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TENE
1988 OBSERVATIONAL SURVEY OF
SEAT BELT AND CHILD RESTRAINT DEVICE
USAGE AMONG CHILDREN FOURTEEN
YEARS OF AGE AND UNDER IN FLORIDA
Project Number 88-06-R-304-08
FINAL REPORT
Prepared for the
Bureau of Public Safety Management
Florida Department of Community Affairs
Tallahassee, Florida 32301
Prepared by
Dr. Robert L. Degner
and
Susan D. Moss
Florida Agricultural Market Research Center
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida 32611
FAMRC Industry Report 88-1
May 1988
FOREWORD
This report was prepared for the Bureau of Public Safety Management,
Department of Community Affairs, State of Florida in cooperation with the
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the U.S. Department of
Transportation.
The conclusions and opinions expressed in these reports are those of
the Subgrantee, and do not necessarily represent those of the State of
Florida, Bureau of Public Safety Management, Division of Housing and
Community Development, Department of Community Affairs, the U.S. Depart-
ment of Transportation, or any other agency of the State or Federal
Government.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to extend appreciation to the following indivi-
duals who assisted in this study: Ms. Deborah Reaves and Dr. Charles
Wallace, of the Transportation Research Center at the University of
Florida, for assistance in planning and implementing the project; Data
Collectors Darrell Brannan, Steven Cotton, Linda Kirkland, Michelle
Renaud, Ruth Reynolds, Octavio Ramirez, Renelle Ramirez, Irwin Research
Services, Inc., Joseph Rice, P.E./Consulting Engineer, and Tampa Bay
Opinion Mart; and Carol Cook, IFAS grants coordinator. Renelle Ramirez
also typed the manuscript.
We would also like to express our appreciation to the Bureau of
Public Safety Management, Department of Community Affairs, and the U.S.
Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administra-
tion for their assistance in conducting this research.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD . . . . . . . i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . ... . . ii
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES. . . . .. .... iv
LIST OF FIGURES . . . . ... . v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . ... . vi
INTRODUCTION . . . . ... . . 1
SURVEY APPROACH . . . . .. . 2
Study Site Selection . . . . ... .. 2
Survey Team Organization ... . . . 4
Data Collection . . . . .. . 4
Data Compilation and Analysis. . . . ... 5
RESULTS . . . . . . . 5
Overall Results. . . . .. .. 5
Urban Results . . . . ... . 7
Rural Results . . . . ... . .13
Restraint vs. Actual Compliance with the Law . . .14
CONCLUSIONS . . . . ... . . 15
REFERENCES . . . ... . . 17
APPENDIX A . . . . . . . 18
Tabulations of Survey Results . . . ... .19
APPENDIX B . . .. . .... . 44
CRD Observational Survey Coding Sheet . . ... 45
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES
Table Page
1 CRD/belt usage, by age of child and type of area, 1988 19
2 Comparison of CRD/belt usage percentages, by age of child
and type of area, 1987-1988 . .... . 20
3 Total results, 1988 . . .... . . 21
4 Observed levels of safety device use in the Jacksonville
MSA, by age of child, 1985-1988 . .. . . 22
5 Observed levels of safety device use in the Melbourne/
Titusville/Palm Bay MSA, by age of child, 1985-1988 . 23
6 Observed levels of safety device use in the Miami/Hialeah
MSA, by age of child, 1985-1988 . .... .... 24
7 Observed levels of safety device use in the Tampa/
St. Petersburg/Clearwater MSA, by age of child, 1985-
1988 . .. . . .. . 25
8 Observed levels of CRD use among children 0-3 years of
age in the Jacksonville MSA, by gender and race, 1985-
1988 . . . . ... . . 26
9 Observed levels of CRD use among children 0-3 years of
age in the Melbourne/Titusville/Palm Bay MSA, by gender
and race, 1985-1988 . . . . . 27
10 Observed levels of CRD use among children 0-3 years of
age in the Miami/Hialeah MSA, by gender and race, 1985-
1988 . . . . . . 28
11 Observed levels of CRD use among children 0-3 years of
age in the Tampa/St. Petersburg/Clearwater MSA, by
gender and race, 1985-1988 . . . .... 29
12 Observed levels of CRD use among children 4-5 years of
age in the Jacksonville MSA, by gender and race, 1985-
1988 . . . . ... . . 30
13 Observed levels of CRD use among children 4-5 years of
age in the Melbourne/Titusville/Palm Bay MSA, by gender
and race, 1985-1988 . . . . .. 31
14 Observed levels of CRD use among children 4-5 years of
age in the Miami/Hialeah MSA, by gender and race, 1985-
1988 . . . ....... . .. 32
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES CONTINUED
Table Page
15 Observed levels of CRD use among children 4-5 years of
age in the Tampa/St. Petersburg/Clearwater MSA, by
gender and race, 1985-1988 . .... . . 33
16 Observed levels of safety device use among children 6-14
years of age in the Jacksonville MSA, by gender and race,
1987-1988 . . . ..... . . 34
17 Observed levels of safety device use among children 6-14
years of age in the Melbourne/Titusville/Palm Bay MSA, by
gender and race, 1987-1988 . .. . 35
18 Observed levels of safety device use among children 6-14
years of age in the Miami/Hialeah MSA, by gender and race,
1987-1988 . . . .... . . 36
19 Observed levels of safety device use among children 6-14
years of age in the Tampa/St. Petersburg/Clearwater MSA,
by gender and race, 1987-1988 ........ . 37
20 Observed levels of safety device use, by rural location
and age of child, 1988 . . .... . 38
21 Observed levels of safety device use among children 0-3
years of age in rural locations, by gender and race . 39
22 Observed levels of safety device use among children 4-5
years of age in rural locations, by gender and race . 40
23 Observed levels of safety device use among children 6-14
years of age in rural locations, by gender and race . 41
24 Restraint vs. compliance for older children aged
6-14, by city . . ..... . . 42
25 Compliance in front seat vs. back seat for children
aged 6-14 . . .. . . 43
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Percentage of children aged 0-3 properly restrained, by
MSA, 1985-1988 . . . . ... . 8
2 Percentage of children aged 4-5 properly restrained, by
MSA, 1985-1988 . . . . 9
3 Percentage of children aged 6-14 properly restrained, by
MSA, 1985-1988 . . . .... ..... 10
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
An observational survey of child restraint device usage was con-
ducted in 1988 to ascertain what changes, if any, had occurred in usage
since the 1985, 1986 and 1987 studies. This report presents the results
of the 1988 survey and compares them with results from earlier studies.
