large part to the frequent applications of insecticides targeting whiteflies. Virus incidence
can be minimized by removing sources of virus inoculum such as fall tomato fields, U-
picks, and other tomato fields which bridge the two seasons before transplanting spring
tomatoes. Roguing of early infections will have little impact on TMoV incidence.

A cooperative study with Immokolee pathologist on the identification of weed hosts of
TMoV was concluded. Over 50 species of weeds were examined for infection by TMoV.
Only one weed, Solanum viarum, was found infected by natural causes, and was able to
be infected after whitefly inoculation with TMoV from infected tomato plants.

Cooperated with J. Scott and D. Schuster to develop TMoV resistant tomatoes, primarily
through the screening of breeding lines for presence of TMoV, using nucleic acid spot
hybridization assay with a virus specific probe. Several different approaches were taken
to increase mechanical transmission rates but none were found to be equal or superior to
inoculation by whiteflies. Evaluations of the performance of TMoV resistant lines against
TYLCV were conducted in the Dominican Republic. Several lines were found which
gave high tolerance to both viruses. Selection will continue in the DR to develop lines
with tolerance to both TMoV and TYLCV.

Research is in progress to develop resistance to TMoV through genetic engineering using
the approach of virus-derived resistance. Genes from TMoV were selected, placed in
transformation vectors, transformed into tomato chromosomes using Agrobacterium.
Tomato plants transformed with replication protein and a modified coat protein have been
produced. These plants are now setting fruit and their progeny will be evaluated for
resistance to TMoV infection.

The transmission characteristics of TMoV by the B biotype of Bendsia tabaci are being
studied in detail. The role of temperature, light intensity and aggregative behaviors will
be examined for their impact on transmission efficiency. Factors which contribute to the
variability in measuring whitefly transmission will be identified.








The mechanism of transmission of geminiviruses by the whitefly B. tabaci biotypee b)
is currently being studied. One early goal is to identify the path of the virus through the
insect. Visualization of virus particles in the whitefly will be achieved through electron
microscopy and in situ hybridization. This work is in progress and is being conducted
by a postdoctoral research assistant located in Gainesville.

A study was conducted (in cooperation with D. J. Schuster) on the effect of early planted
squash on TMoV incidence in fall-planted tomato. Fields varied as to the number of days
between squash and tomato transplants entering the field, and the number of rows of
squash. TMoV impact was reduced by the presence of squash as shown by a comparison
of areas under the disease progress curves. Incidence was especially reduced in those
fields where squash was planted at least a week before the tomatoes and where the greater
number of squash rows were present.

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus.

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) was identified as the cause of a devastating
disease of tomato in the Dominican Republic in March, 1994. In May, the same virus
was found in Jamaica. The virus was cloned and partially sequenced and found to be
essentially identical to TYLCV in Israel and Egypt. This is the first report of this virus
outside the Mediterranean and the first report of such a virus in the Western Hemisphere.

A study on the identification of the host range of TYLCV was conducted in cooperation
with C. A. Serra, Entomologist, in the Dominican Republic. Approximately 6 new hosts
have been identified and many export crops have been eliminated as possible TYLCV
hosts, addressing several quarantine concerns.

Other Tomato Viruses:

A two year survey of viruses in tomatoes in the West Central and Southwest production
areas was completed in the spring season, 1993. Approximately 1400 samples were
assayed by ELISA and nucleic acid spot hybridization assay for ten viruses. It was found
that there were a number of viruses present in tomatoes besides the geminivirus. Viruses
that were detected were transmitted by aphids, whiteflies or thrips. The most prevalent
viruses were potato virus Y (PVY), tobacco etch (TEV) and TMoV. Tomato spotted wilt
virus (TSWV) was detected only
rarely. Many plants were assayed in which more than one virus was detected.

A cooperative study with Immokolee pathologist, R. McGovern, on the viruses present
in tropical soda apple, Solanum viarum, was concluded. Approximately 200 tropical soda
apple plants from the fields were sampled and assayed for 12 solanaceous viruses.
Tropical soda apple plants were found naturally infected with tomato mosaic virus, potato
virus X, potato virus Y, tomato mottle virus and cucumber mosaic virus. This study
shows that this new weed which is spreading rapidly through Florida is a potential weed








reservoir of several tomato and pepper-infecting viruses, and has the potential to change
the ecological dynamics of solanaceous viruses in Florida.

Bean golden mosaic virus.

Cloned, sequenced and described geminiviruses found in Phaseolus vulgaris from several
areas in Florida. To date, three new geminiviruses or virus strains have been cloned
from bean.

Approximately 50 species have been tested to date as part of a study to describe the
experimental host range of BGMV-FL (Florida strain) which was first seen in Homestead,
FL in November 1992. Five legume species (four Phaseolus, one Macroptiliun) have
been shown to be hosts of the virus.

Six lines of Phaseolus vulgaris with resistance to BGMV (Puerto Rico) were evaluated
for resistance to BGMV-FL. BGMV-FL overcame the resistance in all lines. These
were developed with BGMV-PR and tested well against BGMV strains in Honduras,
Puerto Rico and Guatemala (BGMV-Gua). BGMV-FL is 94% identical in nucleotide
sequence to BGMV-PR and BGMV-Gua. Apparently even a small difference in sequence
can result in significant differences in resistance. The Florida strain of BGMV is in many
ways more aggressive than other BGMV strains studied. This study has demonstrated
that resistance in bean to BGMV may not be as broad spectrum as assumed by some.

Other:

Two new geminiviruses or virus strains found in Sida spp. in Florida have been cloned,
sequenced and will be describe biologically.

A new geminivirus was found in December 1993 in Gypsophila paniculata (baby's
breath) and Dianthus (carnation). A study was begun to characterize this viruses)
through a limited host range, symptomatology, and sequencing of crucial parts of the
genome. The virus apparently was only was present in the leaves of the baby's breath
and carnation where a whitefly had fed. Virus disappeared after one week. Virus was
not able to be recovered by whiteflies and transmitted to uninfected baby's breath
seedlings. The virus was extracted from inoculated leaves and was amplified by PCR.
Restriction analysis of PCR fragments indicated that this virus was previously unknown.
This study demonstrates the tremendous sensitivity of PCR and the level of care required
for correct interpretation of results.

A comparison of different newly-developed techniques for the detection of whitefly-
transmitted geminiviruses was completed in cooperation with pathologists at Gainesville
and Immokolee. Aided in the development of an improved inclusion body-based
technique with Immokolee pathologist, and in the development of a monoclonal antibody-
based ELISA for detection of most whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses.








VEGETABLE INSECT CONTROL


D. J. Schuster, A. A. Csizinszky, J. E. Polston, M. Stevens, C. R. Thome, J. W.
Scott, S. G. Muigai, D. Dean & P. A. Stansly

Silverleaf (=sweetpotato) Whitefly. Tomatoes were grown on beds covered with
commercial UV-reflective aluminum plastic mulches and compared to tomatoes grown
on similar beds covered with conventional white plastic. Plants grown on beds
covered with aluminum were infested with fewer silverleaf whiteflies (SLWF) and had
a delayed incidence of tomato mottle virus (TMoV) relative to plants grown on beds
covered with white plastic. Plants grown on beds covered with aluminum with a
white strip down the middle (to reduce the effects of reflected heat from the
aluminum) did not differ greatly from plants grown on beds covered with white
plastic. Yields of tomatoes grown on UV-reflective mulches were not different from
the yield of tomatoes grown on the white plastic mulch.

Tomato plants treated at transplanting with the systemic insecticide imidacloprid
(Admire) had fewer SLWF nymphs and a lower incidence of TMoV than tomato
plants grown without insecticide treatment for SLWF in two experiments at GCREC
and two experiments on commercial tomato farms. Results with imidacloprid were as
good as or better than results with up to twice weekly foliar applications of
conventional, nonsystemic insecticides.

Resistance of the tomato pinworm to methomyl was measured in the field using a
pheromone trap bioassay. LC5o resistance ratios in tomato pinworm adults ranged
from 15-60 thus indicating moderate to high levels of resistance. The baseline toxicity
of tomato pinworm larvae to the new insecticide AC303,630 was determined in the
laboratory for five field strains. Resistance ratios comparing LC5o values of a lab
strain with the field strains ranged from 1.13 to 1.35 indicating all field strains are
susceptible.

In a field trial on tomato, varying nitrogen/potassium ratios did not influence greatly
the number of SLWF nymphs on foliage or the incidence of irregular ripening (IRR)
of tomato fruit. Spraying tomatoes three times weekly with alternated classes of
insecticides did result in reduced numbers of SLWF nymphs and reduced incidence of
IRR.

In laboratory studies, azadirachtin, bifenthrin and insecticidal soap were less toxic to
lacewing eggs than mineral oil. Bifenthrin was more toxic residually to lacewing
adults than azadirachtin, bifenthrin or insecticidal soap. Rates of 1 and 2% mineral
oil resulted in greater residual mortality of lacewing larvae than was observed in
checks. Similar rates of insecticidal soap and comparable field rates of azadirachtin
did not.








Tomato germplasm derived from crosses of Lycopersicon esculentum with L. pennellii
supplied by Dr. Martha Mutschler of Cornell University was found resistant to the
sweetpotato whitefly, Liriomyza spp. leafminers, and the tomato pinworm in the field.

Trichome counts and a modified stickiness test were found unacceptable for screening
L. esculentum X L. pennellii germplasm in the seedling stage for resistance to the
SLWF. The modified stickiness test was found acceptable for screening germplasm in
the field but was found to be affected by age of leaf, by side of plant evaluated, and
by the presence of TMoV symptoms. An F3 population varying widely in stickiness,
was evaluated in the field and indicated that stickiness and acyl sugars were negatively
correlated with SLWF feeding and oviposition, and positively correlated with days to
TMoV acquisition. Eight F4, five F3BC2F2, and 30 F5 families were evaluated for
resistance to SLWF in the field. Of about 350 plants evaluated for stickiness and
horticultural traits, 52 were selected for low TMoV symptom expression, high
stickiness, and fruit-set.

Six F6 plants, two F3BC1F4 plants and four F, plants indicating high levels of SLWF
resistance were selected from L. esculentum x L. pennellii populations to be
backcrossed to 11 L. esculentum breeding lines. These backcrosses resulted in 29 lines
(BC2's or BC3's). Two determinations were made when the Fi's were field tested: 1)
The SLWF resistant parent plants were still heterozygous as was indicated by wide
phenotypic variability in the F,'s; 2) Resistance to SLWF appears to be controlled by
additive-dominance. When using TMoV symptoms as a monitor of SLWF activity,
susceptible parents were all infected less than a month after transplant, whereas, many
of the F,'s were still healthy after two months and most of the resistant introgressed
parents were still uninfected with TMoV at three months.

TMoV inoculation of seedlings using viruliferous SLWF adults confined either on
individual plants using clip cages or on groups of plants in styrofoam trays was
unsatisfactory. A method using viruliferous SLWF released into small, insect-proof
greenhouses was used successfully for screening 7,800 seedlings from 275 breeding
lines. The lines were derived from 7 L. chilense accessions and were in FBCiS,,
FiBC1S2, or FjBC2 generations. About 2,700 plants were transplanted to the field and
276 selections were made for TMoV tolerance. Twelve of the lines derived from the
7 L. chilense accessions were screened for tomato yellow leaf curl virus in the
Dominican Republic and all had tolerance to this virus. The best lines have minor
symptoms and resistance appears to be controlled by several genes.

Of 32 accessions of Lycopersicon spp. evaluated in the greenhouse for their impact on
the SLWF, highest adult mortality and lowest oviposition occurred on the L. pennellii
accessions although mortality and oviposition on L. hirsutum accessions were lower
than the 'Solar Set' check. Some accessions lost the high levels of resistance as leaves
aged.








Weekly trapping in west-central Florida in 1993 indicated that incidence of TMoV was
higher, especially in the fall, than in 1992. Populations of the SLWF were also
higher. An epidemiology study indicated that, at least in the spring, spread of TMoV
is secondary, although primary spread may be important where new tomato fields are
planted adjacent to or near old, abandoned fields. Weekly trapping in west-central
Florida in 1994 indicated that incidence of TMoV was lower, especially in the fall,
than in 1993. Populations of the SPWF were also lower.

