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Florida Agricultural
Experiment Station
Report for the Fiscal Year
Ending June 30, 1910
Florida
Agricultural Experiment
Station
Report for the Fiscal Year
Ending June 30,
1910
Record Co., St. Augustine, Fla.
CONTENTS
PAGc
LETTER OF TRANSMITTA.L TO GOVERNOR OF FLORIDA ......................... vii
BOARD OF CONTROL ...................................................... viii
EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF .................. ........................... viii
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL TO CHAIRMAN OF BOARD OF CONTROL.............. ix
Lines of W ork ............................ ..... ...................... ix
Financial Report ...................................................... xii
Bulletins ................................................. ............ xii
REPORT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRIALIST ....................................... xiv
Dairy H erd ...................................................... xiv
Beef H erd ..................... ....... ........ .................. xiv
Hogs .............................. .............. .............. xiv
Feeding Experiments with Cows.................................. xiv
Pork Production ........... .. ........... ....... .............. xvi
Breeding Experiment .......... ... ..... ..... .................. xvii
Japanese Cane ................. .. ................................ xviii
Corn Variety Test.................. ... .. ..................... xix
Sorghum Variety Test.............. ......... .................. xx
Guinea Grass ................... ............................... xxi
Para Grass ..................................................... xxi
Sweet Potatoes ...... ....... .. ......... xxi
Crops for W inter Pasture....................... .. ............. xxii
Velvet Bean ................................................... xxii
Lyon Bean ............. .......... ....... ..................... xxiii
Cowpeas ................... .......... ..... ..................... xxiii
Kudzu ............................. ........ .................. xxiii
C otton ................................... ...................... xxiii
Additions to Equipment.......................................... xxiv
REPORT OF CHEMIST....................................... ........... xxv
Pineapple Experiments ........ ... ....... .. ................... xxv
Citrus Experiments ... ...... ....... ....................... xxv
Soil Tank Investigations........................ .... ............. xxxii
REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGIST ....... .. ......... ............. .............. xxxv
Spraying with Red Aschersonia................................. xxxv
Fungus in Cold Storage ............................................ xl
Soaps and Spraying Mixtures............... ... .............. xli
Spread of Whitefly............................................ xliii
REPORT OF PLANT PATHOLOGIST.................... .. ................ xlv
Stem-End Rot ................................. ... ............... xv
Gum m osis .......... .... ............... ........ .. ............. xlix
Scaly Bark or "Nail-lead Rust".................................... li
--Citrus Scab. or Verrucosis ........... .............................. liv
Silver Scurf ............... .. ................. .............. v
Brown Fungus of W hitefly................ .......... ............ lvii
A Fungus of Soft Scale-Insects ............................... .... xii
Sugar-Cane Disease; Red Rot................................... Ixiii
REPORT OF ASSISTANT PLANT PHYSIOLOGIST ............................... lxvi
Tissues of the Citrus Tree......................................... Ixvi
Maximum Fertilization ............................................. lxvi
Dieback Experiments ............................................ lxx
REPORT OF ASSISTANT BOTANIST..................................................... Ixxix
Velvet Bean crossed with Lyon Bean.............................. lxxix
Corn Crossing ................................................. xci
Persim m ons ...................... ......... ........ .............. xcii
Sugar-Canes .................. ................................. xcii
Mailing .................................................... xcii
Editorial ........ .................................. ............ xcii
REPoRT OF L Bra ARIAN ................. ... .. ............................. xciii
List of Periodicals..................... ............. ............. ... xciv
iv Contents
BULLETIN 99-MILK PaolucnIox. PAGES 1-10
Introduction .............................................................. 3
Most Profitable Amounts to Feed ......................................... 4
Conditions of the Experiments .................................... ....- 4
First Feeding Experiment ................................................ 5
Second Feeding Experiment... .......................................... 7
Cost of a Gallon of Milk................................................ 9
Bi'LLETIN 100-CoRN. PAGcE 11-26
Introduction ................................ ................. ........... 13
Varieties ............................................. ..... .. 14
Study of V arieties......................... ...... .. ... .. .. ........ 14
Descriptions of Varieties............................... 14
Selection . .. ............................ ........ ..*.*. 19
Selecting from the Crib................................. ........ ..... 19
Testing Seed Corn ................. .. ...... ....................... . 20
Buying Seed Corn ..................... ................... 21
Storage ...................... ..................... ....................... 21
Keeping Seed Corn ........................... .... .................... 21
Storing Corn for Feed ............................ ----.. 22
C culture ............................... ..... .. .......................... 22
Preparing the Land .......................... ... ............... ..... 22
C ultivating ......................... ................................. 23
Conserving Soil M oisture .............................................. 24
Fertilizing ............................................ ................ 25
Disorders Due to W rong Culture..................................... 26
BULLETIN 101-Pit. iTI.E CULTURE VI. THE EFFECT OF FjrTILIZsRS UPON
IiE Q[IALITY OF THE FRUIT. PAGES 27-42
Introduction ..... ........... ... ... ............. .............. 29
Plan of Experim ent ......................... ............................. 29
Sampling and Analys ........... ...................................... 30
Collecting Fruit ....................................................... 30
Preparation of Samples.................... ................... 30
M ethods of Analysis .................................................. 30.
Results for 1905.................................. .. ....................... 32
Results for 1906 ............ .......... ................... ...... 34
Results for 1907.................................................. 36
Results for 1908...................................................... 37
General Results ......................... ............................. 41
Summary ............................................................ 42
Bt.i.Crt.i 102-THE VELVET BEAN. PAC.E.S 43-58
H history ............. ..................................................... 45
Planting ................................................................. 46
Time of Planting .......................... .................... 46
Seed ....................................... ......................... 46
Seed Selection ................... ............ ... ................. 47
Preparation of Seed Bed .............................................. 47
Method of Planting................................................... 47
Cult;i action ............ ............................. .................... 49
Fertilizer ................................. ... ........ .. .................. 40
H harvesting .................................................. ............. 50
U ses ............... .................................................... 50
As a Soil Renovator............................................... 50
As Forage ......................................................... 52
As Feed ..................................... ......................... 53
For Pork Production................................................. 53
For Beef Production.................................................. 54
For Milk Production................................................. 56
Objections to Velvet Beans as Feed....................................... 57
Insect Enemies ....................................... .... ............... 57
Remedy ............................................................ 58
Contents
PRESS BULLETINS
118.-Guava Jelly.
Amounts of Juice and Sugar.
How Far to Boil.
Jelly-making.
119.-Bulletins and Reports on Hand.
120.-Care of Dairy Utensils.
Clean Water.
Washing Vessels.
Keeping Clean.
Sunning.
121.-Humus as a Soil Improver.
Uses of Humus.
On Sandy Soils.
How to Increase Ilumus.
122.-Scur or 111-flavored Milk.
How to Control Bacteria.
How Bacteria Affect Milk.
Practical Rules.
123.-Smoky Fungus of Oranges.
Symptoms.
Remedy.
How and When to Spray.
124.-When to Spray for Whitefly.
Stages of Whitefly.
When to Spray.
Spraying Solutions.
125.-Preparing for Cane-Grinding.
Stripping.
Topping.
Cutting.
Windrowing.
126.-Cane-Grinding.
The Cane Mill.
The Foundation of the Mill.
Setting the Mill in Position.
Straining the Juice.
127.-Syrup-making.
The Evaporator.
Skimming.
Density of the Syrup.
The Best Package.
128.-How Fertilizers Injure Citrus
Trees.
Absorbing Portion of Rootlets.
Structure of Rootlets.
Absorption of Water.
Absorption of Fertilizers.
Effects of Poisonous Salts.
129.-Japanese Sugar-Cane for Forage.
Feeding Value.
Silage, Pasture, and Hay.
Planting.
130.-Cutting Down the Fertilizer BilL
Cost of Nitrogen in Fertilizers.
Free Nitrogen from the Air.
Fertilizing Cotton and Citrus.
t31.-Stem-end Rot of Citrus Fruits.
Description.
Other Citrus Fruit-Rots.
Cause.
Suggestion as to Treatment.
Specimens Wanted.
132.-Keeping Dairy Records.
Failures in Dairying.
Business Methods.
Sample Records.
Comparison.
133.-Winter Pruning for Withertip.
How to Prune.
When to Prune.
Other Effects of Withertip.
134.-Gummosis of Citrus Trees.
Description.
Distinction from Scaly Bark and
Foot-Rot.
Treatment-
135.-The Protection of Citrus Trees
from Drought.
Results of Lack of Water.
Mulching.
136.-Seed Corn.
First Selection.
Sound Seed.
Second Selection.
Testing Seed.
Keeping Seed Corn.
137.-Keeping Corn from Weevil.
Kind of Cribs Necessary.
How to Fumigate.
Faulty Cultural Methods.
138.-Fertilizing Constituents Removed
in an Orange Crop.
Fertilizing Constituents in Av-
erage Orange Crop.
Other Losses of Fertilizing In-
gredients.
Comparison With Cotton.
Analyses of Oranges.
139.-Bulletins and Reports on Hand.
140.-Burning Fertilizer.
Burning Destroys Ammonia.
Waste of Humus by Burning.
Plowing Under.
141.-Stem-end Rot of Citrus Fruits-II
Description.
Cause.
How the Disease Spreads.
Suggestions.
142.-Melanose.
Remedy.
Symptoms.
Distribution.
143.-Winter Treatment for Whitefly.
Methods of Treatment.
Localities Just Becoming In-
fested.
Badly Infested Localities.
vi Contests
144.-Fert;lizing Value of Old Pine- 147.-Scaly Bark.
apple Plants. Spraying with Bordeaux Mix-
Amount of Dry Material. ture.
Amount of Fertilizing Constitu- Effects of Bordeaux Mixture.
ents. Description of the Disease.
How to Utilize the Material. Distinction from Gummosis.
Improvement of the Soil. Cause of Scaly Bark.
145.-Citrus Scales and Whitefly. 148.-Using Ground Limestone.
When to Spray. Deficiency of Lime.
Whitefly and Increase of Scales. Amount of Limestone to Apply.
When to Apply Ground Lime-
146.-Sorghum for Pasture. stones.
Varieties. Where Limestone is Found.
Time of Planting. Advantages over Lime.
How to Plant. 149.-Spring Treatment for Whitefly.
Fertilizing. Spring Spraying.
Cultivation. The Fungous Diseases.
Pasturing. 150.-Red-Rot of Sugar-Cane.
Description.
Means of Control
INDEX TO REPORT, BULLETINS, AND PREss BuETIN
Hon. A. W. Gilchrist. Governor of Florida, Tallahassee, Fla.
SIR: I have the honor to herewith transmit the Annual Report of
the Director of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1910. Respectfully,
P. K. YONGE,
Chairman of the Board of Control.
BOARD OF CONTROL
P. K. YoN~vc, Chairman. Pensacola, Fla.
T. B. Kix.v;, Arcadia. Fla.
E. L. WARTMANN, Citra, Fla.
F. P. Fr.i-.1xc,. Ju.. Jacksonville, Fla.
W. D. Fix s.LASON. Old Town, Fla.
STATION STAFF
P. H. Rot.rs, MA.S.. Director.
J. M. ScoTT, B.S.. Animal Industrialist and Assistant Director.
A. W. BLuIR, A.M\I.. Chemist.
E. W. BERcER Ph.D.. Entomologist.
H. S. FAWCETT, M.S., Plant Pathologist.
B. F. FLOY, A.M.. Plant Physiologist.
JoHN BELLING, B.Sc., Assistant Botanist and Editor.
S. E. COLLISON, M.S.. Assistant Chemist.
JOHN SCHNABEL, Assistant Horticulturist.
0. F. BURGER, A.B., Laboratory Assistant to Plant Pathologist.
A. B. MAssEY, B.S., Laboratory Assistant to Entomologist.
B. B. EZELL, B.S.. Laboratory Assistant to Plant Physiologist.
MRs. E. W. BERGER, Librarian.
BERTH.A EVES, Secretary.
K. H. GRAHAM, Auditor and Bookkeeper.
M. CREws, Farm Foreman.
ALFRED DICKINSON. Gardener.
Report for Fiscal Year Ending
June 30, 1910
ilHon. P. K. Yonge. Chairman Board of Control.
SIR: I have the honor to submit herewith my report on the work
and condition of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station for the
fiscal year ending June 30. 1911i. and I respectfully request you to
transmit the same. in accordance with the law. to the Governor of
the State of Florida. Respectfully,
P. H. ROL.s.
Director.
LIN E oF WORK
During the present fiscal year, the main lines of work laid down
by the projects of former years have been continued farther. In
some cases projects have been somewhat extended, but no radical
changes have been made. These projects group themselves under
the following heads: (1) Horticulture, (2) Animal Industry, (3)
Agronomy, (4) Chemistry. (5) Entomology, (6) Plant Pathology,
(7) Plant Physiology. (8) Co-operative work with the United States
Department of Agriculture.
HORTICULTURE.-The work under this head is essentially the same
as that carried out last year. Several distinct branches are being
taken up.
Vegetables.-A number of well-known varieties of vegetables have
been grown to determine their special merits, rather with the view of
plant breeding, than solely that of testing particular varieties. Egg-
plants, peppers, tomatoes, and sweet corn have been planted this year,
in order to decide definitely as to their qualities and their adaptability
to local conditions.
Deciduous Fruits.-The numbers of kaki, plum, and peach trees
have been somewhat increased. These trees will be needed in the
future for experimental work. No attempt is being made to plant these
trees on a large scale, since any experiments needing large numbers
of trees could be carried on more cheaply and effectively in a co-
-operative way in orchards that are already established. A number of
foreign and new home varieties have been planted out to ascertain
their merits and weaknesses.
Citrus Orchard.-The citrus orchard has been somewhat extended.
It includes only hardy types of citrus fruits budded on trifoliate stock.
The Experiment Station is located too far north for conducting experi-
ments with citrus trees on a large scale on the Station grounds; still
it is necessary to grow a certain number of varieties for carrying out
-the technical work in chemistry, pathology, physiology, etc.
x Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
Miscellaneous.-A portion of the grounds has been set aside for
miscellaneous work, especially for growing seeds from foreign coun-
tries which are thought to be valuable in our climate and under our
conditions of soil, etc. Several hundred sorts of seed of this descrip-
tion have been received from time to time from various places. Quite
a large part of these must necessarily prove failures, but it is not
possible to tell beforehand which will be of service to us and which
will not. Among the seeds that have made a notable success during
this year may be mentioned the Rhodes grass of South Africa, Soudan
grass, and a new variety of Para grass. The Yokohama bean has
proven less successful this year than in former years.
ANIMAL INDUSTRY.-The principal line of work continued this
year has been the testing of the value of Florida-grown feed-stuffs, in
connection with cattle and hogs. Commercial feed-stuffs were used
as a check in these experiments. A considerable amount of valuable
information has been secured, including exact data as to the quantity
of milk and pork that can be produced from definite amounts of Flor-
ida-grown feeds. Various grasses and legumes that have been tested
in the vegetable garden and found promising have been planted on a
larger scale, in order to be used for feeding experiments, or to ascer-
tain their yield per acre.
AGRoNoMY.-The work of cotton-breeding started five years ago
has been continued, and selections are being made with a view of
deciding between strains that show good qualities, the object being to
arrive at a pure-bred Florida Sea-Island cotton. Corn-breeding has
also been continued on the same lines as heretofore. The principal
work in corn-breeding is now being conducted with native varieties
that are more or less perfectly adapted to our conditions, since the
starchy Northern varieties have proven themselves less well adapted to
our climate. The selection of sorghums has been continued. The
growing of the Lyon bean on a large scale has proven quite successful,
and has given us abundant data as to the behavior of this crop. The
breeding of the Velvet bean with a view of getting a vineless variety
has been continued. The plants of the second generation from the
cross between the Velvet and Lyon bean are being grown on a large
scale, in order to make selections, and secure, if possible, bush varieties,
or varieties that show greater earliness, greater yield, or other good
qualities.
CHEMISTRY.-The work in the pineapple field has been brought to a
conclusion, and the final bulletin on the subject has been prepared for
publication. A brief resume of the whole of the work will be printed
in this bulletin.
The experimental work in the fertilization of citrus orchards has
been continued. Numerous analyses of the soils, measurements of
trees, and analyses of parts of trees are being made. Records as to
soil temperature, air temperature, and rainfall are being kept.
Measurements of the growth of the trees, as well as data regarding
changes in the soils are being taken from time to time. Measurable
variations occur in these respects among the forty-eight plots in the
experimental grove.
Annual Report, 19ro
ENTOMOLOGY.-The principal work in Entomology has been
directed toward the control of the whitefly. Further data have been
collected in regard to the effect of climatic and other conditions on
the spread of the fungi which are parasitic on the whitefly. Investiga-
tions into the life-history of the whitefly, as well as a study of the two
chief species of whitefly affecting citrus trees in Florida, have been
carried on.
PLANT PATHOLOGY.-The work on the scaly-bark disease of
oranges has approached its termination, since the nature of the disease
is now thoroughly understood, and effective remedies have been worked
out. All that is now needed is for the owners of diseased groves to
apply the remedies which are at their disposal. A disease which attacks
citrus fruit when nearly mature, mature fruit, and fruit in transit to
the market, and causes much damage, is now the object of research.
The work was taken up promptly, and has been carried forward as
vigorously as possible. The life-history of the fungus causing this
dropping of fruit was unknown, and consequently much experimental
work was needed to determine the manner of infection and the condi-
tions responsible for the spread of the disease. Co-operative work in
the field has been carried on quite extensively. Much work has also
been done on a disease causing exudation of gum from the smaller
branches and trunks of citrus trees.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY.-The lines of work carried on by the Plant
Physiologist are essentially the same as those that were started some
time ago. Large numbers of data have been collected, and some inter-
esting results have been obtained. The principal experimental work has
been the studying of the nutrition of the citrus tree, and the conditions
which bring about malnutrition.
CO-OPERATIVE WORK WITH THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL-
TURE.-The United States Department of Agriculture is carrying on a
considerable amount of investigational work in Florida. As far as has
been found possible, the Experiment Station has co-operated with these
lines of work. Co-operative experiments are now being carried on
with the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, with
the Bureau of Chemistry, with the Bureau of Plant Industry, and with
other workers in the Department of Agriculture. The co-operative
experiments carried on with the Bureau of Chemistry for the past five
years with sweet corn have terminated. Experiments in the growing
of cantaloupes have been taken up in their place. In the co-operative
work, we have planted out and tested large numbers of legumes, grasses,
and other such plants, as well as a considerable number of trees, that
have been sent for testing purposes.
Special assistance has been given to the diversification and demon-
stration workers sent here by the United States Department of Agri-
culture. Every effort has been made to facilitate their work as much
as possible. A considerable amount of thoroughbred cotton seed was
furnished by the Station for distribution last year, as well as sorghum
seed.
The changes in the station staff during the fiscal year have been
few and unimportant. B. F. Floyd, formerly Assistant in Plant Phy-
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
siology, was appointed Plant Physiologist on July 1, 1910. A. B.
Massey, B.S., accepted the position of Assistant to the Entomologist
on January 24, 1910. On April 1, 1910, Mr. John Schnabel accepted
the position of Assistant Horticulturist. On June 1 Alfred Dickinson
resigned the position of Gardener.
FINANCIAL REPORT
The following financial report has been prepared by Mr. K. H.
Graham, auditor.
FINANCIAL REPORT FOR YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1910
RECEIPTS
Balance from last year's incidental funds............................. $ 31.16
Adams fund appropriation ........................ ................ 13.000.00
Hatch fund appropriation ......................................... 15,000 00
Proceeds from sale of farm products and fees ..................... 1,143.79
Total..................................... .................... $29,174.95
FXPEN.rTURES
Salaries ...................................
Labor .....................................
Publications ......................... .....
Postage and stationery .......................
Freight and express .........................
Heat, light...water. and power.................
Chemical supplies ...........................
Seeds, plants, and sundry supplies..............
Fertilizers ...................................
Feeding-stuffs ...............................
Library ...................................
Tools, implements and machinery .............
Furniture and fixtures .......................
Scientific apparatus ..........................
e stock ............ .....................
Traveling expenses ..........................
Contingent expenses .........................
Buildings and land ...........................
Balance ....................................
Hatch. Adams.
$ 7,347.96 $ 9,130.63
2.278.39 130.97
1,124.53 .......
508.86 4.75
89.98 279.70
53.41 138.27
5.77 661.39
337.21 421.87
117.77 51.32
951.30 .. ...
308.56 91.56
115.71 33.30
72.64 14.04
1.80 895.51
542.50 .......
483.72 496.73
15.00 .......
665.49 649.96
15.000......00 $13.......
$15,000.00 $13,000.00
Total ........................................................ $29,174.95
BULLETINS
The following press bulletins and bulletins, with the annual report,
were published during the year.
PRESS BU1.LETINS
No. Title Date. Author
118. Guava Jelly ..................... July 10, 1909........ John Belling
119. Bulletins and Reports on Hand... July 10, 1909........
120. Care of Dairy Utensils........... July 17, 1909........ J. M. Scott
121. Humus as a Soil Improver........ July 31. 1909........ A. W. Blair
12L Sour or Ill-Flavored Milk........ Aug. 81, 1909 ........J. M. Scott
123. Smoky Fungus of Oranges....... Sept. 18, 1909 ........ H. S. Fawcett
Other
sources.
$ 10.00
114.91
15.50
65.85
7.75
1.00
5.63
29.20
17.69
15.85
8.00
17.34
7.20
305.18
555.85
$ 1.174.95
Annual Report, 19io
124. When to Spray for Whitefly...... Sept.
125. Preparing for Cane-grinding...... Oct.
126. Cane-grinding .................. Oct.
127. Syrup-making .................. Oct.
128. How Fertilizers Injure Citrus
Trees ......................... Oct.
129. Japanese Sugar-cane for Fnrage.. Oct.
130. Cutting Down the Fertilizer Bill.. Nov.
131. Stem-end Rot of Citrus Fruits.... Nov.
132. Keeping Dairy Records........... Dec.
133. Winter Pruning for Withertip.... Dec.
134. Gummosis of Citrus Trees........ Dec.
135. Protection of Citrus Trees from
Drought ...................... Dec.
136. Seed Corn .................. Jan.
187. Keeping Corn from Weevil....... Jan.
138. Fertilizing Constituents Removed
in an Orange Crop ............ Jan.
139. Bulletins and Reports on Hand... Jan.
140. Burning Fertilizer ............... Jan.
141. Stem-end Rot of Citrus Fruits, II. Feb.
142. Melanose ...................... Feb.
143. Winter Treatment for Whitefly... Feb.
144. Fertilizing Value of Old Pine-
apple Plants .................. Feb.
145. Citrus Scales and Whitetly....... Mar.
146. Sorghum for Pasture ............ Mar.
147. Scaly Bark ...................... Apr.
148. Using Ground Limestone ......... Apr.
149. Spring Treatment for Whitetfly... Apr.
150. Red-rot of Sugar-cane........... May
BULLETINS
99. Milk Production: 10 pages....... July,
100. Corn; 16 pages................. Dec.,
101. Pineapple Culture. VI. The
Effect of Fertilizer upon the
25, 1909 ........ E. W. Berger
2, 1901 ........ C. K. McQuarrie
9, 19o0 ........ C. K. McQuarric
1o, 1009 ........ C. K. McQuarrie
23, 1000........ B. F. Floyd
30, 1009......... J. M. Scott
13. 19O. ........ A. W. Blair
27. 19o9 ........ H. S. Fawcett
4, 1900 ........ J. M. Scott
II, ti...... .. H. S. Fawcett
18. 191. ....... 1H. S. Fawcett
27, 1909o......... B. F. Floyd
1. l1910........ P. H. Rolfs
8, lo1 ........ C. K. McQuarrie
15, tot10........ S. E. Collison
15, 1911) ........
29, 1910........ J. M. Scott
5, 1910 ........ H. S. Fawcett
12, 1910o........ B. F. Floyd
19. 1910........ E. W. Berger
26. 1910........ A. W. Blair
5, 1910........ E. W. Berger
12. 1910 ........ J. M. Scott
2, 1910 ........ H. S. Fawcett
9, 1010 ........ A. W. Blair
to, 1910........ E. W. Berger
14, 19l10........ H. S. Fawcett
1909 ............ J. M. Scott
1909 ........... P. H. Rolfs
Quality of the Fruit; 1t pages.. Jan., 1910 ........... A. W. Blair and
R. N. Wilson
102. The Velvet Bean: 16 pages...... April, 1910........... J. M. Scott
ANNUAL REPORT for 1009:; 0 pp., with index to all bulletins.
Florida AgricultUral Esferimen Station
REPORT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRIALIST
P. H. Rolfs, Director.
SIR: I have the honor to submit the following report of the De-
partment of Animal Industry for the year ending June 80, 1910.
DAIRY HEm
Four grade Jersey heifers have been added to the dairy herd during
the year. In the past year the dairy cows have been bred to a Jersey
bull, and all heifer calves will be retained to replace the older cows and
also to increase the number of cows in the herd.
BEr HERD
Since the last report there have been sold six Shorthorn bulls. These
bulls have gone to farmers in the State. The purchasers were all men
who appreciate the possibility and advantages of the improvement of
our native cattle. The improvement that is likely to come from these
six bulls cannot at the present time be estimated.
The bull, Victor Cup No. 275108, died last October. The direct
cause of death was an abscess in the region of the left kidney.
HoGs
The herd of swine consists of four Berkshire sows and one boar.
The four sows were bred and raised on the station farm. The boar,
Arcadia's Orphan Boy 128584, was purchased from Charles H. Simp-
son of Milton, Florida.
FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH COWS
During the year one feeding experiment was conducted with the
dairy herd for milk production. The test was a comparison of cotton-
seed meal, wheat bran, and Japanese cane silage, with Velvet beans in
the pod, wheat bran, and Japanese cane silage. For this test six cows
were selected from the herd and divided into two lots of three cows
each. Due consideration was given to the lactation period of each cow,
so that the two lots were equal in this respect. The test was begun on
January 11, 1910, and ended March 30, 1910. It was divided into four
periods of sixteen days each, with a space of five days for the purpose
of changing feeds between each period.
From an examination of the following tables it will be seen that
there is practically no difference in the total amount of milk produced
with the two rations. The difference between the weights of each lot
of cows at the beginning and at the end of the test would go to show
that there was but little to choose between the two rations. This would
also indicate that the rations fed were nearly correct for the mainten-
ance of the animal body and for the production of milk, since there
was but a slight gain in the weight of all the cows.
However, the most important consideration to the Florida farmer
is the fact that the Velvet bean is a cheaper protein dairy feed than
cottonseed meaL
Annual Report, ip9o xv
In this test, Velvet beans in the pod were not equal to cottonseed
meal pound for pound, but 816 pounds of Velvet beans in the pod,
when fed with wheat bran and silage, produced as much milk as did
576 pounds of cottonseed meal when fed with wheat bran and more
silage. The cost per gallon of milk was 16.5 cents for the cottonseed
meal ration, and only 13.3 cents for the Velvet bean ration. Thus there
is a difference of 3.2 cents per gallon in favor of Velvet beans. Al-
though the Velvet bean has been grown in Florida for about thirty
years, yet it is a crop that is not even yet appreciated by farmers in
general as much as it should be. At the present time there are perhaps
not over 30,000 acres of Velvet beans in the State. There should be
ten times as much.
The results of this test indicated that if cottonseed meal is worth
$1.60 per hundred, Velvet beans in the pod are worth $1.58 per hun-
dred. Another point in favor of the Velvet beans is that when Velvet
beans in the pod are fed it will require 30 per cent. less roughage to
supply the needs of the animal. This is a point of considerable im-
portance with the dairymen, since they are generally short on rough-
age.
The following tables give the results of the experiment in detail.
TABLE I
FE.DS FOR EACH PERIOD AND MILK PRODUCnD
First Period-January 11 to January 26, 1910.
Lot 1. Pounds Lot II.
Wheat bran .................. 480.0 Wheat bran ....
Velvet beans in pod ........... 204.0 Cottonseed meal
Japanese-cane silage ........... 1176.0 Japanese-cane sila
Milk produced ............. 766.4 Milk produced
Second Period-February 1 to 18. 1910.
Lot 1. Pounds
Wheat bran ................... 480.0
Cottonseed meal ............... 144.0
Japanese-cane silage ........... 1632.0
Milk produced .............. 724.1
Pounds
............. 480.0
............ 144.0
ge ......... 1632.0
............. 707.8
Lot II. Pounds
Wheat bran ................ 480.0
Velvet beans in pod........... 204.0
Japanese-cane silage .........1176.0
Milk produced ............. 6581
Third Period-February 22 to March 9, 1910.
Lot 1. Pounds Lot II. Pounds
Wheat bran .................. 480.0 Wheat bran ................ 480.0
Velvet beans in pod ........... 204.0 Cottonseed meal ............ 144.0
Japanese-cane silage........... 1176.0 Japanese-cane silage ........ 1032.0
Milk produced ............. 698.7 Milk produced .............. 599.6
Fourth Period-March 15 to 30, 1910.
Lot I. Pounds Lot II. Pounds
Wheat bran .................. 480.0 Wheat bran ................ 480.0
Cottonseed meal .............. 144.0 Velvet beans in pod ......... 204.0
Sorghum silage ................1632.0 Sorghum silage ..............1176.0
Milk produced ............. 788.8 Milk produced ............ 676.5
Daily Rations per Head for Each Lot.
Lot I. Pounds Lot II. Pounds
Wheat bran .................. 10.0 Wheat bran ................ 10.0
Velvet beans in pod ............ 425 Cottonseed meal ............. 3.0
Japanese-cane silage ........... 24.50 Japanese-cane silage ......... 34.0
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
TABLE II
WaIGrTS or Cows
January 11, 1910-Beginning of First Period
vet beans in pod.) Lot II. (Cottonseed meal.)
Pounds
Cow No. 0...................... 685
Cow No. 8...................... s05
Cow No. 11 ..................... 655
Pounds
Cow No. 2.................... 830
Cow No. 5.................... 703
Cow No. 13................... 720
January 26, iOOo-End of First Period
Pounds Pounds
Cow No. 0 ...................... 660 Cow No. 2 .................... 830
Cow No. s...................... 70o Cow No. 5 .................... 702
Cow No. I I ..................... 668 Cow No. 13................... 759
February 16. 1910-End of Second Period
Lot I. (Cottonseed meal.) Lot II. (Velvet beans in pod.)
Pounds
Cow No. ( ...................... 644
Cow No. s...................... 686
Cow No. 11 ..................... 643
Pounds
Cow No. 2................... 804
Cow No. 5.................... 684
Cow No. 13................... 713
March 0, 1910-End of Third Period
Lot I. t(Velvet beans in pod.)
Pounds
Cow No. 6.. ................... 629
Cow No. S...................... 660
Cow No. 11 .................... 621
Lot II. (Cottonseed meal.)
Pounds
Cow No. 2 .................... 783
Cow No. 5 ................... 666
Cow No. 13:.................. 729
March 30. 1910-End of Fourth Period
Lot I. (Cottonseed meaL) Lot II. (Velvet beans in pod.)
Pounds Pounds
Cow No. 6 .................... 682 Cow No. 2................... 853
Cow No. s ........................ 719 Cow No. 5 .................. 693
Cow No. 11 ..................... 681 Cow No. 13 ................... 730
PORK PRODUCTION
The experiment on pork production was made with five Berkshire
pigs.
At the beginning of the test the pigs averaged 118.6 pounds each.
They were fed for a period of 51 days, during which time they gained
182 pounds. This is not a big, but only a fair gain in weight. When
sold at the end of the test the buyer objected that they were too fat to
furnish the best quality of pork. A glance at Table III shows the cost
per pound of gain to be 8.6 cents. Had the pigs been sold after they
had been on feed for 30 days, on February 27, the cost per pound of
gain would have been only 6% cents. This shows that there is more
profit to be made from a short feed than from a long one. After the
animal has reached a certain degree of fatness the rate of gain de-
creases, and this increases the cost per pound of gain.
Lot I. (Veli
Annual Report, 1910 xvi;
TABLE III
PIc-FrEEDING EXPERIMENT, 1010
WEIGHTS AND GAINS
Pounds.
January 29, 1910, weight at beginning of test (5 pigs)....................593
March 20, 1910, weight at end of test (51 days; 5 pigs)...................775
Total gain in 51 days ............................................... 182
Average daily gain ............................................. .... .71
Average daily gain per 1,000 pounds live weight...................... 6.02
Cost per pound of gain............ .. ............................... $ .086
TABLE IV
Cost Or F.EDS
042 pounds of corn, at $1.75 a hundred................................$ 11.23
042 pounds of Velvet beans in pod, at 30 cents per hundred............ 1.03
1,275 pounds of Japanese cane, at 20 ceint- per hundred .. ............... 2.55
Total .................................... . .. ............... $1 .71
BREEDING EXPERIMENT
The breeding experiment mentioned in the previous report has
progressed far enough to show some results.
The Shorthorns at birth averaged .5'/i. : the llerefords, 52; and the
Natives, 47'/ pounds. At one year of age the average weight for these
steers was: Shorthorns, *44 ',; Herfords, *.1'5; and Natives. 447%a
pounds. This shows that the Shorthorns have made an average daily
gain in weight for the first year of 1.0U7 pounds per (lay; the Herefords
an average daily gain of 0.97 pounds per day for the first year; and
the Natives an average daily gain for the first year of 1.095 pounds.
This shows a slight difference in favor of the Natives.
TABLE V
BREEDING EXPERIMENT-WtIGnTS
Breed. i.2 -
_____________ _o_ o __ -, -
Grade Shorthorn (Red) ....... 52 390 425 502 528 56M
(Brindle) ... 61 33o 470 472 507 532
Grade Hereford (Steer) ....... 52 265 442 410 442 486
(Heifer) ..... 52 340 368 442 475 510
Native (Spotted) ............. 48 310 485 487 515 562
- ( Red) ................ 47 325 410 467 490 1 5n
In my report for the year ending June 30, 1908, in Table XII, page
xxviii, are given the live weight, dressed weight, etc., of 27 head of
cattle. If we take the live weight of steers Nos. 1 to 10. inclusive.
which are all three years of age or over, we find that the average weight
of these was only 515.5 pounds. These were all native steers raised
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
on the open range under range conditions. In the above experiment
we have steers one year old weighing 447.5 pounds. How do we ac-
count for this great difference? Or is it only possible to increase the
weight of these latter animals by 68 pounds in the next two years? If
this is so we had better sell our steers at one year of age, and in this
way make a larger net profit per head. However, I do not believe this
is the case, but rather that the low weight is due to the lack of feed
and care given the calves from weaning time until two years of age.
The calves when weaned require a little extra attention to see that they
have at all times an abundance of good nutritious feed. This can easily
be supplied with such feeds as Velvet beans and Japanese cane. If the
calves in this breeding experiment had been turned out on the open
range to hustle for themselves, they would on March 1, 1910, have been
from 25 to 50 per cent. lighter in weight than when weaned in October.
It will be found much cheaper to push the young animals as rapidly as
possible before they are two years of age. The younger the animal,
the more rapid is the gain, and the cheaper is the cost per pound of gain.
JAPANESE CANE
The fertilizer test conducted with Japanese cane during the year
gave us some valuable information.
Plot I, which was given an application of dried blood and muriate
of potash, gave a yield of 24.30 tons per acre, and Plot II which re-
ceived muriate of potash and acid phosphate gave a yield of 17.77 tons,
while Plot III, which received dried blood and acid phosphate, produced
only 16.18 tons. One would naturally have thought that Plot III,
which received the ammonia, would have given a larger yield than
Plot II, as it is generally conceded that the ammonia goes largely to
increase the growth of the plant. However, in this instance it did not
seem to have had that effect.
TABLE VI
FERTILIZER TEST oF JAPANESE CANE-1909
Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 3 Plot 4 Plot 5 Plot 6 Plot 7 Plot 8*
Dried blood ........... 112 ...... 112 ...... 112 ...... 112 112
Sulphate of ammonia... ...... ...... ...... 72 ..... 72 ...... ......
Acid phosphate ........ ...... 224 224 224 224 224 224 224
Muriate of potash...... 84 84 ...... 84 84 ...... ...... ......
Sulphate of potash...... ............ ........... ..... 84 84 84
Total fertilizer, pounds
per acre ............ 196 308 336 380 420 380 420 420
Yield in tons, second year 24.30 17.77 16.19 19.12 10.54 18.94 16.66 27.03
Cost per acret......... $15.34 13.77 15.13 15.73 17.02 15.93 17.02 20.02
Cost per tont .......... $ 0.63 0.77 0.94 0.82 0.87 0.84 1.02 0.74
Percentage of sucrose in
juice ................ 11.85 13.501 13.75 13.65 13.60 13.50 13.58 13.74
Density of juice (Brix) 16.7 17.2 17.7 17.4 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.8
*Received 2,000 pounds of ground limestone per acre.
tThe cost of the seed-canes has been omitted, since the price varies in dif-
ferent localities.
xviii
Annual Report, 1910 xix
In Plots IV and V, which were fertilized for a comparison of dif-
ferent sources of ammonia, there seemed to be but little difference.
Dried blood seems to have given as good results as sulphate of am-
monia.
Plots V and VII, fertilized for a comparison of different sources
of potash, showed that there was but a slight difference, 2.88 tons per
acre, in favor of muriate of potash.
Perhaps the most interesting part of this experiment is a com-
parison of Plots VII and VIII. These plots were treated to test the use
of ground limestone. Both plots received the same fertilizing, cultiva-
tion and treatment throughout the season, except that Plot VIII was
given an application of ground limestone at the rate of 2,000 pounds per
acre. The difference in yield was 10.36 tons of green material. This
shows clearly that Japanese cane. like many other crops, responds
quickly to the use of lime. This increase in yield was obtained at a
cost of not more than $3.00 or $3.50 per acre; which is about 30 cents
per ton of cane. for the cost of the limestone used.
JAPANESE CANEI FOR PASTURE-During the month of November,
1908, a field of 5!/a acres of Japanese cane was planted. The purpose
of this planting was to supply winter pasturage. The cane made a
fairly good growth during the summer. On December 1, 1909, the
cattle belonging to the Experiment Station were turned in to pasture
bn this cane. At the same time they were given the run of a Velvet-
bean field. The cattle pastured on the field until M.arch 5, 1910. At
this date they had eaten down the canes to within fifteen inches or a
foot of the ground. New growth started at this time and the stock
had to be taken off. If they could have remained three weeks longer,
they would no doubt have eaten the cane down to the ground. The
cold during the winter (17 degrees F.) had been severe enough to
freeze the cane, but only a slight amount of fermentation had taken
place and not enough to make it objectionable in any way as a feed for
live stock.
It is quite important that Japanese cane should not be pastured in
the spring after growth starts, as it is very easily injured then, and in
fact may be killed out entirely. This is due to the method of growth
of the plant. On April 29, 1910, a thorough study of the root growth
of the Japanese cane was made. It was found that at the above date
few of the new roots had made a growth of more than six inches in
length, while the top growth was from 18 to 30 inches. The early
growth of this crop is made from the plant-food stored up in the old
stubble, and it does not draw upon the plant-food in the soil until it
has made a top growth of ten inches or a foot in height.
CORN VARIETY TesT
During the season of 1909 eight varieties of corn were tested. The
following table gives the names of the varieties and the yield per acre
in bushels.
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
TABLE VII Yield per acre.
Name of variety. Bushels.
1. G eorgia .................................................... 20.06
2. Raw ls ...................................................... 18.2
3. Poorland ................................................... 17.65
4. Evans ...................................................... 17.31
5. C lopton .................................................... 17.01
6. Improved Boonce County W white .............................. 16.71
7. Cuba ..................................................... 160.13
8. B litch ...................................................... 14.70
The dry weather during June had much to do with the light yield.
Had there been sufficient moisture at the time of shooting and tasseling,
the yield no doubt would have been larger.
SoRGHUM VARIlTY Ts'r
The following table shows the yield of green material per acre for
twenty varieties of sorghum. Some of these varieties gave excellent
yields. However, all those that gave a yield of ten tons or more per
acre require a long season for their growth. A number of those
varieties which gave smaller yields complete their growth in a shorter
time. In fact. it is possible to secure two crops of them during one
season, if the weather conditions are favorable. Those varieties which
require a long growing season produce a heavy, coarse stalk with few
leaves. This is objectionable, as there is much waste. Such varieties.
however, as the Sumac. Gooseneck, and Orange are most suited to our.
needs. Two good crops of forage can be obtained from these during the
growing season, giving a total yield for the year considerably above
that from varieties which require the entire season to mature one crop.
Enough experimental work has been done during the past three years
in testing sorghum varieties to show that there are a number of kinds
of sorghum that can be advantageously grown in Florida as a source of
forage for live stock.
For early planting we would recommend such varieties as the Sumac
and Gooseneck. For late planting, in July or August, the Early Amber
will perhaps be found better. The Early Amber is also a good variety
to sow with cowpeas. as the two mature in about the same length of
time.
The following table gives the yield in tons per acre of the varieties
tested.
TABLE VIII
SORGHUM VAurrTY TEST. 19009
Yield of green Yield of green
Variety. material. Variety. material.
Tons per acre. Tons per acre.
1. No. 22330 .......... 13.73 11. Red Kaffir .......... 6.11
2. No. 24130 .......... 13.47 12. No. 17548 ........... 5.47
3. No. 24443 .......... 10.83 13. Sirak ............... 5.31
4. No. 7 .............. 9.08 14. Minnesota Amber .. 4.60
5. Manila ............. 8.66 15. No. 36 ............. 4.47
6. Sumac ............. 8.52 16,. No. 22331 .......... 3.93
7. Sapling ............. 7.01 17. No. 2/305 .......... 3.63
8. Orange ............. 6.46 18. No. 52325 ........... 3.17
9. Gooseneck .......... 6.35 19. No. 2'J42 ........... 2.94
10. No. 23333 ........... 6.15 20., Shallt' .............. 2.39
XX
Annual Report, 19po xxi
DiSTRIurTIx oF SORGHUM SEED.-In the past season a large
amount of good seed has been distributed to the farmers of the State.
The seed sent out consisted of two varieties of sorghum. Gooseneck and
Sumacn which have been proved to he good varieties for Florida condi-
tions. The increased yield that may he obtained from varieties well
adapted to our conditions means much to the farmer. It will cost no
more to cultivate an acre that yields ten tons of forage than one that
yields only half that amount or less. The Florida farmer by selecting
the varieties best suited to our conditions can produce feed for his live
stock at one-half the cost.
GUINEA GRAss
Guinea grass is not proving to be as good a grass for northern Flor-
ida as it was hoped it would be. It is a tropical grass and so requires a
tropical climate to make its best growth. The last two winters have
been severe enough to injure the stand quite materially. Not only was
some of the grass winter-killed, but even that which lived through was
weakened in vitality, so that it made a slow and unsatisfactory growth
in the spring.
Two cuttings of hay were obtained during the season. The first
cutting was made on August 4, 1909, and the second cutting on Novem-
ber 8, 1909. The total yield per acre for the season was 3,759 pounds
of cured hay.
PARA GRAss
The plot of Para grass made a good growth. The indications are
that this will prove a valuable hay and pasture grass for Florida. This
plot is on high pine land. It was given only a light application of com-
mercial fertilizer, as follows:
Dried blood ....................... 37 4 pounds per acre.
Acid phosphate .................... 75 pounds per acre.
Muriate of potash .................. 28 pounds per acre.
There was a yield of 3,961 pounds of cured hay to the acre.
SWEET POTATOES
The yield of sweet potatoes was quite low compared with that of
the previous year. This can be partly accounted for by the continuous
dry weather during the fall of the year when the potatoes are making
their best growth.
The following table gives the yields of strings, stock, and commercial
potatoes, and the total yields per acre.
xxii Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
TABLE IX
SwuTt PoTATO Tesr. 19o9
YIELD nP Acmn BusmSs.
VAXETY. .
L White Seedling No. 15 ............. 20.83 35.41 60.00 116.24
2. Sugar Yam No. 5 ................. 11.25 29.16 68.33 108.74
3. Triumph No. 18..................... 9.58 32.08 57.5 99.16
4. Murray No. 21................... 20.83 25.41 50.83 97.07
5. Early Golden No. 3................. 20.83 24.58 47.08 92.49
6. Red Yam No. 20 .................. 20.41 21.25 46.66 88.32
7. Triumph No. 13..................... 18.75 17.91 55.83 87.49
8. White Providence No. 14........... 11.66 15.41 60.00 87.07
9. Brown Seedling No. 4 .............. 25.83 22.08 38.75 86.66
10. Red Providence No. 20.............. 16.66 27.50 41.66 85.82
11. Dade County No. 10 ............... 19.16 23.75 42.50 85.41
12. Chesboro No. 9.................... 20.00 28.75 35.41 84.16
13. Chesboro (from greenhouse) ........ 16.25 28.95 33.33 78.53
14. Chesboro No. 8 ................... 17.50 19.58 37.08 74.16
15. Miami No. 1 ........................ 13.33 20.41 38.75 72.49
16. Yellow Providence ................ 17.08 16.66 38.75 72.49
17. Improved Providence No. 22........ 11.66 14.58 35.41 61.65
18. Nancy Hall No. 21 ................ 24.58 6.66 26.25 57.49
19. Forty in a hill................... 14.16 7.50 31.66 53.32
CROPS FOR WINTER PASTURE
On September 29, 1909, a plot of ground was sown with Appler Oats
and English Winter Vetch. An adjoining plot was sown with Beard-
less Barley and Hairy Vetch. One plot was sown to Crimson Clover
and another to White-Blooming Crimson Clover. The dry fall and
winter were not at all conducive to a good growth. Of these four the
Beardless Barley and Hairy Vetch made the best growth. The barley
made about twice as much growth as (lid the oats.
At the present time we can not recommend either Hairy or English
Winter Vetch for a winter forage crop. unless the ground is first given
a good application of harn-yard manure. Of the two varieties the Hairy
Vetch seems the most promising. Ilowever, on our sandy high-pine
land. vetch will not at the present time be found successful. On land
that is well supplied with humus, vetch makes a good growth, and sup-
plies good pasturage (luring winter and early spring. It may also be
cut and cured for hay. A good crop of hay may be obtained when
there is good growing weather from April 25 to May 10. The yield
per acre will depend upon the character of the land.
Crimson clover does not make a satisfactory growth.
VELVET BEAN
Considerable information regarding this valuable crop has been
secured.
Annual Report, p0to
A comparison of yields was made between seed as it was received
from the huller and selected seed. In selecting the seed only large, well-
developed seeds were taken, all faulty and immature seeds being re-
jected. The selected seed produced 33.79 bushels of shelled beans,
while the unselected seed produced only 28.37 bushels per acre. a dif-
ference of 5.42 bushels in favor of the selected seed. This increase in
yield is equal to an increased gross income of about $10.00 per acre
from the crop.
The yield of beans on the acre used for continuous planting was
only 1,137 pounds of beans in the pod, on 11.37 bushels of shelled beans.
LYON BEAN
The Lyon bean gave only a fair yield of beans this year, the average
for 3 acres being only 17.37 bushels per acre. We can not say that the
Lyon bean is equal to the Velvet bean in yield of seed, but as a soil
improver it is as good. In feeding value there appears to be but little
difference between the Velvet bean and Lyon bean.
COWPEAS
In this test there were 110 varieties. These varieties were tested
for resistance to root-knot and wilt. and as to their adaptability to Flor-
ida conditions. Out of this large number twelve varieties showed
strong indications of being resistant to both root-knot and wilt. Here-
tofore we have had only one variety that we could consider immune to
root-knot. If after another year's test these varieties still prove immune
to root-knot and wilt they will be of great value to the farmers of the
State. In some places farmers have almost quit raising cowpeas, since
they are so subject to root-knot. This is especially true among the
truck and vegetable growers, who have more or less difficulty in keep-
ing their ground free from this trouble.
KUDzu
The acre planted to Kudzu in March, 1909. showed only a fair
growth during the summer of 190!. It was not cut for hay during the
year. The growth this year, however, has been all that one could
expect. (}n March 16, I910. the vines had in many places made a
growth of two feet. On this date there was a slight frost which cut
down all the new growth. This, however. seemed to do but little
damage. as the plants put out new growth at once, and on May 4 the
vines were from 12 to 15 feet in length. This growth took place during
a period of about six weeks, from March 16 to May 4, 1910.
The plot was cut on June 14. Owing to the excessive rain just at
that time the crop could not be saved for hay.
COTTON
About eight acres are devoted to cotton this season. The predom-
inating feature of all experiments with cotton is to improve the yield,
length of staple, strength of staple, uniformity in length of staple, size
of bolls, picking qualities, and disease resistance, by means of selection.
xxiii
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
About 2-5 bushels of Seabrook cotton seed were distributed among
a large number of cotton growers in the State. This is a strain of Sea
Island cotton which it is hoped will prove to be a better producer than
we have, not only giving a larger yield, but also a better staple, both as
to length and quality.
ADDITIONS TO EQUIPMENT
A new machinery shed was built during the year. The shed is 22
feet by 60 feet. with double track and sliding doors at each side. Thus
all implements can be taken in or out with the team, without any back-
ing. The floor is made of clay. Under cover, where it is always dry,
we find that clay makes as satisfactory a floor as does cement. Where
it can be secured without too long haulage, it will be found that clay is
much cheaper than cement, and will last a lifetime if it is properly
put down.
A reversible disk riding plow was added to the equipment of farm
machinery. The Spalding Tilling Machine Co., of Cleveland. Ohio,
donated one of their deep plowing machines. These two implements
have greatly increased the amount of work that can be accomplished
with our force of men and teams.
The American Shropshire Registry Association donated volumes II
to XXII, inclusive, of the "American Shropshire Sheep Record."
One good mule was purchased during the year.
Respectfully,
JOHN M. SCOTT,
Animal Industrialist.
xxiv
Annual Report, 191o
REPORT OF CHEMIST
.P. H. Rolfs, Director.
SIR: I submit herewith the report of the work in Chemistry for
the year ending June 30, 1910.
PINEAPI'LE EXPERI M ENTS
ANALYSES OF PLANTs.-The work of analyzing the plants from the
experimental plots, referred to in last year's report, has been completed,
and the results will be put in shape for publication as early as possible.
Some of the facts brought out bv the wurk are reported in press bulletin
144.
ANALYSES OF SOILS.-The determination of the nitrates in the soil
from 60 of the plots was completed last l)ecember. This work covered
.a period of thirteen months, and included determinations on ten lots of
samples, consisting of 6"0 to so each. The results have been written up
for publication under the title of "Pineapple Culture VII: Nitrates in
the Soil." With this work the pineapple experiment, which was begun
in 1901, is completed. The following publications of the Florida Station
bear upon the work carried on in connection with this experiment:
Bulletins 68, 70, 83, 84, and 101 ; and Annual Reports for 1906 and
1909.
CITRUS EXPERIMENTS
FERTILIZATION.-The experimental grove has been fertilized three
times during the year, on October 21, March 1, and June 22. For the
October application the general plan (see Annual Report for 1909)
was followed, with the exception that the ammonia was reduced to
2/2 per cent., and the potash increased to 8 per cent. The other
.applications were the same as for June, 1909 (see Report for 1909).
