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Industry Report 91-2
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JUL 091997
1991 OBSERVATIONAL SURYS # Florida
SEAT BELT AND CHILD RESTRAINT DEVICE
USAGE AMONG CHILDREN IN FLORIDA
Traffic Safety Section
State Safety Office
Florida Department of Transportation
by
Dr. Robert L. Degner
Susan D. Moss
Stephenie K. Mack
University of Florida
AMCG o-2"
1991 OBSERVATIONAL SURVEY OF
SEAT BELT AND CHILD RESTRAINT DEVICE
USAGE AMONG CHILDREN IN FLORIDA
Project Number LE-91-05-05-01
FINAL REPORT
Prepared for the
Traffic Safety Section
State Safety Office
Florida Department of Transportation
Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0450
Prepared by
Dr. Robert L. Degner
Susan D. Moss
Stephenie K. Mack
The Florida Agricultural Market Research Center
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida 32611
FAMRC Industry Report 91-2
September 1991
FORWARD
This report was prepared for the Traffic Safety Section, State Safety Office
Florida Department of Transportation, State of Florida, in cooperation with the
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the U.S. Department of
Transportation.
The conclusions and opinions expressed in these reports are those of the
Subgrantee, and do not necessarily represent those of the State of Florida,
Department of Transportation, State Safety Office, the Traffic Safety Section, the
U.S. Department of Transportation, or any other agency of the state or federal
government.
ABSTRACT
An observational survey of child restraint device (CRD) usage was conducted
in four metropolitan and four rural areas of Florida during June of 1991. This was
the seventh annual survey to determine usage levels among children under six years
old. Approximately 54 percent of 5,214 infants were properly restrained in CRDs,
and 49 percent of 3,856 young children were properly restrained in CRDs or seat
belts. Usage over both age groups showed an increase of nearly seven percentage
points since 1990, but usage among blacks and usage in rural areas remains lower
than for the state as a whole.
Key Words: safety, child restraint devices, seat belt usage
FORWARD
This report was prepared for the Traffic Safety Section, State Safety Office
Florida Department of Transportation, State of Florida, in cooperation with the
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the U.S. Department of
Transportation.
The conclusions and opinions expressed in these reports are those of the
Subgrantee, and do not necessarily represent those of the State of Florida,
Department of Transportation, State Safety Office, the Traffic Safety Section, the
U.S. Department of Transportation, or any other agency of the state or federal
government.
ABSTRACT
An observational survey of child restraint device (CRD) usage was conducted
in four metropolitan and four rural areas of Florida during June of 1991. This was
the seventh annual survey to determine usage levels among children under six years
old. Approximately 54 percent of 5,214 infants were properly restrained in CRDs,
and 49 percent of 3,856 young children were properly restrained in CRDs or seat
belts. Usage over both age groups showed an increase of nearly seven percentage
points since 1990, but usage among blacks and usage in rural areas remains lower
than for the state as a whole.
Key Words: safety, child restraint devices, seat belt usage
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to extend appreciation to the following individuals who
assisted in this study: Data Collectors Melissa Bracewell, Timothy Bracewell,
Dennis Hyde, Donna Hyde, Linda Kirkland, Beth Williams, Irwin Research Services,
Inc., Joseph Rice, P.E./Consulting Engineer, and Tampa Bay Opinion Mart. Donna
Hyde also typed the manuscript.
We would also like to express our appreciation to Dorothy Thomson of the
Traffic Safety Section of the State Safety Office, Florida Department of
Transportation and the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration for their assistance in conducting this research.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PageFORWARD ................................................. i
FORWARD ............. ...................... ........ .. i
ABSTRACT ................................................. i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................... ii
LIST OF TABLES ............................................ iv
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES ..................... ............ v
LIST OF FIGURES ............................ ............... ix
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................... xi
INTRODUCTION .................... .. ........... ........... 1
SURVEY APPROACH ........................................ 2
Study Site Selection ..................................... 3
Survey Team Organization .................. ............... 3
Data Collection ................................ .......... 4
Data Compilation and Analysis ............... ... ........... 5
R ESU LTS .................................................. 6
Overall Results ......................................... 6
Urban Results ............................................ 8
R ural R results .......................................... 11
Usage by seating location .................................. 14
Usage in Florida and non-Florida registered vehicles ............. 14
CONCLUSIONS ............................................. 14
REFERENCES .............................................. 16
GLOSSARY ................................................ 17
APPENDIX A.--Tabulations of Survey Results ....................... 18
APPENDIX B.--CRD Observational Survey Coding Sheet ......... ..... 70
ML
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Proper restraint usage in urban, rural and all areas,
by age category ........................................ 7
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES
Table Pag
1 Safety device usage, by age of child and type of area, 1991 ........... 19
2 Safety device usage, by age of child and type of area, 1990 ........... 20
3 Safety device usage, by age of child and type of area, 1989 ........... 21
4 Safety device usage, by age of child and type of area, 1988 ........... 22
5 Safety device usage, by age of child and type of area, 1987 ........... 23
6 Safety device usage percentages in all areas, 1987-1991 .............. 24
7 Safety device usage percentages in urban areas, 1987-1991 ........... 25
8 Safety device usage percentages in rural areas, 1987-1991 ............ 26
9 Safety device usage by age, race, and gender, 1990-1991 ............. 27
10 Safety device use in the Jacksonville MSA, by age of child, 1985-1991 ... 28
11 Safety device usage in the Melbourne/Titusville/Palm Bay MSA, by age
of child, 1985-1991 ................................... ...... 29
12 Safety device usage in the Miami/Hialeah MSA, by age
of child, 1985-1991 ......................................... 30
13 Safety device usage in the Tampa/St. Petersburg/Clearwater MSA, by
child, 1985-1991 ......................................... 31
14 Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in the
Jacksonville MSA, by gender, 1985-1991 ........................ 32
15 Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in the
Melbourne/Titusville/Palm Bay MSA, by gender, 1985-1991 .......... 33
16 Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in the
Miami/Hialeah MSA, by gender, 1985-1991 ...................... 34
17 Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in the
Tampa/St.Petersburg/Clearwater MSA, by gender, 1985-1991 ......... 35
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES CONTINUED
Table EPag
18 Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in the
Jacksonville MSA, by gender, 1985-1991 ......................... 36
19 Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in the
Melbourne/Titusville Palm Bay MSA, by gender, 1985-1991 .......... 37
20 Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in the
Miami/Hialeah MSA, by gender, 1985-1991 ..................... 38
21 Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in the
Tampa/St.Petersburg/Clearwater MSA, by gender, 1985-1991 ......... 39
22 Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in the Jacksonville
M SA, by race, 1985-1991 .................................... 40
23 Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in the
Melbourne/Titusville/Palm Bay MSA, by race, 1985-1991 ........... 41
24 Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in the
Miami/Hialeah MSA, by race, 1985-1991 ........................ 42
25 Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in the
Tampa/St.Petersburg/Clearwater MSA, by race, 1985-1991 .......... 43
26 Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in the Jacksonville
M SA, by race, 1985-1991 .................................... 44
27 Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in the
Melbourne/Titusville/ Palm Bay MSA, by race, 1985-1991 ........... 45
28 Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in the
Miami/Hialeah MSA, by race, 1985-1991 ........................ 46
29 Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in the
Tampa/St.Petersburg/Clearwater MSA, by race, 1985-1991 .......... 47
30 Safety device usage in Eustis, by age of child,
1988-1991 ............................................... 48
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES CONTINUED
Table Page
31 Safety device usage in Lake City, by age of child,
1988-1991 ............................................ .. 49
32 Safety device usage in Marianna, by age of child,
1988-1991 ............................................... 50
33 Safety device usage in Sebring, by age of child,
1988-1991 ............................................... 51
34 Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in Eustis,
by gender, 1988-1991 ....................................... 52
35 Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in Lake City, by
gender, 1988-1991 ................... ...................... 53
36 Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in Marianna,
by gender, 1988-1991 ....................................... 54
37 Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in Sebring, by gender,
1988-1991 ............................................... 55
38 Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in Eustis,
by gender, 1988-1991 ....................................... 56
39 Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in Lake City,
by gender, 1988-1991 ....................................... 57
40 Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in Marianna,
by gender, 1988-1991 ...................................... 58
41 Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in Sebring, by gender,
1988-1991 ............................................... 59
42 Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in Eustis,
by race, 1988- 1991 ........................................ 60
43 Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in Lake City, by
gender, 1988-1991 ......................................... 61
vi
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES CONTINUED
Table rSS
44 Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in Marianna,
by race, 1988-1991 ......................................... 62
45 Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in Sebring, by
race,1988-1991 ............................................ 63
46 Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in Eustis,
by race, 1988- 1991 ......................... ............... 64
47 Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in Lake City, by race,
1988-1991 ............................................... 65
48 Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in Marianna, by
race, 1988-1991 ........................................... 66
49 Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in Sebring, by race,
1988-1991 ............................................... 67
50 Safety device usage by age category and seating location ............ 68
51 Safety device usage in Florida and Non-Florida registered vehicles ..... 69
viii
VU1
LIST OF FIGURES
Percentage of children aged 0-5 properly restrained, by MSA, 1985-1991 ....... 10
Percentage of children aged 0-5 properly restrained, rural areas, 1985-1991 ..... 13
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
An observational survey of child restraint device usage was conducted in 1991 to
ascertain what changes, if any, had occurred in usage since the 1990 study. This report
presents the results of the 1991 survey and compares them with results from annual
studies which began in 1985.
