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Florida
Agricultural Experiment
Station
Report for the Fiscal Year
Ending June 30
1907
St. Augustine, Fla.:
THE RECORD COMPANY
.907
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL TO THE GOVERNOR. ....................... vii
BOARD OF CONTROL .... ................................... viii
EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF ..................................... viii
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL TO CHAIRMAN OF BOARD OF CONTROL ...... ix
FINANCIAL REPORT ........... ............................. ix
Bulletins Published During 1907................................. x
Changes in the Experiment Station Administration ............... x
Changes in the Experiment Station Staff....................... xi
'Removal of Experiment Station to Gainesville ................... xii
Experiment Plot Farm ........................................ xii
The Stock Range ........................................... xiv
H horticultural Grounds ......................................... xiv
Horticultural Buildings ...................................... xv
Farm Buildings .............................................. xv
Scientific Work of the Director................................ xvi
Lectures to Farmers ........................................... xvii
Co-operative W ork ............................................ xvii
General Plan of Experiments .................................. xvii
REPORT OF THE ANIMAL INDUSTRIALIST ........................... xix
The Dairy Herd (Jersey) ................................ xix
The Beef Breed (Shorthorn) ........................... xix
The Hogs (Berkshire) .................................. xix
Field Experiments ........................ ............ xx
Cotton ........................................ xxii
Additions to the Equipment ............................. xxiii
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST ............ ........................... xxiv
Pineapple Fertilizer Experiment ......................... xxiv
Citrus Fertilizer Experiment ............................ xxiv
Cotton Fertilizer Experiment ............................ xxiv
Soil Studies .......................................... xxvii
Miscellaneous Work ..................................... xxvii
Additions to Equipment .................. ............. xxviii
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST .................................. xxx
Whitefly Investigations ................................... xxx
Bulletins, Articles for the Press, and Addresses ............ xxxvi
Scale Insects and Their Fungus Parasites................. xxxvi
Other Injurious Insects of the Year....................... xxxviii
Nursery Inspection .................................... xli
Correspondence ....................................... xli
REPORT OF ASSISTANT PLANT PATHOLOGIST. ...................... xliii
Scaly Bark of Citrus ................................... xliii
Citrus Scab .... ...................................... x1v
Gum m ing of Citrus ...................................... xlvi
Fungi Parasitic on the Citrus Whitefly.................... xlvii
Aschersonia of W ax Scale ............................... xlix
Peach D diseases .......................................... xlix
Pecan M ildew ........................................... 1
R ose D diseases ............................... ............ 1
Roselle Mildew ........................................ li
REPORT OF ASSISTANT IN BOTANY................................ liii
Ferm entation of K aki .................................... liii
Celery Black-heart ....................................... Iv
L ettuce D rop ............................................ Iv
Table of Contents. iii
PAGE.
REPORT OF LIRBARIAN .. ........................................ lvii
LIST or EXCHANGES IN LIBRARY .................................... l. iii
BULLETINS AVAILABLE FOR DISTRIBUTION ............................ lx
BULLETIN NO. 86-SALT SICK (BOVINE UNCINARIASIS). PAGES 1-14.
D definition .......................................................... 5
Geographical Distribution ........................................ 5
Susceptible A nim als ................................................ 5
Cause of the Disease ..............................................
Life History of the W orm ............................................
Accessory Causes .................................................... 7
Sources of Infection ................................................. s
Sym ptom s ................................................... ....... S
D iagnosis ........................................................... 9
Pathological Anatom y ............................. ............... 10
H ygiene ........... .. . ................. ................. .. 10
T reatm ent .......................................................... 11
Sulphate of Iron ......................................... 12
Calom el .................................................... 12
C reolin ..................................................... 12
Lysol ........... ......................................... .. 12
G asolene ................................................... 12
T hym ol ................................................... 12
Tonic Powder. Formula 1 ........................... ...... 13
Tonic Powder. Formula 2 ............................. ... 13
Liquid Tonic. Formula 3 ................................... 13
"Sure Cure" ............................................ 14
Laxative Dose ........................................... 14
Salt Lick, Formula ......................................... 14
BULLETIN No. 87-SoIL STUDIES I. PRELIMINARY REPORT. PAGES 15-46.
Introduction .................... ...... .. ............................. 19
Chemical Analysis Alone Not a Sure Guide ................ 19
The Farmer Can Learn Much by Observation................ 20
The Geology of Florida Soils ...................................... 21
Previous Work on Florida Soils ................................... 21
A Deficiency of Plant Food Indicated .............................. 22
Lessons from the Pineapple Fertilizer Experiment.................... 24
An Unbalanced Account ................................... 24
Where the Balance Goes.................................... 25
Loss of Phosphoric Acid and Potash ............................... 27
The Absorptive Power of the Soil................................... 30
Chemical Absorption ..................................... 30
Physical A bsorption ........................................ 31
Rapidity of Absorption and Solution......................... 31
Importance of the Absorptive Power of the Soil ..................... 32
Pineapple Soils Lacking in Absorptive Power ........................ 33
Value of Slowly Available Materials for Such Soils .................. 34
Plant Food and Capillary Action .... ................................ 34
Some Remedies Suggested ....................................... 35
With Especial Reference to Pineapple Soils.................. 35
(1.) Increasing the Amount of Organic Matter............. 36
(2.) Use of W ind-breaks ................................... 36
(3.) A addition of Lim e ............................. :........ 36
(4.) Using Slowly Available Fertilizing Materials........... 36
(5.) Shading ............................................... 37
(6.) Smaller and More Frequent Applications of Fertilizers.. 37
iv Table of Contents.
PAGE.
Soils Producing General Farm Crops .............................. 38
M ore Humus Needed ............................... .... 38
A Doubtful Practice ..................................... 40
The Abandonment of Soils ....................................... 40
Florida Soils Differ From the General Type ....................... .. 41
The Balance Must Be Kept Up ...................................... 41
The Composition of Some Different Types of Soils................... 42
Table I, Chemical Composition .............................. 43
Table II, Physical Composition ............................. 44
Sum m ary .......................................................... 45
Acknowledgment ................................................ 46,
Beggarweed ... .................... .. .. ................ Frontispiece
Nitrogen-Gathering Nodules ..................................... 39
BULLETIN No. 88-WVHITEFLY CONDITIONS IN 1906. THE USE OF THE
FUNGI. PAGES 47-84.
Important Facts ................... ............................ 51
Introductory ........................ ... ........... 53
The Fungi ........................ . ............. .............. 54
Conditions Favorable for the Fungi. ............................... 55
The Red Aschersonia ............................................. 56
Introducing This Fungus ......................................... 57
Summary for the Red Aschersonia ............................. : .... 59
Spraying on Spores of the Fungus ................................ 60
Pinning on Leaves ............... ............................... 63
The Yellow Aschersonia ............ ........................... 64
The Brown Fungus ............ ............................. 64
Scale and Whitefly ................................................. 65
Trimming Trees ................................................. 66
Spraying and Fumigation ........................................... 66
Copperas .................. .............. .... ................... 68
Sooty M old ............................... ....................... 69
T he S nail .......................................................... 69
Life History of the Whitefly .......................................... 70
F ood P plants ........................................................ 71
Quarantine .. ................. . ........................... 73
Nursery Stock ............... ................................. 73
Vehicles and Private Roads ......................................... 74
Picking Implements ................................................ 74
Plants to be Condem ned ........... ................................ 75
Plates ........................................................... 76
A ppendixes ................. .... .................................. 81
1. Where to obtain Fungus ............................... 81
2. The Fungi in Florida .................... ........ ...... 81
3. Spraying Apparatus ...................................... 81
4. The Weather at Leesburg ............................... 83
5. After-freeze Suggestions .................................. 84
(Wrongly numbered 85)
Acknowledgments .................. ............................ 84
Aleyrodes citri. Female with Expanded Wings ........... Plate I, Fig. 1
Female with Folded .W ings ...............................Fig. 2
Egg and Stalk ........................ ............... Fig. 3
Eggshell .............................................. Fig. 4,
Claspers of M ale ....................................... Fig. 5
Antenna ................. ............................ Fig. 6
Margin of Front Wing ................................ Fig. 7
Larva of Aleyrodes floridensis ................... ............ Fig. 8
Table of Contents.
Waxen Fringe of A. floridensis ............................... Fig. 10
Outline of Lecaniun hesperidum ............................... Fig. 11
... .!?s citri. Larva, First Stage ............... Plate II, Figs. 1 and 2
Larva, Second Stage ..................................... Fig. 3
Larva, Third Stage ..................... ............. Fig. 4
Larva, Fourth Stage ..................................... Fig. 5
Margin of Advanced Larva ........................ .......Fig. 6
Orifice of Fourth Larval Stage........................... Fig. 7
Pupa ......................... ... ....... ...... ..... Fig. 8
Adult Emerging ....................................... Fig. 9
Empty Pupa Case ..................................... Fig. 10
Larve and Pupae on Orange.................... Plate III,- Fig. 1
Red Fungus .................................................... Fig. 2
Brown Fungus ..................................... ............. Fig. 3
Adult Whiteflies and Eggs. .................................... Fig. 4
BULLETIN No. 89-OCCURRENCE AND UsE OF ARTESIAN AND OTHER
UNDERGROUND WATER. PAGES 85-113.