Squash was evaluated in commercial tomato fields as a potential trap crop for SLWF.
Squash planted in six rows along one half of one side of tomato fields in the fall of
1993 resulted in fewer SLWF and less TMoV on adjacent tomatoes. Squash planted
in three rows had no such effect on adjacent tomatoes. In the fall of 1994, squash
planted in six rows along one half of one side of three commercial tomato fields
resulted in more silverleaf whiteflies on adjacent tomatoes. The incidence of plants
with TMoV symptoms was not affected.

A twice weekly survey of unsprayed tomatoes indicated that populations of the
predators Oriu insidiosus (minute pirate bug), Geocoris sp. (big-eyed bugs),
hemerobiids (brown lacewings) and chrysopids (green lacewings) tended to fluctuate
with populations of SPWF adults. Spiders tended to be the first predators detected
and Orius the most abundant.

Intensive sampling for SLWF adults and nymphs and for plant viruses was conducted
on a mixed-crop organic farm in southwest Florida. Whiteflies appeared to migrate
into the crops in the fall and reach their highest levels early in the season. However,
increasing activity of parasitic wasps such as Encarsia pergandiella corresponded to
decreasing SLWF populations. A mathematical model was developed to describe the
development and movement of SLWF populations in a small mixed-cropped vegetable
farm.

In spring field trials on tomato, Admire, CGA 215944, SN 85292, and the
combinations of Ambush/Monitor, Danitol/Monitor, and Warrior/Monitor resulted in
fewer crawlers, sessile nymphs, pupae and pupal exuviae of the sweetpotato whitefly
compared to the check.

Other Vegetable Pests. In field trials on pepper, treatments which resulted in the
lowest amount of internal feeding damage by the pepper weevil included Asana XL,
Lorsban, Warrior, Kryocide, and Vydate.

Pheromone components were evaluated in yellow sticky traps for their potential for
attracting and capturing adults of the pepper weevil. The baited traps tended to
capture more adults relative to unbaited traps when pepper weevil populations were
low but not when populations were high.








Thrips were collected in yellow pan traps twice weekly. Thrips species which were
trapped included Frankliniella bispinosa, Thrips tabaci, F. williamsi F. occidentalis,
F. tritici and F. fusca. The former two species were the most abundant.

A new membrane type formulation for applying the tomato pinworm pheromone was
evaluated for mating disruption on the summer crop at GCREC. The formulation was
effective in reducing captures of tomato pinworm males in pheromone baited traps to
less than 90% of captures in untreated fields. Unfortunately, the summer fields were
planted adjacent to the old spring fields that were heavily infested and economic
damage occurred despite treatment with pheromone.








TOMATO BREEDING RESEARCH


J. W. Scott

Variety Releases (1994)

1) Equinox: Is a heat tolerant hybrid somewhat similar to Solar Set but with
a smoother blossom-end scar which allows for spring as well as fall production.
Seed will be available in August from Agrisales.

2) Neptune: Is open-pollinated, tolerant to bacterial wilt and has heat
tolerant fruit set. It is for testing in bacterial wilt infested fields-not a commercial
shipping type.

3) Micro-Gold: Is a miniature-dwarf tomato similar to Micro-Tom but with
gold colored fruit. Primary use is for the nursery industry.

Breeding Line Releases (1994)

1) Fla. 7547: Resistant to Fusarium wilt races 1,2, and 3 with very good
color and flavor, jointed pedicels.

2)Fla. 7481: Isogenic jointless pedicel line similar to above but flavor is
milder.

Bacterial Spot Race 3 Resistance

This work is in cooperation wih J. B. Jones and G. C. Somodi at GCREC,
and Bob Stall of Plant Pathology in Gainesville. In 1991 we found a new race of
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria which was virulent on our resistance
derived from Hawaii 7998. In the summers of 1992 and 1993 accessions were
tested for resistance. The best source of resistance was Hawaii 7981 which like
Hawaii 7998 had been bred for bacterial wilt resistance in Hawaii. We had tested
Hawaii 7981 for race 1 resistance in 1984 and found it was susceptible. In 1994
we conducted genetic studies and found this resistance is controlled by a single,
incompletely dominant gene. A field test will be repeated in 1995 to confirm this
inheritance. The resistance is being backcrossed into our race 1 resistant breeding
lines and some other breeding lines.

Tomato Mottle Virus (TMoV) Resistance

This work is in cooperation with Dave Schuster and Jane Polston. In 1990
resistance was found in the wild species Lycopersicon chilense. Fifteen








interspecific hybrids were obtained from eight accessions. Over 570 backcross
plants were then obtained mostly by embro rescue. Since then about 40,000 plants
have been screened for TMoV. High levels of resistance have been obtained which
appear to be multigenic in nature. At present we think the best resistance has been
derived from LA 1938 and LA 2779, but we are still working with LA 1932, LA
1961, LA 1963, LA 1968, and to a lesser extent LA 1959. Crossing was also done
between some of the LA 1938 derived lines and a tolerant L. pimpinellfolium
accession and this material has a high level of resistance. In 1994 and 1995 the
best TMoV resistant lines were tested for resistance to the devastating tomato
yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in the Dominican Republic with the cooperation
of Dr. Colmar Serra of the Instituto Superior de Agricultura. The TMoV bred
lines also had a very good level of resistance to this whitefly vectored virus which
is encouraging for future breeding efforts with this material. TYLCV is now in
Cuba and it will probably be just a matter of time before it arrives in Florida.

Fusarium Crown Rot Resistance

This work is in cooperation with J. P. Jones. Populations derived from L.
pennellii accession LA 1277 have had good resistance over several seasons of
disease screening. Crosses are underway to provide generations for genetic and
allelism experiments. In the long term this resistance could be valuaable in
developing resistance to this pathogen in case there are problems with the existing
source of resistance.








WATER MANAGEMENT FOR VEGETABLES


C. D. Stanley, B. L. McNeal, Johann Scholberg, Jim Jones,
A. G. Smajstrla, P. R. Gilreath, J. Creighton, R. Clarke


Effect of Water Table Level on Vegetable Production Using The Fully Enclosed
Subirrigation (FES) System: Studies were conducted for three years with tomato and
bell pepper crops grown with a float switch-controlled fully enclosed subirrigation (FES)
system. Static water table depths of 18, 24, and 30 inches below the top of bed were
used in combination with nitrogen fertilizer rates of 160, 230 and 300 lbs/acre. The
objective of the study was to determine whether there would be a detrimental effect on
yield and quality of fruit caused by lowered water table depths and/or fertilizer rates.
Results consistently showed no negative impact of the lower water table depths or
fertilizer rates. Soil determinations showed that with the 18 and 24-inch water table
treatments, soil moisture in the upper 12 inches of the soil profile was maintained at field
capacity, while with the 30-inch water table treatment, field capacity was maintained in
the 6-12 inch depth, and fell below field capacity in the upper 6 inches. Indication were
that the lower water table levels required less water, were more able to take advantage
of rainfall, and were less susceptible to bed saturation during high rainfall periods.


Tomato and Pepper Growth Model Development: Several seasons of data have been
collected on tomato and pepper growth characteristics (including roots) which are being
used to develop growth models which will be used to simulate growth response to various
environmental and management conditions. Adaption and modification of a greenhouse
tomato growth model, TOMGRO, and a generic growth model, CROPGRO, to fit the
cultural and genetic conditions of field-grown tomato is currently underway.


Water Requirements For Bell Peppers: Field drainage lysimeters are being used to
estimate water requirements for bell pepper growth and development. This study was
initiated in 1992 and is in its last season of data collection, water use information will
be compared with weather data estimating reference evapotranspiration so that crop
coefficients can be developed to be used for irrigation scheduling purposes.


Effective Use of Rainfall For Semi-enclosed Subirrigation Versus Fully Enclosed
Subirrigation: A field study to determine the differences between the fully enclosed
subirrgation and semi-enclosed subirrigation systems in the effective use of rainfall is
currently underway. The objectives of this study include evaluating effective rainfall and
irrigation requirements under different irrigation system designs, soil types, water table
positions, irrigation management programs, etc. using a constructed field level FES water








table computer model. The developed model will be limited in scope to evaluate generic
field conditions for comparative purposes. Measured field results will be used for model
calibration and verification. Existing large scale models (USES or DRAINMOD) will
be investigated for verification purposes.


Lake Manatee Water Quality Demonstration Project: The Lake Manatee Watershed
Demonstration Project was established in 1990 through the interagency cooperation of the
Cooperative Extension Service (CES), Soil Conservation Service (SCS), and the
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (ASCS) as part of a national USDA
Water Quality Initiative. Its primary long-term goal is to accelerate voluntary adoption
of improved agricultural management practices which minimize nutrients (primarily
nitrates) loading of Lake Manatee, a source of drinking water for the majority of Manatee
and Sarasota counties. Agricultural activities include citrus, vegetable, and cattle
production. The objectives of this project are being achieved through voluntary
cooperation of agricultural producers which allow water quality data to collected on site,
initially, to determine the impact of present management practices on water quality.
Producers were encouraged to try improved management practices which were also
monitored for water quality changes. Results show that subirrigated vegetable production
tends to encourage the process of denitrification to occur causing losses of N in a gaseous
form. This project facilitated the development and improvement of the fully enclosed
subirrigation system (FES).


Impact of Agricultural Activity in Lake Manatee Watershed on Water Quality in
Lake Manatee: Lake water quality data collected since 1983 were analyzed to
determine if different parameters that were measured were correlated with periodic algal
blooms which cause taste and odor problems for this drinking water source. Additional
work was directed at determining whether changes in agricultural activity (acreage
amounts or type of agriculture (citrus, vegetable, or cattle production)) in the watershed
could be linked with algal bloom events. Preliminary results from this study will be
discussed.








TOUR 1 VEGETABLE CROP IMPROVEMENT


Page TOPIC

40 General Tomato Breeding I J. W. Scott

42 Southern Tomato Exchange Program (STEP) Tomato Trial J. W. Scott

44 Tomato Fruit Quality J. W. Scott, E. Baldwin. R. Shewfelt

45 Advanced Tomato Breeding Line Trial J. W. Scott

47 Rain Check Inheritance C. Emmons and J. W. Scott

49 General Tomato Breeding II J. W. Scott

51 Tropical Pumpkin Breeding D. N. Maynard

53 Bell Pepper Cultivar Trials T. K. Howe and W. E. Waters

55 Cubanelle Pepper Cultivar Trial T. K. Howe and W. E. Waters

56 Cucumber Cultivar Trial T. K. Howe and W. E. Waters

57 Tomato Cultivar Trials T. K. Howe, J. W. Scott, W. E. Waters

60 Watermelon Hollowheart D. N. Maynard

61 Watermelon Variety Evaluation D. N. Maynard

63 Seedless Watermelon Variety Evaluation D. N. Maynard

65 Asparagus Production Feasibility Study -,D. N. Maynard




~2..








GENERAL TOMATO BREEDING I


J. W. Scott

Location: Block J, Lands 8-10, 13

Objective: To develop improved tomato breeding lines and varieties with
traits not yet available to the Florida tomato industry. This
includes improved fruit setting ability and superior eating
quality.

CroM: Tomato, transplanted Feb. 22-Mar 7, 1995

Operations:

A) Blossom-end scar smoothness: Lines are in land J8.Breeding for smooth
blossom-end scars is done by use of 3 different blossom-end morphology genes
which causes immature fruit to have nippled blossom ends but which are smooth
without nipples at maturity. Previous research indicated that hybrids between
parents with different genes are smooth without the chance of undesirable nipples
in ripe fruit. Thus, the genes are being incorporated by modified backcrossing into
advanced parental lines.

B) Extended Shelf Life: Lines are in land J8. Two strategies are being
employed to obtain this characteristic. One involves use of the ripening inhibitor
gene (rin). When hybrids are made between lines with this gene and normal
tomatoes, the shelf life is increased allowing for shipment at harvest stages beyond
mature-green. This is the type of tomato presently being grown in Mexico. The
other approach is to breed for a greater level of firmness which I refer to as ultra-
firmness.

C) Heat tolerance: Lines are in lands J9&10. Heat tolerant lines are
selected in the summer but assayed in the spring to evaluate the overall adaptibility
of the lines. Growth in the spring gives a better indication of blossom scar
smoothness, fruit size potential, and to verify ability to set fruit in cold weather.

