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Front Cover | |
Title Page | |
Map of Florida agricultural experiment... | |
Table of Contents | |
Agricultural experiment stations... | |
Report of the director | |
Report of the administrative... | |
Agricultural economics | |
Agricultural engineering | |
Agronomy | |
Animal science | |
Botany | |
Dairy science | |
Editorial | |
Entomology | |
Food technology and nutrition | |
Forestry | |
Fruit crops | |
Library | |
Ornamental horticulture | |
Plant pathology | |
Plant science section | |
Poultry science | |
Soils | |
Statistics | |
Vegetable crops | |
Veterinary science department | |
Central Florida station | |
Citrus station | |
Indian River field laboratory | |
Everglades station | |
Plantation field laboratory | |
Gulf Coast station | |
North Florida station | |
Marianna field laboratory | |
Range cattle station | |
Subtropical station | |
Suwannee Valley station | |
West central Florida station | |
West Florida station | |
Federal-state frost warning... | |
Potato investigation laborator... | |
Strawberry investigation labor... | |
Watermelon and grape investigation... | |
Index |
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Front Cover
Front Cover Title Page Page 1 Map of Florida agricultural experiment stations Page 2 Table of Contents Page 3 Agricultural experiment stations staff Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Report of the director Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 19 Page 20 Page 21 Report of the administrative manager Page 22 Page 23 Agricultural economics Page 24 Page 25 Page 26 Page 27 Page 28 Page 29 Page 30 Page 31 Page 32 Page 33 Page 34 Page 35 Page 36 Page 37 Page 38 Page 39 Page 40 Agricultural engineering Page 41 Page 42 Page 43 Page 44 Page 45 Page 46 Agronomy Page 47 Page 48 Page 49 Page 50 Page 51 Page 52 Page 53 Page 54 Page 55 Page 56 Page 57 Page 58 Page 59 Page 60 Page 61 Page 62 Page 63 Animal science Page 64 Page 65 Page 66 Page 67 Page 68 Page 69 Page 70 Page 71 Page 72 Page 73 Page 74 Page 75 Page 76 Page 77 Page 78 Page 79 Botany Page 80 Page 81 Page 82 Dairy science Page 83 Page 84 Page 85 Page 86 Page 87 Page 88 Page 89 Page 90 Editorial Page 91 Page 92 Page 93 Page 94 Page 95 Page 96 Page 97 Page 98 Page 99 Page 100 Page 101 Page 102 Entomology Page 103 Page 104 Page 105 Page 106 Page 107 Page 108 Page 109 Page 110 Food technology and nutrition Page 111 Page 112 Page 113 Page 114 Page 115 Page 116 Page 117 Page 118 Forestry Page 119 Page 120 Page 121 Page 122 Page 123 Page 124 Page 125 Fruit crops Page 126 Page 127 Page 128 Page 129 Page 130 Library Page 131 Page 132 Ornamental horticulture Page 133 Page 134 Page 135 Page 136 Page 137 Page 138 Plant pathology Page 139 Page 140 Page 141 Page 142 Page 143 Page 144 Page 145 Page 146 Page 147 Plant science section Page 148 Poultry science Page 149 Page 150 Page 151 Page 152 Page 153 Soils Page 154 Page 155 Page 156 Page 157 Page 158 Page 159 Page 160 Page 161 Page 162 Page 163 Page 164 Page 165 Page 166 Page 167 Page 168 Page 169 Page 170 Statistics Page 171 Vegetable crops Page 172 Page 173 Page 174 Page 175 Page 176 Page 177 Page 178 Page 179 Page 180 Veterinary science department Page 181 Page 182 Page 183 Page 184 Central Florida station Page 185 Page 186 Page 187 Page 188 Page 189 Page 190 Page 191 Page 192 Page 193 Page 194 Page 195 Page 196 Page 197 Page 198 Page 199 Citrus station Page 200 Page 201 Page 202 Page 203 Page 204 Page 205 Page 206 Page 207 Page 208 Page 209 Page 210 Page 211 Page 212 Page 213 Page 214 Page 215 Page 216 Page 217 Page 218 Page 219 Page 220 Page 221 Page 222 Page 223 Page 224 Page 225 Page 226 Page 227 Page 228 Page 229 Page 230 Page 231 Page 232 Indian River field laboratory Page 233 Page 234 Page 235 Page 236 Page 237 Everglades station Page 238 Page 239 Page 240 Page 241 Page 242 Page 243 Page 244 Page 245 Page 246 Page 247 Page 248 Page 249 Page 250 Page 251 Page 252 Page 253 Page 254 Page 255 Page 256 Page 257 Page 258 Page 259 Page 260 Page 261 Page 262 Page 263 Page 264 Page 265 Page 266 Page 267 Page 268 Plantation field laboratory Page 269 Page 270 Page 271 Page 272 Page 273 Page 274 Page 275 Page 276 Page 277 Gulf Coast station Page 278 Page 279 Page 280 Page 281 Page 282 Page 283 Page 284 Page 285 Page 286 Page 287 Page 288 Page 289 Page 290 Page 291 Page 292 Page 293 Page 294 Page 295 Page 296 Page 297 North Florida station Page 298 Page 299 Page 300 Page 301 Page 302 Page 303 Page 304 Page 305 Page 306 Page 307 Page 308 Page 309 Page 310 Marianna field laboratory Page 311 Page 312 Page 313 Range cattle station Page 314 Page 315 Page 316 Page 317 Page 318 Page 319 Page 320 Page 321 Page 322 Page 323 Subtropical station Page 324 Page 325 Page 326 Page 327 Page 328 Page 329 Page 330 Page 331 Page 332 Page 333 Page 334 Page 335 Suwannee Valley station Page 336 Page 337 Page 338 West central Florida station Page 339 West Florida station Page 340 Page 341 Page 342 Page 343 Page 344 Federal-state frost warning service Page 345 Page 346 Page 347 Potato investigation laboratory Page 348 Page 349 Page 350 Page 351 Page 352 Page 353 Strawberry investigation laboratory Page 354 Page 355 Watermelon and grape investigation laboratory Page 356 Page 357 Page 358 Page 359 Page 360 Index Page 361 Page 362 Page 363 Page 364 Page 365 Page 366 Page 367 Page 368 Page 369 Page 370 |
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B -;- UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1962 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1962 10Jay \ OrLMES / f 4 ,. -I ti7 ;-- % a S MonatiCello. S LTN ,' .Quincy Monti LTOT S-- -... .. .. .. .r .i 0N --' ST FLORIDA -- BERT .. LiveOak 'ERIMENT STATION /- ''. .. , WEST FLORIDA DAIRY UNIT .. PItiLA '. INVESTIGATIONS i u MARIANNA UNIT LABORATORY / NORTH FLORIDA EXPERIMENT STATION SUWANNEE VALLEY EXPERIMENT STATION Broo Brool WEST CENTRAL FLORIDA EXPERIMENT STATION FEDERAL-STATE WEATHER FORECASTING SERVICE STRAWBERRY INVESTIGATIONS LABORATORY GULF COASTr Bradeni EXPERIMENT STATION RANGE CATTLE EXPERIMENT STATION FLORIDA SOUTr FLORI, AGRICULTURAL FIELD LABOR EXPERIMENT STATIONS . )TATO INVESTIGATIONS LABORATORY WATERMELON GRAPE INVESTIGAT/ON/5 LABORATORY \ CENTRAL FLORIDA EXPERIMENT STATION CONTENTS Page Agricultural Experiment Stations Staff ............................-.... 4 Report of the D director .................................................... 14 Report of the Administrative Manager ...................................... 22 MAIN STATION Agricultural Economics ..- ...- .. ... ..... ................ ............... 24 Agricultural Engineering .................. ................ ........ .... 41 Agronom y -- -.............. ...................-....- 47 A nim al Science .... ...... ......... .......... ...-.. ........ 64 Botany ..............-....... ..-.......-. ....... .................. 80 D airy Science ......................... -.........-... .... .......- .. 83 E editorial ...... ........ ......- ......- ...-- ........- -.... ....- ...... 91 E ntom ology .....................................-... .....- ................ 103 Food Technology and Nutrition .......... --.... .- ........................-.. 111 Forestry ....................... ............................... 119 Fruit Crops .......................................... ........ ... 126 Library ..........................---.....--. --..... -- --------------- ......... 131 Ornamental Horticulture ............................................... 133 Plant Pathology .............. ........... ................ ........... 139 Plant Science Section ........................................ .. ........ 148 Poultry Science ........-.....---.... ...-.. .....--. ..... ......... 149 Soils .............. .. ............. .. --- ....... .. ... ..... .... 154 Statistics ... .... ..... ......-----. .. 171 Vegetable Crops ............ ..- .. ....- ............. -- ..... ...... 17 172 Veterinary Science .. -...... ..... .. ...........-- ..-- -- .. 181 BRANCH STATIONS Central Florida Station ............. Citrus Station --....... ................. -.. .--- ...- ..- ..-- ...- ....--..- 20- Indian River Field Laboratory .-...----- .......................-- 233 Everglades Station .....-. ....--.....-----. - Indian River Field Laboratory .......... .......----.................. 260 Plantation Field Laboratory ..........-................ -- .........- 269 Gulf Coast Station ......... .................... .............. -- South Florida Field Laboratory ............ --------------------- ...... 293 North Florida Station .......- .......... .........----- ............ --- ....... 298 Marianna Field Laboratory --............ ---........-.................. --311 Range Cattle Station ............................... ................ .................... 314 Sub-Tropical Station .....................-..-- .........--- ---- ..... ..... 324-- Suwannee Valley Station .................... ............................ 336 W est Central Florida Station .................. .. ....................... 339 W est Florida Station ............... .... ........ ...... .. .............. 340 FIELD LABORATORIES Federal-State Frost Warning Service ................................. ..... 345 Potato Investigations Laboratory .................. ..................... 348 Strawberry Investigations Laboratory _...--.........- .......... .......... 354 Watermelon and Grape Investigations Laboratory .............................. 356 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS STAFF 1961-62 BOARD OF CONTROL B. M. Harrison, Jr., Chairman, St. Petersburg Frank M. Buchanan, Vice Chairman, Miami John C. Pace, Pensacola Ralph L. Miller, Orlando S. Kendrick Guernsey, Jacksonville Charles R. Forman, Ft. Lauderdale Gert H. W. Schmidt, Jacksonville J. Broward Culpepper, Executive Director, Tallahassee ADMINISTRATION J. W. Reitz, Ph.D., President W. M. Fifield, M.S., Provost for Agriculture J. R. Beckenbach, Ph.D., Director J. W. Sites, Ph.D., Assoc. Director H. H. Wilkowske, Ph.D., Asst. Director D. R. Bryant, Jr., A.B., Administrative Manager G. R. Freeman, M.S.A., Superintendent of Field Operations W. H. Jones, Jr., M. Agr., Asst. Superintendent of Field Operations ACADEMIC STAFF The following abbreviations after name and title of Experiment Station Staff indicate cooperation with other organizations: Coll.-University of Florida College of Agriculture Ext.-University of Florida Agricultural Extension Service USDA-United States Department of Agriculture USWB-United States Weather Bureau FCC-Florida Citrus Commission MAIN STATION, GAINESVILLE Agricultural Economics Department H. G. Hamilton, Ph.D., Agricultural Economist and Head; also Coll. and Ext. D. E. Alleger, M.S., Assoc. Agricultural Economist C. J. Arnold, Ph.D., Int. Assoc. Agricultural Economist; also Coll. D. L. Brooke, Ph.D., Assoc. Agricultural Economist W. F. Chapman, M.S., Asst. in Agricultural Economics, USDA H. B. Clark, Ph.D., Agricultural Economist; also Coll. E. G. Close, M.S., Int. Asst. in Agricultural Economics M. R. Godwin, Ph.D., Marketing Economist; also Coll. (on Iv. of absence) G. G. Goshorn, B.S., Asst. in Agricultural Economics, Orlando R. E. L. Greene, Ph.D., Agricultural Economist; also Coll. J. R. Greenman, B.S.A., LL.B., Agricultural Economist; also Coll., (on Iv. of absence) R. R. Hancock, M.S., Asst. Agricultural Statistician, Orlando A. B. Krienke, M.S., Int. Asst. in Agricultural Economics Billie S. Lloyd, B.S., Int. Asst. in Agricultural Economics W. K. McPherson, M.S., Agricultural Economist; also Coll. L. D. Marquis, Jr., B.S.A., Asst. Agricultural Statistician, Orlando W. T. Manley, Ph.D., Asst. Agricultural Economist, USDA J. E. Mullin, B.S., Agricultural Statistician, USDA, Orlando C. E. Murphree, D.P.A., Assoc. Agricultural Economist; also Coll. C. A. Ouzts, B.S., Asst. in Agricultural Statistics, USDA L. A. Reuss, M.S., Agricultural Economist, USDA W. B. Riggan, B.S., Asst. Agricultural Economist; also Coll. G. N. Rose, B.S., Assoc. Agricultural Economist, Orlando G. A. Rowe, B.S.A., Asst. Agricultural Statistician, USDA, Orlando Z. Savage, M.S.A., Agricultural Economist C. N. Smith, Ph.D., Assoc. Agricultural Economist; also Coll. A. H. Spurlock, M.S.A., Agricultural Economist J. F. Steffens, Jr., B.S.B.A., Assoc. in Agricultural Statistics, USDA, Orlando R. G. Stout, Ph.D., Asst. Agricultural Economist, Orlando J. C. Townsend, B.S.A., Agricultural Statistician, Orlando, USDA H. G. Witt, M.S.A., Asst. Agricultural Statistician, USDA, Orlando Agricultural Engineering Department D. T. Kinard, Ph.D., Agricultural Engineer and Head; also Coll. and Ext. E. K. Bowman, B.S., Assoc. Industrial Engineer, USDA R. E. Choate, M.S.A., Agricultural Engineer; also Coll. W. G. Grizzell, B.I.E., Asst. Agricultural Engineer, USDA E. S. Holmes, M.S., Asst. Agricultural Engineer; also Coll. J. M. Myers, M.S.A., Agricultural Engineer; also Coll. J. B. Richardson, M.S., Asst. Agricultural Engineer; also Coll. I. J. Ross, Ph.D., Asst. Agricultural Engineer; also Coll. G. E. Yost, B.S., Asst. Agricultural Engineer, USDA Agronomy Department F. H. Hull, Ph.D., Agronomist and Head; also Coll. K. D. Butson, M.S., State Climatologist, USWB W. A. Carver, Ph.D., Agronomist F. Clark, M.S.A., Assoc. Agronomist J. R. Edwardson, Ph.D., Assoc. Agronomist; also Coll. H. C. Harris, Ph.D., Agronomist K. Hinson, Ph.D., Asst. Agronomist, USDA E. S. Horner, Ph.D., Assoc. Agronomist; also Coll. G. B. Killinger, Ph.D., Agronomist A. J. Norden, Ph.D., Asst. Agronomist; also Coll. P. L. Pfahler, Ph.D., Asst. Agronomist G. M. Prine, Ph.D., Asst. Agronomist E. G. Rodgers, Ph.D., Agronomist; also Coll. 0. C. Ruelke, Ph.D., Asst. Agronomist; also Coll. S. C. Schank, Ph.D., Asst. Agronomist; also Coll. V. N. Schroder, Ph.D., Asst. Agronomist; also Coll. S. H. West, Ph.D., Asst. Agronomist, USDA Merrill Wilcox, Ph.D., Asst. Agronomist; also Coll. Animal Science Department T. J. Cunha, Ph.D., Animal Nutritionist and Head; also Coll. and Ext. C. B. Ammerman, Ph.D., Asst. Animal Nutritionist L. R. Arrington, Ph.D., Assoc. Animal Nutritionist; also Coll. J. W. Carpenter, Ph.D., Asst. Meat Scientist G. E. Combs, Ph.D., Asst. Animal Nutritionist; also Coll. G. K. Davis, Ph.D., Animal Nutritionist; also Dir. of Nuclear Science J. P. Feaster, Ph.D., Assoc. Biochemist J. F. Hentges, Jr., Ph.D., Assoc. Animal Nutritionist; also Coll. Marvin Koger, Ph.D., Animal Geneticist; also Coll. P. E. Loggins, M.S., Asst. Animal Husbandman; also Coll. J. E. Moore, Ph.D., Asst. Animal Nutritionist; also Coll. A. Z. Palmer, Ph.D., Assoc. Meat Scientist; also Coll. R. L. Shirley, Ph.D., Animal Nutritionist; also Coll. D. L. Wakeman, M.S.A., Asst. Animal Husbandman; also Coll. H. D. Wallace, Ph.D., Animal Nutritionist; also Coll. A. C. Warnick, Ph.D., Assoc. Animal Physiologist; also Coll. Botany Department G. R. Noggle, Ph.D., Botanist and Head; also Coll. D. S. Anthony, Ph.D., Assoc. Biochemist; also Coll. G. J. Fritz, Ph.D., Asst. Plant Physiologist T. E. Humphreys, Ph.D., Assoc. Biochemist Yoneo Sagawa, Ph.D., Asst. Botanist; also Coll. D. B. Ward, Ph.D., Asst. Botanist; also Coll. Dairy Science Department E. L. Fouts, Ph.D., Dairy Technologist and Head; also Coll. R. B. Becker, Ph.D., Dairy Husbandman; also Coll. W. A. Krienke, M.S., Assoc. Dairy Technologist; also Coil S. P. Marshall, Ph.D., Dairy Husbandman; also Coll. L. E. Mull, Ph.D., Dairy Technologist; also Coll. K. L. Smith, Ph.D., Asst. Dairy Technologist; also Coll. C. J. Wilcox, Ph.D., Asst. Dairy Husbandman; also Coll. J. M. Wing, Ph.D., Assoc. Dairy Husbandman; also Coll. West Florida Dairy Unit, Chipley J. B. White, B.S.A., Assoc. Dairy Husbandman Editorial Department Hervey Sharpe, Ph.D., Editor and Head; also Ext. W. P. Coulter, A.B., Asst. Editor W. G. Mitchell, M.S.A., Assoc. Editor; also Ext. Mary C. Williams, B.A., Asst. Editor Entomology Department L. C. Kuitert, Ph.D., Entomologist and Head A. A. DiEdwardo, Ph.D., Asst. Nematologist S. H. Kerr, Ph.D., Asst. Entomologist F. A. Lee, M.A., Int. Asst. Entomologist V. G. Perry, Ph.D., Nematologist; also Coll. F. A. Robinson, M.S., Asst. Apiculturist A. N. Tissot, Ph.D., Entomologist R. E. Waites, Ph.D., Asst. Entomologist R. C. Wilkinson, Ph.D., Asst. Entomologist Food Technology and Nutrition Department R. A. Dennison, Ph.D., Biochemist and Head; also Coll. R. B. French, Ph.D., Biochemist C. B. Hall, Ph.D., Assoc. Horticulturist F. W. Knapp, Ph.D., Asst. Biochemist; also Coll. G. D. Kuhn, M.S., Asst. Food Microbiologist; also Coll. H. P. Pan, Ph.D., Asst. Biochemist R. C. Robbins, Ph.D., Asst. Biochemist; also Coll. R. K. Showalter, M.S., Horticulturist Ruth 0. Townsend, R.N., Asst. in Nutrition C. H. Van Middelem, Ph.D., Assoc. Biochemist Forestry Department C. M. Kaufman, Ph.D., Forester and Head; also Coll. S. L. Beckwith, Ph.D., Assoc. Forester; also Coll. P. W. Frazer, M.F., Assoc. Forester; also Coll. C. G. Geltz, M.S., Forester; also Coll. R. E. Goddard, Ph.D., Asst. Geneticist; also Coll. J. B. Huffman, D.F., Assoc. Forester; also Coll. J. W. Miller, Jr., M.S.F., Forester; also Coll. W. J. Peters, B.S., Int. Asst. in Forestry D. M. Post, M.S.F., Asst. Forester; also Coll. E. T. Sullivan, D.F., Assoc. Forester; also Coll. K. R. Swinford, Ph.D., Forester; also Coll. R. K. Strickland, M.S., Int. Asst. in Forestry J. W. Willingham, Ph.D., Assoc. Forester; also Coll. Fruit Crops Department A. H. Krezdorn, Ph.D., Horticulturist and Head; also Ext. R. H. Biggs, Ph.D., Asst. Biochemist J. F. Gerber, Ph.D., Asst. Climatologist R. H. Sharpe, M.S., Horticulturist J. S. Shoemaker, Ph.D., Horticulturist M. J. Soule, Jr., Ph.D., Assoc. Horticulturist; also Coll. Library Ida K. Cresap, Librarian A. C. Strickland, Asst. in Library Janie L. Tyson, Asst. in Library Ornamental Horticulture Department E. W. McElwee, Ph.D., Horticulturist and Head; also Coll. and Ext. R. D. Dickey, M.S.A., Horticulturist G. C. Horn, Ph.D., Assoc. Turf Technologist; also Coll. J. N. Joiner, Ph.D., Assoc. Ornamental Horticulturist; also Coll. S. E. McFadden, Jr., Ph.D., Asst. Horticulturist R. T. Poole, Jr., M.S.A., Int. Research Assoc. T. J. Sheehan, Ph.D., Asst. Horticulturist; also Coll. Plant Pathology Department P. Decker, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist and Head; also Coll. C. W. Anderson, Ph.D., Assoc. Virologist A. A. Cook, Ph.D., Asst. Plant Pathologist M. K. Corbett, Ph.D., Assoc. Virologist T. E. Freeman, Ph.D., Asst. Plant Pathologist H. H. Luke, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist, USDA H. N. Miller, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist W. C. Price, Ph.D., Virologist D. A. Roberts, Ph.D., Assoc. Plant Pathologist; also Coll. R. F. Stouffer, Ph.D., Asst. Virologist E. West, M.S., Botanist and Mycologist; also Coll. Plant Science Section A. T. Wallace, Ph.D., Geneticist in Charge Poultry Science Department N. R. Mehrhof, M.Agr., Poultry Husbandman and Head; also Coll. and Ext. R. E. Cook, Ph.D., Asst. Poultry Geneticist; also Coll. R. H. Harms, Ph.D., Assoc. Poultry Nutritionist; also Coll. F. R. Tarver, Jr., M.S., Asst. Poultry Husbandman; also Coll. (on Iv. of absence) Soils Department F. B. Smith, Ph.D., Microbiologist and Head; also Coll. W. G. Blue, Ph.D., Assoc. Biochemist H. L. Breland, Ph.D., Asst. Soils Chemist G. A. Brown, B.S.A., Asst. Soils Surveyor R. E. Caldwell, Ph.D., Assoc. Chemist; also Coll. C. F. Eno, Ph.D., Assoc. Soils Microbiologist J. G. A. Fiskell, Ph.D., Biochemist; also Coll. N. Gammon, Jr., Ph.D., Soils Chemist L. C. Hammond, Ph.D., Assoc. Soils Physicist; also Coll. R. G. Leighty, B.S., Assoc. Soils Surveyor T. C. Mathews, B.S.A., Asst. Soils Surveyor (on Iv. of absence) H. L. Popenoe, Ph.D., Asst. Soils Microbiologist; also Coll. W. L. Pritchett, Ph.D., Soils Technologist W. K. Robertson, Ph.D., Assoc. Chemist D. F. Rothwell, Ph.D., Assoc. Soils Microbiologist; also Coll. D. O. Spinks, Ph.D., Soils Chemist; also Coll. M. M. Striker, B.S.A., Int. Asst. Soils Surveyor G. M. Volk, Ph.D., Soils Chemist H. W. Winsor, B.S.A., Asst. Chemist T. L. Yuan, Ph.D., Asst. Chemist Statistical Department A. E. Brandt, Ph.D., Statistician and Head Vegetable Crops Department F. S. Jamison, Ph.D., Horticulturist and Head; also Coll. and Ext. D. D. Gull, Ph.D., Asst. Horticulturist L. H. Halsey, M.S.A., Asst. Horticulturist S. J. Locascio, Ph.D., Asst. Horticulturist; also Coll. A. P. Lorz, Ph.D., Horticulturist; also Coll. V. F. Nettles, Ph.D., Horticulturist; also Coll. B. D. Thompson, Ph.D., Assoc. Horticulturist; also Coll. Veterinary Science Department G. T. Edds, Ph.D., Veterinarian and Head; also Coll. D. D. Cox, Ph.D., Asst. Parasitologist; also Coll. Margarete G. Goerigk, D.V.M., Asst. in Bacteriology A. J. Kniazeff, Ph.D., Assoc. Virologist D. A. Sanders, D.V.M., Veterinarian C. F. Simpson, D.V.M., Pathologist; also Coll. W. M. Stone, Jr., M.S., Asst. in Parasitology L. E. Swanson, D.V.M., Parasitologist; also Coll. F. H. White, Ph.D., Assoc. Bacteriologist BRANCH STATIONS CENTRAL FLORIDA STATION, Box 327, Sanford J. W. Wilson, Sc.D., Entomologist in Charge J. F. Darby, Ph.D., Assoc. Plant Pathologist R. B. Forbes, Ph.D., Asst. Soils Chemist H. L. Rhoades, Ph.D., Asst. Nematologist W. T. Scudder, Ph.D., Assoc. Horticulturist P. J. Westgate, Ph.D., Horticulturist B. F. Whitner, Jr., B.S.A., Asst. Horticulturist CITRUS STATION, Lake Alfred H. J. Reitz, Ph.D., Horticulturist in Charge G. E. Alberding, B.S., Asst. in Chemistry, FCC L. B. Anderson, Jr., B.S.A., Asst. in Entomology-Pathology C. D. Atkins, B.S., Chemist, FCC J. A. Attaway, Ph.D., Asst. Chemist, FCC R. W. Barron, B.A., Asst. in Chemistry, FCC R. F. Brooks, Ph.D., Asst. Entomologist R. J. Collins, M.S., Int. Asst. Horticulturist G. E. Coppock, M.S., Assoc. Agricultural Engineer, FCC J. W. Davis, B.S.A., Asst. in Entomology-Pathology M. H. Dougherty, B.S., Asst. Chemical Engineer, FCC E. P. DuCharme, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist G. J. Edwards, B.A., Asst. in Chemistry A. W. Feldman, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist Francine E. Fisher, M.S., Asst. Plant Pathologist H. W. Ford, Ph.D., Assoc. Horticulturist T. B. Hallam, B.S., Asst. in Entomology-Pathology R. W. Hanks, Ph.D., Asst. Plant Pathologist C. I. Hannon, Ph.D., Asst. Nematologist F. W. Hayward, Ph.D., Asst. Plant Physiologist, FCC C. H. Hendershott, Ph.D., Asst. Plant Physiologist, FCC R. Hendrickson, B.S., Assoc. Chemist E. C. Hill, B.S.A., Asst. Bacteriologist, FCC H. I. Holtsberg, B.S.A., Asst. in Entomology-Pathology E. F. Hopkins, Ph.D., Plant Physiologist, FCC R. L. Huggart, B.S., Assoc. Chemist, FCC R. B. Johnson, Ph.D., Assoc. Entomologist P. J. Jutras, M.S., Asst. Agricultural Engineer J. W. Kesterson, M.S., Chemist L. C. Knorr, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist R. C. Koo, Ph.D., Asst. Horticulturist D. W. Kretchman, Ph.D., Asst. Horticulturist C. D. Leonard, Ph.D., Assoc. Horticulturist S. K. Long, Ph.D., Asst. Industrial Bacteriologist W. G. Long, Ph.D., Assoc. Chemist A. A. McCornack, M.S., Asst. Horticulturist, FCC M. D. Maraulja, B.S., Asst. in Chemistry, FCC W. R. Meagher, Ph.D., Assoc. Chemist E. L. Moore, Ph.D., Chemist, FCC M. H. Muma, Ph.D., Entomologist W. F. Newhall, Ph.D., Assoc. Biochemist M. F. Oberbaucher, Ph.D., Asst. Plant Physiologist, FCC R. W. Olsen, B.S., Biochemist R. Patrick, Ph.D., Bacteriologist A. P. Pieringer, Ph.D., Asst. Horticulturist A. H. Rouse, M.S., Pectin Chemist G. F. Ryan, Ph.D., Asst. Horticulturist Lila L. Sebring, M.S., Asst. in Library A. G. Selhime, B.S., Asst. Entomologist, USDA W. A. Simanton, Ph.D., Entomologist H. O. Sterling, M.S., Asst. Horticulturist Ivan Stewart, Ph.D., Biochemist R. F. Suit, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist A. C. Tarjan, Ph.D., Nematologist W. L. Thompson, B.S., Entomologist S. V. Ting, Ph.D., Assoc. Horticulturist K. G. Townsend, B.S.A., Asst. in Entomology-Pathology H. M. Vines, Ph.D., Assoc. Biochemist, FCC F. W. Wenzel, Jr., Ph.D., Chemist R. W. Wolford, M.A., Assoc. Chemist, FCC Indian River Field Laboratory, Box 1351, Fort Pierce Mortimer Cohen, Ph.D., Assoc. Plant Pathologist R. C. Bullock, Ph.D., Assoc. Entomologist D. V. Calvert, Ph.D., Asst. Soils Chemist EVERGLADES STATION, Box 37, Belle Glade W. T. Forsee, Jr., Ph.D., Chemist in Charge R. J. Allen, Jr., Ph.D., Asst. Agronomist R. V. Allison, Ph.D., Fiber Technologist H. W. Burdine, Ph.D., Asst. Soils Chemist M. H. Byrom, M.S., Agricultural Engineer, USDA T. W. Casselman, M.S., Asst. Agricultural Engineer H. L. Chapman, Jr., Ph.D., Assoc. Animal Husbandman J. C. Crockett, B.S., Int. Asst. in Animal Husbandry D. W. Fisher, M.S., Assoc. Agronomist, USDA W. G. Genung, M.S., Assoc. Entomologist V. E. Green, Jr., Ph.D., Assoc. Agronomist V. L. Guzman, Ph.D., Assoc. Horticulturist C. E. Haines, Ph.D., Asst. Animal Husbandman E. D. Harris, Jr., Ph.D., Asst. Entomologist C. C. Hortenstine, Ph.D., Asst. Soils Chemist J. F. Joyner, Asst. Agronomist, USDA R. W. Kidder, M.S., Animal Husbandman F. leGrand, M.S., Asst. Agronomist J. R. Orsenigo, Ph.D., Assoc. Horticulturist C. C. Seale, D.I.C.T.A., Assoc. Agronomist W. H. Speir, Assistant in Hydraulic Engineering, USDA T. E. Summers, Ph.D., Assoc. Plant Pathologist, USDA P. L. Thayer, Ph.D., Asst. Plant Pathologist F. H. Thomas, Ph.D., Asst. Chemist C. Wehlburg, Ph.D., Asst. Plant Pathologist H. D. Whittemore, B.S.A.E., Assoc. Agricultural Engineer, USDA F. D. Wilson, Ph.D., Asst. Plant Geneticist, USDA J. A. Winchester, Ph.D., Asst. Nematologist E. A. Wolf, M.S., Assoc. Horticulturist Indian River Field Laboratory, Box 1351, Fort Pierce N. C. Hayslip, B.S.A., Entomologist A. E. Kretschmer, Jr., Ph.D., Assoc. Agronomist R. E. Stall, Ph.D., Asst. Plant Pathologist Plantation Field Laboratory, 5305 S. W. 12th St., Fort Lauderdale F. T. Boyd, Ph.D., Agronomist R. D. Blackburn, M.S., Asst. Agronomist, USDA H. I. Borders, Ph.D., Assoc. Plant Pathologist H. Y. Ozaki, Ph.D., Asst. Horticulturist D. E. Seaman, Ph.D., Asst. Plant Physiologist, USDA R. R. Smalley, Ph.D., Asst. Turf Technologist J. C. Stephens, B.S., Drainage Engineer, USDA E. H. Stewart, M.S., Assoc. Soils Physicist, USDA L. W. Weldon, Ph.D., Asst. Agronomist, USDA GULF COAST STATION, Box 2125 Manatee Station, Bradenton E. L. Spencer, Ph.D., Soils Chemist in Charge D. S. Burgis, M.S.A., Asst. Horticulturist C. M. Geraldson, Ph.D., Assoc. Soils Chemist E. L. Hobbs, Ph.D., Asst. Plant Pathologist J. P. Jones, Ph.D., Asst. Plant Pathologist D. G. A. Kelbert, Assoc. Horticulturist E. G. Kelsheimer, Ph.D., Entomologist R. O. Magie, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist Amegda J. Overman, M.S., Asst. Soils Microbiologist J. M. Walter, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist W. E. Waters, Ph.D., Asst. Horticulturist S. S. Woltz, Ph.D., Asst. Horticulturist South Florida Field Laboratory, Box 973, Immokalee P. H. Everett, Ph.D., Asst. Soils Chemist NORTH FLORIDA STATION, Quincy W. H. Chapman, M.S., Agronomist in Charge F. S. Baker, Jr., M.S.A., Assoc. Animal Husbandman C. E. Dean, Ph.D., Asst. Agronomist R. R. Kincaid, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist W. C. Rhoades, M.S., Entomologist D. T. Sechler, Ph.D., Asst. Agronomist W. B. Tappan, M.S.A., Asst. Entomologist L. G. Thompson, Jr., Ph.D., Soils Chemist R. W. Wallace, B.S., Assoc. Agronomist W. D. Woodward, M.S., Asst. Soils Chemist H. W. Young, Ph.D., Asst. Horticulturist Marianna Unit, Box 504, Marianna R. W. Lipscomb, M.S., Assoc. Agronomist RANGE CATTLE STATION, Ona E. M. Hodges, Ph.D., Agronomist, Acting in Charge W. G. Kirk, Ph.D., Vice-Director in Charge (on Iv. of absence) C. L. Dantzman, Ph.D., Asst. Soils Chemist J. E. McCaleb, Ph.D., Asst. Agronomist F. M. Peacock, M.S., Asst. Animal Husbandman SUBTROPICAL STATION, Route 1, Box 560, Homestead G. D. Ruehle, Ph.D., Vice-Director in Charge R. M. Baranowski, Ph.D., Asst. Entomologist C. W. Campbell, Ph.D., Asst. Horticulturist R. A. Conover, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist R. W. Harkness, Ph.D., Assoc. Chemist L. A. McFadden, Ph.D., Asst. Plant Pathologist J. C. Noonan, M.S., Asst. Horticulturist P. G. Orth, Ph.D., Asst. Soils Chemist J. Popenoe, Ph.D., Assoc. Horticulturist J. W. Strobel, Ph.D., Asst. Plant Pathologist D. O. Wolfenbarger, Ph.D., Entomologist T. W. Young, Ph.D., Horticulturist SUWANNEE VALLEY STATION, Box 630, Live Oak H. W. Lundy, B.S.A., Assoc. Agronomist in Charge WEST CENTRAL FLORIDA STATION, Brooksville W. C. Burns, M.S., Asst. Animal Husbandman in Charge, USDA WEST FLORIDA STATION, Route 3, Jay C. E. Hutton, Ph.D., Vice-Director in Charge L. S. Dunavin, Jr., Ph.D., Asst. Agronomist M. C. Lutrick, Ph.D., Asst. Agronomist R. L. Smith, M.S., Assoc. Agronomist FIELD LABORATORIES Potato Investigations Laboratory, Box 728, Hastings A. H. Eddins, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist in Charge D. R. Hensel, Ph.D., Asst. Soils Chemist E. N. McCubbin, Ph.D., Horticulturist R. B. Workman, Ph.D., Asst. Entomologist Pecan Investigations Laboratory, Box A, Monticello J. R. Large, M.S., Assoc. Plant Pathologist A. M. Phillips, B.S., Assoc. Entomologist Strawberry Investigations Laboratory, Plant City (Box 2386, Lakeland) A. N. Brooks, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist Paul Sutton, Ph.D., Asst. Horticulturist Watermelon and Grape Investigations Laboratory, Box 321, Leesburg J. M. Crall, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist in Charge W. C. Alderz, Ph.D., Asst. Entomologist C. H. Curran, D.Sc., Entomologist J. A. Mortensen, Ph.D., Asst. Geneticist N. C. Schenck, Ph.D., Asst. Plant Pathologist L. H. Stover, Asst. in Horticulture Weather Forecasting Service, Box 1058, Lakeland W. O. Johnson, B.S., Meteorologist in Charge, USWB J. G. George, B.S., Principal Asst. Meteorologist, USWB L. L. Benson, B.S., Asst. Meteorologist, USWB G. R. Davis, B.S., Asst. Meteorologist R. H. Dean, Asst. Meteorologist, USWB W. F. Mincey, Asst. Meteorologist, USWB B. H. Moore, B.A., Asst. Meteorologist, USWB 0. N. Norman, B.S., Asst. Meteorologist, USWB R. T. Sherouse, Asst. Meteorologist, USWB A. W. Smith, Special Meteorologist Observer W. R. Wallis, B.S., Asst. Meteorologist H. E. Yates, Asst. Meteorologist, USWB REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OUR ANNIVERSARY Three-quarters of a century is a long time. It has been 75 years since the Hatch Act of 1887 was passed which led to the establishment of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station system. On this anniversary date, we pause to reflect on the progress of agriculture in Florida. The progress has been tremendous, and much of the progress is the result of the accom- panying agricultural research program. Frankly, we are very proud of the contributions of research and the growth of Florida's agriculture from vir- tually a squatter subsistence to nearly a billion dollar income for producers of agricultural products. And, since the depression in the early 1930's, the growth of Florida agriculture has been at a rate 30 per cent greater than the United States as a whole. This proves that our research program has been effective. It shows that the overall program has found ways by sci- entific methods to take advantage of the soil, water, and climatic resources, to produce many diversified crops and livestock for the benefit of the total economy of Florida. But, researchwise, much more remains to be done. The potential for continued growth and development in the future appears to be greater than ever before. CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT Major capital improvements for much needed facilities continue at a snail's pace in the space age. Replacements have not kept up with needs, so the overall quality of facilities is deteriorating. This in turn certainly does adversely affect the progress of the total research program. At the end of the year two $50,000 appropriations of the 1961 Legisla- ture for relocation and facilities at the Strawberry Investigations Labora- tory, Plant City, and the Pecan Investigations Laboratory, Monticello, re- spectively, had not been released. If released in time during the coming year, the research programs at these two locations will be materially im- proved. Some construction during the year has eased the pain in the more criti- cal areas. Because of the critical shortage of laboratory and office space at the Citrus Experiment Station, through financial support of the Florida Citrus Commission, this need was lessened by remodeling and refurbishing a portion of the Processing Building. A much needed repair and remod- eling of the Production Building also was accomplished. A Legislative appropriation of $20,000 for a Citrus Pulp Pilot Plant has been released, and work is underway constructing this specialized research facility. With the limited operating capital outlay funds available facilities such as greenhouses, barns, sheds, and silos were acquired as well as other im- provements, remodeling, land clearing, and minor repairs by most of the Departments and Stations. RESEARCH PROGRAM New problems constantly occur in Florida's dynamic agricultural in- dustry. The Stations' responsibility is to meet the challenges as they be- come known, so the number of active projects underway is constantly changing. Active projects are initiated formally in accordance with the usually recognized procedures either by individual scientists or groups. The team approach to solving the agricultural problems, which are continu- ally becoming more complex, is a widespread practice throughout the Sta- tion system. All work is carefully coordinated and evaluated for most Annual Report, 1962 efficient use of research funds as well as most effective approach to the solution of a problem. Research planning is a continuing process. Following is a summary of the project changes during the year: Projects State Hatch Regional AMA Total Initiated 32 14 0 0 46 Completed 49 10 1 0 59 Revised 5 1 0 0 6 Total Active (as of June 30, 1962) 316 92 12 2 422* (* The total represents a reduction of 13 from the previous year.) Except for some projects which were temporarily inactive during the year, the following reports by departments and stations contain the sum- mary of work of all projects plus additional reports of preliminary explor- atory research. To obtain complete information on a given problem, commodity, or process, the reader should consult the index, since related work may have been done at several locations. This report reflects an outstanding service to growers, ranches and re- lated agricultural industries as evidenced by the research contributions reported in the following pages. To keep the public promptly informed, field days, short courses, and conferences were held by various departments, branch stations and field laboratories periodically during the year. STAFF CHANGES Appointments Donald F. Rothwell, Assoc. Soils Microbiologist, Soils Dept., July 1, 1961 Daniel Owen Spinks, Soils Chemist, Soils Dept., July 1, 1961 Thomas W. Stearns, Chemist, Animal Science Dept., July 15, 1961 Ernest Lagrande Hobbs, Asst. Plant Pathologist, Gulf Coast Station, July 16, 1961 George Frisbie Ryan, Asst. Horticulturist, Citrus Station, August 1, 1961 William Gordon Long, Assoc. Chemist, Citrus Station, September 1, 1961 Pierre Jean Jutras, Asst. Agricultural Engineer, Citrus Station, September 1, 1961 John Edward Moore, Asst. Animal Nutritionist, Animal Sci. Dept., Sept. 1, 1961 Paul Sutton, Asst. Horticulturist, Strawberry Lab., Sept. 1, 1961 David S. Anthony, Assoc. Biochemist, Botany Dept., Sept. 1, 1961 Stanley Cox Schank, Asst. Agronomist, Agronomy Dept., Sept. 1, 1961 Mortimer James Soule, Jr., Assoc. Horticulturist, Fruit Crops Dept., Sept. 22, 1961 Richard Turk Poole, Jr., Int. Research Associate, Ornamental Horticulture Dept., Sept. 25, 1961 David Victor Calvert, Asst. Soils Chemist, Citrus Station, October 1, 1961 Frank Averitt Lee, Int. Asst. Entomologist, Entomology Dept., Nov. 21, 1961 Allen Griffin Selhime, Asst. Entomologist, Citrus Station, Jan. 1, 1962, USDA Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations John Federick Steffens, Jr., Assoc. Agri. Statistician, Agri. Economics, Jan. 10, 1962, USDA Carl Alton Ouzts, Asst. in Agri. Statistics, Economics Dept., Jan. 10, 1962, USDA Carl Jefferson Arnold, Int. Assoc. Agri. Economist, Agri. Econ. Dept., Feb. 1, 1962 George T. Edds, Veterinarian and Head, Vet. Sci. Dept., April 1, 1962 Mary Cilley Williams, Asst. Editor, Editorial Dept., April 1, 1962 William Richard Meagher, Assoc. Chemist, Citrus Station, May 1, 1962 Marion Mathias Striker, Int. Asst. Soils Surveyor, Soils Dept., May 1, 1962 William Henry Speir, Asst. in Hydraulic Engineering, Everglades Station, May 1, 1962, USDA Joe Edward Mullin, Agri. Statistician, Agri. Economics Dept., May 7, 1962, USDA Promotions Louis Cornelius Kuitert, Entomologist and Head of Dept., Entomology Dept., July 1, 1961 Jasper Newton Joiner, Assoc. Ornamental Horticulturist, Orn. Hort. Dept., July 1, 1961 Franklin Henry White, Assoc. Bacteriologist, Vet. Science Dept., July 1, 1961 Harold Dean Wallace, Animal Scientist, Animal Science Dept., July 1, 1961 John Garth Austin Fiskell, Biochemist, Soils Dept., July 1, 1961 Joseph Reuter Orsenigo, Assoc. Horticulturist, Everglades Station, July 1, 1961 Ivan Stewart, Biochemist, Citrus Station, July 1, 1961 Richard Leigh Huggart, Assoc. Chemist, Citrus Station, July 1, 1961, FCC John Richard Edwardson, Assoc. Agronomist, Agronomy Dept., July 1, 1961 Merwin Kenneth Corbett, Assoc. Virologist, Plant Path. Dept., July 1, 1961 Miles Hervey Sharpe, Editor and Head, Editorial Dept., December 1, 1961 Transfers William Conway Price, Virologist, from Everglades Station to Plant Path- ology Dept., July 1, 1961 William Gordon Kirk, Vice Director in Charge, from Range Cattle Station to Ford Foundation Burma Grant, November 1, 1961 Marshall Reid Godwin, Marketing Economist, from Agri. Economics De- partment to Florida Citrus Commission, November 15, 1961 John Roosevelt Greenman, Economist, from Agri. Economics Department to Ford Foundation Burma Grant, February 1, 1962 Resignations Curtis Rukes Jackson, Asst. Plant Pathologist, Gulf Coast Station, July 15, 1961 George Lafayette Capel, Assoc. Agri. Economist, Economics Dept., August 25, 1961, USDA Albert Benjamin Krienke, Int. Asst. in Agri. Econ., Economics Dept., Aug. 25, 1961 Ruppert Rudolph Hunziker, Asst. Soils Chemist, Citrus Station, Sept. 30, 1961 Elmer George Close, Int. Asst. in Ag. Econ., Economics Dept., Sept. 30, 1961 James Bacto Owens, Agri. Statistician, Economics Dept., Nov. 15, 1961, USDA, Orlando Robert Edward Cook, Asst. Poultry Geneticist, Poultry Dept., Dec. 31, 1961 Reynolds B. Smith, Assoc. Forester, Forestry Dept., Feb. 15, 1962 Annual Report, 1962 William Franklin Spencer, Assoc. Soils Chemist, Citrus Station, Feb. 19, 1962 Richard C. Orr, Asst. Editor, Editorial Dept., Mar. 31, 1962 Julius Charles Townsend, Agri. Statistician, Economics Dept., May 2, 1962, USDA, Orlando William M. Stone, Jr., Asst. in Parasitology, Vet. Sci. Dept., May 10, 1962 Donald E. Seaman, Asst. Plant Physiologist, Indian River Lab., June 1, 1962 William P. Coulter, Asst. Editor, Editorial Dept., June 30, 1962 Retirements Joseph Robert Neller, Soils Chemist, Soils Department, June 30, 1962 Willard M. Fifield, Provost for Agriculture, June 30, 1962 Retirements Prior to 1961-62 (Emeritus) Arthur Liston Shealy, Animal Husbandman and Head, Ani. Sci. Dept., 1949 Gulie Hargrove Blackmon, Horticulturist, Orn. Hort. Dept., 1954 Levi Otto Gratz, Asst. Director, 1954 Arthur Forrest Camp, Vice-Director in Charge, Citrus Station, 1956 Ouida Davis Abbott, Home Economist, Food Tech. and Nutr. Dept., 1958 Lillian E. Arnold, Assoc. Botanist, Plant Path. Dept., 1958 P. T. Dix Arnold, Assoc. Dairy Husbandman, Dairy Dept., 1959 Rudolf William Ruprecht, Chemist and Vice-Director, Central Fla. Station, 1959 Jesse Roy Christie, Nematologist, Entomology Dept., 1960 Mark W. Emmel, Veterinarian, Vet. Sci. Dept., 1961 J. Francis Cooper, Editor and Head, Editorial Dept., 1961 GRANTS AND GIFTS Commercial grants and gifts accepted as support for existing programs during the year ending June 30, 1962. Financial assistance is hereby grate- fully acknowledged. Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois Poultry Science Department-$2,000 Citrus Experiment Station-$2,500 American Cyanamid, New York 20, New York Animal Science Department-$2,500 American Cyanamid, Princeton, New Jersey Food Technology Department-$1,000 American Oil Company, Chicago 80, Illinois Citrus Experiment Station-$2,100 American Smelting and Refining Company, South Plainfield, New Jersey Everglades Experiment Station-$500 Armour and Company, Chicago 9, Illinois Animal Science Department-$3,000 Basic, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio Citrus Experiment Station-$4,000 Brunswick Pulp and Paper Company, Brunswick, Georgia Forestry Department-$2,000 The Buckeye Cellulose Corporation, Foley, Florida Forestry Department-$2,000 California Chemical Company, Orlando, Florida Plant Pathology Department-$500 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Chemagro Corporation, Kansas City 20, Missouri Central Florida Experiment Station-$1,000 Citrus Experiment Station-$500 Container Corporation of America, Fernandina Beach, Florida Forestry Department-$2,000 Continental Woodlands, Savannah, Georgia Forestry Department-$2,000 A. D. Davis, Winn-Dixie Stores, Jacksonville, Florida Animal Science Department-$2,000 Distiller Feed Research Council, Cincinnati 2, Ohio Animal Science Department-$4,000 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours, Wilmington 98, Delaware Poultry Science Department-$1,200 - Everglades Experiment Station-$750 Diamond Alkali Company, Cleveland 14, Ohio Sub Tropical Experiment Station-$500 Diamond Alkali Company, Painesville, Ohio Everglades Experiment Station-$500 The DOW Chemical Company, Winter Park, Florida Plantation Field Laboratory (Everglades)-$500 Esso Research and Engineering Company, Linden, New Jersey Vegetable Crops Department-$750 Central Florida Experiment Station-$750 Everglades Experiment Station-$165 Gulf Coast Experiment Station-$165 Plantation Field Laboratory (Everglades)-$500 Watermelon and Grape Investigations Laboratory-$165 Farmhand Company, St. Petersburg, Florida Dairy Science Department-$1,633 Florida Agricultural Research Institute, Winter Haven, Florida Citrus Experiment Station-$255 Florida Citrus Commission, Winter Haven, Florida Citrus Experiment Station-$80,000 Florida Forests Foundation, Fort Myers, Florida Botany Department-$500 Geigy Agricultural Chemical, Yonkers, New York Agronomy Department-$500 Ornamental Horticulture Department-$500 Sub-Tropical Experiment Station-$500 Fred C. Gloeckner Foundation, Inc., New York 10, New York Ornamental Horticulture Department-$1,000 Golf Course Superintendents Association of America, Jacksonville Beach, Florida Ornamental Horticulture-$500 Growers Administrative Committee, Lakeland, Florida Agricultural Economics Department-$4,700 Hercules Powder Company, Wilmington, Delaware Everglades Experiment Station-$1,500 Highland Bentgrass Commission, Corvallis, Oregon Ornamental Horticulture Department-$1,000 International Minerals and Chemical Corporation, Skokie, Illinois Fruit Crops-$2,500 International Paper, Mobile, Alabama Forestry Department-$2,000 Jensen-Salsbery, Kansas City 41, Missouri Veterinary Science Department-$3,000 Annual Report, 1962 R. D. Keene, Winter Garden, Florida Animal Science Department-$20,000 Lake Garfield Nurseries, Bartow, Florida Citrus Experiment Station-$3,000 The Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis 6, Indiana Animal Science Department-$3,000 Animal Science Department-$3,000 Live Oak Gas Company, Live Oak, Florida Suwannee Valley Experiment Station-$400 Miller Chemical and Fertilizer Corporation, Baltimore 15, Maryland Everglades Experiment Station-$200 Monsanto Chemical Company, St. Louis 66, Missouri Poultry Science Department-$3,500 Everglades Experiment Station-$1,500 National Association of Artificial Breeders, Columbia, Missouri Diary Science Department-$1,200 Naugatuck Chemical Division (United States Rubber Company), Nauga- tuck, Connecticut Agronomy Department-$1,500 Niagara Chemical Division (FMC Corp), Jackson, Mississippi Everglades Experiment Station-$500 Everglades Experiment Station-$500 Sub-Tropical Experiment Station-$1,000 Chas. Pfizer and Company, Inc., Terre Haute, Indiana Animal Science Department-$1,000 Soils Department-$2,000 Poultry Science Department-$1,000 Phelps Dodge Refining Corporation, New York 22, New York Citrus Experiment Station-$2,000 Everglades Experiment Station-$2,000 Phillips Petroleum Company, Bartlsville, Oklahoma Soils Department-$2,000 Rayonier, Inc., Fernandina Beach, Florida Forestry Department-$2,000 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Agronomy and Agricultural Engineering Department-$5,000 Rohm & Haas, Philadelphia 5, Pennsylvania Sub-Tropical Experiment Station-$1,500 Scott Paper Company, Mobile, Alabama Forestry Department-$2,000 Seminole County Farm Bureau, Sanford, Florida Central Florida Experiment Station-$2,693.13 Shell Chemical Company, New York 20, New York Food Technology Department-$3,000 Central Florida Experiment Station-$600 Citrus Experiment Station-$1,500 Everglades Experiment Station-$500 Everglades Experiment Station-$500 Sub-Tropical Experiment Station-$600 Watermelon and Grape Investigations Laboratory-$300 Shell Development Company, Modesta, California Agronomy Department-$500 Vegetable Crops Department-$600 Plant Pathology Department-$600 Central Florida Experiment Station-$800 Smith-Douglas, Norfolk, Virginia Poultry Science Department-$3,000 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Soft Phosphate Research Institute, Ocala, Florida Ornamental Horticulture-$1,000 Citrus Experiment Station and Soils Department-$3,000 Speed Sprayer Plant, John Bean Division, Food Machinery and Chemical Corporation, Orlando, Florida Citrus Experiment Station-$2,000 Squibb Institute, Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation, Port Jefferson Sta- tion, New York Everglades Experiment Station and Sub-Tropical Experiment Station- $1,300 Squibb Institute, New Brunswick, New Jersey Animal Science Department-$1,800 St. Regis Paper Company, Jacksonville, Florida Forestry Department-$2,000 Stauffer Chemical Company, Mountain View, California Citrus Experiment Station-$1,500 State Road Department, Tallahassee, Florida Ornamental Horticulture-$8,306 State Department of Agriculture, Tallahassee, Florida Vegetable Crops Department-$600 Tennessee Coal and Iron, Division of US Steel, Fairfield, Alabama Citrus Experiment Station-$1,200 W. B. Tisdale Family and Friends, Gainesville, Florida Plant Pathology Department-$325 Union Bag Camp Paper Corporation, Savannah, Georgia Forestry Department-$2,000 U. S. Sugar Corporation, Clewiston, Florida Everglades Experiment Station-$2,000 UpJohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan Plant Pathology Department-$500 Gulf Coast Experiment Station-$750 Velsicol Chemical Corporation, Chicago 11, Illinois Everglades Experiment Station-$500 Sub-Tropical Experiment Station-$1,000 Wallace Hatchery, St. Petersburg, Florida Poultry Science Department-$425 Weber, Frank, Ormond Beach, Florida Fruit Crops Department-$300 Grants for basic research were accepted from national agencies as follows: Atomic Energy Commission: Agronomy Department-$9,500 Agronomy Department-$15,800 Botany Department-$6,870 Soils Department-$12,818 National Institutes of Health: Animal Science Department-$10,005 Animal Science Department-$17,250 Animal Science Department-$30,187 Food Technology-$6,828 Food Technology-$9,788 Food Technology-$15,454 Plant Pathology Department-$18,399 Veterinary Science Department-$23,318 Veterinary Science Department-$19,345 Annual Report, 1962 21 Veterinary Science Department-$21,210 Veterinary Science Department-$14,317 Gulf Coast Experiment Station-$27,604 National Science Foundation: Agronomy Department-$4,700 Agronomy and Plant Pathology Department-$5,250 Agronomy and Plant Pathology Department-$8,400 Botany Department-$33,000 Nutrition Foundation: Animal Science Department-$2,500 I REPORT OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGER SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURES OF STATE FUNDS 1961-62 Fla. Agric. Exp. Sta. General Revenue Funds Salaries and wages ........ ... ..-...........---........ $4,213,341.02 Travel ...................... .... ............... .. ---...... 122,757.63 Transportation and communication .............-......... 51,687.43 Utilities ............. .. ..... .. ... .. ..........- 81,010.74 Printing ...................- .......-.......... ..... 41,912.52 Repairs and maintenance ..........-........... ......... 80,117.08 Contractual services ................ ..-......... .......- 30,326.29 Rentals .............-...........-.....--......- ...... 20,792.45 Other current charges and obligations ...-..................... -- -....-.- ... .. 28,069.68 Supplies and materials ................. ... ......... ... 309,591.52 Equipm ent ....... ................ .. ..... 87,376.19 Land and buildings .........--................- ..... 48,778.74 Replacement fund ...-.....-- -----.....................-. 4,770.80 Plant fund ...... ................ ...--.... ........ 27,393.44 Transfers ....... ---.......... .... --.... .-... ................... $5,147,925.53 $544,528.46 Incidental Funds $ 70,541.15 3,458.02 5,709.10 11,052.68 306.36 26,505.17 6,273.17 15,365.58 3,893.83 297,523.76 61,183.53 42,716.11 Grants and Donations Funds $198,499.31 21,329.36 1,313.32 789.96 776.34 6,138.95 1,538.13 201.90 1,101.58 58,093.66 65,727.01 22,424.42 2.34 Total State Funds $4,482,381.48 147,545.01 58,709.85 92,853.38 42,995.22 112,761.20 38,137.59 36,359.93 33,065.09 665,208.94 214,286.73 113,919.27 4,770.80 27,393.44 2.34 Total state funds ...... $377,936.28 $6,070,390.27 SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURES OF FEDERAL FUNDS 1961-62 Hatch Funds Salaries and wages ............................... T ravel ....................... ... ..- .... ...... Transportation and communication ...... U utilities ............... ... ..- ...- ... Printing ..-..... ............................ . Repairs and maintenance ........................ Contractual services .............. ...... Rentals ....................... ...- .......... Other current charges and obligations . Supplies and materials .........-...-..... Equipment ......... .....- ..-..-...-......- .... Land and buildings ........... ..... .... Total federal expenditures ............ . .... .-......- $231,178.63 - -...-..- ..... 6,543.31 ... .......... 967.90 -.-. --..--. 5,834.59 ...-...- .... 208.35 -..-- .....- 3,371.17 -. ...-.-..- 1,426.15 ---...-.. .. 772.00 ..-...-.... ...- 6.00 .......-.- ... 61,138.76 .-..-.....- 59,438.81 .- .-.....-.. 37,037.76 Regional Research Funds $38,661.00 3,263.09 237.73 581.34 12.00 437.61 149.75 27.28 100.00 9,502.38 8,270.72 2,018.38 Agricultural Marketing Act Funds $6,295.81 2,059.59 25.45 188.00 1,069.20 Total Federal Funds $276,135.44 11,865.99 1,205.63 6,415.93 245.80 3,996.78 1,575.90 799.28 106.00 70,641.14 68,778.73 39,056.14 $9,638.05 $480,822.76 .... $407,923.43 $63,261.28 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Work during the year covered two broad areas: marketing and produc- tion economics. The research was conducted under 44 projects, approxi- mately 60 percent of these on marketing research. During the year the Florida Citrus Commission and the Department of Agricultural Economics entered into a cooperative arrangement to coordinate their research activities with respect to citrus. The Commission located six positions with the Department of Agricultural Economics which are well supported by operating expenses for the purpose of conducting research work in the area of demand and market development. In addition to this support, the United States Department of Agriculture has assigned five positions to assist in the research program of the department. FARMERS' COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS IN FLORIDA State Project 154 H. G. Hamilton, A. H. Spurlock, and M. D. Love, Jr. No new results were obtained during the year. An effort is being made to bring together in one publication the most significant results of research on farmers' cooperatives covered by this project over the last 30 years. FACTORS AFFECTING COSTS AND RETURNS IN FLORIDA CITRUS PRODUCTION Hatch Project 186 Zach Savage In general, profitableness by variety or kind during the 1955-60 period varied very largely with yield and price of fruit. Duncan grapefruit yield averaged 76 percent higher per acre than tangerines with trees at 26 years of age. Yield was the number of boxes of fruit picked. Yields for most varieties other than grapefruit were actual or total fruit produced and on the tree at picking time. During these seasons, nearly all of the fruit was picked. Operating cost was 67 percent higher per acre and more than double per box for tangerines as compared to Pineapple oranges (Table 1). TABLE 1.-PER-ACRE AND PER-BOX DATA FOR 26-YEAR-OLD CITRUS TREES, 1955-60 AVERAGE. Variety Yield or per Net Above Kind Acre Operating Cost Returns Operating Cost Per Per Per Per Per Per Boxes acre box acre box acre box Hamlin ........... 422 $187.00 $ .44 $780.70 $1.85 $593.70 $1.41 Pineapple ......... 390 166.05 .43 709.80 1.82 543.75 1.39 Valencia ........... 338 219.98 .65 794.30 2.35 574.32 1.70 Temple ............ 332 241.65 .73 747.00 2.25 505.35 1.52 Tangerine ........ 306 276.65 .90 618.12 2.02 341.47 1.12 Marsh seedless 488 218.47 .45 527.04 1.08 308.57 .63 Duncan .............. 540 218.47 .40 361.80 .67 143.33 .27 Annual Report, 1962 Valencia oranges brought 120 percent more money per acre and 251 percent more per box than Duncan grapefruit. Net returns above operating cost were highest per acre for Hamlin oranges and highest per box for Valencia oranges. The difference in the net per acre for Hamlin, Pineapple, Valencia, and Temple oranges was small. The net per acre for Hamlin was only 17 percent higher than the net for Temple. Prior to 1955, the net per acre for Temple was highest during most seasons and was also highest during some individual seasons of the 1955-60 period. For the 1955-60 period, the order in net per acre was: (1) Hamlin, (2) Valencia, (3) Pine- apple, (4) Temple, (5) tangerines, (6) Marsh Seedless, and (7) Duncan grapefruit. FACTORS AFFECTING BREEDING EFFICIENCY, ITS POSSIBLE INHERITANCE AND DEPRECIATION IN FLORIDA DAIRY HERDS State Project 345 A. H. Spurlock Records of replacements, causes of losses and disposal dates were con- tinued on five dairy herds. Data were combined with results previously obtained to determine length of life, depreciation rates, and reasons for replacements. The life span of 3,743 replaced cows averaged 6.5 years, or about 4.5 years in the milking herd. The disposal rate increased rapidly after the first year in the herd and after three years less than two-thirds of the original animals remained. After five years 62 percent were gone. Cows reaching age six had a life expectancy of 2.7 years and averaged 8.7 years of life; cows reaching age 10 had 1.7 years of life expectancy and thus averaged 11.7 years of life. Live disposals from the herd were principally for low production, 30.3 percent; mastitis or some form of udder trouble, 24.9 percent; and reproduc- tive troubles, 17.9 percent. These three reasons, or combinations of them, were responsible for 77 percent of the live disposals. About nine percent of the live disposals were for unstated reasons. Death from all causes accounted for 13.9 percent of all disposals. (See also Project 345, Dairy Science Department.) CROP AND LIVESTOCK ESTIMATING ON FLORIDA FARMS WITH EMPHASIS ON VEGETABLE CROPS State Project 451 G. N. Rose, G. G. Goshorn, R. G. Stout, and R. R. Hancock' This project is in cooperation with and under the direction of the Agri- cultural Statistician In Charge, Field Operations Division, Statistical Re- porting Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Orlando, Florida. Seasonal acreage and production forecasts for Florida's 16 major vege- table crops were made monthly during the growing season. Reports were integrated with the national program of vegetable crop reports. Acreage inventory reports were made monthly for celery and sweet corn, and weekly for tomatoes. This is the first year that an acreage inventory report has been made on sweet corn. Monthly celery inventory reports provided greater detail on acreage harvested and production than during previous seasons. Preliminary studies on the development of objective methods of forecasting celery yields were made in the Everglades and Zellwood areas. These studies will be the basis of a technical report. Extensive end-of-season surveys for major vegetable crops provided the 1 Cooperative with Statistical Reporting Service, USDA. Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations necessary data for estimating acreage and production by marketing areas and counties within the State. Data were released in Volume XVII, "Florida Vegetable Crops," Annual Summary 1961-62-1,500 copies. INFLUENCE OF BREED COMPOSITION AND LEVEL OF NUTRITION ON ADAPTABILITY OF CATTLE TO CENTRAL FLORIDA CONDITIONS State Project 615 R. E. L. Greene This experiment is designed to determine the relative productivity of cows with different proportions of English and Brahman blood when run under pasture programs designed to supply low, medium, and good nutrition levels. The Agricultural Economics Department has the responsibility of working with the project leaders in evaluating the various programs as to net income. Work on the project has not progressed far enough during the year for an economic evaluation to be attempted. (See also Project 615, Range Cattle Station.) PASTURE PROGRAMS AND BREEDING SYSTEMS FOR BEEF PRODUCTION ON FLATWOODS SOILS OF CENTRAL AND NORTH CENTRAL FLORIDA State Project 627 R. E. L. Greene This experiment is designed to evaluate pasture programs varying in intensities of fertilization and levels of management in terms of forage production, soil nutrient balance, and rate of economy of beef production. The Agricultural Economics Department has the responsibility of evaluat- ing the various programs as to net income. No attempt was made to evalu- ate the data for the 1960-61 season. Summaries will be made during the coming year for the 1960-61 and 1961-62 seasons, also a summary based on an average of the data for four seasons. Summaries of the data for the 1958-59 and 1959-60 seasons showed that Program 2 had the lowest net cost per pound of beef and the highest net return per acre. This is a clover-grass program receiving the lowest applications of fertilizer per acre and no top dressing. (See also Project 627, Animal Science Department.) IMPROVING METHODS AND PRACTICES IN HARVESTING, HANDLING, AND PACKING EARLY IRISH POTATOES State Project 638 R. E. L. Greene Very little work has been done on this project during the year. Some attention has been given to the preparation of a tentative draft of a final report. This report will be completed during the coming year and the project closed. THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF VEGETABLES State Project 660 D. L. Brooke An economic analysis was made of the experimental results from field trials of the effect of five different sources of nitrogen in fertilizer materials on the yield of cucumbers and pole beans in the spring of 1961. Differential price maps indicate that, at a farm price of 50 cents or more per bushel of cucumbers, farmers would profit by using calcium nitrate rather than calcium nitrate plus potassium nitrate if the cost of the calcium nitrate was not more than 6 cents per pound of nitrogen higher than the cost of calcium Annual Report, 1962 nitrate plus potassium nitrate. At a farm price of $1.63 or more per bushel, farmers would benefit by using the calcium nitrate source as long as its cost was not more than 20 cents per pound higher than the calcium nitrate plus potassium nitrate. Comparison of sources of nitrogen for pole beans indicates that sodium nitrate was the least profitable among the sources used. On a net return per acre per pound of nitrogen applied basis, the am- monium nitrate source of nitrogen was most profitable on cucumbers. For pole beans, the ammonium sulfate source returned the most profit. In each case, the sodium nitrate source was least profitable. (See also Project 660, Gulf Coast Experiment Station.) METHODS OF ESTIMATING FLORIDA CITRUS PRODUCTION State Project 685 P. E. Shuler2 and R. G. Stout This project is in cooperation with and under the direction of the Agri- cultural Statistician In Charge, Field Operations Division, Statistical Re- porting Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Orlando, Florida. Surveys of the pre-season fruit counts by use of the frame and limb count procedures were completed in September. After the December freeze, a cold damage survey was conducted to evaluate the extent of freeze dam- age. The objective counts on grapefruit and early and mid-season oranges provided a fairly accurate October forecast. The October forecast was 35 million boxes of grapefruit and 49 million boxes of early and mid-season oranges. Final pick-out was 35 million boxes of grapefruit and 52.5 million boxes of early and mid-season oranges. However, the forecast for Valencia oranges was considerably less than the actual crop. The October forecast was 45 million boxes of Valencias and the final pick-out was 56 million. The new "pie-shaped" frame count was used in obtaining objective information for temples, tangerines, and tangelos. The monthly surveys on sizing and droppage were continued. A publica- tion was released during the year based on these surveys-"Size of Fruit and Droppage Rates Influence Total Citrus Production," Agricultural Eco- nomics Mimeo. Report 62-2, July 1961. Preliminary analysis of the new work on internal fruit quality shows promise in estimating optimum picking dates and pounds solids early in the season. Also data have been collected to study the relationship between size of fruit and weight of fruit. ECONOMICS OF FLORIDA DAIRY FARMING State Project 701 R. E. L. Greene Work in cooperation with the Florida Milk Commission was continued. A study was completed to show changes in costs and returns on dairy farms in Central Florida between 1958 and 1960. On farms in this area during this period, the average number of cows per farm increased 8.3 percent, and the production of milk per cow, 8.7 percent. As a result, the amount of milk sold per farm increased 17.7 percent. The gross income per gal- lon of milk sold decreased 0.94 cents and the gross cost per gallon in- creased 1.42 cents. The net cost per gallon of milk sold was 1.42 cents higher in 1960 than in 1958. The net return per gallon was 2.08 cents less. Dairy farmers in Florida are faced with major adjustment problems. Costs continue to increase, but the price of Class I milk in areas under the Florida Milk Commission remains the same. Since large farms tend to 2 Cooperative with Statistical Reporting Service. USDA. Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations have lower costs than small farms, a major adjustment has been an increase in size of dairy farms. Many dairies have also been shifted from higher price to lower price land. Additional and more complete data are needed to better appraise desirable economic adjustments in the dairy industry in Florida. Work will be continued in this area during the coming year. CENSUS OF CITRUS GROVES IN FLORIDA State Project 720 R. G. Stout and J. W. Todd' This project is in cooperation with and under the direction of the Agri- cultural Statistician In Charge, Field Operations Division, Statistical Re- porting Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Orlando, Florida. The first year's work on the five-year plan of surveying the citrus groves for a tree count was processed and released in October, 1961. The total number of trees was estimated at 49.2 million trees, a 13.1 percent increase since 1957. This change includes a 23.9 percent increase in Valencias, 25.8 percent increase in early and mid-season types, 19.2 percent increase in temples, and a 14.1 percent decrease in grapefruit trees. Considerable statistical analysis of the estimated tree numbers has been completed. This analysis revealed that the total numbers of trees for the State are fairly accurate. However, the sampling errors computed for each county indicate that many of the county figures may be somewhat in error. AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF GRADE AND SIZE STANDARDS FOR FLORIDA TOMATOES State Project 787 M. R. Godwin and W. T. Manley' The purpose of this project is to evaluate the economic importance which consumers attach to the external quality characteristics of mature green Florida tomatoes. Analysis of the results of sales tests conducted in 11 large supermarkets in Dayton, Ohio, during the spring of 1960 indicates that the standards cur- rently employed in marketing Florida tomatoes delineate quality differences that are somewhat finer than the perceptions of customers. A manuscript dealing fully with the findings and their implications from the standpoint of the Florida tomato industry has been prepared and is in the process of publication. The publication of this manuscript will represent a full achievement of the objectives for which this project was initiated. This project is closed with this report. THE ECONOMIC EFFECT OF PINK TOMATO SHIPMENTS UPON THE FLORIDA TOMATO INDUSTRY State Project 788 M. R. Godwin and W. T. Manley5 The practice of shipping staked or trellis-grown tomatoes showing a color break has been a major development in the marketing of the Florida crop during recent years. Growers, shippers, and terminal market receivers are all in need of information regarding the effect of this innovation upon the pricing and market structure of the Florida tomato industry. A market survey involving interviews with 49 tomato handlers in 30 major market areas of the eastern United States to provide such informa- tion was completed on July 30, 1961. An analysis of the data obtained from this survey is currently in progress. 3 Cooperative with Citrus Crop Estimates Research Fund. SCooperative with Marketing Economics Division, ERS, USDA. 6 Cooperative with Marketing Economics Division, ERS, USDA. Annual Report, 1962 AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE FLORIDA HONEY INDUSTRY Hatch Project 791 H. G. Hamilton The cost of packing and selling Florida honey varies greatly among packers. Approximately one-half of honey packers' sales are made to Florida buyers, and a considerable part of these sales are made to roadside stands. Out-of-state sales are made primarily in the Atlantic Seaboard states, but substantial sales are made to the north central states and as far west as Oklahoma. Results of the study have been published in Agricultural Economics Mimeo Report No. 62-10. This project is closed with this report. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM FOR ESTABLISHING THE SHORT-RUN PRODUCTION OUTLOOK FOR FLORIDA TOMATOES State Project 822 G. N. Rose, G. G. Goshorn, and L. D. Marquis, Jr." This project is in cooperation with and under the direction of the Agri- cultural Statistician In Charge, Field Operations Division, Statistical Report- ing Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Orlando, Florida. Acreage inventory reports for tomatoes were continued during the 1961- 62 season. Reports were issued weekly during August 1961 through June 1962. Acreage data were shown for the major late fall, winter, and early spring areas of tomato production. Stages of plant development, acreage expected to begin harvest, acreage in harvest, and acreage harvested were shown by areas. The forecasts of acreage expected to begin harvest were made for bi-weekly periods two weeks in advance. This project has passed from the developmental to the operational stage. It is now being financed with recurring federal appropriations in Florida and a federal project, patterned after the Florida model, is in operation in Texas. Weekly reports include data for both states. AN APPRAISAL OF THE ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND PROBLEMS OF LOW INCOME RURAL AREAS IN NORTH AND WEST FLORIDA Hatch Project 826 L. A. Reuss and R. E. L. Greene The third and final report for this project was completed during the year. The report should give a better understanding of factors contrib- uting to low incomes in rural areas such as North and West Florida. The effectiveness of remedial policies and programs in improving levels of living of people in such areas depends on the nature of the situation and the ex- tent to which policies and programs are tailored to the needs of particular groups. Data from the project should help in developing more effective pro- grams to use in attacking low income problems in West Florida. The proj- ect is closed with this report. A STUDY OF THE COMPETITIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLORIDA AND CALIFORNIA CELERY State Project 856 M. R. Godwin and W. T. Manley 8 In the markets of the East and Midwest, Florida celery must compete directly with that grown in California. The purpose of this project is to 8 Cooperative with Statistical Reporting Service, USDA. SCooperative with Farm Economics Research Division, ARS, USDA. 8 Cooperative with Marketing Economics Division, ERS, USDA. 30 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations examine certain aspects of the competitive relationship between the two products. Work during the year has consisted of the completion of an analysis of data obtained from retail store tests relating to the nature of the compe- tition between Florida and California celery. (See 1959 Annual Report.) The study results show that there is an inherent preference on the part of consumers for the California product, but that the competitive position of the Florida industry is improved by greater emphasis upon the production of Utah types at the expense of the Summer Pascal types. A bulletin entitled "Customer Preference Aspects Between Florida and California Celery" dealing fully with an examination and interpretation of the results has been prepared during the year. With the release of this publication the work on this project was completed. Consequently, it is closed with this report. COSTS AND EFFICIENCY IN HANDLING FLORIDA CITRUS FRUITS Hatch Project 895 A. H. Spurlock, H. G. Hamilton, (Regional SM-22) and G. L. Capel" Costs of harvesting citrus for 37 firms, 1960-61, averaged as follows per 1% bushel equivalent: picking oranges, 35 cents; picking grapefruit, 26.7 cents; and picking tangerines, 83.5 cents. Hauling from grove to the plant cost 11.2 cents a box. Citrus dealers had an additional cost of 212 to 4 cents per box for procurement and sale of fruit. Costs of packing and selling Florida fresh citrus fruit per 1% bushel wirebound box for 42 packinghouses, 1960-61, were $1.12 for oranges and $1.00 for grapefruit. For 5-pound bags in master cartons costs were $2.12 per equivalent box for oranges and $2.01 for grapefruit. Average costs for processing, warehousing, and selling typical citrus products for 24 plants were as follows: single strength orange juice in 12/46 oz. cases, sweetened, $1.65; grapefruit sections in 24/303 cases, sweetened, $2.64; frozen orange concentrate in 48/6 cases (excluding sell- ing), $2.19. Total costs for processing and selling citrus by-products, summarized for the first time this season, were: citrus pulp and meal, $25.30 per ton; molasses, $14.11 per ton; and peel oil, 16 cents per pound. The experimental tests of large pallet-box handling of citrus were concluded at the first location and moved to a different packinghouse to obtain experience with a wider range of conditions. However, no new data were obtained during 1960-61. (See also Preliminary Non-Projected Packinghouse Studies, Citrus Sta- tion.) THE IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF EXTERNAL QUALITY FACTORS IN FLORIDA AVOCADOS HAVING ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE TO THE CONSUMER State Project 899 D. L. Brooke, F. W. Williams, and W. B. Riggan Work on this project was completed with the publication of Experiment Station Bulletin 645. The study indicated that: (1) the high-income cli- entele purchased almost twice as many avocados as medium-income clien- tele; (2) customers preferred clear fruit almost 2 to 1 over blemished at the same price; (3) at a 4-cent differential in favor of blemished, they 9 Cooperative with Marketing Economics Division, ERS, USDA. Annual Report, 1962 bought an equal volume of both; (4) at an 8-cent differential, the ratio of blemished to clear sales was 1.4 to 1 and with a 12-cent differential, 1.8 to 1; (5) customers preferred fruit for consumption within one to two days rather than fruit which had to be stored longer until it became soft. This project is closed with this report. A STUDY OF MARKET ORGANIZATION AND PRACTICES FOR POTATOES IN THE HASTINGS AREA OF FLORIDA Hatch Project 916 R. E. L. Greene Potato growers and shippers in the Hastings area have faced many ad- justment problems as a result of the increase in demand for potatoes from the area by potato chippers and also changes in the local potato industry. This project was initiated for the purpose of describing and evaluating re- cent changes in market practices for potato growers and shippers and the effects of such changes on the market organization for potatoes in the Hastings area. Work on the project during the year has been devoted to completing a manuscript for publication on the study. Attention also was given to pre- paring material for Florida for presentation at a public hearing on a pro- posed National Marketing Order for Potatoes. SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF MULTIPLE DEMANDS FOR CITRUS Hatch Project 937 W. B. Riggan, M. R. Godwin, (Regional SM-22) and B. S. Lloyd The correlation for the past several years between the retail price of fresh oranges from Florida and the retail price of orange concentrate has been 0.95. The correlation between the retail price of fresh oranges and the retail price of single strength orange juice has been 0.67. The correla- tion between the retail price of orange concentrate and the retail price of single strength orange juice has been 0.80. Under these conditions one cannot estimate the parameters by least squares from a single equation model. All prices and quantities tend to move together. One price ex- plains approximately as much of the variation in quantity as all the vari- ables. A system of simultaneous equations is being developed for the demand for citrus products. Special attention is being given to the problem of identification and the computations needed to handle the auto-correlation existing between residual errors from one time period to the next. MARKET STRUCTURE OF THE NURSERY INDUSTRY AMA Project 951 C. N. Smith (ES-606) Findings of a study on marketing ornamental nursery products in Pinellas County were published in Agricultural Economics Mimeo. Report 62-8. Final estimates were substantially the same as those noted in the 1961 Annual Report. No guidelines were available for making an analysis of landscape mar- ketings into components of plants, materials, and services. The cost of landscaping labor and nonplant materials and services was estimated at a third of the retail value of the plants used in landscaping. Thus, of $1,104,000 in income to Pinellas County nurserymen from landscaping in Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations 1959, $828,000 represented marketing of plants and $276,000 sales of labor, fertilizer, and other materials and services. Additional field schedules were taken in the statewide nursery market- ing study. This enumeration will be completed, the results tabulated and analyzed, and a manuscript prepared. MARKETING OF FLORIDA CIGAR WRAPPER TOBACCO, TYPE 62 State Project 961 H. B. Clark This year an attempt has been made to keep abreast of developments in the Florida-Georgia shade-tobacco industry. In the last report men- tion was made of the large stocks of wrapper leaf in storage, largely the so-called off-grades. Sales were so poor, due largely to the loss of the ex- port markets, that growers voted to reinstate the suspended marketing order of 1952. Under this order, Amendment Number 195, an average of 18 leaves only can be harvested. Ordinarily about 22 to 26 leaves are har- vested. Since the harvesting of the crop is now in progress, it has not been possible to appraise the results of the order. However, arrangements have been made with two packinghouses to collect complete data on packing- house costs and compare them with former costs of the same packinghouses. Packinghouse costs will undoubtedly be less, but it remains to be seen what the net effect on returns to producers and to the packinghouse operators will be. Another development in process during the present harvesting season is the fire-curing of type 62 leaf in such a manner as to produce a Cuban type wrapper. Leaf from about 300 acres are being cured in this manner. Arrangements have been made with producers and packers of this leaf to evaluate the results. At the present time, it appears that type 62 leaf can be cured in such a manner as to produce a satisfactory substitute for Cuban wrapper tobacco. The long-run outlook for Florida-Georgia wrapper tobacco is still in doubt. The threat of the use of homogenized wrappers, which will not use type 62 tobacco as an ingredient, is still great. LABOR, MATERIALS, COSTS, AND RETURNS IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTION State Project 970 D. L. Brooke Costs and returns from vegetable crops in Florida for the 1960-61 sea- son were obtained from growers and summarized for 13 different vegetable crops in 10 of the major producing areas of the state. In making compari- sons with the 1956-57 season, the last for which costs had been obtained, it was quite apparent that while per acre costs have continued to increase, increased yields per acre have been sufficient, in most cases, to maintain an equal or lower unit cost of production. An increase of 35 percent in snap bean yields in the Everglades area from 1956-57 to 1960-61 resulted in an 18 percent decrease in per unit costs of production. In the Pompano area, a 21 percent increase in snap bean yield was accompanied by an 18 percent decrease in per unit costs. There was relatively little difference in profits in the areas for the two seasons. Increases in yields of ground-grown tomatoes ranged from 12 percent in the Ft. Pierce area to 67 percent in Dade County. Per unit costs de- creased 21 percent in Dade County but were 11 percent higher in Ft. Pierce in 1960-61 than they had been in 1956-57. As a result, profits were greater in Dade and smaller in Ft. Pierce in 1960-61. Harvesting and marketing costs have increased since 1956-57 on practically all vegetable crops. Annual Report, 1962 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE MOVEMENT OF HOGS AND PORK IN FLORIDA State Project 973 W. K. McPherson (Regional SM-23) On the basis of carcass weight, the volume of hogs sold by farmers in Northwest Florida exceeded volume of commercially slaughtered in that area. In the remaining three areas of the state, slaughter exceeded mar- ketings by substantial amounts during the three-year period 1956-58, in- clusive. During the same period, consumption exceeded area commercial slaughter in each area. A bulletin containing estimates of inter- and intra-state movement of hogs and pork products in the several areas of Florida and in six South- eastern states has been approved by the regional technical committee and is now in the hands of the printer. Two additional bulletins based on the data collected on this project are being prepared for publication in the regional series. AGE OF HEIFERS AT FIRST BREEDING AS RELATED TO BEEF PRODUCTION State Project 995 R. E. L. Greene This is a cooperative project with the Animal Science Department. The object of the study is to compare beef production and income from heifers bred to calves first as two-year-old heifers versus calving at three years of age. The Agricultural Economics Department has the responsi- bility of working with the leaders on the project to assemble data to com- pare net returns for the two breeding systems. Data have been obtained for only one group of heifers. Additional data are needed for an economic comparison to be made. (See also Project 995, Animal Science Department.) CHANGES IN THE MARKET STRUCTURE FOR SELECTED FLORIDA AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES AMA Project 1012 D. L. Brooke, E. G. Close, (ES 672) and C. N. Smith The Florida watermelon market is composed of growers, itinerant truck- ers, and established watermelon handlers. The latter represent the only segment of the industry which has some semblance of order. Small grow- ers rely heavily on single load sales to itinerant truckers. The medium- sized and larger growers are more prone to sell through watermelon handlers or direct to chain store buyers. Itinerant truckers handle about 10 percent of the Florida volume annually and, contrary to popular opinion, only about 20 percent of the melons they buy are culls or off-grade melons. Of all handlers, 61 percent were buyers and 21 percent acted as selling brokers; 60 percent sold on a delivered basis and 36 percent on an F.O.B. basis. Handlers disposed of 52 percent of their volume to chain stores. There was no appreciable difference in prices paid by chains and jobbers for watermelons. Melons weighing under 20 and over 27 pounds received the highest prices. The principal factors affecting the price of melons were terminal market temperature and Florida supply. Factors of lesser importance were other supply and disposable income of consumers. Eighty- four percent of the variation in price could be accounted for by the four variables above. Growers, truckers, and handlers were in fair agreement that supply and quality control were essential to any improvement in watermelon mar- 34 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations keting. These cannot be accomplished without a great deal of educational effort to appraise growers of their possible values. IMPROVING METHODS OF HANDLING POTATOES AT THE PACKINGHOUSE State Project 1017 E. K. Bowman 1 and R. E. L. Greene This project was designed to develop and test methods of receiving and handling bulk hauled Irish potatoes at the packinghouse. Work was con- tinued on testing two new methods for the Hastings area. One was to haul the potatoes on a truck equipped with a regular dump body and to dump the load directly into a flat bottom bin. A second method was to load the potatoes directly from the harvester into boxes that held about 1,500 pounds. The boxes were handled at the packinghouse with a tractor equip- ped with a fork lift. Sufficient data were obtained to show that the newer methods could be used satisfactorily from the standpoint of the amount of physical injuries to the potatoes in the handling process. Additional work is needed to de- velop satisfactorily operational techniques that will be necessary to handle the volume of potatoes that move through a packinghouse. An appraisal is also needed of the cost of the newer methods compared with present meth- ods used in the Hastings area. Work on this project during the coming year will be devoted to these questions. (See also Project 1017, Agricultural Engineering Department.) AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF FLUID MILK SUPPLY, MOVEMENT, AND UTILIZATION IN FLORIDA Hatch Project 1018 R. E. L. Greene (SM-10) The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze fluid milk sup- ply and movement by producing areas, and fluid milk utilization patterns and the net balance of supplies and consumption of fluid milk in various marketing areas. Tabulation and analysis of data on the present phase of the project have been completed. The net balance between supplies and consumption of milk has been calculated for various areas of the state. Based on the ex- pected population of Florida in 1970, estimates have been made of the potential demand for milk in the state and also in each market area. The increase in need for milk for the state will run from 31 to 44 percent, de- pending on two estimates of Florida's population. Such an increase in total production can be obtained from little or no change in number of cows if the present rate of increase in production per cow continues. A final report is being prepared on work on the project to date. Future work will depend on the need for data on the regional study. SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDING OF YEARLING STEERS ON PASTURE State Project 1027 R. E. L. Greene The objectives of this study are to determine the economic value of several methods of supplemental feeding grazing-yearling-steers for one year before they are placed in the feedlot and to determine the subsequent effects of these methods on feedlot performance. The Agricultural Eco- nomics Department has the responsibility of working with the project leaders in making an economic evaluation for the different methods. This 1o Cooperative with ERS, TFRD, and MQRD, USDA. Annual Report, 1962 experiment is now in its third cycle. A summary will be prepared based on the three periods as soon as these data are available. (See also Project 1027, Everglades Station.) BLACKSTRAP MOLASSES AND OTHER ENERGY-CONTAINING FEEDS AS A SUPPLEMENT TO PASTURE FOR BEEF COWS State Project 1028 W. K. McPherson While other project leaders continued to collect experimental data, a method was developed for analyzing the data when it all becomes available. (See also Project 1028, Everglades Experiment Station.) A STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF OFF-FARM EMPLOYMENT ON THE USE OF AGRICULTURAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES IN A LOW-INCOME FARM AREA OF NORTHWEST FLORIDA State Project 1030 D. E. Alleger (Regional S-44) Family employment is largely nonagricultural throughout the low- income areas of northwestern Florida and, when employment is not avail- able to youth and young adults, they migrate to other areas. The concept of low-income as applied to the areas studied is tempered by the advanced age of many farm operators, by emphasis upon security rather than eco- nomic growth, by community conservatism, and by a paucity of commer- cial farmers, or farmers with annual gross product sales in excess of $5,000. Only 14 percent of the families interviewed were so classified; yet, three- fourths of them reported annual gross incomes in excess of $10,000. More than half the households were rural residential nonfarm units. When the nonindustrialized counties of Holmes and Walton were com- pared to the industrialized Pensacola Area (Escambia-Santa Rosa counties), the Holmes-Walton area had but half the economic opportunity of the Pen- sacola area as measured by per capital incomes; the Holmes-Walton area lost population both in absolute numbers and by specific age groups during recent years as the Pensacola area gained; in both areas despondency of large seg- ments of the male family heads was recorded by scale tests; housewives, in spite of low-family incomes, were unwilling to leave their home communi- ties; and commercial farmers were the most active participants in com- munity organizations. The main impact of industrialization was to raise total family incomes and lower the contributions of agriculture to the total gross county product. ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE FLORIDA CHICK HATCHERY INDUSTRY Hatch Project 1035 R. E. L. Greene The purpose of this study was to describe hatcheries in Florida as to management practices and significant trends and to determine and analyze major factors affecting costs and returns. Work on analysis of the data has continued. A preliminary manuscript presenting the results of the study has been prepared. Some of the major conclusions from the study are: (1) The factors more closely associated with high returns to operators of hatcheries were (a) a large-size business, (b) a high utilization of plant capacity, and (c) sales of a large number of chicks of both egg and meat type; (2) Plants specializing in the production of meat-type chicks were able to utilize their facilities at a higher percent because of a more even Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations demand for chicks throughout the year; (3) Egg-type chicks appear to be a highly differentiated product; the added cost of producing a chick that will sell for a high price tends to be more than offset by the added price received for the chick; and (4) Price differentials for meat-type chicks are small. Low expense per chick sold was the key to profitableness for this type. Expenses were lowest in the large-size hatcheries that were operated at a reasonably high rate of capacity. THE EXPORT MARKET POTENTIAL FOR FLORIDA ICEBOX WATERMELONS State Project 1066 M. R. Godwin, B. S. Lloyd, and K. M. Gilbraith " This study was designed to examine the potentialities for developing a foreign market for Florida icebox type watermelons. The specific questions considered were the physical problems involved in making delivery, the costs and returns, and the degree of consumer acceptance of these melons. In the spring of 1961 three shipments of melons were made to England. (See the 1961 Annual Report.) Work during the year has consisted of an analysis of the results of these test shipments. The results indicate that the Sugar Baby variety at the pink to red stage of maturity is more satisfactory for export marketing than any other variety-maturity combina- tion tested. The results also indicate that melons picked in the middle of the harvesting season withstand the long shipping period better than those harvested either early or late. Per-crate costs exceeded returns for both varieties of melons. The data suggest that more efficient harvesting and packing operations and a decrease in ocean transportation rates could perhaps effect reductions in cost which would permit some profit from the export marketing of the Sugar Baby variety. Consumers in the English market are willing to pay good prices for first quality melons of this variety. Successful export marketing, however, would likely also depend upon solving two major problems which are inherent in such operations. These are (1) the harvesting of melons at a particular maturity stage with ac- curacy and (2) the disposition of melons which do not meet the rigid re- quirements of uniform size and quality for the export market. MARKET DEVELOPMENT FOR HORTICULTURAL SPECIALTY PRODUCTS Regional Project 1078 C. N. Smith (Regional SM-25) Plans were initiated for conducting a consumer preference study for horticultural specialty products during the next fiscal year. Contacts were made with trade groups concerning their interest in the survey, literature was reviewed, and the preparation of a questionnaire was begun. ACCURACY OF CATTLE GRADE AND PRICE REPORTS Hatch Project 1083 W. K. McPherson A comparison of the estimates of the grade of approximately 500 cattle made over a five-year period by seven graders with the federal grade of the carcass produced from each animal confirmed tentative conclusions made on the basis of a limited amount of preliminary data that: 11 Cooperative with Florida Agricultural Extension Service. Annual Report, 1962 1. The differences between the ability of individuals to estimate the grade of live animals by the official USDA Grade Standards were both real and measurable. 2. Graders were able to improve their ability to recognize animals with similar physical characteristics but were not able to improve their ability to estimate the Federal carcass grade correctly, and 3. The number and magnitude of the errors made in estimating live animals by the official USDA Standards were too large to make them useful as a basis for trading animals without incurring the cost of physical inspection. ECONOMIC, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS OF WATER USE AND CONTROL FOR AGRICULTURE IN FLORIDA Hatch Project 1084 J. R. Greenman and Frank E. Maloney " Some preliminary work was done on the laws and administrative ar- rangements for the control and use of water in Florida. Further work was done on the manuscript entitled, "Inheritance Laws Affecting Florida Farms and Farm Families." The project leader was on leave from January 1, 1962, to June 30, 1962. THE USE OF RIPARIAN LAND ON STREAMS FOR RECREATION AS A SOURCE OF INCOME FOR A RURAL AREA IN NORTH FLORIDA State Project 1085 C. E. Murphree Suwannee County, Florida, was selected for the study area. An inven- tory of the riparian land in the county has been completed. This land, as defined in the study, amounts to approximately 20,000 acres. It is adjacent to approximately 110 miles of river frontage. The land has been classified according to use: (1) urban, (2) recreation, and (3) nonrecreation. An analysis of the effect of a shift in use from nonrecreation to recreation on the tax revenue of the county is in progress. In addition, a partial classification of the nonrecreation land with respect to suitability for recreation has been made. The next step in the analysis is to contact those who own recreational land in the county and determine future plans for using the land. This in- formation will be the basis for predicting the ultimate effect of the shift in land use on the economy of the county. THE COMPETITIVE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FLORIDA AND CALIFORNIA ORANGES Hatch Project 1096 M. R. Godwin, W. F. Chapman, Jr.," and (Regional SM-22) W. T. Manley" The fresh orange market is an important outlet for Florida citrus. Be- cause of its importance, it is a market in which Florida must aggressively seek to maintain or improve its position. The most direct competition faced by Florida fresh oranges comes from those produced in California. This project is designed to examine the relative values which consumers attach to oranges grown in California and Florida and the extent to which "D'ean of the College of Law, University of Florida, 13 Cooperative with Marketing Economics Division, ERS, USDA. 38 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations they will substitute fruit grown in one area for fruit grown in the other. Since there is a substantial difference in the market position of Indian River and interior Florida fruit, the competitive position of each of these two Florida types in relation to California oranges is also examined. The field work on this project was conducted in nine representative re- tail food stores in Grand Rapids, Michigan, over a six-week period beginning April 9, 1962. It consisted of the maintenance of standardized retail dis- plays of California and Florida interior and Indian River oranges, and the systematic introduction of price differentials among the three displays. The test situations were designed to provide data that would allow an examina- tion of the general substitution relationship between Florida and California oranges, and to provide information on the differences in the competitive position of the interior and Indian River producing areas in relation to California. Analytical operations using the data generated in the retail store tests are currently in progress. PRELIMINARY NON-PROJECTED STUDIES Florida Agricultural Production Index.-Index numbers measuring the total volume of agricultural production in Florida have been brought up to date through 1961. Crop production in 1961 was 10 percent higher than in 1960 and 65 percent above the base period, 1947-49. Livestock and livestock products increased in volume by 4 percent over 1960 and were 118 percent over the base period. Production of all crops and livestock were up 8 per- cent over the preceding year and were 81 percent above the 1947-49 average. Production of vegetables as a group increased in 1961 by 20 percent; poultry products, 14 percent; grains, 3 percent; tobacco, 2 percent; meat animals, 1 percent; and sugar cane for sugar, 31 percent. Dairy products decreased for the first time in many years by 1 percent, and citrus had a one percent decline. Yields, or output per unit for all crops, increased by 13 percent in 1961, livestock and products by 3 percent, and all products by 11 percent. (A. H. Spurlock) Competition for Florida Fruit and Vegetable Crops.-The degree of com- petition which Florida faces is provided by tabulating weekly carlot ship- ments of selected fruits and vegetables from Florida, other states, and foreign countries during the Florida shipping season. Such data are valu- able to growers and extension workers in determining the more desirable production periods during the Florida season. They are also available to industry groups in the preparation of statistics for hearings on freight rates and marketing agreements and in establishing annual movement patterns of Florida crops. Allied service industries may find them valuable in planning peak movement and supply requirements. "Florida Truck Crop Competition" was published as Agricultural Eco- nomics Mimeo. Report 62-6. (D. L. Brooke) Movement of Citrus Trees from Nurseries.-Movement of citrus trees from Florida nurseries to Florida destinations was the highest during the period of July 1, 1960, to June 30, 1961, since the beginning of this project in 1928. The movement was 12 percent higher than last season and 37 per- cent above the five-year average of 1955-60. The movement in 1960-61 was 2,835,190 trees. Eighty-four percent of the 1960-61 movement was orange trees-Temple included-and 85 percent during the five-year period of 1955-60. Orange, grapefruit, and tangerine trees made up 90 percent of the total movement Annual Report, 1962 in 1960-61 and during the five-year average of 1955-60. The remaining trees were Murcott, lime, lemon, tangelo, and other citrus. (Zach Savage) Some Economic Problems in the Florida Celery Industry.-The celery industry in Florida, one of the oldest in the vegetable group, has undergone many changes and was, until the 1961-62 season, experiencing great diffi- culty in marketing the product at prices favorable to growers. Growers had gone to great expense to increase mechanization and efficiency in production and harvesting. As a result, more celery was produced on fewer farms, and only the larger farms were able to compete. A decline in national de- mand for fresh vegetables, including celery, and an increase in competition from California-produced celery created additional hardships for Florida- produced celery. Recognizing the need for supply adjustments, quality con- trol, uniform trading practices, and more efficient marketing and better distribution of the product, the growers organized the Florida Fresh Pro- duce Exchange in 1961 and requested a State Marketing Order Program. To formally present some of the production and marketing problems of the industry at a public hearing on the proposed State Marketing Order was the purpose for which "Some Economic Problems in the Florida Celery In- dustry" was prepared. It was subsequently published as Agricultural Eco- nomics Mimeo. Report 62-1. (D. L. Brooke) Trends in Irish Potato Production, Shipments, and Prices.-While there have been significant trends in the potato industry in Florida during the past 35 years, the most important changes have occurred since the end of World War II. During the five-year period 1954-55 to 1958-59, an average of 43,080 acres of potatoes were harvested per season with an average yield of 140 hundredweight per acre. This was 36 hundredweight or 35 percent more than the average of the 1944-45 to 1948-49 period. Average production during the 1954-55 to 1958-59 period was 6,034,000 hundredweights and cash value $18,157,000. Compared with the five-seasons 1944-45 to 1948-49, pro- duction increased 119 percent, but value increased only 82 percent. At the present time Florida produces 2 percent of the total United States production as compared to less than 1 percent during the years 1935-39. "Statistics on Production, Shipments, and Prices of Florida Irish Potatoes" was published as Agricultural Economics Mimeo. Report 62-13. (D. L. Brooke and R. E. L. Greene) Costs and Returns on the West Florida Dairy Unit.-The West Florida Dairy Unit is located at Chipley, Florida. A milking herd consisting of about 46 cows is maintained on 202 acres of land. J. B. White is in charge of the farm and it is operated under the direction of the Dairy Science De- partment. The unit was assigned to the latter Department on July 1, 1960. Assistance has been given to Mr. White and the Dairy Science Depart- ment in outlining, keeping, and summarizing records to show cost and re- turns in producing milk and also cash cost of producing various crops. Rec- ords are being kept on a calendar year basis. They were summarized for 1961 and comparisons made with the results for 1960. Forms were developed and definite recommendations made for improving the accuracy of the data being obtained. (R. E. L. Greene) Taxation.-A brief review of literature and available data on land owner- ship and taxation suggests that: (1) It is no longer possible to earn a reasonable return (opportunity costs) on much of the agricultural land in Florida if it is (a) purchased at its current market price or (b) carried on the books at full market value. (2) Increases in assessed value of land due to an increase in price and increases in the rate of taxation (millage) are increasing the cost of pro- ducing agricultural products when all of the taxes are charged off against 40 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations the farm enterprise and none to the opportunity to earn a profit from a continued increase in land prices (speculation). (3) Some of the alternative means of resolving this problem at any given level of public expenditures are to (a) decrease the portion of the tax burden born by land by increasing revenues from other sources, (b) eliminate the homestead exemption, (c) develop and enforce compliance with a land use plan that would bring land values in line with use, (d) eliminate the tax on land improvements (capital) and increase the tax on raw land, and (e) separate the land tax into a tax on value in current use and a value for speculation. (W. K. McPherson) Annual Report, 1962 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Research has been done on 11 regular projects related to the production of tobacco, vegetables, and beef cattle considering efficiencies to be gained by the use of mechanical and physical aids to the production and handling of crops. FERTILIZATION AND CULTURE OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO Hatch Project 555 J. M. Myers This is a cooperative project between Agricultural Engineering and Agronomy departments and Suwannee Valley Station. Results are reported under Project 555, Agronomy Department. PASTURE PROGRAM AND BREEDING SYSTEMS FOR BEEF PRODUCTION ON FLATWOODS SOILS OF CENTRAL AND NORTH CENTRAL FLORIDA State Project 627 J. M. Myers The pasture program on which irrigation is used as a cultural practice was managed in accordance with established procedure for this project. Irrigation applications were made when soil moisture deficit was approxi- mately one inch of water below field capacity in the top 18-inch layer of soil. Rainfall for the year was about 10 percent below normal. Irrigation was not needed during the fall and winter months even though rainfall for this period was considerably less than normal. This was probably a result of soil moisture carried over from the unusually wet summer that preceded the recording period. This moisture was stored temporarily as ground water. Also, plant water use rate was low for the period because of un- favorable growth environment for clover. In late April, May, and early June 1962, it was necessary to make five applications of irrigation water because of soil moisture deficiencies. The project does not have a pasture program to which a direct compari- son can be made to measure responses from irrigation. There are indica- tions that the irrigation management program being used does not provide enough supplemental water to give a significant increase in production under the conditions of the experiment. Production in the pasture program on which irrigation is used has been consistently equal to the best of the re- maining four programs in the experiment. Since fertilization and other pasture management practices for this program in which irrigation is used are as good as or better than any of the other programs, this program should be expected to yield more than the other programs if irrigation re- sponse was significant. (See also Project 627, Agricultural Economics, Agronomy, Animal Sci- ence, and Soils departments.) CURING BRIGHT-LEAF TOBACCO GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NITROGEN Hatch Project 758 J. M. Myers Research under this project consisted of statistical analyses of data pre- viously obtained. (See also Project 758, Agronomy Department.) Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations OPEN-DITCH SYSTEMS FOR WATER TABLE CONTROL ON NORTH CENTRAL FLORIDA FLATWOODS SOILS State Project 946 J. M. Myers No additional subirrigation or drainage cycles were run during the past year. Research was devoted to an analysis of field information obtained during the previous year. The shape of the water table between ditches was decidedly different for the two types of soil. Water tables were relatively flat during drain- age in the Felda plots and elliptical in the Leon plots. The rates at which the water tables receded in the Felda plots were independent of ditch spacings (up to 405 feet), but the rate of fall decreased as ditch spacings increased in the Leon plots. During subirrigation, the sandy loam layer (pan) in Felda was pene- trated only slightly during a 13-day period with a static head of 1.5 feet, while the organic pan in the Leon was more rapidly penetrated by the rising water table. Dumm's Equation was inadequate for estimating ditch spacings in Leon soil. Calculated spacings fitted actual ditch spacings better for the nar- rower spacings. As the actual spacings increased, calculated spacings in- creased at a lower rate. Luthin's Formula was also unsatisfactory due to difficulty in estimating drainable porosity as a function of tension. Since water table control was independent of ditch spacing for Felda soil, equations for ditch spacings are not applicable. Subsurface ditches may be relatively great distances apart if surface drainage is adequate and the soil is underlain by highly permeable material. Shallow ditches for removal of surface water may be used in conjunction with deeper ditches for subsurface drainage to maintain a deep layer of aerable soil. Ditches spaced 133 to 200 feet apart should be satisfactory for produc- tion of most crops on Leon soil and 405 feet or more for deep ditches on Felda soil. Surface drainage would be desirable for Leon and necessary for Felda. (See also Project 946, Soils Department.) IMPROVED METHODS OF HANDLING POTATOES AT THE PACKING HOUSE State Project 1017 E. K. Bowman and E. S. Holmes Work was continued along the same lines as during the preceding year with two different experimental operations. Bulk Dumping.-A farm truck equipped for handling and dumping potatoes in bulk was used. It was loaded directly from a mechanical har- vester with approximately 7,800 pounds of potatoes per load. In the special flat-bottom bin, slope of the floor toward the main flume was decreased and a small flume along the center was added. A stationary water supply pipe was provided at the back (high) end of this flume. Water could also be introduced through a flexible hose movable to any point in the bin (Fig. 1). Time study data showed a truck unloading cycle of 2.19 minutes or a 19.8 percent improvement over the preceding year. The unloading crew was reduced from two men to one man (driver) by improvements in the end gate and in the wheel guard to prevent roll back of potatoes. It was possible to flume out about 400 hundredweight of potatoes per hour with the available water flow of 312 gallons per minute. Tuber in- jury evaluation showed essentially the same acceptable relationship be- tween experimental and commercial operations as for last year. Pallet Boxes.-The experimental operation was essentially the same as for last year. Six 1,500-pound boxes were handled per load on a flat-bed Annual Report, 1962 43 . Fig. 1.-Potatoes being flumed from the experimental bin. I. w^ vS i.' mZ._ -... .._.a^ E ..- Fig. 2.-Pallet boxes being filled on a flat-bed truck by a mechanical potato harvester. Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations truck (Fig. 2). At the packinghouse, commercial operation was simulated with a tractor forklift for moving boxes and a pallet box dumper arranged to dump the potatoes into the main flume. Time study data leave the conclusions of last year essentially unchanged. One suitably equipped tractor forklift could supply a packing line at about 300 hundredweight per hour handling two of the boxes at a time and travel- ing about 100 feet round trip between truck, storage areas, and dumper, respectively. Tuber injury data showed essentially the same acceptable relationship between experimental and commercial operations as for last year. (See also Project 1017, Agricultural Economics Dept.) DEVELOPMENT OF EQUIPMENT FOR THE APPLICATION OF SOIL FUMIGANTS TO THE MINERAL AND ORGANIC SOILS OF CENTRAL FLORIDA Project 1020 E. S. Holmes Equipment that had been previously developed for application of liquid fumigants to soils for control of nematodes was used during the year in replicated plantings of cabbage and okra. The effects on yield are reported by the Central Florida Station. The equipment used for in-row treatment performed as satisfactorily as the broadcast type, which is significant be- cause of the saving in amount of fumigant needed per acre for soil treat- ment. The in-row treatment will require the grower to use row markers in planting the crop so that plants or seed will be placed in the treated area. A bed press was designed to help prevent fumigant losses after ap- plication. The press attachment was effective in forming the beds, but whether fumigant retention was improved has not been determined. r,41 I . Fig. 3.-Bed press being used for retention of fumigant after soil treatment. Annual Report, 1962 Attempts were made to determine the actual fumigant placement by each of the applicators by using fluorescent material in water suspension. The material was applied with surface broadcast, blade with T-jets and underground broadcast, plow shank with T-jet in row, and by conventional shank application. Photography of the pattern of distribution was only partly successful, but visual observations showed that (1) surface broad- cast with subsequent roto-tilling gave poor distribution of the material to the root zone; (2) blade underground broadcast gave effective coverage but did not overlap as intended; (3) plow shank gave effective coverage but produced a half-mooned concentration on each end; and (4) conventional shanks covered only a small circular area approximately one-inch in di- ameter at point of liquid discharge. (See also Project 1020, Central Florida Station.) A CONTINUOUS HARVESTING-CURING SYSTEM FOR BRIGHT LEAF TOBACCO Hatch Project 1034 I. J. Ross and J. M. Myers The physical and chemical properties of bright leaf tobacco cured in bulk have been determined for various curing environments and bulk densi- ties. The effects of temperature and drying rate during coloring were evaluated with essentially the same results as those reported in 1961. Other variations considered in curing environment were air velocity during coloring, leaf drying, and stem drying; length of coloring and ordering period; and leaf and stem drying temperatures. These tests were conducted to establish priorities for future bulk curing tests and to establish tech- niques for conducting such tests. Results showed no consistent variation in any of the chemical or physical analyses. Replicated tests being con- ducted this season on several of the aspects mentioned above will provide further information on functional specifications for the design of bulk curing systems and will have an important bearing on the economic aspects for bulk curing. The design of the curing facility for the Florida continuous harvesting- curing system was changed to simplify operations, improve curing environ- ment, and reduce capital cost for the 1962 tobacco season. Three of the improved units were in operation in Suwannee County this season. The Florida continuous-harvesting-curing system has several advantages when compared with other types of bulk curing systems that are presently being marketed. These advantages are less labor requirements, more uni- form labor input, less arduous labor operations, flexibility in size and op- eration, more control over curing environment, more frequent harvest, and multiple use of harvesting and drying equipment. Disadvantages are a requirement for more management time and a greater initial cost. The Florida system appears to be the best harvesting-curing system for many tobacco production units. (See also Project 1034, Agronomy Department and Suwannee Valley Station.) EQUIPMENT FOR REMOVING NON-FREE FLOWING GRANULAR MATERIALS FROM BULK STORAGE Hatch Project 1082 I. J. Ross A laboratory system for handling granular materials in bulk is essen- tially complete. This facility includes four bulk storage bins and three of the major types of commercially available conveyors. Two preliminary studies have been initiated this spring. These included (1) the design and preliminary testing of an apparatus used for determin- 46 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations ing the resistance of granular materials to air flow and (2) the application of basic equations for predicting forces existing in stacks of non-free- flowing granular materials. Further work on both of these aspects of materials handling and conditioning is continuing. FORCED AIR PRECOOLING OF CITRUS FRUIT Hatch Project 1111 E. S. Holmes This is a cooperative project between Agricultural Engineering, Fruit Crops, and U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Serv- ice. Results are reported under Project 1111, Fruit Crops Department. PRELIMINARY NON-PROJECTED STUDIES Mechanical Harvesting of Vegetables.-Cooperatively with the Depart- ment of Vegetable Crops, plantings of yellow squash, peppers, cantaloupes, and beans were made during the year to study further the possible advan- tage of transporting pickers. The findings plus experience of the previous year indicate that there is considerable merit to transporting the worker as compared to the conventional method of hand harvesting with pickers walking. Table 1 shows the increase found for each crop by riding. The TABLE 1.-HARVESTING RATES OF VEGETABLE PICKERS RIDING AS COMPARED TO WALKING SEASON AVERAGE. Walking Riding Increase Machine Product Bu/Worker/Hr. Bu/Worker/Hr. Over Hand (Percent) Southern peas 1.79 2.21 19.0 Peppers 6.08 9.58 36.5 Yellow squash 10.06 13.96 27.9 Green beans 0.66 0.89 25.8 Cantaloupes 8.50 19.13 55.6 data also revealed that generally percentage increases in productivity were higher with higher crop yields. How vegetable size, bulkiness, or shape influences output was not determined. Results of this work confirm the probable success of further study of the use of mechanical aids for harvest- ing. Some of the essential information necessary for design of a harvester aid for vegetables has now been determined, such as forward speed, row clearance, expected product damage, worker position, steering controls, and certain acceptable methods of handling the product. This worker out- put increase compares with that found in other states with specialized crops such as strawberries. (E. S. Holmes) Annual Report, 1962 AGRONOMY Research was conducted on 33 active projects. Cooperative work with other departments and branch stations involves 13 of these projects. The range of work covers weed control, detailed biochemical aspects of crop nutrition, crop and pasture management on various soils including flatwoods for feed production, bulk harvesting and curing of tobacco, intro- duction of new crops, and improvement by breeding of peanuts, small grains, corn, tobacco, soybeans, lupines, clovers, and pasture grasses. PEANUT BREEDING FOR SUPERIOR TYPES FOR MARKET AND FOR LIVESTOCK FEED Hatch Project 20 W. A. Carver, A. J. Norden, and R. W. Lipscomb Florigiant, a jumbo runner type released in 1961, is liked by growers because of its high yield of peanuts per acre and by processors for its large oblong light colored seeds. Processing trials to date indicate that Florigiant seed generally compare favorably with seed of other jumbo va- rieties. Florigiant showed no tendency toward fragile seed skins during several years of stack curing and none in 1960 when cured in the window and drying bin. Some lots of Florigiant seed grown in 1961 blanched and split badly in shelling or in oil roasting. It is not known how much of the blanching was due to curing processes or to variety factors. Variety and processing studies are continuing with Florigiant and with other large seeded types. In the variety tests during the years 1958 to 1961, Florigiant produced 41 percent more sound and mature seed than NC-2, 18 percent more than Early Runner, and 62 percent more than Dixie Runner. A new hybrid line (420-215-1) from Florigiant x Dixie Runner produced 21 percent higher than Florigiant during the two seasons 1960-1961. Twelve intercrosses of varieties and types were made in the spring of 1961. The more important ones were Florigiant x Early Runner, Florispan x Early Runner, Florispan x Dixie Runner, 393 x Dixie Runner, 420-215-1 x 406-12-2 (jumbo) and 420-215-1 x 406-8 (jumbo). Nineteen varieties and breeding lines were grown in Florida Station tests. Line 420-215-1 ranked highest in yield of sound and mature seed per acre. Florigiant ranked fourth, Early Runner was sixth, Bradford Runner thirteenth, NC-2 was seventeenth, Dixie Runner was eighteenth, and Common Runner was nineteenth or lowest in yield. PASTURE GRASS AND LEGUME RESPONSES TO VARIOUS FERTILIZER AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Hatch Project 295 G. B. Killinger Tifhi-1 bahiagrass averaged 7,793 pounds and Pensacola bahiagrass av- eraged 6,713 pounds of oven dry forage per acre from seven replicated plots of each grass. All of the increased yield from Tifhi-1 was harvested in April and May. Seed harvested from Tifhi-1 will produce inferior bahia plants, and this practice is not recommended. Louisiana S-1 and Nolin's improved white clovers yielded 4,506 and 4,328 pounds of oven dry forage per acre, respectively, from a three-year- old stand and 4,412 and 4,509 pounds from a one-year-old stand. Nolin's red and Tensas red clovers yielded 5,129 and 5,272 pounds per Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations acre of oven dry forage. Both white and red clovers were grown on a Leon fine sand soil type and received no irrigation. First year stands of H-60, Arizona Chilean, African, and Hairy Peruvian alfalfas yielded 8,260, 8,035, 7,953, and 7,903 pounds of oven dry forage per acre, respectively, on an Arredondo sandy loam soil. Fritted trace elements applied to white clover plots were responsible for a 500 pound increase of oven dry forage when compared with plots receiving no trace elements. EVALUATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF FORAGE AND COVER CROP LEGUMES OTHER THAN CLOVERS AND LUPINES State Project 301 J. R. Edwardson, E. S. Horner, and F. H. Hull Selection for increased persistence in alfalfa was continued. Observa- tions made during the past year confirm earlier findings that the experi- mental strain developed at Gainesville persists better in old stands than the standard variety Hairy Peruvian. However, it is believed that still more improvement must be made before release of the strain as a variety can be justified. Breeding efforts toward this end have been intensified. Cytological and genetic studies of fertility restoration in cytoplasmic male-sterile crotalaria is continuing. This project is terminated with this report with certain objectives con- tinued under new projects. FLUE-CURED TOBACCO IMPROVEMENT Hatch Project 372 Fred Clark Thirty-six breeding lines, 20 commercial varieties, and some 20 selec- tions were tested in 1961. A regional variety test, which included 12 lines from several states, was conducted. All lines having possible nematode resistance were tested in nematode infested soil at two locations, Gainesville and Branford, Florida. Performance varied some with many of the lines because the species of nematodes at the two locations differed. C-187 Hicks, C-316, McNair 10, 12, and N.C. 75 were the high yielding commercial va- rieties tested. F22 and N.C. 95 performed significantly better than most other entries in the regional tests in all of the states. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Circular S-104, "F22, A New Nematode Resistant Flue- Cured Tobacco Variety" was released. CORN BREEDING Hatch Project 374 E. S. Horner Studies were continued to evaluate different methods of improving grain yield of hybrid corn. A selection experiment in which an inbred line and a heterogeneous, heterozygous variety were compared as testers for four cycles of selection during the past 10 years was evaluated. The variety tester appeared to be more effective than the inbred line tester in the first cycle of selection. However, in the advanced cycles the inbred line was definitely superior to the variety for the following reasons: (1) genetic variance was maintained at a significantly higher level in cycles 2, 3 and 4; (2) the line x location interaction was significantly lower; and (3) combin- ing ability both with the inbred tester and with a series of unrelated testers was increased to a larger extent by use of the inbred tester than with the variety tester. These results show that a narrow gene base tester such as an inbred line can be effective in improving general as well as specific com- bining ability. Annual Report, 1962 A heterogeneous tester selected for low performance in hybrids and another selected for high performance were compared as testers in crosses with 82 lines. The component of variance due to lines, which is a measure of genetic variance among the lines tested, was about 40 percent higher for the "low" tester than for the "high" tester both in 1960 and 1961. These results are in agreement with the theory that a tester having a low fre- quency of dominant favorable genes should be used for evaluating com- bining ability of inbred lines. Coker 67, Coker 811, Jackson, Coker 811A, Florida 200, and Dixie 18 were the leading hybrids in the commercial variety tests. (See also Project 374, West Florida, North Florida, and Suwannee Val- ley stations.) EFFECT OF COPPER, MANGANESE, ZINC, BORON, SULFUR AND MAGNESIUM ON THE GROWTH OF GRAIN CROPS, FORAGE CROPS, PASTURES, AND TOBACCO Hatch Project 440 H. C. Harris The nutrient requirements of Hairy Peruvian alfalfa and ladino clover when grown on virgin Leon fine sand at the greenhouse were compared this year. Sulfur was highly important for both crops. An application of copper to the soil greatly increased the yield of alfalfa, but had only a slight beneficial effect on clover. Boron doubled the yield of alfalfa but had no noticeable effect on the clover. The yield of alfalfa was improved by an application of molybdenum. As might be expected, a higher lime level was more important for alfalfa than the clover. This project is being closed out with this report. Under it a large num- ber of nutrient deficiencies for different crops on various soils have been demonstrated. For example, copper deficiency for oats, wheat, barley, alfalfa, corn, white clover, and lupine has been shown. Boron deficiency of alfalfa, white clover, and lupine was demonstrated. Molybdenum deficiency for legumes has been common. A zinc deficiency for corn frequently has been found. Sulfur deficiency has been general in the Gainesville, Florida, area for both legumes and non-legumes. Crops have differed in minor ele- ment response when grown on the same soil in as nearly as possible the same way. NUTRITION AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PEANUT Hatch Project 488 H. C. Harris Florigiant peanut when grown at the greenhouse on Arredondo loamy fine sand responded markedly to an application of lime, potash, or boron to the soil. Where boron was not applied there was a high percentage of hollow heart defect of the nuts (described in Soil Science 84: 233-242, 1957), and about 55 percent of all peanuts were one-cell compared to about 10 percent for other treatments. Calcium sulfate in the surface soil, even where a liberal amount of calcium carbonate was applied, seemed to be beneficial. Dark plumule of seed (see above reference for description) was about 21 percent where calcium carbonate was not applied, and this trouble was completely associated with low lime level. Percentage of hulls was high without an application of calcium carbonate. Experiments in progress on Lakeland fine sand appear to be giving similar responses. Factors affecting fructification of peanuts have been studied for some years. Thousands of pegs have been grown without cover in the open, and not one has developed seed. Darkness, moisture, and nutrients in contact with the peg appear necessary for proper fruit development. Fruits have been grown successfully in large glass test tubes containing cloth wicks Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations and a small amount of calcium sulfate and boron solution. The pegs were inserted in the tubes and everything covered with aluminum foil to ex- clude light. Germs removed from peanut seed have sprouted and grown. FERTILIZATION AND CULTURE OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO Hatch 555 Fred Clark and H. C. Harris Several new treatments were tested in 1961. These were calcium vs. no calcium, three rates of nitrogen (48, 72, 69 pounds N) and 120, 160, and 200 pounds of potash (K2O) per acre with and without maleic hydrazide. Four rates of nitrogen were used on tobacco plants which had been pro- duced under plastic film and cheese cloth, with and without maleic hy- drazide, and in irrigated vs. non-irrigated comparisons. Black plastic film mulch was tested with three rates of fertilizer. The regional evaluation test of maleic hydrazide was continued with four variables. The N, K, (48 pounds N and 120 pounds K) treated with maleic hydrazide was the best treatment, and the NK. treatment (72 N and 160 K2O) was the best treatment where no maleic hydrazide was applied. There was little difference noted from the use of additional calcium. In the nitrogen rates tests with cover comparison, there was no signifi- cant difference between covers; however, 100 pounds nitrogen, irrigated, produced the best yield and quality. Yields were doubled by irrigation over no irrigation in 1961. Only 1.63 inches of rainfall occurred during March, April, May, and early June. Fertilizer rates had more effect than the plastic mulch with the 1,800- pound rates producing the highest yield and value. In the regional maleic hydrazide test, yield increases up to 460 pounds per acre were obtained with excellent quality as compared with the check. Tobacco treated with maleic hydrazide appears to withstand brown spot better than the non-treated tobacco. (See also Suwannee Valley Experiment Station.) BREEDING IMPROVED VARIETIES OF WHITE, RED, AND SWEET CLOVER State Project 600 E. S. Horner and F. H. Hull Breeding for increased persistence, productivity, and disease resistance in white clover was continued. The procedure has been to propagate vege- tatively superior plants which have lived through a summer and produced good fall growth, followed by continued evaluation of these clones in repli- cated plots. Seedling progenies of 12 selected clones which were inter- crossed in 1960-61 are now being evaluated for persistence both in broad- cast-seeded plots and as spaced plants. One of the 12 clones produced slow- growing seedling progeny and will be discarded. The progenies of the other 11 clones appear very promising, but their relative persistence will not be known until the fall of 1962. No work was done on red or sweet clover except that a planting of Floranna sweet clover was made to increase the supply of breeder's seed. IMPROVEMENT OF LUPINES BY BREEDING FOR YIELD AND INSECT AND DISEASE RESISTANCE Hatch Project 612 J. R. Edwardson and F. H. Hull' The Stemphylium resistant selection G. P. continues to outyield com- mercial varieties of sweet and bitter blue lupine in production of seed and 1Cooperative with Crops Research Division, ARS, USDA. Annual Report, 1962 forage. The G. P. selection has been found to be susceptible to Stemphylium loti. Studies of the inheritance of resistance to Phomopsis in yellow lupine are continuing. The inheritance of several mutants in yellow and blue lupine is being investigated. This project is terminated with this report with certain objectives con- tinued under a new project. (See also Plant Pathology Department.) PASTURE PROGRAMS AND BREEDING SYSTEMS FOR BEEF PRODUCTION ON FLATWOODS SOILS OF CENTRAL AND NORTH CENTRAL FLORIDA State Project 627 G. B. Killinger and H. C. Harris Dry weather during March, April, May, and the first half of June, 1961, reduced pasture production; however, the quality of forage was excellent as evidenced by cattle gains and condition. The average yield of dry forage from the five programs, total crude protein per acre, and treatment are shown in the following table: Lbs. Per Acre Lbs. 0-10-20 Lbs. of Nitrogen Ls. P Program Per Acre Per Acre Oven-dry forage Crude protein 1 450 180 8,877 1,039 2 300 0 6,622 954 3 500 0 8,532 1,203 4 700 0 8,504 1,242 5 900 0 8,428 1,188 There was 22 pounds of dry forage produced per pound of fertilizer applied under Program 2 and 17 pounds of forage per pound of fertilizer under Program 3. Production for Program 3 has averaged over 2,000 pounds more dry forage per acre per year for the past four seasons than has Program 2. The extra ton of dry forage is attributed to the effect of an additional 200 pounds per acre of 0-10-20 fertilizer. Approximately 40 percent of the forage consumed during the season was white clover. The phosphorus and potassium content of the forage was increased as pounds of applied fertilizer was increased. Pasture forage from Programs 1 and 5 was lower in calcium than forage from other programs. (See also Project 627, Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Engineering, Animal Science, and Soils departments.) CURING BRIGHT LEAF TOBACCO GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NITROGEN Hatch Project 758 Fred Clark and H. C. Harris Research in curing tobacco is presently being conducted under Project 1034. Official completion is planned with a publication, which is still in the draft stage, pending final analysis of the data. 52 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations MEASUREMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS OF THE MICROCLIMATE Hatch Project 760 G. M. Prine, V. N. Schroder, O. C. Ruelke, S. H. West,2 and K. D. Butson3 Temperature studies within the microclimate of pangolagrass grown on level land, and the north and south slopes of hilled land were expanded. Temperatures one inch above soil in pangolagrass grown on southern slopes were colder during winter nights, and were warmer during the day than on northern slopes or on level land. Average soil moisture percent- ages of the upper six inches were nearly the same at all exposures, however, average soil moisture percentage in the upper two inches of soil showed that southern slopes were much drier and northern slopes were much wetter than level land. The modifying effect of this soil moisture on tem- perature could explain why the measured temperature differences occurred. The grain yield of individual prolific corn plants decreased 22 percent when the plant population was increased from 6,000 to 12,000 plants per acre and another 21 percent when the population was increased from 12,000 to 18,000 plants per acre. The lower grain yields per plant as the population increased was attributed to competitive stress within the above-ground en- vironment, as the soil environment was controlled by growing the corn plants studied in uniformly-treated submerged steel drums under the normal field environment of each population. Other experiments showed that light is a principal factor influencing the grain yield of corn plants as the popula- tion increases. The increased self shading of lower plant parts as popu- lation increased reduced the average number of ears per plant and resulted in lower grain yield per plant as average ear weight remained the same over wide ranges in light conditions and populations. BREEDING AND EVALUATING NEW VARIETIES OF SOYBEANS FOR FLORIDA State Project 761 Kuell Hinson' The development of high protein varieties has recently become the major objective in soybean breeding. Since chemical analyses for protein are expensive, selection for "indicator" characters in early generations has been suggested as a means of reducing the number of chemical analyses needed. Correlations obtained by one investigator suggest that the use of indicator characters has merit. High negative correlations are always obtained be- tween percent protein and percent oil; therefore, high protein and high oil selections from the same population should be significantly different for any characters associated with either high protein or high oil. The merit of indicator characters in high protein breeding was further evaluated by selecting high protein and high oil lines from two populations. The selected lines were tested two years in multiple-row plots replicated three times at Gainesville. The high protein and high oil lines did not differ enough in flowering date, length of fruiting period, maturity date, plant height, seed size, lodging, or shattering for these characters to be used reliably as indicator characters. Seed yield of the high protein and high oil selections was essentially the same. This is encouraging, since one in- vestigator reported high negative correlations between percent protein and yield and high positive correlations between percent oil and yield. 2 Cooperative with Crops Research Division, ARS, USDA. 3Cooperative with U.S. Weather Bureau. Cooperative with Crops Research Division, ARS, USDA. Annual Report, 1962 INTERRELATION OF ENVIRONMENT TO THE PHYSIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF PLANTS II. ORGANIC ACID METABOLISM OF PLANTS IN RELATION TO MINOR ELEMENT NUTRITION Hatch Project 766 V. N. Schroder and H. C. Harris Work with oats grown in nutrient solution has shown that a chelating agent ethylenediamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) has severely reduced growth, causing a marked chlorosis and eventual death of plants. Iron chelate used as the iron source also caused a severe chlorosis which was more marked in the treatments with EDTA. Addition of iron tartrate to the treatments with iron chelate soon produced a definite visual response, but the organic acid patterns considered typical for iron deficient oats in the past were not repeated, most likely because of conditions of aeration. Potash deficiency produced a distinctive organic acid pattern over a wide range of leaf color from dark green to almost white. There was a complete ab- sence of succinic acid in potash deficient plants except in the treatments with EDTA, where a small amount was present. Additional iron caused a change in an unidentified acid, but did not affect the succinic acid. The amounts of citric and malic acids seem to depend on the general vigor of the plant. At- tempts to produce a lime-induced chlorosis in soil grown plants of several species greatly reduced growth in proportion to the amount of calcium hydroxide added, but did not produce the anticipated iron chlorosis. EVALUATION OF INTRODUCED PLANT SPECIES AND VARIETIES Hatch Project 767 G. B. Killinger, W. A. Carver, (Regional S-9) A. J. Norden, and F. H. Hull Grass, legume, and miscellaneous plant species for industrial utilization were placed in the Plant Introduction Garden near Gainesville. Erucas tru rm a.byss tic a Fig. 1.-Erucastrum after December freeze. (Photo taken on January 9.) Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Erucastrum abyssinica, P.I. 243913, a rape like oil seed and forage crop shows promise as a cash crop for North Central Florida. This crop planted in mid-November was approximately two feet high by January 9 and was in full flower and producing seed pods by March 9. Growth habit at two stages of growth is shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The seed contain 33.5 percent oil (primarily erucic acid) and 31.8 percent protein. Seed yields of 1,500 pounds per acre were harvested by combine, with yields of 2,000 to 2,200 pounds per acre from small plots, hand harvested. The protein content of the entire plant when 18 to 24 inches in height ranged from 16 to 22 percent on a dry matter basis. Irradiated seed of Pensacola and P.I. 227832 bahiagrass strains produced several plants with distinctly different growth habits. Ten new peanut (Arachis hypogaea) accessions were received from Brazil and Mexico. One of these accessions, P.I. 280688, has deep purple plant pigment which will be used as a marker in breeding new peanut varieties. July castorbean plantings produced significantly higher yields (Fig. 3), than March plantings (2,120 and 1,517 pounds per acre of seed respectively). Diseases, capsule drop, and shattering were reduced in the July planting. A differential response of varieties to planting season was obtained. -'as, e136 mm in I I ...- -. 1 Fig. 2.-By March 9, Erucastrum was over six feet in height and in full bloom. Fig. 3. -Hale castorbeans at Gainesville, Florida, on January 5, 1962, from a July planting. Frost terminated growth in late December and caused the leaves to drop. The beans were in excellent condition for mechanical harvesting by late Jan- uary 1962. Annual Report, 1962 Selection within sesame introductions for seed yield, resistance to leaf and stem diseases, growth habit, and desirable seed characteristics has re- sulted in the isolation of lines with uniform superior response over years. Of two species of annual rape being evaluated at Gainesville, Argentine (Brassica napiis) was more cold tolerant than Polish (B. campestris) (Fig. 4) and subsequently produced higher forage and seed yields. Fig. 4.-An October 1961 planting of Argentine rape on the left and Polish rape on the right. Polish was flowering when the temperature dropped to 21 F on December 26, and was killed. Argentine was only slightly damaged by the cold. INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL PRACTICES ON THE INCIDENCE AND CONTROL OF INSECT INFESTATIONS IN FLUE-CURED TOBACCO Hatch 780 Fred Clark One acre of tobacco was planted and nine materials were tested. Acre yield and value were not as high as last year; however, highly economic returns were obtained. Evaluation of new and more versatile materials is always in demand. (See also Project 780, Entomology Department.) SMALL GRAIN IMPROVEMENT BY BREEDING AND SELECTION Hatch Project 783 P. L. Pfahler Oats.