Im portant Facts .................................................... 89
.Introduction ........................................................ 91
L literature ................................ ......................... 91
General Geological Conditions ................................... 92
Formations Represented in Florida ................................. 94
Erosion, and Development of Topography .......................... 95
Underground Water .................. .......................... 96
Surface W after ................ .. .................................... 96
Analysis, Well No. 1, Lake City............................. 97
Well No. 2, San Antonio ......................... 98
Surface Spring, Gainesville ...................... 98
Ground Water of the Limestqne.................................. 98
O rigin ..................................................... 98
Abundance of Supply ................................... .101
Escape of the Groundwater .................................. 101
Locating W ells ........... .............................. 102
Level of W ater in Boring ................................... 102
Depth of Boring ........................................... 103
Quality of the Limestone Water............................ 103
Analysis, Well No. 1, Lake City ............................ 104
W ell No. 2, Live Oak ................ ............104
W ell No. 3, Dade City ............................ 105
Well No. 4, St. Leo ............ ................ 105
Water of the Limestone for Irrigation ...................... 105
Contamination of the Water of the Limestone .............. 106
Artesian W after and Artesian W ells .................................. 107
Conditions for Artesian Pressure. Artesian Basin ........... 108
A rtesian Slope ............................................. 109
Artesian W ater in Florida .............................. 110
Analysis, W ell No. 1, E. of Sanford..........................111
W ell No. 2, New Smyrna ......................... 111
W ell No. 3, Jacksonville ..........................111
Source of Artesian W ater .................................. 112
H eight of Flow ....................... ................ 112
Areas of Artesian Flow ................................... 112
Acknowledgment ..................... ......................... 113
Map Showing Areas of Artesian Flow in Florida..................... 85
Diagram of an Artesian Basin ............... .................. 10S
Diagram of an Artesian Slope ..................................... 109
vi Table of Contents.
PRESS BULLETINS.
PRESS BULLETIN No. 60-FALL DROPPING OF CITRUS FRUIT. PAGES 1-4.
Wither-tip Dropping.
How to Distinguish.
Remedy.
Preparation of Ammoniacal Solution of Copper Carbonate.
Spraying.
Splitting of Fruit.
Die-back Dropping.
Dropping From Mechanical Injuries.
PRESS BULLETIN No. 61-ToiMATo SEEDBEDS-SPRAYING Or. PAGES 1-2.
Rust in Seedbeds.
Spraying With Bordeaux Mixture.
Damping Off.
Spraying With Ammoniacal Solution of Copper Carbonate.
PRESS BULLETIN No. 62-SoME SUGGESTIONS ABOUT WHITEFLY. PAGES 1-2.
The Friendly Fungi.
Life History Facts.
Completing the Work.
Plants to Condemn.
Hon. N. B. Broward, Governor of Florida, Tallahassee, Fla.
SIR-I have the honor to herewith transmit the Annual Re-
port of the Director of the Florida Agricultural Experiment
Station, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1907.
Respectfully,
N. P. BRYAN,
Chairman Board of Control.
BOARD OF CONTROL.
N. P. BRYAN, Chairman, Jacksonville, Fla.
P. K. YONGE, Pensacola, Fla.
A. L. BROWN, Eustis, Fla.
T. B. KING, Arcadia, Fla.
J. C. BAISDEN, Live Oak, Fla.
STATION STAFF.
P. H. RoLFs, M. S., Director.
*C. M. CONNER, B. S., Vice-Director and Agriculturist.
A. W. BLAIR, A. M., Chemist.
JOHN M. ScoTT, B. S., Animal Industrialist.
E. H. SELLARDS, M. A., PH. D., Geologist.
E. W. BERGER, PH. D., Entomologist.
H. S. FAWCETT, B. S., Assistant Plant Pathologist.
E. J. MAcy, B. S., Assistant Chemist.
R. Y. WINTERS, B. S., Assistant in Botany.
H. P. STUcKEY, B. S., Assistant in Agronomy.
tR. N. WILSON, A. B., Assistant Chemist.
K. H. GRAHAM, Auditor and Bookkeeper.
R. D. ALGEE, Stenographei-.
MRS. E. W. BERGER, Librarian.
M. CREWS, Farm Foreman.
WILLIAM HESS, Gardener.
*Resigned. fTemporary Assistant.
Report for Fiscal Year Ending
June 30, 1907.
Hon. N. P. Bryan, Chairman Board of Control.
SIR-I have the honor to submit herewith my report on the
work and condition of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion for the fiscal year ending June 30,, 1907, and I respectfully
request you to transmit the same, in accordance with the law,
to the Governor of the State of Florida. Respectfully,
P. H. ROLFS,
Director.
FINANCIAL REPORT.
The financial report of the Station for the year ending June
30; 1907, is given below'in tabular form:
RECEIPTS.
Adams fund ... ............... ..................... $ 7,000 00
Hatch fund ........... .. ............. ................. 15,000 00
State appropriation ......................... ............. 19,524 26
Proceeds from farm products and fees......................... 605 74
Total .................. .......... ................ $42,130 00
EXPENDITURES.
By salaries .
L abor ................................
Publications ..........................
Postage and stationery ................
Freight and express ..................
Heat, light, water, and power..........
Chethical supplies ....................
Seeds, plants, and sundry supplies......
Fertilizers ............................
Feeding stuffs ........................
L library ............. .................
Tools, implements, and machinery ......
Furniture and fixtures ................
Scientific apparatus ...................
Traveling expenses ...................
Contingent expenses ..................
Buildings and land ....................
B balance ..............................
Adams. Hatch.
$4,487 47 $6,650 14
........ 2,314 68
........ 718 60
3 25 287 35
120 37 226 34
.... .... 149 20.
643 81 29 75
74 67 306 70
178 .92 687 09
........ 1,236 80
360 18 327 06
178 72 223 81
... . ... 44 20
604 52 20 00
331 17 1,028 28
15 00 ........
........ 750 00
1 92 ........
Total .......................... $7,000 00 $15,000 00 $20,130 00
Other
Sources.
$ 640 00
1,890 49
501 19
1 00
114 31
211 01
1,755 10
2 50
216 67
187 98
14,505 77
103 98
x Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
The foregoing table shows that there were expended
$42,130.00 for Experiment Station purposes during the past
fiscal year. Of this sum, $19,524.26 was appropriated by the
State; this amount being necessary for the erection of build-
ings, to make improvements on the land, provide fences, and
construct roads. This expenditure was needed in order to put
the new Experiment Station property in as good condition as
the old property which we were abandoning. While the amount
of floor space in the buildings erected on the farm is somewhat
less than that of the buildings formerly occupied, the new build-
ings are much more serviceable and convenient, having been
constructed for the specific purposes for which they are being
used, while the former buildings were in almost every case con-
structed for some other purposes than the ones for which they
were employed.
BULLETINS.
During the year the Station has issued four bulletins, as
follows:
Vo. Date. Title. Author.
R6. September, 1906. ....Salt Sick (Bovine Uncinari-
asis) ..................... Chas. F. Dawson.
87. December, 1906. ....Soil Studies I. .............. A. W. Blair.
88. January, 1907....... Whitefly Conditions in 1906;
The Use of the Fungi..... h. W. Berger.
89. March, 1907 ........ Occurrence and Use of Arte-
sian and Other Under-
ground Water ............ E. H. Sellards.
Three Press Bulletins have been issued during the year, as
follows:
Xo. Date. Title. Author.
60. October, 1906....... Fall Dropping of Citrus Fruit..P. H. Rolfs.
61. October, 1906 ....... Tomato Seed-beds Spraying
of ................... . H. S. Fawcett.
62. January, 1907....... Some Suggestions About
W hitefly .................. E. W Berger.
CHANGES IN THE STATION ADMINISTRATION.'.
Beginning about the middle of the last fiscal year the office
of Director of the' Experiment Station was separated from that
of the President of the University. Attention to this fact was
called in the annual report for 1906. This separation was made
upon the recommendation of Dr. Sledd, President of the Uni-
Annual Report, 1907.
versity. The advantages from such an arrangement can be seen
readily, in view of the fact that it permits the concentration of
efforts of. the Director for the entire time upon the one subject.
In this way the executive officer of the institution may become
intimately and thoroughly acquainted with even the more minute
details of the work carried out by each member of the Staff.
The advantages of having the Experiment Station located in,
and more or less intimately connected 'with, an institution for
higher education, such as the University of the State of Florida,
need hardly be mentioned in this place.
CHANGES IN TlHE STATION STAFF.
During the present fiscal year only one resignation has oc-
curred, that of Prof. C. M. Conner, Vice-Director and Agricult-
urist, who resigned his position to accept a' more remnnerative
one in connection with the North Carolina Agricultural College.
At the beginning of the year the membership of the Staff
ceased to have any teaching duties to perform. A number of
those who had formerly occupied a position on the Staff took
up work with the University, while others continued their con-
nection with the Experiment Station.
On February 5 occurred the first death of a member of the
Experiment Station Staff since its organization. Mr. F. M.
Stearns, for two years Gardener, died at Lake City.
On August 20, Mr. M. Crews took charge, as Foreman, of
the Experiment Station farm. Mr. R. Y. Winters, of Clemson
Agricultural College, accepted a position as Assistant in Botany,
entering upon his duties October 29. Mr. W. P. Jernigan, for
eleven years connected with the-Experiment Station as Auditor,
resigned his position on December 15, and is succeeded by Mr:
K. 1H. Graham. On January 1, Prof. John M. Scott, graduate
of Kansas State Agricultural College, and formerly of the New
Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station, took charge of the
work in Animal Industry. On the same date Mr. R. D. Algee
entered upon his duties as Station Stenographer. On March
14, Mrs. E. W. Berger began her work in the Experiment Sta-
tion Library, as Librarian. On the 20th of March, Mr. William
Hess began work as Gardener for the Experiment Station. Mr.
E. J. Macv, of Earlham College, Richmond, Virginia, assumed
xii Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
his duties as Assistant Chemist on May 4. On June 3, Prof.
R. N. Wilson, of Haverford College, Pennsylvania, began work
as temporary assistant in the Chemical Laboratories. Mr. H. P.
Stuckey, graduate of Clemson Agricultural College, South Caro-
lina, and Assistant Horticulturist of the Alabama Agricultural
Experiment Station, accepted a position as Assistant in Ag-
ronomy, entering upon his work June 10. Mr. John Belling,
graduate of London University and Mason Science College,
Birmingham, accepted a position with the Station as Assistant
in Horticulture, beginning his work on the 19th of June.
REMOVAL OF EXPERIMENT STATION.