Data collectors were trained and data were collected. The data were
then transformed into computerized data sets and analyzed. A total of
12,965 children (zero through fourteen years of age) were observed, of
which 7,411 were aged zero through five.
The four metropolitan areas studied in 1985, 1986 and 1987 were
included in the 1988 survey. Four rural locations were also studied.
Older children (six through fourteen years of age) were included in the
1987 and 1988 surveys. Prior to 1987, this age group was excluded from
the study because there were no laws which addressed restraint usage in
this age group. The 1986 Bill CS/HB 40 was broadened to include children
zero through five years of age in both Florida-registered and non-
Florida-registered vehicles. No laws exist specifically for the six- to
fourteen-year-old age group, but it is included in the general seat belt
law, which covers front-seat passengers.
Overall, the survey found the number of children (aged zero through
fourteen) restrained by either a CRD or a seat belt had declined from
38.1 percent in 1987 to 34.4 percent in 1988. This is attributed to a
decrease in seat belt usage among older children (six through fourteen
years of age) and a very slight decrease in CRD usage among infants
(zero through three years of age). There was a slight increase in CRD
usage among young children (four through five years of age), but the
vii
increase was outweighed by a decline in seat belt use in the age group.
Rural CRD usage rates were lower than in urban areas but followed
similar patterns.
In general, infants were still more likely to be restrained than the
older age groups. Nearly half (48.5 percent) of the 4,332 infants (aged
zero through three) observed were in CRDs, while only 26.2 percent of
3,079 young children (aged four to five) and 28.1 percent of 5,554 older
children (aged six through fourteen) were properly restrained. These
results show a decline from 1987 usage levels for all age groups.
As in previous years, white children had higher CRD usage rates than
black children, and females generally showed higher CRD usage rates than
males.
viii
1988 Child Restraint Usage Survey
Final Report
INTRODUCTION
Vehicular accidents continue to be the primary cause of death and
injury of children throughout the country. The State of Florida has
sought to reduce this sad statistic by adopting laws which require the
use of approved safety devices by children. In 1982, the Florida
Legislature passed Bill CB/SB 298 requiring children between zero and
four years of age to be in Federally approved child restraint devices
(CRDs) when with parents or legal guardians in Florida-registered
vehicles. Children four and five years of age were required to be in
CRDs or seat belts. In 1986, the Legislature passed Bill CS/HB 40 which
broadened the scope of the original law to include all children zero
through five in vehicles, Florida-registered or not. In addition, manda-
tory use of seat belts by front seat passengers was instituted in 1986.
The Bureau of Public Safety Management (BPSM) has promoted and
monitored compliance with the law. They have awarded grants to state
research centers to conduct both telephone opinion surveys and observa-
tional studies to assess CRD usage. In previous years, telephone
interviews indicated a greater level of compliance than on-street
observations showed (Reaves, 1987).
Observational surveys were conducted in 1985, 1986 and 1987 in
metropolitan statistical areas throughout Florida. The 1986 surveys of
Florida-registered vehicles indicated that CRD usage among infants was
about 45 percent, and usage among young children was around 20 percent.
In 1987, usage among infants increased to 49 percent, while the number of
young children properly restrained rose to 32 percent. The 1988 survey
showed children properly restrained in these two age groups at 48 percent
and 26 percent, respectively.
Ongoing monitoring of CRD usage is necessary to provide information
for focusing educational and enforcement programs. The 1987 and 1988
surveys were expanded to include children through age fourteen and to
include both metropolitan and rural areas. However, due to low numbers
of rural observations in 1987, the 1988 survey included larger rural
towns than used in 1987.
SURVEY APPROACH
The 1988 observational survey conducted by the University of
Florida's Agricultural Market Research Center, in cooperation with the
Transportation Research Center, consisted of the following elements: (1)
study site selection, (2) survey team organization, (3) data collection,
(4) data compilation and analysis, and (5) final report summarizing the
study findings.
Survey teams were organized in early March and trained approximately
one week prior to data collection. Observations were made in all areas
on the last two Fridays and Saturdays in March.
Study Site Selection
The 1985 survey was conducted in eight metropolitan statistical
areas (MSAs) in Florida. The 1986 survey was conducted in four of the
original MSA locations, establishing a longitudinal profile of CRD usage
in those metropolitan areas. For historical comparison, the urban areas
targeted in 1986 were again surveyed in 1987 and 1988. They are
Miami/Hialeah (Dade County), Melbourne/Titusville/Palm Bay (Brevard
County), Tampa/St. Petersburg/Clearwater (Hillsborough and Pinellas
Counties) and Jacksonville (Duval County).
While it was desirable to continue to obtain data about the CRD
usage levels of motorists with children in metropolitan areas, BPSM was
also concerned about the usage levels of motorists in more rural parts of
the State. From each of the four basic rural areas in Florida (Pan-
handle, north central, central and the southern area), one county was
randomly selected for inclusion in the study. The rural counties
included in the 1988 study are Columbia, Jackson, Lake and Highlands
counties. Actual study sites in these rural counties were selected in
small cities rather than at rural isolated intersections outside of
populated areas or small towns with low traffic volume. Observational
locations were in the towns of Lake City, Marianna, Eustis and Sebring.
Observations were made at intersections near shopping centers and
day care centers. Every attempt was made to schedule the surveys during
times when trips with the maximum likelihood of having children present
would be included in the survey. Whenever possible, the same observation
points were used in 1988 as in previous years.
Appropriate law enforcement and traffic engineering agencies were
notified in writing of the dates and times of the surveys, and the team
members were given letters of introduction to be used in the event
anyone questioned their presence. They also carried small signs indicat-
ing they were conducting a traffic survey.
Survey Team Organization
Graduate students and staff from the Market Research Center, and
temporary employment personnel were hired for data collection. All data
collectors were trained in proper techniques prior to conducting the
actual field survey. The survey crews were instructed not to interfere
with normal traffic flow, nor to create a hazardous situation jeopardiz-
ing either themselves or motorists. The guide, "Guidelines for Observing
Child Safety Seat Use," (U.S. Department of Transportation) was utilized
in training the survey team members. Important points which were
addressed during the training session included (1) observation techniques
themselves, (2) courteous interaction with the public, but primary
emphasis on unobtrusive observing, (3) distinguishing characteristics to
focus on, e.g., usage/non-usage of CRDs and seat belts by children,
vehicle registration, techniques for estimating children's ages, etc.