The plots that are to receive ground limestone and lime were given
these after the spring fertilizer application, but they were omitted from
the fall and summer applications, as it does not seem necessary to
apply lime oftener than once a year.
CULTIVATION.-During the rainy season grass and beggarweed
were allowed to grow, except on the clean culture plots. Early in
October the grove was plowed, and a little later it was thoroughly
-cultivated two ways with the cutaway harrow. About the middle of
December the trees were banked, and they were not disturbed again
till early in March, when cultivation was resumed. During the dry
weather in March and April the Acme harrow was used every week
or two. Early in May the grove was thoroughly plowed, the two-
horse turn plow being followed by the subsoil plow (not a turn plow),
the two cutting to a depth of about 13 inches. This seemed necessary,
since at the depth of 8 or 1) inches the ground in many places was hard.
There is now a good bed of loose soil to hold the moisture. The trees
are hoed when fertilizers are applied, and at other times as often as is
necessary to keep the grass from coming closer than about two or
three feet from them.
XXV
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE REcoRDs.-The total rainfall for the
year was 57.9 inches, distributed as follows:
July .......... 24.05 November ..... 1.12 March ........ 0.53
August .......10.30 December ..... 2.05 April ......... 0.61
September ...... 1.68 January ....... 0.74 May .......... 3.23
October ....... 0.28 February ...... 2.71 June ..........10.60
On October 19 an air thermograph and a soil thermograph were
installed in the grove, and with the exception of one or two slight
breaks, continuous records of the air temperature and of the soil
temperature at a depth of 9 inches have been kept. It is not possible
to publish all these records, but they will undoubtedly prove of value
as the work progresses. Fig. 1 will convey a good idea of the con-
struction of the soil thermograph.
Fig. 1.-Suil thermograph.
The large bulb, which is buried beneath the soil (in this experi-
ment at the depth of 9 inches), is connected by means of a narrow
metallic tube with the registering mechanism. The latter consists
essentially of an eight-day clock movement, enclosed by a brass drum
or cylinder. Around this is a chart on which the indications of soil
temperature are marked by means of a pen attached to a lever, which
rises or falls with the changes of temperature in the soil. Thus one
is enabled to obtain a continuous automatic record. The connecting
tube is attached to two shells inside the metallic box wherein is located
xxvi
Annual Report, 91io
the registering mechanism. The shells expand or contract according
to the temperature fluctuations in the soil. The thermometric liquid
is kerosene. The air thermograph is similar in construction, except
that there is no connection with the ground. Two records from each,
for the weeks ending December 27. 19 0), and January 20, 1910, are
given in Figs. 2 and 3.
Fig. 2.-Temperalure records in winter.
Fig. 3.-Tenipcrature records in summer.
xxvii
Florida .-lAricultura! Experiment Station
The highest temperature recorded by the air thermograph was 95
degrees F. in June, and the lowest for that month was 65 degrees.
The lowest temperature was 20 degrees* in December. while the
highest for the same month was 79 degrees. The highest temperature
recorded by the soil thermograph was 90 degrees in June, and the
lowest for the same month was 71i degrees. The lowest temperature
was 48,y degrees in December. and the highest for this month was 71
degrees. The average weekly maximum temperature recorded by the
air thermograph for the :34 weeks during which the records have been
kept was 82.5 degrees F., and the minimum 47.8 degrees F. The
average maximum temperature for the soil thermograph was 73.9
degrees F., and the minimum 66.4 degrees F.
TRE MNIASUREMI1ENTS.-'Measurements were made of the diameter
of all the trees. 6 inches above the bud, on June 8, and October ;0,
19091, and on March 1, and June 23, 1910. So far but little difference
can be detected between the different plots. Even the plot that has
received no fertilizer and the one that received one-half the standard
show itp very well in comparison with the others, as will be seen from
the following measurements of the diameters of the main stems. (The
measurements are in thirty-seconds of an inch.)
TABLE X
i 's
Average diameter of 10 trees-no fertilizer .......... 21.2 22.4 23.6 27.3
Average diameter of to10 trees-half standard ........... 23.1 24.9 24.5 I 25.4
Average diameter of 10 trees receiving standard ....... 23.1 25.2 25.0 26.8
Average diameter of 10 trees-4 times standard ....... 22.5 24.1 23.9 25.4
Average diameter of 10 trees-standard and clean culture 22.2 25.4 25.9 29.1
Average diameter of 480 trees ........................ 22.52 24.13 24.201 26.90
From this it appears that the body of the tree made a slight growth
from June to October, but practically no growth from October to
March. From March to June there was quite a perceptible growth.
The trees on ten plots have made a gain of 6 thirty-seconds of an inch
or more since the first measurement, as follows:
TABLE XI
PoTr. GAIN IN DIAMETER. FERTILIZER.
No. .. 6.2 thirty-seconds of an inch.. Steamed bone in place of acid phosphate.
No. 31. .6.2 thirty-seconds of an inch.. Standard, check.
No. 35..s.6 thirty-seconds of an inch. .Floats; 4 times the amount of P205 in the
standard.
*After this record was made it was found, by comparison with a standard
thermometer, that the thermograph was out of adjustment, and was running
about 3 degrees too low. It appears therefore that this record should be 23!'
degrees.
xxviii
Annual Report. 1910 xxix
TABLE XI-Continued
PLOT GAIN IN DIAMETER FERTIuZER
No. 38..6.0 thirty-seconds of an inch. Muriate in place of high-grade sulphate.
No. 41. .6.0 thirty-seconds of an inch..Standard; check.
No. 43..6.1 thirty-seconds of an inch..No fertilizer.
No. 46..6.9 thirty-seconds of an inch. .Standard and clean culture.
No. 47..7.9 thirty-seconds of an inch..Clean culture: dried blood in place of sul-
phate of ammonia.
No. 48. .6.2 thirty-seconds of an inch. .Clean culture: nitrate of soda in place of
sulphate of ammonia.
It is too early to draw any very definite conclusions, but it is
noteworthy that the three clean culture plots are among those that
have made the greatest increase in size of trunk. It is also of interest
to note that the plot that has received no fertilizer and one of those
receiving floats are also among this number. It is hoped that later
measurements will throw further light on this important question. If
possible. we should also have some light on the question of root
growth.
AN.AI.YTIC.L WNORK.-(A). Soils. During the year a complete
analysis ha.s been made of a composite sample of soil (0 to 9 inches)
and another of subsoil (P to '21 inches i. The nitrogen and phosphoric
acid were also determined in samples of soil and subsoil taken, from as
many sections of the grove, and in samples representing the first,
second, third, fourth, fifth, and eleventh feet. The results are given
in Tables XII and XIII. The high percentages of phosphoric acid,
iron and alumina are noteworthy. It is very probable that much of
the phosphoric acid is combined with the iron and alumina. and is
therefore less available than it would be were it combined with lime.
The question of the availability of the phosphoric acid will be further
studied.
TABLE XII
ANALYSIS OF SOIL FROM EXPERIMENTAL GROVE
Soil. Subsoil.
Insoluble Matter .......................................... 94.091 94.813
Potash (K20) .......................................... .047 .025
Soda (Na20) .......................... ................... .134 .115
Lime (CaO) ........................................... .130 .170
Magnesia (MgO) ........................................ .137 .095
Manganese Oxid (Mn1304) ................................ .105 .145
Ferric Oxid (Fe2aO ) .................................... .985 .965
Alumina (A120.) ......................................... 2.305 2.396
Phosphorus Pcntoxid (PO-,).............................. .100 .094
Sulphur Trioxid (SO) ................................... none none
Carbon Dioxid (COa) .................................... o none none
Volatile Matter .......................................... 2.547 1.710
Nitrogen ................................................. .033 .018
P205. Nitrogen.
1st foot ............. .................................... .120 .030
2d foot ............................................... .105 .015
3d foot .................................................. .091 .013
4th foot ................................................. .092 .012
5th foot ................................................ .095 .009
llth foot ................................................. .085 .0015
Xxx
Florida Agricultural spesriment Station
TABLE XIII
NrIROGEN AND PHosPHOIuc Acrm IN SonIs AmD SuwSOIuS Rmou
ExPeUMeNTAL PtOs
Soils
~ I Aver-
A B C D E F G age
N ............. ..0294 .0404 .0333 .0332 .0376 .0299 .0285 .0332
PsO1 .............. .0965 .1285 .0830 .1075 .1270 .0998 .0885 .1044
Subsoils
N ............. .0187 .0189 .0153 .0205 .0193 .0183 .0160 .0181
PsOs .............. .0887 .1280 .0850 .0940 .1135 .0810 .0820 .0960
The figures in Table XIII indicate that the soil was fairly uniform
throughout the grove. From the averages it will be seen that there is
nearly twice as much nitrogen in the soil as in the subsoil, but that
the phosphoric acid is practically the same in each. Referring to the
analysis of the first five twelve-inch sections, and the sample of the
eleventh foot (Table XII), it will be seen that the nitrogen greatly
decreases with the depth, while the phosphoric acid decreases but
slightly. A determination of the phosphoric acid in the five foot sec-
tion of soil from a grove about one-fourth of a mile south of the
Experimental grove, where there is less iron in the soil. shows only a
little more than one-half as much phosphoric acid as there is in the
soil of the experimental grove.
On October 21 and March 1 samples of soil were collected from
a few of the plots for determination of nitrate. The results are re-
corded in Table XIV.
TABLE XIV
NrrRATES IN SouLs FRoM ExPER.METAL PLOTrs (FIrst 9 INCHEs)
October 21. 1909 March 3. 1910
Nitrates Nitrates
Plot No. Parts per million Plot No. Parts per million
2 .................... 3.50 1 .................... 4.78
4 .................... 1.88 2 .................... 2.09
17 .................... 1.46 4 .................... 1.51
18 .................... 1.37 14 .................... 1.47
19 .................... 1.55 17 .................... 2.43
31 .................... 1.34 20 .................... 2.08
33 .................... 2.26 24 .................... 2.18
34 .................... 1.93 43 .................... 2.07
35 .................... 1.06 44 .................... 7.24
46 .................... 24.77 46 .................... 1.69
47 .................... 22.14 47 .................... 1.62
48 .................... 12.96 48 .................... 1.94
These samples were taken at some distance from the trees and
could hardly have been influenced by the fertilizers at this stage of
the experiment. The results are of interest as showing the amount
Annual Report, ipio
of nitrates in the soil at the different seasons. The results on the
samples from the clean culture plots Nos. 46, 47, and 48, taken in
October, are of especial interest. The average of the nitrates for these
three plots was 20 parts per million, while the average of all the others
was 1.82 parts per million. This would mean more than 10 times as
much available nitrogen for the clean culture plots as for the others.
Determinations of acidity by Veitch's limewater method show a
lime requirement of about 15 hundred pounds per acre to the depth of
9 inches.
(B) Plants. In October some twigs of the new growth were cut
from trees from a few of the plots, for analysis. These were dried,
and the twigs and leaves analyzed separately. It would not be
expected that the effects of the fertilizers could be detected so early
as this, but it seemed worth while to start the work in order that we
may begin to accumulate data in regard to the composition of the leaves
and wood of the trees, and especially that we may know their composi-
tion before they have been much influenced by the use of fertilizers.
The results of this work are recorded in Table XV. An examination
of the table shows no very great difference except in the case of Plot
47, which is one of the clean culture plots. Here the leaves were /
decidedly above the average in nitrogen, potash, lime. and ash, and the
stems were more than one-fourth higher in nitrogen than those from
the other plots. The fact that samples of soil taken from the clean
culture plots at this time were much higher in nitrates than samples
taken from other plots (see Table XIV). would seem to indicate a
relationship between clean culture, nitrates in the soil, and total
nitrogen in the plants: that is. it would seem to indicate that cultiva-
tion results in the assimilation of more nitrogen by the plant This is
an interesting line of work. and will be continued. The high per-
centage of potash and lime in the leaves apparently indicates an
especial need of the growing plant for these materials.
TABLE XV
ANALYSIS or ORANGE LEAVES AND STEMS FROx EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS
LEAVES
Plot No. N I |PO KO.I CaO IMgO Ash Treatment
2,14,31,44 1.93 .643 2.52 3.05 .805 10.43 Average of standard and 3 checks.
18 1.81 .560 2.45 2.58 .9501 9.40 Nit. from sulph. am. and dried bid.
23 1.88 .650 3.00 2.38 .885 10.06 Nit. from C. S. meal and nil soda.
47 2.52 .575 2.12 4.05 1.235 11.441Nit. from dr'd blood, clean culture.
Average 2.04 .607 2.52 3.01 .969 10.33 _________
STEM S
2,14,31,44 .085 .403 1.02 1.44 .585 3.93 Same as for leaves.
18 .865 .425 1.07 1.48 .805 3.83 Same as for leaves.
23 .900 .467 1.53 1.27 .485 4.57 Same as for leaves.
47 1.250 .400 1.00 1.36 .515 3.92 Same as for leaves.
Average 1.000 .424 1.15 1.39 .595 4.06
xxxi
Fluorida Agricultural Experiment Station
Soil. TANK INVESTIGATIONS
While much light can he thrown on soil and fertilizer problems by
carefully conducted field experiments, still there remain some problems
that can never he solved until we can control and measure the condi-
tions more accurately than we can in field work. To supplement the
Fig. 4.-Tank before setting in place.
citrus work at Woodlea, and make it possible to accurately study the
loss of fertilizing materials in the drainage water under different
systems of fertilizing, and the effect of continued use of commercial
ife r.
Jfa. AvEsr'arnovw
fi/oIoA Ewra*rINSTAr4V
Fig. 5.-Sectional view of tanks.
fertilizers on the soil and on the plant, a system of soil tanks has been
inaugurated. These tanks are 5 feet 3%4 inches inside diameter, with
a maximum depth of 4y feet. and have a surface area of one two-
thousandth part of an acre. They are constructed of heavy galvanized
xxxii
Annual Report, iioo
iron (No. 12 gauge) soldered and riveted, and before being placed in
the ground were thoroughly painted inside and out. As may be seen
from Figs. 4 and 5 the bottom slopes to a point near one side. where
is provided a strainer opening into a two-inch tin-lined drainage pipe,
the length of which is a little more than four feet. Four such tanks
open into a central collecting pit (one drainage pipe entering at each
corner, as shown in Fig. 6), where are placed receptacles for collecting
the drainage water.
This collecting pit, which is about eight feet deep and six feet
square inside, is built of brick with a concrete bottom, and is covered.
TANKS FOR
Joi-L /WVsr/,ATriN
FkiRAom ExpR/rMtWr.'T'AT/Ov
Fig. 6.-Ground plan of tanks.
The soil tanks were set in the ground to within a few inches of the
top, and filled with soil to within three inches of the top. In the slop-
ing part of the bottom was placed a layer of smooth quartz pebbles,
the coarser material being placed around the drainage opening, and
the finer on top. to give good drainage. On top of the pebble is 45
inches of soil which was placed in the tanks in the following manner.
On removing the soil from the ground to fill the tanks, the top 9 inches
was taken off. then three one-foot sections. In filling the tanks, the
last foot taken from the ground was placed on the gravel in the bottom
of the tank. the next foot next. and so on to the top 9 inches. The soil
was well tamped as it was put in. each tank having the same weight
xxxii
i ri
I -- --
_' --, -'-................................... 4--JPW
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
of dry soil. 8,625 pounds. It is designed to plant one orange tree in
each tank and fertilize differently. The soil is a rather coarse sand,
described by the Bureau of Soils as Norfolk sand. The tanks are open
at the top and so far as possible will be exposed to natural conditions.
Should it become necessary to water the trees artificially, this can be
done, and a record will be kept of the amount of water so used.
Temperature and rainfall records will also be kept. With approach-
ing cold waves, the trees will be protected with tents and heaters. The
tanks are so placed that the trees will be about 14 feet apart. It is
believed that the tanks will last for a period of 15 years or more, and
during such period much valuable information can be accumulated.
Additional tanks will be added as means arc available.
Analyses were made of one sample each of the root, stem and
leaves of the sour orange; and nitrogen was determined in four
samples of orange leaves (for the Department of Plant Physiology).
Some attention has been given to correcting acid soils, especially in
connection with citrus-growing.
Acknowledgment is hereby made of the faithful and efficient co-
operation of Assistant Chemist, Mr. S. E. Collison.
Respectfully submitted,
A. W. BLAIR,
Chemist.
xxxiv
Annual Report. 19io
REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGIST
P. H. Rolfs, Director.
SIR: I submit herewith a report of the work in Entomology for
the year 1909-10.
SPRAYING WITH RivD ASCHERSONIA
GAINESVILLE.-The experiments in the groves of Messrs. B. F.
Hampton, J. M. Dell, and James Cellon were kept under observation,
and some other experiments with fungus were made.
The work with the red fungus in Mr. Hampton's grove was con-
tinued as planned in the report for 1909. The following notes were
made on July 18, 1909:
There is a fair amount of red Aschersonia in the grove. averaging probably
12 pustules to the leaf. except in some trees to the north, and on those not sprayed
with fungus, where there is less. The whitefly is in all stages. but mainly in the
flat condition of the fourth stage. There are plenty of adults on the new growth.
Those trees which were not sprayed with fungus in May. 1909, generally average
about one pustule to the leaf. Sooty mold is abundant on the trees.
The following notes were taken on August 4. 1909:
The trees are black with sooty mold, but red fungus is now in great abundance
and in all stages of growth, there being abundance of spores. The trees sprayed
with fungus in May, 1909, generally have more fungus, as compared with those
sprayed only in September, 1908. Some of the latter trees show good fungus
growth, but it is more localized: while in those sprayed with fungus in May, it is
more evenly distributed.
Most of these trees were again sprayed with fungus from the grove
between July 27 and August 4, 1909.
The writer did not see this grove again until October 16, 1909, when
it was suffering from drought and the trees had lost many leaves and
much fungus. Mr. J. C. McMillan. Laboratory Assistant to the Ento-
mologist at that time, reported for the first part of September, 1909.
that the development of fungus was extensive, some trees having a
reddish appearance when viewed from a short distance below. The
following notes were taken on October 16, 1909:
Weeds were allowed to grow tall and rank during the summer as recom-
mended in Bulletins 88 and 97, in order to aid in producing the humid condition
favorable to fungus growth. These weeds should have been cut down and used
to mulch the trees, or cut up and a dust mulch created to conserve the moisture
in the soil as soon as the rains ceased in September. But both the owner and the
writer being absent, this matter was not attended to. As it is. the grove suffered
greatly from drought during September and October. The leaves have curled and
large numbers have fallen, so that the trees look parched and bare as compared
with their condition in spring. There are some twigs and smaller branches dead.
Scales have not increased abnormally, and scale fungi are present. There is only
a small amount of new growth and not much whitefly, much less than was
expected, andl this is on the new growth which is severely infested.
As a whole, the fungus work in this grove is a success. The
drought of September interfered somewhat by prematurely checking
the further natural spread and development of the fungus, and thus
cut short what might otherwise have been a full crop of fungus with
XXXV
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
the whitefly reduced to a comparatively insignificant quantity. On
December 30 and 31, 1909, a sharp frost defoliated many trees in the
north half of the grove and partly defoliated the trees in the south half.
This has resulted in a great loss of fungus, but has also caused a reduc-
tion of the whitefly. Notes taken on March 5, 1910, are as follows:
There is fungus (red and also some small amount of brown, the latter having
been introduced with the red) here and there on old leaves. Some trees have
much of the red fungus left on them. The Satsumas have the best show of
fungus, which is bright red; this is probably because their leaves are concave
below and protect the fungus better. The Satsumas have mostly sufficient bloom.
The grove was last visited on June 2, 1910. There was then much
dead wood in the defoliated part. and it was apparent that more twigs
and small branches would die. The new growth, which looked so
promising on March 5. had not developed so well as was expected. The
leaves of the half-defoliated trees, where there was no dead wood,
were small. There had been very little bloom, and only the few tanger-
ines, and about 100 Satsumas had some fruit the size of a marble.
There was no fruit last season. The trees looked clean, having perhaps
one whitefly larva to 2 or 3 leaves.
As stated in the Annual Report for 1909, the purpose of spraying
the trees in Mr. Dell's place with red fungus was to make further
observations on the young larvae becoming more readily infected than
larvae well advanced into the fourth stage or to the pupal stage, and
to observe the progress of the fungus generally throughout the summer.
The spraying of two kumquat trees with fresh fungus on April 2, 1909,
when only pupae and thickened fourth stage larvae were present,
resulted in no development of red fungus. It had' been found pre-
viously that the advanced fourth and pupal stages were occasionally
infected with red and brown fungus, but the younger stages were
generally more readily infected. The experiment of April 2 indicates
that these stages may not be at all infected, at least at that time of the
year. Dry weather and less warmth may have been factors, but can
hardly be of much importance when only about a month later (May 5),
under like conditions, with larvae of first and third stages present, it
was possible to get a promising start (2 to 3 fungus pustules per leaf)
of red fungus from both' a culture and from fungus on leaves, the in-
fection including some fourth-stage larvae and pupae. The follow-
ing were the maximum and minimum temperatures on April 2, 1909,
and May 5, 1909, and during the succeeding 6 days. (Taken from the
Weather Bureau Report.)
TABLE XVI
xxxvi
Annual Report, 191o xxxvil
The average rain during each of these weeks was nothing for April,
and about 0.161 inches in May. There was no rain during the first 4
days following the introduction of fungus in May, which was done by
spi aying on the spores.
A large number of observations were made after July 1, 1909. A
summary in tabular form follows:
r < < < *
U:
.7 ,
... 7
l .. C e a t e e,
Q5 ~ ~~~~ zi- r ^ 4 11 ^
-I
U,
z
a ,_ __ _ __ _ :0.f *.
r! I
cd U
0
< <
I'lorida Agricultural Experiment Station
The spraying of August 6, 1909, was upon rows previously treated.
On October 14, the following notes were taken:
There is but little more fungus in these rows than in any of the others. Tree
1 of row 1, sprayed May 5 with the culture, has the most fungus. This tree is in
better condition than most of the others and this probably accounts for the better
growth of the fungus. It is evident that fungus will not altogether do the work
here under existing conditions. It is too dry, partly because the trees are not in a
thrifty condition and with rather scanty foliage. It appears that the whitefly in
these trees could be better controlled by spraying with insecticides or by fumiga-
tion, than by fungus. The two kumquats before the house have only a very little
red fungus, the pustules are undeveloped.
Several experiments with the red fungus were repeated in Mr.
Cellon's trees. Fresh fungus (from leaves) introduced into two vigor-
ous trees on June 15. 1909. resulted in a good growth of fungus by the
end of summer. Two trees sprayed on July 22, 1909, with fungus from
the sweet potato culture of January 15, 1909 (third generation ). and
with all stages of the whitefly present, resulted in only a few fungus
pustules. The spores had evidently nearly all lost their power to
germinate. Two other trees were sprayed on July 24, 1909, with a
culture inoculated on sweet potato on February 16, 1909, being the
fourth generation of fungus on artificial media. Some fungus growth
could be found on August 6, while on September 15, a good start was
noted. On October 8. 1909, the growth of fungus could be considered
perfect, with but few live larvae on the leaves. On July 24, 1909, two
trees were sprayed with spores from a culture on sweet potato inoculated
March 20, 1909, being the fifth generation on artificial media. This
spraying resulted in only a small amount of fungus by October 8. 1909.
Niw SMYRNAw.-The experiments started at this place with the red
fungus also served as a demonstration. The work was continued by at
least two growers. Mr. B. F. Chilton, of the Ronnoc Groves, and Mr.
R. S. Sheldon. The groves at New Smyrna have not been visited
since April 21, 1909. On July 9, 1910, Mr. Sheldon kindly furnished
the following data.
The crop of fruit for 1909 was abundant, good in quality and
nearly clean. There were but few whiteflies in 1909 and very little
sooty mold. There was much whitefly in 1910; but, so far. little sooty
mold. Red fungus was spread in 1909, but none in 1910, because fungus
has so far been scarce. No other repressive measures have been taken.
Verbal reports for 1909 from men in charge of the Ronnoc Groves
(1, 2, and 3) are to the effect that there was almost a perfect growth
of the red Aschersonia by the end of summer. There was very little
fruit, however, and this was covered with sooty mold. The trees lost
much foliage during fall because of dry weather and the attacks of the
whitefly. This resulted in the loss of much fungus, which loss was
undoubtedly increased by the freeze of December. which froze the small
amount of fruit present. Some fungus was spread in parts having
little fungus. The whitefly was greatly reduced, but the trees have
large quantities of whitefly again (July 1, 1910) and a thin coat of
soot, but very little fungus. It would appear that the swarms of white-
fly migrating during August and September. 1909, mainly from the
chinaberry and umbrella trees, reinfested the groves and in a great
xxxviii
Annual Report, 191o
measure undid the good effects of the fungus. There will probably be
about a two-thirds crop in 1910.
DELAND.-DeLand has not been visited since April 23, 1909. The
fungus work here has been taken up on a large scale by Mr. Frank
Stirling, mainly through the influence of Mr. H. B. Stevens. As
reported in 1909. Mr. Stirling sprayed 38,000 trees before July 1 of
that year. During the season of 1908-9 Mr. Stirling, with one and two
helpers, made 127,500 sprayings of fungus. Trees sprayed oftener
than once were counted each time that they were sprayed. The red
fungus was used most extensively, but some brown and some yellow
were also used. This work was done at a contract price of 2 cents per
tree. Some portions of the Stetson Groves at DeLand were sprayed
five times, and Mr. Stirling believes that the whitefly was held in check
and kept from spreading; and had fungus not been applied, that one-
third of the fruit would have required washing on account of a deposit
of sooty mold.
