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Summary of vegetable research... | |
Vegetable crop improvement | |
Vegetable crop protection | |
Vegetable crop production | |
Acknowledgement | |
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Front Cover
Front Cover Field block locations Page i Agenda Page ii Table of Contents Page iii Introduction Page 1 History of the Gulf Coast Research and Education Center Page 2 Gulf Coast Research and Education Center personnel Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Summary of vegetable research accomplishments Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 19 Page 20 Page 21 Page 22 Page 23 Page 24 Page 25 Page 26 Page 27 Page 28 Page 29 Page 30 Page 31 Page 32 Page 33 Page 34 Page 35 Page 36 Page 37 Vegetable crop improvement Page 38 Page 39 Page 40 Page 41 Page 42 Page 43 Page 44 Page 45 Page 46 Page 47 Page 48 Page 49 Page 50 Page 51 Page 52 Page 53 Page 54 Page 55 Page 56 Page 57 Page 58 Page 59 Page 60 Page 61 Page 62 Page 63 Page 64 Page 65 Vegetable crop protection Page 66 Page 67 Page 68 Page 69 Page 70 Page 71 Page 72 Page 73 Page 74 Page 75 Page 76 Page 77 Page 78 Page 79 Page 80 Page 81 Page 82 Page 83 Page 84 Page 85 Page 86 Page 87 Page 88 Page 89 Page 90 Page 91 Page 92 Page 93 Page 94 Page 95 Page 96 Page 97 Vegetable crop production Page 98 Page 99 Page 100 Page 101 Page 102 Page 103 Page 104 Page 105 Page 106 Page 107 Page 108 Acknowledgement Page 109 Page 110 Page 111 Page 112 Back Cover Back Cover |
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Gulf Coast Research and Education Center Bradenton, Florida 41st Vegetable Field Marston Science Library JUN 2 11995 University of Forida Day D.N. Maynard, J.P. Jones, W.E. Waters, Editors Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida Bradenton GCREC Research Report BRA 1995-14 .-1 k X~ I: " 5; ?~_?~_?~_?~_?~_?~_?~_?~_?~_?~~ iC~---~ .-.u, GULF COAST RESEARCH & EDUCATION CENTER Si S d I In co uj E A ~-~ C0 Cauu nd 6thSeptE ot V E FIELD BLOCK LOCATIONS -- University of Florida, IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center Bradenton, Florida 41St VEGETABLE FIELD DAY Wednesday, May 17, 1995 ########################################################## Field Day Coordinators: Don N. Maynard and John Paul Jones Moderator: Don N. Maynard, Extension Vegetable Specialist AM 8:15 9:00 9:10 9:30 9:50 10:10 10:30 PM 12:00 1:00 2:30 2:30- 4:00 Registration Welcome and Introduction W. E. Waters IFAS Research Overview Richard L. Jones, UF-IFAS Dean for Research "Alternatives to Methyl Bromide Fumigation" by Jim Gilreath and John Paul Jones "Management of Silverleaf Whitefly" by David Schuster COFFEE BREAK Tours (Choice of Tour 1, 2, or 3) LUNCH Tours (Choice of Tour 1, 2, or 3) Adjourn Individual Talks with Faculty Three tours will be available: (1) vegetable crop Improvement (2) vegetable Crop Protection (3) vegetable Crop Production TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction .............................................................................. 1 History of GCREC Bradenton ....................................... ............ 2 List of Program Leaders ........................................................... ... 3 USPS Employees ........................................................................ 5 Vegetable Research Accomplishments ...................................... ...... 7 Tour 1: Vegetable Crop Improvement ...................................... 38 Tour 2: Vegetable Crop Protection ......................................... 66 Tour 3: Vegetable Crop Production ......................................... 98 Acknowledgement/Grantors ............................................................ 109 INTRODUCTION On behalf of the faculty and staff, I want to welcome each of you to the Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, at Bradenton, Florida. This Center began in 1925 as the Tomato Disease Laboratory (a one-man operation in Palmetto), and the first ornamental programs began about 17 years later. This Center, with the affiliated unit in Dover, is a Research and Education unit of the University of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. In Bradenton, we have 3 grant-supported scientist positions, three state extension specialist positions, and 14 state research scientist positions from various disciplines of training who participate in all phases of vegetable and ornamental horticulture. This interdisciplinary team approach, combining several research disciplines and a wide range of industry and faculty contacts, often is more productive than could be accomplished with limited investments in independent programs. The primary mission of the Gulf Coast REC at Bradenton and Dover is: To develop and disseminate new scientific knowledge and technology on commercial ornamental, strawberry, and vegetable crops which will allow Florida agriculture to remain efficient and economically competitive with other regions of the world. To assist the Cooperative Extension Service, IFAS campus departments, and other research centers with extension, undergraduate and graduate student training, and cooperative research for the benefit of Florida's consumers, producers, and students. Program Areas Emphasized: 1. Genetics, plant breeding and variety development, with special emphasis on tomato, strawberry, calabaza, caladium, gladiolus, and other flower crops. 2. Integrated biological, chemical, and cultural pest management in bacteriology, entomology, nematology, mycology, virology, and weed science. 3. Soil and water management and natural resource protection. 4. Production, culture, management, and pre-and postharvest physiology of ornamentals, strawberry, and vegetable crops. 5. Leadership in floriculture, vegetable, and water management for state extension programs in southwest Florida. 6. Graduate student training and special undergraduate courses. 7. Advancement of fundamental knowledge of disciplines represented by faculty. Information presented in this publication summarizes the active research projects on vegetable crops. We sincerely appreciate your interest and support of these research programs, and continuously solicit your suggestions for improvement of research and extension programs. CeWi E. Wrector Center Director HISTORY OF THE GULF COAST RESEARCH AND EDUCATION CENTER The Gulf Coast Research and Education Center originated in the fall of 1925 with the construction of the Tomato Disease Laboratory. Tomato Disease Laboratory: A 20 acre tract of Manatee County-owned property in Palmetto was made available with the cooperation of the Manatee Board of county Commissioners. Operational and construction money and equipment were supplied by local growers. The primary objective of the laboratory was to formulate a control of nailhead spot of tomato. Later studies emphasized the breeding for resistance to Fusarium wilt and the control of tobacco mosaic on tomatoes. In 1937, with expansion of the vegetable industry in Manatee County and surrounding areas, the State Legislature authorized new facilities for the research program. Vegetable Crops Laboratory: In August, 1938, the Manatee County Commissioners donated 80% of the purchase price of a 106 acre tract in east Bradenton. The expanded facility and diversified vegetable crop research led to the establishment of the Vegetable Crops Laboratory. Following this relocation, horticultural, entomological, and soil studies were initiated on tomatoes, peppers, lettuce, sweet corn, and other vegetables. Since the laboratory was located in a region where gladiolus was grown for winter cut flowers, the scope of the laboratory was broadened in 1942 to include disease problems confronting gladiolus growers. Gulf Coast Experiment Station: In March, 1957, the State Board of control elevated the status of the Vegetable Crops Laboratory to a branch station and renamed it The Gulf Coast Experiment Station. Investigations were begun on chemical weed control, nematodes, and other soil-borne pests. In 1954, the ornamental program was broadened to include chrysanthemums and other commercial cut-flowers. In 1959, a 200 acre tract was acquired 8 miles east of Bradenton along State Route 70 and the Caruso Road. All of the vegetable experimental field programs were moved to this new location. In 1965, after construction of office and laboratory facilities, farm buildings, greenhouses, and a residence, all research programs were conducted on this new farm. Agricultural Research & Education Center-Bradenton: In 1971, the Gulf Coast Experiment Station was renamed Agricultural Research and Education Center to emphasize the programs of both research and education. Gulf Coast Research & Education Center: In 1984, to reflect the regionality of the research and education programs at Bradenton, IFAS and the State Board of Regents renamed the center the Gulf Coast Research and Education Center. Current programs are in progress and production problems associated with vegetables and ornamentals and strawberries grown on the sandy soils of Florida. The Gulf Coast Research and Education Center has administrative and research supervision over a satellite station, GCREC-Dover (formerly the Strawberry and Vegetable Field Laboratory). The Dover station is the hub of strawberry research in Florida, including breeding, horticultural, and pathological studies. GULF COAST RESEARCH AND EDUCATION CENTER BRADENTON, FLORIDA Program Leaders. Appointment Date. and Area of Specialization Waters, Will E., Bouzar, H., Csizinszky, A. A., Dean, D. E., Gilreath, J. P., Harbaugh, B. K., Howe, T. K., Jones, J. B., Jones, J. P., Maynard, D. N., Polston, J. E., Price, J. F., Schuster, D. J., Scott, J. W., Somodi, G. C., 1960. Professor, Center Director. Administration, soil and plant nutrition, and ornamental horticulture. 1990. Assistant-In Plant Pathology. Ecology of bacterial pathogens of ornamental and vegetable crops. 1976. Associate Professor. Production systems, crop management and post-harvest studies on vegetable crops. 1994. Postdoctoral Research Scientist. Methodology for screening and development of germplasm for resistance to sweetpotato whitefly and tomato mottle virus. 1981. Associate Professor. Weed control of vegetable and ornamental crops. 1975. Professor. Production, harvesting and marketing systems for ornamental crops. 1979. Coordinator, Research Programs/Services. evaluations for ornamental and vegetable crops. Variety 1981. Professor. Ecology and control of bacterial diseases of ornamental and vegetable crops. 1958. Professor. Etiology and control of diseases of vegetable crops. 1985. Professor. Extension educational programs and research on vegetable crops. 1991. Assistant Professor. Ecology and control of viral diseases of vegetables and ornamentals. 1978. Associate Professor. Identification, biology and control of insects and mites of ornamental and strawberry crops. 1975. Professor. Identification, biology and control of insects and mites of vegetable crops. 1981. Professor. Tomato cultivar development and genetics. 1986. Assistant-In Plant Pathology. Ecology of bacterial pathogens of ornamental and vegetable crops. Stanley, C. D., 1979. Associate Professor. Soil-water relations for ornamental and vegetable crops. Wilfret, G. J., 1969. Professor. Breeding and development of new cultivars of cut flowers and other ornamental crops. VACANT Assistant Professor. Agricultural Engineer Water Management Specialist. VACANT Assistant Professor. Extension and research in commercial floriculture production. VACANT Assistant Professor. Etiology and control of diseases of ornamental crops. Gulf Coast Research and Education Center-Dover. Florida Chandler, C. K., 1987. Associate Professor. Strawberry breeding and development of new varieties of strawberry. Legard, D. E. 1995. Assistant Professor. Etiology and control of strawberry and vegetable diseases. VACANT Assistant Professor. Production and physiology of strawberries and vegetables. Emeritus Faculty Gulf Coast Research and Education Center Albregts, E. E., 1967. Professor. Production, soil and plant nutrition of strawberry and vegetable crops. Burgis, D. S., 1946. Professor. Vegetable production, weed control and growth regulators. Engelhard, A. W., 1966. Professor. Etiology and control of diseases of ornamental crops. Geraldson, C. M., 1951. Professor. Soil nutritional problems and their relationship with cultural methods for vegetable production. Overman, A. J., 1945. Professor. Etiology and control of nematode- incited diseases of ornamentals and vegetables. Marlowe, G. A., Jr., 1976. Professor. Vegetable production, and Extension. Woltz, S. S., 1953. Professor. Physiological and nutritional disorders and diseases of vegetables and ornamental crops. ********************************************************************* ***s***s***s***************s*******X********}5##**************t*******# Administrative and Professional Staff Max W. Beeler Coordinator, Research Programs/Services Frederick Snyder Business Manager University Support Personnel Office Staff: Nancy J. Kost Tracey A. Revels Gena White Patricia McClain Debbie Smelser Program Assistant Word Processing Operator Senior Fiscal Assistant Secretary Secretary Service Staff: Richard J. Thomas Charles L. Pratt Donald Ness John Lehman Engineer Maintenance Specialist Maintenance Mechanic Agricultural Assistant Farm Operations Staff: Mark Knowles Todd Test Joyce Jones Lamar R. Parrish Hector G. Ortiz Osbaldo Toribio Lisa Prouchy Jennifer Boucher Farm Supervisor Senior Agricultural Assistant Senior Agricultural Assistant Senior Agricultural Assistant Agricultural Assistant Agricultural Assistant Agricultural Assistant Agricultural Assistant Universif Agricultural & Engineering Assistant Staff: Dagmar D. Taborsky VACANT Jan Watson Diane Russ David Umlor William Cooper Guillermo Alverio Brian Neuman Biological Technician Staff: Renata Zalewski John Hogue Patricia M. Jones Richard O. Kelly Karen I. Pearce Nancy G. West Curtis A. Nagle Emily E. Vasquez Danuta Bois Ramona Reiser VACANT Russell W. Owens GCREC-Dover Staff: Annie F. Turgeau Alicia J. Whidden James C. Sumler, Jr. Kelly Burke Larry J. Smith Frederick D. Wenzel Mitchell Boles Senior Agricultural Assistant Senior Agricultural Assistant Senior Agricultural Assistant Senior Agricultural Assistant Senior Agricultural Assistant Senior Agricultural Assistant Engineering Technician Engineering Assistant Chemist Biological Scientist Biological Scientist Biological Scientist Biological Scientist Biological Scientist Biological Scientist Biological Scientist Biological Scientist Biological Scientist Biological Scientist Lab Technician Secretary Biological Scientist Biological Scientist Biological Scientist Agricultural Assistant Superv. Senior Agricultural Assistant Agricultural Assistant SUMMARY OF VEGETABLE RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHMENTS 1992-94 Page 8 Vegetable Crop Nutrition and Culture A. A. Csizinszky 11 Vegetable Weed Control J. P. Gilreath, J. P. Jones, A. J. Overman, & J. W. Noling 13 Variety Trial Program T. K. Howe and W. E. Waters 23 Bacterial Disease Research J. B. Jones, H. Bouzar, G. C. Somodi, J. W. Scott, and R. E. Stall 24 Control of Fungus Incited Diseases of Vegetables J. P. Jones, S. S. Woltz, and J. W. Scott 25 Evaluation of Specialty Vegetables for Commercial Production in West Central Florida D. N. Maynard 27 Vegetable Virus Management J. E. Polston, D. J. Schuster, E. Hiebert, D. O. Chellemi, R. J. McGovern, S. E. Webb 30 Vegetable Insect Control D. J. Schuster, A. A. Csizinszky, J. E. Polston, M. Stevens, C. Thome, J. W. Scott, S. G. Muigai, D. Dean, P. A. Stansly 34 Tomato Breeding Research J. W. Scott 36 Water Management For Vegetables C. D. Stanley, B. L. McNeal, Johann Scholberg, Jim Jones, A. G. Smajstrla, P. R. Gilreath, J. Creighton, R. Clarke VEGETABLE CROP NUTRITION AND CULTURE A. A. Csizinszky A. Tomatoes 1. In a four seasons-long investigation on the effect of potassium sources and rates on 'Sunny' tomato fruit size and yield, extra-large (xlg) and marketable total yields were better with KN03 or K2S04 than with KCL. Extra-large yields were highest with 33 lb and marketable yields with 44 lb K20/1000 lbf. Nitrogen rate in the study was 20 lb and P205 rate was 12 lb/1000 lbf. 2. Controlled-release N and K fertilizers and rates for 'Agriset 761' tomato: Controlled-(slow-)release ('Multicote') N and K fertilizer sources were evaluated at four soluble/controlled-release N and K ratios and at two N and K rates for 'Agriset 761' tomato. The controlled-release N and K fertilizer was 0, 25, 50, and 75% of the total N and K. The remaining N and K were applied from soluble NH4N03 and KNO3. Nitrogen and K rates were 20 lb N and 40 lb K20, or 30 lb N and 60 lb K20 1000 lbf. Phosphorous was applied at 12 lb P205/1000 Ibf in all treatments. Controlled-release fertilizers had little or no effect on earliness ana fruit size of tomatoes. Increasing the proportion of the 'Multicote' to 75,% of the total N and K applied, reduced the seasonal total marketable yiel s. Early yields of extra- large and marketable fruits were higher with 20 11 N and 40 lb K20/1000 lbf than with the higher N and K rate. For the' season, however, both extra-large and marketable yields were higher vith 30 lb N and 60 lb K20/1000 lbf than with the lower N and K20 rate. 3. Response of 'Sunny' tomato to insecticidal spray nd K-rates (with D. J. Schuster): 'Sunny' tomatoes were planted in a split-plot design in which main plots were two insecticidal spray treatments and sub-plots were three K20 rates. In the main plots, plants were sprayed three times per week against whiteflies or not sprayed. In the sub-plots KO0 was applied at lx 2x and 3x rate where Ix K20 rate was equivalent to 36 lb K20/1000 lbf. Nitrogen, at 36 Ib N, and P205, at 15 lb/1000 lbf, were kept constant. Early and seasonal total marketable yields were higher in the spray than in the control plots. Fruit size, marketable yields were lowest and number of plants with virus symptoms were highest with the 3x K20 rate (108 lb K20/1000 lbf). 4. Evaluations of 'Acadian' seaweed extract foliar sprays on 'Agriset 761' tomato at two micronutrient and two N and K20 rates: Seaweed sprays at 112 fl oz/acre (in 4 applications of 28 fl oz) or 168 fl oz/acre (in 7 applications of 24 fl oz) were applied with or without pre-plant micronutrients at two N and K20 rates (20 lb N and 40 lb K20, and 30 lb N and 60 lb K20/1000 lbf) on 'Agriset 761' tomatoes. Yields were higher with than without micronutrients and for the season; fruit size and marketable yields were higher with the higher N and K rates. Seaweed sprays had little or no effect on tomato yields compared to water control. 5. Evaluation of 'Atonik' plant stimulant foliar spray on 'Agriset 761' tomato: Windstorm damaged tomatoes were treated with 30 fl oz/acre (5 applications of 6 fl oz) of 'Atonik' biostimulant. Early yields of extra large fruits increased by 38 % and marketable fruits by 28 % with 'Atonik' sprays. For the season, however, fruit size and marketable yields were higher with water control than with 'Atonik' sprays. B. Bell Peppers 1. Evaluation of controlled-release N fertilizer for 'Jupiter' bell pepper: Controlled-release N fertilizer (Scott's polymer and sulphur-coated urea; 38% N) alone and in combination with soluble N sources (NIHN03 and KN03) was evaluated for 'Jupiter' bell pepper. Nitrogen rate, from controlled plus soluble N sources, was 30 lb/1000 lbf. Potassium, from KNO3 and K2S04 was applied at 36 lb K20 and phosphorous at 12 Ib P205/1000 lbf in all treatments. Overall, the 50% controlled- and 50% soluble-N combination, yielded 13% more US Fancy grade and 8% more marketable grade fruits than the 100% soluble-N treatment. These yield differences, however, were not statistically significant. 2. Evaluation of 'Acadian' foliar seaweed sprays on 'Capistrano' bell peppers at two micronutrient and two N and K rates: Seaweed sprays, at rates and frequencies and micronutrient rates as described above for tomatoes, were applied for 'Capistrano' peppers grown with two N and K20 rates: 20 lb N and 28 lb K20. Fruit size and total marketable yields were similar with seaweed spray or water treatments and micronutrient and N and 20 rates. 