During the present fiscal year the offices and laboratories of
the Experiment Station were moved from their former location
at Lake. City to their present location at Gainesville. In order
that as little time as possible might be lost, and to interfere in
the least possible way with the experiment work in progress and
the work in the laboratories, the moving took place gradually;
the Library of the Experiment Station being moved in December,
and the Director's office by the first of January. As soon as the
fixtures of the new laboratories were completely in place the
laboratory supplies and equipment were moved at our con-
venience. The plants and equipment belonging to the Horti-
cultural work were the last to be transferred during the latter
part of March.
By having ample time in which to move, and being able to
time the moving so as to suit the convenience of the work in
hand, the least possible amount of time was lost. The removal
of the stock and farm equipment took place in ample time to
allow the foreman of the farm to make arrangements for putting
in the crop foi the present year.
I wish here to express my appreciation to every member of
the Staff who has had to pass through the trying ordeal of the
present year. Without exception the work has been carried
forward with good will and good humor even under perplexing
and annoying circumstances.
EXPERIMENT PLOT FARM.
The Experiment Plot Farm consists of 58 acres, located for
the most part on pine woods land. The area in general is quite
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
Nos. 1 to 66, Test Plots.
a7. Foreman's Residence,.
b. Hay Barn and Feed Sheds.
c. Dairy Barn and Silo.
d. Barn for Work Animals.
,. Tool and Implement Iiotse.
" M
b
61
62
63
64
66
666
d 0
1 O9
xiv Floriida Agricultural Experiment Station.
level, the highest portion being only thirty feet above the lowest
portion, yet at no place is it so flat as to hold water. The plots
have been laid off in the most convenient geometric form, an acre
being used as a unit for the series. Roads and cross-roads pass
through the field, so as to make every acre accessible from two
sides at least. The Foreman's house is located on this area. Ad-
joining this, at a convenient point, the farm buildings have been
erected. The land is unusually uniform in character, and a por-
tion of it has.already been used for farming purposes. It was
necessary, however, to remove a considerable amount of second-
growth timber and stumps from nearly all the field. For general
plot work and tests of like kind it would be difficult to find a
more suitable tract of an equal area.
THr STOCK RANGE.
The Stock Range consists of about one hundred and eighty
acres of land, covered more or less thickly with hammock, pine
woods and second growth timbers. This range still needs con-
siderable improvement in order to place it in good condition for
maintaining the herd. During the driest portion of the present
unusually dry year an abundant supply of running water was
maintained on the range. In addition to the plot area and the
range, the Experiment Station has about fifty acres of land for
cropping purposes. This land is for the most part what would
be considered good farming land, though its variable character
would not permit it to be used for experiments in the production
of crops. Besides this, there is an area of about twenty-five acres
of marsh land, the lowest portion of which is two feet above the
sink into which the water from the Experiment Station farm
and adjoining lands flows. With an expenditure of $500.00 to
$1,000.00, it is believed that a ditch could be cut sufficiently deep
to drain this entire marsh, adding this exceedingly productive
land to the cropping area.
HORTICULTURAL GROUNDS.
About fifty acres have been set aside for the Horticultural
grounds. Nearly twenty acres of this area have been grubbed
and otherwise put into suitable condition. These grounds are
located in a hammock. Within the Horticultural grounds are
two deep sinks, each of which has held a considerable quantity
PLATE II.
SOUTH END OF THOMAS HALL. IN WHICH ARE LOCATED ALL TIlHE
LABORATORIES.
1st floor-On left, Chemical Laboratory.
On right, Animal Industrialist's Office and Plant Physiology Laboratory.
2nd floor-On left, Experiment Station Library.
On right, Director's Office and Horticultural and Botanical Laboratory.
8rd floor-On left, Plant Pathologist's Laboratory.
In middle, Photographic Laboratory.
On right, Entomnlogist's Laboratory.
(MaTrVh 1, 1907.)
PLATE III.
PLANT PROPAGATING HOUSE AND FERTILIZER HOUSE FOR HORTICULTURAL AND BOTANICAL WORK;
(March 1, 1907.)
Annual Report, 1907.
of water throughout the year. The larger of these may be used
as a source of water supply for irrigation purposes.
HORTICULTURAL BUILDINGS.
Located on the Horticultural grounds is the Gardener's house,
a two-story structure of five rooms. The greenhouse, or propa-
gating house, is constructed of brick. It is 88 feet long by 14
feet wide, not including the boiler and potting rooms. The house
is divided into four compartments of equal size, one compartment
being used by the Plant Pathologist, one by the Entomologist,
and the other two jointly for botanical and horticultural investi-
gations. The building is heated by the hot water system. Near
the greenhouse is located the tool shed and fertilizer house. This
is a two-story structure, approximately 25x50 feet. The lower
floor is divided into a room for records, seeds, and hand tools,
the fertilizer division, harness rooms, and horse stall. The second
floor is a large storage room for tools and materials. At the
north end of the second floor is a ceiled room for storing seeds,.
bulbs and chemicals. Roads have been constructed, making all
parts of the cleared area accessible to all sorts of vehicles and
implements.
FARM BUILDINGS.
These consist of the Foreman's house, a two-story structure
of five rooms, located at the edge of the experimental plot grounds
.and near the other farm buildings. The other farm buildings
consist of a hay barn, with lean-to sheds on each side. The main
part of the building is 24x54 feet. The lean-to sheds, running
the entire length of each side, are 20 feet wide. The central
portion of the barn gives ample room for the storage of hay,
and the lean-to portions afford shelter and protection for the
younger animals of the farm, and those that are not being used
directly in experiments. A cow barn, 24x32 feet, and sufficiently
large to hold sixteen head of milch cows, has been erected with
a feeding room.and silo attached. The upper story is also fitted
up for holding hay and other feed. The horse barn is 28x32
feet. This gives room for four horse stalls; as well as room for
harness and small tools, the upper floor being used for storing
feed for the horses. The implement house is 24x60 feet. The
larger portion of this house is set apart for sheltering farm imple-
ments. One room is set aside for storage of seeds and other
xvi Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
similar materials. This room has been thoroughly ceiled and
made rat and vermin proof. It may therefore be fumigated at
any time to destroy noxious insects and vermin. The other room
has been prepared for keeping records and small farm.tools, and
also for receiving small carpenters' and other hand tools. A
scale shed has been built, which at the same time is high enough
and sufficiently wide to accommodate two loads of hay. This is
found to be very convenient, especially during the busy season
of the year, when hay is being made. The fertilizer shed is a
small structure which has been placed apart from the other build-
ings to avoid the deleterious effect of fertilizers upon farm imple-
ments and upon the feed for stock. The hay barn and fertilizer
house have plank floors, while all the others have a cement con-
crete floor. All the buildings on the Experiment Station are
frame structures; but so substantially put up that- no damage to
them from hurricanes is anticipated.
SCIENTIFIC WORK.
During the present fiscal year the Director has assumed charge
of the work in Plant Pathology, The main subjects under study
were those connected with the citrus orchards. Considerable
time was given to making direct observations, and completing
the former notes in connection with the citrus disease known as
wither-tip. In addition to this, a large portion of the time was
used in giving instructions and general directions in the work.
undertaken by the Assistant in Plant Pathology. In addition to
the work as leader in Plant Pathology, the Director has also
taken up the work as leader in connection with the whitefly
studies. While making investigations in this line, the Director
received a specimen of fungus, Aschersonia flavo-citrina P.
Henn., from one of the correspondents at Winter Park. This
fungus was investigated further, and it was found that it was
pretty generally disseminated in this locality. It was also found
in additional localities. Later in the year, the Assistant Entom-
ologist found this fungus present on the East coast of Florida,
at a considerable distance from Winter Park. From the general
distribution of the fungus it would seem quite probable that it
is a native species which probably affects native Aleyrodidoe, and
finds a congenial host in the whitefly. Its effectiveness as, a
parasite on the whitefly cannot be mistaken, after making ob-
PLATE IV.
Implement Horse Foreman's Cattle Barn Hay Barn
House. Barn. Cottage. and Silo. and Sheds.
FARM BUILDINGS.
(March 1, 1907.)
Annual Report, 9po7.
servations in the localities where it is distributed. Experiments
have not progressed far enough in the use of this fungus for
controlling the whitefly, to permit us- to say whether it will be
of greater value than one of the other species of fungi we have
as parasites on the whitefly.
LECTURES.,
At various times requests have been received by the Experi-
ment Station for the workers to address farmers' gatherings in
the State. These requests have been complied with so far as it
was possible without interfering with the work of the various
departments.
Numerous personal and special requests have been made for
members of the Staff to visit the fields and give advice. It is
recognized that much good could be done by giving such per-
sonal advice and assistance. It would, however, interfere too
greatly with the working plans of the institution to respond to
all such requests.
The following Associations and Societies were addressed by
one or more of the members of the Staff: The Pinellas Orange
Growers' Association, the Pasadena Farmers' Club, The St.
Johns River Fruit Growers' Association, and the Florida State
Horticultural Society.
CO-OPERATIVE WORK.
The co-operative work, which has been so largely inaugurated
and carried out by the Experiment Station, has been continued
as far as possible. The past fiscal year has been an unusually
busy one with every member of the Staff. The fact that the
entire institution had to be removed from one location to another
has caused the suspension of some of the co-operative work; as
well as the suspension of some of the work carried on at the
Station. Everyone connected with the work, however, has been
agreeably disappointed with regard to the small amount of inter-
ference that this very large piece of work has actually entailed.
GENERAL PLAN OF EXPERIMENTS.
Owing to the peculiar geographical position occupied by
Florida; and the peculiar conditions by which the Experiment
Station has been surrounded, the work has developed, uncon-
sciously rather than by design, into a method of projects -rather
xviii Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
than of departments. The advantages accruing from this rather
unconscious development will very readily be understood when
we remember that the crop production of Florida is more variable
than that of any other State in the Union, reaching from the
tropical fruits in the South to the production of corn and grain
in the West. Another feature. that has accentuated this line of
investigation is that Florida agriculturists are really specialists
in many lines. The pineapple and tropical fruit grower in the
Southern portion of the State needs a very different line of in-
vestigation from that which is carried on within the corn, cotton,
and sweet potato producing section of the State (Northern and
Western Florida). The citrus groves, on the other hand, demand
a treatment very distinct and different from either of these.