Data collectors were trained and data were collected. The data were then edited,
proofed for accuracy and analyzed. A total of 9,070 children, zero through five years of
age, was observed.
The four metropolitan areas studied since 1985 were included in the 1991 survey.
Four rural locations have also been studied since the 1988 survey. Insofar as possible,
the same locations have been observed in order to have continuity over time. This
minimizes geographic variability and allows a more accurate assessment of long-term
trends in child restraint device usage.
For the 1986-1991 period, CRD usage has generally shown an upward trend. The
current 1991 survey shows CRD usage for the zero- to three-year-olds and four- and five-
year-olds to be at an all-time high, increasing from 48 and 20 percent, respectively, in
1986 (Reaves, 1987) to 54 and 49 percent, respectively, in 1991.
Overall, the survey found the number of children properly restrained by either
a CRD or a seat belt had increased from 45.2 percent in 1990 to 52.1 percent in 1991.
Usage among young children (four and five years of age) showed the largest increase,
over twelve percentage points, while usage among infants (zero through three years of
age) increased by about four percentage points.
xi
Urban and rural areas showed an increase in safety device usage, although usage
in rural areas still lags. For four- and five-year-olds, safety device usage increased by
15 percentage points in urban areas and eight percentage points in rural areas. CRD
usage among infants (zero through three) in rural areas increased by five percentage
points, while usage among infants in urban areas increased by over three percentage
points.
xUi
1991 Child Restrain Usage Survey
Final Report
INTRODUCTION
Vehicular accidents continue to be the primary cause of death and injury of
children throughout the country. The State of Florida has sought to reduce this sad
statistic by adopting laws which require the usage of approved safety devices by children.
In 1982, the Florida Legislature passed Bill CB/SB 298, requiring children under four
years of age to be in federally approved child restraint devices (CRDs) when with
parents or legal guardians in Florida-registered vehicles. Children four and five years
of age were required to be in CRDs or seat belts. In 1986, the Legislature passed Bill
CS/HB 40, which broadened the scope of the original law to include all children zero
through five in vehicles, Florida-registered or not. In addition, mandatory use of seat
belts by front-seat passengers was instituted in 1986.
For years, the Bureau of Public Safety Management (now the Traffic Safety
Section of the State Safety Office, Florida Department of Transportation) has promoted
and monitored compliance with the law. Ongoing monitoring of CRD usage is necessary
to provide information for focusing educational and enforcement programs. BPSM has
awarded grants to state research centers to conduct both telephone opinion surveys and
observational studies to assess CRD usage. In previous years, telephone interviews
indicated a greater level of compliance than on-street observations showed. To improve
accuracy, recent efforts have focused on the observational approach (Reaves, 1987).
Annual observational surveys were begun in 1985 in metropolitan statistical areas
throughout Florida and have continued to date. In 1987, the surveys were expanded to
include children through age 14 and to include both metropolitan and rural areas.
However, due to low numbers of rural observations in 1987, the 1988 through 1991
surveys included larger rural towns than used in 1987. Also, children over age five were
not included in the 1991 survey since the law is no different for this age group than for
adults.
SURVEY APPROACH
The 1991 observational survey conducted by the University of Florida's
Agricultural Market Research Center consisted of the following elements: (1) study site
selection, (2) survey team organization, (3) data compilation and analysis, and (5) a final
report summarizing the study findings.
Recruitment for survey teams began in early 1991, and team members trained
approximately one week prior to data collection. Observations were made on Fridays
and Saturdays during the month of June, except for Miami where observations were
made Thursday through Saturday.
Study Site Selection
The 1985 survey was conducted in eight metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in
Florida. The 1986 survey was conducted in four of the original MSA locations,
establishing a longitudinal profile of the CRD usage in those metropolitan areas. For
historical comparisons, the urban areas targeted in 1986 were again surveyed in 1987
through 1991. They are Miami/Hialeah (Dade County), Melbourne/Titusville/Palm Bay
(Brevard County), Tampa/St. Petersburg/Clearwater (Hillsborough and Pinellas
counties) and Jacksonville (Duval County).
While it was desirable to continue to obtain data about the CRD usage levels of
motorists with children in metropolitan areas, there was also concern about the usage
levels of motorists in more rural parts of the state. From each of the four basic rural
areas in Florida (Panhandle, north central, central and the southern area), one county
was randomly selected for inclusion in the study. The rural counties included in all
studies since 1988 were Columbia, Jackson, Lake and Highlands counties. Observation
sites in these rural counties were selected in small cities and towns where traffic flows
were greatest rather than at isolated rural intersections with low traffic volume.
Observational sites were in the towns of Lake City, Marianna, Eustis and Sebring.
Observations were made at intersections near shopping centers and day care
centers. Every attempt was made to schedule the surveys during times when trips with
the maximum likelihood of having children present would be included in the survey.
Whenever possible, the same observation points were used in 1991 as in previous years.
Appropriate law enforcement and traffic engineering agencies were notified in
writing of the dates and times of the surveys, and field observers were given letters of
introduction to be used in the event anyone questioned their presence. They also
carried small signs indicating they were conducting a traffic survey.
Survey Team Organization
Graduate students, staff from the Market Research Center, and temporary
employment personnel were hired for data collection. All data collectors were trained
in proper techniques prior to conducting the actual field survey. Survey crews were
instructed not to interfere with normal traffic flow, nor to create a hazardous situation
that would jeopardize either themselves or motorists. The guide, "Guidelines for
Observing Child Safety Seat Use," (U.S. Department of Transportation) was utilized in
training the survey team members. Important points which were addressed during the
training session included (1) observation techniques, which stressed accuracy and safety;
(2) courteous interaction with the public, but primary emphasis on unobtrusive
observing; (3) distinguishing characteristics to focus on, e.g., usage/non-usage of CRDs
and seat belts by children, vehicle registration, techniques for estimating children' ages,
etc.
Data Collection
The following data for each person were collected for all private autos and light
trucks and vans with children present in the right-hand lane at the specified
intersections:
(1) Age: 0 through 5
(2) Gender: Male, Female, Uncertain
(3) Race: Black, White, Hispanic, Other, Uncertain
(4) Location of Child: Front, Back
(5) Restraint: CRD or Booster Seat, Safety Belt, No/Improper Restraint
(6) Vehicle Type: Car, Van, Light Truck
(7) Auto Registration: Florida, Non-Florida
Autos with window tinting or other devices which prevented observation were
excluded from the survey. Vans, pick-ups and commercial vehicles were excluded from
surveys until 1988. However, due to the recent increase in the use of light pick-ups and
vans for family transportation, these have been included since the 1988 survey.
Commercial vehicles are still excluded.
Data Compilation and Analysis
The coding form for 1991 was similar to the one used in previous years
(Appendix B). However, slight modifications were made to improve the ease and
accuracy of recording. The data were reduced to computer form and statistically
analyzed on a geographical basis. In addition, comparisons were made with previous
years' findings. Confidence limits were calculated at the 95 percent probability level for
all point estimates (percentages) of proper restraint usage/non-usage except for
relatively small subgroups of observations. The confidence limits are computed using
the standard error of percentages (Ferber). Because of the large numbers of
observations, there is a relatively high degree of accuracy in the percentages reported.
For many of the largest categories, there is a 95 percent probability that the margin of
error for the reported percentages does not exceed +2 percentage points. The results
are presented in the following section.
RESULTS
Overall Results
Over 9,000 children, aged zero through five, were observed for the current study.
Observations of the targeted age group were up from the 1990 survey due to the
exclusion of older children (ages 6 through 14) which allowed more time to observe the
younger children (aged five and under). Table 1 summarizes restraint usage by age of
child and type of area, for both the 1990 and 1991 surveys.
Throughout this report, including the supporting tables, the terms "CRD" and
"safety devices" are used interchangeably. "CRD use" refers to the proper use of a
federally approved car seat for zero through three-year-olds and for four- and five-year-
olds either the proper use of a car seat or a seatbelt.
Usage rates of safety devices were up compared to the 1990 survey (Appendix
tables 1 and 2). Over half (52.1 percent) of all children were properly restrained in 1991
compared to 45.2 percent in 1990. In the infant category (zero to three) 54.3 percent
were in CRDs in 1991, compared to 50.4 percent in 1990. Nearly half (49.1 percent) of
young children (four- and five-year-olds) were properly restrained in CRDs or seatbelts,
compared to only 36.9 percent in 1990 (Table 1).
Urban safety device usage was 58.1 percent overall compared to 50.2 percent
in 1990. The rate among children three years old or under was 60.1 percent compared
to 56.4 percent in 1990. The usage rate in 1991 increased to 54.4 percent for four- and
five-year-olds compared to 39.8 percent in 1990. Rural safety device usage was generally
lower than urban usage, although overall usage in rural areas increased from 37.9
percent in 1990 to 44.2 percent in 1991. CRD usage among rural infants increased from
41.3 percent in 1990 to 46.5 percent in 1991, while the rate for young children restrained
in CRDs or by seat belts in rural areas increased from 33.0 percent in 1990 to 41.1
percent in 1991 (Appendix tables 1 through 8).
Appendix Table 9 shows the total survey results, categorized by age, gender and
race. As noted above, over half (54.3 percent) of the infants were in CRDs, and CRD
Table 1.-- Proper restraint usage in urban, rural and all areas, by age category.'