3. Evaluation of 'Atonik' foliar-applied biostimulant on 'Jupiter' bell peppers: 'Jupiter' peppers were sprayed with 'Atonik' biostimulant to evaluate its effect on fruit size and yield. The 'Atonik' was applied with a backpack sprayer in 50 gal/A of water, three times during the season: at bud formation (8 oz/A); at first bloom (6 oz/A) and when small fruits were on the plants (6 oz/A). The 'Atonik' sprays increased US Fancy grade pepper yields by 18% and reduced cull grade fruits by 38% compared to water control. Most of the increase in US Fancy grade fruit occurred in the last (5th) harvest. C. Broccoflower 1. Effect of planting time, within-row plant spacings and N and K,0 rates on broccoflower. cv. Alverda: The yield response of 'Alverda' broccoflower was investigated in three consecutive plantings (10 Oct., 24 Nov., and 12 Jan.) to two in-row spacings: 12- and 15- inches and to the factional combinations of 10, 20 and 30 lb of N and 12, 24, and 36 lb K,0/1000 lbf. Marketable yields (curds > 12 oz) were highest in the January planting at 15-inch spacing and 30 lb N/1000 lbf. Potassium rates had no significant effect on yields. 2. Evaluation of broccoflower cultivars at three plant densities: Three green cauliflower (Broccoflower) cvs, Alverda, Green Godess, and Parks 5092, were evaluated for their yield potential at 3 three within row spacings: 15", 18" and 21". Between row spacing was 14". Calculated on a per acre basis (8712 linear bed feet per acre) the plant populations were 13,900, 11.600 and 9,900 plants per acre, respectively, at the three in row spacings. 'Alverda' at 18" spacing had the best yield, 403 25-lb cartons per acre. followed by the same cv at 15" spacing, 399 ctn per acre and at the 21" spacing. 339 cm per acre. With increased in row spacing total plant weight increased but the proportion of head weight of the total plant weight decreased. D. Herbs 1. Yield potential of herbs at 3 N and K20 rates and in multiple harvests: Sweet marjoram, Italian parsley, Russian tarragon, and Thyme were planted on 2 Dec. 1993 in double rows on the raised, mulched beds at 12 inches between and 6 inches within row spacing at three N and K rates: Ix, 2x and 3x. The Ix N and K rate was equivalent to 44 N and 36 K lb per acre (acre = 8712 linear bed feet). Phosphorous, from 0-8.74-0 (N-P-K) superphosphate, was applied at 30 lb P per acre at each N and K randomized complete block and replicated four times. In the first harvest marjoram yields were best at the 1 x N and K rate (P < 0.05), the other 3 herbs had similar yields with increasing N and K rates. For the season, marjoram yields (4 harvests) were best with the 2 x N and K rate; parsley and tarragon yields (in 5 harvests) at the 3x N and K rates. Thyme yields (3 harvests) were similar at all 3 N and K rates. VEGETABLE WEED CONTROL J. P. Gilreath, J. P. Jones, A. J. Overman, & J. W. Noling Nightshade and Grass Control. Research has continued on herbicidal control of nightshade and other weeds in tomato middles. Cobra still is the most efficacous product for nightshade control, but must be tank mixed with another product to give satisfactory control of grasses. Paraquat (Gramoxone Extra) is one such product; however, some growers have expressed interest in other options in view of the threshold planning quantity trigger for paraquat. Research has been conducted at the GCREC and on local growers' farms to evaluate Poast and Select for grass control when tank mixed with Cobra. Poast and Select are both specific for grasses only. When tank mixed with Cobra they have provided the needed grass control without affecting Cobra's efficacy on broadleaf weeds, including nightshade. Cobra has reduced the efficacy of Poast in some trials and not in others, whereas this effect has not been observed with Select. Poast is registered for use on tomatoes and peppers and Select is expected to be labeled for this use in the near future. Cobra Management Studies or Understanding Cobra in Tomato & Pepper. Section 18 registration of Cobra resulted in a lot of growers using it for the first time about 2 years ago. Most growers found it to be a very effective herbicide for controlling nightshade in tomato and pepper row middles. A small, but vocal number of growers experienced problems with Cobra that spring. Plants developed gnarled growth, ocassional spotting was observed, and some plants stopped growing for 2 weeks. In some cases the damage appeared similar to 2,4-D injury and caused considerable panic. Plants resumed normal growth after 2 weeks (maximum), if left in the field, and produced normal yields. Extensive research was conducted in the field, greenhouse, and laboratory to understand this problem and determine the causes) and develop corrective measures. It was determined that most of the damage resulted from spray drift due to application under conditions too windy or with poorly constructed shields or no shields. In some situations, the grower had applied Cobra with sufficient care and injury still resulted. This was traced back to two sources or causes; 1) wind blown deposition of treated soil and 2) active residue on plastic mulch. Cobra is not unique in these two phenomena. Soil treated with Cobra as well as Sencor, has been observed to cause problems occasionally. Cobra can remain active on soil for some time. Wind deposition followed by rain or dew can deposit Cobra on tomato foliage and injury results. Injury under these conditions is often greatest in the drier areas of fields. Weed cover in the middles during March can help minimize this problem. We are all well aware of the residual life of paraquat and Roundup on plastic mulch. Paraquat can remain active in sufficient quantity to damage tomatoes for 5 to 7 days, while Roundup residues can last in excess of 10 days. Cobra appears to remain active for about 7 to 10 days. Rainfall or irrigation overhead do not seem to affect the residual life of paraquat, Roundup, or Cobra to any appreciable extent. Management measures resulting from this work are contained in the Valent Cobra Technical Information Bulletin (referred to as green head) and include application prior to 7 to 10 days prior to transplanting or after tomato plants are about 16 inches in height. Manage water to eliminate dry areas in field to reduce wind blown sand as a carrier. Maintain effective sprayer shields and observe wind conditions to time application. Nutsedge Control Soil Fumigation. Various soil fumigants and contact nematicides have been evaluated over the past 2 years to serve as alternatives to methyl bromide. The greatest problem with all of these alternatives has been the lack of nutsedge control with them. Tillam herbicide has been used successfully in combination with Telone C-17 for nutsedge control, but other herbicide options are needed as Tillam is labeled only on tomato. Therefore, in addition to evaluation of Telone C-17 with Tillam other herbicides are being screened for possible use with tomato and pepper. Most of the emphasis is on products which are already labeled since minimal time and expense would be involved in developing a program approach for their use with a fumigant. Although Basamid, chloropicrin, and Vapam are continuing to be evaluated along with C-17, Telone C-17 appears to be the most likely alternative for methyl bromide at this time. Results with Basamid have been erratic over the past two years. Considerable effort has been expended trying to find a way to make Vapam work as it does in other areas of the U.S.A., but results have been erratic and less than acceptable in most trials. Several other products have been evaluated and discarded because they did not work. One contact nematicide has been investigated and shows some promise, but its future is unclear at this time. Several herbicides have shown promise for nutsedge control under plastic, but Tillam consistently has been the best. The combination of Telone C-17 and Tillam has provided nutsedge control as good as 350 lb./acre of methyl bromide (676/33). 0 VARIETY TRIAL PROGRAM T. K. Howe and W. E. Waters Numerous vegetable variety trials have been completed since the spring of 1993, the time of the last vegetable field day at the Gulf Coast Research & Education Center. Evaluations included fresh market tomato (spring and fall 1993, spring and fall 1994), bell pepper (spring and fall 1993, spring and fall 1994), cabbage (winter 1993-1994 and 1994-1995), short day onion (winter 1993-1994 and 1994-1995), jalepeno pepper (spring and fall 1993) and cubanelle pepper (spring 1994). All tomato trials were done in cooperation with Dr. J. W. Scott, UF tomato breeder. Highlights of these trials included assessments of heat tolerant, Fusarium race 3 tolerant and bacterial leaf spot tolerant tomato hybrids from UF and commercial sources; screening new bacterial spot resistant bell pepper hybrids; and evaluation of new cultivars of short day onion, cabbage, specialty pepper, jalapeno pepper, and cubanelle pepper. Fresh market tomato, spring 1993: Replicated and observational fresh market tomato trials were conducted to assess various commercial cultivars and breeding lines and IFAS breeding lines. There were 20 replicated entries which were harvested for yield comparisons and 76 observational entries which were not harvested. Tomatoes were grown spaced 24 inches apart under stake culture from transplants on raised, mulched beds of EauGallie fine sand. Plants were not pruned. One acre was equivalent to 8712 linear feet of bed. Water was provided via subsurface seepage irrigation via ditches lateral to the beds. Quantitative results from the replicated trial follows: Total marketable yield after three harvests ranged from 1800 25 lb-cartons/A for HMX 2822 to 2628 cartons/A for IFAS 7375. All entries except 'Olympic' and HMX 2822 were not significantly different from IAS 7375. Yield of extra-large fruit ranged from 766 cartons/A for 'Monte Verde' to 2067 cartons/A for 'Passion'. Only 'Tango' at 1775 cartons/A was statistically similar to 'Passion' in extra-large fruit yield for the season. Average individual fruit weight ranged from 5.0 oz for 'Monte Verde' to 7.2 oz for HMX 2822. 'Olympic' (6.8 oz), 'Passion' (6.8 oz), 'Merced' (6.7 oz), FMX 171 (6.7 oz), 'Mountain Spring' (6.5 oz), XPH 10005 (6.5 oz) and 'Tango' (6.5 oz) were not significantly different than HMX 2822 in average seasonal fruit weight. Cull fruit accounted for 23-40% of total harvest with six entries with less than 30% culled fuit. They were: 'Mountain Fresh', 'Monte Verde', IFAS 7430, FMX 171, 'Passion' and 'Mountain Spring'. Total marketable yield for the first harvest ranged from 147 cartons/A for 'Sunny' to 796 cartons/A for 'Passion'. Only 'Merced' at 655 cartons/A was not significantly different than 'Passion' in total marketable yield at first pick. 'Passion' had the greatest marketable yield of extra-large fruit with 702 cartons/A. Extra-large fruit yield for all other entries ranged from 110 to 546 cartons/A. Average individual fruit weight ranged from 6.1 oz for 'Sunny' to 8.2 oz for HMX 2822. While HMX 2822 exceeded 8 oz average fruit weight, eight other entries, which were equal to or exceeded 7.5 oz, were not significantly different than HMX 2822. Cull fruit accounted for 24-54% of the total fruit harvested at the first pick. The defects of cull fruit were predominantly rough fruit shape, zippering, rough blossom ends and radial cracking in that order. All observational entries were rated subjectively in the field for numerous plant and fruit characteristics and defects. Fresh market tomato, fall 1993: Replicated and observational fresh market tomato trials were conducted to assess various commercial cultivars and breeding lines and IFAS breeding lines. There were 23 replicated entries which were harvested and 56 observational entries which were not harvested. Tomatoes were grown as specified for spring 1993. Quantitative results from the replicated trial follows: Total marketable yields after three harvests for the fall ranged from 701 cartons/A for 'Bonita' to 1513 cartons/A for 'Agriset 761'. Fifteen other entries were not significantly different than 'Agriset 761' in total seasonal yield. Yield of extra-large fruit ranged from 51 cartons/A for 'Bonita' to 558 cartons/A for 'Passion' and XPH 10005. Six other entries were similar to 'Passion' and XPH 10005 in extra-large fruit yield, they were: 'Solar Set' (475 cartons/A), 'Agriset 761' (450), FMX 174 (399), 'Merced' (386), 'Acclaim' (380) and 'Sunmaster' (368). Average iiidividual fruit weight ranged from 4.1 oz for 'Bonita' to 5.6 oz for 'Passion'. Only HMX 2822 (5.5 oz), XPH 10005 (5.4 oz) and 'Mountain Fresh' (5.2 oz) were not significantly different than 'Passion' in average fruit weight. Cull fruit accounted for 18-45% of total yields with 11 entries below 30% and only 'Mountain Fresh' below 20%. Total marketable yield for the first harvest ranged from 132 cartons/A for 'Bonita' to 430 cartons/A for XPH 10005. Nine other entries were not significantly different than XPH 10005 in total marketable yield, they were: 'Sunmaster' (608 cartons/A), 'Merced' (599), 'Solar Set' (579), 'Agriset 761' (565), 'Passion' (558), IFAS 7249B (524). 'Heatwave' (523), 'Acclaim' (488) and FMX 174 (487). Yield of extra-large fruit ranged from 33 cartons/A for 'Bonita' to 430 cartons/A for XPH 10005. Only 'Passion' (385 cartons/A), 'Agriset 761' (350) and 'Solar Set' (321) were similar to XPH 10005 in early extra-large fruit.yield. Average fruit weight at first harvest ranged from 5.1 oz to 6.7 oz. Eleven entries equalled or exceeded 6.0 oz average fruit weight at this time. All observational entries were rated subjectively in the field for numerous plant and fruit characteristics and defects. Fresh market tomato, spring 1994: Replicated and observational fresh market tomato trials were conducted to assess various commercial cultivars and breeding material and UF breeding lines. There were 23 replicated entries which were harvested for yield comparisons and 62 observational entries which were not harvested. Tomatoes were grown as specified for spring 1993. Quantitative results from the replicated trial follows: Total marketable yield after three harvests exceeded the state average of 1483 cartons/A and ranged from 2363 25 lb-cartons/A for 'Mountain Fresh' to 3196 cartons/A for XPH 10005. All entries except 'Acclaim', 'Spitfire', 'Mountain Spring', 'Bonita', HMX 2822 and 'Mountain Fresh' were not significantly different from XPH 10005. Yield of extra- large fruit ranged from 1025 cartons/A for Sunex 6591 to 2524 cartons/A for XPH 10005. Only HMX 2824 at 2141 cartons/A and 'Sunbeam' at 2100 cartons/A were similar to XPH 10005 in extra-large fruit yield for the season. Average individual fruit weight ranged from 5.0 oz for Sunex 6591 to 6.6 oz for HMX 2822. XPH 10005 (6.5 oz), 'Merced' (6.5 oz), HMX 2824 (6.3 oz) and 'Mountain Spring' (6.2 oz) were not significantly different than HMX 2822 in average seasonal fruit weight. Cull fruit accounted for 13-29% of total harvest with six entries with less than 20% culled fruit. They were: XPH 10005, 'Equinox', HMX 2824, 'Sunbeam', 'Mountain Spring' and 'Mountain Fresh'. Total marketable yield for the first harvest ranged from 114 cartons/A for 'Sunny' to 795 cartons/A for XPH 10005. Only 'Merced' (738 cartons/A), 'Solar Set' (688), IFAS 7578 (683) and 'Florasette' (630) were similar to XPH 10005 in total marketable yield. Extra- large fruit yield for all entries ranged from 86 cartons/A for 'Sunny' to 751 cartons/A for XPH 10005. Only 'Merced' (675 cartons/A) and 'Solar Set' (688) were similar to XPH 10005 in extra-large fruit yield. Average individual fruit weight ranged from 5.9 oz for IFAS 7603 to 8.5 oz for HMX 2822. Only five entries met or exceeded an average fruit weight of 8.0 oz at the first harvest, they were: XPH 10005, 'Merced', HMX 2824, HMX 2822 and PSX 810790. Cull fruit accounted for 16-44% of the total fruit harvested at the first pick. The defects of cull fruit were predominately rough blossom ends, zippering and radial cracking in that order. All observational entries were rated subjectively in the field for numerous plant and fruit characteristics and defects. Fresh market tomato, fall 1994: Replicated and observational fresh market tomato trials were conducted to assess various commercial cultivars and breeding lines and IFAS breeding lines. There were 22 replicated entries which were harvested and 63 observational entries which were not harvested. Tomatoes were grown spaced as specified for spring 1993. Quantitative results from the replicated trial follows: Total marketable yields after three harvests for the fall ranged from 1084 25 lb-cartons/A for 'Bonita' to 2124 cartons/A for PSX 803090. Eleven other entries were not significantly different than PSX 803090 in total seasonal yield. Yield of extra-large fruit ranged from 172 cartons/A for HMX 3800 to 862 cartons/A from 'Merced'. Only PSX 803090, 'Tango', Fa. 7578 and PSX 600091 were similar to 'Merced' in seasonal yield of extra- large fruit. Average individual fruit weight ranged from 4.1 oz for HMX 3800 to 5.7 oz for 'Conquest'. Only 'Merced' (5.6 oz), 'Solar Set (5.5 oz) and 'Spitfire' (5.3 oz) were similar to 'Conquest' in average fruit weight. Cull fruit accounted for 16-35% of total yields with 17 entries below 30% and 6 entries below 20%. Total marketable yield for the first harvest ranged from 213 cartons/A for 'Bonita' to 732 cartons/A for Fla. 7578. No other entries approached the yield of Fla. 7578 at the first harvest. Yield of extra-large fruit at the first harvest ranged from 58 cartons/A for HMX 3800 to 515 cartons/A for Fla. 7578. Only Fla. 7514 and 'Merced' were not significantly different in yield from Fla. 7578. Average fruit weight at the first harvest ranged from 5.0 to 7.1 oz. All but HMX 3800 exceeded 6.0 oz average fruit weight. All observational entries were rated subjectively in the field for numerous plant and fruit characteristics and defects. Bell pepper. spring 1993: Twenty-four cultigens of sweet bell pepper were evaluated in replicated yield trial at the mature green stage during the spring of 1993. In addition, 12 cultigens were rated subjectively, along with the replicated entries, for plant and fruit characteristics. Plants were grown on raised, mulched beds of EauGallie fine sand. Water was applied by subsurface seepage irrigation via ditches lateral to the beds. Plants were placed in double rows on each bed with 10 inches between rows and 22 inches between plants within a row due to replanting after a storm. Plants were not staked. One acre was equivalent to 8712 linear feet of bed. Seasonal yields for three harvests ranged from 389 bushels/A for FMX 1153 to 889 bushels/A for FM 284. Twelve other entries were not significantly different from FM 284 in total seasonal yield. The number of marketable fruit per plant ranged from 2.6 for FMX 1153 to 7.2 for HMX 8862. FM 284, XPH 5963 and PS 3187 were not significantly different than HMX 8862 in the number of marketable fruit obtained per plant. Average marketable fruit weight for the season ranged from 5.4 oz for PR 300-3 to 7.5 oz for 'Camelot'. Only 'King Arthur' at 7.0 oz was similar to 'Camelot' in fruit weight. The proportion of harvested fruit which were culled ranged from 15 % for FM 284 to 51 % for FMX 1153. Fourteen other entries were not significantly different from FM 284 in low amount of cull fruit. Plant stand was excellent for all replicated entries. At the first harvest on 19 May, the marketable yields ranged from 106 bu/A for PR 300-3 to 346 bu/A for 'Valiant'. Twelve other entries were not significantly different from 'Valiant' in high yield. The number of marketable fruit per plant ranged from 0.8 for PR 300-3 to 2.0 for 'Valiant'. All but nine entries were similar to 'Valiant' in the number of fruit harvested per plant. Average marketable fruit weight ranged from 6.4 oz for PR 300-3 to 9.3 oz for FMX 1153. Only 'Camelot' at 8.6 oz was not significantly different than FMX 1153 in individual fruit weight. The proportion of cull fruit ranged from 0% for HMX 2660 to 23 % for FMX 1153. Average fruit length at first harvest ranged from 3.5 inches for 'Ssupersweet 862R' to 4.4 inches for 'Camelot' and XPH 5963. Fruit width