Annual Report, i907.
REPORT OF THE AN i. I, L INDUSTRIALIST..
P. H. Rolfs, Director.
SIR-I submit herewith the following report of the Depart-
ment from January 1; 1907, to July 1, 1907:
The work of the early part of the'year consisted in moving
the equipment from Lake City to the present location, clearing
and preparing land for spring seeding, and laying off the ex-
perinmental field for plot work.
DAIRY HERD.
The dairy herd is composed of twelve head of cows, two of
which are registered Jerseys; (1) Royal Rosalie No.-171371, out
of Bluff Pearl No. :: '." by Roses Romp No. 48791; and (2)
Blandora No. 171373, out of Blanda 3d, No. 57622, by Roses
Romp No. 48791. The remainder of the herd consists of good
grades, in which the Jersey blood predominates.
BEE BREED.
The beef breed is represented only by the short-horns, and
is composed of two bulls and four cows.
(1.) Duke of Niagara No. 208555, got by 2d Duke of Lu-
ierne No. 127220, out of Duchess of Niagara 22d.
(2.) Victor Cup No. 275108, got by Queen's Cup No. 209654,
out of Victoria of Linwood 4th.
(3.) Japan, got by Duke of Jackson No. 118872, out of
Evalina 9th, of Orchard Home.
(4:) Eolen, got by Prince Ruby No. 171653, out of Fannie
Kate 2d.
(5.) Bird 2d, got by 3d Duke of Gove Hill No. 118837, out
of Bird.
(6.) Highland Missie, got by Solitaire No. 192741, out of
Gypsy 2d.
The remainder of the 'herd, consisting of eighteen head of
two-year-old steers, ten yearling steers, eight yearling heifers,
and four calves, makes up a total of fifty-eight head.
HOGS.
The herd of swine consists of three Berkshire sows and one
boar.
(1.) College Model No. 88606, got by Victor No. 74468, out
of Duchess Model 3d.
xx Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
(2.) College Model 2d. Breeding same as College Model.
t3.) College Model 3d. Breeding same as College Model.
(4.) Earl of Minto No. 86387, got by Jock O'Hazeldine No.
79513, out of Hazeldine No. 79512.
From the three sows were raised fourteen pigs this spring.
The pigs were farrowed in the latter part of February and the
first half of March. The sows are all young (this being their
first litter), which perhaps accounts for the small number of
pigs. The sows have been bred and are due to farrow this fall.
Eight of these pigs have been sold to farmers throughout the
State at a very reasonable price. This was done for the purpose
of inducing the farmers to improve their stock.
All of the above registered animals are good representatives
of their respective breeds. It is the policy of those in charge of
the work, when new animals are added to the herd, to get nothing
but the best that can be obtained.
FIl)r EXPERIMENTS.
The following experiments are at present under observation:
COWPEAs.-A test of varieties of cowpeas is being carried on
with thirty-one varieties. The object is to obtain a variety best
suited to Florida conditions; that is, that will produce the largest
quantity and best quality of feed.
VELVET BEANS.-Experiments are being carried on with the
velvet bean. First, Fertilizer test. Ten plots, each containing
two-tenths of an acre, are being used. The purpose of this test
is to ascertain the amount of different elements necessary for the
best yield of hay and beans. The following shows the fertilizer
used:-,
KIND AND AMOUNT OF I'ERTILIZER USED.
Plot Dried Blood Muriate of Potash Acid Phosphate
No. (Pounds) (Pounds) (Pounds)
2 10
o S
4 .. .. 36
5 10 8
6 10 .. ?6
7 .. S 36
8 10 8 36
9 15 12 54
10 20 16 72
Annual Report, 19o7.
The acid phosphate used contained 16 per cent. of phosphoric
acid.
Two acres of land are being used in this test.
VELVET BEANS-SEED SELECTION.-The work of seed selec-
tion is also being continued. The purpose of this is to secure a
bunch or dwarf bean. This will be of value in several ways.
First, it will be much more desirable for a cover crop in groves,
etc.; second, harvesting will be easier. Two acres of land are
devoted to this experiment.
CONTINUOUS PLANTING.-Continuous planting of velvet beans
is also being continued. The purpose of this is to study the
effect on' soil fertility; also to note the yield of forage from year
to year. One acre of land is devoted to this work.
SWEET POTATOES.-Nineteen varieties of sweet potatoes were
planted for the purpose of obtaining a variety best suited for
stock feeding purposes, and also to secure a good marketable
potato. The following is a list of the varieties being grown:-
1. Nancy Hall. 11. Sugar Yam.
2. Red Yam. 12. Murray.
:. Improved Providence. 13. Bermuda.
4. Early Golden. 14. White Providence.
5. Chesboro. 15. Brown Seedling.
6.- Triumph No. 13. 16. White Seedling.
7. Red Providence No. 20. 17. White West India.
S. Red Providence No. 1 18. Chesboro Red.
9. Bunch Yam. 19. Miami.
10. Dade County No. 10.
CORN.-The test of Northern varieties of field corn, which
has been conducted during the past four years in co-operation
with the United States Department of Agriculture, will be com-
pleted with this year's test. Fourteen varieties were used in the
test this year, as follows:-Iowa Silver Mine, Learning Yellow,
Reed's Yellow Dent, Riley Favorite, Boone County White, Boone
County Special, Hickory King, Cocke Prolific, Selection 77,
Mosby Prolific, McMackin, G. S., Marlboro Prolific, and Sand-
ers' Improved.
SWEET CORN.-Two varieties of sweet corn were grown this
year in co-operation with the United States Department of Agri-
culture. These varieties, Crosby, and Stowell's Evergreen, are
two varieties that are being bred for the purpose of increasing
the sugar content.
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
SORGHUM. -Twenty-one varieties of sorghum have been
planted in very small plots, for the purpose of securing larger
quantities of the. seed, to enable us to make yield 'tests of the
varieties on larger areas. All the varieties were also planted in
contiguous plots, and a test on yield on these small areas will be
made this season. The following is a list of the sorghums
planted:-
Red Kafir Corn, White Kafir Corn, Sirak, Honey, Sapling,
Brown Dura, Minnesota Amber, Planters' Friend No. 36, Or-
ange, Gooseneck Head Erect, Planters' Friend No. 37, Amber,
Sumac, White Kafir No. 67, Gooseneck Head Pendant, Collier,
Red Amber, Cigne, Jerusalem Corn, Yellow Milo, and Shallu.
CoTToN.
About ten acres are devoted to cotton this season. The main
object in having this large area in cotton is to secure a large
amount of improved seed, in order that the Experiment Station
may sell some seed to the cotton growers of this State for the
purpose of co-operative work during the season of 1908.
FERTILIZERS.-An experiment is being conducted with fer-
tilizers for the purpose of ascertaining the most desirable pro-
portion of the elements of plant food required by the cotton plant
on this soil.
KIND AND AMOUNT OF FERTILIZER USED PER PLOT.
Plot Cotton Seed Meal Muriate of Potash Acid Phosphate
No. (Pounds) (Pounds) (Pounds)
1 40 12.8 50
2 120 12.8 50
3 40 6.4 50
4 40 12.8 25
SO 80 25.6 100
6 240 25.6 100
7 80 12.8 100
:8 80 25.6 50
9 120 38.4 150
10 360 38.4 150
11 120 19.2 150
12 120 38.4 75
BREEDING.-The predominating feature of all experiments
with cotton is to improve.the yield, length of staple, strength of
staple, uniformity in length of staple, size of bolls, picking qual-
ity, and disease resistance, by means of selection.
xxii
Anuial Report, 1907. xxiii
AnDDITIONS TO. THE EQUIPMENT.
1 Pivot Balance Cultivator.
1 Howe Wagon Scale.
1 Howe Bullock Scale.
1 Platform Scale.
1 Short-horn bull, Victor Cup.
/ Bird 2d.
4 Short-horn Cows EoleJapan.
Eolen.
\ Highland Missie.
Respectfully,
JoHN M. ScoTT,
Animal Industrialist.
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
P. H. Rolfs. Director.
SIR-I submit herewith the following report of the work of
the Chemical Department for the year ending June 30, 1907 :-
PINEAPPLE EXPERIMENT.
Through the courtesy of Mr. W. R, Hardee, the pineapple
fertilizer experiment is being continued beyond the time orig-
inally contemplated, namely, five ,years. This is done in order
that we may study the quality of the fruit as influenced by the
fertilizers; the work in the past having been directed largely
toward the kinds and quantities of fertilizers giving the largest
yield of fruit. The work of determining the sugars, acid, solids,
etc., in samples from the different plots, has been continued this
year; though the shortness of the crop-due in part to the long
drought-and the rapidity with which it was marketed, prevented
us from analyzing as many samples as we had anticipated. The
results are being tabulated, but can hardly be published in full
until the results of at least one more year have been added.
CITRUS FERTILIZER EXPERIMENT.
On account of the damage done by the cold of the past winter,
it became necessary to abandon the citrus experiment inaugu-
rated at Kissimmee in 1905. More than 60 per cent. of the trees
were either killed outright or were so badly damaged that it
would take several years to get them into any kind of shape for
experimental work. On this account it was thought best to seek
a new location, where the possibilities of damage by cold would
be less.
I would suggest that an experiment be planned to cover a
period of ten years, as in the case of the former experiment, that
the work include the effect of the fertilizers on the quality of the
fruit, as determined by analysis, as well as on the quantity, and
that it be taken up as soon as a suitable location can be found.
Such an experiment would no doubt also yield some excellent
results from the standpoint of the Entomologist and Plant Pa-
thologist, and their co-operation would be desirable.
COTTON FERTILIZER EXPERIMENT.