Age
Year,
Type of area,
Restraint 0-3 4-5 Total
(No.) (%) (CL)b (No.) (%) (CL)b (No.) (%) (CL)b
1991
Urban
Proper
None/Improper
Total
Rural
Proper'
None/Improper
Total
All areas
Proper
None/Improper
Total
1990
Urban
Proper
None/Improper
Total
Rural
Proper
None/Improper
Total
All Others
Proper
None/Improper
Total
1,789 60.1 1.8 1,195 54.4
1,186 39.9 1.8 964 44.6
2,975 100.0 2,159 100.0
1,041 46.5 2.1
1,198 53.5 2.1
2,239 100.0
698 41.1
999 58.9
1,697 100.0
2,830 54.3 1.4 1,893 49.1
2,384 45.7 1.4 1,963 50.9
5,214 100.0 3,856 100.0
1,549 56.4 1.9
1,197 43.6 1.9
2,746 100.0
743 41.3 2.3
1,057 58.7 2.3
1,800 100.0
656 39.8
991 60.2
1,647 100.0
409 32.9
833 67.1
1,242 100.0
2,292 50.4 1.5 1,065 36.9
2,254 49.6 1.5 1,824 63.1
4,546 100.0 2,889 100.0
2.1 2,984 58.1 13
2.1 2,150 41.9 1.3
5,134 100.0
2.3 1,739 44.2 1.6
2.3 2,197 55.8 1.6
3,936 100.0
1.6 4,723 52.1 1.0
1.6 4,347 47.9 1.0
9,070 100.0
2.4 2,205 50.2 1.5
2.4 2,188 49.8 1.5
4,393 100.0
2.6 1,152 37.9 1.7
2.6 1,890 62.1 1.7
3,042 100.0
1.8 3,357 45.2 1.1
1.8 4,078 54.8 1.1
7,435 100.0
b Confidence limits are calculated at the 95 percent probability level.
a Children zero to three years of age must be in a CRD to be classified as properly restrained.
Children aged four and five are considered properly restrained by a CRD or a seat belt.
usage was up from 1990. Young children (four and five year olds) were less likely to be
restrained by either a CRD or seat belt, with about 49 percent being restrained.
White and Hispanic children in both the infant and young children categories had
higher usage rates than blacks, but blacks showed the greatest gain in both age
categories, nearly matching the usage rate among Hispanics in the young children
category. Over all age categories, 41.2 percent of black children, 48.7 percent of
Hispanic children and 55.5 percent of white children were restrained. Black children in
the infant category were the least likely to be restrained, with only 39.6 being in CRDs
(Appendix Table 9), while white infants, at 59.0 percent, were most likely to be in a
CRD.
Urban Results
The Jacksonville metropolitan area showed its highest observed CRD usage in
1991, up to 67.2 percent from its previous high of 60.7 percent in 1989 (Figure 1).
Among infants, CRD usage increased from 48.0 percent in 1990 to 66.5 percent in 1991
and closer to the previous high of 68.1 percent in the 1989 survey. The four- and five-
year-olds' usage increased more dramatically from 45.7 percent in 1990 to 68.5 percent
in 1991 (Appendix Table 10).
Total CRD usage in Melbourne/Titusville/Palm Bay experienced a slight decline
overall, from 55.5 percent in 1990 to 53.8 percent in 1991 but this slight change was not
statistically significant (Figure 1). Usage among infants remained the same (59.3
percent), while usage among children aged four and five decreased from 49.9 percent
in 1990 to 46.4 percent in 1991 (Appendix Table 11).
The Miami/Hialeah metropolitan area experienced a substantial increase in total
usage levels, from 44.2 percent to 55.4 percent (Figure 1). Most of this increase can be
attributed to the four- and five-year-old category which showed a usage rate that
increased from 27.7 percent in 1990 to 49.9 percent in 1991. Usage among infants
increased from 58.9 percent to 60.0 percent between 1990 and 1991 (Appendix Table
12). This overall increase in safety device usage is likely due to the publicity associated
with the death of a young girl in an automobile accident and the subsequent criminal
indictment of her father for failing to utilize a CRD for the child's protection.
Tampa/St. Petersburg/Clearwater experienced a slight decrease in overall usage,
down to 56.7 percent in 1991 from 58.0 percent in 1990, but this change is not
statistically significant (Figure 1). Usage among four- and five-year-old children
increased from 40.9 percent in 1990 to 61.8 percent in 1991, but the overall decline is
due to a decline in CRD usage among infants, from 71.3 percent in 1990 to 52.2 percent
in 1991 (Appendix Table 13). Because of the relatively stable overall compliance rates
from 1980 to 1991, it is hypothesized that the large difference in the two age categories
resulted from misclassification of children, despite the careful training given observers.
When the data were further broken down by gender and race, some patterns were
identifiable. For both age groups, females were properly restrained more often than
males in all MSAs except Miami and Melbourne where four- and five-year-old males
showed a slight lead over four- and five-year old females. However, as in previous years,
the differences were relatively small and most likely the result of random sampling error.
White infants were more likely to be restrained than any other racial group.
However, small sample sizes from non-white populations limit detailed analyses of CRD
8586 8788899091
Jacksonville
80
60
4-N
c
(D
0 40
a)
20
0
8586 878889 90 91
Tampa
Figure 1.--Percentage of children aged 0-5 properly restrained by MSA, 1988-1991.
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 85 86 87 88 89 90 91
Melbourne Miami
use among other racial groups within MSAs (Appendix tables 22 through 29). Whites
in the young children category were also restrained more often than other racial groups
with the exception of Jacksonville, where usage among black children exceeded all other
race categories.
The 1987 through 1991 observations categorized Hispanics as a separate group.
In Miami/Hialeah, where the largest number of Hispanic infants was observed, 42.6,
62.6, 56.9, 57.1 and 60.2 percent were in CRDs in 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1991,
respectively (Appendix Table 24). The other urban areas had too few observations of
Hispanics for meaningful analyses. It should be noted that Hispanics may have been
inadvertently coded in other racial categories since distinguishing characteristics are
subtle and sometimes difficult to detect in an observational survey. The "other" and
"uncertain" racial categories also had too few observations to draw meaningful conclu-
sions.
Rural Results
This was the fifth year that rural locations were specifically targeted in the survey.
However, due to the limited number of observations obtained in 1987, the locations were
changed from four very small rural areas to four larger towns in the same geographic
areas as surveyed in 1987. Thus, direct historical comparisons of results can only be
made for the 1988 through 1991 surveys, which were conducted in exactly the same
locations in Eustis, Sebring, Lake City and Marianna.
CRD usage was generally lower in each of the rural locations than in the urban
areas. Of the four rural areas surveyed, usage was highest in Lake City, followed by
Marianna, Eustis and Sebring. With the exception of Eustis, the rural locations showed
an increase in CRD usage over 1990 levels. Lake City increased from 31.0 to 53.6
percent, Marianna increased from 40.8 to 52.9 percent and Sebring increased from 33.2
to 35.8 percent. Eustis showed a decline in usage from 46.4 percent to 38.8 percent,
however 38.8 percent is more in line with the 36.6 percent usage level observed in 1989
(Figure 2, Appendix tables 30 through 33).
Usage patterns among age groups and racial groups were similar to those seen
in the urban areas, i.e. generally higher usage among infants than among the young
children and lower usage rates by blacks. CRD usage among infants was highest in Lake
City (56.9 percent) and lowest in Sebring (40.0 percent). Among young children aged
four and five usage ranged from a high of 60.3 percent in Marianna to a low of 30.5
percent in Sebring. Males in rural areas were as likely to be properly restrained as
females in all age groups. Lake City, Marianna and Sebring showed larger proportions
of male infants in CRDs compared with females, while Eustis had a larger proportion
of females in CRDs (Appendix tables 34 through 37). Among young children aged four
and five years, usage in all rural locations except Lake City showed females restrained
more often than males (Appendix tables 38 through 41).
Overall, white children in rural areas were more likely to be properly restrained
than black children. In the infant category, usage among white children ranged from a
high of 59.6 percent in Lake City to a low of 45.6 percent in Sebring. Black children in
the infant category showed usage at a low of 15.8 percent in Sebring to a high of 44.7
percent in Lake City. White children aged four and five showed levels of CRD usage
ranging from 34.6 percent in Sebring to 63.4 percent in Marianna. Black children in this
age group showed usage of about 11 percent in Sebring and Eustis, 38.1 percent in Lake
City and a high of 47.8 percent in Marianna. Too few children from the other racial
88 89 90 91
Eustis
88 89 90 91 88 89 90 91
Lake City Marianna
88 89 90 91
Sebring
Figure 2.--Percentage of children aged 0-5 properly restrained, by rural area, 1988-1991.
categories were observed to evaluate their levels of CRD usage in rural areas (Appendix
tables 42 through 49).
Usage by seating location
Infants riding in the front seat of passenger vehicles showed a 45.7 percent CRD
usage rate compared to 59.4 percent in the back seat. Four- and five-year-olds in the
front seat were restrained more often than those in the back seat: 56.2 percent in front
compared to 42.9 percent in back (Appendix Table 50).
Usage in Florida and non-Florida registered vehicles
There were some differences in usage of restraint devices between Florida- and
non-Florida-registered vehicles. However, only five percent of vehicles surveyed were
out-of-state; thus, they had limited impact on overall survey results. Florida-registered
vehicles had slightly lower CRD usage rates in 1991 (Appendix Table 51). In the infant
category, 54.1 percent of children in Florida-registered vehicles were in a CRD
compared to 57.5 percent in non-Florida-registered vehicles. The young children
category showed a very slight difference with 49.0 percent restrained in Florida-
registered vehicles compared to 50.6 percent in non-Florida vehicles.