-A highly heterogeneous, late maturing strain of oats possessing the unique combination of desirable agronomic characteristics and the more permanent "late rusting" form of crown rust resistance is under intensive investigation. Studies involving Avena sativa, Arena byzantina, their interspecific crosses, and the derived varieties have established that distribution of forage Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations production can be predicted and subsequently controlled by proper selection and mechanical mixing of complementary genotypes. Moreover, in some combinations, a synergistic response for both forage and grain yield was obtained and is being intensively studied. Rye.-An attempt to increase the frequency of inter-varietal hybrids within two varieties of rye was made in an effort to increase forage and grain yield. Seed of the variety Florida Black was exposed to various levels of gamma irradiation to induce male sterility and then planted in field isolation blocks with the variety Gator. Formulae were developed to estimate the frequency and yield of inter-varietal hybrids within a popula- tion containing a mixture of inter and intra-varietal hybrids. These formu- lae are: Frequency (H .5P1 .5P2) N (Frequency of inter-varietal hybrids) 1 .5P1 .5P where H = seed weight of population containing a mixture of inter and intra-varietal hybrids; P1 and P2 = seed weight of maternal and paternal parent populations containing 100 percent intra-varietal hybrids. Yield Yield of inter-varietal hybrids = M (1 -N)R where M = mean N yield of population containing inter and intra-varietal hybrids; N = fre- quency of inter-varietal hybrids in the population; R = mean yield of maternal parent containing 100 percent intra-varietal hybrids. Frequency estimates were made assuming additivity was involved in seed weight inheritance. A positive correlation between the irradiation dosage applied to the seed and the frequency of inter-varietal hybrids within Florida Black was obtained, probably the result of irradiation-induced male sterility. However, a high frequency of inter-varietal hybrids within Gator was observed, possibly due to an increased amount of pollen competi- tion produced by medium dosages of irradiation. No effect on forage or grain yield was detected by increasing the frequency of inter-varietal hybrids in solid-seeded populations at various densities. However, under space- planted conditions, the heterotic response of the inter-varietal hybrids was positive for vegetative growth and negative for grain yield. (See also Project 783, Plant Pathology Department and North Florida Station.) SUPPLEMENTARY HEAT AND LIGHT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF TOBACCO SEEDLINGS State Project 794 Fred Clark Once again plastic film proved superior to cheesecloth in the production of early seedlings. A comparative test, plastic film vs. cheesecloth, with three seeding dates and six varieties, proved very interesting. Early trans- planted tobacco produced the lowest yield of three transplant dates. For the first time in six years, however, the differences were not significant be- tween transplants from cloth or plastics. There was a significant difference between MH-30 and no MH-30 with both the cloth and plastic grown plants. Plastic film has provided a technique for evaluating early transplants and has reduced planted management time from three to four weeks. Seedlings can be produced with predictability rather than by probability. J Annual Report, 1962 THE EFFECTS OF SIMULATED RAINFALL ON THE HERBICIDAL ACTIVITY OF DNBP AND 2,4-DES Regional Research Project 839 E. G. Rodgers and M. Wilcox Leachability of simazine, atrazine, atratone, and in ipazine in an Ever- glades muck containing 81 percent organic matter as influenced by rate of application and the amount and frequency of simulated rainfall was studied under greenhouse conditions. These herbicides were applied at 4 and 8 pounds active ingredient per acre of soil surface. Simulated rainfall then was applied in amounts varying from 1 to 16 inches in 7 to 28 days. Ab- normalities of cucumber and oats seedlings grown in treated soil samples taken weekly from various one-inch horizons to a maximum depth of six inches served as the basis of evaluations. Both cucumber and oats seedlings grown in soil from the top one-inch horizon developed leaf chlorosis-plus stem bending and breaking in cu- cumbers-7 to 10 days after emergence, and seedlings died soon thereafter as a result of each herbicidal treatment. No differences were noted among herbicides or between rates of application. Slight growth retardation of seedlings growing in soil from the second inch horizon below the surface was caused by both rates of simazine, atrazine, and atratone, but not ipazine. Seedlings growing in deeper horizons were normal. Cucumbers were slightly more susceptible than oats to the herbicidal treatments. Varying rates and intensities of simulated rainfall, however, failed to influence seedling performance. FORAGE AND PASTURE GRASS IMPROVEMENT BY BREEDING Hatch Project 850 W. A. Carver, S. C. Schank, and F. H. Hull Several different appearing dwarf millets have been found in the nursery during inbreeding procedures with Pennisetum glaucum and P. spicatum and in hybrid strains. Dwarf lines are being intercrossed to determine their genetic behavior. Selection in millet is made for short stalk, multiple tiller- ing habit, good forage quality, lateness in heading, and deep red stem color. Colored stems appear to give some resistance to helminthosporum disease. Selection is also made for compact seeded heads having flinty dark colored seeds. Color and hardness appear to give some resistance to fungi which attack seed heads during rainy weather. The spiny head character is being combined, by crossing, with better tillered plants and better forage types. Heavily spined seed heads give some protection against bird damage. One millet-napiergrass hybrid (number 125) possesses several millet- like characters and showed more winter hardiness in 1959-60 than several other hybrids. However, its degree of winter killing in 1961-62 shows that it must be grown in a more southern location. Total number of Digitaria and Chloris accessions is now 223. Breeding and evaluation nurseries of this material are in three locations. Cytogenetic information on Digitaria species is being obtained prior to an interspecific hybridization program. Of material analyzed, two lines of D. pentzii, have a chromosome number 2n = 18, insect and disease tolerance, rapid growth rate, morphology similar to pangolagrass, and other desirable agronomic traits. Winter survival is still unknown. Attempts to double the chromo- some number of D. decumbens are underway. Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations HERBICIDAL CONTROL OF WEEDS IN PEANUTS State Project 886 M. Wilcox and E. G. Rodgers Peanuts treated at emergence with 3 pounds 2,4-DEP and one and one- half pounds DNBP were weed-free for about 7 weeks. Similar treatment combinations of sesone or amiben with DNBP at the same rates were some- what less effective, giving weed control for from three to five weeks. These same treatments caused severe burning when applied four days after emergence. R-1607, zytron, and amiben were the most promising pre- emergence herbicides. Evaluations are continuing. (See also Project 886, West Florida Station and North Florida Station, Marianna Unit.) ROTATION AND FERTILIZATION OF FIELD CROPS State Project 900 E. G. Rodgers and Fred Clark The study of 10 crop rotation systems involving four levels of fertiliza- tion on nine different crops initiated in 1958 has been continued. Increased rates of fertilization resulted in increased yields of all crops. Corn produced higher yields when grown in alternating years than when grown each year on the same land. This crop again showed marked response to nitrogen. Tobacco again produced higher yields after fallowing than after corn in the rotation. Tobacco grown after fallowing also had a lower content of nico- tine, potassium, magnesium, and particularly calcium than that grown after corn. Other crops in the rotations performed too poorly for proper evalua- tions. (See also Project 900, Suwannee Valley Experiment Station.) TESTING SOYBEAN BREEDING LINES AND VARIETIES State Project 909 Kuell Hinson' Soybean varieties previously grown in northcentral and central Florida have not performed well enough to be widely accepted by farmers. New varieties developed in the South and breeding lines developed primarily in Florida were evaluated on mineral soils at Gainesville and Live Oak and on muck soils at Zellwood to select better adapted varieties. Breeding lines yielded more than the best adapted varieties at all loca- tions. The average yield of F58-3734 was 37 bushels per acre at Gainesville and Live Oak for the two-year period 1960-61 compared to 26.7 bushels for Jackson. F58-3734 is satisfactory for a variety in all other respects and will be released for production under the variety name Hardee. Seed is ex- pected to be available for commerical plantings in 1963 or 1964. Hardee is not well adapted to the muck soil at Zellwood. Vegetable growers on muck soils occasionally have grown CNS-4 soy- beans as a summer cover crop and for grain production. Yields have not been high enough to make production profitable. In 13 replications of check varieties at Zellwood in 1961, Lee yielded 35 bushels per acre compared to 29 bushels for CNS-4 and Jackson. The apparent 6-bushel yield advantage Lee has over CNS-4 is expected to result in a complete shift in variety preference and create more interest in soybeans for the area. Some breed- ing lines yielded significantly more than Lee; however, more extensive test- ing will be required before they are properly evaluated. (See also Project 909, Suwannee Valley, Central Florida, North Florida, and West Florida stations.) 5 Cooperative with Crops Research Division, ARS, USDA. Annual Report, 1962 THE INTERRELATED EFFECTS OF MINERAL NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES, ENVIRONMENT, AND HEREDITY ON THE NITROGEN METABOLISM OF PLANTS Hatch Project 950 H. C. Harris In cooperation with Dr. S. H. West (ARS) seed coat color studies have been made. Non-uniform germination of Hairy Peruvian alfalfa seed led to the separation of them into three color classes-olive to yellow, dark brown to red, and intermediate. White, ladino, and crimson clover seed were also separated into three classes. Germination of dark seed in all cases was markedly lower than lighter ones. Water extracts from dark alfalfa seed inhibited germination of yellow seed and subsequent seedling growth. Extracts from dark alfalfa seed contained more minerals, nitrogen, amino acids, proteins, and nucleotides than from the yellow seed. Alfalfa on Arredondo loamy fine sand under sulfur, copper, boron, molybdenum, or calcium deficient conditions and ladino and white clover on Leon fine sand under sulfur, copper, molybdenum, or calcium deficient conditions were grown at the greenhouse. Correlation coefficients between yield and percentage composition for potassium, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus were in most cases highly significant negative ones; correla- tion between yield and nitrogen was positive. Milligrams of each element in a crop were positively correlated with yield. Thus any deficiency that has a pronounced effect on yield will cause marked changes in chemical com- position, and one can predict the direction the change will take. Pure lines of corn, F6A (resistant to zinc deficiency) and L578 Fertile (susceptible to zinc deficiency) were grown both under deficient and sufficient zinc conditions. Foliage of the bud areas were compared in chemical com- position. No nucleotides were detected in L578 corn. The nucleotides of F6A were somewhat higher in zinc deficient plants. Nucleic acid was higher in both lines with zinc deficiency. CYTOLOGY AND GENETICS OF RADIATION INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN CYTOPLASMIC FACTORS CONTROLLING MALE-STERILITY IN CORN State Project 969 J. R. Edwardson Seed of cytoplasmic male-sterile Minnesota A158T and Florida F6T and their fertile maintainers Minnesota A158 and Florida F6 were treated with gamma radiation. Height of seedlings taken over a four-week period was used as a measure of response to radiation. Plants containing T-type cy- toplasm were significantly taller than plants containing normal cytoplasm, indicating a cytoplasmic effect on response to radiation damage. Differences in inclusions in sections of T-type male-sterile and maintainer corn were found with electron microscopy. This project is terminated with this report with certain objectives con- tinued under a new project. EFFECT OF AGE OF SOD ON YIELD OF BAHIAGRASS AND SUBSEQUENT FIELD CROPS State Project 971 A. J. Norden Although final conclusions cannot be made on this long range study, annual data are being obtained from each individual plot in an effort to derive a more accurate and meaningful interpretation of the final results when the study is completed in 1966. The design stipulates that a previously designated number of plots are seeded in bahiagrass each year while the Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations remaining plots are maintained in a rotation of cultivated field crops. Therefore, the number of plots in a cultivated field crop decreases each year. Bahiagrass seeded in 1960 yielded 7,048 pounds per acre of dry forage from three cuttings. Nitrogen content of the grass declined from 1.54 to 1.22 to 1.05 percent dry weight from cuttings made in June, July, and August, respectively. In comparison to the cultivated plots, the grass plots had a lower number of nematodes; however, the mean number of Sting nematodes was higher in the grass plots. Drastic changes were observed in the species and numbers of nematodes found in the cultivated plots in 1961 compared to the same plots in 1960. Stubby root nematodes, the most numerous species in 1960, were found in much reduced numbers in 1961. Ring nematodes, found in small numbers in 1960, were present in large numbers in the 1961 plots. Negative correla- tions were obtained between yield of peanuts and numbers of nematodes; however, only the correlation with Lance nematodes was statistically signifi- cant (r = -0.3; significant at the 5 percent level). In general the total numbers of nematodes in the cultivated plots were higher in 1961 than in 1960. Tests of soil heterogeneity using peanut yields as an indicator showed that the field design was satisfactory for maximum statistical efficiency in testing treatment effects. Correlations between peanut yields and levels of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium indicated that only potassium with r = .6 (significant at the 1 percent level) may have limited the peanut yields. THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF FORAGE CROPS TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS EFFECTED THROUGH MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Regional Research Project 998 G. M. Prine, V. N. Schroder, (Regional S-47) 0. C. Ruelke, S. H. West," and K. D. Butson' The influence of growth regulators on the physiology and ecology of forage crops was expanded to study their effect on the growth habit and chemical composition of forage plants. Large, coarse, hard to manage forage crops, like napiergrass, were held to the proper size for grazing when the growth retardant maleic hydrazide was applied at the proper time and rate. The total available carbohydrate percentage of the forage was tripled when 8 pounds per acre of maleic hydrazide was sprayed on the foliage of napiergrass at an early stage of development. Feeding trials with sheep are in progress to study animal performance. Pangolagrass which received 200 and 400 pounds of nitrogen per acre in early September again suffered severe winterkill. Balancing the nitro- gen with various rates of phosphorus and potassium had little effect on amount of winterkill. The 100-pound rate of nitrogen applied in the fall to pangolagrass resulted in good forage yields both in fall and spring and there was little increase in winterkilling of plants over the 0 nitrogen rate. Various management treatments, including height and frequency of cut- ting, fertilization with major and minor elements, liming, and planting on wide shallow beds have thus far not prevented the thinning of alfalfa stands to unproductive levels by end of the first growing season. Twenty varieties of alfalfa are being screened for relative persistence under local conditions and to determine time and probable cause of death of plants not surviving. 6 Cooperative with Crops Research Division, ARS, USDA. Cooperative with U. S. Weather Bureau. Annual Report, 1962 A CONTINUOUS HARVESTING AND CURING SYSTEM FOR FLUE-CURED TOBACCO Project 1034 Fred Clark Bulk curing tests were continued again this year, and results of the temperature and drying rates during coloring corroborated the 1960 results. Coloring time varied at 20-hour intervals from 30 to 110 hours showed a slight increase in filling value for the samples colored for the longer periods. Air velocity through the tobacco was varied from 10 to 40 feet per minute, during coloring, leaf drying, and stem drying periods. These tests were made to assist in determining the optimum drying rate without loss of quality, which is important in establishing a capital-cost-time relation- ship. Density tests varying from 18 to 36 percent per square foot were also made and no deterious effects were noted on quality. These tests were also conducted to assist in determining a volume measurement, which certainly would be of tremendous economic importance. Findings indicate a greater volume may be cured satisfactorily. Results to date with bulk curing are encouraging; however, the interaction of the above factors have not been adequately ascertained and a better understanding is vital to the successful operation of bulk curing system. (See also Project 1034, Agricultural Engineering.) INDUCED MUTATION RATE MODIFYING AGENTS IN OATS Hatch Project 1036 A. T. Wallace Tests to determine a treatment or combination of treatments which will produce the highest number of mutations at the Vb locus in oats were continued. Seventy-six additional treatments were planted to test the muta- genic effects of four chemicals both alone and in combinations with different levels of ionizing radiations, the chemicals being ethyleneimine, diethyl sul- fate, myleran, and ethyl methane-sulphonate. The results from these tests will be determined in the following growing season. Maximum mutation rates obtained per panicle for six completed tests are as follows: seeds at dry ice temperature-16.1 x 10-' at 50 kr; seeds irradiated with thermal neutrons -26.7 x 10-' at four hours; seeds exposed to UV one hour before being irradiated with gamma rays-31.8 x 10- at 10 kr; seeds at 3.5 percent mois- ture-157.4 x 10- at 5 kr; seeds soaked two hours in ethyleneimine-102.6 x 10- at .07 percent concentration. Mutation rates obtained suggest two hypotheses: (1) as the chromosome becomes more labile, the mutation efficiency of the ionizing particle increases; (2) as conditions in the cells are modified to allow an increase in the accumulation of radicals, the higher is the mutation efficiency of the ionizing particle. Cytological examination of 46 mutants at meiosis showed that all but two had normal bivalents. To obtain hybrid progeny for further examination of the nature of the muta- tions being induced, crosses are being made between the different mutants. Over 400 hybrid seed have been obtained. These will be tested for allelic complementation. DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF AN INTEGRATED SILAGE AND GRAZING SYSTEM FOR DAIRY CATTLE State Project 1053 A. J. Norden The first cycle of a rotation system consisting of spring corn, summer sorghum, and fall oats indicated that the selection of both the corn and sorghum variety was of prime importance to the successful utilization of this system. Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations A highly selected group of 20 hybrid corn varieties is being evaluated for maturity, plant height, leafiness, and ratio of grain to total forage to find a more suitable variety for the exacting requirements of this system. An early maturing variety is desired to allow more time for preparation of the seed bed and planting the sorghum in early July. A sorghum variety which will produce reliable yields of quality silage from July plantings is also required. A differential response was obtained from a diverse group of more than 600 sorghum genotypes to the physical environments associated with plantings made in April, May, June, and July of 1961. Both the vegetative and reproductive development of the sorghum was differentially affected by planting date. Genetic variability between genotypes was also observed in regard to other desirable agronomic char- acteristics. Thirty sorghum genotypes selected from this 1961 test are being evaluated, under more controlled conditions, in 1962 to obtain estimates of yielding ability and to test the level of significance of interactions. An April 1961 planting of 40 commercial grain sorghum hybrids yielded from 1,928 to 3,677 pounds of dry grain per acre. The dry forage yield from a single harvest of 26 commercial silage-type sorghums ranged from 2 to 6 tons per acre. Average plant height of the grain and forage sorghums ranged from 35 to 48 and 57 to 106 inches, respectively. Although results of the first cycle were adversely affected by the selec- tion of varieties, the data indicates that the potential of this system far exceeds that of the standard two-crop system. (See also Project 1053, Dairy Science Department.) CHEMICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS IN FIELD CROPS Hatch Project 1087 M. Wilcox and E. G. Rodgers New or unproven herbicides were applied in duplicate to corn and soy- beans at various rates in screening experiments. The more promising herbicides were included in advanced yield trials of from four to six repli- cations. Field Corn.-Corn receiving a pre-emergence application of 1 pound each of simazine and atrazine per acre yielded 95 bushels per acre without cultivation, while cultivated checks yielded 82 bushels per acre. Atrazine and simazine also performed well when applied alone. Other pre-emergence herbicides performing well were linuron (1z pound per acre) and 2,4-D plus dacthal (112 plus 8 pounds per acre). Yields resulting from several other herbicidal treatments were as high as those resulting from cultivation. Soybeans.-Twelve pounds PCP applied pre-emergence controlled weeds almost as well as the thiolcarbamates, and did not require incorporation into the soil to be effective. Treatments with these herbicides and amiben re- sulted in yields equal to or greater than the cultivated check. (See also Project 1087, Central Florida and Everglades stations.) QUANTITATIVE GENETIC STUDIES OF CORN AND CERTAIN SMALL GRAINS State Project 1100 P. L. Pfahler This project is new, initiated in December 1961. Studies with corn, oats, and rye are now in progress. PRELIMINARY NON-PROJECTED STUDIES Growing Peanuts in Grass Sods for Hay.-Ten varieties of peanuts were planted in Pensacola bahiagrass, Coastal bermudagrass, and pangolagrass sods fertilized with 500 pounds per acre of 0-10-20 fertilizer. Fifteen-inch- Annual Report, 1962 63 wide ribbons of the grass sod were worked into a rough seedbed on 38-inch centers by going over the same strips four times with weighted straight bedding disks followed by a bullnose scooter on a Ford tractor tool bar. A row of peanuts was planted in the center of each seedbed strip with a Cole Splinter which dropped a peanut every three inches. Good growth of pea- nuts was obtained in all three grass sods though leaves on early growth were of lighter green than normal. Several introduced peanuts-Kutambaa (P.I. 244603), Samarw 38 (P.I. 244608), Kongwa Runner (P.I. 244602), Mwitunde II (P.I. 244606), and Wima Runner (P.I. 244607)-produced the most topgrowth in grass sods. Dixie runner had the best topgrowth of commonly grown varieties tested. The peanuts growing in sod produced only a few seed pods per plant. Common leaf spot did not develop on the sod grown peanuts, though it was prevalent in nearby fields. Planting peanuts for hay in an established grass sod in the above manner does not appear to be practical because of the high cost of peanut seed and land preparation, the difficulty in obtaining good stands of peanuts in a poor seedbed, and the fact that good hay can be made from the grasses alone if properly fertilized and managed. (G. M. PriDe) Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations ANIMAL SCIENCE Research was conducted on 48 projects. New projects include studies on evaluation of dietary factors of interest in the nutrition of cattle, swine, and sheep, using laboratory animals; geographical and selection effect on lambing date; control of parasitic infection in sheep; the interrelationships of ration and rumen biochemistry to animal performance; the effect of temperature on vitamin A needs; the effect of energy and protein level on reproduction in rams; the effect of irradiation on swine and sheep nutrition; and survival and the effect of feeding high levels of antibiotics at farrowing time on sow performance. A new barn for basic rumen studies has been completed. This facility will be used to initiate a strong program in the area of trying to decrease the amount of feed needed by ruminant animals to produce a pound of meat. Grant-in-aid funds totaling approximately $80,000 were obtained from 20 different commerical companies, foundations, and the U.S. Public Health Service. The Animal Science Department has continued its cooperation with other departments and branch stations in nutrition, physiology, breeding, genetics, and meats studies. Many of the staff have also judged livestock shows and helped breeders in Central and South America with their livestock procure- ment and production problems. In addition to considerable foreign corre- spondence, visitors from all parts of the world visit and consult staff mem- bers frequently throughout the year. Some of the staff have visited Vene- zuela and have advised and consulted with Universidad Central de Venezuela at Maracay and Universidad del Zulia at Maracaibo on their teaching and research programs. At present seven Latin American students are doing research and graduate study toward advanced degrees in the department. This is indicative of the increasing importance of Florida in the Latin Ameri- can areas. HERBAGE COMPOSITION AND ANIMAL RESPONSE AS INFLUENCED BY PASTURE MANAGEMENT Hatch Project 356 R. L. Shirley, J. F. Easley, C. B. Ammerman, and G. K. Davis' During the year approximately 2,000 samples of forages and other feeds and tissues were analyzed for such constituents as moisture, protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potas- sium, copper, nitrate, cyanide, urea, vitamin A, and carotene. Much of these data were obtained in cooperation with (1) fertilizer and forage evalu- ation studies at the Range Cattle Station, (2) a vitamin A and pasture rotation program with cattle at the Everglades Experiment Station, and (3) cattlemen in Florida that had toxic or low performance problems with their livestock. This project was closed out in June 1962. PASTURE PROGRAMS AND BREEDING SYSTEMS FOR BEEF PRODUCTION IN FLATWOODS SOILS OF CENTRAL AND NORTH CENTRAL FLORIDA State Project 627 M. Koger Five pasture programs are being evaluated by grazing with cows and calves which are also utilized in the cattle breeding study. 1 Cooperative with W. G. Kirk, E. M. Hodges, and J. E. McCaleb, Range Cattle Station, and Dr. H. L. Chapman, Everglades Experiment Station. Annual Report, 1962 The five pasture programs include an all-grass program fertilized at the rate of 450 pounds of 0-10-10 plus 180 pounds of nitrogen annually per acre. The remaining programs are clover-grass, fertilized at varying rates as fol- Slows: 300 pounds of 0-10-20; 500 pounds of 0-10-20 annually plus nitrogen as needed up to 60 pounds per acre; 700 pounds of 0-10-20 plus nitrogen as needed; and 900 pounds of 0-10-20 plus nitrogen as needed on irrigated pas- ture. The weight of calf weaned per acre was 297, 374, 319, 322, and 370 pounds, respectively. The breeding systems being compared are straight breeding to Angus and Hereford, crisscrossing of Angus and Hereford, crisscrossing Angus and Brahman, and crisscrossing Hereford and Santa Gertrudis. Weaning rate of 1961, based on number of cows bred, was 85, 98, 79, and 89 percent re- spectively. Average weaning weight per calf was 491, 495, 476, and 522 pounds for the respective groups. (See also Project 627, Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Engineering, Agronomy, and Soils departments for other phases of this cooperative study.) HERITABILITY OF PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES ON ABERDEEN ANGUS, BRAHMAN, AND HEREFORD CATTLE State Project 717 J. F. Hentges, Jr., and M. Koger Relative breed performance data were compiled on registered Angus, Brahman, and Hereford cattle and calves which were maintained under simi- lar environmental conditions. These data will be collected for a 10-year period to permit calculation of heritability estimates of performance factors. Brahman calves had heavier birth weights than Herefords, and Herefords had heavier birth weights than Angus. Prior to supplemental feeding, Angus male and female calves gained faster than Herefords by 0.11 and 0.15 pound per day, respectively. During the supplemental feeding period, Angus females outgained Hereford females by 0.1 pound per day, but gains for bulls of each breed were equal. Non-creep-fed Brahman male and female calves had average daily gains of 2.5 and 1.95 pounds, respectively. At weaning time, mature cows of the Angus, Brahman, and Hereford breeds averaged 1,155, 1,289, and 1,073 pounds respectively. At this same time, yearling replacement heifers of the Angus, Brahman, and Hereford breeds averaged 862, 784, and 825 pounds, respectively. Type scores and estimated slaughter grades were higher for Angus and Hereford than Brahman off- spring. Detailed data on other performance factors were recorded for later analyses. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF PIGS WEANED AT AN EARLY AGE Hatch Project 738 G. E. Combs, H. D. Wallace, and T. J. Cunha To evaluate the ability of young pigs to digest various feed mixtures, pigs weaned at two weeks of age were fed rations containing soybean meal, peanut meal, dried skimmilk, or fish meal as the source of supplementary protein. Coefficients of digestion were determined when the pigs were three, five, and seven weeks of age. Digestion coefficients for dry matter, protein, ether extract, and energy showed that efficiency of digestion in- creased with age. In all instances digestibility during the seventh week of age was greater than at three and five weeks of age. The largest increase occurred with the ether extract fraction. The occurrence of significant differences among sources of protein during the third and fifth week indi- cated that ingredients for starter rations should be carefully selected. 66 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Pigs weaned at two weeks of age were fed fortified corn-soybean meal rations for a six-week period. Ground limestone, oyster shell, or gypsum was added to form ration treatments that contained calcium levels ranging from 0.40 to 0.88 percent. The high calcium rations exerted an adverse influence on rate of gain. Source of calcium did not significantly influence either rate or efficiency of gain. Digestibility of dry matter was compar- able for both sources and levels of calcium. A comparison of the calcium present in fish meal and ground limestone indicated that level exclusive of source influenced rate of gain; rations that contained 0.70 percent calcium produced significantly less gain than those containing 0.52 percent calcium. GENETICS OF DWARFISM IN BEEF CATTLE State Project 752 (contributing to S-10) M. Koger, A. C. Warnick, and J. F. Hentges, Jr. This year's calf crop will conclude the evaluation of critical test matings between the Snorter Hereford, Midget Brahman, and Guinea (Dexter). The conclusions to date are: (1) The compact animal known in Florida as the Guinea is the heretro- zygote for the Dexter bulldog gene. (2) There appears to be some genetic or physiological relationship be- tween the Guinea and the Snorter Hereford dwarf, since crossing them has resulted in one Dexter type bulldog and numerous fetal resorptions. (3) The Snorter gene is present in the Brahman, as evidenced by the appearance of typical Snorter dwarf calves in crossbred progeny of pure- bred Brahman and Hereford parents. It appears likely that the Midget Brahman is the heterozygote for the Snorter dwarf gene. (4) Genes carried by cattle of mixed breeding modify the expression of the Snorter dwarf gene. Non-carrier females produced by mating Snorter Hereford bulls to Brahman native cows when mated back to their dwarf size have produced significantly fewer than the expected ratio of one-half dwarf calves. This project is in the process of revision. Cooperative work with the Medical School on the biochemical aspects of dwarfism continues. THE NUTRITIONAL AVAILABILITY OF COMPONENTS OF LIVESTOCK FEEDSTUFFS2 Hatch Project 755 L. R. Arrington, C. B. Ammerman, G. K. Davis, and T. J. Cunha The nutritive value of the protein in dried tomato pulp was compared with soybean meal in a nitrogen balance trial with lambs fed a ration con- taining 33 percent tomato pulp. The nitrogen in tomato pulp was 51 per- cent digestible, but was significantly less digestible than soybean meal and had a lower biological value. Digestion coefficients for enery and organic matter in tomato pulp were 69 and 70, and in soybean meal, 74 and 77. Two 90-day summer feeding trials with lambs were conducted to compare dried citrus pulp with ground snapped corn using rations containing 66 percent of citrus pulp or ground snapped corn. In the first trial lambs fed citrus pulp gained slightly more, but in the second trial those fed ground snapped corn gained significantly more. The results indicate that both dried citrus pulp and ground snapped corn may be used in lamb fattening programs. 