ranged from 3.1 inches for PR 300-3 to 3.7 inches for 'Ssupersweet 862R'. The ratio of fruit length to fruit width ranged from 1.0 for 'Jupiter' and 'Ssupersweet 862R' to 1.3 for 'Camelot', XPH 5963, 'Whopper Improved', and PR 300- 3. A ratio of 1.0 indicates a blocky fruit shape. Wall thickness ranged from 0.239 inches for PR 300-4 to 0.296 inches for 'Ssupersweet 862R'. Nine other entries were not significantly different than 'Ssupersweet 862R' in wall thickness. They were: 'Whopper Improved', PS 3187, 'Valiant', 'Verdel', 'King Arthur', 'Boynton Bell', PR 300-6, NVH 3079, and 'Camelot'. The number of lobes per fruit varied from 2.8 to 3.6 with the vast majority averaging at least 3.0 lobes. Of the dozen entries in single plots, seasonal yields ranged from 431 bu/A for the miniature bell pepper 'Jingle Bells' to 966 bu/A for the very long processing pepper NS 43504. Those standard bell pepper entries with yields of at least 700 bu/A should be considered for further evaluation. They were: HMX 2656, HMX 2659, NS 411, NS 43504, 0324 and 8229. Bell pepper. fall 1993: Twenty-three cultigens and breeding lines of sweet bell pepper were evaluated in replicated yield trial at the green stage during the fall of 1993. In addition, 9 cultigens were harvested for yield estimates from single, unreplicated plots. Plants were grown as specified for spring 1993, except that plants were placed in double rows on each bed with 10 inches between rows and 11 inches between plants within a row. Seasonal yields for four harvests ranged from 467 bushels/A for NVH 3082 to 1129 bushels/A from 'King Arthur'. Nine other entries were similar to 'King Arthur' in total seasonal yields, they were: XPH 5963 (1065 bu/A), 'Ssupersweet 862R' (1019), 'Bell King' (1011), PSX 296491 (976), XPH 5936 (901), NVH 3083 (899), 'Valiant' (860), PR300-11 (841) and 'Boynton Bell' (836). The number of marketable fruit per plant ranged from 2.3 for NVH 3082 to 5.3 for NVH 3083. Fifteen other entries were not significantly different than NVH 3083 in the number of marketable fruit produced per plant. Average marketable fruit weight for the season ranged from 4.4 oz for HMX 8862 to 5.7 oz for 'King Arthur'. Eleven entries were similar to 'King Arthur' in average fruit weight, all exceeding 5.0 oz. The proportion of harvested fruit which were culled ranged from 18-48 %. Ten entries produced less than 30% of total yields as culls. Only NVH 3083 had a plant stand significantly less than 100% (84%). At the first harvest on November 2, the marketable yields ranged from 45 bu/A for NVH 3082 to 254 bu/A for 'Bell King'. Twelve other entries were not significantly different than 'Bell King' in seasonal yield. The number of marketable fruit produced per plant ranged from 0.2 to 1.1 at the first harvest. Average marketable fruit weight ranged from 4.7 oz for HMX 8862 to 6.5 oz for PSX 296491. Thirteen other entries were similar to PSX 296491 in average fruit weight, all exceeding 5.4 oz. The proportion of cull fruit ranged from 9% for XPH 5964 to 55% for NVH 3082. Average fruit length at first harvest ranged from 2.9 inches for 'Verdel' to 4.4 inches for 'Estima'. 'Estima' and 'Bell King' produced the longest peppers. Average fruit width ranged from 2.5 to 3.3 inches, with 'Estima' producing the narrowest fruit. The ratio of fruit length to width ranged from 0.95 for 'Ssupersweet 862R' to 1.72 for 'Estima'. A ratio of 1.00 indicates a square fruit. 'Verdel', NVH 3082 and NVH 3083 produced the squarest fruit. Wall thickness ranged from 0.195 inches for NVH 3081 to 0.264 inches for 'Whopper Improved'. 'Whopper Improved' produced the thickest walled fruit of the trial. The number of lobes per fruit ranged from 3.2 to 3.9 among all entries. Bell pepper, spring 1994: Thirty-two cultigens of sweet bell pepper were evaluated in replicated yield trial at the mature green stage during the spring of 1994. In addition, 20 cultigens of bell and non-bell types were rated subjectively, along with the replicated entries, for plant and fruit characteristics. Plants were grown as specified for fall 1993. Seasonal yield for four harvests ranged from 647 bushels/A for XPH 12114 to 1286 bushels/A for 'Camelot'. Fourteen other entries were not significantly different from 'Camelot' in total seasonal yield. All but ten entries exceeded the average commercial yield. Also, these yields are as good as or better, than those recorded in previous spring trials in 1991 and 1993 at this location, but lower than in the spring of 1990 and 1992. The number of marketable fruit per plant ranged from 2.6 for HMX 2662 to 5.3 for 'Camelot'. Twenty-one other entries were not significantly different from 'Camelot' in the number of marketable fruit obtained per plant. Average marketable fruit weight for the season ranged from 4.8 oz for NVH 3082 to 6.3 oz for PR 93-2-1. Nine other entries (all over 5.5 oz) were not significantly different from PR 93-2-1 in average seasonal fruit weight. The percentage of harvested fruit which were culled ranged from 21% for 'Camelot' to 52% for 'Jupiter'. Five other entries were not significantly different from 'Camelot' in the percentage of cull fruit. Throughout the season fruit were culled mainly due to lepidopterous larvae damage, undersized fruit and misshapen fruit. Worm damage was severe enough to tabulate separately and ranged from 3 to 24% among the cultivars for the season. Plant stand was nearly 100 % for all replicated entries except PR 300-4 (96%). At the first harvest, the marketable yields ranged from 13 bu/A for 'Orobelle' to 227 bu/A for PR 93-2-1. This harvest did not yield heavily since it was intended to give an indication of which entries matured earliest, so only the largest crown-set fruit were harvested at this time. Four entries were not significantly different from PR 93-2-1 in best early yield: 'Camelot', XPH 12101, 'Whopper Improved' and NVH 3082. The number of marketable fruit per plant ranged from 0.1 to 0.7. Average marketable fruit weight ranged from 5.8 oz for 'Orobelle' to 7.6 oz for 'Camelot'. All but three entries were similar to 'Camelot' in average fruit weight at the first harvest. The proportion of cull fruit ranged from 2% for 'X3R Camelot' to 75% for 'Orobelle'. The majority of cull fruit were worm-damaged and accounted for between 0 and 54% of the harvested fruit. Average fruit length ranged from 3.0 inches for 'Ssupersweet 862R' to 4.0 inches for 'NVH 3081. Fruit width ranged from 3.2 inches for HMX 2660 to 3.8 inches for PR 93-2-1. The ratio of fruit length to fruit width ranged from 0.83 for 'Ssupersweet 862R' to 1.16 for NVH 3081. A ratio of 1.0 indicates a blocky fruit shape. Wall thickness ranged from 0.190 inches for PR 300-4 to 0.251 inches for 'Whopper Improved'. No other entries had walls as thick as 'Whopper Improved'. The number of lobes per fruit varied from 2.7 to 3.8 with the sixteen entries having at least 3.5 lobes. Bell pepper, fall 1994: Forty-six cultigens and breeding lines of sweet bell pepper were harvested for yield estimates from single, unreplicated plots at the green stage. Plants were grown as specified for fall 1993, except that they were supplied with additional fertilizer at mid-season. All results are from single plots. Seasonal yields among bell-type pepper for three harvests ranged from 267 28-1b cartons/A for PR 9300-8 to 792 cartons/A for 'Verdel'. The number of marketable fruit per plant ranged from 1.3 for PR 9300-8 and XPH 12101 to 5.2 for FMX 1145. Average marketable fruit weight ranged from 3.9 oz for 'Admiral' to 6.3 oz for 'King Arthur'. Only 'King Arthur' exceeded 6.0 oz individual fruit weight. The proportion of harvested fruit which were culled ranged from 10% for HMX 2662 to 52% for XPH 12101. Plant stands exceeded 90% for all but 9 entries. Average fruit length at the first harvest ranged from 2.9 inches for 'Orobelle' to 5.5 inches for 'Soni'. Fruit width ranged from 2.4 inches for 'Tomi' to 3 inches for 'Lancelot'. The ratio of fruit length to fruit width ranged from 0.97 for 'Sentinel' and 'Verdel' to 2.12 for 'Soni'. The most square entries were 'Sentinel', 'Verdel', 'Lancelot', XPH 12101 and PR 300-6, all within 0.03 of a 1.00 ratio. Cabbage, winter 1993-94: Twenty-six cultivars of cabbage were examined in a replicated and 7 in an observational yield trial at GCREC during the winter of 1993-94. Plants were set in double rows 16 inches apart between rows and 11 inches apart within each row on raised, mulched beds of EauGallie fine sand. Water was supplied by subsurface seepage irrigation from ditches lateral to the beds. One acre was equivalent to 8712 linear feet of bed. Subjective evaluations characterized head shape, density, color and other attributes. Those entries which were superior in head density included AMX 21029, XPH 5789r, 'Cecile', 'Gideon', 'Minstrel' and PSR 18589. However, these had unique characteristics which might be of interest in variety selection such as the pointed head shape of 'Minstrel', the serrated leaf edge of 'Gideon', or the susceptibility to leaf tipbur of outer leaves of XPH 5789r. Yield by weight ranged from 654 crates/A for 'A.C. #5 Plus' to 1689 crates/A for AMX 21030. Only PSR 18589 (1648 crates/A), Applause (1553), 'Rio Verde' (1540), 'Solid Blue 790' (1487), 'Tempo' (1484), 'Cheers' (1466), HMX 7270 (1453) and AMX 21029 (1441) were not significantly different from AMX 21030 in yield by weight. Yields exceeded or were very similar to those of previous trials at this location in 1992-93, 1990-91, 1989-90 and 1988-89 and all entries exceeded the state average. Days to harvest after transplanting ranged from 63 days for 'Minstrel' to 98 days for 'Solid Blue 780', 'Solid Blue 790', and 'Gideon'. Yield, based on the percentage of marketable heads cut from the number of plants set, ranged from 44% for 'A.C. #5 Plus' to 100% for 'Solid Blue 780' and 'Solid Blue 790'. All but four entries were not significantly different than 'A.C. #5 Plus' in yield by percentage of heads harvested. Plant stands for all cultivars did not significantly vary from 100%. Marketable head weights ranged from 2.6 lbs for 'Pennant' to 4.7 lbs for AMX 21030. Nine other entries were not significantly different then AMX 21030 in average head weight, they were: PSR 18589 (4.6 lbs), 'Rio Verde' (4.6), 'A.C. #5 Plus' (4.6), HMX 7270 (4.6), 'Applause' (4.5), 'Tempo' (4.4), AMX 21029 (4.4), 'Bravo' (4.2) and 'Cheers' (4.2). Three other entries were similar to 'Pennant' in small head weight, they were: 'Blue Gem' (3.0 lbs), 'Royal Vantage' (2.9) and 'Minstrel' (2.7). Marketable head diameter ranged from 5.6 inches for 'Royal Vantage' to 7.6 inches for 'A.C. #5 Plus'. No other entry was as large in diameter as 'A.C. #5 Plus'. Cabbage, winter 1994-95: Twenty-five cultigens of cabbage were examined in a replicated yield trial and 16 cultigens were harvested from single, unreplicated plots. Plants were grown as specified for winter 1993-94. Subjective evaluations were made to characterize head shape, density and other attributes. Data acquisition began February 6 and was completed by Febraury 26, 1995. Data is in tabulation. Onion, winter 1993-94: Twenty-two cultigens of short day onion were examined in a replicated yield trial. Plants were set in triple rows 12 inches apart between rows and 6 inches apart within rows on raised, mulched beds of EauGallie fine sand. Water was supplied by subsurface seepage irrigation from ditches lateral to beds. One acre was equivalent to 8712 linear feet of bed. Seasonal yield of green-topped short day bulb onion at or exceeding 3.5 inches in diameter ranged from 177 cwt/A for RXC 1916 to 485 cwt/A for 'Dessex'. Thirteen other entries were not significantly different in yield than 'Dessex', they were: 'Yellow Granex Improved' (477 cwt/A), 'Granex 33' (474), 'Equanex' (453), 'Rio Enrique' (433), 'Ultra' (425), Sunex 1504 (415), 'Savannah Sweet' (406), RXC 1913 (386), Sunex (1514), RXC 1906 (383), 'Sweet Dixie' (381), 'Rio Bravo' (372) and Sunex 1502 (359). Yield expressed as a percentage of the bulbs harvested ranged from 36% for 'Rio Ringo' to 87% for 'Dessex'. Nine other entries were not significantly different from 'Dessex' with respect to percentage yield. Average bulb weight ranged from 0.89 lb for RXC 1903 to 1.29 lb for 'Ultra'. All but five entries exceeded an average bulb weight of 1.00 lb. Bulb shapes were deep flat, thick flat, flat globe and top according to definitions in the U. S. Standards for Grades. Those bulbs which never achieved a size of 3.5 inches were harvested as dry bulbs. The percentage of dry bulbs of those harvested ranged from 6% for 'Granex 429' to 60% for RXC 1916. Only 'Rio Ringo (58%) and 'Rio Hondo' (43%) were not significantly different in dry bulb production from RXC 1916. Total cull bulbs as a percentage of all harvested bulbs (which did not include dry bulbs) ranged from 3 % for 'Rio Bravo' and RXC 1916 to 54% for 'Granex 429'. Split bulbs accounted for between 0% to 51% of harvested yield among the entries. 'Granex 429' had, by far, the most split bulbs at 51 % of the total harvest for that cultivar. Onion, winter 1994-95: Sixteen cultigens of short day onion were examined in a replicated yield trial. An additional 3 cultigens were harvested from single, unreplicated plots. Plants were grown as specifeid for winter 1993-94. Data acquisition to began February 14, 1995 and ended March 23, 1995. Data is in tabulation. Specialty pepper, spring 1993: Three specialty pepper cultigens were evaluated at the mature green and/or red/yellow stage. Cultural conditions were the same as for the spring 1993 bell pepper trial. 'Hungarian Yellow Wax', 'Sweet Banana' and 'Cayenne' specialty peppers had total marketable yields for the season of 145, 141 and 66 cwt/A, respectively. 'Hungarian Yellow Wax' and 'Sweet Banana' produced about 20 marketable fruit per plant for the season, while 'Cayenne' produced 70. Average marketable fruit weight was 1.3 oz for 'Sweet Banana', 1.0 oz for 'Hungarian Yellow Wax' and 0.2 oz for 'Cayenne'. Cull fruit accounted for between 21 and 32% of total harvested fruit among the three types. 'Sweet Banana' had nearly 10% higher yield of cull fruit than the other two types. Defects found in 'Sweet Banana' included: damage when stems did not tear easily resulting in torn pod walls, virus-type symptoms where the pod wall was puckered and discolored, misshapen fruit, soft rot and pepper weevil damage. 'Hungarian Yellow Wax' had problems with spotty coloration. At the first harvest on 20 May, marketable yields were 44, 41 and 21 cwt/A for 'Hungarian Yellow Wax', 'Sweet Banana' and 'Cayenne', respectively. 'Hungarian Yellow Wax' and 'Sweet Banana' had 6 and 5 marketable fruit per plant averaging 1.2 and 1.5 oz per fruit, respectively. 'Cayenne' yielded 19 fruit per plant at 0.2 oz each. Cull fruit yield was below 20 % for all three types. All three types had fruit greater than 4 inches in length. Fruit width was 1.3 inches for 'Hungarian Yellow Wax', 1.5 inches for 'Sweet Banana' and 0.5 inches for 'Cayenne'. The ratio of fruit length to width was 3.59 for 'Hungarian Yellow Wax' and 3.36 for 'Sweet Banana', and 8.2 for 'Cayenne'. Pod wall thickness was 0.152 inches for 'Sweet Banana', 0.139 inches for 'Hungarian Yellow Wax' and 0.063 inches for 'Cayenne'. Locule number averaged just over 2 for 'Hungarian Yellow Wax' and 'Cayenne' and just over 3 for 'Sweet Banana'. Jalapeno peppers, spring 1993: Five jalapeno cultigens were evaluated in a replicated yield trial at the mature green stage during the spring of 1993. Cultural conditions were the same as for the spring 1993 bell pepper trial. Total marketable yield of jalapeno peppers after 3 harvests ranged from 54 cwt/A for 'Jalapeno' to 198 cwt/A for Sunex 4509. Sunex 4509 produced significantly higher yield by weight than any other entry. The number of marketable fruit per plant ranged from 15 fruit for 'Jalapeno' to 32 fruit for 'Jalapa'. 'Jalapa' produced significantly more fruit per plant than any other entry, except 'Ebano'. The greatest individual fruit weight was produced by Sunex 4509 at 1.4 oz, significantly different than all the other entries. Fruit from 'Jalapa', 'Jalapeno', 'Jalapeno M', and 'Ebano', averaged 0.6 or 0.7 oz and were not significantly different from each other. The proportion of harvested fruit which were cull ranged from 12% for 'Jalapeno M' to 19% for 'Ebano' and 'Jalapeno', however there were no significant differences. Defects were mainly confined to undersized fruit and pepper weevil damage. Plant stand was excellent for all entries. At the first harvest on May 20, marketable yields ranged from 11 cwt/A for 'Jalapeno' to 43 cwt/A for 'Jalapa'. The number of marketable fruit per plant ranged from 3 fruit for 'Jalapeno' and Sunex 4509 to 9 fruit for 'Jalapa', with 'Jalapa' producing significantly more fruit than the other entries. Average marketable fruit weight ranged from 0.6 oz for 'Jalapeno' and 'Jalapeno M' to 1.8 oz for Sunex 4509. Sunex 4509 fruit were significantly heavier than any other. All other jalapeno entries were of similar weight at 0.6 to 0.8 oz. The proportion of cull fruit ranged from 6% for Sunex 4509 and 'Jalapeno M' to 17% for 'Ebano' and 'Jalapeno', but none of the entries were significantly different. Characteristics of marketable jalapeno fruit were quantified from a sample of the earliest fruit harvested. Average fruit length ranged from 2.6 inches for 'Jalapeno M' and 'Jalapa' to 4.1 inches for 'Sunex 4509'. Fruit width ranged from 1.0 inch for 'Jalapeno M' to 1.5 inches for Sunex 4509. The ratio of fruit length to width ranged from 2.39 for 'Jalapa' to 2.72 for Sunex 4509. Wall thickness ranged from 0.168 inches for 'Jalapeno M' to 0.196 inches for 'Jalapeno', with no significant differences among the entries. All entries except 'Jalapeno' had less than 3 locules per fruit. Jalapeno pepper, fall 1993: Five jalapeno cultivars were evaluated in a replicated yield trial at the mature green stage. Cultural conditions were the same as for the spring 1993 bell pepper trial, except that plants were spaced 11 inches withinthe row and 10 inches between the rows. Total marketable yield of jalapeno peppers after 4 harvests ranged from 167 cwt/A for 'Early Jalapeno' to 243 cwt/A for 'Ebano'. None of the cultivars were significantly different in seasonal yields. The number of marketable fruit per plant ranged from 28 for 'Early Jalapeno' to 38 for 'Ebano', and only these two cultivars were significantly different. Average fruit weight ranged from 0.5 to 0.6 oz, with no significant differences among the cultivars. The proportion of cull fruit from the total fruit harvested ranged from 13 to 31 %. 'Early Jalapeno' produced the most cull fruit at 31%. At the first harvest on November 2, marketable yields ranged from 10 cwt/A for 'Jalapeno M' to 57 cwt/A for 'Jalapa'. 'Jalapana' produced the greatest marketable yield at the first pick, averaging 8 marketable fruit per plant. Average fruit weight was between 0.5 and 0.6 oz among the cultivars in trial. The proportion of cull fruit produced ranged from 9 to 32% for all cultivars. Characteristics of marketable jalapeno fruit were quantified from a sample of the earliest fruit harvested. Average fruit length ranged from 1.9 inches for 'Early Jalapeno' to 2.6 inches for 'Ebano'. Fruit width was between 0.9 and 1.0 inch among the cultivars. The ratio of fruit length to width ranged from 1.9 for 'Early Jalapeno' (more squat) to 2.8 for 'Jalapeno M' (more narrow). Wall thickness ranged from 0.148 inches for 'Ole' to 0.176 inches for 'Jalapa'. 'Jalapa', 'Ebano' and 'Early Jalapeno M' were not significantly different in fruit wall thickness. Cubanelle Pepper, fall 1994: Six cultigens of cubanelle pepper were evaluated in a replicated yield trial. Fruit were harvested without ripe coloring. Plants were grown as the fall 1994 bell pepper trail. All statistics were based on a randomized complete block design. Seasonal marketable yield after 4 harvests ranged from 591 28-1b cartons/A for SSC-12 to 904 cartons/A for 'Aruba'. 