CONCLUSIONS
Statewide, proper CRD usage over all age categories increased by 6.9 percentage
points. The total proportion of unrestrained infants and young children declined from
55 percent to 48 percent. CRD usage among infants (zero to three years of age)
increased from 50.4 percent in 1990 to 54.3 percent in 1991. CRD usage (including seat
belts) increased from 36.9 percent to 49.1 percent for young children (ages four and five)
group.
Safety device usage among children five and under in rural locations increased
substantially from previous years, but remained considerably lower than in urban areas.
Among urban areas, Jacksonville and Miami showed considerable increases in usage,
reversing the 1990 survey results, while Melbourne and the Tampa areas showed very
slight decreases. Jacksonville had the highest CRD usage rate, followed by the Tampa
area, Miami and Melbourne. Usage among females was slightly higher than that of
males in both age categories. Usage among blacks showed a substantial increase from
1990, going from 25.3 percent to 41.2 percent. However, the percentage of white and
Hispanic children using safety devices remains greater than blacks.
Children in non-Florida vehicles, both infants and young children, had slightly
higher CRD usage rates than those in Florida-registered vehicles. However, children in
out-of-state vehicles constituted only five percent of the total sample. The small
numbers of children in out-of-state vehicles precludes any definitive comparisons.
In conclusion, CRD usage in Florida appears to have increased in most areas of
the state. Even so, relatively large numbers of children in all areas remain unrestrained
and at risk of serious injury in motor vehicle accidents. Continued educational programs
and enforcement is needed to reduce this risk.
REFERENCES
U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Guidelines for Observing Child Safety Seat Use. National Technical Information
Service. Springfield, Virginia. 1987.
Degner, Robert L. and Susan Moss. 1990 Observational Survey of Seat Belt and Child
Restraint Device Usage Among Children in Florida. Prepared for Bureau of
Public Safety Management, Florida Department of Community Affairs,
Tallahassee, Florida. Industry Report 90-1, Florida Agricultural Market Research
Center, University of Florida, May 1990.
Degner, Robert L. and Susan Moss. 1989 Observational Survey of Seat Belt and Child
Restraint Device Usage among Children Fourteen Years of Age and Under in
Florida. Prepared for Bureau of Public Safety Management, Florida Department
of Community Affairs, Tallahassee, Florida. Industry Report 89-1, Florida
Agricultural Market Research Center, University of Florida, May 1989.
Degner, Robert L. and Susan Moss. 1988 Observational Survey of Seat Belt and Child
Restraint Device Usage among Children Fourteen Years of Age and Under in
Florida. Prepared for Bureau of Public Safety Management, Florida Department
of Community Affairs, Tallahassee, Florida. Industry Report 88-1, Florida
Agricultural Market Research Center, University of Florida, May 1988.
Ferber, Robert. Statistical Techniques in Market Research. McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., New York, 1949.
Reaves, Deborah. 1987 Observational Survey of Usage of Child Restraint Devices in
Florida. Prepared for Bureau of Public Safety Management, Florida Department
of Community Affairs. Transportation Research Center, University of Florida,
1987.
Reaves, Deborah. 1986 Observational Survey of Usage of Child Restraint Devices in
Florida. Prepared for Bureau of Public Safety Management, Florida Department
of Community Affairs. Transportation Research Center, University of Florida,
1986.
GLOSSARY
infants
children three years old or younger
young children
children four or five years of age
properly restrained
An infant is properly restrained only when secured in a federally approved car seat. An
infant restrained by a seat belt is not properly restrained.
A young child is properly restrained if secured by a seat belt or car seat.
compliance
An infant is in compliance with Florida's child restraint requirements
restrained by a car seat. An infant in a seat belt is not compliant.
A young child is compliant with Florida's child restraint requirements
restrained by a federally approved car seat or seat belt.
if properly
if properly
restraint device
a federally approved car seat or seat belt
CRD
acronym for "Child Restraint Device"
This term specifies federally approved car seats when referring to infants. When
referring to young children, the term "CRD" includes federally approved car seats and
seat belts. For purposes of more specifically defining restraint device usage, some tables
show seat belt usage separately from car seats.
MSA
acronym for "Metropolitan Statistical Area"
Appendix A.--Tabulations of Survey Results
Appendix Table 1.-- Safety device usage, by age of child and type of area, 1991.
Age
Type of area 0-3 4-5 Total
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
All areas
CRD 2,830 54.3 183 4.8 3,013 33.2
Belted 781 15.0 1,710 44.4 2,491 27.5
Not restrained 1,603 30.7 1,963 50.9 3,566 39.3
Total 5,214 100.0 3,856 100.0 9,070 100.0
Urban Areas
CRD 1,789 60.1 147 6.8 1,936 37.7
Belted 500 16.8 1,048 48.5 1,548 30.2
Not restrained 686 23.1 964 44.7 1,650 32.1
Total 2,975 100.0 2,159 100.0 5,134 100.0
Rural Areas
CRD 1,041 46.5 36 2.1 1,077 27.4
Belted 281 12.6 662 39.0 943 24.0
Not restrained 917 41.0 999 58.9 1,936 48.7
Total 2,239 100.0 1,697 100.0 3,936 100.0
Appendix Table 2.-- Safety device usage, by age of child and type of area, 1990.
______ Ag-- -----
Age
Type of area 0-3 4-5 Total
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
CRD
Belted
Not restrained
Total
Urban Areas
CRD
Belted
Not restrained
Total
Rural Areas
CRD
Belted
Not restrained
Total
2,292
424
1,830
4,546
1,549
255
942
2,746
743
169
888
1.800
50.4
9.3
40.3
100.0
56.4
9.3
34.3
100.0
41.3
9.4
49.3
100.0
253
812
1,824
2,889
200
456
991
1,647
53
356
833
1,242
8.8
28.1
63.1
100.0
12.1
27.7
60.2
100.0
4.3
28.7
67.1
100.0
2,545
1,236
3,654
7,435
1,749
711
1,933
4,393
796
525
1,721
3,042
34.2
16.6
49.2
100.0
39.8
16.2
44.0
100.0
26.2
17.3
56.6
100.0
r
Appendix Table 3.-- Safety device usage, by age of child and type of area, 1989.
Age
Type of area 0-3 4-5 Total
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
All areas
CRD
Belted
Not restrained
Total
Urban Areas
CRD
Belted
Not restrained
Total
Rural Areas
CRD
Belted
Not restrained
Total
1,844
193
1,724
3,761
1,434
107
985
2,526
410
86
739
1,235
49.0
5.1
45.8
100.0
56.8
4.2
39.0
100.0
33.2
7.0
59.8
100.0
212
659
2,121
2,992
168
458
1,353
1,979
44
201
768
1,013
7.1
22.0
70.9
100.0
8.5
23.1
68.4
100.0
4.3
19.8
75.8
100.0
2,056
852
3,845
6,753
1,602
565
2,338
4,505
454
287
1,507
2,248
30.5
12.6
56.9
100.0
35.6
12.5
51.9
100.0
20.2
12.8
67.0
100.0
Appendix Table 4.-- Safety device usage, by age of child and type of area, 1988.
_______Ae ------ --
Age
Type of area 0-3 4-5 Total
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
All areas
CRD
Belted
Not restrained
Total
CRD
Belted
Not restrained
Total
Rural Areas
CRD
Belted
Not restrained
Total
2,100
228
2,004
4,332
1,497
129
1,011
2,637
603
99
993
1,695
48.5
5.3
46.3
100.0
56.8
4.9
38.3
100.0
35.6
5.8
58.6
100.0
221
586
2,272
3,079
164
402
1,258
1,824
57
185
1,014
1,256
7.2
19.0
73.8
100.0
9.0
22.0
69.0
100.0
4.5
14.7
80.7
100.0
2,321
814
4,276
7,411
1,661
531
2,269
4,461
660
284
2,007
2,951
313
11.0
57.7
100.0
37.2
11.9
50.9
100.0
22.4
9.6
68.0
100.0
Appendix Table 5.-- Safety device usage, by age of child and type of area, 1987.
Age
Type of area 0-3 4-5 Total
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
All areas
CRD
Belted
Not restrained
Total
Urban Areas
CRD
Belted
Not restrained
Total
Rural Areas
CRD
Belted
Not restrained
Total
631
127
525
1,283
540
121
416
1,077
49.2
9.9
40.9
100.0
50.1
11.2
38.6
100.0
44.2
2.9
52.9
100.0
4.6
27.7
67.7
100.0
5.3
30.0
64.7
100.0
1.6
18.3
80.1
100.0
675
393
1,175
2,243
581
353
917
1,851
30.1
17.5
52.4
100.0
31.4
19.1
49.5
100.0
24.0
10.2
65.8
100.0
Appendix Table 6.-- Safety device usage percentages in all areas, 1987-1991.