D) Male-sterility: Lines are in land J8. The gene ms-35 and either aa or
Prx-2 linked marker genes are being incorporated by modified backcrossing into
inbreds which are used as tester stocks for hybrid combining ability. Hybrid seed
production is facilitated by elimination of emasculation.









E) Parthenocarpy: Lines are in land J9. Plants with this trait set fruit
without seed under stress environments, thus it is a characteristic used to expand
the fruit setting ability of tomatoes. The trait works best under cool conditions but
also has application to high temperature conditions. Emphasis is placed on
obtaining large fruited types with good firmness. One line is being considered for
release in the Advanced Trial described elsewhere.

F) Cherry tomatoes: These are in land J8. A small cherry tomato breeding
program is maintained with the goal to release breeding lines to the seed trade.
Emphasis is placed on obtaining sweet flavor. Some cherry work is carried out in
all breeding projects.

G) Ornamental Tomato Breeding: Cooperator is Brent Harbaugh. Plants are
in land 016. Micro-Gold a miniature dwarf with gold colored fruit was released
in 1994 as a companion variety to Micro-Tom. Present lines were derived from
crosses of red and gold fruited mini-dwarfs with a high sugar line. Selections are
for good horticultural type and sweet flavor. Lines are also being grown in pots
in a greenhouse to assess their performance .








SOUTHERN TOMATO EXCHANGE PROGRAM (STEP) TOMATO TRIAL


J. W. Scott


Block J, Land 14


To provide yield and quality data on breeding lines being considered
for release by University Breeding Programs.

Tomato, transplanted March 6


Operation:


A. Replicated Trial


STEP #


Pedigree


University


Flora-Dade
STEP 737
STEP 740
STEP 744
STEP 746
STEP 753
STEP 755
STEP 757


NC 9119
Aul x 69
NC 92191
NC 92244
Fla. 7579
NC 92212
NC 93274


Florida-check line (sn)
North Carolina State
Auburn
North Carolina State
North Carolina State
Florida
North Carolina State
North Carolina State


B. Observational Trial

STEP # Pe


ligree University


Flora-Dade
STEP 745
STEP 750
STEP 754
STEP 756
STEP 758
STEP 760
STEP 761
STEP 762
STEP 763
STEP 764
STEP 765
STEP 766
STEP 767


NC 92218
ISU 7042
Fla. 7603
NC 93248
ISU 7012
ISU 7065
Fla. 7307
Fla. 7658
Fla. 7514
Fla. 7580
NC 9267
NC 92196
NC 92198


Florida-check line (s)
North Carolina State
Iowa State
Florida
North Carolina State
Iowa State
Iowa State
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
North Carolina State
North Carolina State
North Carolina State


Location:















Snmmary:


Replicated trial is a randomized block design with 3 blocks and 10
plants per plot. Yield data will be taken on the replicated trial.
Notes as to defects, taste, color, firmness, and yield will be made on
observation entries and notes on the former 4 will be taken on the
replicated trial.


STEP trials are grown at several locations in the southeastern U.S.
In the observation trial, recommendations are made to drop the line,
continue to look at it, or move it to the replicated trial. Data are
useful in assessing adaptation and making release decisions.








TOMATO FRUIT QUALITY


Location:

Objective:




Crop:

Operation:


J.W. Scott, Elizabeth Baldwin1, and Rob Shewfelt2

Block J, Land 14

To measure sugars, acids, and volatiles of tomato genotypes
and compare results to taste panel preferences to gain a
better understanding of the chemistry of good tomato
flavor.

Tomato transpaanted Feb. 30, 1995


Field
E201
E202
E203
E204
E205
E206
E207
E208
E209
E210
E211
E212
E213
E214
E215


Materials
Solar Set
Equinox
Fla. 7579
Sunny
Olympic
Lenor
NC13G
(7171x7403)F6
[7547x(7060xBR200)]
[7171x{7060Cx(7060xBR200)]}
{7060x[7171x(7214xBR200)]}
Rutgers
Fla. 7060
Fla. 7171
Brassy


Comments


hi firm NC
hi firm Fla.
rin Fl's
rin Fl's
rin Fl's


Completely randomized block design with 3 blocks and 10 plants per line.
Cultigens will be tasted by several people in blind tests to select diverse types
for detailed testing. Fruit of selected cultigens will be harvested at mature-
green, breaker, and table ripe stages to compare fruit chemistry and taste once
the fruit are ripe.

SUSDA at Winter Haven, FL
2 University of Georgia, Athens GA








ADVANCED TOMATO BREEDING LINE TRIAL


J. W. Scott


Location:

Objective:

Crop:

Operation:


Block J, Land 15

To compare "Elite" breeding lines for release potential.

Tomato, transplanted March 2, 1995


A. Globe, race 3, FCR & Parth, Groups (jo)


Pedigree
Fla. 7060
Fla. 7482B
NC84173-S
Solar Set
Agriset 761
Equinox
Fla. 7547
Fla. 7613
Fla. 7599c
(7060x7480)-BK-4-1-2
(7060x7480)-BK-4-2-1
(7060x7480)-BK-4-3-1
[7412(7220x7228)]-BK-l-l-1
(7171x7404)-BK-4-2-1-1
(7482Bx7464)-1-3-1


Comment2


1-3
heat tolerant

1-3 R seg
1-3 R seg
1-3 R seg
I-3 RR
parth
FCR resistant


race 3 (1-3)=Fusarium wilt race 3 resistant, FCR=Fusarium crown rot resistant,
parth = seedless

B. Heat tolerant plus resistance to: bac spot, bac wilt, or race 3


Comment4


Pedigree
Fla. 7171
Fla. 7324
Solar Set
Equinox
Agriset 761
Fla. 7485


source of 930405-BK


HTBS


Field#
E301
E302
E303
E304
E305
E306
E307
E308
E309
E310
E311
E312
E313
E314
E315


Field#
E321
E322
E323
E324
E325
E326








E327 Fa. 7550B HTBS
E328 Fa. 7597B HTBS
E329 Fla. 7479 HTBS
E330 [7324x(7237x72440)]F5 HTBS
E331 BS F6 HTBS
E332 {7217D[(7060xH7998)x7165A]}F8 HTBS
E333 Fla. 7619 HTBS
E334 Fla. 7493 HTBS
E335 Neptune HTBW
E336 (7420x7312D)F5 HTBSW
E337 (7421x7409)F5 HTBSW open, E
E338 (7421x7345)F6 HTBW
E339 (7421x7236)F7
4 HT=heat tolerant, BS=bacterial spot tolerant, BW=bacterial wilt tolerant, BSW=bacterial
spot and wilt tolerant

C. Jointless

Field# Pedigree Commentx
E341 Bonita
E342 Colonial
E343 Fla. 7481 I-3 R
E344 (7182x7340)F8
E345 Fla. 7423
E346 [(7344x7402)G2x7481]F4 1-3 R seg
E347 [7547x(7182xE317)]F3 1-3 R
E348 [7309Cx(7220x7228)C1]F5 I-3 R seg
E349 [7482x(7220x7228)Bl]F5 1-3 R seg
E350 (7340x7319)F8
E351 Fla. 7647
E352 <7309Cx{7309Bx[SCx(7065xNC140)]} > F5

x I-3 =Fusarium wilt race 3 resistant


Three completely randomized block designs with 3 blocks and 10 plants per
plot. Lines will be evaluated visually and those that show promise will be
harvested to obtain yield data. Fruit will also be used to measure fruit
chemistry, firmness, and interior & exterior color. Data will be used to support
release of the best lines.








RAIN CHECK INHERITANCE
Cheryld Emmons and J. W. Scott


Location:

Objective:


Crop:

Operation:


Block J, Land 16 & 17

To determine the genetic control of resistance to rain check
(cuticle cracking) in tomato.

Tomato, transplanted March 8, 1995


RET JD# PPDTri1R P


rnMMFl.1NTz


A. Parents


E911
E912
E913
E914
E915
E904
E905

B. F1


C28 x FM9
C28 x 7181
C28 x SC
C28 x 7497
FM9 x 7181
FM9 x SC
FM9 x 7497
7497 x 7181
7497 x SC
SC x 7181


PEDICEL
JxJ
JxJ
JxJ
JxJ
Jxj
JxJ
JxJ
Jxj
JxJ
Jxj


(C28 x 7181) BK
(C28 x SC) BK
(C28 x 7497) BK
(7181 x 7497) BK


C-28
FM-9
Suncoast
Fla. 7181
Fla. 7497
Fla. 7481
Fla. 7547


VR
R
VS
VS
R


E916
E917
E918
E919
E920
E921
E922
E923
E924
E925


SHAPE
rxr
rxr
rxg
rxg
rxr
rxg
rxg
gxr
gxg
gxr


CHECK
RxR
RxS
RxS
RxR
RxS
RxS
RxR
RxS
RxS
SxS


C. F2 Lines


E926
E927
E928
E929


- ----, ---- i YV\-Y V~ 111








D. Backcross Lines


C28 x (C28 x 7181)
C28 x (C28 x SC)
C28 x (C28 x 7497)
7181 x (C28 x 7181)
7181 x (7181 x 7497)
SC x (C28 x SC)
7497 x (C28 x SC)
7497 x (7181 x 7497)


z R=Resistant, VR=Very Resistant, g=Globe, J=Jointed, VS=Very Susceptible, r=Round,
S =Susceptible, j= Jointless

The above genetic lines will be used in a diallel and/or generation-means
genetic analyses. A completely randomized block design with 4 blocks is being
used with the following plant numbers at 8 plants per plot: 32 for parents and
F,'s, 128 for backcrosses (4 plots/block), and 192 for F2's (6 plots/block). Fruit
will be harvested for each plant individually and scored for incidence and
severity of rain check at 3 harvest times. Information obtained will be useful in
breeding for resistance to this disorder.


SUMMARY:


Data from a 1994 diallel analysis of rain check inheritance
indicated harvest was highly significant for the proportion
of fruit showing check (increased with each harvest).
Further analysis was conducted on a by harvest basis.
Genetic control was mainly from additive gene effects with
partial dominance towards resistance. Broad sense
heritability ranged from 0.67 to 0.89 over the three
harvests. Narrow sense heritability ranged from 0.54 to
0.69 from harvests 1 to 3. General combining ability was
significant, but specific combining ability was not. The
experiment also indicated that there were no reciprocal
differences between F,'s for rain check. This analysis will
be compared to 1995 results. The 1995 analyses will
include estimation of genetic and environmental variance
components.


E930
E931
E932
E933
E935
E936
E938
E939








GENERAL TOMATO BREEDING H


J. W. Scott

Location: Block J, Lands 10-12; Block A, Lands 16-18;
Block B, Lands 11-15

Objective: To develop breeding lines and varieties resistant to pathogens
or insects which are of concern to the Florida tomato
industry.

Crop: Tomato, transplanted Feb. 23 March 23, 1995

Operations:

A) Fusarium wilt race 3 resistance: Cooperator is J.P. Jones. These lines
are in J10. Breeding lines Fla. 7547 and Fla. 7481 which have jointed andjointless
stems, respectively, were released last year. There are increasing acreages around
Florida and elsewhere which are having problems with this disease. Several
inbreds with very large, globe-shaped fruit are being trialed in the Advanced trial
and possibly one will be released in the near future. Also of interest is the hybrid
Fla. 7658 which is being trialed in the state wide trial system. It is a cross with
Fla. 7547.

B) Fusarium crown rot resistance: Cooperator is J. P. Jones. These lines are
in J12. This disease has been a problem primarily in southwest Florida as well as
several areas around the world. Some hybrids are being tested for commercial
potential. If present lines are not adequate to make acceptable hybrids, another
round of crosses should remedy the situation.

C) Bacterial Spot Resistance: Lines are in J11 &12. It has been difficult to
evaluate lines with race 1 resistance due to the prevalence of race 3 for the past
3 yesrs. The best lines are screened for hypersensitivity in a growth chamber and
for horticultural type in the field. A few lines with heat tolerance may have some
potential to make hybrids and, if so, would be released as breeding lines in the
next year or so. Resistance to race 3 has been identified and this resistance is
being backcrossed into the best race 1 resistant inbreds.

D) Bacterial wilt resistance: Lines are in J12 and B15. This disease causes
major losses in humid tropical regions and in north Florida. It has been difficult
to obtain breeding lines with resistance equal to the accessions used as sources of
resistance. 'Neptune' was released as an open-pollinated variety last year. It has
moderate resistance and is the parent in Fla. 7514 which is being tested in the








state-wide trial system. This hybrid may have some utility in bacterial wilt infested
fields.