2 Cooperative with J. M. Wing, Dairy Science Department, and P. E. Loggins, Animal Science Department. Annual Report, 1962 The physical characteristics of dried citrus pulp were found to vary and to affect the nutritive value of the pulp. Seeds contained 15.6 percent pro- tein and 43.2 percent fat. Pulp, fines, and pellets contained an average of 6.5 percent protein and 1.8 percent fat. Digestion coefficients were highest for pulp followed by meal and pellets. An enzyme preparation containing protease, amylase, and gumase activity was added to the ration of sheep. The enzyme gave some evidence of in- creased NFE digestibility of a ration containing 70 percent citrus pulp. Total energy utilization, however, was not improved, and the enzyme had no effect upon digestibility of nutrients in a ration containing 33 percent tomato pulp. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF RABBITS State Project 768 L. R. Arrington, C. B. Ammerman, and G. K. Davis Nutrient requirement studies were concerned with attempts to formulate a purified or semi-purified diet for rabbits which is suitable for studying the requirement for specific nutrients. Diets containing purified cellulose, starch, sugar, protein, minerals, and vitamins were unpalatable and resulted in poor growth inadequate for measuring nutrient requirements. Prelimi- nary experiments with ground corn cobs as a source of roughage in place of cellulose have been conducted and offer promise of providing an accept- able ration. Diets with corn cobs were consumed in greater quantities than diets with all purified ingredients. Molybdenum as sodium molybdate added to the ration of growing rabbits in amounts equivalent to 1,000 and 2,000 ppm caused a 10 and 40 percent reduction in voluntary feed intake but did not reduce weight gain or feed efficiency over pair-fed controls. Molybdenum did not affect digestibility of nutrients in the rations. One thousand ppm iodine as pottassium iodide added to the ration of pregnant females 10 days prior to kindling resulted in death of all young born to 10 females. Gestation appeared to be normal, but young were dead at birth. INFLUENCE OF NUTRITION, BREED, AGE, AND SEX ON RESPIRATORY ENZYMES IN THE TISSUES OF CATTLE, SWINE, AND SHEEP State Project 805 R. L. Shirley, J. F. Easley, C. B. Ammerman, A. C. Warnick, H. D. Wallace, J. F. Hentges, Jr., P. E. Loggins, and T. J. Cunha Six Jersey steer calves, six months old, depleted of iron were compared with three corresponding normal calves and were found to have no significant differences in the succinoxidase and cytochrome oxidase activity and gly- cogen concentration in their heart and gracilis muscle. Swine fed growing fattening corn-soybean oil meal rations, with and without 0.4 percent added L-lysine-HC1 were compared at market weight for activity of three enzymes. Lysine caused a decrease (P< 0.025) in iso- citric dehydrogenase activity in the heart, but not in the liver. Xanthine oxidase activity in the liver was increased as reported by others to occur in smaller species. Succinoxidase activity in the heart and liver was not affected by the lysine. Lambs that received 1.25 mg of selenium as sodium selenite per sub- cutaneous injection at three 28 day intervals before weaning were found to have equivalent amounts of serum glutamic-oxalacetic acid transaminase, Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations serum glutamic-pyruvic acid transaminase, and serum lactic dehydrogenase activity as the untreated lambs. THE EFFECT OF HORMONES ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION IN BRITISH AND BRAHMAN BEEF CATTLE Hatch Project 809 A. C. Warnick and M. Koger A cooperative experiment with Deseret Farms of Florida, Inc. was con- ducted on two-year-old heifers and lactating cows to determine the use of feeding a progesterone compound for 18 days on syncronization of estrus to facilitate artificial breeding. Fifty-three percent of the two-year-old heifers had a corpus luteum on the ovary, while 23 percent had infantile reproduc- tive tracts. Only 9 percent of the lactating cows had a corpus luteum on the ovaries before progesterone feeding. One-third of the heifers and cows were given no Estradiol two days after the end of progesterone feeding, one- third received 1 mg Estradiol, and one-third received 3 mg Estradiol intra- muscularly. Within five days after injection 55, 40, and 50 percent of the 0, 1, and 3 mg groups had been in heat. Of those heifers coming into heat, 78, 80, and 90 percent had a corpus luteum on the ovary 16 days after the injections in the 0, 1, and 3 mg groups, respectively. Of those heifers not showing heat, 74, 89, and 84 percent had a corpus luteum on the ovary 16 days after injection on the 0, 1, and 3 mg groups, respectively. The percent- age of lactating cows showing heat 11 days after injection was 27, 20, and 31 percent for the 0, 1, and 3 mg groups, respectively. The percentage of lactating cows that showed heat with a corpus luteum 11 days after injection was 85, 50, and 49 percent for the 0, 1, and 3 mg groups, respectively. The higher incidence of estrus and ovulation following the hormone feed- ing in the heifers compared to the lactating cows was probably due to a higher incidence of ovarian activity with a corpus luteum before the hor- mone feeding began. The fertility of the inseminations following hormone therapy is not now available and will be reported later. FACTORS AFFECTING SLAUGHTER AND CARCASS GRADES OF BEEF CATTLE State Project 884 A. Z. Palmer and J. W. Carpenter In 1957, 48 weanling heifers of mixed breeding but predominately Brah- man and Shorthorn crosses were grouped into four lots by weight and breed- ing. Wintering and feed lot phases of the study of the "Effects of Winter Gain of Calves on Feed Lot Performance and Carcass Grade" were conducted at the Range Cattle Station, Ona. The wintering and feeding study was rep- licated in 1958, 1959, and 1960. All heifers were slaughtered at the Meats Laboratory to obtain slaughter and carcass data. The fourth trial heifers were slaughtered in July 1961, and as with previous groups, tenderness data were obtained. As an indication of carcass composition, the percentages of separable lean, fat, bone, and connective tissue from the 9-10-11 rib cut were determined. The collection of data has been completed and the infor- mation is being prepared for statistical analysis. (See also Project 884 Range Cattle Station.) ANGUS, BRANGUS, AND ANGUS X BRANGUS CROSSBREDS FOR BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE EVERGLADES State Project 922 M. Koger This project is designed to study the comparative performance of straightbred Angus, straightbred Brangus, and Angus-Brangus crossbreds. Annual Report, 1962 The crossbred animals will be produced from a crisscross system. The cow herd will be divided into four groups: Herd 1-Angus cows mated to Angus bulls; Herd 2-Angus-Brangus crossbred cows mated to Angus bulls; Herd S 3-Angus-Brangus crossbred cows mated to Brangus bulls; and Herd 4- Brangus cows mated to Brangus bulls. The project has been underway only two years; thus it will be several years before breed composition will stabilize. The average weaning weights of calves produced by the four foundation herds in 1961 were 361, 406, 353, and 355 pounds, respectively. Pregnancy rates were 82, 70, 77, and 79 per- cent, respectively. (See also Project 922, Everglades Experiment Station.) THE EFFECT OF A CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE ON REPRODUCTION IN BRAHMAN CATTLE Hatch Project 938 A. C. Warnick and M. Koger A cooperative experiment with purebred Brahman breeders showed that no yearling heifers had a corpus luteum on the ovary in January or Feb- ruary and by June only 15 percent of the heifers had a corpus luteum. Thus, puberty is attained at a later date than in heifers of British breed- ing. In two-year-old Brahman heifers 35 percent had no corpus luteum with an infantile tract in January; this decreased to 25 percent in February, to six percent in March and one percent in April. Therefore, some two- year-old Brahman heifers are not showing estrus when the breeding season begins in January through March 1. The average length of estrus during May with 10 commercial Brahman two-year-old heifers was 8.6 hours (range 2 to 22 hours) with a standard deviation of 5.66. The interval from beginning of estrus to time of ovula- tion was 32.9 hours with a standard deviation of 9.73. The very short estrus period in some heifers indicates the problem of heat detection in an arti- ficial insemination program. Also, such a short estrus period could mean that under certain conditions the bull would not detect estrus, which would result in a lowered calving percentage. FACTORS INFLUENCING BEEF TENDERNESS Hatch Project 975 A. Z. Palmer and J. W. Carpenter Ninety-six steer calves, 16 each of Angus, Hereford, Brahman, Angus X Hereford, Hereford X Brahman, and Angus X Brahman breeding, were weaned at about two months of age and placed on a feeding trial for 162 days. Half of calves in each breed group were equalized fed on the basis of 2 percent of body weight per day and the remaining half full fed; all calves were fed the same ration. At the end of the feeding trial, half of each breed and feeding group were injected intravenously 15 minute ante- mortem with crude papain (10 mg per pound body weight). The remain- ing calves served as non-injected controls. Warner-Bratzler shear and taste panel evaluations were obtained on rib roasts and replicate loin steaks. Taste panel evaluations of liver and kidneys indicated that livers and kid- neys from papain injected cattle were significantly more tender (P<0.01) than controls. Warner-Bratzler shear and taste panel determinations on rib roasts showed a significant (P<0.01) tenderness difference in favor of the full fed calves. According to panel and shear data on both roasts and steaks, the papain injected calves were significantly (P>0.01) more tender than the non-injected controls. Steak and roast data also showed a sig- nificant (P<0.01) effect of breed on tenderness, with Angus being most tender and Brahman least. A significant (P<0.05) breed X papain inter- Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations action was shown by the taste panel evaluation of roasts, indicating a vari- ble response to the papain treatment among breeds. (See also non-projected study "Physiology and Biochemistry of Hybrid Vigor", Animal Science Department.) MANAGEMENT AND COST FACTORS RELATED TO MULTIPLE FARROWING Hatch Project 977 H. D. Wallace, G. E. Combs, and M. Koger A new farrowing facility was completed in July 1960 and used for the first time in August 1960. Since that time an attempt has been made to farrow approximately 20 sows every two months. Farrowing results to date indicate a seasonal influence on reproductive performance. Conception rates are lower during the hot months of June, July, August, and September. The ability to raise pigs farrowed is also adversely affected by the warm season when measured in terms of percent survival and weight of pigs at weaning. The average number of pigs weaned per litter has ranged from lows of 7.33 and 7.70 for August and June, respectively, to 9.56 and 9.90 for December and February farrowings, respectively. Crossbred sows (Duroc X Landrace) continue to outperform purebred Duroc sows. Ninety cross- bred litters with an average of 8.95 pigs have been weaned, while 30 purebred Duroc litters with an average of only 7.53 pigs have been weaned. A comparison of the number of matings per conception (1 vs. 2) continues to show a marked difference in favor of two matings. Forty-one sows mated a single time have farrowed an average of 8.76 live pigs. Fifty-six sows mated twice have farrowed an average of 10.35 live pigs. A nutritional study designed to evaluate dried corn distillers solubles as a source of un- identified factors has not yielded significant positive results. The feeding of the antibiotic tylosin at 200 gm per ton of feed for 10 days during the farrowing period has increased weaning weights of pigs at two weeks of age by about 0.4 pound, but has failed to increase survivability. Several other management problems are under study, and the task of cost analysis will be undertaken in the near future. EVALUATION OF FINISHING METHODS WITH STEERS FROM DIFFERENT BREEDING SYSTEMS State Project 981 M. Koger, T. J. Cunha, and A. Z. Palmer Steers have been finished by three different methods: (1) Calves were fed in dry-lot immediately following weaning for a period of 160 to 180 days. (2) Long yearling steers which were wintered as calves to gain one- half pound per day grazed on pasture without supplement from March 1 to July 15, supplemented with 6 pounds of concentrate on pasture from July 15 to September 15, after which time they were placed in dry-lot and fed a maximum of 70 days or until an estimated average grade of good was reached. (3) Long yearling steers were handled until July 15 the same as Group 2, after which they were continued on pasture without supplement until September 15. They were fed in dry-lot until they had consumed the same amount of concentrate which Group 2 had received on pasture and in the dry-lot. 3 Cooperative with W. K. McPherson, Agricultural Economics Department, T. C. Skin- ner, Agricultural Engineering Department, and S. J. Folks, Florida Power Corporation. 0=00 Annual Report, 1962 Carcass weights averaged 450, 558, and 576 pounds, respectively, for the three groups. Carcass grades averaged high good, average good, and low good, respectively, for the three groups. Using prevailing feed costs r and a pasture cost of $48 per steer for Groups 2 and 3, there was no sig- nificant difference in the return per steer, although Group 3 returned slightly better returns than Group 2, with Group 1 showing the lowest return per steer. The average net return for all steers was approximately $30. AGE OF HEIFERS AT FIRST BREEDING AS RELATED TO BEEF PRODUCTION State Project 995 M. Koger and A. C. Warnick Since 1958 one-half of the replacement heifers at the Beef Research Unit have been bred as yearlings to calve first at two years of age. Calves from these two-year-old heifers are being vealed at the start of the breed- ing season on March 1. The other half of replacements have been bred to calve first at three years of age. It will be 1963 before sufficient data will accumulate for analysis. FLORIDA FEEDS AND BY-PRODUCTS FOR SWINE FEEDING State Project 999 G. E. Combs and H. D. Wallace Peanut meal containing 55 percent protein was evaluated for use as a source of protein in pig starter and grower rations. The calculated amino acid deficiencies in these rations were corrected with supplements of lysine, methionine, and threonine or by using combinations of peanut meal and soy- bean meal or fish meal. When used alone or in combination with fish meal, peanut meal did not support a satisfactory rate of growth. In no instance did any amino acid supplementation permit growth comparable to that ob- tained when soybean meal supplied all of the supplemental protein. The data indicated that 25 percent of soybean meal can be satisfactorily replaced by peanut meal in starter and grower rations. The value of Nassau Fish Meal as a source of supplementary protein was studied with young swine. A comparison of rations containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 percent fish meal showed that the 15 and 20 percent levels de- pressed both rate and efficiency of gain. Additional comparisons indicated 2.5 percent was the optimum level of Nassau Fish Meal for starter and grower rations. LYSINE SUPPLEMENTATION OF PRACTICAL SWINE RATIONS State Project 1001 H. D. Wallace, G. E. Combs, and A. Z. Palmer Work has continued on the relationship of gossypol toxicity and protein metabolism with particular emphasis on dietary lysine. Balance studies have been conducted, but a complete analysis of results is not yet available. This work is part of a Ph.D. dissertation which should be completed during the coming year. A feeding trial in which 0.4 percent 1-lysine was added to a conventional corn-soybean meal type mixture for growing-finishing pigs has been completed. Gains and feed conversion were approximately the same for the control and supplemented groups. However, carcass evalu- ation data indicate less backfat, longer carcasses, larger loin eye areas, and greater percent of the four lean cuts for the lysine supplemented pigs. Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations EVALUATION OF FEED ADDITIVES IN SWINE NUTRITION State Project 1002 H. D. Wallace and G. E. Combs Several feeding experiments have been conducted to determine the effi- cacy of using certain antibiotics and other compounds as growth stimu- lants for growing-finishing swine. The relatively new antibiotics, tylosin and oleandomycin, continue to produce growth responses. A combination of terramycin and oleandomycin has produced improvements in perform- ance. A combination of aureomycin, penicillin, and sulfamethazine has pro- duced the most pronounced improvement of any additives tested. Sodium acrylate, a by-product of the plastics industry, failed to stimulate perform- ance of pigs when fed either singly or in combination with aureomycin. A continued interest of swine feeders in the possible application of high levels of copper has prompted further tests in this area. When copper sul- fate was added at a rate to provide 150 ppm of copper, gains and feed con- version were markedly increased during the initial stages of the experi- ment. However, control pigs gained more rapidly during the finishing phases of the experiment and overall performance was about the same. It appears from this experiment and others now in progress that high levels of copper (100 to 150 ppm) may be used advantageously for periods of six to eight weeks during the early phase of the fattening period. Early weaned pigs have also responded well to copper feeding for short durations. Levels of 200 ppm and over are considered in the toxic range, as shown by previous work at this station. INHERENT BODY SIZE IN CATTLE AS RELATED TO ADAPTATION TO FLORIDA State Project 1003 M. Koger and A. C. Warnick This is a new project, cooperative between the Animal Science Depart- ment, North Florida Experiment Station, and State Prison Farm, Raiford. Data will be available on the first calf crop in 1962. (See also Project 1003, North Florida Experiment Station.) EFFECTS OF MODIFIED ENVIRONMENT ON PERFORMANCE OF GROWING-FINISHING SWINE State Project 1004 H. D. Wallace, G. E. Combs, and A. C. Warnick Floor space and feeder hole allowance studies have demonstrated that 8 square feet per pig permits similar performance to 16 square feet and that four to five pigs per feeder hole is about optimum on concrete. Crowd- ing pigs into less than 16 square feet, however, does increase the difficulty of keeping the animals clean and may be a predisposing factor toward in- tensifying the tail biting problem. Temperatures of 60, 70, 80, and 90F have been compared for young pigs from 2 to 10 weeks of age. Data through the first four weeks indicate that temperatures of 80 and 90' are more satisfactory than lower temperatures. From 6 to 10 weeks of age, a temperature of 80 was more suitable than the lower or higher tem- peratures. Annual Report, 1962 EFFECT OF NUTRITION ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF SWINE State Project 1010 A. C. Warnick and H. D. Wallace Forty-four crossbred gilts were allotted to three diets in two experi- ments to determine differences in level of energy intake and alfalfa meal on time of first heat, ovulation rate and number of viable embryos at 25 days. The diets fed were: (1) high energy with 10 percent alfalfa, (2) limited energy with 52 percent alfalfa, and (3) limited energy with 10 per- cent alfalfa. The average age in days and weight in pounds at first heat on the three respective diets were: (1) 200, 232; (2) 204, 185; and (3) 207, 213. The average number of corpora lutea when bred at first heat for gilts on the three diets were: (1) 14.5, (2) 13.0, and (3) 13.9. The average number of normal embryos and percentage embryonic survival at 25 days postbreeding for gilts on the three diets were: (1) 10.4, 71.7 percent, (2) 11.1, 85.6 percent, and (3) 11.2, 80.2 percent. Diet had very little influence on age at first heat, while the weights were influenced by the level of energy intake. The number of corpora lutea was less in gilts on low energy-alfalfa, which is different from previous trials with purebred Duroc gilts. The number of viable embryos and percentage embryonic survival was higher in gilts on limited energy. The high level of alfalfa showed a slight ad- vantage in percentage survival compared to the limited energy with 10 percent alfalfa. Crossbred gilts of similar breeding in the second experiment conducted during the winter months were 29 days younger at first heat than those in the first experiment conducted during the summer months. The ovula- tion rate and number of embryos were lower for those on the second ex- periment since all gilts were mated at the first estrus. It is possible that high environmental temperatures or some other climatic factors inhibits the occurrence of puberty in gilts. EFFECTS OF GAMMA RADIATION AND DIETARY DEFICIENCIES ON THE PLACENTAL TRANSFER OF MINERALS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN THE FETUS Hatch Project 1044 J. P. Feaster Additional experiments have been carried out in the study of effects of cobalt-60 radiation of pregnant rats on the transfer of injected radioiron across the placenta. The amount of radioiron transferred in 48 hours was determined in fetuses taken from mother rats on each of the last nine days of the 22-day gestation period. Rate of transfer was higher in irradiated females exposed to 200 roentgens whole-body cobalt-60 radiation than in non-irradiated controls, and significantly higher in those sacrificed on days 16 through 20 (irradiated on days 12 through 16). Assuming that the in- fluence of gamma radiation is exerted through increasing the permeability of the placenta, the period in the second half of pregnancy during which this organ is most susceptible to radiation effects must be days 12 through 16. (Effects during the first half of pregnancy have not been studied.) Increased excretion of iron-59 in the urine was noted in the irradiated rats, indicating a further effect of radiation on membrane permeability, in this case the renal tubular membrane. Despite reports in the literature to the contrary, an appreciable amount of radioiron was found to pass to suck- ling young in the milk following injection of iron-59 into the mother rat. A study similar to that described above has been begun with swine. Transfer of intravenously injected radioactive iron in irradiated and non- Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations irradiated gilts is being compared. Radiation dosage is 400 roentgens, ad- ministered on about the 95th day of pregnancy. Early findings indicate increased placental transfer of radioiron following irradiation. PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF DIETARY FACTORS OF INTEREST IN THE NUTRITION OF CATTLE, SWINE, AND SHEEP, USING LABORATORY ANIMALS Hatch Project 1045 R. L. Shirley, C. B. Ammerman, L. R. Arrington, G. K. Davis, and J. P. Feaster A study has been made with Torula and Brewer's yeast diets, with and without vitamin A, in regard to tolerance to 630 roentgens of cobalt-60 gamma whole body irradiation. The irradiation was made a few days after the rats deprived of the vitamin started to lose weight. Rats that received the vitamin A withstood the irradiation and continued to grow as the non- irradiated vitamin A fed controls. The depleted rats died within two weeks whether they were irradiated or not. Thus, this study did not demonstrate that rats depleted of vitamin A would die more quickly if irradiated at this LDso (approximately) level. An experiment was made in which weanling rats were fed 18 percent casein diets containing 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 ppm of added selenium as sodium selenite, each selenium level with and without added vitamin E. Over a 120-day period of growth the data indicated that (1) the males responded with greater gains with the 0.5 and 1.0 ppm levels of selenium, (2) both sexes had poor gains with the 5.0 ppm selenium diets, and (3) vitamin E had no consistent influence on growth with or without the se- lenium. GEOGRAPHICAL AND SELECTION EFFECT ON LAMBING DATE Hatch Project 1063 P. E. Loggins, M. Koger, A. C. Warnick (Contributing to Regional Project S-29) and T. J. Cunha Sixty-six yearling Rambouillet ewes of similar breeding and age were selected from a flock in Mountain Home, Texas. These ewes were randomly allotted to the Florida and cooperating stations, Auburn, Alabama, and Knoxville, Tennessee, on May 1, 1962. An additional 15 Florida raised Rambouillet and 15 Florida native yearling ewes were moved to the Auburn Station on April 23, 1962. Also, 15 yearling Rambouillet ewes raised in Auburn, Alabama, were moved to the Gainesville, Florida, station on May 1, 1962. The reproductive performance of these ewes at their various loca- tion points is now being checked for the 1962 breeding season. These data and similar data will be collected during the next five years' duration of the project. The 1962 lamb crop was produced during the period of transition to the new project. The performance of these ewes and lambs during the 1962 lamb crop was as follows: The average date of first estrus for the Rambouillets was July 20, and for Florida Natives, July 25. The average lambing date for the Rambouillet ewes was December 17, and for the Florida Natives, December 17, with a lambing percentage of 93 and 116 percent, respectively. The lambs were weaned on February 23 at an aver- age age of 70 days. The lambs received creep feed and were continued on a full feeding program following weaning until May 18, 1962. The lambs averaged 69 pounds and graded an average Choice. The Rambouillet lambs averaged 74 pounds and graded Choice plus. The Florida native lambs averaged 67 pounds and graded average Choice. Annual Report, 1962 MINERAL REQUIREMENTS OF CATTLE Hatch Project 1079 C. B. Ammerman, L. R. Arrington, J. M. Wing, R. L. Shirley, J. P. Feaster, G. K. Davis, and J. F. Hentges The composition of tissues as affected by breed and level of feeding was studied with 14 Hereford, 14 Brahman, and 14 Hereford-Brahman crossbred steers.' The animals received a fattening ration either ad libitum or as 2 percent of body weight daily for 162 days, following which they were slaughtered and samples of heart, gracilis muscle, and liver were ob- tained for water, protein, and mineral analyses. The protein and water content of the heart, liver, and muscle were similar for all breed groups. Less (P<0.01) water was found in the liver when it was determined by toluene distillation compared to heating at 1000 C. Both methods gave comparable values for water in the heart and gracilis muscle. The livers of the Herefords contained more (P<0.01) phosphorus than the livers from the Brahman and crossbred cattle. The hearts of the crossbred cattle con- tained less (P<0.01) calcium than hearts from the other two breed groups. The liver (P<0.05) and the heart (P<0.01) from the Brahman steers con- tained more ash than the livers and hearts from the Hereford and cross- bred cattle. Level of feeding had no effect on tissue composition. Six-month-old dairy calves, a number of which had been iron-depleted, were dosed orally with iron-59 as ferric chloride or ferric oxide. Approxi- mately 60 percent of the total radioactivity administered as Fe"'C13 was recovered in the feces within 96 hours. Less than 15 percent of the total radioactivity administered as Fe-5'03 was recovered in a similar time. Tis- sues from iron-depleted calves that received Fe"Cl1 contained three to five times more radioactivity than corresponding tissues from normal calves. No radioactivity was detected in the tissues of the iron-depleted calves that received Fe2?0a. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF RATION, RUMEN BIOCHEMISTRY AND ANIMAL PERFORMANCE Hatch 1117 J. E. Moore, R. L. Shirley, C. B. Ammerman, and L. R. Arrington An experiment dealing with the effect of protein supplement on the utilization of low-quality Pangola grass has been partially completed. A soybean meal supplement increased the consumption of hay by fistulated steers. The cellulose of small samples of hay suspended in the rumen was more rapidly digested when soybean meal was fed. Rumen total volatile fatty acid concentration was greater in steers fed the additional protein. It was observed that rumen fill was greater in steers fed soybean meal. These data suggest that biochemical reactions in the rumen play a large part in determining appetite for low quality roughage. The effect of 400 roentgens of whole-body cobalt-60 gamma irradiation given as a single dose on the appetite of three mature ewes was investi- gated. Feed consumption was decreased immediately after irradiation, but appetite was recovered in 6 to 10 days. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids in the rumen was directly related to the appetite. This study is being repeated with more animals. PRELIMINARY NON-PROJECTED STUDIES Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Pigs Fed Low Vitamin A Rations.- Pigs irradiated with 350r bilaterally at the rate of llr per minute 9 feet SIn cooperation with D. IT. Hargrove and M. Koger. 76 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations from source survived an average of 264 hours. A moderate vitamin A de- ficiency had no effect on irradiation damage; in fact, the vitamin A deficient pigs lived an average of two days longer. The irradiation lowered the total white blood cell count rapidly. The major symptoms of irradiation damage were depression, skin hemorrhages, hemorrhaging from eyes and mouth, decreased respiration, mild muscular spasms just prior to death, and extensive hemorrhage of lymph nodes, plus varying amounts of hemor- rhage in the kidneys, heart, urinary bladder, intestine, and stomach. (T. J. Cunha, G. E. Combs, H. D. Wallace, A. C. Warnick, R. L. Shirley, and C. F. Simpson) Effect of Temperature on Vitamin Status of Crossbred Lambs.-Twenty- four crossbred lambs were used to study the effect of two environmental temperatures, 90 and 550F, and two levels of vitamin A intake on growth, feeding performance, and vitamin A levels in the blood and liver during a 118-day period. The high temperature lowered feed intake (P<.05) and blood vitamin A (P<.01). Supplemental vitamin A tended to increase feed intake, gains, and blood vitamin A levels, but the increases were not sta- tistically significant. The considerable variation in performance between treatment groups accounted for the failure to obtain statistical significance. Neither the temperature nor the level of vitamin A appeared to influence growth or activity of the ovaries, uteri, or pituitary glands. (T. J. Cunha, A. C. Warnick, P. E. Loggins, R. L. Shirley, and J. F. Easley) The Physiology and Biochemistry of Hybrid Vigor.-Various straight- bred and crossbred calves are being fed experimentally from approximately 60 days of age to slaughter in order to determine why crossbreds grow faster than straightbreds. Comparative appetite, efficiency of feed utilization, and economy of production are being determined. In two trials completed, Brahman-Shorthorn crossbred calves have had significantly greater appetite than Brahman and slightly greater feed intake than Shorthorns. There was no significant difference in efficiency of feed utilization. Shorthorn calves had the lowest rate of growth but stored more body fat and had higher grading carcasses than the crossbreds or Brahmans. A third trial utilizing calves from Angus, Brahman, Hereford, and the three possible crosses of these breeds likewise indicated that there were no significant differences in efficiency of feed utilization. The trial also indicated measurable heterosis in Hereford-Angus crossbred calves. This trial will be repeated later, uti- lizing calves where individual parentage will be known. (M. Koger, T. J. Cunha, and A. C. Warnick) Effect of an Energy and Protein Deficiency on Weight Changes and Reproduction in Rams.-Thirty-six yearling rams weighing approximately 120 pounds were assigned to one of three semi-purified diets to determine nutritional effects on semen production and weight changes. The three diets were: (1) complete, (2) energy deficient with adequate protein, and (3) protein deficient with adequate energy. All rations had adequate vita- mins and minerals. After 113 days on the diets the average body weights and daily gains of rams on the diets were: (1) 144, 0.20 pounds, (2) 89, -0.29 pounds, and (3) 110, -0.07 pounds. The average daily feed intake of the rams on the three respective diets was: (1) 3.4, (2) 1.11, and (3) 2.58 pounds. There are no differences in libido or semen production and quality to date. In a comparison of methods of collection of semen using the artificial vagina and electrical ejaculator, there were no differences in total number of sperm cells. However, collections with the electrical ejaculator gave a significantly greater volume but lower concentration of cells compared to the artificial vagina. (A. C. Warnick, T. J. Cunha, and R. L. Shirley) Annual Report, 1962 Nutritive Value and Characteristics of Grass Silages Preserved with Zinc Bacitracin and Ground Snapped Corn.-Coastal bermudagrass, Pan- golagrass, and Pensacola bahiagrass were ensiled with no preservative, with 5 grams zinc bacitracin per ton fresh forage and with 5 grams zinc baci- tracin plus 150 pounds of ground snapped corn per ton of fresh forage. Nutrient composition of the fresh forage and silage and digestion coefficients and total digestible nutrient values for the silages were obtained with lambs, using conventional methods. All fresh forages appeared quite sim- ilar in nutrient composition except that Bahiagrass was lower in ether extract and higher in fiber, thus making it lower in nitrogen-free-extract than either the bermudagrass or pangolagrass. In general, the nutrient composition of the silages was similar to the fresh forage except for lower protein values for the Pangolagrass and Pensacola bahiagrass silages. While the preservatives did not respond the same with all forages, the highest coefficients of the digestibility for the nutrients of all forages were obtained when either the antibiotic was used alone or when the antibiotic plus ground snapped corn was used as a preservative. Coastal bermuda- grass silage treated with zinc bacitracin plus ground snapped corn had the highest individual nutrient coefficients of digestibility and was highest in total digestible nutrients. The Pensacola bahiagrass silage treated with zinc bacitracin alone had the highest digestibility coefficients for individual nutrients and was highest in total digestible nutrients. The advantage of adding a preservative to Pangolagrass silage was less clearly defined, and similar total digestible nutrient values were obtained both with the untreated and with the preservative treated silage. The average total di- gestible nutrient values regardless of treatment and expressed on a 90 percent dry matter basis were 47.63, 46.95, and 34.32 for the Coastal bermu- dagrass, Pangolagrass, and Pensacola bahiagrass silages, respectively. The color and odor of the silages were observed and recorded, and measurements of depth of spoilage, pH, organic acids and palatibility were made to aid in evaluating the silage. In general, the treated silages were lighter green in color and of a more desirable odor than the untreated silages. With all forages tested, the untreated silages had the highest pH, and for two of the three forages the silage treated with antibiotic alone had the lowest pH. The amount of surface spoilage did not appear to be related to treatment. Relative palatability of the three grass silages did not appear to be related to treatment. In comparing the different grasses, the Pangolagrass silage was the most palatable both on the basis of con- sumption by lambs during a short term feeding period and as measured by preference tests when all silages were offered free-choice. The Coastal bermudagrass silage was the next most palatable on the basis of silage consumed during the feeding period. However, when all silages were offered free-choice, all three of the Pensacola bahiagrass silages were preferred over the Coastal bermudagrass silages. (P. E. Loggins and C. B. Ammer- man) Biochemical and Physiological Aspects of Digestive Disorders in Cat- tle.