Data Collection
The following data for each person were collected for all private
autos and light trucks with children present in the right-hand lane at
the specified intersections:
(1) Vehicle Type: Light Truck, Car
(2) Location of Child: Front, Back
(3) Restraint: CRD, Safety Belt, No/Improper Restraint
(4) Race: Black, White, Hispanic, Other, Uncertain
(5) Gender: Male, Female, Uncertain
(6) Age: 0 through 14
(7) Auto Registration: Florida, Non-Florida
Any autos with window tinting or other devices which prevented
observation were excluded from the survey. Vans, pick-ups and commercial
vehicles were excluded from previous surveys. However, due to the recent
increase in the use of light pick-ups and mini-vans for family transpor-
tation, these were included in the 1988 survey. Large vans and commer-
cial vehicles were still excluded.
Data Compilation and Analysis
The 1987 data collection coding forms were modified to incorporate
the addition of trucks and the elimination of observations of the driver
(see Appendix B for 1988 survey coding sheet). The data were reduced to
computer form and statistically analyzed on a geographical basis. In
addition, comparisons were made with previous years' findings. The
results are presented below.
RESULTS
Overall Results
A total of 12,965 children aged zero through fourteen were observed
for the current study. This number is substantially larger than in
previous years but can be attributed to several factors. In the MSAs,
additional observers were used in 1988. Secondly, the towns in the rural
counties where observations were made this year had much more traffic
than the rural locations surveyed in 1987. Third, drivers were not
included in the observations as they had been in previous years, giving
observers more time to record data on children. Another possible factor
was that observations were made during the two consecutive weekends prior
to Easter, a time which may have increased the incidence of family
shopping trips.
Appendix Table 1 summarizes both total CRD/belt usage by age of
child and usage by type of area. Nearly half of all children in the
infant category were in CRDs. An additional 228 infants (5.3 percent)
were observed in seat belts rather than CRDs, a practice which is not in
compliance with the law. A smaller percentage of young children was
restrained. Only 7.2 percent were in CRDs, but 19 percent were belted.
Less than a third of the older children were belted. Because the urban
samples were larger than the rural samples, the total survey results more
closely resemble the urban usage patterns.
Rural CRD usage was generally lower than urban CRD usage, although
the rural usage did follow the same overall patterns and trends. Usage
among infants was 35.6 percent, while 19.2 percent of the young children
were restrained in CRDs or by seat belts (Appendix Table 1). Older
children in rural areas were restrained roughly 20 percent of the time.
Appendix Table 2 shows a comparison of 1987 and 1988 CRD/belt usage
percentages by age of child and type of area. Overall, CRD usage rose
from 15.0 percent in 1987 to 18.1 percent in 1988, while seat belt usage
dropped from 25.9 percent in 1987 to 18.1 percent in 1988. The overall
pattern of increased CRD usage and decreased seat belt usage was
reflected in the urban results, but the rural results showed a large drop
in CRD usage in the infant category. However, caution should be used in
the rural comparisons from 1987 to 1988 because different locales were
observed in the two years.
Appendix Table 3 shows the total survey results, broken down by age
category, gender and race. As noted earlier, nearly half (48.5 percent)
of the infants were in CRDs. Young children were less likely to be
restrained by either a CRD or seat belt (only 26.2 percent). Older
children had a similar result (28.1 percent) observed using seat belts.
Females showed a very slight lead over males in CRD/belt usage in 1988.
When the sample results were broken down into racial categories,
white and Hispanic children had higher usage rates in each age category.
However, as the age groups increased in age, the difference in the racial
usage diminished; usage rates were more similar among the race categories
in the older children category. Blacks generally had the lowest usage
rates in each age group (Appendix Table 3).
Urban Results
The Jacksonville metropolitan area had a total increase in CRD
usage. Among infants, usage rose from 40 percent in 1987 to 58.2 percent
in 1988, while four- and five-year-olds declined, from 46.2 percent in
1987 to 40.4 percent in 1988. The percentage of older children
restrained also fell from 32.7 to 25.1 (Figures 1 through 3, Appendix
Table 4).
Total CRD usage in Melbourne/Titusville/Palm Bay experienced a
decline, from 42.5 percent in 1987 to 39.1 percent in 1988. Usage among
infants fell from 67.2 percent in 1987 to 53.9 percent in 1988. The
four- and five-year-olds' usage fell from 37.0 to 30.7 percent. Usage
among older children fell from 42.5 to 39.1 percent (Figures 1 through 3,
Appendix Table 5).
The Miami/Hialeah metropolitan area had a slight increase in total
usage levels, in spite of a decline in CRD usage among young children
from 33.1 percent in 1987 to 28.7 percent in 1988 and a decline in usage
UU
71
70- 66 67 65
6 -- 65
62
60- 58 59
-56
54 54
51 51
0- 47 _47
4'-
S4040
0_ _35
30-
20-
10-
0 --
85 86 87 88 85 86 87 88 85 86 87 88 85 86 87 88
Jacksonville Melbourne Miami Tampa
Figure 1.--Percentage of children aged 0-3 properly restrained, by MSA, 1985-1988.
70-
60-
50-
40 -
30-
20 -
10 -
85 86 87 88
Jacksonville
Figure 2.--Percentage
85 86 '87 88 85 86 '87 88
Melbourne Miami
of children aged 4-5 properly restrained,
85 86 '87 88
Tampa
by MSA, 1985-1988.
I
--
40-
33
28
29
38
34
29
*I I. 1
87 88 87 88
Jacksonville Melbourne
Figure 3.--Percentage of children aged
87 88
Miami
6-14 properly restrained,
23
87 88
Tampa
by MSA, 1987-1988.
among older children from 37.5 to 33.6 percent (Appendix Table 6). For
infants, usage increased from 51.1 percent in 1987 to 58.8 percent in
1988 (Figures 1 through 3, Appendix Table 6).
Tampa/St. Petersburg/Clearwater experienced a decline in overall
usage, from 33.8 percent in 1987 to 30.4 percent in 1988. Usage among
infants was up from 46.7 to 54 percent while, among young children,
usage was down, from 33 to 22.7 percent. Usage among older children fell
from 29.4 to 23.2 percent (Figures 1 through 3, Appendix Table 7).
While the infants' usage rates decreased only slightly, restraint
usage among young and older children declined substantially in most
areas. Older children remain far less likely to be restrained than
infants. It is not known why the rates for children aged four to
fourteen fell while the infants remained fairly stable. However, the
most likely reason is that publicity surrounding the seat belt law passed
in 1986 has declined, leading to a decrease in CRD/belt use.
When the data were further broken down by gender and race, some
patterns were identifiable. Among children in the infant category, males
were less likely to be in CRDs than females. This follows the same
pattern observed in 1986 and 1987 (Appendix Tables 8 through 11).