The cotton experiment which was begun last year and re-
ferred to in last year's report, has been continued; the crop this
xxiv
Annual Report, 1907.
year having been planted, on the experimental grounds of the
Station farm at Gainesville. It was thought best to make this
change on account of the difficulty of giving close personal at-
tention to the work, had it been continued with Mr. Niblak, in
Columbia county. The soil selected for this work is not so
uniform in quality as would have been desirable; nevertheless,
the outlook is very promising. Four acres are devoted to this
experiment, three and one-half acres being laid off into one-
tenth acre plots, which have been fertilized with different kinds
and quantities of fertilizers, but otherwise treated alike. This is
an increase of five plots over the plan of last year. The remain-
ing one-half acre receives its fertilizer-which is made up accord-
ing to the standard formula-in three applications of 200 pounds
each, the first application being made shortly after the cotton
comes up, and the remaining two at intervals of about one month
or six weeks. The fertilizers were applied after the cotton came
tp instead of before planting (as is the common practice), this
being a part of the plan of the soil investigations which are being
carried out.
The crop last year was small, owing to the fact that it was
impossible to get a good stand. Mr. -Niblak reported that the
crickets continued to cut it down, even after it had been re-
planted. It would hardly be safe to draw final conclusions from
the results of one year's work, but they are interesting and war-
rant us in the belief that further work along this line will give
some very valuable information in the matter of cotton growing
in Florida. For example, the standard plot, which received its
fertilizer at the rate of 400 pounds per acre, viz.:
Acid Phosphate ...................... .............. 200 lbs.
Cotton-seed M eal ..................... ............... 1 0 lbs.
M uriate of Potash .............. : ............ 50 lbs.
produced at the rate of 465 pounds of seed cotton per acre, while
the tion-fertilized plot produced at the rate of 122'2 pounds per
acre. It may be noted that these two plots were adjacent, and
the quality of the soil was very much the same. The standard
plot contained 568 stalks, and the non-fertilized plot 520 stalks;
and if we reduce the standard to the basis of the non-fertilized,
that is 520 stalks, we 'find that its yield would be at the rate of
425 pounds instead of 465 pounds. Here is a difference of 302%
pounds (425-122y=302%) in' favor of the fertilized plot.
xxvi Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
This at 6 cents per pound would be worth approximately $18,
while the cost of the 400 pounds of fertilizer would not exceed
$4, making a net gain of $14 per acre.
The plot which received one and one-half times the standard
formula (that is, 600 pounds per acre), produced at the rate of
615 pounds per acre, which is a gain of approximately 200
pounds over the normal plot, notwithstanding the fact that this
plot contained sixty-seven stalks less than the standard. The
cost of the additional fertilizer for these 200 pounds would be
about $2, while the additional cotton would be worth, say $12;
a net gain of $10 per acre by increasing the fertilizer from 400
pounds to 600 pounds. If we compare this plot with the non-
fertilized plot we find the gain to be at the rate of 492Y2 pounds
of seed cotton per acre, worth, at 6 cents per pound, $29.55; and
this gain is undoubtedly due to the 600 pounds of fertilizer,
which would not cost over $6; a net gain over the non-fertilized
plot of $23.55 per acre.
When, however, the standard amount was doubled (that is,
applied at the rate of 800 pounds per acre), the yield was not
quite so good as with 600 pounds per acre.
Where only one of the fertilizing ingredients was added, the
yield was only slightly better than that from the non-fertilized
plot.
While, as stated before, we cannot draw definite conclusions,
these facts would seem to indicate that there is profit in applying
from 400 pounds to 600 pounds per acre of a good complete fer-
tilizer, and that to go much beyond this amount is not profitable.
I believe that the experiment has fully established one point, and
that is, that the practice, which is still quite prevalent, of applying
100 to 200 pounds of a one-sided fertilizer to cotton in this State,
is exceedingly poor economy.
This work constitutes a part of the soil investigations that are
being carried on. A study is being made of the acidity of the
soil, with a view to determining its lime requirements; also leach-
ing tests are being conducted to determine what organic materials
and what quantities will most successfully increase the capacity
of the soil, for holding within reach of the plant, soluble plant
foods.
Annual Report, 1907.
SOIL STUDIES.
Some progress has- been made in soil investigations, and a
preliminary bulletin on this subject was issued. Enough has been
learned to show us that there are great possibilities in this field
of investigation. The work will be prosecuted during the coming
year along the line of determining the acidity of soils from differ-
ern localities; the lime requirements of such soils; methods of
preventing the loss of soluble plant foods by leaching; moisture
content of irrigated and non-irrigated soils; and the total phos-
phoric acid and potash content of some typical samples.
A few samples of soil collected May 30, from orange groves
near Kissimmee, and on May 1, from celery and tomato fields
near Sanford, gave the following interesting results with refer-
ence to the moisture content:-
Oliver grove, Kissimmee, not irrigated, average 15 samples 3.85% moisture.
Todd grove, Kissimmee, not irrigated, average 6 samples 4.65% moisture.
Ward grove, Kissimmee, surface .irrigation, average 4 samples 3.02%
moisture.
Sanford celery and tomato fields, sub-irrigation, average 8 samples 12.31%"
moisture.
The samples from' the orange groves were nearly all taken
to a depth of 18 inches. One sample from the Oliver grove was
taken to a depth of 3 T2 feet, beginning 2 feet below the surface.
The moisture content of this was 4.33 per cent. Six of the
samples from the celery and tomato fields were taken to a depth
of 8 inches. One sample was taken to a depth of 18 inches and
showed 12.99 per cent. moisture; and the other to a depth of 18
inches, beginning 8 inches below the surface, and showed 15.44'
per cent. moisture.
These results are of interest as showing the difference in the
moisture content between soils not irrigated, or poorly irrigated,
and those thoroughly irrigated.
The widespread interest which is now being taken in soil
investigations, and the success which has attended our work
thus far, lead me to ask for further assistance in this work, as
soon as the financial condition of the Station will permit of this
course.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Considerable miscellaneous work has been done in the way
of identification of samples; analyses of fertilizers, phosphates.
xxvii
xxviii Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
muck soils, etc. A study of the starch content of the root of the
saw palmetto (Serenoa serrulata, Hook). has been begun with
a view to utilizing the material for the production of denatured
alcohol. A brief account of this work appears in the Florida
Agriculturist of January 16, 1907. It is hoped that the work
may be continued during the coming year.
Two samples of muck and one of cocoanut-meal have been
examined; and as the results may be of general interest, they
are here reported :-
Mudk from Winter Haven; Air Dried; Laboratory No. 1992.
Moisture at 100 degrees C. ................ 9.58 per cent.
Other. volatile matter ................... 72.50 per cent.
A sh .......... .......... ............... 17.92 per cent.
100.00 per cent.
N nitrogen ..................... .......... 2.84 per cent.
Muck from Kissimmee; Air Dried; Laboratory No. 2012.
Moisture at 100 degrees C. ............... 5.80 per cent.
Other volatile matter .................... 48.37 per cent.
A sh ........................... 4 .8 per cent.
100.00 per cent.
N itrogen ................................ 1.03 per cent.
Cocoannt-meal; Laboratory No. 1995.
Moisture at 100 degrees C. .............. 10.24 per cent.
Protein .. . . . . . . ... .. 20.31 per cent.
Fats (Ether Extract) ................... 11.78 per cent.
EQUIPMENT.
The equipment of .the Chemical Department has been very
materially increased during the past year, thus permitting the
work to be carried on to better advantage. Among the more im-
portant additions may be mentioned a five-horse-power motor,
to replace the old gasoline engine; a water heater for the vacuum
drying machine; a new Schmidt & Haensch polariscope of the
latest and most improved type; and an Atwater Bomb Calori-
meter. A small laboratory, separate from the main laboratory,
and used for the examination of fruits and fruit products, has
proved a valuable addition; but even with this addition, we are
crowded. A better place is needed for setting up the calorimeter;
and also a small dark room for polariscope work.
Annual Report, 1907. xxix
In conclusion I wish to express my appreciation of the faith-
ful work of Mr. E. J. Macy, who entered upon his duties as
Assistant Chemist about the first of May; and of Prof. R. N.
Wilson, who came on the first of June to assist during the sum-
mer months with the pineapple and soil work.
Respectfully submitted,
A. W. BLAIR, Chemist.
xxx Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
P. H. Rolfs, Director.
SIR-I have the honor to submit herewith a statement of the
work in Entomology for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1907.
The work pursued may be classified under the following
topics: (1) WHITEFLY INVESTIGATIONS; (2) PREPARATION OF
BULLETINS, ADDRESSES, AND ARTICLES FOR THE PRESS; (3) OB-
SERVATIONS ON SCALE INSECTS AND THEIR FUNGUS PARASITES;
(4) OTHER INJURIOUS INSECTS; (5)NURSERY INSPECTION; (6)
CORRESPONDENCE.
The writer considers that the WHITEFLY INVESTIGATIONS are
now only well under way, and that the work accomplished is
initiative and not final; although the observations made and the
facts demonstrated are believed to be well grounded and to
require but very little revision.
THE OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE INSECTS AND THEIR FUNGUS
PARASITES relate chiefly to the efficiency of the red-headed scale
fungus in reducing the San Jose scale in Florida. This is fol-
lowed by a short list (with brief remarks) of other scale insects
of significance, including mention of two species received from
the West Indies and not at present known to occur in the United
States.
OTHER INJURIOUS INSECTS.-This consists of a brief list
(with remarks) of injurious insects sent in by correspondents,
or otherwise brought to the attention of the. Entomologist. This
list may in a measure be taken as indicative of the insect injury
in the State not otherwise noted in topics (1) and (3).
WHITEFLY INVESTIGATIONS.
The whitefly investigations were made the chief problem of
the year. This work was, furthermore, confined mainly to the
development of new methods for introducing the fungi parasitic
upon the whitefly (Aleyrodes citri) into infested groves. In the
pursuit of this investigation it was demonstrated that the best
time for the introduction of these fungi into whitefly-infested
groves is during the period of summer rains. These fungi spread
most rapidly at this time, and appear to be practically dormant
during prolonged periods of cool or dry weather.