In a letter of July 13. 1910. Mr. Stirling reports that, up to July 1,
he and his helpers have sprayed 60,000 trees with fungus. These were
mainly in Volusia, Brevard, Orange. and Polk counties. In Polk
county nearly all the groves in the Auburndale section were treated with
red, brown, and yellow fungus.
ST. PETERSUURG.-A brief but extended survey of the whitefly
situation at this place was made on December 9, 1909. There has been
no marked improvement in the whitefly situation of infested groves.
The whitefly, accompanied by considerable quantities of scale, was still
spreading, and many groves had lost much wood and foliage. Lack of
sufficient moisture was the probable cause of the inefficiency of the
fungi in most instances.
In the grove of Mr. W. E. Heathcote, there was a general sprink-
ling of the red Aschersonia (A. aleyrodis) with some brown fungus
(Aegerita webberi), and a little cinnamon (Verticillium heterocladum).
Mr. Heathcote stated, however, that there had been a good growth and
distribution of the red Aschersonia during the summer, and that the
dry weather of the fall had caused large quantities of it to drop. There
was also less red Aschersonia upon the fall growth than on the summer's
growth. Some wood still continues to die and is being pruned out.
There also appears to be a continued tendency for the purple scale
(Lepadosaphes bcckii) to increase, which is generally accompanied by
an increase of the white-headed scale fungus (Ophionectria coccicola)
and the black fungus (Myriangium duriaei). The amount of fruit was
small and somewhat affected with sooty mold. With sufficient irriga-
tion and the growth of a heavy cover-crop during the period of summer
rains, it should be possible to get better results with the fungi than
have so far been obtained. A heavy, especially a tall-growing, cover-
crop would produce more of the humid condition favorable to fungus
growth.
In this connection it is of some interest to note the observations in
the next grove to the north which had been sprayed with a contact
insecticide during the latter parts of April and September, 1909, when
the younger and more vulnerable larvae must have been abundant. The
xxxix
xl Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
trees appeared much cleaner, with only about one-half as much white-
fly. The large seedling orange trees, however, had evidently suffered
severely, as was indicated by the loss of wood and foliage; but new
growth was in evidence. There had been a considerable development of
red fungus, evidently brought over by natural agencies from the Heath-
cote grove. The observations in this grove show us that, as has pre-
viously been observed, the fungi can be employed in conjunction with
contact insecticides.
SBn-PENIVSULA.-The conditions on the sub-peninsula as a whole
may be represented by those described for St. Petersburg. On Decem-
ber 6 and 8, south of Clearwater and Largo and to the east of Clear-
water, conditions were revealed similar to those described in last year's
Report. The shortage of rain during the summer had retarded the
normal growth of the trees and checked the development of the fungus
diseases of whitefly and of scales. The white-winged species (Aleyrodes
citri) has continued to spread unhindered, and it will probably be a
question of only another season or two when this species will have
infested every grove. The cloudy-winged species (Aleyrodes nubifera)
will probably decrease in numbers and occupy a secondary position.
Groves and trees that had lost much of their twigs and foliage in
consequence of drought, whitefly and scales, the year before, had
developed new foliage and large numbers of watersprouts. This was
not the equivalent of the foliage previously lost. The new growth
was. of course, found infested with whitefly, but where red fungus had
been introduced some of this was also present.
OTHER PLACES.-Orlando, Boardman, McIntosh, Wildwood,
IPartow, Pierson, Palatka. and Winter Park were also visited during
the year and notes taken upon the whitefly and fungus conditions. (For
Winter Park and Pierson see Bulletin 103.) A pure natural culture of
Aschersonia aleyrodis on Alevrodes nubifera was received this spring
from the Monarch Orange Groves near Wildwood. This demonstrates
that this fungus can thrive on Alevrodes nubifera alone as well as on
A. citri. But as has been repeatedly observed and reported (Reports
for 1908 and 1909) the yellow Aschersonia thrives only on A. nubifera.
CULTURE OF THE RED ASCHERSONIA.-A culture of about 50 pint
and half-pint bottles was made on February 24. 1910. by the Laboratory
Assistant, Mr. A. B. Massey. on sterilized sweet potato. This culture
was intended to meet any shortage of natural fungus that might be
experienced during spring and early summer, since the freeze of Decem-
ber 30 and 31, 1909. had defoliated large numbers of citrus trees,
which of course greatly reduced the amount of fungus. After 19 or 20
days, an abundance of spores had been formed, and by about April 20,
these cultures were in their prime.
FiNc.-s IN COLD STORAGE
Some fungus was collected on March 11, 1909. and placed in cold
storage at the Diamond Ice Company's factory. The fungus was taken
out of cold storage on August R. 1909. (The writer here desires to
express his appreciation of Mr. Livingston's kindness for allowing the
samples of fungus to be placed in the factory.)
Annual Report, p9io
1. A pint glass bottle. with rubber stopper. containing 50 leaves
with fungus was placed in a tin can and tightly soldered. Excelsior one
inch thick had been packed about the bottle inside the can to protect it
against the sudden exposure to the cold of the brine tank in which the
-can with its contents was submerged. The temperature in the tank was
stated to be about 12 degrees F. This fungus, upon removal from the
bottle appeared to be in perfect condition.
2. A lot of 50 leaves was enclosed in a quart syrup can, the cover
-of which was made tight by means of a rubber band. This can was
placed above one of the frost-covered pipes near the ceiling of the cold-
storage rooms. During part of the time the can became encased in ice.
The temperature was probably about 26 degrees F. Most of this fungus
appeared to be in good condition when removed, and was about as
bright as fresh fungus. The citrus leaves had, however, taken on an
.olive green hue. Some moisture had condensed within the can, so that
the lower leaves were wet and had turned black.
3. Lot 3. consisting of about 3o leaves in a paper sack, was sus-
pended in a basket from the ceiling of the cold-storage room. The
temperature was stated to be about 36 degrees F. This fungus became
wet, blackened, and moldy. There were only a few leaves upon which
the fungus was still red and apparently in good condition. Mr. H. S.
Fawcett, the Plant Pathologist. kindly made germination tests of the
spores of each lot of this fungus. No germination took place in water,
nor in 5 per cent. glucose solution.
On August 11, 1909. spores from each lot were sprayed on to
-sterilized sweet potato by means of a small atomizer. On October 11,
1909. the following notes were made:
Lot 1.-Eight bottles. None have developed any red Aschersonia.
Lot 2.-Six bottles. One bottle has a fine growth of red Aschersonia, which
*covers all the potato.
Lot 3.-Seven bottles. No evidence of red Aschersonia.
SOAPS AND SPRAYING MIXTURES
The spraying experiments of May 7 and June 12, 1909, reported
-upon in last year's Report under the above heading, were in part con-
tinued and repeated during the following summer, while some others
were added.
The two trees sprayed with "Golddust" (Report 1909) on May 7.
were in Mr. B. F. Hampton's grove near Gainesville. These same trees,
together with five others. were sprayed again, on August 17, 1909, with
Good's potash whale-oil soap No. 3. The soap was used at the rate of
1 pound to 9 gallons of water. After 10 days it was estimated that
over 90 per cent. of all larvae had been destroyed by the spray. On
'September 14, 1909, Messrs. J. C. McMillan and 0. F. Burger. Labor-
atory Assistants to the Entomologist and Plant Pathologist, respectively,
reported these trees cleaner (greener with much less sooty mold) than
those near by that had not been sprayed. The writer had made a like
observation following the spraying with Golddust in May, and again
made the same observation on October 16. 1909. These trees were
again sprayed on November 17, 1909, with whale-oil soap. of a strength
xlii Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
of I pound to 6 gallons of water. The results of this last spraying were
not looked for until after the freeze of December 80 and 31 had
defoliated the trees, when it was not possible to make a definite
estimate; but as nearly as could be ascertained the spraying with the
whale-oil soap had been effective in destroying large numbers of the
larvae, which were mainly in the first to third stages, and in the flattened
condition of the fourth stage.
At the same time a parallel series of sprayings with Golddust and
whale-oil soap was carried on in about 35 trees of the small Satsuma
grove, also belonging to Mr. Hampton, and adjoining the larger orange
grove. The sprayings were made on the same dates as given in the
preceding paragraph, and the spraying materials used were the same.
The results were about the same as those just described.
Much red fungus developed in the trees sprayed with the soap
mixtures, and continued to develop apparently as well as in those not
sprayed. It is, of course, understood that as the trees sprayed with the
Golddust and soap solutions were adjoining others not treated except
by fungus, they became reinfested after each spraying as soon as a new
brood of adults matured.
The small Satsuma grove (about 50 small trees with a few large
orange trees) had received a good inoculation of red fungus from the
larger grove into which fungus was introduced, and from a few leaves
pinned the year before. The grass and weeds had been allowed to grow
during the rainy season as directed, so that the weeds in the Satsuma
grove were as tall as the trees, and this resulted in a humid atmosphere
very favorable to fungus growth. The interesting point, previously
observed, is the fact that the spraying solutions employed did not retard
the development of the fungus in the least.
Spraying in the trees of Mr. James Cellon (referred to in Report for
1909. under date of June 15 and 17, 1909) was continued on November
11, 1909. No adults were observed, but larvae in all stages were present
in large numbers and the trees were sooty. Larvae of the fourth stage
predominated. Many had passed the thin condition. The third-stage
larvae were next in abundance. Six trees were sprayed with whale-oil
soap No. 3, using 1 pound to 6 gallons of water. Seven days after
spraying nearly all larvae up to the thickened condition of the fourth
stage had been destroyed by the soap. Of the thickened fourth stage
only a few were dead.
Two trees were sprayed with a mixture of whale-oil soap and baking
soda. One pound of soap and 1Y2 pounds of soda were dissolved in 8
gallons of water. The results were the same as for the whale-oil soap
experiment mentioned in the previous paragraph.
The object of these experiments was the further study of the fact,
mentioned in Report 1909, p. xlv, and Press Bulletin 124, that spraying
solutions were more effective against whitefly larvae in warmer weather
and against the younger larvae. Each of these facts has been verified
by these experiments. (For more definite data and tables on some of
the spraying operations in Mr. Hampton's grove and Mr. Cellon's trees,
see Bulletin 103, p. 14.)
Annual Report, i9io xliii
Several other spraying mixtures were also tested. Considering the
fact that washing soda with soap gave an effective spraying mixture, it
seemed desirable to test washing soda alone. Four small trees were
sprayed with it in August. using one-fourth pound of soda to one gallon
of water. Examination showed little or no mortality among the white-
fly larvae, but a few tender leaves had been injured by the soda.
Borax was also tried at the same time. Some samples of borax had
been received some time ago. One-fourth pound of this was dissolved
in a gallon of water and sprayed into four small trees. No results
followed.
Three medium-sized trees were sprayed with Black Leaf Tobacco
Extract, using it at the rate of 1 part to 65 of water. Only a few larvae
had advanced to the fourth stage. Forty leaves were collected, 6 days
after spraying, and careful counts of the dead and living larvae made.
Of 1.752 larvae of the first and second stages, 675 or 38.5 per cent. were
dead; of the 6ou larvae of the third stage, 216 or 35 per cent. were
(lead; of the 147 larvae of the fourth stage only 34, or 23 per cent. were
dead. Besides showing that this spraying mixture is far less effective
against all stages than soaps and other contact insecticides, it verifies
the other fact that the younger larvae are more easily destroyed than the
older ones.
SPREAD OF HIIITEFLY.
In August, 1909, specimens of A. nubifera were received from
Lemon City, Florida. Later in the same month, when the writer
visited Lemon City, in the capacity of Farmers' Institute lecturer, this
species was found scattered in small quantities from north of Lemon
City to Buena Vista, and to the Bay Front. None was found near to
Miami on the north nor to the south. The source of the infestation
could not be determined, but the fly had evidently been present longer
than two years, perhaps five or six, judging by its distribution. The
amount of whitefly injury appears, however, to have been small. This
is probably the most important center of recent infestation reported
this year.
Other places from which whitefly was reported during 1909-1910
are:
Sisco. A. citri; Thonotosassa, A. nubifera with yellow fungus and
A. citri with brown fungus; Rockledge, A. citri; Oakhill, A. citri;
Nichols, A. citri; Key West. A. nubifera; Geneva, A. citri and A.
nubifera: Floral City, A. citri; Fort Pierce, A. nubifera.
A. CITRI IN CHINABERRY AND UMBRELLA TREF-s.-During the first
week in September, 1909, the laboratory assistant, Mr. J. C. McMillan,
made -a careful estimate of the number of adult whiteflies that are bred
and liberated in a certain large China umbrella tree in Gainesville. This
tree has a spread of about seventy feet and a height of seventy feet or
over. The average number of empty pupa-cases per leaflet on 130
leaflets was 7.3; of third-stage larvae, 0.7; of fourth-stage larvae, 12;
of pupae, 4.2 (average of the four stages. 24.2) ; and of dead larvae, 1,
No record of eggs or first and second stage larvae was made. (The
average number of pupa-cases and live larvae on seventy leaflets taken
xliv Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
from a small tree near by was fifty-six.) The following summary was
made for the large tree:
Number of leaflets per leaf......................................... 50
Number of leaves per small branch .............. .................... 100
Number of leaflets per small branch.................................. 5,000
Number of small branches per larger branch.......................... 5
Number of leaflets per larger branch ................................. 25,000
Number of larger branches on tree................................... 70
Number of leaflets in tree........................................... 1.750,000
Number of pupa-cases, pupae and larvae per leaflet ................. 24.2
Total number of adults liberated and still to be liberated .............42,350,000
Total number of adults liberated from the entire tree, as calculated from
empty cases only. was......................................... 12,775,000
Total number of pupae present..................................... 7,350,000
Total number of fourth-stage larvae................................ 21.000,000
Total number of third-stage larvae................................. 11.225.000
42,350,000
It is probable that most of the fourth-stage larvae became adults
before the leaves were shed from the tree.
These figures correspond very well with those of Prof. P. H. Rolfs
(Florida Agriculturist. September 19, 1906) and Dr. A. W. Morrill
(Florida Agriculturist. June 26, 1907), made several years ago, consid-
ering the variability in whitefly infestations.
EFFECTS OF FROST.-During the nights of December 30 and 31, 1909.
the temperature at Gainesville dropped to 17 and 18 degrees F. respec-
tively. This was sufficient to defoliate, wholly or in part, many citrus
trees. It has considerably interfered with the experimental work here.
The fungus experiments have been disarranged because of the loss of
fungus and the general interference with the life of the trees; the
whitefly has also been greatly reduced, so that there is now a scarcity of
whitefly larvae on which to carry on experiments. The conclusion is.
that the effects of a freeze upon the whitefly when the trees become
nearly or completely defoliated are about equivalent to a fumigation
with hydrocyanic acid gas.
Respectfully,
E. W. BERGER,
Entomologist.
itnnual Report. igio
REPORT OF PLANT PATHOLOGIST
P. H. Rolfs. Director.
SIR: I submit the following report of the work in Plant Pathology
for the fiscal year ending June 30. 1910.
The work of the year was confined for the most part to the investi-
gation of the diseases of citrus trees. The principal diseases under
investigation were Stem-end Rot, Gummosis, Scaly Bark, and Scab.
Two minor diseases, known as Silver Scurf and Buckskin. were also
under observation and study. Stem-end Rot of citrus fruits is a new
disease which first came under observation during November, 1909.
Owing to the destructiveness of this disease, work was begun upon it
as soon as it was discovered.
Diseases of other plants received attention as opportunity and time
was afforded for such work. A disease of sugar-cane known as Red
Rot, due to the fungus Colletotrichum falcatum Went. was found for
the first time in Florida. An account of the nature of this disease
and recommendations for its control have been published in a press
bulletin.
A study of the spore stage of the Brown Fungus of whitefly has
been completed. The previous supposed connection of certain spore
forms with this fungus was proved, and the fungus was described
under the name of A.egcrita webberi Fawcett. A species of scale fungus
new to Florida was isolated from Lecanium on Pinus Taeda.
The work in the laboratory has been much aided by the assistance
of Mr. Owen F. Burger, who began his work with the Experiment
Station in April, 1909. He has taken up a special study of the peach
diseases of the State.
STEM-END ROT
This disease first came to our notice in November of the past year.
It affects nearly all varieties of citrus fruits, producing a decay, usually
at the stem end. It caused heavy losses this year. The loss was esti-
mated at between 5 and 30 per cent. of the fruit in affected groves. The
disease was observed at, or reported from, 20 localities; but the focus of
infection appears to be in the three counties of Volusia, Lake and Or-
ange. The decay may begin either in the fruit on the tree. or. in the
fruit after it is packed and sent to market. Perfectly sound uninjured
fruits may be attacked.
DESCRIPTION.-The fruit first begins to soften and becomes slightly
depressed around the stem end, without the rind changing color. There
is no blackening nor molding at first, and the rind remains intact over
the softened interior. The rot proceeds inward along the fibers of the
rag (Fig. 7), and then outward into the pulp cells (Fig. 8). At first
both the inside and outside of the fruit remain almost unchanged in
color; but, as the softening continues, the rind turns dull brown.
Finally the rag and the pulp cells are disintegrated, and the entire fruit
becomes soft and mushy.
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
This rot usually occurs on full-sized fruits after they have colored.
Though the softening may begin while the fruit is still hanging on
the tree, it usually develops after the fruit has dropped or after it has
been picked. In groves where the disease was most severe, it has
Fig. 7.-Grapefruit attacked at stem end.
been estimated that from 10 to 50 per cent. of the fruit had dropped.
Some of this dropping was due to withertip or to other causes, but
in many cases a large percentage of the dropped fruit developed Stem-
End Rot while lying on the ground. In other places the percentage
was smaller, there being only from 1 to 5 per cent. of the fruit affected.
Fig. S.-Rot advancing farther.
But the dropping and rotting of the fruit in the grove is not the end of
the trouble. The rot may develop on fruit that to all appearance was
perfectly sound when packed, and make itself apparent only on arrival
at the market. Reports have been received of shipments of oranges
having from 1 to 1S per cent. of the fruit affected by Stem-End Rot
on arrival at New York.
Annual Report, Ipzo
Pure cultures of this fungus were isolated from the interior of
diseased grapefruit, sweet oranges, sour oranges, and tangerines. Many
isolation cultures were made, and in a majority of cases the culture
plates developed nothing except the fungus causing the disease. The
fungus was grown in parallel cultures with Pythiacystis citrophthora
Sm. & Sm., which causes brown rot of lemons in California, and was
found to be quite distinct from that fungus. Its growth in dilute prune
juice is much more rapid than that of Pythiacystis citrophthora. When
transferred from prune juice to distilled or tap water, its growth was
very weak, while Pythiacystis citrophthora grew well in the same media
and produced an abundance of swarm-spores. A cultural study of this
fungus is being made, the results of which will be published later.
INOCLuLATION ExPERI.MENTs.-Laboratory experiments in infecting
sound fruit with this disease were conducted. As a preliminary experi-
ment, a few grapefruits and oranges were inoculated, some with pure
cultures, and some with pieces of diseased tissue placed at the stem end.
The fruit at room temperature (which was at that time about 70 de-
grees F.) began to show softening at the stem end in about two weeks.
The same symptoms of decay were produced by the application of the
pure culture as by the pieces of diseased tissue. Isolation cultures from
the former fruit (that which had been infected from cultures), gave
pure cultures of the same fungus again.
More extensive infection experiments were then undertaken. Most
of this work was done with oranges. In one small test. lemons were
used. The oranges were picked from a grove in which no trace of
the disease could be found, and shipped immediately to the Experiment
Station. As far as possible only sound oranges were used. One ex-
periment .was as follows: Five glass jars were partly filled with tap-
water, and to four of them were added respectively, pure cultures of
fungus, pieces of diseased oranges, 2 pounds of soil from under an
affected tree, 3 pounds of the same soil after air-drying in the labora-
tory for 16 days. The fifth jar remained untreated, as a check. In all
of these .5 jars sound oranges were placed and allowed to soak for 2-1
hours. They were then taken out and wrapped, as one would wrap
oranges for market, and kept in an incubator at 85 degrees F. At the
end of two weeks those which had not decayed were removed and
allowed to lie in the room for a week longer. Two other glass jars
contained lemons: one with cultures in tap water and the other with
water alone, as a check. It will be seen from the following table of
results (see Table XVIII) that infection took place in all the tests.
while none of the checks showed infection.
Another test was made to determine whether infection would take
place through any other part of the fruit than the cut end of the stem.
For this purpose the following means were employed: (1) The cut
end and calyx were covered with grafting wax, and cultures placed on
the stylar end. (2) The cut end of the stalk was covered with grafting
wax and cultures placed on the calyx. (3) The calyx was covered with
wax and cultures placed on the cut end of the stem. (4) Fruits on
which no cultures were placed were also kept as checks. After the
culture was put on, the place was covered with a bit of damp sterilized
xlvii
Florida A-Igricultural Experiment Station
cotton. The orange was then loosely wrapped in paraffined paper and'
placed in the incubator, at about 85 degrees F. (28 to 30 degrees C-).
Table XIX shows the result of this test.
TABLE XViII
INFICTIOn EXPERIMENT. I
FRUIT IN WATFR FOR 24 HOURS
PERCENTAGE OP STEM-
END ROT SHowIGc.
After After Afterl Blue
1 2 3 1 mold
week weeks weeks
Oranges with cultures of fungus .................. 16 34 41 25
Oranges with pieces of decayed fruit.............. 20 90 00 1i
Oranges with 2 pounds of soil from affected tree..... 43 64 75
Oranges with 3 pounds of soil from same place after
drying 16 days ............................. 0 0 12
Oranges in water only, as checks .................. 0 0 0 17
Lemons with cultures in water ................... 0 43 57
Lemons in water only. as checks ................... 0 0o o 0 ..
TABLE XIX
INFECTION EXPERIMENT, II
PERCENTAGE OF
STEM-END ROT
FRUIT WRAPPED AfterI After After
1 2 3
week weeks weeks
Stem end and calyx waxed, and cultures placed on stylar end 43 43 | 43
Stem end waxed, and cultures placed on calyx ............ 40 60 60
Calyx waxed, and culture placed on cut end of stem........ 87Y t 1I0 100
Not inoculated, checks ...... ............................. 0 0 0
A third test was made to determine whether infection could take
place through attached steins of various lengths. For this test oranges
were specially picked with stems of lengths varying from one-half to
four inches. The calyx, and in most cases the entire epidermis, was
covered with grafting wax, leaving the cut end bare for the reception
of the culture which was put on and wrapped as in the last test. A third
table (Table XX) shows the result of this test.
TABLE XX
INFECTION EXPERIMENT, III
PERCENTAGE OF
STEM-FND ROT
FRUIT AND STEMS WRAPPED After After After
week I weeks weeks
Cultures put on ends of stems 3 inches long................ 0 45 45
Cultures put on ends of stems 2 inches long................ 0 50 50
Cultures put on ends of stems 1Y2 inches long.............. 0 100 100
Cultures put on ends of stems I inch long.................. 33 100 100
Cultures put on ends of stems inch long ............... 100 too 100
Cultures put on ends of stems 0 inch long.................. 87~ 1 1t00
No cultures put on ends, checks ........................... 0 0 0
xlviii
Annual Report. ipio
RESULTs.-These experiments show that. under laboratory condi-
tions, infection of sound oranges may take place not only through the
cut ends of stems up to 3 inches long. hut also through the epidermis
of the fruit. and through thile calyx: and that infection of oranges or
lemons may take place in water either from cultures, pieces of diseased
orange, or infected soils.
GMM-t _osIS
The investigations as to the nature and cause of this disease were
continued as time allowed, and experiments for its control were taken
up. Many new localities were reported during the past year. and the
disease has appeared in counties
%where it had not been observed
before. It has been observed or
reported from 31 localities, rep-
resenting 14 different coun-
DaEscRITriox.- The diseased
parts of the tree are usually at
a considerable distance from the
ground. on the trunk or larger
limbs, and are rarely found on
the smaller branches or twigs.
The disease first makes itself ap-
parent by the oozing out of a
thin watery gum, which some-
times runs down the bark in
lines, forming "tears." The gum
comes from a crack or rupture
in the bark (Fig. 9). Later, the
gun thickens and collects in
large quantities at the cracked
places in the bark. As the dis-
ease progresses, the bark cracks
still more, and assumes a scaly
ulcerated appearance over patch-
es a few inches to a foot or
more in length (Fig. 10). The
diseased patches may extend
completely around the limb, or
may be confined to one side of a
branch. Gum may continually
ooze out all over the affected
areas or the gumming may
Fig. 9.-Gummosis. Early stage. cease for a time and the old
gum be washed away by the
rain. In thile latter case there is left only a scaly appearance, which may
easily be mistaken for Scaly Bark-a name that has already been applied
to a different citrus disease, occurring mainly on the \Vest Coast. In
cases where the Gummniosis is not too severe, new bark is formed under
E----
xlix
1 Fl-orida Agricultural Experiment Station
the old0; and the surface becomes marked by ridges, warts, and resinous-
looking deposits. In severe cases the bark dies to the wood, and the
v,,od decays inward, often destroying the limb or the entire tree.
Fig. 10.-Gummosis. Later stage.
Sometimes an apparent recovery results from the formation of a new
bark under the diseased tract.
DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN SCAI.Y BARK, FOOT-ROT ..ND GUIMMOSIS.-
Gummosis differs from scaly bark in
the following points: Gumlnlosis does
not affect the entire tree from the trunk
to the smallest twigs as does Scaly Bark:
nor does it spot the fruit. It (foes not
appear as round or oval "nail-head rust"
spots. Gummosis presents a scaly shaggy
appearance on the trunk andl larger
limbs, almost identical in appearance
with Scaly Bark: but it lacks the marks
on the small twigs and fruit, and usually
more .um is exuded.