'Aruba' has the greatest yield of any entry. The number of fruit per plant ranged from 4.9 for 'Espana' to 7.1 for 'Aruba'. Average fruit weight was greatest for 'Espana' (3.4 oz) and 'Aruba' (3.3 oz). The proportion of fruit which was culled ranged from 27% for 'Aruba' to 42% for 'Pay Day'. Plant stands exceeded 93 % for all entries. Marketable fruit length at the first harvest ranged from 5.5 inches for 'Key Largo' to 6.3 oz for 'Aruba'. Fruit length was greatest for 'Aruba', 'Biscayne' and 'Espana', all at 6.1 inches or greater. 'Pay Day', 'Key Largo', and SSC-12 were all 5.5 to 5.6 inches in length. Wall thickness was greatest for 'Aruba' at 0.176 inches. All other entries were between 0.149 and 0.161 inches in wall thickness. BACTERIAL DISEASE RESEARCH J. B. Jones, H. Bouzar, G.C. Somodi, J. W. Scott, and R. E. Stall Until 1991 only one race of the bacterial spot pathogen existed in Florida. It was identified as race 1. However, in 1991 race 3 was observed for the first time in Florida and also in the world. We have been successful in identifying several genotypes which.have a high level of resistance to race 3. Currently, we are attempting to incorporate this and resistance to the typical race 1 strains into commercially acceptable genotypes. The ecology and epidemiology of the race 3 organism is currently being investigated by looking at the long term survival in crop residue and survival on weed species commonly found in Florida. The bacterium is able to survive for several months in crop residue that remains on the soil surface but it declines rapidly in tissue buried beneath the soil surface. In a very small sampling of weed species the race 3 pathogen was not detected. A strain of the race 3 pathogen was isolated from a commercial seedlot. We have tested the antibiotic, gentamycin, on tomato and pepper and it was shown to reduce disease severity of bacterial spot as well and in some instances better than to the standard copper-mancozeb combination. Further studies will be needed to demonstrate whether or not.this antibiotic is truly efficacious. We are continuing to screen for bacterial wilt resistant genotypes. Several wild genotypes have been shown to have high levels of resistance to bacterial wilt. We have also developed what appears to be a screening technique that is more reproducible than the techniques that we have used previously. The technique is based on using an air temperature adjusted to 32 C and a soil temperature at 24 C. In this manner the resistant genotypes are able to survive whereas the susceptible genotypes succumb to the disease. CONTROL OF FUNGUS INCITED DISEASES OF VEGETABLES J. P. Jones, S. S. Woltz, and J. W. Scott Fusarium Crown Rot of Tomato: A factorial experiment was carried out in the field in the fall of 1994 to determine the effect of crown rot (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici) on Sun Beam tomatoes. Factors evaluated were: soil fumigation vs no fumigation, infested soil vs noninfested soil, and inoculated plants vs noninoculated plants. Soil infestation and plants inoculation greatly affected yields, but soil fumigation did not. Putting inoculated plants into fumigated, noninfested soil reduced yields 35 %, infesting fumigated soil and using healthy transplants reduced yields 29%, and planting inoculated plants into infested, fumigated soil reduced yields 46%. Healthy plants in noninfested nonfumigated soil produced as well as healthy plants in noninfested, fumigated soil. Yields of inoculated plants in nonfumigated, noninfested soil were reduced 39%. Transplanting noninoculated plants into infested, nonfumigated soil reduced yields 28%, and putting inoculated plants into infested, nonfumigated soil resulted in a 55 % yield reduction. Control of Foliar Diseases of Tomato and Cucumber: Bravo 720 (1% disease) and Manzate 200 (2.5 % disease) applied once weekly to Sunny tomatoes resulted in excellent control of late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in the spring of 1993. Over 95 % of the foliage of the nonsprayed plants was diseased. Both fungicides greatly increased yields. DuPont 667 experimental fungicide applied once weekly to Poinsett cucumber resulted in excellent control of target spot (Corynespora cassiicola) in two field experiments during fall 1994. Bravo 720, Chipco 26019, and Manzate 200 also applied once weekly resulted in superior control. Yields were increased by 667, Brave 720, Chipco 26109, and Manzate 200. EVALUATION OF SPECIALTY VEGETABLES FOR COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION IN WEST CENTRAL FLORIDA D. N. Maynard The importance of specialty vegetable crops has increased substantially in recent years. Specialty vegetables are a diverse group that includes those vegetables grown on small acreages (formerly called minor crops), ethnic vegetables, gourmet vegetables, and miniature vegetables. Production of specialty vegetables offers the opportunity of diversification for large growers and production of high-value crops by small growers that permit them to be competitive in the market place. The dramatic increased popularity of specialty vegetables in the U.S. is related to a) increased awareness of ethnic vegetables among the population at large, and increased demand by the growing Hispanic-American and Asian-American communities; b) increased demand for new, unusual, or exotic vegetables by young, urban professionals; c) increased demand for gourmet vegetables by the food-service industry; and d) an increased awareness of the health and nutritional benefits of vegetables that contribute diversity to the diet, are high in nutrients and fiber, and low in calories, saturated fats, cholesterol, and sodium. Since these developments are driven by fundamental cultural, economic and demographic forces, it can be anticipated that they will continue for some time to come. Summary. The commercial production potential of specialty vegetables evaluated at the Gulf Coast Research and Education Center thus far is as shown below: Production Potential' Vegetable None Slight Some High Asparagus Garlic Globe Artichoke Leek Miniature Vegetables Okra Pepino Pepper: Scotch Bonnet Pumpkin: Halloween Tropical Production Potential1 Vegetable None Slight Some High Radicchio X Rhubarb X Shallot (sets) X (seeds) X Snowpea X Spinach X Tomato: Plum X Tomatillo X Watermelon: Icebox X Seedless X Witloof Chicory X 1Based on trials at Bradenton and current varieties and technology. VEGETABLE VIRUS MANAGEMENT J. E. Polston, D. J. Schuster, E. Hiebert, D. O. Chelemi, R. J. McGovern, S. E. Webb Tomato mottle virus. A two year experiment was conducted in Spring 1992 and 1993 to describe and study in detail the movement of TMoV in tomato fields in southwestern Florida. The study revealed that most plants were infected by viruliferous whiteflies coming into the field and that spread within fields was minor. This lack of spread within fields was due in large part to the frequent applications of insecticides targeting whiteflies. Virus incidence can be minimized by removing sources of virus inoculum such as fall tomato fields, U- picks, and other tomato fields which bridge the two seasons before transplanting spring tomatoes. Roguing of early infections will have little impact on TMoV incidence. A cooperative study with Immokolee pathologist on the identification of weed hosts of TMoV was concluded. Over 50 species of weeds were examined for infection by TMoV. Only one weed, Solanum viarum, was found infected by natural causes, and was able to be infected after whitefly inoculation with TMoV from infected tomato plants. Cooperated with J. Scott and D. Schuster to develop TMoV resistant tomatoes, primarily through the screening of breeding lines for presence of TMoV, using nucleic acid spot hybridization assay with a virus specific probe. Several different approaches were taken to increase mechanical transmission rates but none were found to be equal or superior to inoculation by whiteflies. Evaluations of the performance of TMoV resistant lines against TYLCV were conducted in the Dominican Republic. Several lines were found which gave high tolerance to both viruses. Selection will continue in the DR to develop lines with tolerance to both TMoV and TYLCV. Research is in progress to develop resistance to TMoV through genetic engineering using the approach of virus-derived resistance. Genes from TMoV were selected, placed in transformation vectors, transformed into tomato chromosomes using Agrobacterium. Tomato plants transformed with replication protein and a modified coat protein have been produced. These plants are now setting fruit and their progeny will be evaluated for resistance to TMoV infection. The transmission characteristics of TMoV by the B biotype of Bendsia tabaci are being studied in detail. The role of temperature, light intensity and aggregative behaviors will be examined for their impact on transmission efficiency. Factors which contribute to the variability in measuring whitefly transmission will be identified. The mechanism of transmission of geminiviruses by the whitefly B. tabaci biotypee b) is currently being studied. One early goal is to identify the path of the virus through the insect. Visualization of virus particles in the whitefly will be achieved through electron microscopy and in situ hybridization. This work is in progress and is being conducted by a postdoctoral research assistant located in Gainesville. A study was conducted (in cooperation with D. J. Schuster) on the effect of early planted squash on TMoV incidence in fall-planted tomato. Fields varied as to the number of days between squash and tomato transplants entering the field, and the number of rows of squash. TMoV impact was reduced by the presence of squash as shown by a comparison of areas under the disease progress curves. Incidence was especially reduced in those fields where squash was planted at least a week before the tomatoes and where the greater number of squash rows were present. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) was identified as the cause of a devastating disease of tomato in the Dominican Republic in March, 1994. In May, the same virus was found in Jamaica. The virus was cloned and partially sequenced and found to be essentially identical to TYLCV in Israel and Egypt. This is the first report of this virus outside the Mediterranean and the first report of such a virus in the Western Hemisphere. A study on the identification of the host range of TYLCV was conducted in cooperation with C. A. Serra, Entomologist, in the Dominican Republic. Approximately 6 new hosts have been identified and many export crops have been eliminated as possible TYLCV hosts, addressing several quarantine concerns. Other Tomato Viruses: A two year survey of viruses in tomatoes in the West Central and Southwest production areas was completed in the spring season, 1993. Approximately 1400 samples were assayed by ELISA and nucleic acid spot hybridization assay for ten viruses. It was found that there were a number of viruses present in tomatoes besides the geminivirus. Viruses that were detected were transmitted by aphids, whiteflies or thrips. The most prevalent viruses were potato virus Y (PVY), tobacco etch (TEV) and TMoV. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was detected only rarely. Many plants were assayed in which more than one virus was detected. A cooperative study with Immokolee pathologist, R. McGovern, on the viruses present in tropical soda apple, Solanum viarum, was concluded. Approximately 200 tropical soda apple plants from the fields were sampled and assayed for 12 solanaceous viruses. Tropical soda apple plants were found naturally infected with tomato mosaic virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tomato mottle virus and cucumber mosaic virus. This study shows that this new weed which is spreading rapidly through Florida is a potential weed reservoir of several tomato and pepper-infecting viruses, and has the potential to change the ecological dynamics of solanaceous viruses in Florida. Bean golden mosaic virus. Cloned, sequenced and described geminiviruses found in Phaseolus vulgaris from several areas in Florida. To date, three new geminiviruses or virus strains have been cloned from bean. Approximately 50 species have been tested to date as part of a study to describe the experimental host range of BGMV-FL (Florida strain) which was first seen in Homestead, FL in November 1992. Five legume species (four Phaseolus, one Macroptiliun) have been shown to be hosts of the virus. Six lines of Phaseolus vulgaris with resistance to BGMV (Puerto Rico) were evaluated for resistance to BGMV-FL. BGMV-FL overcame the resistance in all lines. These were developed with BGMV-PR and tested well against BGMV strains in Honduras, Puerto Rico and Guatemala (BGMV-Gua). BGMV-FL is 94% identical in nucleotide sequence to BGMV-PR and BGMV-Gua. Apparently even a small difference in sequence can result in significant differences in resistance. The Florida strain of BGMV is in many ways more aggressive than other BGMV strains studied. This study has demonstrated that resistance in bean to BGMV may not be as broad spectrum as assumed by some. Other: Two new geminiviruses or virus strains found in Sida spp. in Florida have been cloned, sequenced and will be describe biologically. A new geminivirus was found in December 1993 in Gypsophila paniculata (baby's breath) and Dianthus (carnation). A study was begun to characterize this viruses) through a limited host range, symptomatology, and sequencing of crucial parts of the genome. The virus apparently was only was present in the leaves of the baby's breath and carnation where a whitefly had fed. Virus disappeared after one week. Virus was not able to be recovered by whiteflies and transmitted to uninfected baby's breath seedlings. The virus was extracted from inoculated leaves and was amplified by PCR. Restriction analysis of PCR fragments indicated that this virus was previously unknown. This study demonstrates the tremendous sensitivity of PCR and the level of care required for correct interpretation of results. A comparison of different newly-developed techniques for the detection of whitefly- transmitted geminiviruses was completed in cooperation with pathologists at Gainesville and Immokolee. Aided in the development of an improved inclusion body-based technique with Immokolee pathologist, and in the development of a monoclonal antibody- based ELISA for detection of most whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses. VEGETABLE INSECT CONTROL D. J. Schuster, A. A. Csizinszky, J. E. Polston, M. Stevens, C. R. Thome, J. W. Scott, S. G. Muigai, D. Dean & P. A. Stansly Silverleaf (=sweetpotato) Whitefly. Tomatoes were grown on beds covered with commercial UV-reflective aluminum plastic mulches and compared to tomatoes grown on similar beds covered with conventional white plastic. Plants grown on beds covered with aluminum were infested with fewer silverleaf whiteflies (SLWF) and had a delayed incidence of tomato mottle virus (TMoV) relative to plants grown on beds covered with white plastic. Plants grown on beds covered with aluminum with a white strip down the middle (to reduce the effects of reflected heat from the aluminum) did not differ greatly from plants grown on beds covered with white plastic. Yields of tomatoes grown on UV-reflective mulches were not different from the yield of tomatoes grown on the white plastic mulch. Tomato plants treated at transplanting with the systemic insecticide imidacloprid (Admire) had fewer SLWF nymphs and a lower incidence of TMoV than tomato plants grown without insecticide treatment for SLWF in two experiments at GCREC and two experiments on commercial tomato farms. Results with imidacloprid were as good as or better than results with up to twice weekly foliar applications of conventional, nonsystemic insecticides. Resistance of the tomato pinworm to methomyl was measured in the field using a pheromone trap bioassay. LC5o resistance ratios in tomato pinworm adults ranged from 15-60 thus indicating moderate to high levels of resistance. The baseline toxicity of tomato pinworm larvae to the new insecticide AC303,630 was determined in the laboratory for five field strains. Resistance ratios comparing LC5o values of a lab strain with the field strains ranged from 1.13 to 1.35 indicating all field strains are susceptible. In a field trial on tomato, varying nitrogen/potassium ratios did not influence greatly the number of SLWF nymphs on foliage or the incidence of irregular ripening (IRR) of tomato fruit. Spraying tomatoes three times weekly with alternated classes of insecticides did result in reduced numbers of SLWF nymphs and reduced incidence of IRR. In laboratory studies, azadirachtin, bifenthrin and insecticidal soap were less toxic to lacewing eggs than mineral oil. Bifenthrin was more toxic residually to lacewing adults than azadirachtin, bifenthrin or insecticidal soap. Rates of 1 and 2% mineral oil resulted in greater residual mortality of lacewing larvae than was observed in checks. Similar rates of insecticidal soap and comparable field rates of azadirachtin did not. Tomato germplasm derived from crosses of Lycopersicon esculentum with L. pennellii supplied by Dr. Martha Mutschler of Cornell University was found resistant to the sweetpotato whitefly, Liriomyza spp. leafminers, and the tomato pinworm in the field. Trichome counts and a modified stickiness test were found unacceptable for screening L. esculentum X L. pennellii germplasm in the seedling stage for resistance to the SLWF. The modified stickiness test was found acceptable for screening germplasm in the field but was found to be affected by age of leaf, by side of plant evaluated, and by the presence of TMoV symptoms. An F3 population varying widely in stickiness, was evaluated in the field and indicated that stickiness and acyl sugars were negatively correlated with SLWF feeding and oviposition, and positively correlated with days to TMoV acquisition. Eight F4, five F3BC2F2, and 30 F5 families were evaluated for resistance to SLWF in the field. Of about 350 plants evaluated for stickiness and horticultural traits, 52 were selected for low TMoV symptom expression, high stickiness, and fruit-set. Six F6 plants, two F3BC1F4 plants and four F, plants indicating high levels of SLWF resistance were selected from L. esculentum x L. pennellii populations to be backcrossed to 11 L. esculentum breeding lines. These backcrosses resulted in 29 lines (BC2's or BC3's). Two determinations were made when the Fi's were field tested: 1) The SLWF resistant parent plants were still heterozygous as was indicated by wide phenotypic variability in the F,'s; 2) Resistance to SLWF appears to be controlled by additive-dominance. When using TMoV symptoms as a monitor of SLWF activity, susceptible parents were all infected less than a month after transplant, whereas, many of the F,'s were still healthy after two months and most of the resistant introgressed parents were still uninfected with TMoV at three months. TMoV inoculation of seedlings using viruliferous SLWF adults confined either on individual plants using clip cages or on groups of plants in styrofoam trays was unsatisfactory. A method using viruliferous SLWF released into small, insect-proof greenhouses was used successfully for screening 7,800 seedlings from 275 breeding lines. The lines were derived from 7 L. chilense accessions and were in FBCiS,, FiBC1S2, or FjBC2 generations. About 2,700 plants were transplanted to the field and 276 selections were made for TMoV tolerance. Twelve of the lines derived from the 7 L. chilense accessions were screened for tomato yellow leaf curl virus in the Dominican Republic and all had tolerance to this virus. The best lines have minor symptoms and resistance appears to be controlled by several genes. Of 32 accessions of Lycopersicon spp. evaluated in the greenhouse for their impact on the SLWF, highest adult mortality and lowest oviposition occurred on the L. pennellii accessions although mortality and oviposition on L. hirsutum accessions were lower than the 'Solar Set' check. Some accessions lost the high levels of resistance as leaves aged. Weekly trapping in west-central Florida in 1993 indicated that incidence of TMoV was higher, especially in the fall, than in 1992. Populations of the SLWF were also higher. An epidemiology study indicated that, at least in the spring, spread of TMoV is secondary, although primary