Three fungi are at present known to be parasitic upon the
Aarvme and pupa of the whitefly. These are the Red Aschersonia,
Annual Report, 1907.
the Yellow Aschersonia, and the Brown Fungus. The red (Asch-
ersonia aleyrodes) was first observed in 1892, the brown in
1896, and the yellow (Aschersonia flavo-citrina). was first recog-
nized as a distinct species in September, 1906, by Professor' P. H.
Rolfs, on specimens sent in from Winter Park. A fourth fungus
(Sphaerostilbe coccophila, the Red-headed Scale Fungus) is also
sometimes found upon the young stages of the whitefly, but it
is of most value in the control of scale insects. There is some
evidence to indicate that the so-called brown fungus really repre-
sents two fungi. Professor H. S. Fawcett, of this Station, has"
several times observed a form of this brown fungus which he
thought might be the fruiting stage and has even succeeded in
getting artificial cultures from which he again infested whitefly
larvae. Recently a similar form, but not fruiting, was observed
by him on some specimens sent in by the writer from Palmetto,
Florida. These latter specimens presented two forms -of brown
fungus, on the same leaf, thus indicating the presence of two
fungi, both living on the larve of the whitefly. Further observ-
ations must determine.whether these differently appearing forms
are of the same or different species.
The most important result of the year's work upon the white-
fly, a result which is believed to be of far-reaching significance
to the citrus industry of the State, is the demonstration that the
red and yellow fungi can be readily introduced into whitefly-
infested trees by spraying a mixture of the spores of these fungi
in water on to the under surface of the leaves. The first spore-
spraying experiments were made at Lake City during July, 1906,
by using spores of the red Aschersonia; but only a few trees
were sprayed. In August of the same year, eight trees were
successfully sprayed at Leesburg. At the same time as the' spray-
ing experiments, leaves having red or brown fungus upon them
were pinned on to the leaves of infested trees. The preliminary
leaf-pinning experiments were made at Lake City and later at
Leesburg. At Leesburg the red and brown fungi ivere success-
fully introduced in each of thirty-seven trees by pinning on
leaves. These experiments demonstrated the feasibility of in-
troducing the fungi by these methods. It should be added that
while both the spore-spraying and the leaf-pinning methods are
applicable to the red and yellow fungi, the latter of the two
xxxi
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
methods will probably be found most useful in introducing the
brown fungus. It is not certain that the stage of the brown
fungus generally found upon citrus leaves produces spores which
can be used for spraying. However, the writer was agreeably
surprised to find that in four of the eight trees at Leesburg,
sprayed with the spores of the red fungus (red Aschersonia),
pustules of the brown were visible when a careful inspection of
these trees was made in December. There having been some
brown fungus present with the red used for making the mixture
of spores and water, the writer believes that small portions of
the hyphal threads of the former became detached, and being
sprayed into the trees with the spores of the red fungus, con-
tinued to develop. Further experiments may demonstrate that
the spraying method can be made quite as effective for introduc-
ing the brown fungus as for the red and yellow. The writer has
since learned that a number of citrus growers had successfully
used the method of pinning on leaves prior to his experiments.
The method generally used, however, was that recommended by
Dr. H. J. Webber, formerly of the United States Department of
Agriculture, namely, to plant small trees having an abundance
of fungus on them among the trees of an infested grove. Of the
three methods, the writer believes spore-spraying to be preferable,
since the fungus can be more thoroughly distributed throughout
the trees, and a greater number of trees can be treated with the
same amount of material. From observations made, it appears
that about three weeks are required before the unaided eye can
determine that the fungi have begun to grow.
During the first week in October over one hundred trees were
sprayed at New Smyrna with the red and yellow fungi. As dry
weather set in almost immediately after these sprayings were
made, the fungi made a start in only a few trees. It should, how-
ever, be further explained that an old spraying outfit (barrel and
pump), previously employed for spraying Bordeaux mixture,
was used for the greater number of trees in this experiment. This
may account for the failure in getting a good start of fungus,
especially since a promising start was made in the few trees
.which were sprayed with another pump. It is well known that
copper in any form in solution is rapidly fatal to bacteria and to
the spores of fungi. For this reason new spraying outfits having
xxxii
Annual Report, 1007.
as little copper or brass about them as possible (preferably none)
should be used. In this case the old outfit was risked for the sake
of experiment, and because no other could readily be obtained at
that time. The writer has recently purchased a good spray pump,
made wholly of iron, so that this difficulty will be avoided in the
future.
In seven small trees, much infested with whitefly, and sprayed
with another pump, both fungi had, however, made a very prom-
ising start by December 1. Some slight amount of red had also
started in another small grove, but the rest 'of the trees showed
no fungus at that time. On April 6 the writer found that the
seven trees referred to had been defoliated by the owner, who,
having been told by a visiting friend that ihe fungi were not on
the leaves but on the stems, thought thus to get rid of all his
whitefly at one stroke. If a man has a small grove of only a few
trees, and is not surrounded by indifferent neighbors, defoliating
the trees is one of the best means for reducing, and possibly even
exterminating, the whitefly. This means is, furthermore, pe-
culiarly applicable following the partial defoliation of the trees
after a freeze. Suggestions along this line were set forth by
the writer in Press Bulletin 62, January, 1907. The feasability
of defoliating even large areas was demonstrated by the St.
Johns River Fruit Growers' Association after the freeze of last
December. This Association, of which Mr. H. B. Stevens, of
De Land, was elected President, completely defoliated all trees
(citrus and other) in De Land, that were known to be infested
with whitefly. It would appear that up to date (June 30, 1906)
the operation has resulted satisfactorily, for the whitefly has not
yet re-appeared.
In December, eighteen trees were' sprayed at Kissimmee with
spores of the red Aschersonia. The purpose of this spraying
was twofold:-To introduce the fungus, and primarily to de-
termine the readiness with which the fungus would start to grow
at this time of the year. when the weather was becoming cool
and dry. The frost at Christmas time, however, practically de-
foliated all citrus trees at Kissimmee, and so put an end to the
experiment at this place for the time being. Whether the fungus
thus introduced will continue to exist, and will increase when the
fly becomes more abundant again, remains to be seen.
xxxiii
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
During the middle of May, spore-spraying and leaf-pinning
operations were begun in a twenty-acre grove near St. Peters-
burg. To start a good growth -of the fungi in a grove of this
size during one season was the primary object of the work at
this place. The frost of last December, which defoliated so
many of the groves in the State, together with the extreme
drought of six to eight months, which caused the fungi in many
instances to peel from the leaves, have produced a scarcity of the
same, so that considerable difficulty is being experienced in ob-
taining sufficient fungus for this work. A five-weeks' illness of
the writer during June and July was also unfortunate, because it
kept him at home when he expected to make several visits to
whitefly-infested districts. However, some small quantities of
fungus have been obtained by the owner of the grove, and also
some by the writer. A year ago bushels of leaves having an
abundance of fungi upon them could have been obtained for the
asking. It may be added, that between the freeze and the ex-
tended drought, the whitefly has also suffered much, but this fact
should deter no one from getting prepared for combating the
same.
In view of the fact that there would be a scarcity of the fungi
which were needed for conducting experiments on a larger scale,
,efforts were made to cultivate them in the laboratory. After two
partially successful attempts, Professor H. S. Fawcett, Assistant
in Plant Pathology, has succeeded in growing limited quantities
of the red and yellow Aschersonias. This material is about to
be used for spore-spraying experiments.
In April, A. E. Stene, of the Rhode Island College of Agri-
culture and Mechanic Arts, requested some fungus for the pur-
pose of attempting its introduction upon the greenhouse whitefly
(Aleyrodes vaporarioruin). A small dispatch of some of the red
and yellow Aschersonias was made, and on June 4, I received
some cucumber leaves with specimens of the yellow Aschersonia
infecting the Aleyrodes upon. them. It is altogether too early
to attempt any discussion of the usefulness of these fungi in
greenhouses. One thing is in their favor; namely, that the con-
ditions of warmth and moisture can be controlled in the green-
house. On the other hand, since cucumbers and such plants are
short-lived, the expense of introducing the fungi upon them
xxxiv
Aniual Report, 1907.
would be nearly as great as that of applying a contact insecticide,
which would be more quickly effective in this case. But upon
perennial plants grown in the greenhouse there appears to be no
good reason why the fungi may not be efficient in keeping this
Aleyrodes in check.
Some fumigation of citrus trees with hydrocyanic acid gas
for the destruction of whitefly and scale insects has been under-
taken in the State this year. Dr. A. W. Morrill, Special Field
Agent of the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C., has
been making careful experiments along this line at Orlando. At
Waco, Chase & Company operated sixteen tents during Feb-
ruary; thus making this the first attempt in Florida at fumiga-
tion on a large scale.
Besides the visits to the places at which experiments were
conducted (previously cited), visits for observation were made
to Fort Myers, Buckingham, Bartow, Bradentown, Palmetto,
Orlando, Winter Park, Waco, Oviedo, Titusville, Mims. Sharpes,
Largo, Seven Oaks, and Safety Harbor.
To sum up on the whitefly investigations :-This insect can
now be found at intervals as far south as Fort Myers on the
Gulf coast, and as far as Sharpes on the East coast. On the
north it probably occurs as-far as citrus is grown. Centrally,
there is perhaps very little fly south of Kissimmee, but it follows
along the Atlantic Coast Line Railway to the south-west from
this place. It is thus evident that the whitefly is very generally
distributed throughout Florida. In the sections indicated, how-
ever, a large proportion of the groves have not as yet become
infested. The red fungus (red Aschersonia) and the brown
fungus can be found at intervals from Fort Myers on the south
to Lake City on the north, and to Orlando and Oviedo on the
east. The yellow Aschersonia has so far been observed only at
Orlando, Oviedo, Winter Park, and Mims; being thus appar-
ently limited to Eastern Florida. Entomologists of the Gulf
States, as well as several private parties, have made requests for
small quantities of the fungi. The writer has been informed that
the whitefly is widely distributed in the orange groves along the
Gulf as far west as, and including, Texas. It has recently been
discovered in California, and Professor P. H. Rolfs informs me
that it exists on privet hedges in Central Georgia.