E) Tomato Mottle Virus Resistance. Cooperators on this project are Dave
Schuster and Jane Polston. Breeding lines are in lands B11-14. Resistance has been
introgressed from seven accessions of the wild species L. chilense. Lines at the 2-
leaf stage were placed in greenhouses with viruliferous silverleaf whiteflies for 2
weeks and then were transplanted to the field where whiteflies were allowed to
thrive. Plants are rated for virus symptoms two times during the year and
selections of the best resistant plants will be made.

F) Silverleaf whitefly (SLWF) resistance: Cooperator on this project is Dave
Schuster. This project is in land B15. Resistance is derived from L. pennellii and
L. hirsutum. Lines are at the F3 stage after two crosses to tomato. Selections for
SLWF resistance are based on the time the plants are free of TMoV virus which
is carried by the SLWF. Thus selections of virus free plants or those with only late
infection are made. Single seed descent procedures are also being used with this
material.








TROPICAL PUMPKIN BREEDING

D. N. Maynard


Location:

Objective:


Planted:

Fertilization:


Block 0, Lands 2,3

To develop short-vined tropical pumpkins calabazaa) with high
yields of quality fruit.

20 March 1995


Incorporated; 0-20-0 6 lb/100 lbf
Banded; 18-0-25 15 lb/100 lbf


Spacing: Beds are on 9 ft centers; bush types are planted at 3 ft in-row
spacing; vining types are planted at 4 or 20 ft in-row spacing.


Entry & Plot No.: Bush Entries:

1. C42-1-9
2. C42-1-11 x La Primera
3. C42-1-9 x La Segunda
4. C42-1-9-4 x L.C.P.
5. C42-1-9 x Seminole
6. C42-1-9-5 x Soler
7. G38-2
8. G38-2 x L.C.P.
9. G38-2 x Seminole
10. G38-2 x Soler
11. G39-5
12. G39-5 x L.C.P.
13. G39-5 x Seminole
14. G39-5 x Soler


Vining Entries:

15. La Primera
16. La Segunda
17. L.C.P.
18. Seminole
19. Soler








Vining Observation Entries:


Panama
Javrahdale Type
Nicaragua 220
Nicaragua 233
Nicaragua 234
Nicaragua 612
Nicaragua 617
Nicaragua 2231


(Sunseeds)


Yield, fruit characteristics, and fruit quality data will be
obtained on bush inbreds and hybrids. Hybrid seed will be
made between bush inbreds and vining inbreds. The vining
observation entries will be selfed to increase the seed supply.


Operation:








BELL PEPPER CULTIVAR TRIALS
T. K. Howe and W. E. Waters


Location:

Objective:


Block O, Land 10

To evaluate yield and horticultural characteristics of bell pepper cultivars
and advance breeding material harvested at the mature green stage.


Bell pepper; transplanted March 2, 1995; double row; 11
spacing; 5 ft bed spacing, no staking.


x 10 inch plant


Replicated Harvested Entries


King Arthur (race 2)1
Valiant
Capistrano
X3R Camelot (races 1,2,3)
X3R Aladdin (races 1,2,3)
PSX 271092 (races 1,2,3)
XPH 12101
XP 12106
XPH 12111
XPH 12112
XPH 12113 (yellow)
XPH 12114
Whopper Improved
Sentinel (races 1,2)
Admiral (races 1,2)
Guardian (races 1,2)
PEP 6047A
Boynton Bell (races 1,2,3)
PR 93-2-1 (race 2)
PR 9300-5 (races 1,2,3)
PR 9300-8 (races 1,2,3)
Bonita
FM 284
Pimlico
Bell King
Estar
Tazza
Nun 8605
ACX 94 PO 15


Petoseed
Petoseed
Petoseed
Petoseed
Petoseed
Petoseed
Asgrow
Asgrow
Asgrow
Asgrow
Asgrow
Asgrow
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Pepper Research
Pepper Research
Pepper Research
Pepper Research
Ferry-Morse
Ferry-Morse
Harris Moran
Harris Moran
Nunhems
Nunhems
Nunhems
Abbott & Cobb


Crop:


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.








30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.


ACX 94 PO 16
Ssupersweet 860 (yellow)
NVH 3091
NVH 3085
Acapulco
HMX 5640
HMX 3665e
HMX 3666a


Observational Harvested Entries

38. Jupiter
39. PEP 3392
40. PEP 3365
41. NVH 3093
42. NVH 3081
43. Valencia
44. Flamingo (precocious yellow)
45. DSP-215 (mini bell)
46. Jalapeno
47. FMX 1145
48. Ssupersweet 862R


Abbott & Cobb
Abbott & Cobb
Rogers
Rogers
Vilmorin
Harris Moran
Harris Moran
Harris Moran


Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Harris Moran
Daehnfeldt
Asgrow
Ferry-Morse
Abbott & Cobb


Bacterial spot race resistance

Operation: The trial will be harvested at the mature green stage. Samples of fruit will
be measured to determine pod dimensions, wall thickness and lobe number. Yields will
be computed by weight for each harvest and for the entire season. Subjective evaluations
will be made for plant size, uniformity and habit, foliage cover, fruit habits, fruit color
and incidence of disease or insect pests.










CUBANELLE PEPPER CULTIVAR TRIAL


T. K. Howe and W. E. Waters


Block O, Land 10 west end


Objective: To evaluate yield and horticultural characteristics of various cubanelle
peppers.


Cubanelle pepper; transplanted March 2, 1995; double row; 11 x 10 inch
plant spacing; 5 ft bed spacing; no staking.


Biscayne
Aruba
Key Largo
Pay Day
SSC 12


Petoseed
Rogers
Harris Moran
Market More
Shamrock


Operation: The entries will be harvested at the appropriate market stage. Samples of
fruit will be measured to determine pod dimensions, wall thickness and shape
characteristics. Yields will be computed by weight for each harvest and for the entire
season. Subjective evaluations will be made for plant size, uniformity and habit, foliage
cover, fruit habit, fruit color, and incidence of disease or insect pests.


Location:


Crop:









CUCUMBER CULTIVAR TRIAL

T. K. Howe and W. E. Waters


Location:

Objective:


Crop:


Block O, Land 1

To evaluate yield and horticultural characteristics of cucumber cultivars
and advanced breeding material of slicing cucumbers.

Slicing cucumber; direct sown March 6, 1995; single row; on plant per
hill; 12 inch hill spacing; 5 ft bed spacing.


Autograph
Signature
Centurion
Everslice
Val-U-More Blend 110
Lightning
Striker
Thunder
Sunre 3727
Sunre 3774
General Lee
Zenith
FMX-5055
FMX-5056
FMX-5057
Raider
HMX 0431
HMX 1433
HMX 3422
Flora-Cuke
Superslice
Paska
Petra


Market More
Market More
Rogers
Rogers
Abbott & Cobb
Asgrow
Asgrow
Asgrow
Sunseeds
Sunseeds
Ferry-Morse
Ferry-Morse
Ferry-Morse
Ferry-Morse
Ferry-Morse
Harris Moran
Harris Moran
Harris Moran
Harris Moran
Agrisales
Agrisales
Nunhems
Nunhems


Operation: Fruit will be harvested at the appropriate market length. Fruit will be
graded into U.S. Fancy, No. 1 and No. 2 grades then counted and weighed. Focus
will be placed on early yielding ability seasonal percentages of the three grades of
fruit, and percentage of the seasonal yield at each harvest.








TOMATO CULTIVAR TRIALS
T. K. Howe, J. W. Scott and W. E. Waters



Location: Block O, Lands 12,13


Objective:


Crop:


To evaluate yield and horticultural characteristics of tomato cultivars and
advanced breeding material harvested at the mature green stage and beyond.

Fresh,market tomato; transplanted February 23, 1995; single row; 24 inch
plant spacing; 5 ft bed spacing; staked; not pruned.

Replicated Harvested Entries


Merced
Bonita
Sunny
Solar Set
Sunbeam
Solimar
Sunpride
XPH 10046
NC 92191
Mountain Fresh
RXT 3002
RXT 3096
Agriset 761
PSR 826693
HMX 4700
HMX 2824
Equinox
Fla 7514
Fla 7578
Fla 7579
Fla 7658


Rogers
Rogers
Asgrow
Asgrow
Asgrow
Asgrow
Asgrow
Asgrow
NCSU
Ferry-Morse
Rogers
Rogers
Agrisales
Petoseed
Harris Moran
Harris Moran
GCREC
GCREC
GCREC
GCREC
GCREC


Observational Harvested Entries


Spica
FMX 174
DRW3234 (rin)
FM 207 ESL


Daehnfeldt
Ferry-Morse
DeRuiter
Ferry-Morse








FM 209 ESL
FM 215 ESL
FT 4023


Ferry-Morse
Ferry-Morse
Rogers


Observational Unharvested Entries


RXT 3083
RXT 3145
RXT 4029
FT 4010
FT 4026
Tango
2-237
Florasette
XPH 10010
XPH 10035
XPH 10047
HMX 2822
HMX 3790
HMX 3791
HMX 3793
HMX 3800
HMX 3829
Agriset 775
Broadway
Dynasty
Marinda
Resal
PSR 843294
PSR 861794
PSR 888894
Callisto
NC 9022
NC 9267 (yellow)
NC 9380 (plum)
NC 9219
NC 92198
NC 92212
NC 92218
NC 93274
NC 93317
NC 93321
NC 94231


Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Asgrow
Asgrow
Asgrow
Asgrow
Harris Moran
Harris Moran
Harris Moran
Harris Moran
Harris Moran
Harris Moran
Agrisales
Nunhems
Nunhems
Nunhems
Nunhems
Petoseed
Petoseed
Petoseed
Daehnfeldt
NCSU
NCSU
NCSU
NCSU
NCSU
NCSU
NCSU
NCSU
NCSU
NCSU
NCSU








66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.


NC 94255
Fla 7307
Fla 7642
Fla 7643
Fla 7645
Fla 7580
Fla 7605
Fla 7648
Fla 7651
Fla 7682
Fla 7683
Fla 7684
Fla 7685
Fla 7686
Fla 7687
Fla 7688
Fla 7689
Fla 7690
Fla 7691
LM 317 ESL
LM 411 ESL
Sunex 6620


Operation: The replicated trial (4 plots per entry) and selected observational entries
(single plots) will be harvested at the mature green stage or beyond and the fruit sized as
in commercial practice. Marketable yields will be assessed for each harvest and for the
entire season. Subjective evaluations of the unharvested observational entries will be
made for fruit characteristics, plant habit and general adaptability to Florida production.


NCSU
GCREC
GCREC
GCREC
GCREC
GCREC
GCREC
GCREC
GCREC
GCREC
GCREC
GCREC
GCREC
GCREC
GCREC
GCREC
GCREC
GCREC
GCREC
Shamrock
Shamrock
Sunseeds








WATERMELON HOLLOWHEART

D. N. Maynard


Location:

Objective:


Planted:

Transplanted:

Fertilization:


Spacine:

I. Effects of N

Treatments:


Block 0, Land 15

To obtain information on factors affecting the incidence and
severity of hollowheart.

23 February 1995

20 March 1995

Incorporated; 0-20-0 6 lb/100 lbf
Banded; 18-0-25 15 lb/100 lbf

Beds are on 9 ft centers; in-row spacing is 3 ft.

& K

Additional Fertilizer Total Fertilizer

1. 0-0-0 130-60-180
2. 190-0-0 320-60-180
3. 0-0-180 130-60-360
4. 190-0-180 320-60-360


Varieties: Jack of Hearts
Sangria

II. Onset of hollowheart

Varieties: Jack of Hearts
Sangria

Fruit sampled 5,10,15,20,25,30,35 days after set and the incidence and
severity of hollowheart measured.








WATERMELON VARIETY EVALUATION
D. N. Maynard


Location:

Objective:


Planted:

Fumigation:

Fertilization:


Spacing:


Block 0, Lands 16,17,18,19

To determine yield and quality of 32 experimental lines and
varieties of watermelons.