With the exception of Tampa, where black infants showed the highest
level of CRD usage in 1988, white infants were more likely to be
restrained than any other racial group. This pattern follows from
previous years. However, small sample sizes from non-white populations
limit detailed analyses of CRD use among other racial groups (Appendix
Table 11).
The 1987 and 1988 observations categorized Hispanics as a separate
group. In Miami/Hialeah, where the largest number of Hispanic infants
was observed, 42.6 and 62.6 percent were in CRDs in 1987 and 1988,
respectively (Appendix Table 10). The other urban areas had too few
observations of Hispanics to analyze. It should be noted that Hispanics
may have been inadvertently coded in other racial categories since
distinguishing characteristics are subtle and sometimes difficult to
detect in a windshield observational survey. The "other" and "uncertain"
racial categories also had too few observations to draw meaningful
conclusions.
The observations of young children were also broken down by race and
gender (Appendix Tables 12 through 15). There was somewhat greater
variation among the urban area patterns for this age group. Tampa/St.
Petersburg/Clearwater and Melbourne/Titusville/Palm Bay exhibited greater
CRD usage among females than males, while Jacksonville and Miami/Hialeah
showed usage among males to be greater than among females. Overall,
differences between the sexes in young children was slight. The pattern
was observed in previous years also.
Blacks were less likely to be using CRDs than whites in the young
children category but, again, samples of blacks were smaller than for
whites. CRD usage among four- to five-year-old Hispanics was higher than
for blacks or whites, but observations are too few to evaluate outside of
Miami. Again, the "other" and "uncertain" categories had too few
observations to be meaningful.
The older children (Appendix Tables 16 through 19) showed a differ-
ence in CRD/belt usage which seemed to favor males over females. The
Tampa/St. Petersburg/Clearwater and Miami/Hialeah MSAs showed only very
minor differences in the usage percentages for males and females.
When the older children category was broken into racial categories,
all four MSAs showed greater proportions of whites and Hispanics using
seat belts than blacks. However, there were relatively small samples in
the black and Hispanic racial categories in all but the Jacksonville and
Miami/Hialeah MSAs.
Rural Results
This was the second year that rural locations were specifically
targeted in the survey. However, due to the limited number of observa-
tions obtained in 1987, the locations were changed from four very small
rural towns to four larger towns in the same geographic areas as pre-
viously surveyed. Thus, historical comparisons with previous results are
not practical this year, but the 1988 results will be useful for future
comparisons.
The results for the rural portion of the survey are shown in
Appendix Tables 20 through 23. CRD usage was generally lower in each of
the rural locations than in the urban areas. Usage patterns among age
groups and racial groups followed trends similar to those seen in the
urban areas, i.e., higher usage among infants than among the young
children and older children categories.
Usage among infants ranged from a low of 22.3 percent in Marianna to
44.1 percent in Sebring. Among young children, usage ranged from 13.3
percent in Lake City to 30.9 percent in Marianna. For older children,
restraint usage ranged from 16.9 percent in Lake City to 30.2 percent in
Marianna (Appendix Table 20).
As displayed in the urban area results, females in rural areas were
somewhat more likely to be properly restrained than males in all age
groups. However, both Lake City and Marianna were shown to significantly
favor male infants in CRDs over females (Appendix Tables 21 through 23).
Overall, white children in rural areas were more likely to be
properly restrained than black children (Appendix Tables 21 through 23).
Lake City was an exception to this pattern in the older children cate-
gory, where 18.5 percent of black children were restrained versus 16
percent of white children. Too few children from the other racial
categories were observed to evaluate their levels of CRD usage in rural
areas (Appendix Tables 21 through 23).
Restraint vs. Actual Compliance with the Law
This study has been largely concerned with the use of child
restraint devices, whether CRDs or seat belts. However, in the case of
older children aged six through fourteen, "restraint" understates
compliance with the law. Children aged six through fourteen riding in
the front seat must be in seat belts to be in compliance with the
recently enacted seat belt law, but no restraint is required when these
children ride in the back seat. Appendix Table 24 shows a comparison of
restraint vs. compliance for children aged six through fourteen in each
city.
For the older children category, overall compliance was 64.4
percent, but the percentage restrained was 25.6. Compliance in urban
areas was 68.7 percent while, in rural areas, compliance was 56.0
percent. Compliance in the four urban areas ranged from 62.2 percent in
Melbourne to 71.6 percent in Jacksonville. In the rural areas, com-
pliance ranged from 48.8 percent in Lake City to 59.7 percent in Marianna
(Appendix Table 24).
The reason restraint understates compliance in the six- to fourteen-
year-old age group is illustrated in Appendix Table 25. All children in
this age group in the back seats of cars are in compliance with the law
whether restrained by a seat belt or not. The 3.9 percent shown to be
non-compliant in the "back seat" represents children in the backs of
pick-up trucks. In front seats, only 37 percent of children aged six
through fourteen are in compliance with the law, and 63 percent are non-
compliant.
CONCLUSIONS
In general, the 1988 CRD usage rates have declined from 1987 rates.
The 1987 survey was conducted shortly after enactment and promulgation of
the 1986 seat belt law and modification of the child restraint law.
Publicity surrounding these actions was widespread, and public awareness
was undoubtedly at high levels. During the past year, reduced publicity
may have caused lower CRD and seat belt usage by children despite
educational, promotional and enforcement activities of the BPSM, law
enforcement agencies, and others. While there was a slight decline in
CRD usage among infants since 1987, the 1988 level of usage was still
higher than the 1986 level. Although usage among young children fell
sharply since the 1987 survey, this group also shows greater CRD/seat
belt usage than observed in the 1986 survey. Older children were also
using seat belts less frequently than in 1987. Data on this older age
group were not collected prior to 1987.
Rural CRD usage was generally lower than urban, but otherwise
followed the same general usage pattern as urban counterparts. It
appears that education and enforcement measures have been successful
16
since the CRD and seat belt laws were passed. However, the decline in
compliance found in the 1988 survey may indicate a decline in public
awareness. Continued and increased efforts are needed before full
compliance with the law is realized.
REFERENCES
U.S. Department of Transportation,
Administration. "Guidelines for
National Technical Information
1987.
National Highway Traffic Safety
Observing Child Safety Seat Use."
Service. Springfield, Virginia.
Reaves, Deborah. Transportation Research Center. University of Florida.
"1987 Observational Survey of Usage of Child Restraint Devices in
Florida." Prepared for Bureau of Public Safety Management, Florida
Department of Community Affairs. Tallahassee, Florida. 1987.
Reaves, Deborah. Transportation Research Center. University of Florida.