Gummosis may be distinguished
from Font-Rot by the following char- Fig. I ].-Guilmlmosis.
acteristics. Gummosis almost never oc- Section across orange stem,
c .ahowi ng gum-pockets.
curs at the base of the tree. nor does gum
ooze from near thile ground. as in Foot-Rot, and it does not usually
have the sour putrid odor that accompanies Foot-Rot.
Annual Report, 19o li
TREATMENT.-Experiments are under way for the control of Gum-
mosis, but these have not had sufficient time to show conclusive -results.
Either of the following methods of treatment is recommended: (1.)
Scrape off the diseased bark and paint the surface with Avenarius'
carbolineum--one gallon of carbolinenim to one gallon of water in which
one pound of whale-oil soap has been dissolved. (2.) Peel off the
bark over the diseased area without scraping the wood underneath,
being careful to cut beyond the diseased tissue. and cover the wound
with a kind of grafting wax recommended by Mr. W. S. Hart for
covering wounds. This consists of 6 ounces of alcohol, 1 pound of
rosin, 2 ounces of tallow, and 1 ounce of spirits of turpentine. Mix the
tallow and rosin, and melt them together. Take off, cool. and pour in
the alcohol slowly. Then put in the spirits of turpentine.
SCALY BARK OR "NAIL-HEAD RUST."
Observations on this disease have been continued. Notes were
taken from time to time to determine the further effects of the treat-
ment for control described in our last year's Report. The effectiveness
of Bordeaux mixture in preventing this disease has been shown. Some
control experiments were continued into 1909. The effect of a 1 to 2
per cent. solution of carbolineum was tried, but no difference between
the sprayed and unsprayed trees can he detected at this time. The
beneficial effects of the Bordeaux mixture used in 1907 and 1908 were
even more apparent in the early part of 1910 than they had previously
been. The sprayed trees were suffering much less from the disease
than the unsprayed trees. In cases where the trees had been headed
back and sprayed with 5-5-50 Bordeaux mixture five times, over a
period of one and a half years, there was an almost complete recovery
from the disease in spite of the fact that the badly diseased trees which
were present in the adjoining row were not sprayed.
Fig. 12 illustrates the effect of Bordeaux on a tree that was used
to test what could be done by spraying several times. This
tree was one of two trees that were headed back about
July. 1907. It was sprayed six times over a period of
17 months, at the following times: October, 1907; February,
1908; April, 1908; July, 1908; October, 1908; and Febru-
ary. 1909. The other tree next to it was left for a check. An
examination of the trees in November, 1908, showed that no new disease
spots were forming on the sprayed tree (Fig. 12, B), while the growth,
6 to 12 months old. on the check was being covered with new spots
(Fig. 12, A). Limbs of the same age were taken from each tree in
March. 1910. and photographed (Fig. 12). Each represents fairly the
condition of its respective tree. Other trees headed back in February.
1908, and sprayed 5 times during the next year, showed as complete a
recovery by March, 1910. The recovery, though not so thorough, was
quite marked in other cases where only one or two sprayings had been
made. Fig. 13 illustrates fairly well the effect of spraying on trees not
headed back. The branch ( B was from the new growth on a tree
in a plot sprayed in April. 1907. and May. 1908. and the branch (A)
was from the new growth on a tree not sprayed, as a check. They were
photographed in March. 1910. The specimens were selected to show
Florida .Agricultural Experiment Station
fairly the condition of each tree. Two or three Scaly-Bark spots will'
be noticed on the sprayed limb.
REMEDY.-The recommendations formerly made still hold in their
main features. There are certain modifications, however, that result
from further study. The line of treatment to be chosen will depend
somewhat on the condition of the trees and of the grove as a whole,
A B
Fig. 12.-Scaly Bark.
A. unsprayed. B. sprayed six times.
1. If the disease has only recently come into a locality and is
confined to 2 or 3: trees in a grove, it would pay to cut these back to
the stump and treat them as suggested in (3), in order to prevent
the further spread of the disease.
2. If the disease is of long standing in a grove in which the trees
are still looking fairly well. it may be checked quite effectually by the
use of Bordeaux mixture. after a thorough pruning out. The dead
Annual Report, 9o10
and badly diseased branches should he cut out during December or
January. The pruning should be followed immediately by an applica-
tion of Bordeaux mixture, and the spraying should he repeated 2 or
3 times at intervals of two months.
3. If the trees are badly diseased, showing much dead wood and
,weakened limbs covered with the "nail-head rust" spots and shaggy
Fig. 13.-Scaly Bark. A, unsprayed. B. sprayed twice.
-bark. more drastic measures will be necessary to check the disease.
Under such circumstances the trees should be headed back in
December or January. All the foliage and smaller branches should be
-cut off and only the body and larger limbs left, the entire surface
being painted with a solution of carbolineum. One gallon of carbo-
lineum to one gallon of water in which one pound oF whale-oil soap
has been dissolved -will prove effective if the work is.done in a
-thorough manner.
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
CITR'S SCAn, OR VERRHtUCoFIs.
(C ladosporium citri Massee)
This disease was first described by F. Lamson Scribner in 1886(
(Bul. Torrey Hot. Club. Vol. xiii. pp. 181-183). A fuller account
with a colored plate appeared in the Annual Report of the Commis-
sioner for Agriculture for 188i, pp. 120-121. Scribner referred to
the fungus as Cladosporium sp. G. Massee first gave it a specific
name in his "Text Book of Plant Diseases" (1899, p. 310). referring
to it as Cladosporium citri pro tern. It has been erroneously called
Cladosporium cl-'gans Penzig, in the following publications:
Fig. 14.-Citrus Scab. First appearance, on sour orange leaf.
Magnified three times.
Annual Report. 19o10
Tubeuf & Smith, "Diseases of Plants, etc." 1897. P. 509.
Hume, H. H.. Citrus Fruits and Their Culture. 1904.
Earle, F. S., Primer Informe Annual de la Estacion Central
Agronomica de Cuba. 190-1. 19105, 190G.
Cook, M. F. and Horne, W. T., Bul. 9 of the Cuban Exp. Sta.
1909.
This fungus infects only very young rapidly .growing tissue. After
the tissue has become at all hard, or if it is growing slowly, no infec-
tion results. An account of inoculation experiments made from pure
cultures was given in our Annual Report for 1907. An extended
study of this fungus has been made, the results of which will be pub-
lished later.
SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS.-Experiments were conducted for the
control of the disease. These were carried on with small one-year-old
trees on the Experiment Station grounds. Tests were made with
Bordeaux mixture and variouti strengths of Avenarius' carbolineum.
It was found that the Bordeaux was more effective than any emulsion
of carbolineum up to 25 per cent. In 1909, a set of small sour orange
trees which were badly affected with scab were sprayed with 5-5-50
Bordeaux in September. Others next to them were left as checks.
All the trees put out some new growth. The new growth on the
sprayed trees came out healthy and vigorous, while the growth on
the unsprayed continued to show infection. These lots were con-
tiguous to one another, there being a space of only 6 inches between
them. A little infection came over from the unsprayed lot on growth
which came out after the spraying was done, but the effect of the
spraying was quite marked. Fig. 14 shows the first appearance of
scab on an infected leaf.
In March. 1910. half of the lot sprayed in September, 1909, was
sprayed for the second time, and half of the check lot was sprayed
with Bordeaux 3-3-50. The effect of the Bordeaux was quite appar-
ent. Those sprayed in November and March were entirely free from
scab. On those sprayed only in November, the lower leaves were free
from scab, while the upper new growth was affected; In those
sprayed only in April, the lower old leaves were scabby, while the
upper leaves were free from scab. Those not sprayed at all showed
scabs on leaves and on twigs. all the way out to the new growth.
SILVER SCURF ("THRIP MARKS")
The surface of citrus- fruits is sometimes marked by irregular
areas which assume a silvery appearance (Fig. 15). Under the lens
the epidermis will be seen to have broken up into irregular patches
which may be readily scraped off with the dull edge of a knife, leaving
the orange nearly uninjured (Fig. 16). Sometimes the silvery,
slightly scurfy appearance gives place to a rougher, dark grayish
scurf. In most cases no injury results to the fruit except to destroy
its smooth bright appearance. Sometimes, however, the growth of
the fruit is so affected as to warp it and make it small and one-sided.
The scurf first shows in April or May on green fruits when they are
/7 .r;.da agricultural Experiment Station
quite young, and is usually whitish or light gray in color. As the
fruit becomes older the scurf usually assumes a silvery appearance.
Fig. 15.-Silver Scurf on orange.
On the leaf the first symptom is an irregular patch, lighter green or
slightly yellower than the normal leaf. Microscopical examination
shows that only the surface is affected. Later, the affected tracts de-
A, -"
Fig. it1.-Silver Scurf on orange. Magnified 4 times.
Annual Report, 19po lvii
-velop a silvery scurfy appearance which may become dark gray and
then dark brown or black, as the tissue is deadened. This scurf is
readily distinguished from the scab due to Cladosporium citri, by the
absence at all stages of the projecting warts and corky spots.
This scurf has been attributed by growers to various causes. The
marks are most commonly known as "thrip marks." They are also
thought to be caused by grasshopper bites, scratches due to the sway-
ing of the limbs, etc.
In studying this scurf, the conclusion has been reached that a
species of fungus, which produces Alternaria spores in cultures, if not
the immediate cause, is at least one of the main factors in producing
the disease. Cultures from the scurfed tracts on leaves and fruits
brought up repeatedly the same species of fungus. Microscopical ex-
amination of the scurfed areas showed the presence of the same type
.of spores. Moreover all gradations of spores were found between the
Coniothecium type and the Alternaria type of spore. The most com-
mon and most constant type of spore on the leaves is the Coniothecium
type. This type of spores forms clusters of brown or straw-colored
cells. The surface hyphae on which these spores are borne are com-
posed of short close segments often as broad as long. usually con-
stricted at the septa. and of the same color as the spore clusters. There
appears to he no definitely marked line between hyphae and spores,
the Coniothecium spores being merely a slightly modified form of
hyphae. All gradations oif form between these and spores of the
Alternaria type may be found on the same leaf. A small amount of
scurf has been produced on leaves by inoculating plants with the
Alternaria spores, but as the plants were not entirely free from mites.
it cannot be asserted definitely that this fungus was entirely respon-
sible for the surfing. Further experiments are necessary to deter-
mine this point.
Markings apparently quite similar to these were described and
figured by J. Eliot Coit. in Bul. 58 of the Arizona Experiment Station,
pp. 319-321, and were attributed to thrips.
Dr. McAlpine describes a scurf of citrus fruits in Australia which
he calls Black Scurf. His colored figure seems to show nearly the
same marking as is often found in Florida. McAlpine attributes the
scurf to Coniothecium scabrum. which le describes for the first time.
(McAlpine. D.. Fungus Diseases of Citrus Trees in Australia, Dept.
Agr. Victoria, 1899, p. 80. The figures of the fungus spores and
hyphae are ouite similar to the Florida forms.
BROWN FtUNGUS OF W YITEFLY
(Aegerita zwebbcri)
This fungus was discovered by Dr. II. J. Webber in 1896, growing
parasitically upon the larvae of the whitefly. Aleyrodes citri. As no
spores were observed at that time. it remained unclassified, and the
sterile form was described under the name of "Brown Fungus." In
its sterile form, the fungus consists of a chocolate-brown stroma which
somewhat resembles the citrus red scale, Chrysomphalus aonid.
I.
L
Fig. 17.-Brown Fungus of whitef.y. (1) Sporodochia on upper surface of
orange leaf. (2) Pustules on whitefly larvae, lower surface. (3) and (4)
Sporodochia germinating in 5 p. c. glucose. (From Mycologia, Vol. II, No. 4.)
Annual Report, 1910 lix
(Fig. 17, 2). From the margins of this stroma there extend colorless
thick-walled hyphae. Later in the development of the fungus (usu-
ally in the summer or fall), the hyphae at the margins of the stroma
grow out long and colorless. extending not only over the under sur-
face of the leaf, but also around the edges and upon the upper sur-
face (Fig. 17. 1). Sometimes the fungus also extends down the
petiole and along the stem to the next leaf, infecting every larva in
its path. Sometimes the hyphae become very abundant, and form
silky grayish brown strands that almost completely cover the leaf
surface.
On the upper surface of the leaf, on short lateral hyphae. are borne
the sporodochia. which are Go to 90 microns in diameter. These con-
sist of an aggregation of conidia-like inflated spherical cells. 12 to 18
microns in diameter ( Fig. 1- i. From near the place of attachment of
Fig. Is.-Spxodochia and appendages. (From Mycologia, Vol. II. No. 4.)
the sporodochium there radiate 3 to 5 hypha-like appendages, which
are 150 to 200 microns long by ( to R microns wide, and have one to
three septa. This entire aggregation of spherical cells and append-'
ages usually remains in union and functions as a spore. When abun-
dant. these porodochia present to the eye the appearance of a reddish-
brown dust over the upper surface of the leaf. The presence of the
brown stromniata may be easily known at a distance of 10 to 20 feet by
this characteristic appearance. In most cases these sporodochia are
found only on the upper surface, but if the lower surface of a leaf
happens to be turned over for some time they will develop there also.
This condition of the fungus is common in the summer and fall. It
was first noticed in the fall of 1905, and has been observed in great
abundance every year since. The connection of these sporodochia
with the brown stromata was touched upon in 1908 ( Fungi parasitic
upon Aleyrodes citri. Univ. of Fla. P. 36). A notice of this connec-
Ix Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
tion was published in "Science" (N. S. Vol. xxxi, pp. 912-913, June,
1910), and the name Acgerila webberi suggested. A more detailed
description was published in "Mycologia." Vol. II, No. 4, 1910, pp.
164-1i,.
The following account, including the germination and inoculation
tests. iN the same as in the last-named publication.
Thc. relation of the sporodochia to the spread of the fungus is in-
teresting. When mature the sporodochium with its accompanying
Fig. 19.-VWhitelly larva permeated with mycelium of A.cgerita webberi.
(From Mycologia, Vol. II, No. 4.)
appendages breaks off from the mycelium and remains upon the sur-
face. apparently held lightly by the appendages. The inflated cells
make it light, so that when once detached, it blows about easily, and
coming into contact with any fairly rough surface it tends to hold fast
to it. It seems probable that the appendages also serve to hold the
sporodochia to the bodies of larger insects which may drag them from
one part of the tree to another.
Annual Report, i9o Ixi
GERMINATION TESTs.-These Aegerita sporodochia. when germ-
inated in hanging drop cultures of sterile water and in 5 per cent.
glucose solution, were seen to produce hyphae identical with' those-
which compose the brown stromata on the whitefly larvae.
When germinating, the first hyphae grow from the ends of the
appendages. These branch rather sparingly, but in a few days, in 5
per cent. glucose solution, they form a network by the intercrossing
of the branches (Fig. 179. 3 and 4).
INOCULATION OF XI ITEFLY L.ARVAE.-Two different experiments
were made to inoculate larvae of whitctly with these sporodochia. The-
sporodochia were carefully picked off one by one under the compound
microscope. On May 5, 1909. a camel's-hair brush, moistened with,
water containing the sporodochia, was drawn over whitefly-infested
leaves. No brown fungus was nearer than 1, miles from the place.
A week after. nearly all of the larvae turned dark as if dying. As the
characteristic stromata did not develop at once, the experiment was
for the time left alone. On August 11, stromata of the fungus were
found on the inoculated tree, but none could be found on more than
a hundred similar trees in the same locality. By October 6, the-
stromata were fully mature, and hyphae and sporodochia were present
on the upper sides of the leaves. On August 11, the same experiment
was tried again on a larger tree one-half mile from the first. In 9
(lays the first and second-stage larvae showed the effects of fungus
infection. (Fig. 19 shows infection of whitefly larva by this fungus.)
In 16 days the initial stages of the stromata were evident, bursting
through the edges of the larvae. and in a few weeks the typical brown
stromata were produced; but no sporodochia were yet evident. In
two or three months the hyphae had grown around to the upper
surface of the leaves and produced the Aegerita sporodochia. The
form of the hyphae strongly suggests relationship to the Hypo-
chnaceae of the basidiomycetous fungi, but as yet no true spores have
been found. A technical description follows:
Aegcrita webberi Fawcett. Sporodochia superficial, sub-globose, whitish
when young, turning to reddish-brown when mature, 60 to 90 microns in dia-
meter, bearing three to five appendages: conidia-like cells, globose to ellipsoidal,
hyaline, inflated, thin-walled, 12 to 18 microns in diameter, persistent, hanging
together in chains and clusters. Appendages three to five in number, straight,
thick-walled, two to three septate, rounded at the apex, 150 to 200 microns long
by 6 to 8 microns wide at base, narrowing to 4 to 6 microns near rounded apex,
arising from within near the base of the sporodochium. Fertile hyphae spreading,
colorless to slightly tawny with age, sparingly branched, distantly septate, form-
ing a loose mycelium on the upper surface of the leaf. Stromata pustular,
chocolate brown, smooth, with depressed top when young, becoming convex to
flat when mature. 0.5 to 2 mm. in diameter, composed of intercrossing thick-
walled hyphae; margins of stromata membranous. gray to tawny. 5 to 15 mm.,
giving rise to wide spreading mycelium. Stromata found on larvae of Aleyrodes
citri and A. rnubifera on under surface of citrus leaves. Known as "Brown
mealy-wing fungus" of Webber.
lxii Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
REFERENCES TO LITERATURE
1. Webber, H. J., Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc., p. 74, 1896.
2. W\ebber, H. J.. U. S. Dep. of Agr., Div. of Veg. Phys. and Path., Butl. 13,
pp. 27-30. 1897.
3. Webber, H. J., Proc. Fla. State Ilort. Soc., pp. 55-57 and 70, 1897.
4 I line, H. H., Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta.. But 53, p. 164, 1000.
5. (o- ard. H. A.. Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta.. Rept.. p. 65, 1901.
6. G.-sard. H. A.. Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta.. Bul. 67, pp. 621, 622, 1903.
7. Ilue. H. II. ., "Citrus Fruits and Their Culture." p. 550, Jacksonville. Fla.,
1904.
8. Sellards, E. H., Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rept., p. 26, 19105.
9. Parkin, J.. Fungi Parasitic upon Scale Insects. Annals of Roy. Bot. Gard.
Peradeniva, Vol. II, Part I, p. 52, 1000.
10. Berger, E. W.. Fl:i. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rept., p. xix. 1006.
11. Berger, E. W., Proc. Fla. State Horticultural Soc., pp. 75, 79, 1907.
12. Berger, E. W.. Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 88, pp. 64-65, 1907.
13. Berger, E. W., Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rept., p. xxxi, 1007.
14. Rolfs, P. H.. and Fawcett. 1-1. S., Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 94. pp. 16-17.
1908.
1.. Fawcett, H. S., Fungi Parasitic upon Aleyrodes citri. Univ. of Florida.
Special Studies No. I, pp. 34-36. 1908.
A FUNGUS OF SorT SCALE.-INSECTS
(Ccphalosporium lecanii Zimmermann)
In March of the present year, a fungus which appears to belong to
the above species was found on a soft scale insect, probably Lecanium
turgidum, on Pinus Taeda at Gainesville. Previous to this, in June.
1909, F. A. Stockdale, Gov. Botanist, Georgetown, British Guiana.
had sent the same fungus on Lecaniium (nigrumf) to the writer, but
it was thought to be a Sporotrichum at the time. In August, J. R.
Bovell, of the Department of Agriculture, Barbados, sent in the same
fungus on several species of Lecanium. Later, F. Watts of the same
Department wrote that the fungus was found on Lecanmum hesperidum
L., L. hcmisphericum and L. nigrum in Barbados; on L. viride and
L. mangiferae in Grenada, and on L. oleae in Antigua. In December.
1909, A. Patterson. of the Agricultural School of St. Vincent. W. L..
sent what appeared to be the same fungus attacking aphids on melon
leaves and the material arrived in such good condition that the fungus
was recognized as a Cephalosporium. It appeared from published
descriptions to be identical with Cephalosporium lecanii Zimmermann.
Pure cultures of this fungus were obtained from the material from
St. Vincent, and inoculations were made on whitefly larvae, and also
on several species of Ltecanium scales, which were on orange trees
under hell-jars in the laboratory. A few dead larvae of whitefly were
later found bearing a growth of this fungus, and also a few dead
Lecanium scales with the fungus upon them. but the fungus did not
cause a general infection. It was not ascertained with certainty that
this fungus alone caused the death of the few larvae. The Entomolo-
gist is growing large quantities of this fungus for experiments with
the citrus whitefly.
Annual Report, ip9o lxiii
SUGAR-CANE DISEASE-RED ROT
(Colletotrichum falcatum Went)
In March of the present year attention was called to the fact that
much of the bedded sugar-cane in the western part of Jackson county
and the eastern part of Gadsden county had spoiled in the beds, and
was rendered unfit for planting by some disease. Mr. McQuarrie
examined the beds, and found that the trouble was not due to poor
bedding in the fall, since the disease was prevalent even where great
care had been taken. An investigation of the diseased canes showed
that they were affected bv the Red Rot due to the fungus Colletotri-
chum falcatuin Went.
A microscopical examination revealed the presence of hyphae
with the characteristic chlamydospores, described by Lewton-Brain,
in the interior of the canes. Fungus hyphae could be found in the
cells at all stages of the reddening. Isolation cultures from the in-
terior of the canes produced growths of Colletotrichum falcatum. At
the time this was considered to be the first occurrence of the disease
in the United States: but, while a press bulletin was being prepared on
the subject, C. W. Edgerton, of the Louisiana Agr. Exp. Sta., pub-
lished a notice of the disease in "Science" (N. S. Vol. xxxi. 1910, p.
717). The disease has been reported in Hawaii, West Indies. Bengal.
Madras, Java and Queensland. It was first described by Went in
Java. in 1893.
DESCRIPTION.-The disease has quite characteristic marks inside
the canes by which it may be recognized, but is rather difficult to
recognize externally. It is therefore apt to be overlooked until it
becomes quite serious. When the canes are split lengthways. the pith
in the internodes shows a reddish discoloration. In these red dis-
colored areas are found white spots which shade off into the red.
These white spots are especially characteristic of Red Rot. As the
disease advances, the central portion of the pith gives way, forming
a straight cavity in which is a whitish mold made up of fungus
threads (Fig. 20). The nodes and buds become brown. The hard
outside of the stalk remains apparently unchanged. When the disease
has not progressed so far as here described, the canes may appear at
first glance to be perfectly healthy; but when they are split lengthways
the pith in the internodes will show the beginning of the disease by
small reddish patches. Because this disease is so easily overlooked,
the grower should keep a watch for it. There are other diseases that
may cause reddening of the pith. but if there are white patches also
within the red areas, the disease may be pronounced Red Rot.
Although Red Rot is usually not noticed until the cane is cut for
planting. it may be present during the summer. In some cases the
fungus causing Red Rot may seriously check the growth of the plant
during the summer by reddening the leaves and pith. The fungus
attacks the plant most easily through wounds or holes made by borers.
It appears to get to the growing plant mostly by means of the planted
cuttings. and does not spread much through the air. But usually
the injury is only slight during the growing season. At bedding time,
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
however, the fungus is present and ready to cause serious damage to
the dormant canes. It is at this time that the fungus probably grows
and advances into the interior of the canes and kills the buds. In the
beds, decay appears to.
start mostly at the ends
of the stalks, although it
may also start at other
places along the canes.
MIFANS of CONTR.L.-
(1.) Plant only healthy
canes. In the investiga-
tion of Red R o t in
I lawaii and other places,
it has been found that
the disease may be easily
a n d successfully con-
trolled by planting only
healthy canes that show
no sign of discoloration.
Apparently healthy
canes, with good buds.
ma y sometimes s ho w
slight discoloration of
the pith. Such canes may
perhaps grow. hut they
will be dwarfed and
weak and will carry the
fungus in t o the field.
Any canes showing even
the slightest discolora-
tion of the pith should be
discarded. It w ill be
necessary in s e c t i o ns
where the disease has be-
come prevalent to grind
all the cane and get seed-
canes from some other
locality.
(2.) Dip the canes in
Bordeaux mixture. As
an extra preventive the
selected canes may be
dipped in Bordeaux mix-
ture just before they are
planted. This will kill
any fungus that may
have gotten oni to the cut
ends or surface. A large
Fig. 2o.-Red Rot of sugar-cane. On left, infected wooden trough is con-
from cut end. On right, infected at nodes. venient for holding the
Annual Report, ipro
Bordeaux mixture while dipping. The formula, 5 pounds of copper
sulphate, and 5 pounds of lime, to 50 gallons of water may be used.
The cost is slight.
(3.) Whenever possible plant the canes in the fall, instead of
bedding them. The present method of bedding has a tendency, when-
ever the fungus is present, to encourage its spread throughout the bed.
Planting the cane in the fall will give one an opportunity to discover
the disease if present, and will do away with the danger from con-
tamination in the bed.
(4.) A method of dealing with the disease that has been practiced
in the West Indies is to plant some other variety of cane that is not
so subject to the Red Rot, especially seedling canes. If this is done a
little at a time. the cost is almost nothing, and one is saved the
trouble and expense of continually fighting the outbreaks of the dis-
ease. This method would probably be the best and least expensive in
the long run.
(5.) Burn all trash in the old bed, and all diseased cane.
If these suggestions are carefully and persistently followed out by
all the growers in an affected locality, the disease ought to be almost
entirely eradicated in two or three years.