21 February 1995, ditch beds of each land

MC-33 2.3 lb/100 lbf

Incorporated; 0-20-0 6 lb/100 lbf
Banded; 18-0-25 15 lb/100 lbf

Beds are on 9 ft centers; in-row spacing is 3 ft; 8 and 15-20
plants per plot for replicated entries and observational entries,
respectively. Located in ditch rows in each land.


Entry & Plot No.:


plicated Entries


Baron (ASM 6564)
Desert Storm
Ferrari
Fiesta
Patriot
Regency
Royal Majesty
Royal Star
Royal Sweet
RWM 118
RWM 121
Sangria
Summer Flavor 420
Summer Flavor 500
SWM 2301
SWM 3303
W0013
W0053
WM 8007
WM 8025


Lot No. Source


40502 C-1

IV 303 A
30179 C-5
1068
1099


WV 4137
WV 4152
CV 4125
334396
4034TR000322T
151680
151580


N94F 9021 x 9023
N94F 9007 x 9005


American Sunmelon
Abbott & Cobb
Shamrock
Rogers
Abbott & Cobb
Petoseed
Petoseed
Petoseed
Petoseed
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Abbott & Cobb
Abbott & Cobb
Sakata
Sakata
Pioneer
Pioneer
Rogers
Rogers


Rej
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.








Observational Entries


CLF 4008
CLF 4009
W0008
W0050
W3062
WM 8005
WM 8010
WM 8018
WM 8021
WM 8022
WM 8024
WM 8026


N94S 8009 x 8004
N94F 9012 x 9011
N94S 8018 x 8004
N94S 8020 x 8005
N94F 9007 x 9010
N94F 9011 x 9008
N94F 9008 x 9039


Operation:


Watermelons will be harvested at marketable maturity,
counted, weighed individually, assessed for internal quality,
and soluble solids determined.


Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers








SEEDLESS WATERMELON VARIETY EVALUATION


D. N. Maynard


Location:

Objective:


Planted:

Transplanted:

Fumigation:

Fertilization:


Spacing:


Block 0, Lands 16,17,18,19

To determine yield and quality of 49 experimental lines and
varieties of seedless watermelon.

25 January 1995

6 March 1995, center beds of each land.

MC-33 2.3 lb/100 lbf

Incorporated; 0-20-0 6 lb/100 lbf
Banded; 18-0-25 15 lb/100 lbf

Beds are on 9 ft centers; in-row spacing is 2.5 ft; 6 plants per
plot for replicated entries and 10 plants per plot for
observational entries. Located in center rows of each land.


Entry & Plot No.:


Replicated Entries Lot No. Source


Ace of Hearts
ASM 4064
ASM 4064F
ASM 5064
Crimson Trio
Deuce of Hearts
F94 V23
F94 W23
Flordalee III
Genesis
King of Hearts
Merrilee III
Queen of Hearts
Revelation
Scarlet Trio
Ssupersweet 2532


1018




1001









264333


Petoseed
American Sunmelon
American Sunmelon
American Sunmelon
Rogers
Petoseed
CFREC-Leesburg
CFREC-Leesburg
Pioneer
Shamrock
Petoseed
Pioneer
Petoseed
Shamrock
Rogers
Abbott & Cobb








17. Ssupersweet 5032
18. Ssupersweet 5244
19. Tri-X-313
20. W0010
21. W0016
22. W0037
23. W0038
24. W3022
25. W3023
26. W3027
27. WM8008
28. WM8009


Observational Entries
29. CLF 4001
30. CLF 4005
31. CLF 4044
32. F94 V21
33. F94 W21
34. W0014
35. W0027
36. W3003
37. W3006
38. W3008
39. W3009
40. W3010
41. W3014
42. W3021
43. W3024
44. W3048
45. W3055
46. W3059
47. W3060
48. W3069
49. WM8019


374479T
374475


Lot No.


Abbott & Cobb
Abbott & Cobb
American Sunmelon
Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
Rogers
Rogers


Source
Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
CFREC-Leesburg
CFREC-Leesburg
Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
Pioneer
Rogers


Operation:


Watermelons will be harvested at marketable maturity,
counted, weighed individually, assessed for internal quality,
and soluble solids determined.








ASPARAGUS PRODUCTION FEASIBILITY STUDY


D. N. Maynard


Location:

Objective:


Planted:

Fertilization:


Spacing:

Irrigation:


Entries:


Block L, Land 12

To determine the feasibility of commercial asparagus
production in southwest Florida

One-year old crowns planted on 18 February 1991

Preplant; 50-200-100 lbs N-P205-K20/acre
Fertigation; to provide 100-0-100 lbs N-P205-K20/acre


Beds on 5 ft. centers; in-row spacing is 18 in.


Drip tubing installed on bed surface


1. Apollo

2. Syn 4-362M
3. Syn 4-51
4. Syn 4-53
5. Syn 4-56
6. Syn 4-MD10
7. UC 157F,

8. Viola


California Asparagus Seeds &
Transplants
Nourse Farms, Inc.
Nourse Farms, Inc.
Nourse Farms, Inc.
Nourse Farms, Inc.
Nourse Farms, Inc.
California Asparagus Seeds &
Transplants
California Asparagus Seeds &
Transplants


Operation:


Small harvests were made in winters 1992-1995. Yields are
generally low and spear size is small. VC 157 F, is the best
variety thus far.








TOUR 2 VEGETABLE CROP PROTECTION


Page TOPIC

68 Fusarium Genetics J. W. Scott and J. P. Jones

69 Biological Control Of Race 1 Of The Bacterial Spot Pathogen By Race 3 Strains Of
The Same Organism J. B. Jones, H. Bouzar, G. C. Somodi

70 Resistance of Lycopersicon Accessions To Bacterial Wilt J. W. Scott, J. B. Jones,
and Gail C. Somodi

71 Bacterial Wilt Resistance-Fruit Size Experiment J. W. Scott, J. B. Jones, and
Gail C. Somodi

72 Cucumber Target Spot Experiment J. P. Jones

73 Crown Rot of Tomato Experiment J. P. Jones, S. S. Woltz, J. W. Scott

74 Evaluation of Admire For Control of TMoV Incidence J.E. Polston, D.J. Schuster

75 Tomato Mottle Resistance From Line 608 J. W. Scott and P. D. Griffiths

77 Tomato Mottle Virus (TMoV) Resistance Trial J. W. Scott, D. J. Schuster,
J. E. Polston

79 Inheritance of Tomato Mottle Virus Resistance J. W. Scott, P. D. Griffiths

80 Evaluation of Insecticides For Pepper Weevil Control D. J. Schuster

82 Evaluation of Insecticides For Armyworm And Tomato Pinworm Control -
D. J. Schuster

84 Evaluation of Insecticides For Silverleaf Whitefly Control D. J. Schuster

86 Evaluation of UV-Reflective Mulches For Silverleaf Whitefly and TMoV Control-
D. J. Schuster, A. A. Csizinszky, J. E. Polston

87 Life Table Analysis Of Mortality Caused By Beneficial Insects D. E. Dean and
D. J. Schuster

88 Verification Of Field Resistance. Of Wild Tomato Germplasm To Silverleaf
Whitefly S. G. Muigai. D. J. Schuster, J. W. Scott

66







TOUR 2 VEGETABLE CROP PROTECTION (cont.)


Page TOPIC

89 Evaluation Of Tomato Accessions For Resistance To Silverleaf Whitefly -
R. Golub, H. J. McAuslane, D. J. Schuster

90 Evaluation Of Cornell University Tomato Germplasm For Insect Resistance -
D. J. Schuster and M. A. Mutschler

91 Evaluation Of A Silverleaf Whitefly Threshold For Irregular Ripening -
D. J. Schuster

92 Methyl Bromide Alternatives, Experiment 2: Effect Of Tillam On Efficacy Of Soil
Fumigants For Control Of Nutsedge And Soil Borne Diseases J. P. Gilreath,
J. P. Jones, A. J. Overman, J. W. Noling

94 Methyl Bromide Alternatives, Experiment 1: Nutsedge And Soil Borne Disease
Control With Fumigant And Tillam Combinations And Effect Of Planting Time
Interval On Phytotoxicity Of These Combinations To Tomato J. P. Gilreath,
J. P. Jones, A. J. Overman, J. W. Noling

96 Methyl Bromide Alternatives, Experiment 3: Effectiveness Of Herbicide
Combinations With Telone C-17 For Nutsedge Control And Crop Phytotoxicity -
J. P. Gilreath, J. P. Jones, A. J. Overman, J. W. Noling








FUSARIUM GENETICS

J. W. Scott and J. P. Jones


Location:

Objectives:






Crop:

Operation:


Block A, Land 16

1) To characterize genetically a new source of resistance to
Fusarium crown rot (Fusarium oxysporum F.sp. radius-
lycopersici) derived from L. pennellii.
2) To break the linkage between genes which confer
resistance to Fusarium wilt (F_ oxysporum F.sp. lycopersici)
races 2 and 3.

Tomato, transplanted March 27, 1995

1) In the past, selections were made for crown rot resistance
in populations derived from a cross between tomato and L_
pennellii accesssion LA 1277. At the 2-leaf stage these plants
were inoculated with the crown rot pathogen in a growth
room. Four lines appeared to be homozygous resistant and
were transplanted to the field. Crosses will be made from
these to determine inheritance of the resistance and the
allelism relationship with the existing source of resistance.

2) For several seasons populations derived from a backcross
of 'Bonny Best'(susceptible to all Fusarium races) and LA
716 (resistant to all 3 Fusarium races) have been screened for
races 1, 2, and 3 of the pathogen. Selectons were made based
on segregation patterns indicative of crossing-over between
races 2 and 3, a linkage which has not been broken to date.
Progeny from plants selected this season will be screened
again in the fall to determine if the linkage has been broken.
Lines with race 2 or race 3 resistance alone would be useful
in various scientific studies.








BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF RACE 1 OF THE BACTERIAL
SPOT PATHOGEN BY RACE 3 STRAINS
OF THE SAME ORGANISM

J. B. Jones, H. Bouzar and G. C. Somodi


Location:

Objective:


Treatments:


Operation:







Summary:;


Block A, Land 16

To determine if the race 1 pathogen of the bacterium can be
controlled by a race 3 strain on a race 3 resistant (race 1
susceptible) tomato genotype

Tomato, cultigen Hawaii 7981

1. A suspension of the race 1 pathogen applied alone
applied at the beginning of the season

2. A suspension of race 3 applied every 7 days and race
1 applied twice (one day after the first application of
the race 3 pathogen and 4 days after the second race 3
application

3. A suspension of race 3 applied every 7 days

Treatments were begun April 6 by applying a bacterial
suspension of the race 3 pathogen to the foliage of the
appropriate treatments in the early morning. On April 8, a
suspension of the race 1 pathogen was applied to the
appropriate treatments. All plots will be rated weekly for
disease severity once disease begins to develop on the tomato
leaflets.

In greenhouse and laboratory experiments the race 3 strain
has been shown to be inhibitory to the race 1 strain. When
the race 1 and race 3 strain are coinoculated in tomato plants
in the field, the race 3 strain predominates. It is believed that
routine applications of the race 3 strain to race 3 resistant
genotypes will effectively reduce the population of the race 1
pathogen and result in reduced disease severity.















Location:

Objective:


Cropi

Operation:


RESISTANCE OF LYCOPERSICON ACCESSIONS TO
BACTERIAL WILT

J. W. Scott, J. B. Jones, and Gail C. Somodi


Block A, Land 18

To find an improved source of resistance to bacterial wilt
(Pseudomonas solanacearum).

Tomato, transplanted March 22, 1995


Fied l


Pedioree


.Snpeiepz


Cnmmtent


H 7997
Fla. MH-1
LA 751
PI 129145
PI 246585
PI 251311
LA 750
PI 129152
PI 129149
PI 246586
PI 251310
PI 251312


penn
peru
peru
peru
penn
peru
peru
peru
peru
peru


R control
S control
Best of Sp
Best of Sp
Best of Sp
Best of Sp
New
New
New
New
New
New


SL. penn=L. pennellii, L. peru=L. peruvianum

Completely randomized block design with 3 blocks and 10 plants per plot. At 30 days
past the cotyledon stage plants were inoculated with 5 ml of 108 cfu/ml of the pathogen
in the greenhouse. After transplanting, plants were rated weekly for disease symptoms.


Summary:


In spring 1994, 30 accessions were screened and 4 had a good level
of resistance. These four plus six additional accessions are being
tested here to confirm/determine their resistance level. If any have
resistance greater than Hawaii 7997, our main source of resistance,
introgression of the resistance genes to tomato will be done.