"1986 Observational Survey of Usage of Child Restraint Devices in
Florida." Prepared for Bureau of Public Safety Management, Florida
Department of Community Affairs. Tallahassee, Florida. 1986.
APPENDIX A
Appendix Table l.--CRD/belt usage, by age of child and type of area, 1988.
Age
Type of Area 0-3 4-5 6-9 10-14 Total
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
All Areas
CRD
Belted
Not Restrained
Total
Urban
CRD
Belted
Not Restrained
Total
Rural
CRD
Belted
Not Restrained
Total
2,100
228
2,004
4,332
1,497
129
1,011
2,637
603
99
993
1,695
48.5
5.3
46.3
56.8
4.9
38.3
35.6
5.8
58.6
221
586
2 272
3,079
164
402
1,258
1,824
57
184
1,014
1,255
7.2
19.0
73.8
9.0
22.0
69.0
4.5
14.7
80.8
22
865
2,513
3,400
20
615
1,491
2,126
2
250
1,022
1,274
0.7
25.4
73.9
1.0
28.9
70.1
0.2
19.6
80.2
3
666
1,485
2,154
2
525
995
1,522
1
141
490
632
0.1
30.9
68.9
0.1
34.5
65.4
0.2
22.3
77.5
2,346
2,345
8,274
12,965
1,683
1,671
4,755
8,109
663
674
3,519
4,856
18.1
18.1
63.8
20.8
20.6
58.6
13.7
13.9
72.5
Appendix Table 2.--Comparison
1987-1988.
of CRD/belt usage percentages, by age
of child and type
Age/Year
0-3 4-5 6-9 10-14 Total
Type of Area 1987 1988 1987 1988 1987 1988 1987 1988 1987 1988
(----------------------------ercent-----------------------------)
All Areas
CRD 49.1 48.5 4.6 7.2 0.1 0.7 -a 0.1 15.0 18.1
Belted 9.9 5.3 27.7 19.0 32.4 25.4 36.9 30.9 25.9 18.1
Not Restrained 40.9 46.3 67.7 73.8 67.4 73.9 63.1 68.9 59.1 63.8
Urban
CRD 50.1 56.8 5.3 9.0 0.2 0.9 -a 0.1 15.3 20.8
Belted 11.2 4.9 30.0 22.0 32.9 28.9 38.9 34.5 27.4 20.6
Not Restrained 38.6 38.3 64.7 69.0 67.0 70.1 61.1 65.4 57.4 58.6
Ruralb
CRD 44.2 35.6 1.6 4.5 -a 0.2 -a 0.2 14.2c 13.7
Belted 2.9 5.8 18.3 14.7 29.5 19.6 24.4 22.3 17.7c 13.9
Not Restrained 52.9 58.6 80.1 80.8 70.5 80.2 75.6 77.5 71.9c 72.5
aNo data previously available.
bThe four rural areas observed in 1988 were not the same as observed in 1987.
cThese numbers were taken directly from previous reports. Slight
not be resolved because original data were not available.
discrepancies in totals could
of area,
Appendix Table 3.--Total results, 1988.
Total Total Total
Sample Size Using CRD Using CRD Change
Age 1987 1988 1987 1988 1987 1988 1987/1988
(---------Number----------) (------Percent------)
Infants (0-3)
Male
Female
Unknown
Black
White
Hispanic
Other
Unknown
Total
Young Children (4-5)
Male
Female
Unknown
Black
White
Hispanic
Other
Unknown
Total
Older Children (6-14)
Male
Female
Unknown
Black
White
Hispanic
Other
Unknown
Total
Total Sample
Male
Female
Unknown
Black
White
Hispanic
Other
Unknown
Total
286
311
685
201
907
157
17
1,282
477
397
84
143
664
138
14
960
1,174
1,020
62
378
1,538
300
44
2,263
1,937
1,728
831
722
3,109
595
75
4,506
1,986
1,844
502
640
3,324
325
32
11
4,332
1,799
1,265
15
490
2,263
306
17
3
3,079
3,041
2,500
13
773
4,223
499
51
8
5,554
6,826
5,609
530
1,903
9,810
1,130
100
22
12,965
619
610
484
174
1,317
194
27
1,716
853
842
405
163
1,724
196
12
5
2,100
466
337
4
66
649
88
4
0
807
833
721
2
163
1,232
145
14
2
1,556
2,152
1,900
411
392
3,605
429
30
7
4,463
27.6
36.7
63.8
21.9
56.7
41.0
47.1
49.1
32.3
31.5
35.7
21.7
36.5
25.4
14.3
32.3
32.9
36.4
27.4
26.2
36.5
31.7
38.6
34.3
32.0
35.3
58.2
24.1
42.4
32.6
36.0
38.1
43.0
45.7
80.7
25.5
51.9
60.3
37.5
45.5
48.5
25.9
26.6
26.7
13.5
28.7
28.8
23.5
0.0
26.2
27.4
28.8
15.4
21.1
29.2
29.1
27.5
25.0
28.1
31.5
33.9
77.6
20.6
36.8
38.0
30.0
31.8
34.4
+55.4
+24.5
+26.5
+16.4
-8.5
+47.1
-20.4
a
-1.2
-19.8
-15.6
-25.2
-37.8
-21.4
+13.4
+64.3
a
-18.9
-16.7
-20.9
-43.8
-19.5
-20.0
-8.2
-28.8
a
-18.4
-1.6
-4.0
+33.3
-14.5
-13.2
+16.6
-16.7
a
-9.7
aNo comparable data from previous years available.
Appendix Table 4.--Observed levels of safety device use in the Jackson-
ville MSA, by age of child, 1985-1988.
Age
Infants Children Children
Year (0-3) (4 and 5) (6-14)a Total
1985
No. Observed 293 404 -- 697
% Using CRD 71.2 39.6 -- 54.4
1986
No. Observed 816 471 -- 1,288b
No. Using CRD 287 123 -- 410
% Using CRD 35.2 26.1 -- 31.8
1987
No. Observed 170 104 370 644
No. Using CRD 68 48 121 237
% Using CRD 40.0 46.2 32.7 36.8
1988
No. Observed 694 399 978 2,071
No. Using CRD 404 161 245 810
% Using CRD 58.2 40.4 25.1 39.1
aNo data available for
and 1986 surveys.
the six- to fourteen-year-olds in the 1985
bThis number was taken directly from a previous report. Slight
discrepancies in totals could not be resolved because original data were
not available.
Appendix Table 5.--Observed levels of safety device use in the Melbourne/
Titusville/Palm Bay MSA, by age of child, 1985-1988.