-The disorder in feedlot cattle commonly called "founder" has been experimentally produced in order to conduct a study of its biochemical and physiological effects on immature cattle. Excessive consumption of starchy concentrate mixtures have been associated with short periods of abnormally high levels of rumen acidity and subsequent symptoms of "founder". Gross examinations of the feet from steers with chronic "founder" have revealed extensive rupture of capillaries. Recovery of affected animals was variable; less than 10 percent were permanently lame, and none exhibited a reduced rate of gain or efficiency of feed utilization. (J. F. Hentges, Jr.) Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Formulation of Beef Cattle Feed Mixtures for Increased Efficiency of Utilization.-The effect of four methods of processing a high-energy, low- fiber concentrate mixture on cattle feed-lot performance and carcass value was studied in a 126-day feeding trial. Yearling Hereford steers, half selected for heavy muscling and half selected for lack of muscling, were the subjects. The four physical forms of feed mixtures fed were hammermill ground, cold cracked, steamed rolled, and steam pelleted. Flaked and pel- leted mixtures produced the most gains and were the most efficient from the standpoint of feed required per pound of gain. Differences in carcass char- acteristics were small. Volatile fatty acid determinations showed higher ratios of propionic to other acids. Examination of the rumen papillae re- vealed a higher incidence of large, tongue-shaped, dark-colored papillae in stomachs from steers fed steamed rolled corn. (J. F. Hentges, Jr.) The Influence of High Level Antibiotic Supplementation at Breeding on Embryonic Survival in Gilts.-Two experiments have been completed. Zinc-bacitracin was tested in the first, and tylosin in the second. The anti- biotics were fed for a period of 21 days before breeding and 25 days after breeding, at which time the animals were slaughtered for measurements. In both experiments the antibiotics, fed at a level of 200 grams per ton of feed, increased daily gains and improved feed conversion significantly. However, ovulation rate and embryo survival were not significantly affected in either experiment. Embryo weights were some heavier for the treated groups at 25 days gestation. (H. D. Wallace, A. C. Warnick, and G. E. Combs) Effect of Temperature on Early Embryonic Survival in Gilts.-Twenty- nine crossbred gilts were assigned to either 600 F, 90 F, or an outside pen with ample shade 10 days after first estrus and bred once during the second estrus. One-half of the gilts in the 60F and 90'F treatments were switched three days after breeding to the other temperature. Ovulation rate was not influenced by temperature. The number of normal embryos at 25 days postbreeding was not different in gilts when kept at either 60F or 90"F up to three days postbreeding. However, there were 1.4 fewer embryos in gilts kept at 90F from 3 to 25 days postbreeding com- pared to those at 60F. (A. C. Warnick, H. D. Wallace, and A. Z. Palmer) Sources of Error in Obtaining Loin Eye Area in Pork Carcasses.-In a preliminary study (Fla. An. Sci. Mimeo Series 62-3) a difference of 20 percent was found between the loin eye areas of paired pork loins from the same carcass. Possible explanations for these differences are: (1) bilateral asymmetry, (2) splitting error, (3) cutting procedure, (4) cut- ting positions, (5) tracing error, and (6) measuring error. In a second study 72 pork carcasses were dressed unsplit in order to eliminate splitting error. The full unsplit loin was removed by cutting on each side of the back bone adjacent to the L dorsi muscle. Each loin was sectioned by cutting across both loin eyes at the same time just back of the 10th rib and back vertebra junction and at right angles to the long axis of the L dorsi muscle. The areas of the loin eyes were traced by four different individuals each in duplicate. Each tracing was measured in duplicate by four different operators. Data are now being completed for analysis of variance to determine the magnitude of each source of error as well as the repeatability of each operator. (J. W. Carpenter) Variability of Rib Eye Area and Degree of Marbling of Beef Carcasses as Influenced by Method of Ribbing.-In a study involving 149 beef car- casses, the angle of ribbing or the cutting of the L dorsi muscle between the 12th and 13th ribs significantly influenced (P<.005) rib eye area. The average rib eye area for the left side cut on the same angle as the rib was Annual Report, 1962 79 9.44 square inches compared to 8.76 square inches for the right side cut at right angle to the long axis of the L dorsi muscle. Apparent degree of marbling differed between sides and the difference was attributed to method of ribbing. Fifty-seven percent of the carcasses had higher marbling scores in the left side compared to 19 percent having higher marbling scores in the right side. Twenty-four percent of the car- casses showed no difference between sides. This difference in degree of marbling between the two sides cut by different methods was highly signifi- cant (P<.005). (J. W. Carpenter) Estimated and Actual Yields of Boneless Retail Cuts from Brahman Crossbred Cattle and Carcasses.-One-hundred thirty-eight cattle, varying in slaughter weight, breeding, and quality grade, were used in this study. The purpose of the study was to determine the predictive value of a pre- viously reported estimating equation developed for evaluating cattle and carcasses as to percent of boneless, trimmed retail cuts from the round, loin, rib, and chuck. A further purpose was to study the relationship of breeding, slaughter weight, and quality grade with boneless, trimmed retail cut yields. The previously reported estimating equation used in this study and compared with equations developed out of these data was: Percent of boneless, trimmed retail cuts from round, loin, rib, and chuck = 51.34 -5.78 (fat thickness over ribeye, inches) .0093 (carcass weight, pounds) -.462 (kidney fat, percent of carcass) + 0.740 (area of ribeye, square inches). The simple correlation coefficient between on-foot percent estimates and actual percent yields was 0.59 (P<0.01); the simple correlation co- efficient between on the rail percent estimates and actual percentage yields was 0.76 (P<0.01). Correlation coefficients between predicted yield grades and actual yield grades were highly significant. Through regression anal- ysis, the predictive value of on-foot and on-rail estimates is indicated. (A. Z. Palmer) Indices of Meatiness in Pork Carcasses.-Two-hundred and twenty pork carcasses of known sex and breeding were evaluated in the meats labora- tory. Carcass weights, measurements, specific gravity of the rough cut ham, and complete cut out values were obtained. All data were recorded and are now in the statistical laboratory for electrical computation. Cor- relation coefficients should furnish information as to the best single or com- bination of criteria for determining meatiness in pork carcasses. (A. Z. Palmer) 80 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations BOTANY BIOSYNTHESIS OF CARBOHYDRATES IN PLANTS Hatch Project 953 T. E. Humphreys Acid Soluble Phosphate Esters in Corn Roots.-Extracts prepared by grinding roots of corn seedlings in trichloroacetic acid were chromato- graphed on Dowex-1 resin columns. In this manner the acid soluble phos- phate compounds of the roots were separated into 5 to 10 fractions depend- ing on the method of chromatography. A quantitative and qualitative anal- ysis of each fraction is presently underway using specific colorimetric and enzymatic analytical methods. The following compounds have been identi- fied: glucose-6-phosphate, inorganic phosphate, adenosine diphosphate, and adenosine triphosphate. From the position of the phosphate peaks on the Dowex-1 column elution diagram, the presence of the following compounds is suspected: fructose-6-phosphate, fructose-1, 6-diphosphate, and glyceric acid phosphates. Glucose-1-phosphate and adenosine monophosphate have not been found and are probably present in concentrations below the limits of detection by the analytical methods used. Uptake of Sugars by Excised Roots and Scutella of Corn Seedlings.- Excised roots of corn seedlings take up glucose at a maximum rate of approximately 1 mg per hour for each gram fresh weight of tissue. Slices of the scutella from corn seedlings of the same age, however, take up glu- cose at a maximum rate of 5 to 6 mg per hour for each gram fresh weight. These figures are for tissues incubated at 30" C. The respiration rates of the two tissues are of the same order of magnitude, indicating that a greater proportion of the metabolic energy is available for glucose up-take in the scutellum than in the root. This is not unexpected, since the scutellum is an organ which absorbs the glucose produced from starch breakdown in the endosperm and uses it to nourish the developing root-shoot axis. The up-take of glucose is under metabolic control and, in the case of the scutella slices, glucose itself has an effect on its up-take. When slices that have been absorbing glucose from a medium of relatively high glucose concentration are transferred to a medium containing only one-half that concentration the rate of glucose up-take remains the same for 15 to 30 minutes after the transfer. Glucose does not increase the rate of respira- tion of the scutella slices, but may alter the metabolism of those cells re- sponsible for glucose up-take. This is being investigated. METABOLISM OF MOLECULAR OXYGEN BY PLANTS Hatch 1042 George J. Fritz This project is concerned with the study of the utilization of molecluar oxygen by plants; particular interest is focused on that portion of oxygen absorption which is not catalyzed by the cytochrome system. The stable isotope O18 is used; the isotope is analyzed by mass spectrometry and neu- tron activation. It was found that when etiolated corn seedlings were exposed to atmos- pheres enriched with 0"18, the chloroform-soluble extracts subsequently ob- tained from these seedlings were labelled with 018. Results of this type indicate that a portion of the absorbed oxygen gas is directly incorporated into chloroform soluble compounds, and therefore is independent of the cytochrome system. At the present time it is presumed that the mechanism responsible for this direct incorporation of molecular oxygen into organic Annual Report, 1962 substrate(s) involves the formation of fatty acid peroxides from fatty acid complexes found in the seedlings. This phenomenon is now being called "oxygen fixation" in this laboratory. Its biological significance is being further investigated in the following areas: (1) the relative abilities of plant seedlings such as soybean, pea, castor bean, corn, and wheat to fix molecular oxygen directly into organic substrates; (2) the effect of various environmental factors such as temperature and oxygen tension upon the ability of plant seedlings to fix oxygen gas; (3) the identification of the products of molecular oxygen fixation. THE FLORA OF FLORIDA State 1118 D. B. Ward This project was just activated on May 7, 1962, but work on various aspects has been under way for some time. Plans are to study families or other sub-units and to prepare detailed descriptions and keys of these groups. As these are prepared they will be published separately so that they will be available to interested people in the state. Three such units have been prepared: Pinus, Convolvulaceae, and Polygonaceae. Publica- tion of the individual units is being made in Castanea, a journal devoted largely to taxonomy. STUDIES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF OVULES IN THE ORCHIDACEAE State Project 1121 Yoneo Sagawa This project was activated in June. Studies have been under way for some time on certain aspects of this research. In many members of the Orchidaceae at the time of pollination the megaspore mother cell has not developed. Fertilization cannot take place until the ovules are formed. This project is studying the factors connected with the development of the ovules in orchids. It is hoped that this research will make it possible to do a better job of hybridization in the Orchidaceae. PRELIMINARY NON-PROJECTED STUDIES Summary of Nematode Research.-An attempt was made during the fall and winter to determine whether the burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis, was attracted to "host roots" over a distance. The first major experiment involving nematodes placed in the center of a damp filter paper strip in a Petri dish with host (tomato) roots at one end of the strip yielded apparently clear-cut results which could be in- terpreted as demonstrating attraction over a distance. It was felt prudent to repeat these results-and this could not be done. Many modifications of the test system and apparatus were tried without success. A number of the experiments were vitiated by technical problems in handling the nematodes. It finally became apparent that a long period of strictly nematological research would be required to develop a satisfactory test system. Such re- search did not seem to be a proper subject for this largely biochemical research team which had as its chief interest and competence the biochem- istry of plant host-parasite interrelationships. Accordingly, this line of investigation has been abandoned. (David S. Anthony) Biochemical Effects of High Temperatures in Plants.-An attempt is being made to gain some insight as to the effect of high temperatures on plant growth and development. The present approach is to examine the Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations distribution of a variety of alcohol-soluble compounds in plants grown under various temperature ranges. The alcohol-soluble compounds are separated by two-dimensional paper chromatography. Quantitative paper chroma- tography of the ninhydrin reactive constituents is being attempted. Several different plants are being studied. Six strains of Arabidopsis thaliana were obtained from Australia. These strains have different heat sensitivities. They can be grown under aseptic conditions under carefully controlled environmental conditions. Two varieties of radish are also be- ing studied. One variety is heat intolerant, while the other has a certain degree of high temperature tolerance. Finally, several different strains of Lemna are being studied. These are aquatic plants that can be grown un- der controlled conditions. (D. S. Anthony) Metabolism of Atrazine and Simazine by Sugarcane.-Preliminary work on the metabolism of Atrazine and Simazine following soil application of the herbicides to sugarcane was done on two- or three-month-old plants (Annual Reports 1960, 1961.) Work this year was done on plants four to five months of age. It was found that after a treatment period of three months, during which time the plants were exposed to C"-Simazine or C"-Atrazine applied to the soil at a rate of eight pounds per acre, there was no detectable herbicide in the ethanol or chloroform extracts of the plants. With the older plants a greater proportion of the extractable C" was found in the chloroform extract, indicating that there is at least a quantitative difference in the metabolism of these herbicides as the plant ages. This work was supported in part by the Geigy Chemical Company. (T. E. Humphreys) Chemical Dwarfing Agents.-Two dwarfing compounds, Phosfon-tributyl- 2, 4-dichlorobenzyl-phosphonium chloride and CCC-(2-chloroethyl) trimethyl- ammonium chloride, have been tested on a number of turf grasses. The effective range of concentrations necessary to control plant growth is now being tested. The study is also attempting to determine the biochemi- cal, morphological, and anatomical effects of the dwarfing compounds. (G. R. Noggle) Annual Report, 1962 DAIRY SCIENCE The Department of Dairy Science conducts research in dairy husbandry at the Dairy Research Unit at Hague, Florida, and at the West Florida Dairy Unit at Chipley, Florida. Facilities at these two units include ap- proximately 300 and 100 cows, and 1,100 and 200 acres of land, respectively, plus buildings and equipment appropriate to the work in progress. Re- search in this area covers the general area of feeding, breeding, and man- agement of dairy animals and the economic aspects of the production of milk. Research in dairy products is conducted at the Dairy Science building on the campus. A modern dairy manufacturing plant provides facilities for research in many areas of dairy products manufacture including market milk, ice cream, condensed milk, and cottage cheese. Some projects in progress are cooperative with other departments and branch stations. There have been no changes in staff during the past year. ENSILABILITY OF FLORIDA FORAGE CROPS State Project 213 J. M. Wing, R. B. Becker, and C. J. Wilcox Ten experimental 6-ton concrete silos were completed and found to be satisfactory. Comparisons of thick-planted versus row-cropped corn are in progress. Evaluation of previous voluntary consumption and digestion data included four legumes and four grass-type forages with one or more of several forms of preservation. Forage crops tested were alfalfa, hairy indigo, soybeans, lupine, oats, pangolagrass, pearlmillet, and Sart sargo. The forms of preservation included the addition of the following ma- terials in varying quantities: ground snapped corn, citrus pulp, sodium metabisulfite, and zinc bacitracin. All of the species studied are recommended for silage where they are adapted. The data have been prepared for presentation in the form of an Experiment Station bulletin. FACTORS AFFECTING BREEDING EFFICIENCY, ITS POSSIBLE INHERITANCE, AND DEPRECIATION IN FLORIDA DAIRY HERDS State Project 345 R. B. Becker and C. J. Wilcox Records of cow disposals and reproduction were obtained from five co- operating Florida herds. Records also were obtained on tenure and turn- over of bulls in artificial use in 58 artificial breeding organizations in the United States and Canada. Several studs are consolidating for economy of operation, facilitated by conservation of semen with frozen storage. A grant from the National Association of Artificial Breeders contributes to the support of this project. Station Bulletin 639 on "Crampy-Progressive Posterior Paralysis in Mature Cattle" has been published. A brief report on this subject by the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association has been distributed widely. Reports came back that even two-year-old cows have been affected, extending the condition into the range of first-calf heifers. (See also State Project 345, Agricultural Economics Department.) STUDY OF PRODUCTION, REPRODUCTION, AND CONFORMATION OF THE FLORIDA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION DAIRY HERD State Project 575 C. J. Wilcox, R. B. Becker, and S. P. Marshall Production continues to improve in the experimental herd with moderate increases in all of the five dairy breeds. Overall yield per cow was up 8.8 84 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations percent for milk and 8.3 percent for fat. Herd size has remained the same for the past three years. Detailed records on individual cows are being continued. Birth weights, gestation lengths, and other pertinent data on over 2,000 individuals have been transcribed onto punched cards and are awaiting analysis. Estimates of several environmental and genetic parameters concerning these variables will be obtained. A preliminary study of the effects on milk production of year and season of freshening is under way with records from the Jersey herd during 1931-60 being utilized. As usual, most animals in the herd were also assigned to one or more intra- or inter-departmental projects. SUBNORMAL MILK: ITS PRODUCTION, CORRECTION, AND UTILIZATION Hatch Project 667 R. B. Becker, C. J. Wilcox, W. A. Krienke, J. M. Wing, L. E. Mull, and E. L. Fouts The fourth trial was completed on relation of feeding practice to solids- not-fat contents of milk. Corn silage was offered at the rate of 3 pounds per 100 pounds live weight and mixed concentrates were given to balance the offering planned. Four cows received 75 percent of their calculated TDN requirements, four cows received 85 percent, and four cows in the first lactation served as controls. The control cows maintained body weights; whereas, experimental cows on the 85 percent TDN intakes decreased 8 percent in weight and 57 per- cent in milk yield. Those on the 75 percent TDN intake decreased 10 percent in weight and 63 percent in daily milk yields. Butterfat tests in- creased slightly in all groups. The results were not conclusive, but it ap- pears that the cows on the 75 percent TDN requirement level decreased in solids-not-fat somewhat more than those on 85 percent level and those in the 100 percent or control groups. Protein content of milk from all groups increased, but the increase was considerably less in the 75 percent group. Yields of cottage cheese curd were obtained from milk of individual cows at the start and close of the feeding trials. The percentage of curd from the skimmilk, as calculated from the protein and skimmilk solids, appeared unrelated to energy intakes of the cows in the current trial. The curd characteristics of the cottage cheese likewise did not show effects of the energy intakes. The project is closed with this report. MEDICATED FEEDS FOR DAIRY CALVES Hatch Project 781 J. M. Wing, E. L. Fouts, R. B. Becker, and C. J. Wilcox This work concerns the effects of various combinations of possible feed additives on young dairy calves. Body weight gains during the first 60 and 90 days of life of four comparable groups were as follows: no supplement, 49.3 and 93.6; chlortetracycline, 58.6 and 103.7; chlortetra- cycline plus terephthalic acid, 57.0 and 104.4; chlortetracycline and my- costatin, 59.4 and 75.6 pounds. The antagonistic effects of the last two appeared to have been through depression of appetite. A combination of orotic acid and methionine had no effect on growth or the efficiency of feed utilization under the conditions of this experiment. These supplements appeared to stimulate the formation of red blood cells, but this effect was erratic. This project is closed with this report. Annual Report, 1962 DIFFERENTIAL ENUMERATION OF LEUCONOSTOC ORGANISMS IN MIXED STRAIN LACTIC CULTURES State Project 919 K. L. Smith Various enzyme inhibitors were tested in an attempt to find one which would be inhibitory to the members of the genus Streptococcus commonly found in lactic starter cultures but which would allow growth of the associ- ative organisms which belong to the genus Leuconostoc. Both sodium fluo- ride and cysteine were inhibitory to the organisms tested, but both groups exhibited approximately the same tolerance to these two compounds. Sodium fluoride was inhibitory at a molar concentration of 16 x 10 ", and a 10-" molar concentration of cysteine was inhibitory. Five strains each of leuconostoc and streptococcus were tested on a tomato juice agar containing alpha-bromopropionic acid. At a molar con- centration of 8 x 10'-, the acid was inhibitory to the streptococci but would allow normal growth of the leuconostoc. Using the same medium but re- placing the alpha-bromopropionic acid with a 6 x 10-5 molar concentration of iodoacetate produced similar results. These media did not give com- plete enough separation of the two groups to be used in counting leuconos- toc in a mixed culture with streptococci, but they would be useful in isolat- ing leuconostoc from mixed lactic starter cultures. Combining alpha-bromo- propionic acid and iodoacetate in the medium failed to increase the selectivity of the medium. A medium containing molar concentrations of 8 x 10' alpha-bromopropionic acid and 16 x 10- iodoacetate showed no more selec- tivity than did the medium containing the same concentration of only one of the compounds. This project is closed with this report. THE COST AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF GREENCHOP IN FEEDING DAIRY CATTLE State Project 923 J. M. Wing and C. J. Wilcox This is a study of the voluntary intake and digestibility of various for- age crops which are harvested and fed while in the green state. Over 500 individual digestion trials are involved. The forages include oats; white clover alone and with Dallasgrass, pangolagrass, hay, or citrus pulp; Coastal bermudagrass; pangolagrass; pearlmillet; Dallasgrass; soybeans; field peas; green corn; rye; alfalfa alone and with hay, clover, or citrus pulp; Sart sargo; Gahi millet; and Starr millet. Comparisons included plots which were broadcast versus planted in rows. All samples in this trial have been collected and are being subjected to chemical and mathematical analyses. FACTORS AFFECTING CALF STOMACH COMPARTMENT DEVELOPMENT AND OBSERVATIONS OF SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INGESTA State Project 967 S. P. Marshall, R. B. Becker, and K. L. Smith Calves eight to 15 days of age were fed milk or colostrum with most of the fat removed to study the disappearance rate of proteins from the abomasum. Passage of casein, albumin, globulin, and total nitrogen from the abomasum was more rapid after colostrum feedings than fol- lowing the consumption of fresh skimmilk. Lower pH values of abomasal contents appeared to be associated with longer periods of fasting. Small amounts of nitrogen were present in abomasal and rumenal fluids after 48 hours of fasting. This project is closed with this report. Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations EFFECTS OF LEVEL AND METHODS OF CONCENTRATE FEEDING ON DAIRY CATTLE State Project 982 J. M. Wing and C. J. Wilcox The cost of nutrients from concentrate feeds is more nearly comparable to that of forage nutrients than ever before. Hence there has been consid- erable interest in high levels of concentrates in dairy cattle rations. Most studies have shown increased production with increased concentrates, but in such trials the leafy roughage supply was limited. This study concerns the effects of extra concentrates in conjunction with a good leafy roughage program. Ninety lactations were completed by cows assigned to one of three treatment groups: (1) concentrates according to recommended stand- ards; (2) treatment 1 plus individually fed bulky concentrates, and (3) treatment 1 plus group fed bulky concentrates. No significant differences in quantity or quality of the milk were observed. This project is closed with this report. INFLUENCE OF COMPOSITION OF NON-FAT DRY MILK (NDM) ON YIELD OF COTTAGE CHEESE Hatch Project 1046 L. E. Mull and W. A. Krienke Fifteen samples of commercially produced NDM were analyzed. Among these samples the variation in protein content was narrow, being about 0.35 percent from low to high on a 9 percent solids reconstituted basis. The majority of the samples were of excellent bacteriological quality, with only a few classified as slightly questionable based only on total bacterial count. For cottage cheese manufacture two levels of concentration, 10 and 12 percent, were used for the reconstituted skimmilks. Quadruplicate vats of cottage cheese were made at each solids level for a total of 120 vats. Manufacturing characteristics showed wide variations at the two solids levels-12 percent total solids produced a firm coagulum and clear, natural- colored whey which drained easily from the curd. Curd particles were firm, even-textured, and uniform. At the 10 percent level, the whey was light- colored and cloudy, the coagulum was weak, and the whey was difficult to drain from the resulting weak, pasty curd. The average yield of all samples at the 12 percent total solids level was 23.31 percent greater than that for all samples at the 10 percent total solids level after adjusting to a 20 percent total solids basis. Cottage cheese curd yields obtained on the 120 batches were related to the protein content of the reconstituted skimmilks at the two solids levels. An overall summariza- tion of this limited number of samples showed a 1.67 percent increase in yield of cottage cheese curd for each 0.10 percent increment of protein content. GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES UPON COMPOSITION OF MILK RRF Project 1047 C. J. Wilcox, R. B. Becker, W. A. Krienke, (Regional S-49) J. M. Wing, L. E. Mull, and E. L. Fouts Monthly sampling of the 180-cow station dairy herd continued with data accumulated for local and regional use. Some 278 lactation records were forwarded to the regional data collection center. Data from 2,052 milk samples, taken from randomly selected Jersey, Guernsey, and Holstein cows during six consecutive days, were analyzed to obtain estimates of day-to-day variability. Repeatability estimates for fat content ranged from 0.46 to 0.62 for the three breeds studied. Estimates were considerably Annual Report, 1962 higher for other constituents and properties and for milk yield, with 18 estimates ranging from 0.75 to 0.95. Based on the coefficients of variation, pH was the least variable, followed by percent solids not fat, percent pro- tein, percent titratable acidity, percent chloride, milk yield, and percent fat. In the investigations involving these variables, little could be gained by taking samples more frequently than once a week. If particularly sensitive estimates are required, reductions in variances of means based on two samples, rather than a single sample, would be about 7 to 12 percent for percent SNF, 19 to 27 percent for percent fat, 8 to 20 percent for pH, 7 to 9 percent for percent titratable acidity, 5 to 10 percent for percent protein, 7 to 8 percent for percent chloride, and 2 to 3 percent for milk yield. STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS TOXOID IN THE CONTROL OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL MASTITIS Hatch Project 1049 K. L. Smith and C. J. Wilcox During the past year 3,154 aseptically drawn quarter milk samples were tested. Samples containing hemolytic staphylococci constituted about 39 percent, and those containing hemolytic staphylococci plus a leucocyte count of 1 million per ml or more represented about 7 percent of the total samples. During the study of the quarter samples, 400 hemolytic staphylococci were isolated and purified. About 60 percent of the isolates were coagulase positive. The average leucocyte count for the samples not containing hemolytic staphylococci was higher than for those containing hemolytic staphylococci. Some of the samples containing only streptococci had very high leucocyte counts. The average leucocyte count for the samples con- taining hemolytic coagulase positive staphylococci was 1.5 times that for the samples containing hemolytic coagulase negative organisms. Fig. 1.-Staphyloocccus aurens bacteriophage 53 of the Blair-Carr In- ternational Series showing the tail first orientation of the phage particles around two cells of its propagating strain (X 50,000). Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Using the six bacteriophages developed by Seto and Wilson specifically for typing staphylococci isolated from bovine sources, it was found that about 50 percent of the isolates were typed with phage S2. Phage typing using the Blair-Carr International series of phage (Fig. 1) is being done. DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF AN INTEGRATED SILAGE AND GRAZING SYSTEM FOR DAIRY CATTLE State Project 1053 S. P. Marshall, J. B. White, and E. L. Fouts Rotational plantings of corn for ensilage followed by sorghum for en- silage and by oats for forage were made to study an integrated silage and grazing system. Dixie 18 corn planted March 1, 1961, produced an average of 19 tons of fresh ensilage per acre with grain comprising 36 percent of the dry matter. Sorghum planted July 8 produced an average of 6.4 tons of ensilage per acre; 24 percent of the dry matter was grain. Oats seeded October 23 were grazed with heifers from December 13, 1961, through Feb- ruary 26, 1962. The heifers gained an average of 159 pounds in body weight and obtained an average of 1,125 pounds of total digestible nutrients per acre of pasture. Average daily gains of 1.35 pounds by the animals indi- cated pasture quality was good. Since the suitability for ensilage production of sorghum varieties planted in July was uncertain, an early seeding of NK 300 was made for the silage investigation. Ensilage yield averaged 16 tons per acre, and 38 percent of the dry matter was grain. Average daily milk production per cow of 41.6 pounds while on corn silage was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that of 38.6 pounds produced while on sorghum silage. Daily silage dry matter intake per cow averaged 19.0 pounds on corn and 18.2 pounds on sorghum. Supplemental concen- trate allowances were equalized between groups receiving the different silages and averaged 15.8 pounds per cow daily. Apparent digestibility of sorghum silage dry matter was 57.6 percent. (See Project 1053, Agronomy Department.) DIGESTIBILITY OF CAROTENE IN CATTLE Hatch Project 1062 J. M. Wing The objective of this work is to determine whether source or season influence the extent which carotene is absorbed. Digestion trials are being run with six steers, at 30-day intervals, on alfalfa hay and fresh or en- siled grasses and legumes. Five feeding and collection periods have been completed, and chemical analyses are now in progress. MINERAL REQUIREMENTS OF CATTLE Hatch Project 1079 J. M. Wing Six calves were depleted of iron reserves as determined from hematocrit and hemoglobin values. Three depleted and three normal animals were dosed with 400 uc of iron-59 as ferric chloride. The other three depleted calves were treated with ferric oxide. Approximately 60 and 15 percent of the radioactivity as the chloride and oxide, respectively, were recovered in the feces within 96 hours. None appeared in the urine. After 96 hours all subjects were sacrificed, and radioactivity was de- termined on liver, heart, kidney, spleen, bone, and muscle. The chloride, Annual Report, 1962 89 but not the oxide, appeared in these tissues. Depleted animals utilized two to five times as much ferric chloride as did normal calves. (See also Project 1079, Animal Science Department.) THE BACTERIAL FLORA OF INSTANT NON-FAT DRY MILK (INDM) State Project 1114 L. E. Mull and K. L. Smith Six commercial brands of INDM in consumer-size packages from the Gainesville market were sampled monthly for nine months-54 samples total. Standard plating procedures were used to enumerate and isolate organisms. Isolates were purified using standard plating techniques. Ap- proximately 850 isolates have been obtained. Average bacterial count per sample was approximately 2,000 per gram. Incubation temperature apparently had little effect on total count averages. Highest average count was 2,100 per gram at 30C and the lowest was 1,500 per gram at 37 C. Average counts at 32 and 55C were 1,800 and 1,900 per gram, respectively. Identity of the organisms obtained at the different temperatures has not yet been determined. Average count per sample during the five-month period December through April was 2,400 per gram. The November and the May through July samples averaged 1,100 per gram. Of the total isolates approximately 16 percent were G* cocci and 84 percent G- rods. Only one G- rod was iso- lated. Incubation temperature appeared to have a pronounced effect on morphology of isolates, since only four G* cocci of a total of 142 were isolated at 55C. There appeared to be a relationship between the number of cocci present and high bacterial counts; during the five-month period, December to April, when total counts were highest, 25 percent of the isolates were cocci. During the remaining months, when total counts were lowest, only 6.7 percent of the isolates were cocci. Total yeast and mold count on 48 samples of INDM was 26, which indicates that these organisms constitute only a minor part of the total flora. Three more monthly samples of the six brands of INDM will be taken. After the 12-month sampling period, all isolates will be identified to the species level if possible. PRELIMINARY NON-PROJECTED STUDIES Influence of Feeding Arsenic and Lead to Cows Upon Levels Secreted in Milk.-Eight lactating Jersey cows were divided into four groups of two animals each. Lead arsenate levels of 0.00, 5.41, 10.84, and 21.69 mg per 100 pounds of body weight were fed to respective groups of cows. This study is in cooperation with the Citrus Station and results of milk analyses are shown in their report. (S. P. Marshall and E. L. Fouts) The Utilization of Citrus Seeds by Dairy Cattle.-This research was undertaken to determine whether seeds in citrus pulp add to or reduce the nutritional value of the feed. Ten mature milking cows and eight young calves were fed from 1,100 to 1,800 citrus seeds per head daily in addition to the regular feed. Representative fecal samples were examined by dry- ing and sifting through screens. No whole seeds or large particles were found. (J. M. Wing) Hairless Calves (Hypotrichosis).-A report of birth of four hairless Guernsey calves in a cooperating institutional herd was investigated. Both males and females were afflicted, with pedigrees available on three indi- viduals. Gross examination indicated that the condition was similar to one previously reported in Guernseys in 1953. The animals were viable, with a varying degree of hairlessness. The close relationships of the three Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations afflicted animals confirmed a previous report that the condition was genet- ically influenced. The Department of Veterinary Science has cooperated in this investigation with a comprehensive evaluation of skin sections, blood hemoglobin, and tissue samples from various organs. (R. B. Becker and C. J. Wilcox) Mechanical Losses Reduced in Cottage Cheese Manufacture.-Cottage cheese curd was made from skim milk reconstituted to 10 percent and to 12 percent solids of the same lot of non-fat dry milk. Curd yields were ad- justed to a standard 20 percent solids basis. The yield of cottage cheese curd at the 12 percent level was 37.47 per- cent more than at the 10 percent level, although the former contained only 20 percent more solids than the latter. On the basis of solids content the 12 percent skim yielded 13.66 percent more curd than did the 10 percent skim per pound of solids in the skim. Observations made during cooking, washing, and draining indicate that most, if not all, of the loss at the lower solids content was due to very small particles of casein lost mechanically. (L. E. Mull and W. A. Krienke) Composition of Consumer-size Packaged Instant Non-Fat Dry Milk (INDM).-Forty-seven samples of INDM were reconstituted to 10 percent total solids and analyzed for protein and chloride content. Percentage pro- tein was found to be relatively constant using the formol titration method. Approximately 70 percent of the samples contained 3.3, 0.10 percent protein-this small difference was not related to the brand of powder or to the time of sampling. Chloride values, as determined by the AgNO3 method, ranged from about 0.15 to 0.19 percent, with an average value of about 0.17 percent for all samples, which indicates a considerable range in the chloride content of the original skimmilks. When calculated to a 9 percent total solids basis, all chloride values appeared to be somewhat higher than that of normal skim- milk, suggesting that the solids content of the original skimmilk was some- what lower than 9 percent solids not fat. (W. A. Krienke, L. E. Mull, and K. L. Smith) Solids Not Fat (SNF) by Lactometers in Error.-Limited data (34 sam- ples) collected on whole milk of individual cows ranging in protein content formoll titration) from 2.8 to 4.6 percent adjusted to plasma basis (skim milk) show deviations for both the Quevenne and the Watson Lactometers in estimating SNF as compared to values obtained by the Mojonnier Method. The estimated SNF values were low by the Quevenne Lactometer (C.L. + 0.2 X F) by 0.033 for each 0.10 percent increase in protein con- 4 tent of the plasma above 3.1 percent. For the Watson Lactometer the SNF values were low by 0.025 for each 0.10 percent increase in protein content of the plasma above 2.8 percent. At a protein content of 3.8 percent the Quevenne value was low by 0.23 percent and the Watson value was low by 0.26 percent. The study is being continued. (W. A. Krienke) Annual Report, 1962 EDITORIAL Improved facilities allowed the department to become a more effective unit. Multi-inhabited offices were divided, giving each worker a private work space and a telephone. A sound-proof recording booth was constructed, which enabled the department to produce top quality radio tapes. A high- speed tape duplicator was installed to copy the master tapes which were distributed to radio stations, allowing Experiment Station research informa- tion to reach at least 500,000 individuals each week. Television coverage remained at a substantial level. The resignation of two assistant editors during the latter part of the year caused a recession in publication and news activities. BULLETINS AND CIRCULARS The Station printed 95,000 copies of 16 new bulletins totaling 592 pages. Sixty-two thousand copies of eight new circulars totaling 108 pages were printed. One 12-page circular and one 16-page circular were re- printed. Ten thousand copies were ordered. Publications printed were: Number Pages Printed Bul. 632 An Economic and Statistical Evaluation of Grading Cattle, W. K. McPherson, L. V. Dixon, and H. L. Chapman, Jr .............- ..... ............... Bul. 634 An Annotated List of Predators and Parasites Associated with Insects and Mites on Florida Citrus, Martin H. Muma, Allen G. Selhime, and Harold A. Denmark ......... ........ ..................- Bul. 635 Factors Influencing Winter Gains of Beef Calves, F. M. Peacock, J. E. McCaleb, E. M. Hodges, and W G. Kirk ..................................... Bul. 636 Competition Between Florida and California Celery in the Chicago Market, Marshall R. God- win and Billie S. Lloyd ................................... Bul. 637 Chrysanthemum Diseases in Florida, C. R. Jackson and L. A. McFadden ............................ Bul. 638 Long Distance Marketing of Fresh Sweet Corn, R. K. Showalter, A. H. Spurlock, W. Smith Greig, C. S. Parsons, and K. D. Demaree ........ Bul. 639 "Crampy"-Progressive Posterior Paralysis in Mature Cattle, R. B. Becker, C. J. Wilcox, and W R Pritchard .................................. .. .... ....... Bul. 640 Mites Associated with Citrus in Florida, M artin H M um a .............- ....... ......- ........... .... Bul. 641 Utilizing Bagasse in Cattle Fattening Rations, W. G. Kirk, F. M. Peacock, and G. K. Davis...... Bul. 642 Characteristics and Potentialities of the Con- sumer Market for Florida Limes, William T. Manley and Marshall R. Godwin.......................-...... Bul. 643 The Income Implications of Acreage Control for Flue-Cured Tobacco Producers, Levi A. Powell, Sr., Clyde E. Murphree, and Charles D. Covey 6,000 5,000 6,000 4,000 10,000 3,000 24 5,000 40 15,000 6,000 4,000 88 4,000 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Bul. 644 The Effects of Feeding Various Levels and Sources of Phosphorus to Laying Hens, R. H. Harms, C. R. Douglas, and P. W. Waldroup........ 24 6,500 Bul. 645 The Effects of Price Variation, Skin Blemish, and Firmness on Retail Sales of Florida Avo- cados, F. W. Williams, D. L. Brooke, and W. B. Riggan ... ............................ .... .... .... .. ... 40 4,500 Bul. 646 Effect of Grower Diets on the Performance of Egg Production Type Pullets, P. W. Waldroup and R. H. Harm s ........................ .... .......... ..... 24 5,500 Bul. 647 Marketing Florida Ferns, Cecil N. Smith, Don- ald L. Brooke, and Tze I. Chiang ......................... 36 6,500 Bul. 648 Customer Preference Aspects of Competition Between Florida and California Celery, Marshall R. Godwin and William T. Manley ....................... 16 4,000 Cir. S-133 F.46-136, An Early Maturing Sugarcane Variety, F. le Grand and T. Bregger .................. 8 7,500 Cir. S-134 Florida 22-A New Nematode Resistant Flue- Cured Tobacco Variety, Fred Clark ......................- 12 11,500 Cir. S-135 Information to Consider in the Use of Flat- woods and Marshes for Citrus, J. W. Sites, L. C. Hammond, R. G. Leighty, and W. O. Johnson.... 36 6,500 Cir. S-136 Torpedograss and Citrus Groves, D. W Kretchm an ....-....-.. ............................... 12 5,000 Cir. S-137 Floralou, A Disease-Resistant Tomato with Im- portant Refinements, B. F. Whitner, Jr., J. M. Walter, D. G. A. Kelbert, and N. C. Hayslip...... 8 7,500 Cir. S-138 Floridew, A Honeydew Melon for Florida, F. S. Jamison, James Montelaro, and J. D. Norton...- 4 7,500 Cir. S-139 Two New Cantaloupe Varieties for Florida Growers, F. S. Jamison, James Montelaro, and J. D N orton .......-............... .. ....-- ...... .......... 8 10,000 Cir. S-140 Chicken Manure, Its Production, Value, Preser- vation, and Disposition, Charles F. Eno............ 20 6,500 All new publications are sent to libraries and specialists in many states and to county agents and vocational agricultural teachers in Florida. The Mailing Room also distributes the publications upon request. Improvement in readability of the Sunshine State Agricultural Research Report was stressed. Circulation of this 20-page research quarterly con- tinues to increase. Currently 7,500 copies of the magazine are printed. RADIO Live programming of the Florida Farm Hour over WRUF, University radio station, remained at the same level as the past year. The program went into its 34th year with broadcast time from 12:10 to 12:30 p.m., Mon- day through Friday. Experiment Station workers made 236 talks during the year. The 60-second spot announcements continued to increase in popularity. Stations using the spots increased from 7 to 13 during the year. The spots are voiced by the radio specialist, and about half of them deal with Experi- ment Station information. Mimeographed Farm Flashes were sent out daily to 55 radio stations. One-half of these 5-minute features were based on Experiment Station Annual Report, 1962 information. Five short items, usually about 1 minute in length, were sent weekly to the same 55 radio stations for use during station breaks or during farm shows. At least 60 percent of the material came from Experi- ment Station information. The tape service was expanded. Radio stations using the tapes were increased from 8 to 28 stations. Six cuts-each about 5 minutes-were sent weekly to these stations. These tapes featured 167 talks by Experiment Station workers. The Florida Farm Review, a 5-minute summary of agricultural informa- tion, was sent weekly to Associated Press and United Press International news wire services for teletype distribution to their member radio and television stations. Much of the information contained is based on Experi- ment Station material. TELEVISION The weekly television show over WUFT, University educational televi- sion station, was continued. During the 45-week show year, 75 Station researchers appeared on the program. The live show was taped and sent to five stations for showing on a regular schedule basis. Thus, 205 show- ings of this program were made during the year, reaching an estimated 40,000 individuals per week. Five new 15-minute television films were made during the year, which increased the number of films made by the department to 197. These films are loaned to commercial television stations. One station ran a film daily for a five-month period. Four other stations use a film each week for 52 weeks. The television film service reaches an estimated 80,000 viewers each week. About half of these films are on Experiment Station activities. In addition to television use, these films are becoming increasingly popular as teaching films by county agents. NEWS AND FARM JOURNAL STORIES During the year an Experiment Station news letterhead was initiated to better represent the Station in the mass media field. News stories were mimeographed on the new letterhead paper and sent to daily and weekly newspapers, magazines, radio stations, and other mass media outlets. The editor wrote a weekly gardening column which appeared in 23 papers on a regular schedule and in a dozen other papers as filler material. These columns were based on Experiment Station material and reached an estimated 500,000 individuals each week. Local correspondents and farm page editors were assisted in securing material for their own stories. Many correspondents picked up materials for news stories at the branch stations. Also, farm journals continue to use Experiment Station information supplied by Station editors and other staff members. TECHNICAL JOURNAL ARTICLES Papers by research staff members continue to be printed in large num- bers. These appear in technical journals in the United States and a few in foreign countries. Those included in the Journal Series are forwarded to the journals by the Station editorial staff, and reprints are ordered for dis- tribution when they are printed. The series now contains more than 1,400 listings. Following is a list of Journal Series articles printed during the year and those not previously listed: 770. Retention of Fertilizer Elements in Red Bay Fine Sandy Loam. W. K. Robertson and C. E. Hutton. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 158-166. Nov. 1960. 94 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations 778. Evaluation of Mechanical Separators for Cold Damaged Orange W. Grierson and F. W. Hayward. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 73: 278 288. 1959. 1051. The Pseudo-Curly Top Disease in South Florida. John N. Simo"i J. Econ. Entomol. 55: 358-363. June 1962. 1052. Life-History and Behavioral Studies on Micrutalis malleifera, Vectoi of Pseudo-Curly Top Virus. John N. Simons. J. Econ. Entomol| 55: 363-365. June 1962. 1079. Analyses of Pecan, Peanut and Other Oils by Gas-Liquid Chroma tography and Ultra-Violet Spectrophotometry. R. B. French. J. Am Oil Chem. Soc. 39: 176-178. March 1962. 1085. Bitterness in Celery. Huo-Ping Pan. J. Food Sci. 26: 337-344 1961. 1087. Inheritance of a Mutant-1 Phenotype in Pepper. A. A. Cook. Ji Heredity. 52: 154-158. July-Aug. 1961. 1092. A Bacterial Disease of Philodendron. H. N. Miller and Lorne A McFadden. Phytopathology. 51: 826-831. Dec. 1961. 1093. The Carbohydrates in the Peel of Oranges and Grapefruit. S. V Ting and E. J. Deszyck. J. Food Sci. 26: 146-152. 1961. 1102. The Productivity of Snorter Dwarf-Carrier and Non-Carrier Herefor Cattle. J. C. Dollahon, M. Koger, J. F. Hentges, Jr., and A. C. War nick. J. Fla. Acad. Sci. 24: 153-161. Sept. 1961. 1107. Bacterial Stem and Leaf Rot of Dieffenbachia in Florida. Lorne A McFadden. Phytopathology. 51: 663-668. Oct. 1961. 1109. Relative Frequency of Loss of Individual Molars of Rats During Longevity Study. R. L. Shirley, H. D. Wallace and G. K. Davis Jour. Dental Research 40:1155-1159. Nov.-Dec. 1961. 1116. The Influence of Yolk Color upon Yolk Shadow Values, Albumen Quality and Yolk Color Index-Deposition and Color Intensity of Abdominal Fat of Pullet Carcasses. Fred R. Tarver, Jr. Poultry Sci. 40: 987-991. July 1961. 1118. The Effect of Low Storage Temperatures on the Color, Carotenoid Pigments, Shelf-Life and Firmness of Ripened Tomatoes. C. B. Hall. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 78: 480-487. Jan. 1961. 1119. Some Effects of Ultraviolet Light on Barley and Oat Embryos. A. O. Lunden and A. T. Wallace. Crop Sci. 1: 212-215. 1961. 1120. The Relationship of Calcium-Phosphorus Ratios to the Utilization of Plant and Inorganic Phosphorus by the Chick. J. M. Vandepopuliere, C. B. Ammerman, and R. H. Harms. Poultry Sci. 40: 951-957. July 1961. 1122. Gaseous Loss of Ammonia from Surface-Applied Nitrogenous Ferti- lizers. Gaylord M. Volk. J. Agr. and Food Chem. 9: 280. July- Aug. 1961. 1125. Mechanical Transmission of the Infectious Variegations Virus of Citrus. T. J. Grant and M. K. Corbett. Nature. 188: 519-520. 1960. 1127. The Measurement of Bovine Thyroid Activity Using Low Dosages of Radioactive Iodine 1-131. J. R. Howes, W. A. Higinbotham, J. F. Gennaro, and J. P. Feaster. Am. J. Vet. Research. 22: 887. Sept. 1961. 1148. A Three Year Study of Drying High Moisture Snapped Corn with Heated Air. Dalton S. Harrison, and Victor E. Green, Jr. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 19-22. 1960. Annual Report, 1962 1149. Magnesium Content of Pecan Leaves as Influenced by Seasonal Rain- fall and Soil Type. Nathan Gammon, Jr., K. D. Butson, and R. H. Sharpe. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 154-158. 1960. 1190. Relationship of Soil Nitrogen to Crop Response from Fertilizer Ni- trogen Applied to Mineral Soils. W. L. Pritchett, M. N. Malik, and C. F. Eno. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 393-403. 1960. 1191. The Effects of Particle Size and Rate of Solution on the Availability of Potassium Materials. W. L. Pritchett and C. N. Nolan. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 146-153. 1960. 1192. Research and Application of Soil Testing for Organic Soils. Charles C. Hortenstine and W. T. Forsee, Jr. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 363-370. 1960. 1193. Comparison of Summer Cover Crops for Effect on Populations of Subterranean Insect Pests Associated with Corn. Emmett D. Harris, Jr. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 45-49. 1960. 1194. Popcorn Quality and the Measurement of Popping Expansion. Victor E. Green, Jr., and Emmett D. Harris, Jr. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 28-41. 1960. 1200. Growth Characteristics of Dactylella drechsleri n. sp., an Adhesive- Knobbed, Nematode-Trapping Hyphomycete from Florida. A. C. Tarjan. Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata. 14: 136-144. 1961. 1201. Effect of Variation in the Bacterial Spot Pathogen of Pepper and Tomato on Control with Streptomycin. P. L. Thayer and R. E. Stall. Phytopathology. 51: 568-571. Aug. 1961. 1202. Studies on Infection and Immunity with the Lung-Worm Dictyocaulas viviparius (Bloch) II. Active Immunization of Calves. A. E. Wade, L. E. Swanson, Lauretta E. Fox, C. F. Simpson, and T. D. Malewitz, Am. J. Veter. Research. 23: 277-283. March 1962. 1203. Effects of Aluminum on Sunflower Growth and Uptake of Boron and Calcium from Nutrient Solution. Charles C. Hortenstine and J. G. A. Fiskell. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 25: 304-307. July-Aug. 1961. 1205. Date of Planting X Variety Interactions in Grain Sorghum. A. J. Norden. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 61-71. 1960. 1206. Detection of Leptospires in Naturally Infected Dogs, Using Fluores- cein-Labeled Antibody. F. H. White, H. E. Stoliker, and M. M. Gal- ton. Am. J. Veter. Research. 22: 650-654. July 1961. 1207. The Effect of Dietary Protein and Zinc on the Absorption and Liver Deposition of Radioactive and Total Copper. John T. McCall and George K. Davis. J. Nutrition. 74: 45. May 1961. 1210. The Use of Anhydrous Ammonia in the Curing of Hay. Wm. G. Blue and Charles F. Eno. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 99- 104. 1960. 1211. Fertility, as a Limiting Factor for Pastures in Florida. O. Charles Ruelke. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 23-28. 1960. 1212. A Comparison of Oat and Rye Pastures for Fattening Long-Yearling Steers in South-Central Florida. J. E. McCaleb, F. M. Peacock, E. M. Hodges, and W. G. Kirk. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 71-74. 1960. 1213. Tobacco Plant Production as Affected by Plantbed Management Prac- tices. E. B. Whitty and Fred Clark. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 74-93. 1960. 1214. Problems in Grain Sorghum Production in West Florida. M. C. Lutrick. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 41-44. 1960. Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations 1215. Major Insect Problems of Soft (Bast) Fiber Species in South Florida. William G. Genung. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 105-109. 1960. 1216. Effect of Flatwoods Pasture Fertilization on Soil Test Results. C. L. Dantzman, E. M. Hodges, and W. G. Kirk. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 175-178. 1960. 1217. A Study of the Reproducibility of Soil Analysis Results. H. L. Breland and James NeSmith. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 403-418. 1960. 1218. Factors Limiting Field Crop Production in North Central Florida. W. K. Robertson and H. W. Lundy. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 306-307. 1960. 1219. Current Status and Future Development of Research Pertaining to the Nutrient Requirements of Field Crops Growing on the Organic and Sandy Soils of Southern Florida. W. T. Forsee, Jr. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 316-323. 1960. 1220. Limiting Factors in Field Crop Production in Northwestern Florida. C. E. Hutton, M. C. Lutrick and W. K. Robertson. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 298-305. 1960. 1221. Soil Analysis in Florida. Herman L. Breland and James NeSmith. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 356-363. 1960. 1222. Response of Slash Pine to Colloidal Phosphate Fertilization. W. L. Pritchett and K. R. Swinford. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 25: 397-400. Sept.-Oct. 1961. 1223. The Effect of Source and Level of Dietary Protein on the Toxicity of Zinc to the Rat. John T. McCall, Jaque V. Mason, and George K. Davis. J. Nutrition. 74: 51-57. May 1961. 1226. The Influence of Dietary Calcium Level and Supplementary Ascorbic Acid and/or Dienstrol Diacetate upon Performance of Egg Produc- tion Type Hens. R. H. Harms and P. W. Waldroup. Poultry Sci. 40: 1345-1348. Sept. 1961. 1230. A Mutation for Resistance to Potato Virus Y in Pepper. A. A. Cook. Phytopathology. 51: 550-553. Aug. 1961. 1234. Digestibility of Nutrients by Cattle and Sheep Fed Chopped Oat Silage Preserved with Zinc Bacitracin. R. A. Alexander, J. T. Mc- Call, J. F. Hentges, Jr., P. E. Loggins, and G. K. Davis. J. Dairy Sci. 44: 1928-1932. Oct. 1961. 1237. Optical Determination of Spray Coverage. G. J. Edwards, W. L. Thompson, J. R. King, and P. J. Jutras. Agr. Eng. 4: 206-207. 1961. 1238. The Effect of Plant Type upon Corn Earworm Control in Sweet Corn. John W. Wilson and E. V. Walter. J. Econ. Entomol. 54: 689-692. Aug. 1961. 1241. Replacement of Turkey Oak Vegetation with Low Growing Soil Cover. E. G. Rodgers, E. O. Burt, and R. P. Upchurch. Weeds. 10: 48-53. Jan. 1962. 1242. Certain Factors Affecting the Leaching of Potassium from Sandy Soils. C. N. Nolan and W. L. Pritchett. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 139-145. 1960. 1244. The Value of Menhaden Fish Meal in Practical Broiler Diets. R. H. Harms, P. W. Waldroup and C. R. Douglas. Poultry Sci. 40:1617- 1622. Nov. 1961. Annual Report, 1962 1245. Some Considerations Pertaining to the Use of Soil Analysis in Citrus Production. W. F. Spencer. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 20: 374-381. 1960. 1246. Bioassay of Tobacco Ringspot Virus in Cassia occidentalis. D. A. Roberts and M. K. Corbett. Phytopathology. 51: 831-833. Dec. 1961. 1247. Oat Smut Races of the South Atlantic States. H. H. Luke, P. L. Pfahler, and S. J. Hadden. Phytopathology. 51: 490-491. July 1961. 1248. The Effect of Ante-Mortem Injection of Papain on Tenderness of Chickens. D. L. Huffman, A. Z. Palmer, J. W. Carpenter, and R. L. Shirley. Poultry Sci. 40: 1627-1630. Nov. 1961. 1252. The Use of a Color Additive in Bologna. A. Z. Palmer, J. W. Car- penter, and R. H. Alsmeyer. Food Technol. 16: 101-104. 1961. 1253. Winter Injury of Pangolagrass Reduced by Use of Maleic Hydrazide. O. Charles Ruelke. Agron. J. 53: 405-406. 1961. 1254. Evaluation of Ronphagrass for Pasture. O. Charles Ruelke and John T. McCall. Agron. J. 53: 406-407. 1961. 1256. Spray Programs To Control Citrus Rust Mite in Florida. Roger B. Johnson. J. Econ. Entomol. 54: 977-979. Oct. 1961. 1257. Electron Microscope Studies and Staining Reactions of Leptospires. Charles F. Simpson and F. H. White. J. Infectious Diseases. 109: 243. Nov.-Dec. 1961. 1258. The Effect of Gamma Radiation on the Microbial Population of the Soil. Hugh Popenoe and Charles F. Eno. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. (Division III). 26: 164-167. March-April 1962. 1259. The Composition of Three Celery Varieties at Several Stages of Ma- turity. C. B. Hall, H. W. Burdine, and V. L. Guzman. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 78: 361-366. Dec. 1961. 1260. Growth Changes in Three Celery Varieties on Everglades Organic Soils. H. W. Burdine, V. L. Guzman, and C. B. Hall. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 78: 353-360. 1961. 1261. The Phosphorus Requirement of Young Pigs. G. E. Combs, J. M. Vandepopuliere, H. D. Wallace, and M. Koger. J. Animal Sci. 21: 3-8. Feb. 1962. 1263. The Influence of Feeding Various Levels of Velvet Beans to Chicks and Laying Hens. R. H. Harms, Charles Simpson, and P. W. Wal- droup. J. Nutrition. 75: 127-131. Sept. 1961. 1266. Bougainvillea Culture. John Popenoe. Am. Hort. Magazine. 40: 319-324. Oct. 1961. 1268. Comparison of the Thyroid Release of 1-131 by Hereford and Brah- man Cattle Maintained Under Identical Environmental Conditions. J. R. Howes, J. P. Feaster, and J. F. Hentges, Jr. J. Animal Sci. 21:210. May 1962. 1269. Effect of Source and Level of Nitrogen on Semen Production and Libido in Rams. A. C. Warnick, T. N. Meacham, T. J. Cunha, P. E. Loggins, J. F. Hentges, and R. L. Shirley. Fourth Internat. Congress on Animal Reproduction, The Hague, Holland. 4:202-211. 1961. 1270. Soil and Foliar Treatments for the Control of Sclerotiniose of Let- tuce. J. F. Darby. Plant Disease Reporter. 45: 552-556. July 15, 1961. 1272. N, P, and K in Leaves of Citrus Trees Infected with Radopholus similis. A. W. Feldman, E. P. DuCharme, and R. F. Suit. Plant Dis- ease Reporter. 45: 564-568. July 15, 1961. Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations 1274. A Urinofecal Separator for Monkeys. Ralph C. Robbins and James A. Gavan. Proc. Animal Care Panel. 12: 15-18. Feb. 1962. 1275. Some Host-Parasite Relationships in the Curvularia Disease of Glad- iolus in Florida. Curtis R. Jackson. Plant Disease Reporter. 45: 512-516. July 15, 1961. 1276. The Arachnid Order Solpugida in the United States (Supplement I). Martin H. Muma. Am. Museum Nat. Hist., Novitates. 2092: 1-44. June 13, 1962. 1278. Potentiation of Terramycin. II. Evaluation of Low Dietary Calcium in Laying Hen Diets. P. W. Waldroup and R. H. Harms. Avian Dis- ease. 5: 409-414. Nov. 1961. 1279. Quantitative Measurement of Host-Pathogen Interactions. H. H. Luke and P. L. Pfahler. Phytopathology. 52: 340-343. April 1962. 1280. The Cause and Control of Low Viability of Rye. H. H. Luke and P. L. Pfahler. Phytopathology. 52: 344-347. April 1962. 1281. Effects of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on the Enzymes of Gly- colysis and the Pentose Phosphate Cycle. C. C. Black, Jr., and T. E. Humphreys. Plant Physiol. 37: 66-73. Jan. 1962. 1284. Reproductive Performance of Crossbred and Straightbred Cattle on Different Pasture Programs in Florida. M. Koger, W. L. Reynolds, W. G. Kirk, F. M. Peacock, and A. C. Warnick. J. Animal Sci. 21: 14-19. Feb. 1962. 1285. Relationship of Nitrogen and Calcium to "Soft-Nose" Disorder in Mango Fruits. T. W. Young. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 78: 201-208. 1961. 1288. The Influence of Dicoumarol on the Incidence of Blood Spots in Eggs. P. W. Waldroup and R. H. Harms. Poultry Sci. 41: 509-512. March 1962. 1290. The Effect of Water Content and Surface Moisture on the Freezing of Orange Fruits. C. H. Hendershott. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 78: 186-189. 1961. 1291. Control of a Corn Stem Weevil (Hyperodes humilis), and Fall Army- worm with DDT and Parathion in South Florida. Emmett D. Harris, Jr. J. Econ. Entomol. 55: 83-85. Feb. 1962. 1292. Parasitism of Purple Scale in Florida Citrus Groves. Martin H. Muma and D. W. Clancy. Fla. Entomol. 44: 159-165. Dec. 1961. 1293. Effect of Age, Breed and Diet on the Glycogen of the Heart, Liver and Muscle of Cattle. R. L. Shirley, A. C. Warnick, A. Z. Palmer, G. K. Davis, F. M. Peacock, and W. G. Kirk. J. Fla. Acad. Sci. 24: 239-246. 1961. 1295. Further Studies on the Relationship of Egg Production Rate as Af- fected by Feed to Haugh Units of Eggs. R. H. Harms, W. B. Lester, and P. W. Waldroup. Poultry Sci. 41: 576. March 1962. 1296. Gnotobiotic Techniques and the Study of Radopholus similis on Citrus. E. P. DuCharme and R. W. Hanks. Plant Disease Reporter. 45: 742-744. Sept. 15, 1961. 1297. Operation of an Ecological Survey for Florida Citrus Pests. William A. Simanton. J. Econ. Entomol. 55: 105-112. Feb. 1962. 1298. Cytoplasmic Differences in T-type Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Corn and its Maintainer. J. R. Edwardson. Am. J. Botany 49:2: 184-187. Feb. 1962. Annual Report, 1962 1301. Treatment of Citrus Trees with Cynem for Control of Radopholus similis. R. F. Suit and A. W. Feldman. Plant Disease Reporter. 45: 782-786. Oct. 15, 1961. 1302. Peanut Meal as a Source of Protein in Pig Starter and Grower Rations. G. E. Combs and H. D. Wallace. J. Animal Sci. 21: 95-97. Feb. 1962. 1303. Methionine Supplementation of Laying Hen Diets. R. H. Harms, C. R. Douglas, and P. W. Waldroup. Poultry Sci. 41: 805-812. May 1962. 1304. The Effect of Stemphylium Leaf Spot Complex on Yields of Field Planted Blue Lupine. J. R. Edwardson, Homer D. Wells, and Ian Forbes, Jr. Plant Disease Reporter. 45: 958-959. Dec. 1961. 1308. Three Uncommon Watermelon Fruit Rots in Florida. N. C. Schenck. Plant Disease Reporter. 45:841-843. Nov. 15, 1961. 1309. New Phytoseiidae (Acarina: Mesostigmate) from Florida. Martin H. Muma. Fla. Entomol. 45: 1-10. March 1962. 1315. Comparative Digestibility of Nutrients in Roughages by Cattle and Sheep. R. A. Alexander, J. F. Hentges, Jr., J. T. McCall, and W. O. Ash. J. Animal Sci. 21: 373-376. May 1962. 1316. Grapefruit Seed Oil. Rudolph Hendrickson and J. W. Kesterson. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 74: 219-223. 1961. 1317. Do Adhesives Improve Mite Control? Roger B. Johnson. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 74: 13-17. Oct. 1961. 1318. The Effect of Superphosphates on Watermelon Yields. Paul H. Ev- erett. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 74: 158-161. 1961. 1319. Bacterial Spot Control of Pepper with Streptomycin in Central Flor- ida. J. F. Darby. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 74: 161-166. 1961. 1320. Developing New Peach Varieties for Florida. R. H. Sharpe. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 74: 348-352. 1961. 1321. Additional Citrus Rootstock Selections that Tolerate the Burrowing Nematode. H. W. Ford and W. A. Feder. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 74: 50-53. 1961. 1322. Preliminary Studies on Eradication of Root-Knot in Caladium Tubers. H. L. Rhoades. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 74: 393-397. 1961. 1323. A Relationship of Chemical Weed Control to Corn Stem Weevil Con- trol on Sweet Corn. Emmett D. Harris, Jr., and J. R. Orsenigo. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 74: 166-168. 1961. 1324. DDT and Sevin for Earworm Control on Sweet Corn in the Ever- glades. Emmett D. Harris, Jr. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 74: 169-171. 1961. 1325. Leaf Mining Insects, Especially the Serpentine Miners on Vegetable Crop Plants and Their Control. D. O. Wolfenbarger. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 74: 131-133. 1961. 1326. Verticillium Wilt of Okra and Southern Pea in Southern Florida. James W. Strobel. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 74: 171-175. 1961. 1327. Development in Florida of a Different Pathogenic Race of the Fu- sarium Wilt Organism of Tomato. R. E. Stall. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 74: 175-177. 1961. 1328. Effects of Spacing, Fertilizer and Variety upon Pepper Yields. Henry Y. Ozaki. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 74: 178-180. 1961. |