E451
E452
E453
E454
E455
E456
E457
E458
E459
E460
E461
E462


-'-'1 I --rPediargeVVLY~~- C








BACTERIAL WILT RESISTANCE-FRUIT SIZE
EXPERIMENT

J. W. Scott, J. B. Jones, and Gail C. Somodi


Location:

Objective:


Crop:

Operation:


Summary:


Block A, Land 18

To confirm that previously selected lines with fruit size greater than
Hawaii 7998 are resistant to bacterial wilt.

Tomato, transplanted March 22, 1995

Lines 2080-2085 were derived from a cross of Hawaii 7998 and Fla.
7060. They were planted in a completely randomized block design
with two blocks and 10 plants per plot. At 30 days past the
cotyledon stage plants were inoculated with 5 ml of 10' cfu/ml of the
pathogen in the greenhouse. After transplanting, plants were rated
weekly for disease symptoms.

Test lines were selected for their greater fruit size and resistance to
bacterial wilt last year as part of an ongoing project to obtain good
resistance in lines with large fruit. If good resistance is found in any
of the lines, they will be crossed to a large-fruited breeding line and
eventually selected again for larger fruit size and resistance. Such
lines have not yet been obtained after considerable breeding effort.








CUCUMBER TARGET SPOT EXPERIMENT

J. P. Jones


Location:

Objective:


Block A, Land 19

Evaluate fungicides, applied once and twice weekly, for the control
of target spot (Corynespora cassiicola)


Treatments And
Rates (per
100 gal):


Chipco 26019 2.0 lb
Chipco 26019 2.0 lb
DuPont 667 24.2 oz
DuPont 667 24.2 oz
DuPont 667 48.4 oz
DuPont 667 48.4 oz
DuPont 874 6.0 oz
DuPont 874 6.0 oz
Manzate 200 2.0 lb
Manzate 200 2.0 lb
Bravo 720 2.0 pt
Bravo 720 2.0 pt
Benlate 1.0 lb
Benlate 1.0 lb
Noninoculated --
Inoculated --


Once
Weekly
x


Twice
Weekly


Operation:


Poinsett cucumber were sown March 17, 1994. First spray applied
April 10. Target spot diseased cucumber plants were spread in the
inoculated controls on April 14.


Incomplete








CROWN ROT OF TOMATO EXPERIMENT

J. P. Jones, S. S. Woltz, J. W. Scott


Location:

Objective:


Treatments:


Operation:




Results:


Block A, Land 20

Determine effect of crown rot (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-
lycopersici) on tomato yield.

1. Soil fumigated + noninfested soil + healthy plant
2. Soil fumigated + noninfested soil + inoculated plant
3. Soil fumigated + infested soil + healthy plant
4. Soil fumigated + infested soil + inoculated plant
5. Nonfumigated soil + noninfested soil + healthy plant
6. Nonfumigated soil + noninfested soil + inoculated plant
7. Nonfumigated soil + infested soil + healthy plant
8. Nonfumigated soil + infested soil + inoculated plant

Soil was fumigated with methyl bromide;chloropicrin March 7, 1995
and was artificially infested with F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-
lycopersici April 5. Inoculated and noninoculated (healthy) plants
(Solar Set) were set Arpil 5, 1995.

Incomplete








EVALUATION OF ADMIRE FOR CONTROL OF TMoV INCIDENCE
J. E. Polston and D. J. Schuster


Location:

Objective:


Treatments:


Operation:


Block A, Lands 1, 3, 5, 7, 9,

Evaluate effect of Admire on incidence of TMoV and Bemisia tabaci
populations

Tomato, cv. Sunny; transplanted February 22, 1995

A. Admire (applied at transplanting, Feb. 22, 1995, 3.424 oz
A.I. / acre linear bed feet) supplimented with foliar applied
insecticides for the first two weeks after transplant and again
when efficacy decreases (approximately 10 weeks post
transplant).

B. Control (no insecticides with efficacy against whiteflies
applied)

C. Foliar insecticides (weekly rotation of the following, week 1:
Thiodan, Asana + Lorsban, week 2: M-pede, Danitol +
Monitor). Foliar treatments are applied on Monday and
Thursday, one insecticide application per day.


There are 5 plots per treatment arranged in a modified Latin Square design.
Plots are separated by at least 40 feet of either tomatoes or bare land.
Data on TMoV incidence, whitefly populations, and yield is taken from 20
plants in each of 4 rows (80 plants per plot) in the center of each plot.
Leaf turn-counts of whitefly immatures and adults are taken weekly (20
leaves per plot). Yellow sticky traps (4 per plot), included as a second
method of estimating whitefly populations, are examined and replaced
weekly. Plants are examined weekly for symptoms of TMoV, and infection
by TMoV is confirmed by laboratory assays. Fruit will be harvested at
least twicefrom non-infected plants to determine if the use of Admire has
any effect on yield.

Admire (imidacloprid) is a relatively new systemic insecticide designed to
kill whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci). It's effect on the incidence of whitefly-
borne viruses and on yield of tomato is the focus of this study. This field
experiment is the third trial at this location in which Admire is being
compared to a combination of foliar applied insecticides and to no
insecticides for whitefly control. Previous trials have shown Admire to
have no effect (spring 1994), and a dramatic decrease (fall, 1994) on
incidence of TMoV.








TOMATO MOTTLE RESISTANCE FROM LINE 608


J.W. Scott and P. D. Griffiths


Location:

Objective:


Block B, Land 6

Line 608 has resistance to TMoV from L. chilense and L.
pimpinellifolium sources of resistance. Twenty-five single
plant selections were made from line 608 which varied in
disease symptoms from mild to none. The objective here is to
see how disease symptoms this year correlate with last
season's symptoms and to see if a homozygous resistant line
can be obtained.


Tomato transplanted March 13, 1995


Operation:


Field#


',tmmsh


r^AWW'a"5L


Solar Set
PI 211840
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-5-28
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-3
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-4
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-5
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-6
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-7
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-8
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-11
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-12
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-13
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-14
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-15
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-16
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-17
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-18
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-19
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-20
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-21
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-22
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-23


Susc. control
L. pimp. control
685-28(670-5) type R
670-14 w/o oc typeR
Fall = 1, 1
Fall = 1, 1.5
Fall = 1, 1.5
Fall = 0.5, -
Fall = 2, 2
Fall = 1, 1
Fall = 0, 1 gd.
Fall = 0, 1
Fall = 2, -
Fall = 1, 1
Fall = .5, .5
Fall = 2.5, -
Fall = 0, 1
Fall = 1.5 gd.
Fall = 2, 2 (H)
Fall = 1.5, 1
Fall = 1.5, 2
Fall = 1.5, 1.5
Fall = 1.5, 1


E451
E452
E453
E454
E455
E456
E457
E458
E459
E460
E461
E462
E463
E464
E465
E466
E467
E468
E469
E470
E471
E472
E473








7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-24
7412(7309xLA 1938)-4-4-12-14-16-25
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-28
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-29
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-30
7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-31
672-OC


Fall =
Fall =
Fall =
Fall =
Fall =
Fall =
L.pimp


0, 1 gd.
0, -
0.5,-
0.5, -
0, 1 (H)
1.5, 1
oc-Dom. Rep.


zNumbers indicate Fall '94 virus ratings where O=no disease, 2=moderate disease (3 & 4
susceptible)

Completely randomized block design with 3 blocks and 10 plants per plot. Plants
were inoculated in a growth room at the 2-leaf stage with viruliferous whiteflies
for 3 weeks and then transplanted to the field where the whiteflies were allowed
to survive. Plants will be rated for TMoV symptoms 2 or 3 times during the
season.


E474
E475
E476
E477
E478
E479
E480







TOMATO MOTTLE VIRUS (TMoV) RESISTANCE TRIAL


Location:

Objective:


Crop:

Operation:


J. W. Scott, D. J. Schuster, and J. E. Polston

Block B, Land 5


To compare tomato genotypes bred for TMoV or Tomato Yellow
Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) for resistance to TMoV.

Tomato transplanted March 13,1995


FiplT1


CrSfr*Q ff DR if az


ge uc oesa


Solar Set
D294-339
D294-340
DRD 8003
DRD 8004
DRD 8006
DRD 8009
DRD 8015
Tycoon F4
#227-1 F3
#134 F,
#136 F,
TY20
TYKING
672-OC
672
685-28
575
608-12
94E637F-12
94E591F-3
94E633F-23
94E624F-25
94E563F-35
571-1
592-6
790-1
FTM279-1
94E617F-25
94E600F-8
Lignon


Susc. control
LA 1969 Ty-1 gene
LA 1969 Ty-l1 iso line
F, LA 1969
F, LA 1969
F, LA 1969
FI LA 1969
F1 LA 1969
(No Germination)
From L. pimpinellifolium (pimp.)
From L. peruvianum (peru.)
From L. chilense (LA1969)
From L. peru. RI 126935
From L. peru. (?)
LA 1938 x L. pimp. oc Dom. Rep.
LA 1938-672 best
LA 2938-670 best
LA 1938 x L. pimp. F4
LA 1938 x L. pimp.
LA 1938
LA 2779
LA 2779
LA 2779
LA 1932 F3
LA 1961
LA 1961
LA 1968
TY20 derived
LA 1961
LA 1938


z LA numbers


are accessions of L. chilense


E401
E402
E403
E404
E405
E406
E407
E408
E409
E410
E411
E412
E413
E414
E415
E416
E417
E418
E419
E420
E421
E422
E423
E424
E425
E426
E427
E428
E429
E430
E431


Pedi ri p







Completely randomized block design with 4 blocks and 10 plants per plot. When
plants were at the 2-leaf stage they were placed in a greenhouse with viruliferous
whiteflies for 3 weeks. Then they were transplanted in the field where whiteflies
were allowed to reproduce. Plants will be rated 2 or 3 times during the year for
TMoV severity.


Summary:


A similar trial with many of these lines was conducted in the
Dominican Republic in cooperation with Dr. Colmar Serra of the
Institute Superior de Agricultura except the lines were subjected to
TYLCV. Data to date indicate that breeding for 1 of these viruses
provides resistance to the other virus as well.








INHERITANCE OF TOMATO MOTTLE VIRUS RESISTANCE


J. W. Scott and P. D. Griffiths


Location:

Objective:


Block B, Land 4

To obtain preliminary inheritance and molecular marker
information on a tomato line with resistance derived from LA
1938.


Tomato, transplanted March 13, 1995


Operation:


Field


(enerntinn


PedigreeP


604 (685-28)
Fa. 7324
(7324 x 604)
604 (7324 x 604)
7324 (7324 x 604)
(7324 x 604) BK


Resistant Parent
Susceptible Parent


Completely randomized block design with 4 blocks. Plot sizes vary with
generation; parent and F, have 10 plants, backcrosses have 30 plants, and F, has
50 plants. Numbers vary due to limited seed of some lines. At the 2-leaf stage
plants were subjected to tomato mottle virus (TMoV) in a growth room for three
weeks. Then they were transplanted to the field where the whiteflies were allowed
to survive. Plants will be rated for virus severity three times during the season. A
generation means analysis will be used to determine the genetic control of
resistance. Samples of DNA will be taken from resistant and susceptible F, plants
in order to find randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to
the resistance genes.


E431
E432
E433
E434
E435
E436


P,
P2
F,
BCP1
BCP2
F2


Cnnmment


Pediorref--








EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDES FOR PEPPER WEEVIL CONTROL


D. J. Schuster


Location:

Objective:


Crop:


Treatments:


Block B, Land 4

Evaluate new and old insecticides for management of the pepper weevil on
pepper

Pepper, cv Capistrano; Transplanted March 14


Check (water)
Warrior (1EC 0.0251b ai)
TD 2344-1 0.42EC (0.0351b ai)
TD 2344-1 0.42EC (0.0251b ai)
Baythroid 2EC (0.0441b ai)
Provado 1.6F (0.0471b)
CM-006 1%EC (30ozs*)
CM-006 1%EC (40ozs*)
CM-006 1%EC (50ozs*)
Neemix 4.5% (0.5gal*)
Neemix 4.5% (0.5gal*) + Cell-U-Wett (4.0ozs*)
Dibrom 8EC (1.01b ai)
Monitor 4EC (0.51b ai)
Lorsban 50WP (1.01b ai)
Vydate L 2L (1.01b ai)
Kryocide 96% (81b*)


*Amount of product


Operation:


Plots are single rows 12 ft long replicated four times in a randomized
complete blocks design. Treatments were begun April 7 and are being
applied weekly per acre at 60 psi with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered
sprayer delivering 100 gpa. At least one harvest will be completed and all
fruit with pepper weevil oviposition scars only and fruit with internal
damage due to pepper weevil larval feeding will be counted and weighed.
If armyworm larvae are present, each fruit will also be examined and
scored for presence and severity of damage. If pepper weevil adults are
numerous enough, at least one count of the number of adults on 25
terminals per plot will be completed. If armyworm larvae are numerous
enough, a whole plant count of 10 plants per plot will be completed. If












Summary:


broad mites are present, the numbers of mites and eggs will be counted on
10 terminals per plot, each plot will be rated 1-24 for increasing foliar
damage, and fruit will be scored for russetting damage.