XXXV
xxxvi Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
BULLETINS, ARTICLES FOR THE PRESS AND ADDRESSES.
One bulletin*, and a press bulletin, were issued by the writer
(luring the year. In the bulletin a complete summary of the
whitefly situation for the year is attempted, the methods for
introducing the fungi are discussed in detail, and a brief sum-
mary of the life-history of the whitefly is included. In the press
bulletin facts and suggestions were given regarding the treat-
ment of whitefly-infested trees that had been wholly or partially
defoliated by the freeze of the preceding month. Several shorter
articles on whitefly subjects were written for the press. One
was published in the New Smyrna Breeze of January 18, one
in the Kissiince Valley Gazette of December 28, and another
in the Palmetto News. Three addresses were made during the
year on subjects relating to insects and insect control; one in
February before the Pasadena Farmers' Club, at Dade City,
another before the Pinellas Orange Growers' Association, at St.
Petersburg, and another before the Florida Horticultural So-
ciety during its session at St, Petersburg in May. This last
address will be published in the Transactions of the Society.
SCALE INSECTS AND THEIR FUNGUS PARASITES.
SAN JOSE SCALE.-No systematic observations or experi-
ments upon scale- insects had been planned for the year, but our
attention was several times directed to these. The remarkable
mortality among the San Jose scale at De Funiak ten years ago
was demonstrated by Professor P. H. Rolfs to be due to the
Red-headed Scale Fungus (Sphaerostilbe coccophila, Bulletin 41,
Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., August, 1897). Since that time this fungus
has been found widely distributed in the State, and many growers,
especially citrus growers, have learned to depend upon it and upon
the other two fungi parasitic upon scale insects (the White-head-
ed, or Gray-headed, Scale Fungus, Ophionectra coccicola, and the
Black Scale Fungus, Myrangium duryi) for keeping scale insects
under control. About two years ago Mr. F. P. Henderson, of
Arrio, Florida, introduced some of the Red-headed Scale Fungus,
accompanied, perhaps, by some of the Black Scale Fungus, into
*Bulletin 88, "Whitefly Conditions in 1906. The Use of the Fungi."
35 pp., January, 1907.
tPress Bulletin 62, "Some Suggestions About Whitefly." January 10,
1907.
Annual Report, i907.
his peach orchard, and discovered later such a great mortality
among the San Jose scale as to amount to its control, if not its
eradication. Based upon this extraordinary success in his own
orchard, Mr. Henderson succeeded in convincing the Gainesville
Orchard Company and the Griffing Brothers Company so that
they introduced this fungus into the 300-acre peach orchard of
the former near Gainesville, and into the 650-acre orchard of the
latter at Komoko. Mr. Henderson collected the fungus required
for this work in great part from oak trees, upon which it fre-
quently occurs in abundance, growing upon the obscure scale
(Aspidiotus obscurus)." Judging from inspections made last
February by Professor H. S. Fawcett, of this Station, together
with the writer, 95 to 99 per cent. of the scaIe (San Jose) was
dead. The black scale fungus has also been instrumental in
reducing the amount of scale in these orchards, and Mr. Hen-
derson has stated that he finds more of this black fungus pres-
ent in his orchard than of the red one. Which of the two fungi
in question has been the most effective in reducing the scale in
these orchards is not easily decided. Interest in the remarkable
efficiency of fungi for the control of scale insects and whitefly in
Florida has spread to neighboring States. The climatic condi-
tions necessary for the development of these fungi are, however,
peculiarly favorable in Florida during certain seasons of the
year, especially during the period of summer rains, which is,
therefore, the best time for introducing them. Whether any of
these fungi will be as efficient in reducing the insects in question
in other States, Aill depend wholly upon the presence of these
favorable climatic conditions. Sphaerostilbc coccophila has,
however, been reported from as far north- as Philadelphia.
San Jose Scale was also sent in from Dade City and Thono-
tosassa, This scale can probably be found wherever peach trees
are grown in the State.
ORANGE CHIONASPIS (Chionaspis citri).-This scale insect is
not widely distributed in Florida. A badly infested citrus grove
was visited at Geneva in the first part of: May. The owner had
previously sprayed with whale-oil soap and kerosene emulsion,
with little, if any, effect. At the time of this visit a brood of
young scale was crawling, and it was advised to spray again at
once to kill these, and then to spray again later when another
xxxvii
xxxviii Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
brood emerged. Advice was given to introduce during the rainy
season one or all of the three fungi parasitic on scales. Since
the writer has not observed these fungi upon this particular scale,
this advice is in the nature of an experiment, and he expects to
forward some fungus to the owner for this purpose.
WHITE PEACH SCALE (Diaspis pentagona).-Some badly in-
fested peach wood was recently received from Starke. This
scale is a dangerous pest and appears to be spreading in the
State. It 'is not uncommon on the East coast. (See also Bul-
letin 61, July, 1902.)
WEST INDIAN SCALES.-Two 'scales on citrus were received
from St. Croix, Danish West Indies, for identification. It was
at once recognized that these scales were different from anything
known to the writer in Florida, and they were therefore sent to
the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C., for identification.
One was identified as Parlatoria zizyphius, Lucas, and stated as
being perhaps the greatest orange and lemon pest in Italy today.
The other was identified as Aspidiotus articulates, Morg. Both
scales are serious pests of the orange in the West Indies, and
neither one is known to exist in the United States, although the
former has been found on fruit in Northern markets. All citrus
growers should make note of the fact that there are still some
pests waiting for entrance into the citrus groves of Florida and
so any one importing trees or bud-wood should either fumigate
the material upon arrival, or have some competent person ex-
amine it for insects and other diseases.
Diaspis broincliae (The Pineapple Scale), was sent in from
Oslo, and observed in a small pinery at New Smyrna. When a
good grade of tobacco dust is used.as a fertilizer it will also
serve as an insecticide, and keep this scale in check.
OTHER INJURIOUS INSECTS OF THE YEAR.
Some other insects which do considerable damage have been
sent in by correspondents throughout the State, or brought to
our attention otherwise.
MEALYBUGS (Dactylopins citri) were sent in from Enterprise
on seed potatoes kept in a storehouse. The specimens were re-
ceived on September 8. The bugs were clustered on the small
sprouts and in the eves of the potatoes. Treatment with whale-
PLATE V.
FIGr. 1. Parlatoria ziziphus Lucas. on Orange leaf.
(Enlarged by l..)
FIG. 2. Aspidiotus articulatus, Morg., on Orange leaf.
(Enlarged by 2.)
PLATE VI.
N
Rhyncophorus cruentatus.
(Enlarged by 2.)
Annual Report, 1907.
oil soap or other soap solution, or fumigation with carbon bis-
ulfid was recommended.
THE PALMETTO WEEViL (Rhynchophorius cruectatus, Fab.),
was sent in from Bulow, Volusia county, by Mr. L. B. Knox.
Three larvae and two beetles were received on January 8. The
larvae were kept alive for some time in small bundles of palm
leaves, although their food had been the Phoenix canariensis.
Several fine palms of this species belonging to Mr. Knox were
* ruined by the larvae eating out the buds. About April 1, these
larvae were placed on two buds of the common saw (or scrub)
palmetto. On April 6, all three had pupated in cases constructed
from the fibre of the buds. The buds had been previously split
lengthways, and the grubs at once ate their way very expe-
ditiously into them. On May 26, two beetles had emerged. At
the time of writing this, the third one has not emerged, and is
probably dead. *Chittenden reports this weevil on a seedling
date, at Fort Ogden, Florida, and on the Sabal palmetto, at At-
lanta, Georgia. He recommends the use of baits to attract the
weevils, so that when a number have congregated they may be
destroyed. These baits consist of the buds and portions of the
trunks of other palms and palmettoes. Small or useless palms
or palmettoes near by can be either simply wounded, or cut into
pieces. The weevil will be attracted by the fermenting sap, and
can then be killed. If the woody portions of the baits are left
for some time, the grubs will develop in them and the baits can
then be burned. All old trees and stumps should be destroyed,
desirable trees should be trimmed very little, and all wounds
should be dressed with tar or grafting wax. A small bunch of
rubbish near a bait will induce' the adults to hide in this after
feeding, when rubbish and all can be destroyed.
STRAWnERRY FLEA-BEETLES (Haltica ignita, Illiger), were
sent in from Orlando and Lakeland in March.' Since the berries
were maturing at this time, white hellebore was suggested as a
remedy to Mr. C. M. Berry, the Orlando correspondent. He
reported that the "flea-beetles departed, bag and baggage, within
an hour after I introduced the white hellebore." This unique
"*Bulletin '3s. N. S., Div. of Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C.,
xxxix
xl Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
experience is almost "too good to believe," in that it was the
hellebore alone that urged the beetles on their march. It is pos-
sible that the beetles were about to leave when the hellebore was
introduced, a surmise with regard to which Mr. Berry himself
was not decided. What appears to be the same species of flea-
beetle was sent in from Starke at about the same time, occurring
there on roses.
PLANT LicE (Aphidae), erroneously called Hessian Flies,
were sent in from Fruitville and Waldo on melons and cucum-,
bers, and were reported from several other places in the State.
They have, perhaps, been as common this year as in previous
years, since they are about the most serious pest with which the
cucumber, melon, and squash growers have to contend. Plant
lice were also reported from Dover on okra.
The writer observed a most remarkable instance of plant lice
parasitised with small hymenopterous insects (Family Bracon-
idae) during the first week in May at Mims. Almost every bit
of new growth on 'about one hundred citrus trees was infested
with the lice. Examination, however, demonstrated the fact that
from 90 to 95 per cent. of the lice were parasitised with the
minute fly-like braconids.