Age
Infants Children Children
Year (0-3) (4 and 5) (6-14)a Total
1985
No. Observed 120 205 -- 325
% Using CRD 56.3 75.8 -- 44.9
1986
No. Observed 217 590 -- 807
No. Using CRD 143 74 -- 217
% Using CRD 65.9 12.5 -- 26.9
1987
No. Observed 119 95 160 374
No. Using CRD 80 35 44 159
% Using CRD 67.2 37.0 27.5 42.5
1988
No. Observed 701 424 694 1,819
No. Using CRD 378 130 204 712
% Using CRD 53.9 30.7 29.4 39.1
No data available
and 1986 surveys.
for the six- to fourteen-year-olds in the 1985
Appendix Table 6.--Observed levels of safety device use in the Miami/
Hialeah MSA, by age of child, 1985-1988.
Age
Infants Children Children
Year (0-3) (4 and 5) (6-14)a Total
1985
No. Observed 264 275 -- 539
% Using CRD 61.7 28.4 -- 44.7
1986
No. Observed 229 648 877
No. Using CRD 148 89 -- 237
% Using CRD 64.6 13.7 -- 27.0
1987
No. Observed 544 381 1,253 2,178
No. Using CRD 278 126 470 874
% Using CRD 51.1 33.1 37.5 40.1
1988
No. Observed 916 794 1,135 2,845
No. Using CRD 539 228 381 1,148
% Using CRD 58.9 28.7 33.6 40.4
aNo data available for
and 1986 surveys.
the six- to fourteen-year-olds in the 1985
Appendix Table 7.--Observed levels of safety device use in the Tampa/
St. Petersburg/Clearwater MSA, by age of child, 1985-
1988.
Age
Infants Children Children
Year (0-3) (4 and 5) (6-14)a Total
1985
No. Observed 600 490 -- 1,090
% Using CRD 47.3 24.1 -- 36.7
1986
No. Observed 836 488 -- 1,324
No. Using CRD 425 150 -- 575
% Using CRD 50.8 30.7 -- 43.4
1987
No. Observed 244 194 694 1,132
No. Using CRD 114 64 204 382
% Using CRD 46,7 33.0 29.4 33.8
1988
No. Observed 326 207 841 1,374
No. Using CRD 176 47 195 418
% Using CRD 54.0 22.7 23.2 30.4
aNo data available for
and 1986 surveys.
the six- to fourteen-year-olds in the 1985
Appendix Table 8.--Observed levels of CRD use among children 0-3 years of age in the Jackson-
ville MSA, by gender and race, 1985-1988.
Gender Race
Year Male Female Unknown Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1985
No. Observed 193 110 51 71 278 -- 5 -- 354
% Using CRD 76.2 62.7 70.6 53.5 75.5 -- 80.0 -- 71.2
1986
No. Observed 235 246 335 237 534 -- 6 -- 816
No. Using CRD 56 64 167 58 226 -- 3 -- 287
% Using CRD 23.8 26.0 49.9 24.5 39.4a 50.0 -- 35.2
1987
No. Observed 51 56 63 45 122 3 0 -- 170
No. Using CRD 20 19 29 14 53 1 0 -- 68
% Using CRD 39.2 33.9 46.0 31.1 43.4 33.3 0 -- 40.0
1988
No. Observed 335 310 49 96 578 8 10 2 694
No. Using CRD 175 189 40 42 355 4 3 0 404
% Using CRD 52.2 61.0 81.6 43.8 61.4 50.0 30.0 0 58.2
aThis number was taken directly from a previous report.
be resolved because original data were not available.
Slight discrepancies
could not
Appendix Table 9.--Observed levels of CRD use among children 0-3 years of age in the
Melbourne/Titusville/Palm Bay MSA, by gender and race, 1985-1988.
Gender Race
Year Male Female Unknown Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1985
No. Observed 52 26 42 16 103 -- 1 -- 120
% Using CRD 76.9 69.2 78.6 25.0 83.5 -- 100.0 -- 75.8
1986
No. Observed 103 69 45 16 200 -- 1 -- 217
No. Using CRD 67 49 27 6 137 -- 0 -- 143
% Using CRD 65.1 71.0 60.0 37.5 68.5 -- 0.0 -- 65.9
1987
No. Observed 10 28 81 3 113 1 2 -- 119
No. Using CRD 2 15 63 1 76 1 2 -- 80
% Using CRD 20.0 53.6 77.8 33.3 67.3 100.0 100.0 -- 67.2
1988
No. Observed 307 283 111 46 620 25 8 2 701
No. Using CRD 145 143 90 11 348 13 5 1 378
% Using CRD 47.2 50.5 81.1 23.9 56.1 52.0 62.5 50.0 53.9
Appendix Table 10.--Observed levels of CRD use among children 0-3 years of age in the Miami/
Hialeah MSA, by gender and race, 1985-1988.
Gender Race
Year Male Female Unknown Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1985
No. Observed 97 113 73 66 208 -- 9 -- 283
% Using CRD 53.6 55.8 78.1 28.8 71.2 -- 55.6 -- 60.8
1986
No. Observed 74 81 74 49 179 1 -- 229
No. Using CRD 46 50 52 17 130 -- 1 -- 148
% Using CRD 62.2 61.7 70.3 34.7 72.6 -- 100.0 -- 64.6
1987
No. Observed 108 127 308 97 297 141 8 -- 543
No. Using CRD 28 47 202 19 193 60 5 -- 277
% Using CRD 25.9 37.0 65.6 19.6 65.0 42.6 62.5 -- 51.0
1988
No. Observed 344 375 197 191 437 275 7 6 916
No. Using CRD 160 207 172 59 302 172 3 3 539
% Using CRD 46.5 55.2 87.3 30.9 69.1 62.6 42.9 50.0 58.8
Appendix Table 11.--Observed levels of CRD use among children 0-3 years of age in the Tampa/
St. Petersburg/Clearwater MSA, by gender and race, 1985-1988.
Gender Race
Year Male Female Unknown Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1985
No. Observed 229 278 99 121 482 -- 11 -- 606a
% Using CRD 48.9 37.4 74.7 16.5 56.2 -- 9.1 -- 47.9
1986
No. Observed 350 352 134 143 678 -- 15 -- 836
No. Using CRD 155 159 111 64 351 -- 10 -- 425
% Using CRD 44.3 45.2 82.8 44.8 51.8 -- 66.7 -- 50.8
1987
No. Observed 63 53 128 28 199 11 6 -- 244
No. Using CRD 17 17 80 4 107 2 1 -- 114
% Using CRD 27.0 32.1 62.5 14.3 53.8 18.2 16.7 -- 46.7
1988
No. Observed 162 164 0 17 300 4 4 1 326
No. Using CRD 83 93 -- 10 163 2 0 1 176
% Using CRD 51.2 56.7 -- 58.8 54.3 50.0 0.0 100.0 54.0
aThis number was taken directly from a previous report.
could not be resolved because original data were not available.