Vydate, Kryocide, Lorsban and Neemix previously have indicated potential
in managing the pepper weevil on pepper. Lorsban has also provided
control of the broad mite.








EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDES FOR ARMYWORM AND TOMATO
PINWORM CONTROL

D. J. Schuster


Block B, Land 10


Objective:


Evaluate new and old insecticides for management of armyworm and tomato
pinworm larvae on tomato.


Tomato, cv Solar Set; Transplanted March 10


Treatments:


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.


Check (water)
Crymax WDG (1.01b*)
Crymax WDG (0.51b*)
Xentari WDG (1.01b*)
MK-244 0.16EC (0.011b ai) + Leaf Act 80A (8fl oz*)
AC 303,630 2SC (0.151b ai)
AC 303,630 2SC (0.1051b ai)
AC 303,630 2SC (0.0751b ai)
AC 303,630 2SC (0.0451b ai)
Spinosad NAF-144 (80.94gm ai)
Spinosad NAF-144 (40.47gm ai)
Spinosad NAF-144 (20.235gm ai)
XDE 105 NAF-144 (10.118gm ai)
XDE 105 NAF-144 (5.059gm ai)
Spinosad NAF-127 (20.235gm ai)
Larvin 80DF (0.401b ai)
Larvin 80DF (0.251b ai)
Sevin XLR Plus (2.01b ai)
Sevin GEL (2.01b ai)
Warrior 1EC (0.0251b ai)
TD 2344-01 0.42EC (0.0351b ai)
TD 2344-01 0.42EC (0.0251b ai)
Lannate 1.8L (0.451b ai)
Lorsban 50WP (1.01b ai)
*Amount of product


Plots are single rows 18 ft long replicated four times in a randomized
complete blocks design. Treatments were begun April 3 and are being
applied weekly per acre at 60 psi with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered
sprayer delivering 60 to 120 gpa (increases as plants grow). If armyworm














Summary:


larvae are numerous enough, at least one whole plant or timed count of 10
plants per plot will be completed. At least one harvest will be completed
and all fruit not damaged and those damaged by armyworm and tomato
pinworm larvae will be counted and weighed. If appropriate, at least one
tomato pinworm and one leafminer timed count will be completed.

Crymax and Xentari are products containing Bacillus thuringiensis. AC
303,630, MK-244, Spinosad and Larvin have demonstrated good efficacy
against lepidopterous larvae.








EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDES FOR
SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY CONTROL

D. J. Schuster


Location:

Objective:



Crop:

Treatments:


Block B, Lands 8 & 9

Evaluate new and old insecticides alone or combined for management of the
silverleafwhitefly (SLWF), irregular ripening (IRR), geminivirus (TMoV),
Liriormza leafminers (LM) and tomato pinworm (TPW) on tomato.

Tomato, cv Solar Set; Transplanted March 10


1. Check (water)
2. Neemix 4.5% (3.5 oz*)
3. Neemix 4.5% (3.5 oz*) + HM 8802-A (0.5gal/100gal*)
4. Neemix 4.5% (3.5 oz*) + HM 8802-A (0.5gal/100gal*)
5. Silwet (12.8oz/100gal*)
6. V-71639** 0.83EC (20gm)
7. V-71639*** 0.83EC (20gm) & Danitol 2.4EC (0.21b ai)
+ Monitor 4EC (0.751b ai)
8. Warrior 1 CSO (0.031b ai)
9. Warrior 1 CSO (0.031b ai) + Monitor 4EC (0.751b ai)
10. Warrior 1EC (0.031b ai) + Monitor 4EC (0.751b ai)
11. Baythroid 2EC (0.0341b) + Monitor 4EC (0.751b ai)
12. Admire 2EC (16 ozs*), then Danitol 2.4EC (0.21b ai)
+ Monitor 4EC (0.751b ai)
*Amount of product
**Applied every two weeks.
***Applied V-71639 every two weeks alternated with Danitol


+ Monitor.


Operation:


Plots consist of three 12 plant rows 18 ft long replicated four times in a
randomized complete blocks design. Treatments were begun March 14 and
are being applied weekly on a per acre basis at 200 psi with a self-propelled
high clearance sprayer delivering 60-120 gpa (increases as plants grow).
At least two counts of crawlers, sessile nymphs and pupae of the SLWF
will be made at about 8 and 12 weeks after first application. All plants in
each plot are being inspected weekly beginning one week after transplanting
for TMoV symptoms. The plastic soil mulch is being marked with paint
for those showing definite symptoms. At least one harvest will be
completed and at least 50 fruit per plot will be rated 1-4 for external
symptoms of IRR. If populations warrant, one timed count .of tomato








pinworm leafmines and leafrolls and one timed count leafininer leafinines
will be completed.

Pyrethroids (Baythroid, Warrior and Danitol) combined with
organophosphates (ie. Monitor) have indicated good efficacy against the
SLWF. Admire is a systemic insecticide applied to the soil at transplanting
to give 6-8 weeks of control of the SLWF. Neemix is a product containing
azadirachtin, an extract from seeds of the neem tree. These extracts have
demonstrated activity against the SLWF in the laboratory and greenhouse.















Objective:


EVALUATION OF UV-REFLECTIVE MULCHES FOR
SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY AND TMoV CONTROL

D. J. Schuster, A. A. Csizinszky & J. E Polston

Block B, Lands 2 & 3

Evaluate commercial and experimental UV-reflective plastic soil mulches
for management of the silverleaf whitefly (SLWF), irregular ripening (IRR)
and tomato mottle geminivirus (TMoV) on tomato.


Tomato, cv Sunbeam; Transplanted February 28


Treatments: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.


Standard black plastic
Silver band on black plastic
Silver band on black plastic with painted black strip
Aluminum foil on Edison plastic
Aluminum foil on Edison plastic with black strip
Silver band on white plastic
Silver band on white plastic with painted black strip


Plots consist of three 13 plant rows 21 ft long replicated four times in a
randomized complete blocks design. Biweekly counts of crawlers, sessile
nymphs and pupae on one terminal leaflet of one leaf per each of the middle
10 plants in the center row of each plot are being made. All plants in each
plot are being inspected weekly for TMoV symptoms. The plastic mulch
is being marked with paint for those showing definite symptoms. Weekly
evaluations of SLWF adults are being made by the leaf turn method in the
morning. Soil temperature, plant height, air temperature at 6 inches, and
reflectance at 6 inches is being measured weekly during the season. At
least one harvest will be completed and at least 50 fruit per plot will be
rated 1-4 for external symptoms of IRR. If appropriate, a tomato pinworm
and a leafminer timed count will be completed. The middle two plants of
the center row of each plot will be vacuum sampled for predators at least
once.

Previous studies in small and large experiments have indicated that tomato
plants growing on UV-reflective mulches have fewer alighting SLWF adults
and a delayed incidence of TMoV. Furthermore, the air temperature above
the UV-reflective is not increased nor is plant growth adversely affected.













Location:

Objective:




Crop:

Operation:


Summary:


LIFE TABLE ANALYSIS
OF MORTALITY CAUSED BY BENEFICIAL INSECTS

D. E. Dean and D. J. Schuster

Block B East, Lands 1,2,and 3

To measure the mortality occurring at each stage of development in
the life of the silverleaf whitefly (SLWF) caused by natural enemies
and to partition the percent mortality among the various parasites,
predators, and pathogens.

Tomato, cv Solar Set; transplanted Feb. 28

Four successive generations of whiteflies will be monitored on 40
tomato plants throughout the season. Half of the plants will be
protected from attack by natural enemies by using sleeve cages and
half left open to attack. Each whitefly generation will be artificially
established through the use of clip cages placed on terminal leaflets
of the seventh leaf. A series of photographs taken on alternate days
throughout each generation will give a permanent record for
monitoring death of individuals at each stage of development.
Potential and realized fecundity will also be established using stage-
frequency analysis of density data taken during each generation.

Throughout the period of time that data is gathered for the life table,
leaves will be sampled for percent parasitism and death by
pathogens. Weekly vacuum samples of predators will be submitted
to an enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) for detection of
SLWF egg antigen in the gut. Percent predation will be attributed to
the various predators that are found to attack whiteflies using this
assay.

Sets of life tables for a series of generations of whiteflies will be
analyzed to determine the ecological role that natural enemies play
in suppressing their host population. The total mortality caused by
natural enemies will be partitioned as closely as possible into the
different sources of mortality in the following categories: pathogens,
predators and parasites.







VERIFICATION OF FIELD RESISTANCE
OF WILD TOMATO GERMPLASM TO SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY

S. G. Muigai, D. J. Schuster and J. W. Scott


Location:

Objective:



Crop:


Operation:


Summary:


Block B, Land 3 east and Block C, west two rows of Land 32

Verify field resistance to the silverleaf whitefly (SLWF) of selected single
plants of wild species of tomato which have previously indicated resistance
in a greenhouse screening trial.

Tomato; Transplanted March 28

Accessions from which resistant plants were selected
Lycopersicon pennellii: LA 716,, LA 1302 LA 1340, LA 1674, LA
2560, PI 246502
L. hirsutum f. typicum: LA 386, LA 1353, LA 1777, LA 1772, LA
1927, PI 127826, PI 127827
L. hirsutm f. glabratum: LA 1265, PI 126449
L. peruvianum: LA 2151, PI 127830

Accessions from which susceptible plants were selected
L. esculentum: Solar Set
L. pennellii: LA 2963
L. hirsutum f. typicun: LA 2155
L. hirsutum f. glabratum: LA 2144, PI 134417
L. peruvianum: PI 127830

Ten cuttings of single plants which previously indicated high to moderate
resistance in the greenhouse to the SLWF and 10 cuttings of single plants
which indicated low or no resistance were transplanted in three replicates.
Resistance will be evaluated by taking periodic counts of SLWF adults and
immature lifestages on foliar samples. Plants will also be assessed for the
density of glandular trichomes which are associated with insect resistance.

Eight plants of each of 32 accessions of four wild species of tomato were
compared with Solar Set in an experiment in the greenhouse for resistance
to the SLWF. The accessions chosen were known either to vary in the
chemical constituents of glandular trichomes located on leaf surfaces or to
vary in resistance to the SLWF or other pests. Results indicated that
resistance was present at high levels in three of the plant species and that
the resistance varied among and within accessions. Resistance indicated in
the greenhouse needs to be confirmed in the field. Interspecific crosses will
be made to develop breeding lines with multiple resistance to the SLWF.








EVALUATION OF TOMATO ACCESSIONS FOR RESISTANCE TO
SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY

R. Golub, H. J. McAuslane and D. J. Schuster


Location:

Objective:



Crop:


Block C, two eastern rows of Land 32

Compare tomato cultivars with pubescent (hairy or wooly) and low
pubescence accessions for effects on the oviposition and population
development of the silverleaf whitefly (SLWF).

Tomato; Transplanted March 21


Accessions: Tomato cultivars:


Pubescent lines:


Operation:






Summary:


Sunny, Ailsa Craig, Rutgers, San Marzano,
Condine Red, Canary Export, VF145 and VF36

LA3186, LA1531, LA258, LA1908 and 3-71


Reduced pubescence lines: LA3172, 2-69, LA953, LA937, LA2015, 3-92
and 3-95

Eight to 10 transplants of each accession were planted in a completely
random design. Beginning on April 13, the numbers of adults and
immature lifestages of the SLWF will be assessed biweekly on two leaflets
per plant. At least one sample will be examined using a scanning electron
microscope to assess the densities of different types of trichomes (hairs) on
each plant.