Restraint
Not
Age/Year CRD Belted Restrained Total
(-------------------------- Percent------------------------------ )
0-3
1987a 49.2 9.9 40.9 100.0
1988 48.5 5.3 46.3 100.0
1989 49.0 5.1 45.8 100.0
1990 50.4 9.3 40.3 100.0
1991 54.3 15.0 30.7 100.0
4-5
19878 4.6 27.7 67.7 100.0
1988 7.2 19.0 73.8 100.0
1989 7.1 22.0 70.9 100.0
1990 8.8 28.1 63.1 100.0
1991 4.8 44.4 50.9 100.0
Total"
1987" 30.1 17.5 52.4 100.0
1988 31.3 11.0 57.7 100.0
1989 30.5 12.6 56.9 100.0
1990 34.2 16.6 49.2 100.0
1991 33.2 27.5 39.3 100.0
The four rural areas observed in 1987 were not the same as those observed in 1988 through 1991.
b Totals include only 0-5 years old.
Appendix Table 7.-- Safety device usage percentages in urban areas, 1987-1991.
Restraint
Not
Age/Year CRD Belted Restrained Total
(---------------------------- Percent ------------------------------
0-3
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
4-5
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
Total
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
' Totals include only 0-5 year olds.
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Appendix Table 8.-- Safety device usage percentages in rural areas, 1987-1991.
Restraint
Not
Age/Year CRD Belted Restrained Total
(-------------------------------------Percent---------------------------------------)
Qza
1987" 44.2 2.9 52.9 100.0
1988 35.6 5.8 58.6 100.0
1989 33.2 7.0 59.8 100.0
1990 41.3 9.4 49.3 100.0
1991 46.5 12.6 41.0 100.0
4-5
1987" 1.6 18.3 80.1 100.0
1988 4.5 14.7 80.7 100.0
1989 4.3 19.8 75.8 100.0
1990 4.3 28.7 67.1 100.0
1991 2.1 39.0 58.9 100.0
Totalb
1987" 24.0 10.2 65.8 100.0
1988 22.4 9.6 68.0 100.0
1989 20.2 12.8 67.0 100.0
1990 26.2 17.3 56.6 100.0
1991 27.4 24.0 48.7 100.0
a The four rural areas observed in 1987 were not the same as those observed in 1988 through 1991.
b Totals include only 0-5 year-olds.
Appendix Table 9.-- Safety device usage by age, race, and gender, 1990-1991.
Total Total Total
Sample Size Using CRD' Using CRD Change
Age 1990 1991 1990 1991 1990 1991 1990/1991
(--------------------- Number---------------------) (-------------Percent--------------)
Male" 2,002 2,357 911 1,165 45.5 49.4 3.9
Female 1,853 2,308 823 1,178 44.4 51.0 6.6
Unknownb 691 549 558 487 80.8 88.7 7.9
Blackb 681 998 182 395 26.7 39.6 12.9
Whiteb 3,558 3,603 1,969 2,126 553 59.0 3.7
Hispanic 250 503 113 263 45.2 52.3 7.1
Other 23 101 7 41 30.4 40.6 10.2
Unknown 34 9 21 5 61.8 55.6 -6.2
Total" 4,546 5,214 2,292 2,830 50.4 54.3 3.9
4-5
Male" 1,592 2,135 573 1,026 36.0 48.1 12.1
Female 1,273 1,713 480 864 37.7 50.4 12.7
Unknown 24 8 12 3 50.0 37.5 -12.5
Black 425 612 98 269 23.1 44.0 20.9
Whiteb 2,151 2,768 880 1,409 40.9 51.0 10.1
Hispanic" 265 430 75 191 28.3 44.4 16.1
Other 27 41 9 22 33.3 53.7 20.4
Unknown 21 5 3 2 14.3 40.0 25.7
Total" 2,889 3,856 1,065 1,893 36.9 49.1 12.2
Total Sample'
Male" 3,594 4,492 1,484 2,191 41.3 48.8 7.5
Femaleb 3,126 4,021 1,303 2,042 41.7 50.8 9.1
Unknownb 715 557 570 490 79.9 88.0 8.3
Blackb 1,106 1,610 280 664 25.3 41.2 15.9
White 5,709 6,371 2,849 3,535 49.9 55.5 5.6
Hispanicb 515 933 188 454 36.5 48.7 12.2
Other 50 142 16 63 32.0 44.4 12.4
Unknown 55 14 24 7 43.6 50.0 6.4
Total" 7,435 9,070 3,357 4,723 45.2 52.1 6.9
Includes those properly restrained. Infant category (0-3) does not include those in seatbelts.
b Category showed a statistically significant change in the proportion properly restrained, using a
standard t-test.
c The total sample includes only 0-5 year olds.
Appendix Table 10.-- Observed levels of safety device use in the Jacksonville MSA, by age of child, 1985-
1991.
Age
Infants Children Total
Year (0-3) (4-5) (0-5)
1985
Number observed 293 404 697
Percent using CRD 71.2 39.6 54.4
Confidence Limit (95%) 5.2 4.8 3.7
1986
Number Observed 816 471 1,288'
Number using CRD 287 123 410
Percent using CRD 35.2 26.1 31.8
Confidence limit (95%) 3.3 4.0 2.5
1987
Number observed 170 104 274
Number using CRD 68 48 116
Percent using CRD 40.0 46.2 42.3
Confidence limit (95%) 7.4 + 9.6 5.8
Number observed 694 399 1,093
Number using CRD 404 161 565
Percent using CRD 58.2 40.4 51.7
Confidence limit (95%) 3.7 4.8 3.0
1989
Number observed 599 352 951
Number using CRD 408 169 577
Percent using CRD 68.1 48.0 60.7
Confidence limit (95%) 3.7 5.2 3.1
12990
Number observed 1,159 396 1,555
Number using CRD 556 181 737
Percent using CRD 48.0 45.7 47.4
Confidence limit (95%) 2.9 4.9 2.5
1221
Number observed 818 394 1,212
Number using CRD 544 270 814
Percent using CRD 66.5 68.5 67.2
Confidence limit (95%) 3.2 4.6 2.6
a This number was taken directly from a previous report that was not conducted by the Florida
Agricultural Market Research Center. Slight discrepancies in totals could not be resolved because original
data were not available.
Appendix Table 11.-- Safety device usage in the Melbourne/Titusville/Palm Bay MSA, by
age of child, 1985-1991.
Age
Infants Children Total
Year (0-3) (4-5) (0-5)
Number observed 120 205 325
Percent using CRD 56.3 75.8 44.9
Confidence Limit (95%) 8.9 5.9 5.4
1986
Number Observed 217 590 807
Number using CRD 143 74 217
Percent using CRD 65.9 12.5 26.9
Confidence limit (95%) 6.3 2.7 3.1
1987
Number observed 119 95 214
Number using CRD 80 35 115
Percent using CRD 67.2 36.8 53.7
Confidence limit (95%) 8.4 -- 6.7
1988
Number observed 701 424 1,125
Number using CRD 378 130 508
Percent using CRD 53.9 30.7 45.2
Confidence limit (95%) 3.7 4.4 2.9
1989
Number observed 730 600 1,330
Number using CRD 393 161 554
Percent using CRD 53.8 26.8 41.7
Confidence limit (95%) 3.6 3.5 2.6
1990
Number observed 536 371 907
Number using CRD 318 185 503
Percent using CRD 59.3 49.9 55.5
Confidence limit (95%) 4.2 5.1 3.2
1991
Number observed 616 455 1,071
Number using CRD 365 211 576
Percent using CRD 59.3 46.4 53.8
Confidence limit (95%) 3.9 4.6 3.0
a Confidence limits were not calculated when observations were less than 100.
Appendix Table 12.-- Safety device usage in the Miami/Hialeah MSA, by age of child, 1985-
1991.
Age
Infants Children Total
Year (0-3) (4-5) (0-5)
1985
Number observed 264 275 539
Percent using CRD 61.7 28.4 44.7
Confidence Limit (95%) 5.9 5.3 4.2
Number Observed 229 648 877
Number using CRD 148 89 237
Percent using CRD 64.6 13.7 27.0
Confidence limit (95%) 6.2 2.6 2.9
1987
Number observed 544 381 925
Number using CRD 278 126 404
Percent using CRD 51.1 33.1 43.7
Confidence limit (95%) 4.2 4.7 3.2
1988
Number observed 916 794 1,710
Number using CRD 539 228 767
Percent using CRD 58.8 28.7 44.9
Confidence limit (95%) 3.2 3.1 2.4
1989
Number observed 791 675 1,466
Number using CRD 468 171 639
Percent using CRD 59.2 25.3 43.6
Confidence limit (95%) 3.4 3.3 2.5
1990
Number observed 598 530 1,128
Number using CRD 352 147 499
Percent using CRD 58.9 27.7 44.2
Confidence limit (95%) 3.9 3.8 2.9
1991
Number observed 961 802 1,763
Number using CRD 577 400 977
Percent using CRD 60.0 49.9 55.4
Confidence limit (95%) 3.1 3.5 2.3
Appendix Table 13.-- Safety device usage in the Tampa/St. Petersburg/Clearwater MSA,
by child, 1985-1991.