Respectfully,
H. S. FAwcETT,
Plant Pathologist.
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
REPORT OF ASSISTANT PLANT PHYSIOLOGIST
P. H. Rolfs, Director.
SIR: I herewith submit the report of the Assistant Plant Physi-
ologist for the year ending June 30, 1910. The work during the year
has been a continuation of that outlined in the Annual Report for 190U8.
TISSL-:s OF THE CITRUS TREE
Studies of the healthy and abnormal tissues of the citrus tree have
,been continued. The abnormal tissues studied have been those pro-
duced by the diseases. Dieback, Melanose. Yellow Spotting. and
Frenching. 9
Dieback is primarily a gum disease. The principal symptoms are
gum manifestations in different tissues of the plant body.
Melanose is a disease of the epidermal and cortical tissues. It is
characterized by the development of a phellogen which separates the
affected part from the normal tissue.
Yellow Slotting is a leaf disease. The spongy tissue becomes
swollen, and intercellular deposits of gum occur. Frequently a
pllellogen develop- beneath the epidermis. (Fig. 21. No. 2.)
Frenching affects the chlorophyll bodies. It is due to a lack of de-
velopment of the green pigment in the leucoplasts. (Fig. 21, No. 1.)
MAX M 'M FERTILIZATION
In studying the effects of maximal and submaximal amounts of
nitrogenous fertilizers upon the citrus tree. it has been found that a
spotting of the'leaves occurs which is often accompanied by a fall of
the leaf-blades, which in falling leave the winged petioles attached to
the tree. The purpose of the experiments was to determine whether
this leaf spotting was due to a localized drying out on account of in-
jury to the root system by the fertilizers, or to the production of a
toxin by the roots on account of fertilizer injury, or to a disturbed
assimilation due to the absorption of large amounts of nitrates.
In the Dieback experiments conducted (luring 1908-1909 (Florida
Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report, 1909. pp. lxviii-
lxix) it was concluded that the plants were killed by an application of
nitrate of soda that was above the maximum. When this amount of
nitrate of soda was used alone or in combination with a fixed quantity
of sulphate of potash, it was evidently poisonous to the citrus plant,
and produced peculiar effects upon the leaves in the early stages of
the poisoning; but when the same amount was used with acid phos-
phate under the same conditions, its injurious action was apparently
prevented.
".Many organic and inorganic nutrient substances act as poisons
when concentrated. In the case of the neutral salts of sodium and
potassium, a fairly high concentration is necessary." (W. Pfeffer,
Physiology of Plants. Eng. Ed. 2: 258, 1900.)
Annual Report, ipto
Exprul.M.N'rs.-The first and second experiments described under
the heading, "Maximum Fertilization," in the Annual Report for 1909
(p. lxvi were repeated.
The plants of the first experiment and of the duplicate experiment
were fertilized as follows:
Lot 1.-High-grade sulphate of potash, 36 grams to each tree.
Lot 2.-Nitrate of soda, ;6 grams to each tree.
Lot :3.-Acid phosphate, S5 grams to each tree.
Lot -1.-No fertilizer.
11 I
Fig. 21.-Citrus leaves photographed bly
(2) Yellow Spotting; (3) Fertilizer injury.
transmitted light. ( I Frenching;
The results of the repetition of the experiments were the same as
those obtained in the first experiment. All plants of Lot 2 to which
nitrate of soda had been applied were killed, whereas the plants
in the other three lots were uninjured.
The plants of the second experiment and of its duplicate were fertil-
ized as follows:
Lot 1. J Nitrate of soda ............ ........................ 76 grams.
Acid phosphate ............ ........................ S. grams.
Lot 2. Nitrate of soda ..................... .................... 7(1 grams.
High-grade sulphate of potash............................ 36; grams.
Lot 3. Acid phosphate ............ ... ............................ 85 grams.
I High-grade sulphate of potash ............... .......... 36 grams.
Lot 4. No fertilizer.
lxvii
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
Again, the results of the duplicate experiment were the same as
those of the second experiment. The plants of Lot 1 were unin-
jured. Since the nitrate of soda was in the same quantity as used in
the first experiment where it was injurious to the plant, its injurious
effect was evidently counteracted by the acid phosphate, either while
in the soil or after being absorbed by the rootlets. Since the addition
of the acid phosphate must doubtless have made the soil solution still
more concentrated and yet no injurious effect resulted, it follows that
the nitrate of soda when used alone acted as a poison to the citrus
plant, and was not merely injurious by osmotic effect.
In Lot 2. three of the trees were killed and the remaining one was
badly injured. The high-grade sulphate of potash did not ameliorate
the action of the nitrate of soda. In Lot 3, the plants were uninjured
and showed a thrifty growth. The check trees that received no fer-
tilizer also showed a good growth.
These experiments were repeated altogether five times, and approx-
imately the same results were obtained. An examination of the roots
of some of the injured plants at the time of leaf-fall showed them to
have been more or less injured, and in many cases killed.
In the Dieback experiments with mixed fertilizers where the plants
were killed, death was preceded by leaf-fall, the winged petioles being
left attached to the stem; but in most cases there was no indication
of dead spots appearing on the leaves before falling. In these experi-
ments, however, the nitrate of soda was part of a complete fertilizer.
In the experiments here described, it was seen, in many cases, that
definite areas on the leaves died before the leaves fell. This again in-
dicated the action of a poison. These areas were variously located:
some were narrow and followed the midrib and veins; others spread
from the margins inward; and others were rounded'and located between
the veins. (See Fig. 21, No. 3.) To determine if the poisonous ef-
fect was due to the sodium or to the nitrate radical, the following
experiment was carried out. Each plant received 76 grams of the
chemically pure salt.
Lot 1.-Ammonium nitrate.
Lot 2.-Potassium nitrate.
Lot 3.-Sodium nitrate.
Lot 4.-Hydrogen disodium phosphate.
Lot 5.-No chemical; check.
The plants of Lots 1, 2, and 3 all showed a quick development of
the dead spots, which were largest upon the leaves of the plants of Lot
1. The dead areas were of a lighter color on the leaves of Lot 1 than
on the leaves of the other two lots. All plants of these three lots
ultimately died.
The leaves of the plants of Lot 4 drooped badly and were crimped;
they had a dull gloss, instead of the usual shiny appearance. There
was no loss of color, but, on the contrary, they became of a deep
bright green. After several weeks, the leaves nearly returned to their
normal position, but still showed the crimping and dull surface. The
plants of the check lot were unchanged, and put on some new growth.
lxviii
Annual Report, 19io
From these experiments it appears that the nitrates are the salts
that when used in quantities become poisonous, and that as poisons
they produce definite dead patches in the leaves. These dead patches
appear in those regions of the leaf in which the first distribution of
water from the vessels occurs. These results were unattended by any
of the wilting phenomena that indicate osmotic injury.
CHE.MltCAl. ANALYSES.-These analyses were made by Mr. S. E.
Collison of the Chemical Laboratory of the Florida Agricultural Ex-
periment Station. Several young orange trees were each fertilized
with 76 grams of nitrate of soda. After some days, when the dead
areas on the leaves were developing and the leaves were falling, the
following samples for analysis were taken:
Sample 1. Leaf-blades that had fallen, leaving the winged petioles
attached to the tree, but showing no dead areas.
Sample 2. Fallen leaf-blades that showed dead areas before
dropping.
Sample 3. Leaves pulled from trees treated with the same amount
of nitrate of soda. but showing no visible injury, apparently on ac-
count of a previous treatment with acid phosphate.
Sample 4. Leaves pulled from trees that had not been fertilized
since coming from the nursery.
TABLE XXI
Sample I. Organic nitrogen........... 1.63 per cent. of the green material.
Organic and nitrate nitrogen. 1.63 per cent. of the green material.
Sample 2. Organic nitrogen...........1.75 per cent. of the green material.
Organic and nitrate nitrogen.1.75 per cent. of the green material.
Sample 3. Organic nitrogen............ 1.37 per cent. of the green material.
Organic and nitrate nitrogen. 1.55 per cent. of the green material.
Sample 4. Organic nitrogen...........1.25 per cent. of the green material.
Organic and nitrate nitrogen. 1.253 per cent. of the green material
These analyses show the absence of nitrate nitrogen in the leaves
of the injured plants; only a small percentage in the uninjured plants;
and still less in the untreated plants. This would indicate that the
nitrogen, if it is carried to the leaf in the form of nitrates, was changed
into organic forms by the action of the protoplasm. It is possible that
the poisonous action is due to an accumulation of elaborated material
on account of an insufficient supply of phosphorus for translocation;
for the poisonous action was not visible where the nitrate of soda was
applied along with acid phosphate.
HISTOrLOGICAL STUDIEs.-In order to study the effects of these
poisons on the leaf, pieces of leaves from the four samples mentioned
above were killed in Fleming's and Worcester's killing fluids, and
stained with anilin-safranin and gentian-violet, and also with iron-
alum haematoxylin. Some of these pieces of leaves were cut so as to
show both live and dead areas on the same section.
The dead areas (from Sample 2) showed the protoplasm collected
in a mass in the center of the cells. This mass stained a reddish
brown with the anilin-safranin and gentian-violet, and a'deep gray
lxix
Lxx Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
with iron-alum haematoxylin. The cell walls were only partly col-
lapsed. (See Fig. 22.) In the live tissues bordering the dead areas
(Sample 2) the cells of the spongy tissue were plasmolysed, while the
palisade cells apparently retained their normal turgor. In the live
tissue of the leaves of the injured trees (Sample 2) the chlorophyll
bodies and the protoplasm took the safranin stain more readily than
did these parts in the leaves of the untreated plants (Sample 4). The
protoplasm of the palisade cells of the former leaves was granular.
CoxcLusIoN.-From the data at hand, it is concluded that the
leaf-spotting is due to disturbed assimilation. Since the spotting can
be prevented by the addition of a phosphatic fertilizer, it is probable
that the injury is due to the absorption of an amount of nitrogen suffi-
Fig. 22.-Cross-section of leaf-spot caused by injury due to nitrate oi soda.
cient to overbalance the amount of phosphorus available in the cell for
its proper assimilation.
DIEBACK EXPERIMENTS
DIEBACK TRF.ATMENT.-Dieback of citrus is presumed to be a
physiological disease that is brought on either by unfavorable growth
conditions or improper treatment. Some of the conditions that are
known to aggravate the disease are, over-feeding with organic forms
of ammonia, lack of drainage, and iron hard-pan too near the surface
of the soil. Trees located on shell lands, on coquina lands, and on the
rocky lands of the southern part of the State, are very susceptible to
the disease for unknown reasons.
Owing to the variety of conditions aggravating the disease, numer-
ous methods of treatment have arisen. These treatments may be
Annual Report, t1910
classed as natural and artificial. The natural treatments vary accord-
ing to the aggravating condition. The treatment for excess of organic
ammonia consists in changing the source of ammonia, discontinuing
cultivation as soon as the moisture condition in the soil will allow, and
cutting and removing the spontaneous growth of grass and weeds that
comes on'during the rainy season. The treatment for the disease when
it is present in soils that become water-logged is drainage.
The artificial treatments may be defined as those in which the trees
are fed with certain fertilizers or chemicals to counteract the Dieback
condition in the tree. These treatments are based on the assumption
that there is a certain ferment or unknown body in the soil or plant
that causes the Dieback condition in the tree and is counteracted by
the particular substance fed. Some of the substances that have been
used for this purpose are kainit, lime, copperas, and bluestone.
The use of bluestone as a treatment for Dieback has become prev-
alent through the State. It is used in three ways: (1) By spraying
it on the trees in the form of Bordeaux mixture; (2) by mixing it with
the soil about the base of the tree so that it is absorbed by the roots
along-with the fertilizers; and (3) by placing small crystals. about the
size of a pea, beneath the bark.
Each one of these methods is claimed to have merit by certain
growers, and is condemned by others. With one or two exceptions, the
experiments herein described arc the first that have been conducted
under control conditions to determine the effectiveness of bluestone as
a treatment for Dieback. P. H. Rolfs, on page 94 of the Transactions
of the Florida State Horticultural Society for 1904, says:
I have made a number of experiments to test the efficiency of bluestone put
under the hark of trees to cure Diehack. For each tree treated, a tree standing
near by and in nearly the same condition as the treated tree, was left untreated,
the cultivation and other treatment of the trees being kept up in exactly the same
manner as if no tree had been treated. In every instance the untreated tree
recovered as promptly as the tree that was treated.
COPPER StiLPIIATE AS A STIMULANT AND A POISON.-Bluestone
has been used almost universally as a preventive of plant growth, par-
ticularly that of fungi. From our present knowledge of the causative
conditions for Dieback, bluestone is apparently used as a treatment for
this disease on account of its benefit as a stimulant.
Copeland (Copeland. E. P., Chemical Stimulation and the Evolu-
tion of Carbon Dioxide, Bot. Gaz. Vol. xxv, Nos. 2 and 3) in working
with copper and other poisons found that all of those with which he
worked acted as stimulants. Porchet and Chuard carried on some ex-
periments at the Viticultural Station of Lausanne to test the effect of
copper compounds on the plant. The investigations showed that treat-
ing vines with copper solutions resulted in a stimulation of growth,
through the absorption of minute traces of copper; and the ripening
period of the grapes was also accelerated. The following is quoted
from an account of these experiments in the Experiment Station Rec-
ord. xvii. pp. 1086-87:
To determine the penetration of copper into plant tissues an experiment was
inaugurated in the spring of 1903 in which different lots of grape cuttings were
Ixxi
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
potted in a peaty leaf-mold and the different pots given varying amounts of
copper, iron, magnesium, and cadmium salts in solution, the concentrations vary-
ing from 0.001 to I per cent. In ten days the lots receiving the weaker solutions
of copper began to force their buds. Eleven days later those which had received
magnesium sulphate had four leaves, and the buds on the cuttings receiving 0.01
to 0.001 per cent. copper sulphate were bursting. All others showed po growth.
At the end of 33 days all buds had burst except those receiving iron sulphate,
and these were more than two months in developing. In the autumn it was
observed that the leaves remained on the treated vines long after the check lots
had lost their leaves, and the cuttings treated with magnesium sulphate and iron
sulphate lost their leaves before those which received the copper sulphate solu-
tion. These retained their foliage late into the fall, ultimately losing them in
direct proportion to the strength of solution with which they had been treated.
The quantity of copper in the different lots was determined late in the
autumn, and it ranged from 0.0133 gram of copper per 100 grams of dry weight
for the lot receiving a one per cent. solution to a trace in the lot receiving 0.01
per cent., and not even a trace where the more dilute solutions were used.
Recognizing the corrosive action of copper sulphate on the delicate roots
formed from cuttings, this feature was investigated, and it was found that the
humus in the pots had acted on the copper, causing it to lose its toxic effect upon
the root tissues.
Bain (Bain, S. M., The Action of Copper on Leaves. Vol. xv, No.
2, Bul. Tennessee Agr. Exp. Sta.) in 1900 cultivated peach, apple, and
grape seedlings in copper sulphate solutions. He found the copper
sulphate to be toxic to the plants. The roots of the apple were decidedly
more sensitive to the toxic action of copper than were those of the
peach, which latter were somewhat more sensitive than those of the
grape. The same related sensitiveness to copper poison seemed to hold
true of the other organs of these plants, with the possible exception of
the leaves of the peach.
Crandall (Crandall, C. S., Bordeaux Mixture, Bul. 135, Illinois
Agr. Exp. Sta.) found that the healthy bark of apple trees is imperme-
able to Bordeaux mixture and solutions of copper sulphate. Copper
sulphate solutions are absorbed through the wounds and promptly kill
the leaves, which then become brown. Numerous experiments in which
copper sulphate solutions varying in concentration from 1-100 and
1-1,000 were injected through roots and through holes bored in trunks
of trees, uniformly resulted in browning of leaves. The copper pene-
trated to the leaves, as was determined by analysis. The time required
to give evidence of injury varies with the strength of the solution and
the rate of transpiration; but is usually short, varying from 25 minutes
in one case to several hours where the weaker solutions were used. A
further series of experiments in which much less concentrated solutions
were used was commenced rather late in the season. One tree in this
series supplied with a solution of copper sulphate 1-25.000, developed
unmistakable yellowing of the leaves on branches situated in the direct
track of the ascending solution.
CONDITIONS OF THE ExPERIMENT.-The grove in which the experi-
ment was conducted is located in south central Florida. It is situated
lxxii
Annual Report, ipio lxxiii
on a southern slope which varies in gradient from 7 to 22 feet per 100.
The soil is sandy and dark in color. The subsoil is reddish from the
presence of iron; an iron-clay hard-pan underlies the grove at a depth
-of four feet or more. The drainage of the grove is excellent.
The trees are of the Tardiff and Blood varieties, budded on rough
lemon stock.
HISTORY OF THE GROVE.-The grove was planted in January, 1904.
The stocks were four years old and the buds two years old at that time.
Little plowing had been done. The cutaway harrow has been the
principal tool used in cultivating. The trees were hoed to keep large
weeds down until the rainy season started. Beggarweed was grown
-every year through the grove, and cut for hay.
The grove was first fertilized in June, 1904. One pound of the
formula 2/2-(--11 was given each tree. In addition two pounds of
bone-meal were broadcasted on the ground. In January, 1905, the
grove was fertilized with 3 pounds to the smaller trees and 7 pounds to
the larger trees, of the formula 4-6-9. The ingredients of the fer-
tilizer were nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, steamed bone flour,
and low-grade sulphate of potash. During the month of January many
of the trees were killed back to the bank by the cold. Dieback was first
noticed in the grove during the following summer. No fertilizer was
-applied during the year 1906.
This experiment was started on June 1V, 19,08. The trees were uni-
formly affected with Dieback at that time. Frenching was also prev-
alent. Stained terminal branches were to be found on all the trees.
The continued dying back in the previous seasons had given the trees
a ragged appearance. Much of the new growth had acquired an
S-shaped appearance, due to growth first downward and then upward.
-Gum pockets and bark excretions were common.' The foliage was of
-a deeper green than that in an adjacent unaffected grove.
One badly affected tree was dug up so as to secure all of the main
roots uninjured. The tap-root extended to the hard-pan. Failing to
penetrate this, it had grown horizontally, following the contour of the
-clay. The main laterals, five in all, varied in length from 10 feet 3'
inches to 14 feet 4 inches. The circumference of the trunk was 10
inches. There were masses of young fibrous feeding roots.
During the previous winter the trees had been entirely defoliated,
but at the time of the beginning of the experiment there was a rank
growth of foliage and new branches. Many of these new branches
showed gum pockets, and some had bark excretions. Some of the trees
-carried much young fruit, but a large percentage of these were already
showing ammoniationn."
Seventy trees were included in the experiment. These trees con-
stituted a part of five rows of trees extending in the direction of the
-slope (See Diagram 1). One row consisted of Tardiffs, three rows
-were Bloods; and the other row was of an unknown variety.
lxxiv Florida A
X. treated tree.
0. untreated tree. tCheck.)
lgrteultural Experiment Station
DIAGRAM I.
0
0 X
0 X X
0 0 0
X X X
X x x
0 0 0
X X X
x x X
0 0 0
0 0 0
X X X
X X X
8F-
Annual Report. 1910
The trees included in the experiment were divided into alternate
plots of ten trees and five trees, except a few trees at on end of the
grove. The plots of ten trees were treated, while the plots of five trees
were left untreated. (See diagram of grove.)
The treatment consisted in placing as much finely powdered blue-
stone as would fill a four-grain capsule beneath the bark of the trunk
at a point about one foot from the surface of the ground. The chemical
was inserted by making a short cut through the bark lengthways of the
trunk. The bark was then raised by means of the point of a budding
knife, and the bluestone inserted beneath.
A rain fell the night following the treatment. This wetting of the
bluestone doubtless placed more or less of it in solution, allowing it to
be more quickly absorbed by the tree.
Fig. 23.-Gum flow from orange Fig. 24.-Check tree. Bark cut,
tree inoculated with bluestone. but not inoculated.
The untreated trees were cut and the bark raised in the same manner
and place as the treated trees; but no bluestone was placed beneath the
bark.
Within 48 hours after the inoculation with bluestone, gum began
to ooze from the wounds of the treated trees. This gumn was grayish
in color, and much like the color of the precipitate obtained by adding
a solution of copper sulphate to a solution of citrus gum.
On June 21. a careful examination was made of all the trees to
determine the extent of the gumming. Twenty-two treated trees
showed only slight gumming, and ten. a considerable amount of gum;
while twelve showed a medium amount of the gumming (Fig. 23).
The wounds of the untreated trees showed no gunming at all (Fig.
lxxv
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
24). In most cases, the gumming occurred only at the point of inocula-
tion; in others, it extended as much as 2Y2 inches downward and 14
inches upward, and was accompanied by a splitting of the bark.
GROVE CONDITIONS ON MARCH 30, 1909.-The next notes on this
experiment were taken on March 30, 1909. At this time the trees were
putting on much new growth, and there was a mass of bloom. The
grove on the average, showed an improved condition; the untreated
trees showed fewer symptoms of Dieback than did. the treated trees.
Frenching was still more or less prevalent through the grove. The
Dieback symptoms, (bark excretions, gum pockets, and multiple buds)
were mostly those formed during the previous growing season, though
some of the new growth on both the treated and untreated plots showed
fresh developments. Table XXII shows the presence of the symptoms
of Dieback and of other diseases in the experimental grove at the be-
ginning and at the end of the experiment.
The new growth was plentiful but had a tendency to be bunchy and
short. Melanose was noticed to have developed on two of the treated
and two untreated plots. None was found at the time the experiment
began.
The inoculation scars had in many cases healed up. In other cases,
they had developed to such an extent as to almost girdle the trunk.
They were more or less surrounded by dead wood. The worst cases of
partial girdling were found on treated trees. Gumming was noted on
only two trees. These were located in treated plots. The gum was
exuding both at the inoculation and at nodal points on a main branch.
The amount of gum exuded was small.
GROVE CONDITIONS ON MIARCH 4, 1910.-The final notes on the ex-
periment were made on March 4, 1910. The conditions of the trees at
that time, and at the beginning of the experiment are shown in Table
XXII.
The Dieback symptoms were not numerous at this time; they were
scattered through the grove irrespective of the treated and the un-
treated plots. Such symptoms as were present were found only after
close search. In gross appearance the grove seemed healthy. However,
only five of the treated trees were found to be perfectly free from
Dieback symptoms, and not any of the untreated trees were entirely
free from the disease. (See Table XXII.) But it is important to note
that these five trees were only slightly affected at the beginning of the
V experiment. One of the striking differences between the trees at that
time and at the time of this observation is the presence of frenching.
At'the beginning, nearly every tree showed frenched leaves and some
were badly affected. This indicated root disturbances, which probably
had much to do with the Dieback condition of the trees. At the time
of this observation, frenching was rare, and the roots were evidently in
a thrifty condition. An examination of the roots of a few trees showed
them to be well supplied with healthy new feeding rootlets.
Since the beginning of the experiment, one tree on a check plot and
three on treated plots have developed gummosis. One of those on the
treated plots was probably affected at the beginning of the experiment,
but it was not recognized as such at that time.
lxxvi
Annual Report, 1910o
TABLE XXII
lxxvii
Q -
S...P ...... ..... P P P ... p ... ...P ...... P
2 .. ..P ...P .. .. ... P ...P .. .P p P ...... ...... ...P ...... ...... p
8 p ... ... P ... ..P ... P ...P P .. .. .. P ...... ...... p
4 .... P .. P ...... .. P ...... P . .. P
5 D ... ...P . ...... . .P .P .
6 .... ...P ...P ...P ...... ... ...... ...... ...... ... P .
S ... ...... . . .. P . . . .. .
8 ...... ....P ..... P. .. .- - - ..... ... P
9 p ... .. .P ..... : . .P ...... ...P ....... ...... ..... P ... .
Check No. 2 G .. ... .. . ... ...P P P P p *.. ... ....* p
3 .. .. ...P ..P ...P . P ...P P P p ** .. .... .* ..P ... ... ..
4 ...... p .. ..... ..... ...P ...P P P ...** ...
Tree.No. ...... .. P ...P P ...P p P P .. . .. ..... P ... ...... ..
12 ...... . .. ... ... ... .P ... .. ......... .. .
1 ...... .. .P .. .P ...P ..P ...P P P P ... . ... ...... P .
14 ...... ...P ...P ...P ...P .. P P P P ... P .. P . P ...... ......
Sl ... P P ..P .P ...P P P ......... ... .. P .... ......
10 . P ...P ...P ..P P P P.. ......P ... ......... P
17 G. ......P ...P ... ... P .P ...P P P ...... ...... .. P ...... p ..
18 ...... ...P ...P P ...P ...P P P ... .. ... . .......
19 .... P ...P ...P ...P ...P --P P *** P P ... P -.
18 I......... ...P ... ...P p.. P p ** P ... ... P ...... ...... p
Check No 19 ......... . ... ... .. . . ... ..P ...... .... ..
7 ...... ... .... ..... .... ...Pp P .p
C8 .................. .. .P ... P ..P . ... ... ...P
S. .. ...P ...P ...P .. ...P ...P p P ... . .P . ..... p
81 ....... ... ...... ......... P ...P P ... p P ............ ... ...... p
9 ...... P ...P ...P ...P ...P ...P p P ........ .... ..P p ...... p
2 .... .. .P .... P ...P p P . ... .. ...... .....
5 .........P ...P ...P .P ..P ...P ...P ............ .....
26 . .... P ..P ....P ... P .. P ... ........... ....P p .... .. .
2 .. .. ...P ...P .. .P ...P ..... ...... ... ......
2 . .. .. P. . ..P ...P ... . ..... ...P ......