spread may be important where new tomato fields are planted adjacent to or near old, abandoned fields. Weekly trapping in west-central Florida in 1994 indicated that incidence of TMoV was lower, especially in the fall, than in 1993. Populations of the SPWF were also lower. Squash was evaluated in commercial tomato fields as a potential trap crop for SLWF. Squash planted in six rows along one half of one side of tomato fields in the fall of 1993 resulted in fewer SLWF and less TMoV on adjacent tomatoes. Squash planted in three rows had no such effect on adjacent tomatoes. In the fall of 1994, squash planted in six rows along one half of one side of three commercial tomato fields resulted in more silverleaf whiteflies on adjacent tomatoes. The incidence of plants with TMoV symptoms was not affected. A twice weekly survey of unsprayed tomatoes indicated that populations of the predators Oriu insidiosus (minute pirate bug), Geocoris sp. (big-eyed bugs), hemerobiids (brown lacewings) and chrysopids (green lacewings) tended to fluctuate with populations of SPWF adults. Spiders tended to be the first predators detected and Orius the most abundant. Intensive sampling for SLWF adults and nymphs and for plant viruses was conducted on a mixed-crop organic farm in southwest Florida. Whiteflies appeared to migrate into the crops in the fall and reach their highest levels early in the season. However, increasing activity of parasitic wasps such as Encarsia pergandiella corresponded to decreasing SLWF populations. A mathematical model was developed to describe the development and movement of SLWF populations in a small mixed-cropped vegetable farm. In spring field trials on tomato, Admire, CGA 215944, SN 85292, and the combinations of Ambush/Monitor, Danitol/Monitor, and Warrior/Monitor resulted in fewer crawlers, sessile nymphs, pupae and pupal exuviae of the sweetpotato whitefly compared to the check. Other Vegetable Pests. In field trials on pepper, treatments which resulted in the lowest amount of internal feeding damage by the pepper weevil included Asana XL, Lorsban, Warrior, Kryocide, and Vydate. Pheromone components were evaluated in yellow sticky traps for their potential for attracting and capturing adults of the pepper weevil. The baited traps tended to capture more adults relative to unbaited traps when pepper weevil populations were low but not when populations were high. Thrips were collected in yellow pan traps twice weekly. Thrips species which were trapped included Frankliniella bispinosa, Thrips tabaci, F. williamsi F. occidentalis, F. tritici and F. fusca. The former two species were the most abundant. A new membrane type formulation for applying the tomato pinworm pheromone was evaluated for mating disruption on the summer crop at GCREC. The formulation was effective in reducing captures of tomato pinworm males in pheromone baited traps to less than 90% of captures in untreated fields. Unfortunately, the summer fields were planted adjacent to the old spring fields that were heavily infested and economic damage occurred despite treatment with pheromone. TOMATO BREEDING RESEARCH J. W. Scott Variety Releases (1994) 1) Equinox: Is a heat tolerant hybrid somewhat similar to Solar Set but with a smoother blossom-end scar which allows for spring as well as fall production. Seed will be available in August from Agrisales. 2) Neptune: Is open-pollinated, tolerant to bacterial wilt and has heat tolerant fruit set. It is for testing in bacterial wilt infested fields-not a commercial shipping type. 3) Micro-Gold: Is a miniature-dwarf tomato similar to Micro-Tom but with gold colored fruit. Primary use is for the nursery industry. Breeding Line Releases (1994) 1) Fla. 7547: Resistant to Fusarium wilt races 1,2, and 3 with very good color and flavor, jointed pedicels. 2)Fla. 7481: Isogenic jointless pedicel line similar to above but flavor is milder. Bacterial Spot Race 3 Resistance This work is in cooperation wih J. B. Jones and G. C. Somodi at GCREC, and Bob Stall of Plant Pathology in Gainesville. In 1991 we found a new race of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria which was virulent on our resistance derived from Hawaii 7998. In the summers of 1992 and 1993 accessions were tested for resistance. The best source of resistance was Hawaii 7981 which like Hawaii 7998 had been bred for bacterial wilt resistance in Hawaii. We had tested Hawaii 7981 for race 1 resistance in 1984 and found it was susceptible. In 1994 we conducted genetic studies and found this resistance is controlled by a single, incompletely dominant gene. A field test will be repeated in 1995 to confirm this inheritance. The resistance is being backcrossed into our race 1 resistant breeding lines and some other breeding lines. Tomato Mottle Virus (TMoV) Resistance This work is in cooperation with Dave Schuster and Jane Polston. In 1990 resistance was found in the wild species Lycopersicon chilense. Fifteen interspecific hybrids were obtained from eight accessions. Over 570 backcross plants were then obtained mostly by embro rescue. Since then about 40,000 plants have been screened for TMoV. High levels of resistance have been obtained which appear to be multigenic in nature. At present we think the best resistance has been derived from LA 1938 and LA 2779, but we are still working with LA 1932, LA 1961, LA 1963, LA 1968, and to a lesser extent LA 1959. Crossing was also done between some of the LA 1938 derived lines and a tolerant L. pimpinellfolium accession and this material has a high level of resistance. In 1994 and 1995 the best TMoV resistant lines were tested for resistance to the devastating tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in the Dominican Republic with the cooperation of Dr. Colmar Serra of the Instituto Superior de Agricultura. The TMoV bred lines also had a very good level of resistance to this whitefly vectored virus which is encouraging for future breeding efforts with this material. TYLCV is now in Cuba and it will probably be just a matter of time before it arrives in Florida. Fusarium Crown Rot Resistance This work is in cooperation with J. P. Jones. Populations derived from L. pennellii accession LA 1277 have had good resistance over several seasons of disease screening. Crosses are underway to provide generations for genetic and allelism experiments. In the long term this resistance could be valuaable in developing resistance to this pathogen in case there are problems with the existing source of resistance. WATER MANAGEMENT FOR VEGETABLES C. D. Stanley, B. L. McNeal, Johann Scholberg, Jim Jones, A. G. Smajstrla, P. R. Gilreath, J. Creighton, R. Clarke Effect of Water Table Level on Vegetable Production Using The Fully Enclosed Subirrigation (FES) System: Studies were conducted for three years with tomato and bell pepper crops grown with a float switch-controlled fully enclosed subirrigation (FES) system. Static water table depths of 18, 24, and 30 inches below the top of bed were used in combination with nitrogen fertilizer rates of 160, 230 and 300 lbs/acre. The objective of the study was to determine whether there would be a detrimental effect on yield and quality of fruit caused by lowered water table depths and/or fertilizer rates. Results consistently showed no negative impact of the lower water table depths or fertilizer rates. Soil determinations showed that with the 18 and 24-inch water table treatments, soil moisture in the upper 12 inches of the soil profile was maintained at field capacity, while with the 30-inch water table treatment, field capacity was maintained in the 6-12 inch depth, and fell below field capacity in the upper 6 inches. Indication were that the lower water table levels required less water, were more able to take advantage of rainfall, and were less susceptible to bed saturation during high rainfall periods. Tomato and Pepper Growth Model Development: Several seasons of data have been collected on tomato and pepper growth characteristics (including roots) which are being used to develop growth models which will be used to simulate growth response to various environmental and management conditions. Adaption and modification of a greenhouse tomato growth model, TOMGRO, and a generic growth model, CROPGRO, to fit the cultural and genetic conditions of field-grown tomato is currently underway. Water Requirements For Bell Peppers: Field drainage lysimeters are being used to estimate water requirements for bell pepper growth and development. This study was initiated in 1992 and is in its last season of data collection, water use information will be compared with weather data estimating reference evapotranspiration so that crop coefficients can be developed to be used for irrigation scheduling purposes. Effective Use of Rainfall For Semi-enclosed Subirrigation Versus Fully Enclosed Subirrigation: A field study to determine the differences between the fully enclosed subirrgation and semi-enclosed subirrigation systems in the effective use of rainfall is currently underway. The objectives of this study include evaluating effective rainfall and irrigation requirements under different irrigation system designs, soil types, water table positions, irrigation management programs, etc. using a constructed field level FES water table computer model. The developed model will be limited in scope to evaluate generic field conditions for comparative purposes. Measured field results will be used for model calibration and verification. Existing large scale models (USES or DRAINMOD) will be investigated for verification purposes. Lake Manatee Water Quality Demonstration Project: The Lake Manatee Watershed Demonstration Project was established in 1990 through the interagency cooperation of the Cooperative Extension Service (CES), Soil Conservation Service (SCS), and the Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (ASCS) as part of a national USDA Water Quality Initiative. Its primary long-term goal is to accelerate voluntary adoption of improved agricultural management practices which minimize nutrients (primarily nitrates) loading of Lake Manatee, a source of drinking water for the majority of Manatee and Sarasota counties. Agricultural activities include citrus, vegetable, and cattle production. The objectives of this project are being achieved through voluntary cooperation of agricultural producers which allow water quality data to collected on site, initially, to determine the impact of present management practices on water quality. Producers were encouraged to try improved management practices which were also monitored for water quality changes. Results show that subirrigated vegetable production tends to encourage the process of denitrification to occur causing losses of N in a gaseous form. This project facilitated the development and improvement of the fully enclosed subirrigation system (FES). Impact of Agricultural Activity in Lake Manatee Watershed on Water Quality in Lake Manatee: Lake water quality data collected since 1983 were analyzed to determine if different parameters that were measured were correlated with periodic algal blooms which cause taste and odor problems for this drinking water source. Additional work was directed at determining whether changes in agricultural activity (acreage amounts or type of agriculture (citrus, vegetable, or cattle production)) in the watershed could be linked with algal bloom events. Preliminary results from this study will be discussed. TOUR 1 VEGETABLE CROP IMPROVEMENT Page TOPIC 40 General Tomato Breeding I J. W. Scott 42 Southern Tomato Exchange Program (STEP) Tomato Trial J. W. Scott 44 Tomato Fruit Quality J. W. Scott, E. Baldwin. R. Shewfelt 45 Advanced Tomato Breeding Line Trial J. W. Scott 47 Rain Check Inheritance C. Emmons and J. W. Scott 49 General Tomato Breeding II J. W. Scott 51 Tropical Pumpkin Breeding D. N. Maynard 53 Bell Pepper Cultivar Trials T. K. Howe and W. E. Waters 55 Cubanelle Pepper Cultivar Trial T. K. Howe and W. E. Waters 56 Cucumber Cultivar Trial T. K. Howe and W. E. Waters 57 Tomato Cultivar Trials T. K. Howe, J. W. Scott, W. E. Waters 60 Watermelon Hollowheart D. N. Maynard 61 Watermelon Variety Evaluation D. N. Maynard 63 Seedless Watermelon Variety Evaluation D. N. Maynard 65 Asparagus Production Feasibility Study -,D. N. Maynard ~2.. GENERAL TOMATO BREEDING I J. W. Scott Location: Block J, Lands 8-10, 13 Objective: To develop improved tomato breeding lines and varieties with traits not yet available to the Florida tomato industry. This includes improved fruit setting ability and superior eating quality. CroM: Tomato, transplanted Feb. 22-Mar 7, 1995 Operations: A) Blossom-end scar smoothness: Lines are in land J8.Breeding for smooth blossom-end scars is done by use of 3 different blossom-end morphology genes which causes immature fruit to have nippled blossom ends but which are smooth without nipples at maturity. Previous research indicated that hybrids between parents with different genes are smooth without the chance of undesirable nipples in ripe fruit. Thus, the genes are being incorporated by modified backcrossing into advanced parental lines. B) Extended Shelf Life: Lines are in land J8. Two strategies are being employed to obtain this characteristic. One involves use of the ripening inhibitor gene (rin). When hybrids are made between lines with this gene and normal tomatoes, the shelf life is increased allowing for shipment at harvest stages beyond mature-green. This is the type of tomato presently being grown in Mexico. The other approach is to breed for a greater level of firmness which I refer to as ultra- firmness. C) Heat tolerance: Lines are in lands J9&10. Heat tolerant lines are selected in the summer but assayed in the spring to evaluate the overall adaptibility of the lines. Growth in the spring gives a better indication of blossom scar smoothness, fruit size potential, and to verify ability to set fruit in cold weather. D) Male-sterility: Lines are in land J8. The gene ms-35 and either aa or Prx-2 linked marker genes are being incorporated by modified backcrossing into inbreds which are used as tester stocks for hybrid combining ability. Hybrid seed production is facilitated by elimination of emasculation. E) Parthenocarpy: Lines are in land J9. Plants with this trait set fruit without seed under stress environments, thus it is a characteristic used to expand the fruit setting ability of tomatoes. The trait works best under cool conditions but also has application to high temperature conditions. Emphasis is placed on obtaining large fruited types with good firmness. One line is being considered for release in the Advanced Trial described elsewhere. F) Cherry tomatoes: These are in land J8. A small cherry tomato breeding program is maintained with the goal to release breeding lines to the seed trade. Emphasis is placed on obtaining sweet flavor. Some cherry work is carried out in all breeding projects. G) Ornamental Tomato Breeding: Cooperator is Brent Harbaugh. Plants are in land 016. Micro-Gold a miniature dwarf with gold colored fruit was released in 1994 as a companion variety to Micro-Tom. Present lines were derived from crosses of red and gold fruited mini-dwarfs with a high sugar line. Selections are for good horticultural type and sweet flavor. Lines are also being grown in pots in a greenhouse to assess their performance . SOUTHERN TOMATO EXCHANGE PROGRAM (STEP) TOMATO TRIAL J. W. Scott Block J, Land 14 To provide yield and quality data on breeding lines being considered for release by University Breeding Programs. Tomato, transplanted March 6 Operation: A. Replicated Trial STEP # Pedigree University Flora-Dade STEP 737 STEP 740 STEP 744 STEP 746 STEP 753 STEP 755 STEP 757 NC 9119 Aul x 69 NC 92191 NC 92244 Fla. 7579 NC 92212 NC 93274 Florida-check line (sn) North Carolina State Auburn North Carolina State North Carolina State Florida North Carolina State North Carolina State B. Observational Trial STEP # Pe ligree University Flora-Dade STEP 745 STEP 750 STEP 754 STEP 756 STEP 758 STEP 760 STEP 761 STEP 762 STEP 763 STEP 764 STEP 765 STEP 766 STEP 767 NC 92218 ISU 7042 Fla. 7603 NC 93248 ISU 7012 ISU 7065 Fla. 7307 Fla. 7658 Fla. 7514 Fla. 7580 NC 9267 NC 92196 NC 92198 Florida-check line (s) North Carolina State Iowa State Florida North Carolina State Iowa State Iowa State Florida Florida Florida Florida North Carolina State North Carolina State North Carolina State Location: Snmmary: Replicated trial is a randomized block design with 3 blocks and 10 plants per plot. Yield data will be taken on the replicated trial. Notes as to defects, taste, color, firmness, and yield will be made on observation entries and notes on the former 4 will be taken on the replicated trial. STEP trials are grown at several locations in the southeastern U.S. In the observation trial, recommendations are made to drop the line, continue to look at it, or move it to the replicated trial. Data are useful in assessing adaptation and making release decisions. TOMATO FRUIT QUALITY Location: Objective: Crop: Operation: J.W. Scott, Elizabeth Baldwin1, and Rob Shewfelt2 Block J, Land 14 To measure sugars, acids, and volatiles of tomato genotypes and compare results to taste panel preferences to gain a better understanding of the chemistry of good tomato flavor. Tomato transpaanted Feb. 30, 1995 Field E201 E202 E203 E204 E205 E206 E207 E208 E209 E210 E211 E212 E213 E214 E215 Materials Solar Set Equinox Fla. 7579 Sunny Olympic Lenor NC13G (7171x7403)F6 [7547x(7060xBR200)] [7171x{7060Cx(7060xBR200)]} {7060x[7171x(7214xBR200)]} Rutgers Fla. 7060 Fla. 7171 Brassy Comments hi firm NC hi firm Fla. rin Fl's rin Fl's rin Fl's Completely randomized block design with 3 blocks and 10 plants per line. Cultigens will be tasted by several people in blind tests to select diverse types for detailed testing. Fruit of selected cultigens will be harvested at mature- green, breaker, and table ripe stages to compare fruit chemistry and taste once the fruit are ripe. SUSDA at Winter Haven, FL 2 University of Georgia, Athens GA ADVANCED TOMATO BREEDING LINE TRIAL J. W. Scott Location: Objective: Crop: Operation: Block J, Land 15 To compare "Elite" breeding lines for release potential. Tomato, transplanted March 2, 1995 A. Globe, race 3, FCR & Parth, Groups (jo) Pedigree Fla. 7060 Fla. 7482B NC84173-S Solar Set Agriset 761 Equinox Fla. 7547 Fla. 7613 Fla. 7599c (7060x7480)-BK-4-1-2 (7060x7480)-BK-4-2-1 (7060x7480)-BK-4-3-1 [7412(7220x7228)]-BK-l-l-1 (7171x7404)-BK-4-2-1-1 (7482Bx7464)-1-3-1 Comment2 1-3 heat tolerant 1-3 R seg 1-3 R seg 1-3 R seg I-3 RR parth FCR resistant race 3 (1-3)=Fusarium wilt race 3 resistant, FCR=Fusarium crown rot resistant, parth = seedless B. Heat tolerant plus resistance to: bac spot, bac wilt, or race 3 Comment4 Pedigree Fla. 7171 Fla. 7324 Solar Set Equinox Agriset 761 Fla. 7485 source of 930405-BK HTBS Field# E301 E302 E303 E304 E305 E306 E307 E308 E309 E310 E311 E312 E313 E314 E315 Field# E321 E322 E323 E324 E325 E326 E327 Fa. 7550B HTBS E328 Fa. 7597B HTBS E329 Fla. 7479 HTBS E330 [7324x(7237x72440)]F5 HTBS E331 BS F6 HTBS E332 {7217D[(7060xH7998)x7165A]}F8 HTBS E333 Fla. 7619 HTBS E334 Fla. 7493 HTBS E335 Neptune HTBW E336 (7420x7312D)F5 HTBSW E337 (7421x7409)F5 HTBSW open, E E338 (7421x7345)F6 HTBW E339 (7421x7236)F7 4 HT=heat tolerant, BS=bacterial spot tolerant, BW=bacterial wilt tolerant, BSW=bacterial spot and wilt tolerant C. Jointless Field# Pedigree Commentx E341 Bonita E342 Colonial E343 Fla. 7481 I-3 R E344 (7182x7340)F8 E345 Fla. 7423 E346 [(7344x7402)G2x7481]F4 1-3 R seg E347 [7547x(7182xE317)]F3 1-3 R E348 [7309Cx(7220x7228)C1]F5 I-3 R seg E349 [7482x(7220x7228)Bl]F5 1-3 R seg E350 (7340x7319)F8 E351 Fla. 7647 E352 <7309Cx{7309Bx[SCx(7065xNC140)]} > F5 x I-3 =Fusarium wilt race 3 resistant Three completely randomized block designs with 3 blocks and 10 plants per plot. Lines will be evaluated visually and those that show promise will be harvested to obtain yield data. Fruit will also be used to measure fruit chemistry, firmness, and interior & exterior color. Data will be used to support release of the best lines. RAIN CHECK INHERITANCE Cheryld Emmons and J. W. Scott Location: Objective: Crop: Operation: Block J, Land 16 & 17 To determine the genetic control of