Age
Infants Children Total
Year (0-3) (4-5) (0-5)
1985
Number observed 600 490 1,090
Percent using CRD 473 24.1 36.7
Confidence Limit (95%) 4.0 3.8 2.9
1986
Number Observed 836 488 1,324
Number using CRD 425 150 575
Percent using CRD 50.8 30.7 43.4
Confidence limit (95%) 3.4 4.1 2.7
1987
Number observed 244 194 438
Number using CRD 114 64 178
Percent using CRD 46.7 33.0 40.6
Confidence limit (95%) 6.3 6.6 4.6
1988
Number observed 326 207 533
Number using CRD 176 47 254
Percent using CRD 54.0 22.7 47.7
Confidence limit (95%) 5.4 5.7 4.2
1989
Number observed 406 352 758
Number using CRD 165 125 290
Percent using CRD 40.6 35.5 38.3
Confidence limit (95%) 4.8 5.0 3.5
1990
Number observed 453 350 803
Number using CRD 323 143 466
Percent using CRD 71.3 40.9 58.0
Confidence limit (95%) 4.2 5.2 3.4
1991
Number observed 580 508 1,088
Number using CRD 303 314 617
Percent using CRD 52.2 61.8 56.7
Confidence limit (95%) 4.1 +4.2 2.9
Appendix Table 14.-- Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in the Jacksonville MSA,
by gender, 1985-1991.
Gender
Year Male Female Unknown Total
Number observed 193 110 51 354
Percent using CRD 76.2 62.7 70.6 71.2
1986
Number observed 235 246 335 816
Number using CRD 56 64 167 287
Percent using CRD 23.8 26.0 49.9 35.2
1987
Number observed 51 56 63 170
Number using CRD 20 19 29 68
Percent using CRD 39.2 33.9 46.0 40.0
1988
Number observed 335 310 49 694
Number using CRD 175 189 40 404
Percent using CRD 52.2 61.0 81.6 58.2
1989
Number observed 251 278 70 599
Number using CRD 177 170 61 408
Percent using CRD 70.5 61.2 87.1 68.1
1990
Number observed 539 470 150 1,159
Number using CRD 252 197 107 556
Percent using CRD 46.8 42.0 71.3 48.1
1991
Number observed 384 366 68 818
Number using CRD 235 248 61 544
Percent using CRD 61.2 67.8 89.7 66.5
Appendix Table 15.-- Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in the
Melbourne/Titusville/Palm Bay MSA, by gender, 1985-1991.
Gender
Year Male Female Unknown Total
1985
Number observed 52 26 42 120
Percent using CRD 76.9 69.2 78.6 75.8
1986
Number observed 103 69 45 217
Number using CRD 67 49 27 143
Percent using CRD 65.0 71.0 60.0 65.9
1987
Number observed 10 28 81 119
Number using CRD 2 15 63 80
Percent using CRD 20.0 53.6 77.8 67.2
1988
Number observed 307 283 111 701
Number using CRD 145 143 90 378
Percent using CRD 47.2 50.5 81.1 53.9
1989
Number observed 316 316 98 730
Number using CRD 165 144 84 393
Percent using CRD 52.2 45.6 85.7 53.8
1990
Number observed 213 242 81 536
Number using CRD 142 105 71 318
Percent using CRD 66.7 43.4 87.7 59.3
1991
Number observed 279 211 126 616
Number using CRD 136 112 117 365
Percent using CRD 48.8 53.1 92.9 59.3
Appendix Table 16.-- Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in the Miami/Hialeah
MSA, by gender, 1985-1991.
Gender
Year Male Female Unknown Total
1985
Number observed 97 113 73 283
Percent using CRD 53.6 55.8 78.1 71.2
1986
Number observed 74 81 74 229
Number using CRD 46 50 52 148
Percent using CRD 62.2 61.7 70.3 64.6
1987
Number observed 108 127 308 543
Number using CRD 28 47 202 277
Percent using CRD 25.9 37.0 65.6 51.0
1988
Number observed 244 375 197 916
Number using CRD 160 207 172 539
Percent using CRD 46.5 55.2 87.3 58.8
1989
Number observed 272 325 194 791
Number using CRD 136 177 155 468
Percent using CRD 50.0 54.5 79.9 59.2
1990
Number observed 201 269 128 598
Number using CRD 100 139 113 352
Percent using CRD 49.8 51.7 88.3 58.9
1991
Number observed 400 393 168 961
Number using CRD 213 220 144 577
Percent using CRD 53.3 56.0 85.7 60.0
Appendix Table 17.-- Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in the Tampa/St.
Petersburg/Clearwater MSA, by gender, 1985-1991.
Gender
Year Male Female Unknown Total
1985
Number observed 229 278 99 606
Percent using CRD 48.9 37.4 74.7 75.8
1986
Number observed 350 352 134 836
Number using CRD 155 159 111 425
Percent using CRD 44.3 45.2 82.8 50.8
1987
Number observed 63 53 128 244
Number using CRD 17 17 80 114
Percent using CRD 27.0 32.1 62.5 46.7
1988
Number observed 162 164 -- 326
Number using CRD 83 93 -- 176
Percent using CRD 51.2 56.7 -- 54.0
1989
Number observed 197 180 29 406
Number using CRD 75 78 12 165
Percent using CRD 38.1 43.3 41.4 40.6
1990
Number observed 190 170 93 453
Number using CRD 130 110 83 323
Percent using CRD 68.4 64.7 89.3 71.3
1991
Number observed 241 301 38 580
Number using CRD 119 149 35 303
Percent using CRD 49.4 49.5 92.1 52.2
Appendix Table 18.-- Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in the Jacksonville MSA,
by gender, 1985-1991.
Gender
Year Male Female Unknown Total
1985
Number observed 202 193 9 404
Percent using CRD 41.1 36.3 77.8 39.6
Number observed 243 194 35 472
Number using CRD 63 48 12 123
Percent using CRD 25.9 24.7 34.3 26.1
1987
Number observed 49 48 7 104
Number using CRD 16 25 7 48
Percent using CRD 32.7 52.1 100.0 46.2
1988
Number observed 219 179 1 399
Number using CRD 89 71 0 160
Percent using CRD 40.6 39.7 0.0 40.1
1989
Number observed 162 190 -- 352
Number using CRD 71 98 -- 169
Percent using CRD 43.8 51.6 -- 48.0
Number observed 226 161 9 396
Number using CRD 101 75 5 181
Percent using CRD 44.7 46.6 55.6 45.7
1991
Number observed 205 187 2 394
Number using CRD 137 131 2 270
Percent using CRD 66.8 70.1 100.0 68.5
Appendix Table 19.-- Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in the
Melbourne/Titusville Palm Bay MSA, by gender, 1985-1991.
Gender
Year Male Female Unknown Total
1985
Number observed 89 92 24 205
Percent using CRD 483 48.9 16.7 44.9
1986
Number observed 305 278 7 590
Number using CRD 40 33 1 74
Percent using CRD 13.1 11.9 14.3 12.5
1987
Number observed 40 43 12 95
Number using CRD 13 19 3 35
Percent using CRD 32.5 44.2 25.0 36.8
1988
Number observed 243 181 -- 424
Number using CRD 72 58 -- 130
Percent using CRD 29.6 32.0 -- 30.7
1989
Number observed 307 283 111 701
Number using CRD 145 143 90 378
Percent using CRD 47.2 50.5 81.1 53.9
1990
Number observed 204 166 1 371
Number using CRD 97 88 0 185
Percent using CRD 47.6 53.0 0.0 49.9
1991
Number observed 233 221 1 455
Number using CRD 111 100 0 211
Percent using CRD 47.6 45.3 0.0 46.4
Appendix Table 20.-- Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in the Miami/Hialeah
MSA, by gender, 1985-1991.
Gender
Year Male Female Unknown Total
1985
Number observed 160 142 8 310
Percent using CRD 25.6 27.5 50.0 27.1
1986
Number observed 305 338 5 648
Number using CRD 44 45 0 89
Percent using CRD 14.4 13.3 0.0 13.7
1987
Number observed 190 148 41 379
Number using CRD 68 47 10 125
Percent using CRD 35.8 31.8 24.4 33.0
1988
Number observed 454 326 14 794
Number using CRD 139 86 3 228
Percent using CRD 30.6 26.4 21.4 28.7
1989
Number observed 372 297 6 675
Number using CRD 86 83 2 171
Percent using CRD 23.1 27.9 33.3 25.3
1990
Number observed 293 227 10 530
Number using CRD 73 68 6 147
Percent using CRD 24.9 30.0 60.0 27.7
1991
Number observed 462 337 3 802
Number using CRD 233 166 1 400
Percent using CRD 50.4 49.3 33.3 49.9
Appendix Table 21.-- Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in the Tampa/St.
Petersburg/Clearwater MSA, by gender, 1985-1991.
Gender
Year Male Female Unknown Total
1985
Number observed 266 234 1 501
Percent using CRD 23.1 28.0 0.0 75.8
1986
Number observed 234 245 9 488
Number using CRD 73 75 2 150
Percent using CRD 31.2 30.6 22.2 30.7
1987
Number observed 94 82 18 194
Number using CRD 34 23 7 64
Percent using CRD 36.2 28.0 38.9 33.0
1988
Number observed 111 96 -- 207
Number using CRD 23 24 -- 47
Percent using CRD 20.7 25.0 -- 22.7
1989
Number observed 223 126 3 352
Number using CRD 69 55 1 125
Percent using CRD 30.9 43.7 33.3 35.5
1990
Number observed 180 169 1 350
Number using CRD 72 71 0 143
Percent using CRD 40.0 42.0 0.0 40.9
1991
Number observed 280 227 1 508
Number using CRD 169 145 0 314
Percent using CRD 60.4 63.9 0.0 61.8
Appendix Table 22.-- Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in the Jacksonville MSA,
by race, 1985-1991.