2 ...... P .P .... ...P ...P ...P .. . .. . .. .. .PP ...... .. . .
28 . ..P ...P ...P ...P ...P ...P P .. ....... ... P .... .. .. p
2 ...... ...... ...P ...P ...P ... P .. P .... ... ... ..
2 ...... ... ...P ...P ...P ..P ...P p P ...p ..... .... ...P ...... ... p
C2 ...... ...P ..P ...P ...P ...P ...P p P p ... .. ... .... ......... p
30 ...... .. ... P ...P .. P .. .. .. .. ...... .
ChTree No. 11 ... ... P ....P ...P ...P ...P ... P p ... ... .........p
12 .... ..... .... .... ....... .. ....... ..... . p P .... .. .. ... P. ......
1 ...... ........ P ...P ...P ...P.. P I.. P, .. ... ...P .. .........
Tree No ...... ...P ...P ..... ... ...P P .. .. ......P P... ...... ......p
32 ...... .... . .P .... ...... . ...P . . .. ./. .
33 .........P ...P ..... .... . .P .. .P p .P .p ... ..... ...P .......... p
34 ...... .. .P ...P P ... ...P ...P ...P P P P ... .. ...... .. P ... .. ... p
38 ......... ... ... ..P .... . ... ...... .... .. ...... ..... .
371 .........P ...P ...P ...P ...P ... p ... ........... .P ...... ...... P
40 ..P... ...P..P ...P
Chek No. .. .... ..P ...P ...P ...P ...P ...P p p ...... ...P ..... ......
17 ...... ...P ..P ...P ...P ...P ...P p P .. .... ... ...... ............ p
iesNo 1 ...... p P ...P ...P ...P ...P ...P p.. p ......... ... .P .. ....... p
19 ...... ..P ...P ...P ...P ...P .. P P p .. .........P ..... ........ P
820 .........P ...P ...P ...P ...P ...P P ...... ...... ....P ...... ...... p
Tree No. 1.........P ...P ...P ..P ...P ...P p P p ... ...... ... Pp...... ... p
42 ..... ...P ...P ...P ...P ...P p P p P p ... ...... ...P ...... ... p
4 ...... ...P ...P ...P ...P ...P ...P p P p ... ... ...P ...... ..... P
4e No ..... ...P ...P ...P ...P ...P ...P p P ... .. .P ...... ...
45 . I : I I .. .P ..P . .P ..P p P 'p
Check No. 221 ...... ...P ...P ...P ...P ...P ...P p P ... ...... ... ...P ...... ...... p
2 .. .P .. .P ..P ...P ..P ...P ..P p P p ... ...... P ...... ..... p
24______ ...... ... P .p ...P ...P ...P P p P ...... ...... ...P ...... ...... p
P-present on June 17, 1908.
p-present on March 8, 1910.
D-dead.
G-gummosis.
lxxviii Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
CoNcLusIoN.-The data obtained from this experiment show that
bluestone was an ineffective treatment for Dieback. After a lapse of
nearly twenty-one months, thirty-five out of forty-six treated trees, and
all the untreated trees, show some symptoms of Dieback. However all
the trees, both treated and untreated, show a decided improvement in
their appearance. The Dieback symptoms are much fewer than at the
beginning of the experiment. There is little frenching in the trees.
This indicates an improved condition of the root system.
Since the general improvement of the trees in the grove is not con-
fined to the treated plots, the grove must be recovering from causes
other than the bluestone treatment.
Respectfully,
B. F. FLOYD,
Plant Physiologist.
Annual Report, rp91
REPORT OF ASSISTANT BOTANIST
P. H. Rolfs, Director.
SIR: The following is the report of the Assistant Botanist for the
year 1909-10.
VELVET BEAN CROSSED WITH LYON BEAN
THE CRoss.-The well-known Florida Velvet bean Stizolobium
deeringianum) and the lately introduced Lyon bean (Stizolobium niv-
eum) have each some advantages which the other does not possess. A
Velvet bean with the neatly smooth pods of the Lyon bean would be
preferable, for the cottony hairs which compose the "velvet" include
a few stiff irritating bristles. A Lyon bean with the thin unopening
hull of the Velvet bean would be an acquisition, the chief objection to
the Lyon bean being that it scatters much of its seed. Such new char-
acter combinations may be expected in the second generation from a
cross. Accordingly. in 1908, R. Y. Winters pollinated Velvet-bean
flowers with pollen from the Lyon bean. and in 1909 sowed the hybrid-
ized seeds. When the first blossoms had just opened in autumn, he
departed to Cornell University for graduate work. Consequently,
in the spring of 1910, the writer was commissioned to carry out an
investigation of the Hybrid and next succeeding generations, both from
a scientific and a utilitarian standpoint.
THE PARENT STRAINs.-The parent Velvet bean plant grew, as R.
Y. Winters has kindly informed me. from one of a number of variously
mottled seeds which he had planted to test the inheritance of different
degrees of mottling. The seeds, presumably of this parent, which I
have seen, are well-mottled, as are also the hybridized seeds shown in a
photograph made by R. Y. Winters.
The strain of Lyon bean from which the pollen parent grew, was,
I am informed by Director P. H. Rolfs, probably that sent to the
Florida Station by C. M. Conner, from Manila, P. 1.
THE HYBRID GFNERATION.-Hybridized seeds were planted in
seven hills in 1909, and the vines allowed to climb on low wooden
frames. R. Y. Winters mentions their "intense vigor," and notes that
the first raceme of flowers was blooming by September 4, and that
the flowers and plants resembled the Velvet bean, but that the leaves
were "undulate, larger, and fleshier."
All the pods borne by these Hybrid plants were so thickly beset with
loose irritating hairs that there was trouble in harvesting them, and
they could only be shelled comfortably by hand after most of the bris-
tles had been brushed off under water. Since the possession of irrita-
ting hairs on the pod (and calyx) is characteristic of other species of the
genus Stizolobium (two of which, besides the well-known Cowitch, are
mentioned in Bulletin 179 of the Bureau of Plant Industry, by Piper and
Tracy, pp. 9 and 10), this character of the Hybrid is doubtless a "re-
version," and due to the meeting of two factors, one from each of the,
parents. Whether these factors are (1) that which produces the length
of the hairs of the Velvet bean, and (2) that which produces the stiff-
Ixxix
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
ness of the hairs of the Lyon bean, remains at present undecided-
Many of these pods were killed before ripening by a frost in the mid-
dle of December, 1909. It being probable that nearly half of the next
Fig. 25.-Pods and seeds: Lyon bean, above; Hybrid (first generation), in
center; and Velvet bean, below. The Lyon bean pod shown
is five-seeded; the other two, six-seeded.
generation would be without the obnoxious new character of irritating
hairs, an acre was sown with seeds from the Hybrid plants, each seed
lxxx
Annual Report, 1910 lxxxi
having been measured, weighed, and numbered. The seeds were put
in singly, 8 feet apart, and tall sorghum was sown around each for the
vines to climb.
THE VELVET AND LYON BEAN MATERIAL.-The Velvet bean pods
used for the comparison were the crop of the vines from a tall pole
which were growing in the same grounds as the Hybrids in 1909.
Measurements were also made of the general farm crop of the same
year, samples being taken after the pods had been through the huller.
The Lyon bean pods which were compared with the Hybrids were
part of the crop from plants grown on the same grounds as the Hy-
brids, and in the same year, but not on poles.
Measurements were also made of samples of Lyon beans from the
general farm crop, and from another strain grown in the horticultural
grounds, No. 179.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE VELVET, LYON AND HYBRID BEANS.-
The Lyon bean may be called an albino plant; since, except the chloro-
phyll, well-defined color is absent.
The chief differences noted between the samples of Velvet and Lyon
beans and the Hybrid (first generation) beans are given in the following
list. (Refer also to Figure 25, the seeds of Velvet and Lyon shown in
which may come from the actual parent plants.)
VELVET LYON HYBRID
Purple on epicotyls, and No purple on epicotyls, or
on backs of first simple on first leaves. (1501
leaves. (150 seedlings seedlings.)
examined.)
Sinus at base of first Broadly open sinus.
leaves usually narrowed.
Light markings on upper No markings on first
surface of first leaves. leaves.
Slightly brownish hairs on Colorless hairs on shoots.
young shoots.
Dark green foliage. Yellowish green foliage.
Blades of leaflets nearly
plane.
Standard more or less pur-
ple, wings dark purple
Flowering first usually to
wards end of August.
L on g thin-walled dark-
colored hairs on pod
(velvet).
Pods not usually opening
Pods short.
Pods thin-walled.
E--6
SVeins d e pr e s se d, and Leaflets undulate.
blades undulate. (Winters.)
Standard and wings white. Flowers purple.
(Winters.)
Fl o w e r in g a few days First flowers, September 4.
earlier. (Winters.)
Short thick-walled color- Long, loose, thick-walled
I less or yellowish hairs' yellowish (or golden)
(down) on pod. hairs on pod (irritating).
. Pods often bursting open Pods often bursting open
and scattering seeds, and scattering seeds.
Pods long. IPods long.
IPods stout. "iPods stout.
lxxxii Florida AIgricultural E.rperiocnt Station
VELV(T-CO tI. LYON-Cont.
Seed-coats mottled with See d-c oa t s unmottled.
dark l and light) brown Veins on seed-coat dis-
Veins eldomni showing tinct, and lead-gtty.
in uncolored part of '
seed-coat. ; i. :
S.eds.hort. -', . . -
.4 .7,; -1-W69 v~s. bropid.
pyI id-I- p -. I .
S.?ed-C!'ats all easily per- Somne eedc-coat s very
fli~l~~c4 W~t~t i9o Much less cafjily- per7
M dihe.'(m seed~.),
Seed-coatsfr
tfrs* u yvib) 'Veins
~ee~1St~777-.
Perm~abifity -,oftgui."u
t.ver 5 i t 62
The peific graity of two samples,. of several' fiindred se'ds'each,
-f the Veffet arttf Tvdn beans agreed to Ithe third decial; Thaf tif'a
similar sample of he' eeds of 'the Hybrids was .002 .les.. The weigh-
ings were rapidly done in' string alcohotl,:as ;ate~ cold tof'he used.
The starch -graits-of-amiber of e.eds of Velvet rand Jyonbeans dif-
fered sufficiently ini shape and position of the hilum 'tb be Just dis-
tinguishable. : .. .
H.AIs oN Pons.-The hairs on the Velvet4-ean 'puill are mostly
thin-walled, between 1 and 2 mm. long. and cofapsF early, becoming
flattened and contorted, so that-it isdifficult to measure their length.
They have dark brownish contents. Among these are a very few
stiffTer hairs which do not collapse. The down on'the Lyon-bean pods
consists of short stiff thick-walled hairs about 0.5 mm. long (average
of 30 measurements). usually colorless or yellowish. The irritating
bristly coat of the Hybrid pods is formed of stiff and brittle hairs ablut
1.1 mm. long (average of 30 measurements). with thick walls and yel-
lowish color. The Hybrid seems perhaps to inherit length of hair from
the Velvet bean, and stiffness of hair from the Lyon.
LENGTHS OF Poos.-The mean length of 126 pods of the Velvet
bean was 64 mm. The Lyon bean gave 89 mm. as the mean length of
139 pods. TheIybrid mean length was- S mm., deduced from 114
pods.
WEIGHTS OFr HtLLs.-The Velvet bean gave 1.21 g. as the average
weight of the hulls of 138 pods; the Lyon bean, 2.45 g. as the average
of the hulls of 108 pods; and the Hybrid, 2.62g. as the average of 125
pods.
NUMISIERs oF BEANs.-Velvet bean. 4.8, mean of 135 pods; Lyon
bean, 4.48. mean of 134 pods; Hybrid. 4.44, mean of 2.50 pods.
WEIGHTS or BEANs.-Velvet bean. 0.73 g., average of 652 beans
Lyon bean, 0.99 g., average of 543 beans; Hybrid (seeds produced by
first generation plants), 1.24 g., mean of 578 beans.
PeRME.AmuLITY oF SiED-c-oa t.-The permeability to water of the
seed-coats of the'Velvdt, Lyon, and Hybtid beans was tested by placirln
Ixxxii
;,,. .. .Aifar. r i $. lxxxiii
seeds shelled by hand in shallow evaporating dishes or plates, into
whicr-water was constantly dropping. (The results were- checkedLh
pi3Ulag .equal lots of beans to the same depth in flats filled with sandy
soil. and measuring to each flat an equal water supply. j
In one case. in warm weather. 100 Velvet bean seeds in dropping
water had, in 24 hours, .54 with the seed-coat burst and-radicle visible,
24 f Mv swollen. 7 with seed-coats all wrinkled,.and 13 with a-segineit
pt teed-coat rinmlded-the first sign of swelling. Only -two -aw
aq4pQsagns 4if. swelling, ,and these had swollen in 24 hours id e; o_.my
seeds .of the: Velvet bean-.begin to swell in a very fewy-,nmuniite4at. er
immeiion,_ The above observations give a mean time for complete
swelling of 0.7 days for the Velvet bean.
the same time 102 Lyon bean seeds were placed., under$ th~
anW .qnditiois. The results were as follows:
l r s 2iha rs) ............................
In2 ags ... .............. ...................
In allatys .................. ............. .
In 4 days ............... ............... ..
In 5 -days ......................................
l: -d days ...... .... ........ .............
In 7 days ...... ........... ..................
In a ks :.e.. ...... ... .......................
*Il-5 weeks ..:..... ........ ............
In 4. weeks ............... .... .......... .
In .we ks ... .. ..... .. ...............
22 seeds were fully j l
17 seeds were-fully,.s- iien.
5 seeds were fully swollen.
2 seeds were fully swollen.
2 seeds were fully swollen.
2 seeds were fully solien .
4 seeds werg. fully., swollen.
4 seeds were fully swollen.
10 seeds were fully swollen.
5 seeds weie fully st wlee.
a seeds were fully swollen.
6 seeds .were fully swollen.
": seeds were fu41y swollene.
Fourteen beans were left, which swelled at irregular intervals 41ur-
ing :the next two months. The mean, time for the 88 which. swelled m
the.first seven -weeks was 13.1 days.
At the same time a lot of 100 of the Hybrid seeds.Yas placed.un-
de- dropping water. .Of these, 4(i were swollen after 24- hours, 1 more
after 2 days, 24 more after 3 days, and the last one after. .18 days.
(Other samples of the Hybrid .seeds at other times swelled oiore
quickly.) The average time was 1.9 days.
Since the Velvet bean has the widest micropyle and the Lyon the
closest, the micropyles of dry seeds were closed by hot melted pairffine,
but the difference in the permeability was still obvious. When a saiiple
of Lyon beans (or Hybrid beans) had a portion of the seed-coat aboht
a millimeter square removed with a scalpel, all the beans .swelled
within 24 hours. Seeds which had been through the huller were often
more or less cut, and most of such seeds swelled rapidly. Seeds in the
same pod (Lyon bean) may differ much in the permeability of their
seed-coats.
DIMENSIONS OF BEANs.-The beans were measured to 0.1 mm.
with a vernier caliper, when the dry pods were opened. The results
were arranged in classes, and gave the following constants. (Follow-
ing- Johannsen, the mean error is given, which is 1.48 times the prpba-
ble error.)
Ixxxiii
'/'.yyZy!
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
TABLE XXIII
VELVET LYON HYBRID
LzxGTHs
Number of beans ......................... 305 308 578
Mean .......................... .......... 11.33mm. 14.92mm. 15.67mm.
(Statistical mean error) ................ 0.067m. 0.07 mm. 0.06mm.
Standard deviation ....................... 0.99 mm. 1.31mm. 1.41mm.
(Mean error) ...................... 0.04mm. 0.05mm. 0.04mm.
Coefficient of variation .................... 8.7 8.8 9.0
BREADTHS
Number of beans ........................ 300 308 578
Mean................. ................ 10.02mm. 11.61mm. 11.54mm.
(Mean error) ....................... 0.04mm. 0.04mm. 0.03mm.
Standard deviation ..................... 0.74mm. 0.70mm. 0.09mm.
(Mean error) ....................... 0.03mm. 0.03mm. 0.02mm.
Coefficient of variation .................... 7.4 6.1 6.0
THICKNESSES
Number of beans ........................ 299 308 572
Mean..................................... 9.04mm. 7.22mm. 9.11mm.
(Mean error) ....................... 0.04mm. 0.04mm. 0.03 mm.
Standard deviation ...................... 0.64mm. 0.63mm. 0.65mm.
(Mean error) ....................... 0.03mm. 0.03mm. 0.02mm.
Coefficient of variation .................... 7.1 8.8 7.1
The seeds of the Hybrids were somewhat longer than those of the
Lyon bean. But in the pods of the Lyon bean, especially, many seeds
are flattened at the ends by mutual pressure, thus giving a lessened
correlation between length and breadth. The mean breadths of Lyon
and Hybrid agree nearly within the limits of the mean error, as do also
the mean thickness of the Velvet and Hybrid beans. The coefficients
of variation show no noteworthy differences. (On the mean error
of the coefficients of variation see Johannsen, Elemente der exakten
Erblichkeitslehre, Jena, 1909, p. 496.) The seeds of the Hybrids are
apparently no more variable in length, breadth, and thickness than
are those of the parent strains. (Fig. 26 shows the variation in length
and breadth of the Hybrid beans.)
The question arises whether the apparent agreement of the Hybrids
in thickness with the Velvet beans, and in length and breadth with the
Lyon beans, is genetic or whether it is due to some special advantages
of these particular Hybrid plants (or certain of them) which caused
them to have specially large seeds, or to a destruction of all but the
ripest pods by frost. The Lyon beans which were measured had not
been grown on a support, as had the Hybrid and Velvet, and this may
possibly have somewhat reduced their mean dimensions. Johannsen
gives an example of a hybrid between two pure lines of beans, show-
ing, like our example, transgressive variability, in which the Hybrid has
seeds of intermediate length. (Erblichkeitslehre, p. 367.) Since but
few data seem to exist with regard to such quantitative transgressing
characters, the matter must remain for the present unsettled. The
next generation from the Hybrids will probably decide the point.
ixxxiv
Annual Report, 1910o lxxxv
TABLE XXIV
From the preceding results the following were calculated:
VELVET
Breadth as percentage of length ............ w'
Thickness as percentage of breadth........ 90
Thickness as percentage of length ...... so
LYON
78
62
48
*1
H-IYBRI D
74
19~
bs
J
lxxxvi loridla .. .riculIurAi E.i'pdiient Station
From these figures it is clea" that the shapes of the three lots of
seeds are different. exempt the breadth-length ratios of Lydn and Ily-
brid, which are nearly alike.
Figs. 27, 2R, and "'9. show that the seeds of the Hybrid sample
.slightly exceed the Lyon beans in length; and agree with the Lyon
beans in breadth, and with the Velvet beans in thickness.
CHECK IMEA.USL'MIKXNTS.-As the Hybrid seeds were not clearly
intermediate in their quantitative characters between their two parents,
and as this appears to be somewhat novel, the following measurements
were made as a check. The previous measurements of seeds were made
from pods full o(heatoy seeds. taken at random, all pods which con-
tained one or moje.shrivel&" seedsbeipg rejected. Three sets of meas-
urements were now made from huiledbeans; onlly healthy beans, taken
at random, being measured.
Three hundred and two Velvet beans, out of samples taken from
the sacks containing the farn, ciop of 1t0l. w re measured (after
rejecting all that had been cdt -by the hulter), anttd : mean length,
11.06; mean breadth. 9.94; mean thickness, 8. m'ffit. Three hundred
and two Lyon beans from the sacked farm crtpof .1909, rejecting cut
seeds, .gaie: mean length, 15.73'; mean breadth, 12.24; mean thickness,
:.29- mm.
Seeds! of strain. No. 179 of,on:bean (probably from the crop of
lo90) were measured in-two way ,- lMeasurempents of every sound
seed C305 beansr-as the pdds were opened, Ote:-.mean length. 15.29;
mean breadth, 11'1:; mean thickness (;.78 inf. Measuretii nts of only
the .seeds, of pods full of sound beans (304 seeds) gave: mean length,
15.15: mean breadth, 11.74; mean thicknessi 6*85 nim.
Three hundred. and iAveecds of the I-ybrids from hill No. 7, shell-
ed by hat d, taken at random from a sack of beaiA, gave: mean length,
15.31: mean breadth, 11.14 ; mean thiekness, :.94 mm.
In thl general average 9f alUt hj measttretengmade, the Hybrid
beans were less;than half a millimeter lodger, thantthe Lyon beans, and
nearly 4V2 millimeters longer t.ian the Velvet beans; the Hybrid
beans were less than half a iliamlter narrd\er than the Lyon beans,
and nearly 1% millimeters wid.?th.ah the-Velvet beans, while, lastly,
the Hybrids were nearly 2 nuillfini&e thicker than the Lyon beans, and
less than half a millimeter thicker than the Velvet beans. As far as
the material goes, the length and brea(fth of the Lyon bean, and the
thickness pf.the Velvet bean seem dominant in the Hybrid.
.-tinual Report. ip/o
VELVET
(P)
H---3- atl--"
.= .$7*6
y a n 4 i. Ifs
Fig. 27.-Variation curves of the measurements
and Hybrid beans. Millimeter classes.
of length of Velvet, Lyon,
VELVET,(^
M.0 IO0L-4
MciHwo.*f
Mfs.-ll.Sf
LYON (Me)
M -irS "o4.
Fig. 28.-Variation curves of the measurements of breadth of Velvet, Lyon,
and Hybrid beans. Half-millimeter classes.
IS~ .~J%
Fig. 29.-Variation curves of the measurements of thickness of Lyon, Velvet,
and Hybrid beans. Half-millimeter classes.
lxxxvii
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
DIMENSIONs OF STRoPHIoLu.-The strophiole which borders the
scar of attachment of the bean, and probably serves to detach the seed
from the funicle, was measured with the following results:
TABLE XXV
VELVET LYON HYBRID
LENGTHS OF STROPHIOLE
Number of beans .......................... 242 238 191
Mean..................... ................ 5.98mm. 6.87mm. 6.03mm
(Mean error) ........................ 0.03mm. 0.03mm. 0.02mm
Standard deviation ........................ I 0.41 mm. 0.45 mm. 0.31 mm.
(Mean error) ........................ 0.02mm. 0.02mm. 0.016mm.
Coefficient of variation .................... 6.8 6.6 4.6
BREADTHS OF STROPHIOLE
Number of beans ......................... 242 238 191
Mean ................ ... ................ 3.49mm. 3.37mm. 3.48mm.
(Mean error) ...................... I 0.02mm. 0.02 mm. 0.02mm.
Standard deviation ....................... I 0.27 mm. 0.28 mm. 0.23 mm
(Mean error) ........................ 0.01 mm. 0.01 mm. 1111.mm
Coefficient of variation ................... I 7.8 g.3 I G6.6_
Width as percentage of length.............. I 58 4(4 I .___
Length of strophiole as percentage of length
of seed ............................. 53 1 42
Width of strophiole as percentage of breadth
of seed .............................I 35 29 30
I
It is evident that the strophiole is relatively longer, though abso-
lutely shorter, in the Velvet bean than in the Lyon or in the Hybrid
beans. (The broad hook within the strophiole which serves to hang
the separated seed loosely to the end of the funicle, is much the same
in appearance in all three.) From these data it would appear that the
Hybrid possessed about the length of strophiole of the Lyon and the
breadth of strophiole of the Velvet.
AMOUNT OF MOTTLINGc.-There was no trace of brown mottling
in the seed-coats of the Lyon bean. On the Velvet hean the depth ni
the color varied in different pods; but in the sample of the strain grown
on the horticultural grounds the amount of surface covered by the
color varied little. (A strain of unknown origin, nearly free from
mottling, is grown on the Station Farm.) In the Hybrid the depth of
color was usually less, and the amount of colored surface varied much,
about one-twelfth of the beans being without any trace of mottling.
To attempt some measurement of the amount of mottling, paper cir-
cles were prepared to form a scale, in which accurately 0, 1. 2, 3. 4. .5.
6. 7, 8. and 9 ninths of the surface were covered with small irregular
patches of black paper. A brown photograph of this scale was used
for comparison, and trials showed that a fairly consistent estimate of
the mottling could be made after practice.
lxxxviii
Annual Report, 1910o
Of the Hybrid, 602 seeds were classified as to mottling. Of these,
49 were absolutely free from color; and another 49 had less than one-
-ninth of the surface colored. (Fig. :10 shows the variation in this char-
acter.) The classes (ninths) contained 98. 19. 75, 91. 55, 43, 139, 78,
Fig. 3o.-Sce-ds from different nods of I ybrid plants i first generation ). showing
extremes of variation in the mottling.
4, variates. showing three maxima. The mean was 4.30 ninths, and
the calculated standard deviation (which. since the arrangement is not
binomial, is of little value) was 2.40. The amount of mottling was a
pod character; for when the averages for the individual pods were
Ixxxix
xc Florida .- agricultural Experiment Stalion
taken and arranged in classes, a calculation of the mean gave -1.39
ninths, and the standard deviation was 2.39. If there had been a
chance distribution of mottling in the pods, the standard deviation
would doubtless have been reduced in the last case to less than one-
half as much, since the average number of beans in each pod is be-
tween 4 and 5. (Johannsen, Elemente der exacten Erblichkeitslehre,
Jena, 1909, pp. 86. 87.) Whether the mottling is a raceme character
or a plant character could not be accurately ascertained from the har-
vested pods. In the sample of Velvet beans, the amount of mottling
for 242 beans gave a mean of 4.38 ninths, and a standard deviation of
1.82: but the hue of the mottling was generally much darker than in
the IHyvbrids. The mottling of the heterozygote is three times as varia-
ble in amount as that of the homozygote, and it is clearly less in depth
of color.