Slight discrepancies in totals
Appendix Table 12.--Observed levels of CRD use among children 4-5 years of age in the Jack-
sonville MSA, by gender and race, 1985-1988.
Gender Race
Year Male Female Unknown Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1985
No. Observed 202 193 9 111 282 -- 11 -- 404
% Using CRD 41.1 36.3 77.8 27.0 45.7 -- 9.1 -- 39.6
1986
No. Observed 243 194 35 66 403 -- 3 -- 472
No. Using CRD 63 48 12 5 116 -- 2 -- 123
% Using CRD 25.9 24.7 34.5 7.6 28.8 -- 66.7 -- 26.1
1987
No. Observed 49 48 7 14 87 1 2 -- 104
No. Using CRD 16 25 7 5 42 1 0 -- 48
% Using CRD 32.7 52.1 100.0 35.7 48.3 100.0 0.0 -- 46.2
1988
No. Observed 219 179 1 54 336 6 3 0 399
No. Using CRD 89 71 0 15 142 0 3 0 160
% Using CRD 40.6 39.7 0.0 27.8 42.3 0.0 100.0 0 40.0
Appendix Table 13.--Observed levels of CRD use among children 4-5 years of age
Melbourne/Titusville/Palm Bay MSA, by gender and race, 1985-1988.
in the
Gender Race
Year Male Female Unknown Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1985
No. Observed 89 92 24 160 393 -- 6 -- 205
% Using CRD 48.3 48.9 16.7 52.5 15.4 -- 33.3 -- 44.9
1986
No. Observed 305 278 7 51 535 -- 4 -- 590
No. Using CRD 40 33 1 2 72 -- 0 -- 74
% Using CRD 13.1 11.9 14.3 3.9 13.5 -- 0.0 -- 12.5
1987
No. Observed 40 43 12 7 88 0 0 0 95
No. Using CRD 13 19 3 0 35 0 0 0 35
% Using CRD 32.5 25.0 25.0 0.0 39.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 36.8
1988
No. Observed 307 283 111 46 620 25 8 2 701
No. Using CRD 145 143 90 11 348 13 5 1 378
% Using CRD 47.2 50.5 81.1 23.9 56.1 52.0 62.5 50.0 53.9
Appendix Table 14.--0bserved levels of CRD use among children 4-5 years of age in the Miami/
Hialeah MSA, by gender and race, 1985-1988.
Gender Race
Year Male Female Unknown Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1985
No. Observed 160 142 8 68 234 -- 7 -- 310a
% Using CRD 25.6 27.5 50.0 26.5 27.8 -- 14.3 -- 27.1
1986
No. Observed 305 338 5 181 444 -- 23 -- 648
No. Using CRD 44 45 0 8 80 -- 1 -- 89
% Using CRD 14.4 13.3 0.0 4.4 18.0 -- 4.4 -- 13.7
1987
No. Observed 190 148 41 72 184 118 6 -- 379a
No. Using CRD 68 47 10 17 77 31 1 -- 125
% Using CRD 35.8 31.8 24.4 23.6 41.8 26.3 16.7 -- 33.0
1988
No. Observed 454 326 14 178 345 259 9 3 794
No. Using CRD 139 86 3 26 130 71 1 0 228
% Using CRD 30.6 26.4 21.4 14.6 37.7 27.4 11.1 0.0 28.7
aThese numbers were taken directly from previous reports. Slight discrepancies in
totals could not be resolved because original data were not available.
Appendix Table 15.--Observed levels of CRD use among children 4-5 years of age in the Tampa/
St. Petersburg/Clearwater MSA, by gender and race, 1985-1988.
Gender Race
Year Male Female Unknown Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1985
No. Observed 266 234 1 413 782a -- 10 -- 501
% Using CRD 23.1 28.0 0.0 29.8 3.8 -- 30.0 -- 25.3
1986
No. Observed 234 245 9 61 418 -- 9 -- 488
No. Using CRD 73 75 2 13 132 -- 5 -- 150
% Using CRD 31.2 30.6 22.2 21.3 31.6 -- 55.6 -- 30.7
1987
No. Observed 94 82 18 21 151 17 5 -- 194
No. Using CRD 34 23 7 5 55 3 1 -- 64
% Using CRD 36.2 28.1 38.9 23.8 36.4 17.7 20.0 -- 33.0
1988
No. Observed 111 96 0 13 191 2 1 0 207
No. Using CRD 23 24 0 2 45 0 0 0 47
% Using CRD 20.7 25.0 0.0 15.4 23.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.7
aThis number was taken directly from a previous report.
not be resolved because original data were not available.
Discrepancies in totals could
Appendix Table 16.--Observed levels of safety device use among children 6-14 years of age in
the Jacksonville MSA, by gender and race, 1987-1988.
Gender Race
Year Male Female Unknown Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1987
No. Observed 218 146 6 41 316 5 8 -- 370
No. Using CRD 62 58 1 5 112 1 3 -- 121
% Using CRD 28.4 39.7 16.7 12.2 35.4 20.0 37.5 -- 32.7
1988
No. Observed 564 413 1 198 755 15 8 2 978
No. Using CRD 218 164 0 59 312 7 3 1 382
% Using CRD 38.7 39.7 0.0 29.8 41.3 46.7 37.5 50.0 39.1
Appendix Table 17.--Observed levels of safety device use among children 6-14 years of age in
the Melbourne/Titusville/Palm Bay MSA, by gender and race, 1987-1988.
Gender Race
Year Male Female Unknown Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1987
No. Observed 77 77 6 7 146 2 6 -- 160a
No. Using CRD 18 26 0 0 42 0 2 -- 44
% Using CRD 23.4 33.8 0.0 0.0 28.8 0.0 33.3 -- 27.5
1988
No. Observed 379 315 0 36 617 34 7 0 694
No. Using CRD 107 97 0 8 178 15 3 0 204
% Using CRD 28.2 30.8 0.0 22.2 28.9 44.1 42.6 0.0 29.4
aThis number was taken directly from a previous report.
could not be resolved because original data were not available.
Slight discrepancies in totals
Appendix Table 18.--Observed levels of safety device use among children 6-14 years of age in
the Miami/Hialeah MSA, by gender and race, 1987-1988.