resistance to rain check (cuticle cracking) in tomato. Tomato, transplanted March 8, 1995 RET JD# PPDTri1R P rnMMFl.1NTz A. Parents E911 E912 E913 E914 E915 E904 E905 B. F1 C28 x FM9 C28 x 7181 C28 x SC C28 x 7497 FM9 x 7181 FM9 x SC FM9 x 7497 7497 x 7181 7497 x SC SC x 7181 PEDICEL JxJ JxJ JxJ JxJ Jxj JxJ JxJ Jxj JxJ Jxj (C28 x 7181) BK (C28 x SC) BK (C28 x 7497) BK (7181 x 7497) BK C-28 FM-9 Suncoast Fla. 7181 Fla. 7497 Fla. 7481 Fla. 7547 VR R VS VS R E916 E917 E918 E919 E920 E921 E922 E923 E924 E925 SHAPE rxr rxr rxg rxg rxr rxg rxg gxr gxg gxr CHECK RxR RxS RxS RxR RxS RxS RxR RxS RxS SxS C. F2 Lines E926 E927 E928 E929 - ----, ---- i YV\-Y V~ 111 D. Backcross Lines C28 x (C28 x 7181) C28 x (C28 x SC) C28 x (C28 x 7497) 7181 x (C28 x 7181) 7181 x (7181 x 7497) SC x (C28 x SC) 7497 x (C28 x SC) 7497 x (7181 x 7497) z R=Resistant, VR=Very Resistant, g=Globe, J=Jointed, VS=Very Susceptible, r=Round, S =Susceptible, j= Jointless The above genetic lines will be used in a diallel and/or generation-means genetic analyses. A completely randomized block design with 4 blocks is being used with the following plant numbers at 8 plants per plot: 32 for parents and F,'s, 128 for backcrosses (4 plots/block), and 192 for F2's (6 plots/block). Fruit will be harvested for each plant individually and scored for incidence and severity of rain check at 3 harvest times. Information obtained will be useful in breeding for resistance to this disorder. SUMMARY: Data from a 1994 diallel analysis of rain check inheritance indicated harvest was highly significant for the proportion of fruit showing check (increased with each harvest). Further analysis was conducted on a by harvest basis. Genetic control was mainly from additive gene effects with partial dominance towards resistance. Broad sense heritability ranged from 0.67 to 0.89 over the three harvests. Narrow sense heritability ranged from 0.54 to 0.69 from harvests 1 to 3. General combining ability was significant, but specific combining ability was not. The experiment also indicated that there were no reciprocal differences between F,'s for rain check. This analysis will be compared to 1995 results. The 1995 analyses will include estimation of genetic and environmental variance components. E930 E931 E932 E933 E935 E936 E938 E939 GENERAL TOMATO BREEDING H J. W. Scott Location: Block J, Lands 10-12; Block A, Lands 16-18; Block B, Lands 11-15 Objective: To develop breeding lines and varieties resistant to pathogens or insects which are of concern to the Florida tomato industry. Crop: Tomato, transplanted Feb. 23 March 23, 1995 Operations: A) Fusarium wilt race 3 resistance: Cooperator is J.P. Jones. These lines are in J10. Breeding lines Fla. 7547 and Fla. 7481 which have jointed andjointless stems, respectively, were released last year. There are increasing acreages around Florida and elsewhere which are having problems with this disease. Several inbreds with very large, globe-shaped fruit are being trialed in the Advanced trial and possibly one will be released in the near future. Also of interest is the hybrid Fla. 7658 which is being trialed in the state wide trial system. It is a cross with Fla. 7547. B) Fusarium crown rot resistance: Cooperator is J. P. Jones. These lines are in J12. This disease has been a problem primarily in southwest Florida as well as several areas around the world. Some hybrids are being tested for commercial potential. If present lines are not adequate to make acceptable hybrids, another round of crosses should remedy the situation. C) Bacterial Spot Resistance: Lines are in J11 &12. It has been difficult to evaluate lines with race 1 resistance due to the prevalence of race 3 for the past 3 yesrs. The best lines are screened for hypersensitivity in a growth chamber and for horticultural type in the field. A few lines with heat tolerance may have some potential to make hybrids and, if so, would be released as breeding lines in the next year or so. Resistance to race 3 has been identified and this resistance is being backcrossed into the best race 1 resistant inbreds. D) Bacterial wilt resistance: Lines are in J12 and B15. This disease causes major losses in humid tropical regions and in north Florida. It has been difficult to obtain breeding lines with resistance equal to the accessions used as sources of resistance. 'Neptune' was released as an open-pollinated variety last year. It has moderate resistance and is the parent in Fla. 7514 which is being tested in the state-wide trial system. This hybrid may have some utility in bacterial wilt infested fields. E) Tomato Mottle Virus Resistance. Cooperators on this project are Dave Schuster and Jane Polston. Breeding lines are in lands B11-14. Resistance has been introgressed from seven accessions of the wild species L. chilense. Lines at the 2- leaf stage were placed in greenhouses with viruliferous silverleaf whiteflies for 2 weeks and then were transplanted to the field where whiteflies were allowed to thrive. Plants are rated for virus symptoms two times during the year and selections of the best resistant plants will be made. F) Silverleaf whitefly (SLWF) resistance: Cooperator on this project is Dave Schuster. This project is in land B15. Resistance is derived from L. pennellii and L. hirsutum. Lines are at the F3 stage after two crosses to tomato. Selections for SLWF resistance are based on the time the plants are free of TMoV virus which is carried by the SLWF. Thus selections of virus free plants or those with only late infection are made. Single seed descent procedures are also being used with this material. TROPICAL PUMPKIN BREEDING D. N. Maynard Location: Objective: Planted: Fertilization: Block 0, Lands 2,3 To develop short-vined tropical pumpkins calabazaa) with high yields of quality fruit. 20 March 1995 Incorporated; 0-20-0 6 lb/100 lbf Banded; 18-0-25 15 lb/100 lbf Spacing: Beds are on 9 ft centers; bush types are planted at 3 ft in-row spacing; vining types are planted at 4 or 20 ft in-row spacing. Entry & Plot No.: Bush Entries: 1. C42-1-9 2. C42-1-11 x La Primera 3. C42-1-9 x La Segunda 4. C42-1-9-4 x L.C.P. 5. C42-1-9 x Seminole 6. C42-1-9-5 x Soler 7. G38-2 8. G38-2 x L.C.P. 9. G38-2 x Seminole 10. G38-2 x Soler 11. G39-5 12. G39-5 x L.C.P. 13. G39-5 x Seminole 14. G39-5 x Soler Vining Entries: 15. La Primera 16. La Segunda 17. L.C.P. 18. Seminole 19. Soler Vining Observation Entries: Panama Javrahdale Type Nicaragua 220 Nicaragua 233 Nicaragua 234 Nicaragua 612 Nicaragua 617 Nicaragua 2231 (Sunseeds) Yield, fruit characteristics, and fruit quality data will be obtained on bush inbreds and hybrids. Hybrid seed will be made between bush inbreds and vining inbreds. The vining observation entries will be selfed to increase the seed supply. Operation: BELL PEPPER CULTIVAR TRIALS T. K. Howe and W. E. Waters Location: Objective: Block O, Land 10 To evaluate yield and horticultural characteristics of bell pepper cultivars and advance breeding material harvested at the mature green stage. Bell pepper; transplanted March 2, 1995; double row; 11 spacing; 5 ft bed spacing, no staking. x 10 inch plant Replicated Harvested Entries King Arthur (race 2)1 Valiant Capistrano X3R Camelot (races 1,2,3) X3R Aladdin (races 1,2,3) PSX 271092 (races 1,2,3) XPH 12101 XP 12106 XPH 12111 XPH 12112 XPH 12113 (yellow) XPH 12114 Whopper Improved Sentinel (races 1,2) Admiral (races 1,2) Guardian (races 1,2) PEP 6047A Boynton Bell (races 1,2,3) PR 93-2-1 (race 2) PR 9300-5 (races 1,2,3) PR 9300-8 (races 1,2,3) Bonita FM 284 Pimlico Bell King Estar Tazza Nun 8605 ACX 94 PO 15 Petoseed Petoseed Petoseed Petoseed Petoseed Petoseed Asgrow Asgrow Asgrow Asgrow Asgrow Asgrow Rogers Rogers Rogers Rogers Rogers Pepper Research Pepper Research Pepper Research Pepper Research Ferry-Morse Ferry-Morse Harris Moran Harris Moran Nunhems Nunhems Nunhems Abbott & Cobb Crop: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. ACX 94 PO 16 Ssupersweet 860 (yellow) NVH 3091 NVH 3085 Acapulco HMX 5640 HMX 3665e HMX 3666a Observational Harvested Entries 38. Jupiter 39. PEP 3392 40. PEP 3365 41. NVH 3093 42. NVH 3081 43. Valencia 44. Flamingo (precocious yellow) 45. DSP-215 (mini bell) 46. Jalapeno 47. FMX 1145 48. Ssupersweet 862R Abbott & Cobb Abbott & Cobb Rogers Rogers Vilmorin Harris Moran Harris Moran Harris Moran Rogers Rogers Rogers Rogers Rogers Rogers Harris Moran Daehnfeldt Asgrow Ferry-Morse Abbott & Cobb Bacterial spot race resistance Operation: The trial will be harvested at the mature green stage. Samples of fruit will be measured to determine pod dimensions, wall thickness and lobe number. Yields will be computed by weight for each harvest and for the entire season. Subjective evaluations will be made for plant size, uniformity and habit, foliage cover, fruit habits, fruit color and incidence of disease or insect pests. CUBANELLE PEPPER CULTIVAR TRIAL T. K. Howe and W. E. Waters Block O, Land 10 west end Objective: To evaluate yield and horticultural characteristics of various cubanelle peppers. Cubanelle pepper; transplanted March 2, 1995; double row; 11 x 10 inch plant spacing; 5 ft bed spacing; no staking. Biscayne Aruba Key Largo Pay Day SSC 12 Petoseed Rogers Harris Moran Market More Shamrock Operation: The entries will be harvested at the appropriate market stage. Samples of fruit will be measured to determine pod dimensions, wall thickness and shape characteristics. Yields will be computed by weight for each harvest and for the entire season. Subjective evaluations will be made for plant size, uniformity and habit, foliage cover, fruit habit, fruit color, and incidence of disease or insect pests. Location: Crop: CUCUMBER CULTIVAR TRIAL T. K. Howe and W. E. Waters Location: Objective: Crop: Block O, Land 1 To evaluate yield and horticultural characteristics of cucumber cultivars and advanced breeding material of slicing cucumbers. Slicing cucumber; direct sown March 6, 1995; single row; on plant per hill; 12 inch hill spacing; 5 ft bed spacing. Autograph Signature Centurion Everslice Val-U-More Blend 110 Lightning Striker Thunder Sunre 3727 Sunre 3774 General Lee Zenith FMX-5055 FMX-5056 FMX-5057 Raider HMX 0431 HMX 1433 HMX 3422 Flora-Cuke Superslice Paska Petra Market More Market More Rogers Rogers Abbott & Cobb Asgrow Asgrow Asgrow Sunseeds Sunseeds Ferry-Morse Ferry-Morse Ferry-Morse Ferry-Morse Ferry-Morse Harris Moran Harris Moran Harris Moran Harris Moran Agrisales Agrisales Nunhems Nunhems Operation: Fruit will be harvested at the appropriate market length. Fruit will be graded into U.S. Fancy, No. 1 and No. 2 grades then counted and weighed. Focus will be placed on early yielding ability seasonal percentages of the three grades of fruit, and percentage of the seasonal yield at each harvest. TOMATO CULTIVAR TRIALS T. K. Howe, J. W. Scott and W. E. Waters Location: Block O, Lands 12,13 Objective: Crop: To evaluate yield and horticultural characteristics of tomato cultivars and advanced breeding material harvested at the mature green stage and beyond. Fresh,market tomato; transplanted February 23, 1995; single row; 24 inch plant spacing; 5 ft bed spacing; staked; not pruned. Replicated Harvested Entries Merced Bonita Sunny Solar Set Sunbeam Solimar Sunpride XPH 10046 NC 92191 Mountain Fresh RXT 3002 RXT 3096 Agriset 761 PSR 826693 HMX 4700 HMX 2824 Equinox Fla 7514 Fla 7578 Fla 7579 Fla 7658 Rogers Rogers Asgrow Asgrow Asgrow Asgrow Asgrow Asgrow NCSU Ferry-Morse Rogers Rogers Agrisales Petoseed Harris Moran Harris Moran GCREC GCREC GCREC GCREC GCREC Observational Harvested Entries Spica FMX 174 DRW3234 (rin) FM 207 ESL Daehnfeldt Ferry-Morse DeRuiter Ferry-Morse FM 209 ESL FM 215 ESL FT 4023 Ferry-Morse Ferry-Morse Rogers Observational Unharvested Entries RXT 3083 RXT 3145 RXT 4029 FT 4010 FT 4026 Tango 2-237 Florasette XPH 10010 XPH 10035 XPH 10047 HMX 2822 HMX 3790 HMX 3791 HMX 3793 HMX 3800 HMX 3829 Agriset 775 Broadway Dynasty Marinda Resal PSR 843294 PSR 861794 PSR 888894 Callisto NC 9022 NC 9267 (yellow) NC 9380 (plum) NC 9219 NC 92198 NC 92212 NC 92218 NC 93274 NC 93317 NC 93321 NC 94231 Rogers Rogers Rogers Rogers Rogers Rogers Rogers Asgrow Asgrow Asgrow Asgrow Harris Moran Harris Moran Harris Moran Harris Moran Harris Moran Harris Moran Agrisales Nunhems Nunhems Nunhems Nunhems Petoseed Petoseed Petoseed Daehnfeldt NCSU NCSU NCSU NCSU NCSU NCSU NCSU NCSU NCSU NCSU NCSU 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. NC 94255 Fla 7307 Fla 7642 Fla 7643 Fla 7645 Fla 7580 Fla 7605 Fla 7648 Fla 7651 Fla 7682 Fla 7683 Fla 7684 Fla 7685 Fla 7686 Fla 7687 Fla 7688 Fla 7689 Fla 7690 Fla 7691 LM 317 ESL LM 411 ESL Sunex 6620 Operation: The replicated trial (4 plots per entry) and selected observational entries (single plots) will be harvested at the mature green stage or beyond and the fruit sized as in commercial practice. Marketable yields will be assessed for each harvest and for the entire season. Subjective evaluations of the unharvested observational entries will be made for fruit characteristics, plant habit and general adaptability to Florida production. NCSU GCREC GCREC GCREC GCREC GCREC GCREC GCREC GCREC GCREC GCREC GCREC GCREC GCREC GCREC GCREC GCREC GCREC GCREC Shamrock Shamrock Sunseeds WATERMELON HOLLOWHEART D. N. Maynard Location: Objective: Planted: Transplanted: Fertilization: Spacine: I. Effects of N Treatments: Block 0, Land 15 To obtain information on factors affecting the incidence and severity of hollowheart. 23 February 1995 20 March 1995 Incorporated; 0-20-0 6 lb/100 lbf Banded; 18-0-25 15 lb/100 lbf Beds are on 9 ft centers; in-row spacing is 3 ft. & K Additional Fertilizer Total Fertilizer 1. 0-0-0 130-60-180 2. 190-0-0 320-60-180 3. 0-0-180 130-60-360 4. 190-0-180 320-60-360 Varieties: Jack of Hearts Sangria II. Onset of hollowheart Varieties: Jack of Hearts Sangria Fruit sampled 5,10,15,20,25,30,35 days after set and the incidence and severity of hollowheart measured. WATERMELON VARIETY EVALUATION D. N. Maynard Location: Objective: Planted: Fumigation: Fertilization: Spacing: Block 0, Lands 16,17,18,19 To determine yield and quality of 32 experimental lines and varieties of watermelons. 21 February 1995, ditch beds of each land MC-33 2.3 lb/100 lbf Incorporated; 0-20-0 6 lb/100 lbf Banded; 18-0-25 15 lb/100 lbf Beds are on 9 ft centers; in-row spacing is 3 ft; 8 and 15-20 plants per plot for replicated entries and observational entries, respectively. Located in ditch rows in each land. Entry & Plot No.: plicated Entries Baron (ASM 6564) Desert Storm Ferrari Fiesta Patriot Regency Royal Majesty Royal Star Royal Sweet RWM 118 RWM 121 Sangria Summer Flavor 420 Summer Flavor 500 SWM 2301 SWM 3303 W0013 W0053 WM 8007 WM 8025 Lot No. Source 40502 C-1 IV 303 A 30179 C-5 1068 1099 WV 4137 WV 4152 CV 4125 334396 4034TR000322T 151680 151580 N94F 9021 x 9023 N94F 9007 x 9005 American Sunmelon Abbott & Cobb Shamrock Rogers Abbott & Cobb Petoseed Petoseed Petoseed Petoseed Rogers Rogers Rogers Abbott & Cobb Abbott & Cobb Sakata Sakata Pioneer Pioneer Rogers Rogers Rej 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Observational Entries CLF 4008 CLF 4009 W0008 W0050 W3062 WM 8005 WM 8010 WM 8018 WM 8021 WM 8022 WM 8024 WM 8026 N94S 8009 x 8004 N94F 9012 x 9011 N94S 8018 x 8004 N94S 8020 x 8005 N94F 9007 x 9010 N94F 9011 x 9008 N94F 9008 x 9039 Operation: Watermelons will be harvested at marketable maturity, counted, weighed individually, assessed for internal quality, and soluble solids determined. Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Rogers Rogers Rogers Rogers Rogers Rogers Rogers SEEDLESS WATERMELON VARIETY EVALUATION D. N. Maynard Location: Objective: Planted: Transplanted: Fumigation: Fertilization: Spacing: Block 0, Lands 16,17,18,19 To determine yield and quality of 49 experimental lines and varieties of seedless watermelon. 25 January 1995 6 March 1995, center beds of each land. MC-33 2.3 lb/100 lbf Incorporated; 0-20-0 6 lb/100 lbf Banded; 18-0-25 15 lb/100 lbf Beds are on 9 ft centers; in-row spacing is 2.5 ft; 6 plants per plot for replicated entries and 10 plants per plot for observational entries. Located in center rows of each land. Entry & Plot No.: Replicated Entries Lot No. Source Ace of Hearts ASM 4064 ASM 4064F ASM 5064 Crimson Trio Deuce of Hearts F94 V23 F94 W23 Flordalee III Genesis King of Hearts Merrilee III Queen of Hearts Revelation Scarlet Trio Ssupersweet 2532 1018 1001 264333 Petoseed American Sunmelon American Sunmelon American Sunmelon Rogers Petoseed CFREC-Leesburg CFREC-Leesburg Pioneer Shamrock Petoseed Pioneer Petoseed Shamrock Rogers Abbott & Cobb 17. Ssupersweet 5032 18. Ssupersweet 5244 19. Tri-X-313 20. W0010 21. W0016 22. W0037 23. W0038 24. W3022 25. W3023 26. W3027 27. WM8008 28. WM8009 Observational Entries 29. CLF 4001 30. CLF 4005 31. CLF 4044 32. F94 V21 33. F94 W21 34. W0014 35. W0027 36. W3003 37. W3006 38. W3008 39. W3009 40. W3010 41. W3014 42. W3021 43. W3024 44. W3048 45. W3055 46. W3059 47. W3060 48. W3069 49. WM8019 374479T 374475 Lot No. Abbott & Cobb Abbott & Cobb American Sunmelon Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Rogers Rogers Source Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer CFREC-Leesburg CFREC-Leesburg Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Rogers Operation: Watermelons will be harvested at marketable maturity, counted, weighed individually, assessed for internal quality, and soluble solids determined. ASPARAGUS PRODUCTION FEASIBILITY STUDY D. N. Maynard Location: Objective: Planted: Fertilization: Spacing: Irrigation: Entries: Block L, Land 12 To determine the feasibility of commercial asparagus production in southwest Florida One-year old crowns planted on 18 February 1991 Preplant; 50-200-100 lbs N-P205-K20/acre Fertigation; to provide 100-0-100 lbs N-P205-K20/acre Beds on 5 ft. centers; in-row spacing is 18 in. Drip tubing installed on bed surface 1. Apollo 2. Syn 4-362M 3. Syn 4-51 4. Syn 4-53 5. Syn 4-56 6. Syn 4-MD10 7. UC 157F, 8. Viola California Asparagus Seeds & Transplants Nourse Farms, Inc. Nourse Farms, Inc. Nourse Farms, Inc. Nourse Farms, Inc. Nourse Farms, Inc. California Asparagus Seeds & Transplants California Asparagus Seeds & Transplants Operation: Small harvests were made in winters 1992-1995. Yields are generally low and spear size is small. VC 157 F, is the best variety thus far. TOUR 2 VEGETABLE CROP PROTECTION Page TOPIC 68 Fusarium Genetics J. W. Scott and J. P. Jones 69 Biological Control Of Race 1 Of The Bacterial Spot Pathogen By Race 3 Strains Of The Same Organism J. B. Jones, H. Bouzar, G. C. Somodi 70 Resistance of Lycopersicon Accessions To Bacterial Wilt J. W. Scott, J. B. Jones, and Gail C. Somodi 71 Bacterial Wilt Resistance-Fruit Size Experiment J. W. Scott, J. B. Jones, and Gail C. Somodi 72 Cucumber Target Spot Experiment J. P. Jones 73 Crown Rot of Tomato Experiment J. P. Jones, S. S. Woltz, J. W. Scott 74 Evaluation of Admire For Control of TMoV Incidence J.E. Polston, D.J. Schuster 75 Tomato Mottle Resistance From Line 608 J. W. Scott and P. D. Griffiths 77 Tomato Mottle Virus (TMoV) Resistance Trial J. W. Scott, D. J. Schuster, J. E. Polston 79 Inheritance of Tomato Mottle Virus Resistance J. W. Scott, P. D. Griffiths 80 Evaluation of Insecticides For Pepper Weevil Control D. J. Schuster 82 Evaluation of Insecticides For Armyworm And Tomato Pinworm Control - D. J. Schuster 84 Evaluation of Insecticides For Silverleaf Whitefly Control D. J. Schuster 86 Evaluation of UV-Reflective Mulches For Silverleaf Whitefly and TMoV Control- D. J. Schuster, A. A. Csizinszky, J. E. Polston 87 Life Table Analysis Of Mortality Caused By Beneficial Insects D. E. Dean and D. J. Schuster 88 Verification Of Field Resistance. Of Wild Tomato Germplasm To Silverleaf Whitefly S. G. Muigai. D. J. Schuster, J. W. Scott 66 TOUR 2 VEGETABLE CROP PROTECTION (cont.) Page TOPIC 89 Evaluation Of Tomato Accessions For Resistance To Silverleaf Whitefly - R. Golub, H. J. McAuslane, D. J. Schuster 90 Evaluation Of Cornell University Tomato Germplasm For Insect Resistance - D. J. Schuster and M. A. Mutschler 91 Evaluation Of A Silverleaf Whitefly Threshold For Irregular Ripening - D. J. Schuster 92 Methyl Bromide Alternatives, Experiment 2: Effect Of Tillam On Efficacy Of Soil Fumigants For Control Of Nutsedge And Soil Borne Diseases J. P. Gilreath, J. P. Jones, A. J. Overman, J. W. Noling 94 Methyl Bromide Alternatives, Experiment 1: Nutsedge And Soil Borne Disease Control With Fumigant And Tillam Combinations And Effect Of Planting Time Interval On Phytotoxicity Of These Combinations To Tomato J. P. Gilreath, J. P. Jones, A. J. Overman, J. W. Noling 96 Methyl Bromide Alternatives, Experiment 3: Effectiveness Of Herbicide Combinations With Telone C-17 For Nutsedge Control And Crop Phytotoxicity - J. P. Gilreath, J. P. Jones, A. J. Overman, J. W. Noling FUSARIUM GENETICS J. W. Scott and J. P. Jones Location: Objectives: Crop: Operation: Block A, Land 16 1) To characterize genetically a new source of resistance to Fusarium crown rot (Fusarium oxysporum F.sp. radius- lycopersici) derived from L. pennellii. 