CORRELATIONS.-Nine correlation tables were drawn up between
the measurements of length, breadth, and thickness of seeds; and be-
tween length of seed and length of strophiole; for the Velvet, Lyon,
and Hybrid beans. In all cases an approximately rectilinear correla-
tion was apparent, and the coefficients of correlation were, therefore,
calculated by Bravais' formula, and are (with the regressions) as
follows:
TABLE XXVI
I VELVET LYON HYBRID
LENGTH AND BREADTH
Number of beans ........................ 293 308 578
Coefficient of correlation ................. 0.50 0.46 0.70
(Mean error) ...................... 0.04 0.05 0.02
Mean increase of length for 1 mm. of
breadth .......................... 0.76 mm. 0.74 mm. 1.38 mm.
Mean length divided by mean breadth...... 1.13 1.29 1.36
BREADTH AND THICKNESS
Number of beans ........................ 289 308 572
Coefficient of correlation .................. 0.80 0.34 0.49
(Mean error) ...................... 0.02 0.05 0.03
Mean increase of breadth for 1 mm. of
thickness ......................... 0.89mm. 0.38mm.1 0.53mm.
Mean breadth divided by mean thickness.. 1.11 1.61 I 1.28
LENGTH or SEED AND LENGTH OF STROPHIOLE
Number of beans ....................... 191 191 191
Coefficient of correlation .................. 0.54 0.62 I 0.63
(Mean error) ....................... 0.05 0.05 0.04
Mean increase of length of seed for 1 mm.
of length of strophiole ........... 1.34 mm. 1.69 mm.| 2.30 mm.
Mean length of seed divided by mean
length of strophiole .... ........ 1.89 2.19 2.31
The correlation between length and breadth of seed is closer in the
Hybrid than in the Velvet or Lyon. In the Lyon especially, many of
the seeds are flattened at the ends by mutual pressure in the pod, and
this would of course reduce the correlation. On the other hand, the
Annual Report, 191o xci
correlation between breadth and thickness is greater in the Velvet,
whose seeds approximate the spherical form, than in the flattened
seeds of the Lyon and Hybrid. The length of the strophiole is fairly
uniformly correlated with the length of the seed. The regression in
the Hybrid. both with length and breadth of seed, and length of seed
and strophiole. appears proportional to the average dimensions of the
seed, which is not the case in the Velvet and Lyon. A correlation table
was also drawn up with the lengths of 3o4 Velvet beans and their posi-
tions in the pods, beginning at the stylar end. The mean lengths were,
11.8. 11.6. 11.5. 11.3. 10.6. 9._5 mm.. for the six positions. (The mean
number of beans in a pod was 4.8. > The mean positions of the beans
for every millimeter of length, from 7.53 mm. to 14.5.5 mm., were, 6,
5.5, 4.f6, 3.0, 2.4. 2.2, 1.4. Here there is an approximately rectilinear
negative correlation, which, when calculated. gives-0.54 as the coef-
ficient. The longest beans are those nearest the style. The decrease
is uniform only for the first three or four positions.
SULMMARY.-The Hybrid plants seem to derive the color of their
three upper petals, the length of the bristles on the pod, and the thick-
ness of the seeds from the Velvet bean; while the stiffness of the bris-
tles on the pod, the opening of the pods, the length and stoutness of the
pods, and the length and breadth of the seeds seem to come from the
Lyon bean. The mottling on the seeds of the Hybrids varies from
thickly-mottled like the Velvet, to unmottled with veins like the Lyon,
but the hue of the colored patches is a lighter brown than on the Vel-
vet bean. Whether these characters are truly dominant can only be
told when the next generation shows whether they segregate or not.
The coefficients of variation in the Hybrid seeds are no greater than
those of the seeds of the two parent strains, except as to the mottling.
The close agreement of the length and breadth of the Hybrid seeds
with those of the Lyon bean, and of the thickness with that of the Vel-
vet, may possibly be genetic, or may be due to special conditions of
growth.
CORN CROSSING
The reddish yellow West Indian corn from Cuba is considered to
be more resistant to the corn-worm than the ordinary types of corn
grown in Florida. and is more congenial to the climate of South Flor-
ida. Hence, it seemed desirable to cross this Cuban corn with the
best Florida sorts, in the expectation of selecting, in the second and
following generations, types combining good ears with the sturdier
constitution of the Cuban corn. Three kinds of field corn and three
kinds of sweet corn were sown with the Cuban, plantings of each being
made at intervals of two days, the different varieties being started at
such dates as would bring them to tassel approximately at the same
time.
Tassels and silks were bagged and all the pollinations done by hand.
In view of the heterozygous characters found in a corn field (as dem-
onstrated by G. H. Shull. Report of American Breeders' Association,
Vols. IV and V), it would appear desirable to mix the grain from
several stalks of hybridized corn.
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
PERSIMMONS
At the request of H. H. Hume, of Glen Saint Mary, Florida, a mi-
-croscopical study has been begun of the embryogeny of certain Japanese
persimmons. These are usually either parthenocarpic; or they produce
only pistillate flowers and yet bear viable seeds. The horticultural ob-
ject of the work is to investigate the causes of the falling of so much
of the fruit from certain varieties before complete ripening. The three
kinds being studied are, Zengi, Okame, and Yemon.
SUGAR-CANES
The juice of five varieties of West Indian sugar-cane was tested,
after 6 months of growth, in October, 1909, by A. W. Blair, the Chem-
ist of the Experiment Station. B. 208 was the earliest and ripest cane,
and its juice gave 17.3 per cent. of cane-sugar by the polariscope. The
other varieties were not fully ripe. The juice will be tested again this
year, when the canes will have had a full season's growth.
MAILING
Some thousands of new names have been added to the Florida mail-
ing list. Several students of the University have assisted in mailing
the bulletins and press bulletins.
EDITORIAL
The manuscripts and proofsheets of the publications of the Station
have been edited and corrected for the press. Articles have been
written for agricultural journals of Florida on the following topics:
Florida Experiment Station; Problems of the Experiment Station;
Farmers' Institutes: Sugar-canes in Florida; Eucalypts in Florida; The
Papaya or Melon Papaw; New Discoveries in Breeding.
Respectfully,
JOHN BELLING,
Assistant Botanist.
Annual Report, 91ro
REPORT OF LIBRARIAN
P. H. Rolfs, Director.
SIR: I submit herewith a report of the work of the Librarian for
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910.
The work has consisted in filing in their proper places the publica-
tions received daily, keeping the files complete and up to date, assisting
members of the staff in looking up references, and exchanging duplicate
publications with other Stations; also filing reference cards of agri-
culture, borrowing books from the Library of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture and returning these, and getting books ready for the
binder.
A census of the Library shows 1,343 bound volumes, with other
volumes to go to the binder. Mose of these have been acquired b)
exchange. We now have 44 complete sets of Bulletins of U. S. Experi-
ment Stations, and 31 complete sets of Reports.
A new set of reference cards has been purchased and filed, and the
old set returned to the Library of Congress as requested.
The following dictionaries have also been purchased:
Standard Dictionary of the English language, Velazquez Spanish-
English and English-Spanish Dictionary, Harper's Latin Dictionary,
and Smith's English-Latin Dictionary. These together with Stieler's
Atlas of the World, which was also purchased recently, form, in my
opinion, a useful and desirable addition to the Library.
A list of periodicals received and filed is appended.
Respectfully,
MRS. E. W. BERGER,
Librarian.
xciii
xciv 'Florida .Igri.,ltSHra,4.g.Eiint Station
I.ST OF PERIODICALS
I'Perdical, Sub-cribed for by the Station Are Marked*
Agrictiltural G.i.tic ,i New S. ith \W ale-.......... .....Sidney, N. S. W ales.
Agricultural Journal ,f lmudt:. ................ ... ........... Bengal, India.
Agricultural News ......... ................................. Barbados, W. 1.
.\tmcrican Agriculturit . ......... ............ ...... New York, N. Y.
.\merican Farm Rie. w ... ..... ......................... Rochester, N. Y.
A.\nmericaln Fertilizer ...................... .... ........ Philadelphia, l'a.
.\nmerican Fruit and Nut J,,trnal............ ... ............ Petersburg, Va
Letter Fruit ......... ..... ..... ... ,-. -.,.. . blood River, Oregon.
board of Agriculture .1nd Fiherics :.:... ... .. ...... London. England.
Bolctim da In:titutL ........................ ..........Sao Paulo Brazil.
Boletim da Instituto Agr.nomico. ...................... Sa Paiulo Brnzil.
Bolctiz- dri inistetio de Agriculturc :. ;..-. i..;,;.*.:... ,;.; ArgeMtinc.
Boletin Official de la Secretaria de Agawyltia,,... rn,-.... H an .Cuba.
Bolletino Tecnico dlcla Coltivazione del Tabbacclii ........ ait, Italy.
Bothbay Eiperirnciltal Fa;rnts :., .... .,,:id;... -...;,,:.....,.;-al~ay T;hdia.
*iannical. Gzstt.e tLibrary t ,-, .. .. .......,.,- .... ..hic.,g IlL
Breeder azette .. ............ ......... .. ........ ... .. Chica i .
;re ..... ... ..:.............. I ... .... u i.Sp i s,Pla.
Bulletin' Agricole .... .............. ......... ..... .... ... -. .Algeria
Bulletins, Dept. of Agficulture ...... .. :.......-. .... .. i-adraa India,
Bulletin Econpminut de L'Jido-Chine .........,. ,... ,Tpnkin,,J.ado.-hina.
Bulletin of the Departnient oT' Agriculture......... ... .Jamaica, W. I,
Bulletin of the Torrev Botanical Club....................... New York,' N. "Y:
'Csdforriia'CultivAbr............. .... .... .. .... .Los :Ageles Cal.
*Canadian Entomolbgist (Euit, DIDpt.) ............, ..., ;.London, Canada.
CatLli Sppcialqs .....,... ...... .. .... ......,., .. . ukesl ,W is.
Central Experirihental Farm ....,..................... .....Ottawa, Canada.
*Chemical Abstract (Chemn. 5cpt. .. .' . .. ao Pa.
Citroraph :.. ..... ... ...... .. ::.. .... .-Redla'uds,. Cal.
*C'.ntralblatt fuer.Bactcriologie. .Ab, [li Platn ,lhti) .l......... Jena, Permany,
Coleman's Rural World. ... ........ .. .. Louis,.Mo.
C' rnell Countryman ...... .. .......... ..........Tthaca, N. Y.
Dakota Farmer ............. .......... ...... .. . ..... ..... Aberdeen, S. D.
D)aytona Halifax Journal ..... .... ............. .. .............. Daytona, Fla.
Department of Agriculture ................... .llngalore, Mysore State, India.
Department of Agriculture ............................. ..... New Zealand.
Department of Agriculture ................................Ontario, Canada.
D)er Ptlanzer .............. .......................... German East Africa.
*Entomological News (Ento: I )ept.)..................... ....;Philadelphia, Pa.
lstacion Agricola Experimental de Cuidad. ......... .....Chihuahua, Mexico.
Farm and Fireside ................... .................... Springfield, Ohio.
Farm and Stock ......... .................................. St. Joseph, Mo.
Farmer and Breeder.................................... Fort Worth, Texas.
Farmer and Fruit Grower. ...............................Jacksonville, Fla.
Farmer's Guide ............ .......................... untington, Ind.
Farmer's Review ... ......................................... Chicago. Ill.
Farm her's V oice .................................................. Chicago. Ill.
Farm Journal ..................... ................. Philadelphia, Pa.
Farm Stock and Home ................................... Minneapolis, Minn.
Farm Stock Journal ..................................... Rochester, N. Y.
Field Columbian Museum .................. ........ ..... New York. N. Y.
Florida East Coast Homesceker ......................... St. Augustine, Fla.
Florida Fruit and Produce News ............... ...........Jacksonville, Fla.
Fort Pierce News ....................... . .................. Fort Pierce. Fla.
Fruit Grower ........... ....... ... ..... ... .......... St. Joseph, Mo.
Gardener's Chronicle of .\Am.rici .............. .. ........Jersey City, N. J.
Garden Magazine .......................................... New York, N. Y.
Green's Fruit Grower .......................... ........... Rochester, N. Y.
Hoard's Dairyman .....................................Fort Atkinson, Wis
Annual Report. 1910o xc
Homestead ............. ... ........................ Des Moines, Iowa.
House and Garden ........................................ New York, N. Y.
I1Mi&WriIl Agricultural Experiment Farm .......................Tokyo, Japan.
hithideti *vani #eWTandbouw in West Iidie*...... ....Paramaribo. Srimas.
thdrRan School Journal ............ ........ ..... ... .... ..Chilocco, Okle.
*Indiaia Ftarmer ..................... ......... .... .. Iidianapolis,-,id.
Insect World .... .... ............................. ifu, Japan.
Istituto Sperimentale ....... ................................ Naples, Italy.
Jahresbericht des Pflanzenschutzes ................. .... Berlin, Germany.
*Journal of American Chemical Society (Chem. Dept.)........... Easton, Pa.
*Journal of Chemical Society (Eng.) (Chem. Dept.) .........London. England.
Journal, Department of Agriculture ................. .... South Australia.
Journal of the Dept. of Agriculture of Victoria.......... Melbourne, Victoria.
Journal of the Dept. of Agriculture of Western Australia.. Perth. W. Australia.
*Journal of Mycology (Plant Path.)..................... Columbus, Ohio.
*Journal of New York Entomological Society (Ento. Dept.)..New York. N. Y.
*Journal of Royal Microscopical Society (Ento. Dept.)......London. England.
*Just's Botanischer Jahresbericht (Bot. & Hort.)............Leipzig, Germany.
Kansas Farmer ... ..................................Topeka, Kans.
Kimball's Dairy Farmer ......................................Waterloo, Iowa.
Koeniglich Botanische Garten ..........................Berlin. Germany.
Louisiana Planter ... ... ........................ New Orleans, La.
Manatee River Journal ...... .........................Bradentown, Fla.
Mark Lane Express ...... .......................... London. England.
Market Grower's Journal ...... ..........................Louisville, Ky.
Missouri Agricultural College Farmer ................. ......Columbia, Mo.
*Mycologia .................... ................................ Lancaster, Pa.
Natal Agricultural Journal and Mining Record............... Natal, S. Africa.
National Farmer ....... ............................. Winona, Minn.
National Grange ............................................ Philadelphia, Pa.
National Horticulturist ................................. Council Bluffs, Iowa.
National Nurseryman .... .............................. Rochester, N. Y.
New Smvrna Breeze ..... ............................. New Smyrna, Fla.
New York Botanical Garden ............................... New York. N. Y.
New York State Museum .................................... Albany, N. Y.
New York Tribune Farmer ........ .................. New York, N. Y.
New Zealand Dairyman ....................................... New Zealand.
Nut Grower ............... .. ... ................... Poulan, Ga.
O Criador Paulista ....................................... Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Ohio Naturalist ............................................ Columbus, Ohio.
Pacific Dairy Review .................................... San Francisco, Cal.
Pacific Rural Press ...................................... San Francisco, Cal.
*Pflanzenfamilien (Bot. and Hort.)..........................Leipzig. Germany.
Poultry Yard ................................................Charlotte. N. C.
Practical Farmer ........................ ................... Philadelphia, Pa.
Proceedings American Physiological Society................. Philadelphia. Pa.
Progressive Farmer .......................................... Raleigh, N. C.
*Psvche (Ento. Dent.) ...................... ................Boston, Mass.
Reliable Poultry Journal .........................................()uincv. Il.
Revista da Sociedade Scientifica da San Paulo............. Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Royal Botanic Gardens .................................. Peradeniya. Cevylon.
Rural Life ................................................. Rochester. N. Y.
Rural New Yorker ......................................... New York, N. Y.
Rural W orld ............................................... London, England.
Semi-Weekly Times-Union ................................Jacksonville, Fla.
Southern Cultivator ............................................ Atlanta, Ga.
Southern Ruralist ........... ............................. Atlanta, Ga.
Stazion di Patologia Vegetale ................................... Rome, Italy.
Successful Poultry Journal ...................................... Chicago, 111.
Sugar Industry ............................................... .. Chicago. Ill.
Tirdschrift over Plantenziekten ............................. Ghent. Belgium.
Transvaal Agricultural Journal ................Pretoria. Transvaal. S. Africa.
Wallace's Farmer ....................................... Des Moines. Iowa.
xcvi Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
W est Indian Bulletin ........................................ Barbados. W I.
W ilson Bulletin ...............................................Oberlin, Ohio.
Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm ........................Woburn, England.
*Zeitschrift fuer Pflanzenkrankheiten (Plant. Path.) ........Stuttgart, Germany.
*Zeitschrift fuer Wissenschaftliche Insectenbiologie (Ento.Dept.), Berlin, Germany.
*Zoologischer Jahresbericht (Ento. Dept.)..................... Berlin, Germany
INDEX
TO ANNUAL REPORT, BULLETINS, AND PRESS BULLETINS.
A
PAGE
Acid in pineapples........... ..................... 27-42
Acid soils, correcting ................ ......... ................ xxxiv
Acidity of soil of orange grove............. ..................... xxxi
Aegerita webberi. brown fungus of whitefly.................. xxxix. lvii, lx
Air temperature of orange grove............... .......----.. -.. -. xxvi
Aleurodes. See A.miEYROEs.
Aleyrodes citri. whitefly ................. ... ....... ... xxxv. xl, xliii, lvii
Aleyrodes nubifera, cloudy whitefly ................................. xl, xli-i
Analyses, average of pineapple..... ......... .. ...................... 42
complete, of soil and subsoil................ ............. xxix
of beggarweed hay ....................................P. B. 130
of guava juice and jelly .............................. P. B. 118
of leaves of orange trees........... ....... ........... Ixix
of orange leaves and stems......................... P. B. 138, xxxi
of oranges ............... ..... ... .......... ....... P. B. 138
of pineapple fruits ........................................ 30
of pineapple plants .................................xxv, P. B. 144
of pineapple soils .................. ..... ..................... xxv
of pineapples .................................... .... 27-42
of soils from experimental orange grove .. ............ .xxix, xxx
of sour orange tree...........................................xxxiv
of subsoil from experimental orange grove............... xxix, xxx
of sugar-cane juice ........................................... xcii
Animal Industrialist, Report of......................................... xiv
Anticarsia gemmatilis, caterpillar attacking velvet bean .................. 57
Aschersonia aleyrodis, red fungus of whitefly............... xxxv, xxxix, xl
Aschersonia, red, spraying with................. ........................ xxxv
yellow ............................ ........................ xl
B
Barley, as winter pasture..................... ........................ xxii
Bean, Lyon .......................... ..................x. xxiii. lxxix, lxxxi
Velvet ........................x. xv, xvii, xviii, xix, xxii, lxxix, ixxxi
Velvet crossed by Lyon.......................................... lxxix
Yokohama ...................................................... x
Beef, cost per pound with different rations.............................. 55
velvet beans as feed for..................... ...................... 54
Beggarweed, as source of nitrogen.............................. 51, P. B. 130
in experimental orange grove.............................. xxv
Belling, John, Guava jelly ........................................ P. B. 118
Report of Assistant Botanist.............................. Ilxxix
Berger. E. W.. Citrus Scales and whitefly..........................P. B. 145
Report of Entomologist ................................. xxxv
Spring treatment for whitefly...................... P. B. 149
When to spray for whitefly......................... P. B. 124
Winter treatment for whitefly...................... P. B. 143
Berger. Mrs. E. W., Report of Librarian................................ xdii
Blair. A. W.. Fertilizing value of old pineapple plants...............P. B. 144
Humus as a soil improver...........................P. B. 121
Moisture in cultivated soil................................ 24
ii Index
PACGE
Blair. A. W .. Pineapple Culture ................................ ........ 27-42
Reducing fertilizer hill ..............................P. B. 130
Report of Chemist .............. .................... xxv
Using ground limestone .............................P. B. 148
Blitch corn. description of .............................................. 15
Bluestone and dicback of citrus trees................................... Ixxi
Bluestone, injurious action of .....................................P. B. 128
Bordeaux mixture and dieback of citrus trees............................ Ixxi
and increase of scale insects...........P. B. 142, P. B. 147
for citrus scab ..................... ................ I
for melanose of citrus ..........................P. B. 142
for red-rot of sugar-canes................... xiv, P. B. 150
for scaly bark of orange trees.............. Ii, lii, P. B. 147
for smoky fungus of oranges....................P. B. 123
Bort. K. S., description of velvet bean.................................. 45
Botanist. Assistant. Report of .......................................... Ixxix
Bulletins, list of ... ....... ............................................. xii
Bulls, Shorthorn .......... ................. ......................... xiv
Burger, 0. F.. work in plant pathology.................................. xlv
C
Cane. Japanese ................... ... ........ .... .......... ......... xviii
Cane. Japanese, as feed for cows....................................... xiv
as feed for pigs........................................ xvii
fertilizer test with .................................. xviii
for forage ......................................... P. B. 120
for pasture ......................................... xix
yield of ......................................... P. B. 129
Carbolineum, for cu" surfaces after pruning........................P. B. 133
for gummosis of citrus ........................... Ii, P. B. 134
for scaly bark of orange trees.............................. Ii
Carbdn bisulphide. remedy for corn weevil ......................22, P. B. 137
Cattle, breeding grade .................................................. xvii
dairy, in Florida ................................................ 3
velvet beans as feed for ......................................... 45
Ceplhalosporium lecanii. ,oft-scale fungus............................... Ixii
Chemist, Report of ......... .. ........... ......... ................... xxv
Citrus. See also ORANGE.
Citrus fruit, rots of..... ......... ............. ...................P. B. 131
silver scurf of ........................................... Iv
stem-end rot of........................ xlv. P. B. 131, P. B. 141
Citrus scab ............ ............................................... liv
Citrus trees, dieback of ................................................. lxx
gummosis of ....................................xlix, P. B. 134
Cladosporium citri, citrus scab ......................................... liv
Clopton corn, description of.............. .............................. 18
Clover, crimson, as winter pasture....................................... xxii
Cocoanut meal, feeding test with....................................... 4-7
Colletotri'hum falcatum. red-rot of sugar-canes................ xiii, P. B. 150
Collison, S. E.. Fertilizing constituents removed in an orange crop... P. B. 138
work in analytical chemistry......................... xlv, Ixix
Co-operative work in breeding grade cattle.............................. xvii
in experimental orange grove........................ xxv
in pineapple experiment..........................xxv, 29
in whitefly experiments .............................. xxxv
with bluestone for dieback ........................... lxxiii
with scaly bark ..................................... i
with U. S. Department of Agriculture ............... xi
'Copper carbonate, ammoniacal solution of.........................P. B. 123
Index Wi
PACE
Copper carbonate, ammuniacal solution for melanose of citrus...... P. B. 142
for stem-end rot, P. B. 131, P. B. 141
Copper sulphate and dieback of citrus ................. ................... lxxi
Corn ..................................... :........................ 11-26
and velvet beans ............. ............ ...... ... ..... 48
application of fertilizer ........................... .............. 26
average yield in Florida ............ .............................. 13
Blitch, description of ................... ......... ............... 15
breeding of ................... ... .............. .............. x
Clopton, description of .......................................... 18
common Florida, description of..................... ............. 18
cost per acre ............... .............. ....... ........... 13
crib for ................................... ................ 22
crossing southern varieties of .................. .... .............. xci
Cuban, description of ............... .. ... .. .......... 18
culture of .................. .... ... ... .......... ........ ..... 22-26
deep plowing for ............ ........ ........... ......... ... 23
exhibition, in Florida............ ................. .............. 13
fertilizer for ........... ... ............................... ..25
firing of .......... ........................... ................ 26
frenching of ........................ ............. ............... 26
fumigating ............................................ 22. P. B. 137
Georgia. description of ........................................... 19
humus needed in soil for......... ............. ................. 23
increased crop with improved cultivation.......................... 23
in feed ration .................. ......... ...................... 54
keeping for seed ............................ ............P. B. 136
large yields of in Florida...................................... 13, 23
Mosby Prolific ........................................ 14
Mosby Prolific, description of ............................ ... 17
northern-bred in Florida................. ........................ 14
Poorland, description of ................. ................... ..... 16
principles of cultivation ........................... .............. 23
Rawls. description of .................. ........... .............. 17
seed ..................................................... P. B. 136
selection of ............... ............................ P. B. 136
selection of ears ................ .............. .................. 19
soil m ulch for .................................. ................. 23
storage of ............... .................... .............. 21
testing germination of .................................20, P. B. 136
varieties adapted to special localities ............................... 14
varieties, crossing ............. ............... ............... xci
varieties of, in Florida........................................ 14-19
variety test of .................... .......... ................... xix
with velvet beans as hog feed ................ ................... .. 54
Correlation between seeds of velvet. Lyon and hybrid beans............... xc
Coniothccium scabrum, fungus of scurf of citrus fruits.................... Ivii
Cotton .............................. ........ ..................... xxiii
breeding of ............. .............................. x. xxiii
Cottonseed hulls, in feed ration............ ............... ............ 54
Cotton seed, Seabrook ......... ....................... .............. xxiv
Cottonseed meal, feeding test with .................. ................. 4-7
in feed ration ................................. 5. 7. 54. 56
wasted when used as a fertilizer ........................ 25
Cowpea, as source of nitrogen ................................ 51, P. B. 130
Cowpeas, variety test of.................. ....... .................... xxiii
Cows, average profit on ...................... ........................ 3
feeding experiments with ....................................... xiv
feeding with velvet beans ......................................... 56
Jersey ........................ .. ...... .... .............. xiv
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