Research with other host plants has indicated that pubescent plants are more
preferred for egg laying by the SLWF. If this is true for tomato,
developing non-pubescent tomato germplasm might be a feasible approach
to reducing SLWF populations.








EVALUATION OF CORNELL UNIVERSITY TOMATO GERMPLASM FOR
INSECT RESISTANCE
D. J. Schuster & M. A. Mutschler

Location: Block C, middle two rows of Land 32

Objective: Evaluate tomato germplasm derived from a cross of cultivated tomato
with the wild tomato, Lycopersicon pennellii, for resistance to insect
pests, especially the silverleaf whitefly (SLWF).

Crop: Tomato; transplanted March 23

Selected Germplasm:
1. Sunny (one 10 plant plot/rep)
2. Interspecific F1 from seed lot 937001X933001-27 (one 10 plant
plot/rep)
3. BC2F3 from seed lot 949136-1 (four 10 plant plots/rep)

Operation: Ten plant plots were transplanted into three replicates in a randomized
complete block design. At least one count of eggs, crawlers, sessile
nymphs and pupae of the SLWF will be made. Counts will be made on
2 terminal leaflets of 2 leaves from the middle third (about 7-8th leaf
from the top) of each plant. At least one count of SLWF adults will be
made on the terminal three leaflets of 2 upper leaves of each plant. All
plants in each plot will be inspected weekly beginning one week after
transplanting for TMoV symptoms. The plastic soil mulch will be
marked with paint for those showing definite symptoms. At least one
timed count of tomato pinworm leafmines and leafrolls per plant, one
timed count of armyworm larvae per plant, and one timed count of
leafminer leafmines per plant will be completed if infestations warrant.
About 15 weeks after transplanting, leaf samples for measuring
acylsugar concentrations will be collected. Plants that produce
acylsugars will be evaluated for style exertion, fruit set and plant type.
Either open pollinated fruit will be removed from the selected plants (if
styles are sufficiently inserted) or self pollinations will be made in the
field (if styles are not sufficiently inserted) and the plants or individual
flower hands will be covered with cages.

Summary: Previous evaluations have indicated that plants producing high quantities
of acylsugars have also demonstrated resistance to the silverleaf whitefly,
Liriomyza leafminers and the tomato pinworm. Backcrosses have
hopefully resulted in improved fruit set.








EVALUATION OF A SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY THRESHOLD
FOR IRREGULAR RIPENING
D. J. Schuster

Location: Block C, Lands 30 & 31


Objective:


Crop:

Treatments:


Operation:


Evaluate silverleaf whitefly (SLWF) thresholds for irregular ripening (IRR)
on tomato.

Tomato, cv Solar Set; Transplanted March 13

1. No treatment for SLWF.
2. Spray when there are > 160 nymphs and pupae/20 disks.
3. Spray when there are >80 nymphs and pupae/20 disks.
4. Spray when there are >40 nymphs and pupae/20 disks.
5. Apply Admire* at transplanting followed by weekly applications of
Danitol and Monitor.

*Applied at 0.025gm/plant. Danitol + Monitor applied once within one
day of transplanting and then weekly 6-8 weeks later.


Plots consist of three 20 plant rows 30 ft long replicated four times in a
randomized complete blocks design. Treatments were begun March 13 and
will be continued as above. Applications of Danitol + Monitor will be
applied at 200 psi with a self-propelled high clearance sprayer delivering
60-120 gpa (increases as plants grow). Weekly counts of sessile nymphs
and pupae of the SLWF are being made on 20 15-mm disks and on whole
leaflets and then the area of leaflets is being measured. Weekly counts of
SLWF adults on the terminal three leaflets of 20 leaves are being made on
10 plants from the middle row of each plot. When thresholds are equalled
or exceeded a combination of Danitol 2.4EC at 0.21b ai/acre and Monitor
4EC at 0.751b ai/acre will be applied. At least one harvest will be
completed and at least 50 fruit per plot will be rated 1-4 for external
symptoms of IRR and 1-5 for internal symptoms.

Previous field cage studies have indicated a quadratic relationship between
the number of SLWF nymphs on leaflets and the degree of IRR. This
relationship needs to be confirmed in the field. Counting nymphs is time
consuming; therefore, the relationship between the number of adults
observed in leaf turns and IRR will be determined and compared to the
relationship between the number of nymphs and IRR.








METHYL BROMIDE ALTERNATIVES, EXPERIMENT 2:
EFFECT OF TILLAM ON EFFICACY OF SOIL
FUMIGANTS FOR CONTROL OF NUTSEDGE AND SOIL BORNE DISEASES

J. P. Gilreath, J. P. Jones,
A. J. Overman, & J. W. Noling


Location:

Objective:



Crop:


Treatments:












Operation:


Block C, Lands 6 & 7

1) Determine if Tillam affects the performance of fumigants or
influences crop response to the fumigant when applied as a
combination treatment.

Tomato, cv Solar Set, transplanted 3 weeks after fumigation (1
March 1995) and Pepper, cv Capistrano, transplanted 4 weeks after
fumigation (8 March 1995).


No fumigant + Tillam
Methyl bromide + Tillam
Chloropicrin + Tillam
Vapam + Tillam
Basamid + Tillam
Telone C-17 + Tillam
No fumigant, no Tillam
Methyl bromide
Chloropicrin
Vapam
Basamid
Telone C-17


Although this test area has little nutsedge, the effect of Tillam on the
fumigants or the crop response to the fumigants can be evaluated.
Innoculum of Fusarium wilt race 3 and Fusarium crown rot were
applied to the soil in the test area prior to test initiation. Fumigants
were applied 7 February 1995 as described in Experiment 1 on the
preceding page. Application rates were as follows: methyl
bromide (67/33) 350 lb./A, chloropicrin 350 lb./A, Telone C-17 -
35 gal/A, Vapam 100 gal/A, Basamid 400 lb./A, and Tillam -
4 lb.a.i./A. In all cases, Tillam was incorporated within 30 seconds
of application and mulch was applied within 1 minute of fumigant
application. Crop plant vigor was evaluated 2 and 5 weeks after
planting and nutsedge counts are made every 3 weeks. Fusarium
assessments are made weekly once the diseases are observed. Fruit











Snmmay:


will be harvested and graded and plant roots will be examined for
root knot nematode galls after final harvest.

Chloropicrin reduced tomato or pepper plant vigor whether applied
alone or in combination with Tillam. Methyl bromide combined
with Tillam stunted pepper plants, but had no effect when methyl
bromide was applied alone. There is not sufficient nutsedge in the
field to determine any effect on nutsedge efficacy and disease is just
beginning.









METHYL BROMIDE ALTERNATIVES, EXPERIMENT 1:
NUTSEDGE AND SOIL BORNE DISEASE CONTROL
WITH FUMIGANT AND TILLAM COMBINATIONS AND
EFFECT OF PLANTING TIME INTERVAL ON PHYTOTOXICITY
OF THESE COMBINATIONS TO TOMATO

J. P. Gilreath, J. P. Jones,
A. J. Overman, & J. W. Noling


Location:

Objective:




Crop:


Block C, Lands 4 & 5

1) Determine the time delay necessary for planting tomatoes
following fumigation with various soil fumigants. 2) Determine the
effectiveness of these fumigants for control of nutsedge and fusarium
crown rot and fusarium wilt race 3 of tomato.

Tomato, cv Solar Set, transplanted 2, 3, or 4 weeks after fumigation
(16 February, 23 February, and 1 March 1995, respectively).


Treatments:
A. Fumigants
1. Non-fumigated
2. Methyl bromide (67/33, 350 lb./A)
3. Chloropicrin (350 lb./A) + Tillam (4 lb.a.i./A)
4. Vapam (100 gal/A) + Tillam (4 lb.a.i./A)
5. Basamid (400 lb./A) + Tillam (4 lb.a.i./A)
6. Telone C-17 (35 gal/A) + Tillam (4 lb.a.i./A)
B. Planting date
1. 2 weeks after application
2. 3 weeks after application
3. 4 weeks after application

Operation: Previous test areas had heavy infestations of nutsedge, but low survival
rates for nematodes and soil-borne disease. Therefore, a new test area was
chosen where nematode and disease populations could be increased.
Unfortunately, this area does not have a heavy nutsedge population and has
no nematodes at this time.

Innoculum of Fusarium wilt race 3 and Fusarium crown rot were applied
to the soil in the test area prior to test initiation. Fumigants were applied 1
February 1995. Methyl bromide, chloropicrin, and Telone C-17 were
applied 8 inches deep with a super bedder fitted with 3 chisels per bed and




















Summary:


with flow controlled by a Varea-meter using nitrogen gas as the propellant.
Vapam was sprayed on the bed surface and incorporated 6 inches deep with
a tractor-driven rototiller prior to finish pressing and plastic application.
Basamid granules were manually spread on the bed and incorporated the
same as Vapam. Tillam was sprayed on the bed surface and incorporated
2 to 3 inches deep after application of the associated fumigant. In all cases,
mulch was applied within 1 minute of fumigant application. Crop plant
vigor was evaluated 2 and 5 weeks after planting and nutsedge counts are
made every 3 weeks. Fusarium assessments are made weekly once the
diseases are observed. Fruit will be harvested and graded and plant roots
will be examined for root knot nematode galls after final harvest.

None of the alternative fumigants provided acceptable nutsedge control in
previous tests. Combination of Tillam herbicide with Telone C-17 has
provided good control of nutsedge, and some control of nematodes and soil-
borne diseases. Preliminary work during the fall of 1994 indicates the
addition of Tillam to each of the fumigant treatments can provide nutsedge
control similar to methyl bromide; therefore, Tillam was combined with
each of the alternative fumigants being investigated. Results with Basamid
have been erratic. Proper application procedure for Vapam has been
investigated in several experiments. The most consistent results with
Vapam have been obtained with spraying on the soil surface and rototiller
incorporation.


Fusarium crown rot has not been controlled by any of the fumigants in
previous seasons; whereas, some control of Fusarium wilt race 3 has been
observed with all of the above listed materials. Root knot nematode control
was best with methyl bromide, chloropicrin, and Telone C-17; however, the
population was never high enough for a definitive test.

Preliminary results of the current experiment indicate that under cold soil
conditions, planting must be delayed at least 3 weeks after application of
Telone C-17 and chloropicrin at the rates indicated or stunting may occur.








METHYL BROMIDE ALTERNATIVES, EXPERIMENT 3:
EFFECTIVENESS OF HERBICIDE COMBINATIONS WITH TELONE C-17
FOR NUTSEDGE CONTROL AND CROP PHYTOTOXICITY

J. P. Gilreath, J. P. Jones,
A. J. Overman, & J. W. Noling


Location:

Objective:


Block E, Land 5

Identify herbicides which provide effective nutsedge control when
combined with soil fumigation by Telone C-17 and are not injurious
to tomato and pepper.


Tomato, cv Sunbeam, and Pepper, cv Jupiter,
after fumigation (4 April 1995, respectively).


transplanted 19 days


Treatments:


1. Nontreated
2. C-17
3. C-17
4. C-17 +
Tillam
5. C-17 +
Tillam
6. C-17 +
Tillam
7. C-17 +
Tillam
8. C-17 +
Devrinol
9. C-17 +
Dual
10. C-17 +
Dual
11. C-17 +
Cobra
12. C-17 +
ASC-67040


Operation:


Historically, this field has had a moderate level of infestation with
purple nutsedge, but sometimes in spring it is late emerging. The
field was not inoculated with any disease. Treatments were applied


Rate/Acre
0.0
21.4 gal
21.4 gal
21.4 gal
4 lb.a.i.
21.4 gal
4 lb.a.i.
21.4 gal
4 Ib.a.i.
21.4 gal
4 lb.a.i.
21.4 gal
2 lb.a.i.
21.4 gal
1 lb.a.i.
21.4 gal
2 lb.a.i.
21.4 gal
2 lb.a.i.
21.4 gal
5.6 oz.


n/a
8 inches
4 inches
4 inches
4 inches
8 inches
4 inches
8 inches
6 inches
8 inches
0 inches
8 inches
4 inches
8 inches
4 inches
8 inches
4 inches
8 inches
4 inches
8 inches
0 inches