Race
Year Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1985
Number observed
Percent using CRD
1986
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1987
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1988
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1989
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1990
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1991
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
71 278
53.5 75.5
237 573
58 226
24.5 39.4
-- 5
-80.0
- 354
- 71.2
3
1
33.3
96 578
42 355
43.8 61.4
132 455 5
80 323 2
60.6 71.0 40.0
222 915 13
73 470 8
32.9 51.4 61.5
366 388 9
195 317 7
53.3 81.7 77.8
3
2
66.7
1
1
100.0
51
24
47.1
4 599
1 408
25.0 68.1
8 1,159
4 556
50.0 48.0
4 818
1 544
0.49 66.5
Appendix Table 23.-- Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in the
Melbourne/Titusville/Palm Bay MSA, by race, 1985-1991.
Race
Year Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1985
Number observed
Percent using CRD
1986
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1987
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1988
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1989
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1990
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1991
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
16 103
25.0 83.5
16 200
6 137
37.5 39.4
3 113
1 76
33.3 67.3
46 620
11 348
23.9 56.1
96 605
25 352
26.0 58.2
38 480
13 300
34.2 62.5
51 540
22 334
43.1 61.9
-- 1
-- 100.0
1
1
100.0
25
13
52.0
24
15
62.5
12
2
16.7
15
5
33.3
2
2
100.0
-- 120
-- 75.8
217
143
65.9
119
80
67.2
701
378
53.9
730
393
53.8
536
318
59.3
22
1
50.0
1
0
0.0
Appendix Table 24.-- Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in the Miami/Hialeah
MSA, by race, 1985-1991.
Race
Year Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1985
Number observed
Percent using CRD
1986
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1987
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1988
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1989
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1990
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1221
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
66 208
28.8 71.2
49 179
17 130
34.7 72.6
97 297
19 193
19.6 65.0
191 437
59 302
30.9 69.1
144 366
56 252
38.9 68.9
127 275
42 196
33.1 71.3
175 389
68 270
38.9 69.4
-- 9
S 55.6
- 283
- 60.8
1
100.0
100.0
141
60
42.6
275
172
62.5
10 4
6 2
60.0 50.0
229
148
64.6
916
539
58.8
43
Appendix Table 25.-- Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in the Tampa/st.
Petersburg/Clearwater MSA, by race, 1985-1991.
Race
Year Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1985
Number observed
Percent using CRD
1986
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
19.8
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1988
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1989
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
122990
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1991
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
121 482
16.5 56.2
143 678
64 351
44.8 51.8
28 199
4 107
14.3 53.8
17 300
10 163
58.8 54.3
46 334
8 149
17.4 44.6
34 407
20 298
58.8 73.2
63 465
22 269
34.9 57.9
S 606'
- 47.9
1
1
100.0
This number was taken directly from a previous report. Slight discrepancies in totals could not be
resolved because original data were not available.
Appendix Table 26.-- Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in the Jacksonville MSA,
by race, 1985-1991.
Race
Year Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1985
Number observed
Percent using CRD
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1987
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1988
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1989
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1990
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1991
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
111 282
27.0 45.7
66
5
7.6
14
5
35.7
54 336
15 142
27.8 42.3
87 260
32 134
36.8 51.5
80 299
34 138
42.5 46.2
139 238
102 158
73.4 66.4
404
- 39.6
1
1
100.0
6
0
0.0
4
3
75.0
14
9
64.3
3
3
100.0
396
181
45.7
2 394
1 270
50.0 68.5
Appendix Table 27.-- Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in the
Melbourne/Titusville/ Palm Bay MSA, by race, 1985-1991.
Race
Year Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1985
Number observed
Percent using CRD
1986
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1987
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1988
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1989
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1990
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1991
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
39 160
15.4 52.5
-- 6
-33.3
535
72
39.4
88
35
39.9
31 386
5 110
16.1 29.9
21 333
6 173
28.6 52.0
33 394
12 186
36.4 47.2
- 205
- 44.9
95
35
36.8
424
130
30.7
600
161
26.8
371
185
49.9
Appendix Table 28.-- Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in the Miami/Hialeah
MSA, by race, 1985-1991.
Race
Year Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1985
Number observed
Percent using CRD
1986
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1987
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1988
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1989
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1990
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1991
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
68 234
26.5 27.8
181 444
8 80
4.4 18.0
72 184
17 77
23.6 41.8
178 345
26 130
14.6 37.7
166 241
22 86
13.3 35.7
145 175
22 66
15.2 37.7
159 313
54 187
34.0 59.9
-- 7
-143
This number was taken directly from a previous report.
resolved because original data were not available.
Slight discrepancies in totals could not be
310"
- 27.1
379"
125a
33.0
794
228
28.7
675
171
25.3
17 530
3 147
17.7 27.7
1
1
100.0
802
400
49.9
47
Appendix Table 29.-- Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in the Tampa/St.
Petersburg/Clearwater MSA, by race, 1985-1991.
Race
Year Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1985
Number observed
Percent using CRD
1986
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1987
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1988
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1989
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1990
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1991
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
413 782
29.8 3.8
61 418
13 132
21.3 31.6
21 151
5 55
23.8 36.4
13 191
2 45
15.4 23.6
37 294
7 114
18.9 38.8
34 298
5 134
14.7 45.0
58 408
35 260
60.3 63.7
-- 10
-30.0
17
3
17.6
2
0
0.0
13
2
15.4
11
2
18.2
30
15
50.0
7
2
28.6
12
4
33.3
-- 501
-- 25.3
This number was taken directly from a previous report. Slight discrepancies in totals could not be
resolved because original data were not available.
508
314
61.8
Appendix Table 30.-- Safety device usage in Eustis, by age of child, 1988-1991.
Age
Infants Children Total
Year (0-3) (4-5) (0-5)
1988
Number observed 664 388 1,052
Number using CRD 268 78 346
Percent using CRD 40.4 20.1 32.9
Confidence limit (95%) 3.7 4.0 +2.8
12989
Number observed 414 244 658
Number using CRD 170 71 214
Percent using CRD 41.1 29.1 36.6
Confidence limit (95%) 4.7 5.7 3.7
1990
Number observed 607 376 983
Number using CRD 319 137 456
Percent using CRD 52.6 36.4 46.4
Confidence limit (95%) 4.0 4.9 3.1
1991
Number observed 655 513 1,168
Number using CRD 287 166 453
Percent using CRD 43.8 32.4 38.8
Confidence limit (95%) 3.8 4.0 2.8
Appendix Table 31.-- Safety device usage in Lake City, by age of child, 19888-1991.
Age
Infants Children Total
Year (0-3) (4-5) (0-5)
1988
Number observed 433 505 938
Number using CRD 143 67 210
Percent using CRD 33.0 13.3 22.4
Confidence limit (95%) 4.4 3.0 2.7
1989
Number observed 265 261 526
Number using CRD 65 46 111
Percent using CRD 24.5 17.6 21.1
Confidence limit (95%) 5.2 4.6 3.5
1990
Number observed 433 331 764
Number using CRD 152 85 237
Percent using CRD 35.1 25.7 31.0
Confidence limit (95%) 4.5 4.7 3.3
1991
Number observed 471 358 829
Number using CRD 268 176 444
Percent using CRD 56.9 49.2 53.6
Confidence limit (95%) +4.5 5.2 +3.4
Appendix Table 32.-- Safety device usage in Marianna, by age of child, 1988-1991.
Age
Infants Children Total
Year (0-3) (4-5) (0-5)
Number observed 328 204 532
Number using CRD 73 63 136
Percent using CRD 22.3 30.9 25.6
Confidence limit (95%) 4.5 6.3 3.7
19892
Number observed 346 261 607
Number using CRD 69 71 140
Percent using CRD 19.9 27.2 23.1
Confidence limit (95%) 4.2 5.4 3.4
1990
Number observed 222 155 377
Number using CRD 79 75 154
Percent using CRD 35.6 48.4 40.8
Confidence limit (95%) 6.3 7.9 5.0
1_221
Number observed 518 348 866
Number using CRD 248 210 458
Percent using CRD 47.9 60.3 52.9
Confidence limit (95%) + 4.3 +5.1 3.3
Appendix Table 33.-- Safety device usage in Sebring, by age of child, 1988-1991.
Age
Year Infants Children Total
(0-3) (4-5) (0-5)
1988
Number observed 270 158 428
Number using CRD 119 33 152
Percent using CRD 44.1 20.9 35.5
Confidence limit (95%) 5.9 6.3 4.5
1989
Number observed 210 247 457
Number using CRD 106 57 163
Percent using CRD 50.5 23.1 35.7
Confidence limit (95%) 6.8 5.3 4.4
1990
Number observed 538 380 918
Number using CRD 193 112 305
Percent using CRD 35.9 29.5 33.2
Confidence limit (95%) 4.1 4.6 3.0
1991
Number observed 595 478 1,073
Number using CRD 238 146 384
Percent using CRD 40.0 30.5 35.8
Confidence limit (95%) 3.9 + 4.1 2.9
Appendix Table 34.-- Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in Eustis, by gender,
1988-1991.
Gender
Year Male Female Unknown Total
1988
Number observed 338 282 44 664
Number using CRD 122 120 26 268
Percent using CRD 36.1 42.6 59.1 40.4
1989
Number observed 202 177 35 414
Number using CRD 84 69 17 170
Percent using CRD 41.6 39.0 48.6 41.1
1990
Number observed 292 234 81 607
Number using CRD 156 92 71 319
Percent using CRD 53.4 39.3 87.7 52.6
1991
Number observed 289 310 56 655
Number using CRD 106 131 50 287
Percent using CRD 36.7 42.3 89.3 43.8
Appendix Table 35.-- Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in Lake City, by gender,
1988-1991.