2) To break the linkage between genes which confer resistance to Fusarium wilt (F_ oxysporum F.sp. lycopersici) races 2 and 3. Tomato, transplanted March 27, 1995 1) In the past, selections were made for crown rot resistance in populations derived from a cross between tomato and L_ pennellii accesssion LA 1277. At the 2-leaf stage these plants were inoculated with the crown rot pathogen in a growth room. Four lines appeared to be homozygous resistant and were transplanted to the field. Crosses will be made from these to determine inheritance of the resistance and the allelism relationship with the existing source of resistance. 2) For several seasons populations derived from a backcross of 'Bonny Best'(susceptible to all Fusarium races) and LA 716 (resistant to all 3 Fusarium races) have been screened for races 1, 2, and 3 of the pathogen. Selectons were made based on segregation patterns indicative of crossing-over between races 2 and 3, a linkage which has not been broken to date. Progeny from plants selected this season will be screened again in the fall to determine if the linkage has been broken. Lines with race 2 or race 3 resistance alone would be useful in various scientific studies. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF RACE 1 OF THE BACTERIAL SPOT PATHOGEN BY RACE 3 STRAINS OF THE SAME ORGANISM J. B. Jones, H. Bouzar and G. C. Somodi Location: Objective: Treatments: Operation: Summary:; Block A, Land 16 To determine if the race 1 pathogen of the bacterium can be controlled by a race 3 strain on a race 3 resistant (race 1 susceptible) tomato genotype Tomato, cultigen Hawaii 7981 1. A suspension of the race 1 pathogen applied alone applied at the beginning of the season 2. A suspension of race 3 applied every 7 days and race 1 applied twice (one day after the first application of the race 3 pathogen and 4 days after the second race 3 application 3. A suspension of race 3 applied every 7 days Treatments were begun April 6 by applying a bacterial suspension of the race 3 pathogen to the foliage of the appropriate treatments in the early morning. On April 8, a suspension of the race 1 pathogen was applied to the appropriate treatments. All plots will be rated weekly for disease severity once disease begins to develop on the tomato leaflets. In greenhouse and laboratory experiments the race 3 strain has been shown to be inhibitory to the race 1 strain. When the race 1 and race 3 strain are coinoculated in tomato plants in the field, the race 3 strain predominates. It is believed that routine applications of the race 3 strain to race 3 resistant genotypes will effectively reduce the population of the race 1 pathogen and result in reduced disease severity. Location: Objective: Cropi Operation: RESISTANCE OF LYCOPERSICON ACCESSIONS TO BACTERIAL WILT J. W. Scott, J. B. Jones, and Gail C. Somodi Block A, Land 18 To find an improved source of resistance to bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum). Tomato, transplanted March 22, 1995 Fied l Pedioree .Snpeiepz Cnmmtent H 7997 Fla. MH-1 LA 751 PI 129145 PI 246585 PI 251311 LA 750 PI 129152 PI 129149 PI 246586 PI 251310 PI 251312 penn peru peru peru penn peru peru peru peru peru R control S control Best of Sp Best of Sp Best of Sp Best of Sp New New New New New New SL. penn=L. pennellii, L. peru=L. peruvianum Completely randomized block design with 3 blocks and 10 plants per plot. At 30 days past the cotyledon stage plants were inoculated with 5 ml of 108 cfu/ml of the pathogen in the greenhouse. After transplanting, plants were rated weekly for disease symptoms. Summary: In spring 1994, 30 accessions were screened and 4 had a good level of resistance. These four plus six additional accessions are being tested here to confirm/determine their resistance level. If any have resistance greater than Hawaii 7997, our main source of resistance, introgression of the resistance genes to tomato will be done. E451 E452 E453 E454 E455 E456 E457 E458 E459 E460 E461 E462 -'-'1 I --rPediargeVVLY~~- C BACTERIAL WILT RESISTANCE-FRUIT SIZE EXPERIMENT J. W. Scott, J. B. Jones, and Gail C. Somodi Location: Objective: Crop: Operation: Summary: Block A, Land 18 To confirm that previously selected lines with fruit size greater than Hawaii 7998 are resistant to bacterial wilt. Tomato, transplanted March 22, 1995 Lines 2080-2085 were derived from a cross of Hawaii 7998 and Fla. 7060. They were planted in a completely randomized block design with two blocks and 10 plants per plot. At 30 days past the cotyledon stage plants were inoculated with 5 ml of 10' cfu/ml of the pathogen in the greenhouse. After transplanting, plants were rated weekly for disease symptoms. Test lines were selected for their greater fruit size and resistance to bacterial wilt last year as part of an ongoing project to obtain good resistance in lines with large fruit. If good resistance is found in any of the lines, they will be crossed to a large-fruited breeding line and eventually selected again for larger fruit size and resistance. Such lines have not yet been obtained after considerable breeding effort. CUCUMBER TARGET SPOT EXPERIMENT J. P. Jones Location: Objective: Block A, Land 19 Evaluate fungicides, applied once and twice weekly, for the control of target spot (Corynespora cassiicola) Treatments And Rates (per 100 gal): Chipco 26019 2.0 lb Chipco 26019 2.0 lb DuPont 667 24.2 oz DuPont 667 24.2 oz DuPont 667 48.4 oz DuPont 667 48.4 oz DuPont 874 6.0 oz DuPont 874 6.0 oz Manzate 200 2.0 lb Manzate 200 2.0 lb Bravo 720 2.0 pt Bravo 720 2.0 pt Benlate 1.0 lb Benlate 1.0 lb Noninoculated -- Inoculated -- Once Weekly x Twice Weekly Operation: Poinsett cucumber were sown March 17, 1994. First spray applied April 10. Target spot diseased cucumber plants were spread in the inoculated controls on April 14. Incomplete CROWN ROT OF TOMATO EXPERIMENT J. P. Jones, S. S. Woltz, J. W. Scott Location: Objective: Treatments: Operation: Results: Block A, Land 20 Determine effect of crown rot (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis- lycopersici) on tomato yield. 1. Soil fumigated + noninfested soil + healthy plant 2. Soil fumigated + noninfested soil + inoculated plant 3. Soil fumigated + infested soil + healthy plant 4. Soil fumigated + infested soil + inoculated plant 5. Nonfumigated soil + noninfested soil + healthy plant 6. Nonfumigated soil + noninfested soil + inoculated plant 7. Nonfumigated soil + infested soil + healthy plant 8. Nonfumigated soil + infested soil + inoculated plant Soil was fumigated with methyl bromide;chloropicrin March 7, 1995 and was artificially infested with F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis- lycopersici April 5. Inoculated and noninoculated (healthy) plants (Solar Set) were set Arpil 5, 1995. Incomplete EVALUATION OF ADMIRE FOR CONTROL OF TMoV INCIDENCE J. E. Polston and D. J. Schuster Location: Objective: Treatments: Operation: Block A, Lands 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, Evaluate effect of Admire on incidence of TMoV and Bemisia tabaci populations Tomato, cv. Sunny; transplanted February 22, 1995 A. Admire (applied at transplanting, Feb. 22, 1995, 3.424 oz A.I. / acre linear bed feet) supplimented with foliar applied insecticides for the first two weeks after transplant and again when efficacy decreases (approximately 10 weeks post transplant). B. Control (no insecticides with efficacy against whiteflies applied) C. Foliar insecticides (weekly rotation of the following, week 1: Thiodan, Asana + Lorsban, week 2: M-pede, Danitol + Monitor). Foliar treatments are applied on Monday and Thursday, one insecticide application per day. There are 5 plots per treatment arranged in a modified Latin Square design. Plots are separated by at least 40 feet of either tomatoes or bare land. Data on TMoV incidence, whitefly populations, and yield is taken from 20 plants in each of 4 rows (80 plants per plot) in the center of each plot. Leaf turn-counts of whitefly immatures and adults are taken weekly (20 leaves per plot). Yellow sticky traps (4 per plot), included as a second method of estimating whitefly populations, are examined and replaced weekly. Plants are examined weekly for symptoms of TMoV, and infection by TMoV is confirmed by laboratory assays. Fruit will be harvested at least twicefrom non-infected plants to determine if the use of Admire has any effect on yield. Admire (imidacloprid) is a relatively new systemic insecticide designed to kill whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci). It's effect on the incidence of whitefly- borne viruses and on yield of tomato is the focus of this study. This field experiment is the third trial at this location in which Admire is being compared to a combination of foliar applied insecticides and to no insecticides for whitefly control. Previous trials have shown Admire to have no effect (spring 1994), and a dramatic decrease (fall, 1994) on incidence of TMoV. TOMATO MOTTLE RESISTANCE FROM LINE 608 J.W. Scott and P. D. Griffiths Location: Objective: Block B, Land 6 Line 608 has resistance to TMoV from L. chilense and L. pimpinellifolium sources of resistance. Twenty-five single plant selections were made from line 608 which varied in disease symptoms from mild to none. The objective here is to see how disease symptoms this year correlate with last season's symptoms and to see if a homozygous resistant line can be obtained. Tomato transplanted March 13, 1995 Operation: Field# ',tmmsh r^AWW'a"5L Solar Set PI 211840 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-5-28 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-3 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-4 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-5 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-6 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-7 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-8 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-11 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-12 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-13 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-14 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-15 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-16 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-17 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-18 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-19 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-20 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-21 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-22 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-23 Susc. control L. pimp. control 685-28(670-5) type R 670-14 w/o oc typeR Fall = 1, 1 Fall = 1, 1.5 Fall = 1, 1.5 Fall = 0.5, - Fall = 2, 2 Fall = 1, 1 Fall = 0, 1 gd. Fall = 0, 1 Fall = 2, - Fall = 1, 1 Fall = .5, .5 Fall = 2.5, - Fall = 0, 1 Fall = 1.5 gd. Fall = 2, 2 (H) Fall = 1.5, 1 Fall = 1.5, 2 Fall = 1.5, 1.5 Fall = 1.5, 1 E451 E452 E453 E454 E455 E456 E457 E458 E459 E460 E461 E462 E463 E464 E465 E466 E467 E468 E469 E470 E471 E472 E473 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-24 7412(7309xLA 1938)-4-4-12-14-16-25 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-28 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-29 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-30 7412(7309xLA1938)-4-4-12-14-16-31 672-OC Fall = Fall = Fall = Fall = Fall = Fall = L.pimp 0, 1 gd. 0, - 0.5,- 0.5, - 0, 1 (H) 1.5, 1 oc-Dom. Rep. zNumbers indicate Fall '94 virus ratings where O=no disease, 2=moderate disease (3 & 4 susceptible) Completely randomized block design with 3 blocks and 10 plants per plot. Plants were inoculated in a growth room at the 2-leaf stage with viruliferous whiteflies for 3 weeks and then transplanted to the field where the whiteflies were allowed to survive. Plants will be rated for TMoV symptoms 2 or 3 times during the season. E474 E475 E476 E477 E478 E479 E480 TOMATO MOTTLE VIRUS (TMoV) RESISTANCE TRIAL Location: Objective: Crop: Operation: J. W. Scott, D. J. Schuster, and J. E. Polston Block B, Land 5 To compare tomato genotypes bred for TMoV or Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) for resistance to TMoV. Tomato transplanted March 13,1995 FiplT1 CrSfr*Q ff DR if az ge uc oesa Solar Set D294-339 D294-340 DRD 8003 DRD 8004 DRD 8006 DRD 8009 DRD 8015 Tycoon F4 #227-1 F3 #134 F, #136 F, TY20 TYKING 672-OC 672 685-28 575 608-12 94E637F-12 94E591F-3 94E633F-23 94E624F-25 94E563F-35 571-1 592-6 790-1 FTM279-1 94E617F-25 94E600F-8 Lignon Susc. control LA 1969 Ty-1 gene LA 1969 Ty-l1 iso line F, LA 1969 F, LA 1969 F, LA 1969 FI LA 1969 F1 LA 1969 (No Germination) From L. pimpinellifolium (pimp.) From L. peruvianum (peru.) From L. chilense (LA1969) From L. peru. RI 126935 From L. peru. (?) LA 1938 x L. pimp. oc Dom. Rep. LA 1938-672 best LA 2938-670 best LA 1938 x L. pimp. F4 LA 1938 x L. pimp. LA 1938 LA 2779 LA 2779 LA 2779 LA 1932 F3 LA 1961 LA 1961 LA 1968 TY20 derived LA 1961 LA 1938 z LA numbers are accessions of L. chilense E401 E402 E403 E404 E405 E406 E407 E408 E409 E410 E411 E412 E413 E414 E415 E416 E417 E418 E419 E420 E421 E422 E423 E424 E425 E426 E427 E428 E429 E430 E431 Pedi ri p Completely randomized block design with 4 blocks and 10 plants per plot. When plants were at the 2-leaf stage they were placed in a greenhouse with viruliferous whiteflies for 3 weeks. Then they were transplanted in the field where whiteflies were allowed to reproduce. Plants will be rated 2 or 3 times during the year for TMoV severity. Summary: A similar trial with many of these lines was conducted in the Dominican Republic in cooperation with Dr. Colmar Serra of the Institute Superior de Agricultura except the lines were subjected to TYLCV. Data to date indicate that breeding for 1 of these viruses provides resistance to the other virus as well. INHERITANCE OF TOMATO MOTTLE VIRUS RESISTANCE J. W. Scott and P. D. Griffiths Location: Objective: Block B, Land 4 To obtain preliminary inheritance and molecular marker information on a tomato line with resistance derived from LA 1938. Tomato, transplanted March 13, 1995 Operation: Field (enerntinn PedigreeP 604 (685-28) Fa. 7324 (7324 x 604) 604 (7324 x 604) 7324 (7324 x 604) (7324 x 604) BK Resistant Parent Susceptible Parent Completely randomized block design with 4 blocks. Plot sizes vary with generation; parent and F, have 10 plants, backcrosses have 30 plants, and F, has 50 plants. Numbers vary due to limited seed of some lines. At the 2-leaf stage plants were subjected to tomato mottle virus (TMoV) in a growth room for three weeks. Then they were transplanted to the field where the whiteflies were allowed to survive. Plants will be rated for virus severity three times during the season. A generation means analysis will be used to determine the genetic control of resistance. Samples of DNA will be taken from resistant and susceptible F, plants in order to find randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to the resistance genes. E431 E432 E433 E434 E435 E436 P, P2 F, BCP1 BCP2 F2 Cnnmment Pediorref-- EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDES FOR PEPPER WEEVIL CONTROL D. J. Schuster Location: Objective: Crop: Treatments: Block B, Land 4 Evaluate new and old insecticides for management of the pepper weevil on pepper Pepper, cv Capistrano; Transplanted March 14 Check (water) Warrior (1EC 0.0251b ai) TD 2344-1 0.42EC (0.0351b ai) TD 2344-1 0.42EC (0.0251b ai) Baythroid 2EC (0.0441b ai) Provado 1.6F (0.0471b) CM-006 1%EC (30ozs*) CM-006 1%EC (40ozs*) CM-006 1%EC (50ozs*) Neemix 4.5% (0.5gal*) Neemix 4.5% (0.5gal*) + Cell-U-Wett (4.0ozs*) Dibrom 8EC (1.01b ai) Monitor 4EC (0.51b ai) Lorsban 50WP (1.01b ai) Vydate L 2L (1.01b ai) Kryocide 96% (81b*) *Amount of product Operation: Plots are single rows 12 ft long replicated four times in a randomized complete blocks design. Treatments were begun April 7 and are being applied weekly per acre at 60 psi with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer delivering 100 gpa. At least one harvest will be completed and all fruit with pepper weevil oviposition scars only and fruit with internal damage due to pepper weevil larval feeding will be counted and weighed. If armyworm larvae are present, each fruit will also be examined and scored for presence and severity of damage. If pepper weevil adults are numerous enough, at least one count of the number of adults on 25 terminals per plot will be completed. If armyworm larvae are numerous enough, a whole plant count of 10 plants per plot will be completed. If Summary: broad mites are present, the numbers of mites and eggs will be counted on 10 terminals per plot, each plot will be rated 1-24 for increasing foliar damage, and fruit will be scored for russetting damage. Vydate, Kryocide, Lorsban and Neemix previously have indicated potential in managing the pepper weevil on pepper. Lorsban has also provided control of the broad mite. EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDES FOR ARMYWORM AND TOMATO PINWORM CONTROL D. J. Schuster Block B, Land 10 Objective: Evaluate new and old insecticides for management of armyworm and tomato pinworm larvae on tomato. Tomato, cv Solar Set; Transplanted March 10 Treatments: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Check (water) Crymax WDG (1.01b*) Crymax WDG (0.51b*) Xentari WDG (1.01b*) MK-244 0.16EC (0.011b ai) + Leaf Act 80A (8fl oz*) AC 303,630 2SC (0.151b ai) AC 303,630 2SC (0.1051b ai) AC 303,630 2SC (0.0751b ai) AC 303,630 2SC (0.0451b ai) Spinosad NAF-144 (80.94gm ai) Spinosad NAF-144 (40.47gm ai) Spinosad NAF-144 (20.235gm ai) XDE 105 NAF-144 (10.118gm ai) XDE 105 NAF-144 (5.059gm ai) Spinosad NAF-127 (20.235gm ai) Larvin 80DF (0.401b ai) Larvin 80DF (0.251b ai) Sevin XLR Plus (2.01b ai) Sevin GEL (2.01b ai) Warrior 1EC (0.0251b ai) TD 2344-01 0.42EC (0.0351b ai) TD 2344-01 0.42EC (0.0251b ai) Lannate 1.8L (0.451b ai) Lorsban 50WP (1.01b ai) *Amount of product Plots are single rows 18 ft long replicated four times in a randomized complete blocks design. Treatments were begun April 3 and are being applied weekly per acre at 60 psi with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer delivering 60 to 120 gpa (increases as plants grow). If armyworm Summary: larvae are numerous enough, at least one whole plant or timed count of 10 plants per plot will be completed. At least one harvest will be completed and all fruit not damaged and those damaged by armyworm and tomato pinworm larvae will be counted and weighed. If appropriate, at least one tomato pinworm and one leafminer timed count will be completed. Crymax and Xentari are products containing Bacillus thuringiensis. AC 303,630, MK-244, Spinosad and Larvin have demonstrated good efficacy against lepidopterous larvae. EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDES FOR SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY CONTROL D. J. Schuster Location: Objective: Crop: Treatments: Block B, Lands 8 & 9 Evaluate new and old insecticides alone or combined for management of the silverleafwhitefly (SLWF), irregular ripening (IRR), geminivirus (TMoV), Liriormza leafminers (LM) and tomato pinworm (TPW) on tomato. Tomato, cv Solar Set; Transplanted March 10 1. Check (water) 2. Neemix 4.5% (3.5 oz*) 3. Neemix 4.5% (3.5 oz*) + HM 8802-A (0.5gal/100gal*) 4. Neemix 4.5% (3.5 oz*) + HM 8802-A (0.5gal/100gal*) 5. Silwet (12.8oz/100gal*) 6. V-71639** 0.83EC (20gm) 7. V-71639*** 0.83EC (20gm) & Danitol 2.4EC (0.21b ai) + Monitor 4EC (0.751b ai) 8. Warrior 