Gender Race
Year Male Female Unknown Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1987
No. Observed 606 598 49 277 672 281 28 1,253a
No. Using CRD 227 227 16 87 282 89 12 -- 470
% Using CRD 37.5 38.0 32.7 31.4 42.0 31.7 42.9 -- 37.5
1988
No. Observed 586 537 12 238 465 407 21 4 1,135
No. Using CRD 199 180 2 48 209 119 5 0 381
% Using CRD 34.0 33.5 16.7 20.2 45.0 29.2 23.8 0.0 33.6
aThis number was taken directly from a previous report. Slight discrepancies in totals
could not be resolved because original data were not available.
Appendix Table 19.--Observed levels of safety device use among children 6-14 years of age in
the Tampa/St. Petersburg/Clearwater MSA, by gender and race, 1987-1988.
Gender Race
Year Male Female Unknown Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
1987
No. Observed 379 315 0 36 617 34 7 0 694
No. Using CRD 107 97 0 8 178 15 3 0 204
% Using CRD 28.2 30.8 0.0 22.2 28.9 44.1 42.9 0.0 29.4
1988
No. Observed 433 408 -- 37 774 19 9 2 841
No. Using CRD 103 92 -- 2 189 2 1 1 195
% Using CRD 23.8 22.6 -- 5.4 24.4 10.5 11.1 50.0 23.2
Appendix Table 20.--Observed levels of safety device use, by rural
location and age of child, 1988.
Age
Infants Young Children Total Older Children Total
Location (0-3) (4-5) (0-5) (6-14) (0-14)
Eustis
No. Observed
No. Using CRD
% Using CRD
Lake City
No. Observed
No. Using CRD
% Using CRD
Marianna
No. Observed
No. Using CRD
% Using CRD
Sebring
No. Observed
No. Using CRD
% Using CRD
664
268
40.4
433
143
33.0
328
73
22.3
270
119
44.1
388
78
20.1
505
67
13.3
204
63
30.9
158
33
20.9
1,052
346
32.9
938
210
22.4
532
136
25.6
428
152
35.5
668
122
18.3
492
83
16.9
1,720
468
27.2
1,430
293
20.5
397
120
30.2
929
256
27.6
349
69
19.8
777
221
28.4
Appendix Table 21.--Observed levels of safety device use among children 0-3 years of age in
rural locations, by gender and race.
Gender Race
Location Male Female Unknown Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
Eustis
No. Observed 338 282 44 112 552 0 0 0 664
No. Using CRD 122 120 26 10 258 0 0 0 268
% Using CRD 36.1 42.6 59.1 8.9 46.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 40.4
Lake City
No. Observed 184 176 73 81 347 4 1 0 433
No. Using CRD 58 33 52 11 132 0 0 0 143
% Using CRD 31.5 18.8 71.2 13.6 38.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.0
Marianna
No. Observed 182 146 0 57 269 0 2 0 328
No. Using CRD 44 29 0 8 64 0 1 0 73
% Using CRD 24.2 19.9 0.0 14.0 23.8 0.0 50.0 0.0 22.2
Sebring
No. Observed 134 108 28 40 221 9 0 0 270
No. Using CRD 52 42 25 12 102 5 0 0 119
% Using CRD 38.8 38.9 89.3 30.0 46.0 55.6 0.0 0.0 44.1
Appendix Table 22.--Observed levels of safety device use among children 4-5 years of age in
rural locations, by gender and race.
Gender Race
Location Male Female Unknown Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
Eustis
No. Observed 254 134 0 58 326 4 0 0 388
No. Using CRD 52 26 0 2 76 0 0 0 78
% Using CRD 20.5 19.4 0.0 19.4 23.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.1
Lake City
No. Observed 310 195 0 90 411 3 1 0 505
No. Using CRD 42 25 0 6 60 1 0 0 67
% Using CRD 13.6 12.8 0.0 6.7 14.6 33.3 0.0 0.0 13.3
Marianna
No. Observed 116 88 0 39 165 0 0 0 204
No. Using CRD 31 32 0 9 54 0 0 0 63
% Using CRD 26.7 36.4 0.0 23.1 32.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.9
Sebring
No. Observed 92 66 0 27 121 10 0 0 158
No. Using CRD 18 15 0 1 32 0 0 0 33
% Using CRD 19.6 22.7 0.0 3.7 26.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.9
Appendix Table 23.--Observed levels of safety device use
rural locations, by gender and race.
among children 6-14 years of age in
Gender Race
Location Male Female Unknown Black White Hispanic Other Unknown Total
Eustis
No. Observed 422 246 0 76 586 4 2 0 668
No. Using CRD 80 42 0 8 114 0 0 0 122
% Using CRD 18.9 17.1 0.0 10.5 19.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.3
Lake City
No. Observed 238 254 0 81 401 7 3 0 492
No. Using CRD 38 45 0 15 64 2 2 0 83
% Using CRD 15.9 17.7 0.0 18.5 16.0 28.6 66.7 0.0 16.9
Marianna
No. Observed 209 188 0 69 327 0 1 0 397
No. Using CRD 54 66 0 19 101 0 0 0 120
% Using CRD 25.8 35.1 0.0 27.5 30.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.2
Sebring
No. Observed 210 139 0 38 298 13 0 0 349
No. Using CRD 34 35 0 4 65 0 0 0 69
% Using CRD 16.2 25.2 0.0 10.5 21.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.8
Appendix Table 24.--Restraint vs. compliance for older children aged
6-14, by city.
City Observations Restraint Compliance
(Number) (---------Percent---------)
Rural:
Eustis 668 18.3 57.2
Lake City 492 16.9 48.8
Marianna 397 30.2 59.7
Sebring 349 19.8 59.6
Total Rural 1,906 20.7 56.0
Urban:
Jacksonville 978 25.1 71.6
Melbourne 694 29.4 62.2
Miami 1,135 33.6 71.0
Tampa 841 23.2 67.8
Total Urban 3,648 28.1 68.7
Total Survey 5,554 25.6 64.4
Appendix Table 25.--Compliance in
aged 6-14.
front seat vs.
back seat for children
Back Seat Front Seat
Compliance 96.1 37.0
Non-compliance 3.9a 63.0
aThe 3.9 percent shown to be non-compliant in the back seat repre-
sents children riding in the back of pick-up trucks.
APPENDIX B
CRD Observational Survey Coding Sheet
VEHICLE LOCATION RESTRAINT RACE GENDER AGE AUTO REG.
T-truck F-front C-child in CRD B-black M-male Est. F-Fla.
N-no/improper W-white actual
otherwise B-back restraint H-hispanic F-female age N-non-Fla.
leave S-safety belt 0-other
blank U-uncertain U-uncertain
Location:
Observer:
Time: Date:
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