Gender
Year Male Female Unknown Total
1988
Number observed 184 176 73 433
Number using CRD 58 33 52 143
Percent using CRD 31.5 18.8 71.2 33.0
1989
Number observed 131 106 28 265
Number using CRD 26 25 14 65
Percent using CRD 19.8 23.6 50.0 24.5
1990
Number observed 214 142 77 433
Number using CRD 67 37 48 152
Percent using CRD 313 26.1 62.3 35.1
1991
Number observed 238 224 9 471
Number using CRD 136 124 8 268
Percent using CRD 57.1 55.4 88.9 56.9
Appendix Table 36.-- Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in Marianna, by gender,
1988-1991.
Gender
Year Male Female Unknown Total
1988
Number observed 182 146 -- 328
Number using CRD 44 29 -- 73
Percent using CRD 24.2 19.9 -- 22.3
1989
Number observed 164 153 29 346
Number using CRD 35 26 8 69
Percent using CRD 21.3 17.0 27.6 19.9
1990
Number observed 105 91 26 222
Number using CRD 32 31 16 79
Percent using CRD 30.5 34.1 61.5 35.6
1991
Number observed 246 249 23 518
Number using CRD 115 111 22 248
Percent using CRD 46.8 44.6 95.7 47.9
Appendix Table 37.-- Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in Sebring, by gender,
1988-1991.
Gender
Year Male Female Unknown Total
1988
Number observed 134 108 28 270
Number using CRD 52 42 25 119
Percent using CRD 38.8 38.9 89.3 44.1
1989
Number observed 57 69 84 210
Number using CRD 20 29 57 106
Percent using CRD 35.1 42.0 67.9 50.5
1990
Number observed 248 235 55 538
Number using CRD 69 75 49 193
Percent using CRD 27.8 31.9 89.1 35.9
1991
Number observed 280 254 61 595
Number using CRD 105 83 50 238
Percent using CRD 37.5 32.7 82.0 40.0
Appendix Table 38.-- Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in Eustis, by gender,
1988-1991.
Gender
Year Male Female Unknown Total
1988
Number observed 254 134 388
Number using CRD 52 26 -- 78
Percent using CRD 20.5 19.4 -- 20.1
1989
Number observed 128 115 1 244
Number using CRD 41 30 0 71
Percent using CRD 32.0 26.1 0.0 29.1
1990
Number observed 213 163 -- 376
Number using CRD 79 58 -- 137
Percent using CRD 37.1 35.6 -- 36.4
1991
Number observed 294 219 513
Number using CRD 92 74 -- 166
Percent using CRD 31.3 33.8 -- 32.4
Appendix Table 39.-- Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in Lake City, by gender,
1988-1991.
Gender
Year Male Female Unknown Total
1988
Number observed 310 195 505
Number using CRD 42 25 -- 67
Percent using CRD 13.5 12.8 -- 13.3
1989
Number observed 129 126 6 261
Number using CRD 20 26 0 46
Percent using CRD 15.5 20.6 0.0 17.6
1990
Number observed 187 141 3 331
Number using CRD 53 31 0 84
Percent using CRD 28.3 22.0 0.0 25.4
1991
Number observed 187 171 -- 358
Number using CRD 96 80 -- 176
Percent using CRD 51.3 46.8 -- 49.2
Appendix Table 40.-- Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in Marianna, by gender,
1988-1991.
Gender
Year Male Female Unknown Total
1988
Number observed 116 88 -- 204
Number using CRD 31 32 -- 63
Percent using CRD 26.7 36.4 -- 30.9
1989
Number observed 126 131 4 261
Number using CRD 35 35 1 71
Percent using CRD 27.8 26.7 25.0 27.2
1990
Number observed 81 74 -- 155
Number using CRD 35 40 -- 75
Percent using CRD 43.2 54.1 -- 48.4
1991
Number observed 186 162 -- 348
Number using CRD 103 107 -- 210
Percent using CRD 55.4 66.1 -- 60.3
Appendix Table 41.-- Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in Sebring, by gender,
1988-1991.
Gender
Year Male Female Unknown Total
1988
Number observed 92 66 -- 158
Number using CRD 18 15 -- 33
Percent using CRD 19.6 22.7 -- 20.9
1989
Number observed 138 99 10 247
Number using CRD 35 20 2 57
Percent using CRD 25.4 20.2 20.0 23.1
1990
Number observed 208 172 -- 380
Number using CRD 63 49 -- 112
Percent using CRD 30.3 28.5 -- 29.5
1991
Number observed 288 189 1 478
Number using CRD 85 61 0 146
Percent using CRD 29.5 32.3 0.0 30.5
60
Appendix Table 42.-- Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in Eustis, by race, 1988-
1991.
Race
Year Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1988
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1989
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1990
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1221
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
112 552
10 258
8.9 46.7
62 345
7 162
11.3 47.0
76 522
12 307
15.8 58.8
93 539
17 259
18.3 48.1
1
1
100.0
61
Appendix Table 43.-- Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in Lake City, by race,
1988-1991.
Race
Year Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1988
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1989
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1990
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1991
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
81 347
11 132
13.6 38.0
76 389
34 232
44.7 59.6
471
268
56.9
Appendix Table 44.-- Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in Marianna, by race,
1988-1991.
Race
Year Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1988
Nunmer observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1989
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1990
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1991
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
57 269
8 64
14.0 23.8
63 158
9 69
14.3 43.7
117 399
28 220
23.9 55.1
1
1
100.0
222
79
35.6
518
248
47.9
63
Appendix Table 45.-- Safety device usage among children 0-3 years of age in Sebring, by race, 1988-
1991.
Race
Year Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1988
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1989
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1990
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1991
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
40 221
12 102
30.0 46.2
29 165
3 99
10.3 60.0
54 440
8 183
14.8 41.6
57 494
9 225
15.8 45.6
1
1
100.0
1
0
0.0
1
0
0.0
4
1
25.0
4
2
50.0
Appendix Table 46.-- Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in Eustis, by race, 1988-
1991.
Race
Year Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1989
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1990
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1991
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
29 338
3 132
10.3 39.1
56 437
6 152
10.7 34.8
3
1
33.3
388
78
20.1
244
71
29.1
376
137
36.4
513
166
32.4
Appendix Table 47.-- Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in Lake City, by race,
1988-1991.
Race
Year Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1988
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1989
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1990
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1991
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
60 198
6 40
10.0 20.2
45 282
7 77
15.6 273
63 290
24 147
38.1 50.7
331
85
25.7
1
1
100.0
4
4
100.0
Appendix Table 48.-- Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in Marianna, by race,
1988-1991.
____________Kace-----------
Race
Year Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1988
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1990
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1991
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
39 165
9 54
23.1 32.7
56 202
6 65
10.7 32.2
41 114
17 58
41.5 50.9
67 281
32 178
47.8 63.4
67
Appendix Table 49.-- Safety device usage among children 4-5 years of age in Sebring, by race, 1988-
1991.
Race
Year Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1988
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1989
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1990
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
1991
Number observed
Number using CRD
Percent using CRD
28 205
3 52
10.7 25.4
30 312
4 102
13.3 32.7
37 407
4 141
10.8 34.6
158
33
20.9
247
57
23.1
380
112
29.5
478
146
30.5
Appendix Table 50.-- Safety device usage by age category and seating location.
Seating Location
Age/Restraint" Front Seat Back Seat Total
Number Percent (CL) Number Percent (CL) Number Percent (CL)
0-3
Restrained 888 45.7 2.2 1,942 59.4 1.7 2,830 54.3 + 1.4
Unrestrained 1,057 543 2.2 1,327 40.6 1.7 2,384 45.7 1.4
Total 1,945 100.0 3,269 100.0 5,214 100.0
4-5
Restrained 1,012 56.2 2.3 881 42.9 +2.1 1,893 49.1 1.6
Unrestrained 790 43.5 2.3 1,173 57.1 2.1 1,963 50.9 1.6
Total 1,802 100.0 2,054 100.0 3,856 100.0
In the 0-3 age category, restraint refers to a CRD. In the 4-5 age category, restraint refers to a
CRD or a seat belt.
Appendix Table 51.-- Safety device usage in Florida and Non-Florida registered vehicles.
Age group/restraint
0-3
CRD
Seat belt
No restraint
Total
45-
CRD or seat belt
No restraint
Total
Vehicle Registration
Florida Non-Florida
Number Percent Number Percent
2,677
739
1,532
4,948
1,811
1,883
3,694
54.1
14.9
31.0
100.0
49.0
51.0
100.0
57.5
15.8
26.7
100.0
50.6
49.4
100.0
SChildren four to five years of age in the front seat or the back seat must be restrained in order
to be in compliance with the law.
Total
Number
2,830
781
1,603
5,214
1,893
1,963
3,856
Percent
54.3
15.0
30.7
100.0
49.1
50.9
100.0
Appendix B.--CRD Observational Survey Coding Sheet
CRD Observational Survey Coding Sheet
AGE GENDER RACE LOCATION RESTRAINT VEHICLE AUTO REG.
Est. M-Male B-Black F-Front C-Child in CRD C-Car F-FL
Actual W-White
Age F-Female H-Hispanic B-Back N-No Restraint T-Truck N-Non-FL
O-Other
U-Uncertain U-Uncertain S-Safety Belt V-Van
Location
Observer
Time Date
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