1 CSO (0.031b ai) 9. Warrior 1 CSO (0.031b ai) + Monitor 4EC (0.751b ai) 10. Warrior 1EC (0.031b ai) + Monitor 4EC (0.751b ai) 11. Baythroid 2EC (0.0341b) + Monitor 4EC (0.751b ai) 12. Admire 2EC (16 ozs*), then Danitol 2.4EC (0.21b ai) + Monitor 4EC (0.751b ai) *Amount of product **Applied every two weeks. ***Applied V-71639 every two weeks alternated with Danitol + Monitor. Operation: Plots consist of three 12 plant rows 18 ft long replicated four times in a randomized complete blocks design. Treatments were begun March 14 and are being applied weekly on a per acre basis at 200 psi with a self-propelled high clearance sprayer delivering 60-120 gpa (increases as plants grow). At least two counts of crawlers, sessile nymphs and pupae of the SLWF will be made at about 8 and 12 weeks after first application. All plants in each plot are being inspected weekly beginning one week after transplanting for TMoV symptoms. The plastic soil mulch is being marked with paint for those showing definite symptoms. At least one harvest will be completed and at least 50 fruit per plot will be rated 1-4 for external symptoms of IRR. If populations warrant, one timed count .of tomato pinworm leafmines and leafrolls and one timed count leafininer leafinines will be completed. Pyrethroids (Baythroid, Warrior and Danitol) combined with organophosphates (ie. Monitor) have indicated good efficacy against the SLWF. Admire is a systemic insecticide applied to the soil at transplanting to give 6-8 weeks of control of the SLWF. Neemix is a product containing azadirachtin, an extract from seeds of the neem tree. These extracts have demonstrated activity against the SLWF in the laboratory and greenhouse. Objective: EVALUATION OF UV-REFLECTIVE MULCHES FOR SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY AND TMoV CONTROL D. J. Schuster, A. A. Csizinszky & J. E Polston Block B, Lands 2 & 3 Evaluate commercial and experimental UV-reflective plastic soil mulches for management of the silverleaf whitefly (SLWF), irregular ripening (IRR) and tomato mottle geminivirus (TMoV) on tomato. Tomato, cv Sunbeam; Transplanted February 28 Treatments: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Standard black plastic Silver band on black plastic Silver band on black plastic with painted black strip Aluminum foil on Edison plastic Aluminum foil on Edison plastic with black strip Silver band on white plastic Silver band on white plastic with painted black strip Plots consist of three 13 plant rows 21 ft long replicated four times in a randomized complete blocks design. Biweekly counts of crawlers, sessile nymphs and pupae on one terminal leaflet of one leaf per each of the middle 10 plants in the center row of each plot are being made. All plants in each plot are being inspected weekly for TMoV symptoms. The plastic mulch is being marked with paint for those showing definite symptoms. Weekly evaluations of SLWF adults are being made by the leaf turn method in the morning. Soil temperature, plant height, air temperature at 6 inches, and reflectance at 6 inches is being measured weekly during the season. At least one harvest will be completed and at least 50 fruit per plot will be rated 1-4 for external symptoms of IRR. If appropriate, a tomato pinworm and a leafminer timed count will be completed. The middle two plants of the center row of each plot will be vacuum sampled for predators at least once. Previous studies in small and large experiments have indicated that tomato plants growing on UV-reflective mulches have fewer alighting SLWF adults and a delayed incidence of TMoV. Furthermore, the air temperature above the UV-reflective is not increased nor is plant growth adversely affected. Location: Objective: Crop: Operation: Summary: LIFE TABLE ANALYSIS OF MORTALITY CAUSED BY BENEFICIAL INSECTS D. E. Dean and D. J. Schuster Block B East, Lands 1,2,and 3 To measure the mortality occurring at each stage of development in the life of the silverleaf whitefly (SLWF) caused by natural enemies and to partition the percent mortality among the various parasites, predators, and pathogens. Tomato, cv Solar Set; transplanted Feb. 28 Four successive generations of whiteflies will be monitored on 40 tomato plants throughout the season. Half of the plants will be protected from attack by natural enemies by using sleeve cages and half left open to attack. Each whitefly generation will be artificially established through the use of clip cages placed on terminal leaflets of the seventh leaf. A series of photographs taken on alternate days throughout each generation will give a permanent record for monitoring death of individuals at each stage of development. Potential and realized fecundity will also be established using stage- frequency analysis of density data taken during each generation. Throughout the period of time that data is gathered for the life table, leaves will be sampled for percent parasitism and death by pathogens. Weekly vacuum samples of predators will be submitted to an enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) for detection of SLWF egg antigen in the gut. Percent predation will be attributed to the various predators that are found to attack whiteflies using this assay. Sets of life tables for a series of generations of whiteflies will be analyzed to determine the ecological role that natural enemies play in suppressing their host population. The total mortality caused by natural enemies will be partitioned as closely as possible into the different sources of mortality in the following categories: pathogens, predators and parasites. VERIFICATION OF FIELD RESISTANCE OF WILD TOMATO GERMPLASM TO SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY S. G. Muigai, D. J. Schuster and J. W. Scott Location: Objective: Crop: Operation: Summary: Block B, Land 3 east and Block C, west two rows of Land 32 Verify field resistance to the silverleaf whitefly (SLWF) of selected single plants of wild species of tomato which have previously indicated resistance in a greenhouse screening trial. Tomato; Transplanted March 28 Accessions from which resistant plants were selected Lycopersicon pennellii: LA 716,, LA 1302 LA 1340, LA 1674, LA 2560, PI 246502 L. hirsutum f. typicum: LA 386, LA 1353, LA 1777, LA 1772, LA 1927, PI 127826, PI 127827 L. hirsutm f. glabratum: LA 1265, PI 126449 L. peruvianum: LA 2151, PI 127830 Accessions from which susceptible plants were selected L. esculentum: Solar Set L. pennellii: LA 2963 L. hirsutum f. typicun: LA 2155 L. hirsutum f. glabratum: LA 2144, PI 134417 L. peruvianum: PI 127830 Ten cuttings of single plants which previously indicated high to moderate resistance in the greenhouse to the SLWF and 10 cuttings of single plants which indicated low or no resistance were transplanted in three replicates. Resistance will be evaluated by taking periodic counts of SLWF adults and immature lifestages on foliar samples. Plants will also be assessed for the density of glandular trichomes which are associated with insect resistance. Eight plants of each of 32 accessions of four wild species of tomato were compared with Solar Set in an experiment in the greenhouse for resistance to the SLWF. The accessions chosen were known either to vary in the chemical constituents of glandular trichomes located on leaf surfaces or to vary in resistance to the SLWF or other pests. Results indicated that resistance was present at high levels in three of the plant species and that the resistance varied among and within accessions. Resistance indicated in the greenhouse needs to be confirmed in the field. Interspecific crosses will be made to develop breeding lines with multiple resistance to the SLWF. EVALUATION OF TOMATO ACCESSIONS FOR RESISTANCE TO SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY R. Golub, H. J. McAuslane and D. J. Schuster Location: Objective: Crop: Block C, two eastern rows of Land 32 Compare tomato cultivars with pubescent (hairy or wooly) and low pubescence accessions for effects on the oviposition and population development of the silverleaf whitefly (SLWF). Tomato; Transplanted March 21 Accessions: Tomato cultivars: Pubescent lines: Operation: Summary: Sunny, Ailsa Craig, Rutgers, San Marzano, Condine Red, Canary Export, VF145 and VF36 LA3186, LA1531, LA258, LA1908 and 3-71 Reduced pubescence lines: LA3172, 2-69, LA953, LA937, LA2015, 3-92 and 3-95 Eight to 10 transplants of each accession were planted in a completely random design. Beginning on April 13, the numbers of adults and immature lifestages of the SLWF will be assessed biweekly on two leaflets per plant. At least one sample will be examined using a scanning electron microscope to assess the densities of different types of trichomes (hairs) on each plant. Research with other host plants has indicated that pubescent plants are more preferred for egg laying by the SLWF. If this is true for tomato, developing non-pubescent tomato germplasm might be a feasible approach to reducing SLWF populations. EVALUATION OF CORNELL UNIVERSITY TOMATO GERMPLASM FOR INSECT RESISTANCE D. J. Schuster & M. A. Mutschler Location: Block C, middle two rows of Land 32 Objective: Evaluate tomato germplasm derived from a cross of cultivated tomato with the wild tomato, Lycopersicon pennellii, for resistance to insect pests, especially the silverleaf whitefly (SLWF). Crop: Tomato; transplanted March 23 Selected Germplasm: 1. Sunny (one 10 plant plot/rep) 2. Interspecific F1 from seed lot 937001X933001-27 (one 10 plant plot/rep) 3. BC2F3 from seed lot 949136-1 (four 10 plant plots/rep) Operation: Ten plant plots were transplanted into three replicates in a randomized complete block design. At least one count of eggs, crawlers, sessile nymphs and pupae of the SLWF will be made. Counts will be made on 2 terminal leaflets of 2 leaves from the middle third (about 7-8th leaf from the top) of each plant. At least one count of SLWF adults will be made on the terminal three leaflets of 2 upper leaves of each plant. All plants in each plot will be inspected weekly beginning one week after transplanting for TMoV symptoms. The plastic soil mulch will be marked with paint for those showing definite symptoms. At least one timed count of tomato pinworm leafmines and leafrolls per plant, one timed count of armyworm larvae per plant, and one timed count of leafminer leafmines per plant will be completed if infestations warrant. About 15 weeks after transplanting, leaf samples for measuring acylsugar concentrations will be collected. Plants that produce acylsugars will be evaluated for style exertion, fruit set and plant type. Either open pollinated fruit will be removed from the selected plants (if styles are sufficiently inserted) or self pollinations will be made in the field (if styles are not sufficiently inserted) and the plants or individual flower hands will be covered with cages. Summary: Previous evaluations have indicated that plants producing high quantities of acylsugars have also demonstrated resistance to the silverleaf whitefly, Liriomyza leafminers and the tomato pinworm. Backcrosses have hopefully resulted in improved fruit set. EVALUATION OF A SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY THRESHOLD FOR IRREGULAR RIPENING D. J. Schuster Location: Block C, Lands 30 & 31 Objective: Crop: Treatments: Operation: Evaluate silverleaf whitefly (SLWF) thresholds for irregular ripening (IRR) on tomato. Tomato, cv Solar Set; Transplanted March 13 1. No treatment for SLWF. 2. Spray when there are > 160 nymphs and pupae/20 disks. 3. Spray when there are >80 nymphs and pupae/20 disks. 4. Spray when there are >40 nymphs and pupae/20 disks. 5. Apply Admire* at transplanting followed by weekly applications of Danitol and Monitor. *Applied at 0.025gm/plant. Danitol + Monitor applied once within one day of transplanting and then weekly 6-8 weeks later. Plots consist of three 20 plant rows 30 ft long replicated four times in a randomized complete blocks design. Treatments were begun March 13 and will be continued as above. Applications of Danitol + Monitor will be applied at 200 psi with a self-propelled high clearance sprayer delivering 60-120 gpa (increases as plants grow). Weekly counts of sessile nymphs and pupae of the SLWF are being made on 20 15-mm disks and on whole leaflets and then the area of leaflets is being measured. Weekly counts of SLWF adults on the terminal three leaflets of 20 leaves are being made on 10 plants from the middle row of each plot. When thresholds are equalled or exceeded a combination of Danitol 2.4EC at 0.21b ai/acre and Monitor 4EC at 0.751b ai/acre will be applied. At least one harvest will be completed and at least 50 fruit per plot will be rated 1-4 for external symptoms of IRR and 1-5 for internal symptoms. Previous field cage studies have indicated a quadratic relationship between the number of SLWF nymphs on leaflets and the degree of IRR. This relationship needs to be confirmed in the field. Counting nymphs is time consuming; therefore, the relationship between the number of adults observed in leaf turns and IRR will be determined and compared to the relationship between the number of nymphs and IRR. METHYL BROMIDE ALTERNATIVES, EXPERIMENT 2: EFFECT OF TILLAM ON EFFICACY OF SOIL FUMIGANTS FOR CONTROL OF NUTSEDGE AND SOIL BORNE DISEASES J. P. Gilreath, J. P. Jones, A. J. Overman, & J. W. Noling Location: Objective: Crop: Treatments: Operation: Block C, Lands 6 & 7 1) Determine if Tillam affects the performance of fumigants or influences crop response to the fumigant when applied as a combination treatment. Tomato, cv Solar Set, transplanted 3 weeks after fumigation (1 March 1995) and Pepper, cv Capistrano, transplanted 4 weeks after fumigation (8 March 1995). No fumigant + Tillam Methyl bromide + Tillam Chloropicrin + Tillam Vapam + Tillam Basamid + Tillam Telone C-17 + Tillam No fumigant, no Tillam Methyl bromide Chloropicrin Vapam Basamid Telone C-17 Although this test area has little nutsedge, the effect of Tillam on the fumigants or the crop response to the fumigants can be evaluated. Innoculum of Fusarium wilt race 3 and Fusarium crown rot were applied to the soil in the test area prior to test initiation. Fumigants were applied 7 February 1995 as described in Experiment 1 on the preceding page. Application rates were as follows: methyl bromide (67/33) 350 lb./A, chloropicrin 350 lb./A, Telone C-17 - 35 gal/A, Vapam 100 gal/A, Basamid 400 lb./A, and Tillam - 4 lb.a.i./A. In all cases, Tillam was incorporated within 30 seconds of application and mulch was applied within 1 minute of fumigant application. Crop plant vigor was evaluated 2 and 5 weeks after planting and nutsedge counts are made every 3 weeks. Fusarium assessments are made weekly once the diseases are observed. Fruit Snmmay: will be harvested and graded and plant roots will be examined for root knot nematode galls after final harvest. Chloropicrin reduced tomato or pepper plant vigor whether applied alone or in combination with Tillam. Methyl bromide combined with Tillam stunted pepper plants, but had no effect when methyl bromide was applied alone. There is not sufficient nutsedge in the field to determine any effect on nutsedge efficacy and disease is just beginning. METHYL BROMIDE ALTERNATIVES, EXPERIMENT 1: NUTSEDGE AND SOIL BORNE DISEASE CONTROL WITH FUMIGANT AND TILLAM COMBINATIONS AND EFFECT OF PLANTING TIME INTERVAL ON PHYTOTOXICITY OF THESE COMBINATIONS TO TOMATO J. P. Gilreath, J. P. Jones, A. J. Overman, & J. W. Noling Location: Objective: Crop: Block C, Lands 4 & 5 1) Determine the time delay necessary for planting tomatoes following fumigation with various soil fumigants. 2) Determine the effectiveness of these fumigants for control of nutsedge and fusarium crown rot and fusarium wilt race 3 of tomato. Tomato, cv Solar Set, transplanted 2, 3, or 4 weeks after fumigation (16 February, 23 February, and 1 March 1995, respectively). Treatments: A. Fumigants 1. Non-fumigated 2. Methyl bromide (67/33, 350 lb./A) 3. Chloropicrin (350 lb./A) + Tillam (4 lb.a.i./A) 4. Vapam (100 gal/A) + Tillam (4 lb.a.i./A) 5. Basamid (400 lb./A) + Tillam (4 lb.a.i./A) 6. Telone C-17 (35 gal/A) + Tillam (4 lb.a.i./A) B. Planting date 1. 2 weeks after application 2. 3 weeks after application 3. 4 weeks after application Operation: Previous test areas had heavy infestations of nutsedge, but low survival rates for nematodes and soil-borne disease. Therefore, a new test area was chosen where nematode and disease populations could be increased. Unfortunately, this area does not have a heavy nutsedge population and has no nematodes at this time. Innoculum of Fusarium wilt race 3 and Fusarium crown rot were applied to the soil in the test area prior to test initiation. Fumigants were applied 1 February 1995. Methyl bromide, chloropicrin, and Telone C-17 were applied 8 inches deep with a super bedder fitted with 3 chisels per bed and Summary: with flow controlled by a Varea-meter using nitrogen gas as the propellant. Vapam was sprayed on the bed surface and incorporated 6 inches deep with a tractor-driven rototiller prior to finish pressing and plastic application. Basamid granules were manually spread on the bed and incorporated the same as Vapam. Tillam was sprayed on the bed surface and incorporated 2 to 3 inches deep after application of the associated fumigant. In all cases, mulch was applied within 1 minute of fumigant application. Crop plant vigor was evaluated 2 and 5 weeks after planting and nutsedge counts are made every 3 weeks. Fusarium assessments are made weekly once the diseases are observed. Fruit will be harvested and graded and plant roots will be examined for root knot nematode galls after final harvest. None of the alternative fumigants provided acceptable nutsedge control in previous tests. Combination of Tillam herbicide with Telone C-17 has provided good control of nutsedge, and some control of nematodes and soil- borne diseases. Preliminary work during the fall of 1994 indicates the addition of Tillam to each of the fumigant treatments can provide nutsedge control similar to methyl bromide; therefore, Tillam was combined with each of the alternative fumigants being investigated. Results with Basamid have been erratic. Proper application procedure for Vapam has been investigated in several experiments. The most consistent results with Vapam have been obtained with spraying on the soil surface and rototiller incorporation. Fusarium crown rot has not been controlled by any of the fumigants in previous seasons; whereas, some control of Fusarium wilt race 3 has been observed with all of the above listed materials. Root knot nematode control was best with methyl bromide, chloropicrin, and Telone C-17; however, the population was never high enough for a definitive test. Preliminary results of the current experiment indicate that under cold soil conditions, planting must be delayed at least 3 weeks after application of Telone C-17 and chloropicrin at the rates indicated or stunting may occur. METHYL BROMIDE ALTERNATIVES, EXPERIMENT 3: EFFECTIVENESS OF HERBICIDE COMBINATIONS WITH TELONE C-17 FOR NUTSEDGE CONTROL AND CROP PHYTOTOXICITY J. P. Gilreath, J. P. Jones, A. J. Overman, & J. W. Noling Location: Objective: Block E, Land 5 Identify herbicides which provide effective nutsedge control when combined with soil fumigation by Telone C-17 and are not injurious to tomato and pepper. Tomato, cv Sunbeam, and Pepper, cv Jupiter, after fumigation (4 April 1995, respectively). transplanted 19 days Treatments: 1. Nontreated 2. C-17 3. C-17 4. C-17 + Tillam 5. C-17 + Tillam 6. C-17 + Tillam 7. C-17 + Tillam 8. C-17 + Devrinol 9. C-17 + Dual 10. C-17 + Dual 11. C-17 + Cobra 12. C-17 + ASC-67040 Operation: Historically, this field has had a moderate level of infestation with purple nutsedge, but sometimes in spring it is late emerging. The field was not inoculated with any disease. Treatments were applied Rate/Acre 0.0 21.4 gal 21.4 gal 21.4 gal 4 lb.a.i. 21.4 gal 4 lb.a.i. 21.4 gal 4 Ib.a.i. 21.4 gal 4 lb.a.i. 21.4 gal 2 lb.a.i. 21.4 gal 1 lb.a.i. 21.4 gal 2 lb.a.i. 21.4 gal 2 lb.a.i. 21.4 gal 5.6 oz. n/a 8 inches 4 inches 4 inches 4 inches 8 inches 4 inches 8 inches 6 inches 8 inches 0 inches 8 inches 4 inches 8 inches 4 inches 8 inches 4 inches 8 inches 4 inches 8 inches 0 inches |