The essential facts of this parasitism are generally well known
to the student of insects. The female braconid deposits an egg
into the body of the aphid; the egg develops into a minute grub,
and this grub devours the inside of its host, which soon dies.
The dead aphids become swollen and assume a light buff or dull
brassy color. When the parasite matures, it cuts a small round
hole through the body-wall of its dead host and escapes. These
minute braconids are of inestimable value in keeping aphids in
check, and fruit trees probably rarely require other treatment
when these are present.
For aphids on vegetables some treatment is generally neces-
sary. There is probably nothing better for this than good to-
bacco dust, either in infusion or applied dry, as recommended in
Bulletin 76 of this Station. "The Black Stuff Fine" tobacco
powder of the H. A. Stoothoof Company, Tobacco Powder Hob-
byists, New York City, (also sold by Crenshaw Brothers, Tampa.
Florida, and perhaps by other dealers in Florida,) has been
Annual Report, 1907.
recommended to the writer as of high grade by a successful
vegetable grower.
THE RED-HUMPED APPLE WORM (Oedemasia concinna) was
found at Gainesville on young pecan trees, during the middle of
October. When these caterpillars are found in clusters they can
be burned out of a tree with a torch. When this is not prac-
ticable, portions of the tree can be sprayed with an arsenate,
since the "worms" are voracious feeders.
LEAr-HOPPERS (Jassidae).-Requests for information, as to
how these insects (also called "green fly") can be controlled,
have been received from Miami, Center Hill, and Orlando, but
the insects are widely distributed elsewhere. They are perhaps
the most serious pest of beans grown for market. Since these
insects live on a great variety of plants, it has been recommended
that the grower should clean up about his field before planting,
not leaving dry rubbish in which they are known to harbor. The
Hopperdozer was also suggested. This consists essentially of a
metal pan of considerable size, suitably mounted on runners, or
other device, so that it may be dragged through the field. Kero-
sene or other oil is placed in the pan. As the apparatus is
dragged through the field, all the leaf-hoppers that jump into
the pan are doomed, even should they jump out again. Suitable
devices should be arranged on the frame for agitating the bean
plants. A vertical screen smeared with soft tar or grease may be
arranged just at the rear and above the pan to catch any that
jump against it.
NURSERY INSPECTION.
Eleven nurseries were inspected last fall. These were nurs-
eries doing chiefly an out-of-State business, no certificate being
necessary for them to do business in Florida. It appears that
until the present it has not been necessary to certify citrus stock,
but this is now necessary, since several States and foreign coun-
tries are requiring certificates. It is gratifying to the writer toc
be able to note that no single complaint has been lodged against
any nurseryman for sending out infested or diseased stock.
CORRESPONDENCE.
Correspondence, and the routine duties of the office and labor-
atory, have consumed their proper quota of time. No less than
two hundred and sixty letters were written during the year. This
xlii Florida Agricultutral Experimenict Station.
correspondence, while a time-consumer, is valuable, since it
brings us into closer touch with the people of the State, and at
the same time gives us information in regard to the distribution
and severity of insect pests, and the problems pressing for solu-
tion. Respectfully submitted,
E. W. BERGER, Entomologist.
Annual Report, 19o7.
REPORT OF ASSISTANT PLANT PATHOLOGIST.
P. H. Rolfs, Director.
SIR-I submit herewith the following report as Assistant
Plant Pathologist:
The major part of the,worj< for the past year has been given
to the study and investigation of citrus diseases, among which
are Scaly Bark (a new disease of citrus), Gumming, and Citrus
Scab. Pure cultures of the citrus scab fungus (Cladosporium
citri) were grown in the Laboratory, and a study of its growth
on various media was made. Work was also continued from
last year with cultures of several species of fungi parasitic on
the citrus whitefly. Pure cultures of Aschersonia aleyrodes Web-
ber, and Aschersonia flavo-citrina P. Henn., were obtained, and
their growth on a number of media studied. Some time was
also taken up with the study of other diseases of cultivated plants.
SCALY BARK.
A NEW DISEASE OF CITRUS.
About three years ago, specimens of diseased, limbs and fruit
of sweet oranges were sent to Prof. P. H. Rolfs for identification.
Some of the diseased material was transmitted to Mrs. Flora
Patterson, of the Division of Plant Pathology, United States
Department of Agriculture, and there was found present a species
of fungus belonging to the genus Hystogaphium. The disease
was recognized as a new one, and because of the appearance of
the limbs, it was called "Scaly Bark." Little was known at the
time as to its severity or distribution.
In June, 1906, Mr. J. E. Kilgore, acting on a committee for
the Pinellas' Orange Growers' Association, spent considerable
time in finding out the destructiveness and distribution of the
disease. He reported to the Experiment Station the threatening
nature of the Scaly Bark, and at the request of the Association,
the work on the disease was taken up. It was found that the
loss to the orange growers from this disease was much greater
than was at first thought. The loss from prematurely dropped
fruit for the past year was estimated at from 35 per cent. to 75
per cent. of the total crop in badly affected groves. In addition
to this, there was the injury from weakening and dying of the
limbs.
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
DISTRIBUTION.-On investigation, it was found that the dis-
ease was more or less severe in many old seedling groves over
almost the entire Pinellas Peninsula.
VARIETIES AFFECTED.-The disease is confined almost en-
tirely to the sweet orange. Grapefruit and lemon seem to be
fairly resistant, although these are also affected to a slight degree
as they become older. Tangeriie orange trees. seem almost im-
mune, as these are but slightly, if ever, affected, even when grow-
ing alongside badly diseased sweet orange trees.
HISTORY.-The disease, it was said by the older growers, had
been known by them for at least thirty or forty years, but the
damage from it was very slight until within recent years. The
history of the disease, as told by these men, is of considerable
interest. About the year 1840 Odette Phillippi, a Frenchman of
royal blood, came from Key West and settled with a small com-
pany of -other Frenchmen near the large Indian shell mound at
the inner edge of Safety Harbor, on what is known as Old
Tampa Bay. Phillippi brought orange and grapefruit seeds with
him and planted the grove, now some sixty years old, owned at
the present time by Mr. Phillippi's grandson, Mr. D. J. Booth.
It was in one of these original seedling trees, after it had'become
some twenty years old, that the disease was first noticed. The
disease is reported to have spread very slowly, almost -imper-
ceptibly, over the entire grove of several acres. Contiguous to
,the grove, Mr. Phillippi grew nursery stock for many years, and
a great many of the old seedling groves of the surrounding coun-
try were set out with trees bought from this nursery. All of
these old groves that could be traced back to the Phillippi nurs-
ery were found to be very badly affected with the Scaly Bark dis-
ease. These observations strongly indicate that the disease or-
iginated at Phillippi's place and spread from this nursery.
DESCRIPTION OF DISEASE.-Orange trees badly diseased with
the Scaly Bark present a general appearance of having been neg-
lected and poorly fertilized. Many dead twigs and limbs are
noticed. The leaves are usually small and yellow, and the trunks
and large limbs bear large scaly areas that can be seen at some
distance. The fruit when affected becomes spotted, colors up,
prematurely and usually drops. Closer observation shows the
following conditions:-
PLATE VII.
Scaly Bark Disease on Orange twig, severely affected. (Natural size.)
Annual Report, 1907.
The bark and older limbs show ruptured scaly areas 2 to (i
inches (r miole in extent; at first accompanied with exudation of
gum. Later the gum becomes brittle, and presents a roughened
resinous appearance. A border and under layer of new bark
tissue forms' Finally, the area either heals over, or the new
tissue slowly dies. Further out on the smaller branches and
younger wood, the areas become more definitely defined. Spots
first begin on the epidermis of hardened water-sprouts, as some-
what circular,-almost imperceptible,-areas of lemon yellow,
2 to 15, or more, millimeters in diameter. Later, either the
entire yellow area becomes hard and rusty or reddish brown in
color, or a ring of reddish brown surrounds the yellow area, which
may or may not color up in the same way later. The rusty colored
area of epidermis becomes brittle and cracks, forming scales or
flakes as it becomes still older. This may go on for several years,
the newer spots forming between the older ones until the limb is
so thickly covered with scabs that it is girdled at some point
and dies.
A cross section through a recently ruptured area appears,
under the microscope, as follows:-An outer irregular mass of
almost structureless corky tissue reddish brown in color, is
separated from the tissue below by a narrow blackened region.
Below this occurs a multiplication of cortical cells.
On dropped fruit, ringed spots are quite common. The rings,
5 to 15 millimeters in diameter, are sunken and brown in color
.with an interior, raised, green area. Often a dark speck is seen
in the center of this green area. The accompanying print of a
diseased fruit shows an orange with this ringed area. Spotted
fruit colors up prematurely, and usually drops off just before the
proper picking season.
The work on the Scaly Bark is being pushed forward in the
laboratory and the field as rapidly as the knowledge of the dis-
ease will permit.
CITRUS ScAB.
This disease is due to a fungus, Cladosporium citri, which
attacks the leaves and fruit of the sour orange, lemon, satsuma,
and grapefruit. It was not so severe this year as last. It was
noted in a number of places on the sour orange, on which it is
almost always found from year to year, and in a. few places on
xlvi Plorida Agricultural Experiment Station.
lemons. The earliest infections are on leaves about one-tenth
grown, as minute light brown or cork-colored spots. Soon the
spots become depressed on one side and raised on the other.
Older spots become dark brown, and even pinkish in color. The
separate spots often coalesce as they enlarge, forming irregular
corky scabs. The leaves are contorted and the fruit when affected
presents a warty appearance.
CULTURES.-The -fungus was first isolated fi-om sour orange
leaves in petri dish cultures of 2 per cent. glucose Agar-agar in
March, 1906, and since then it has been isolated a number of
times both from fruit and leaves. The colonies first begin as a
tortuous growth of minute colorless hyphae which are soon
observed to coalesce into a kind of sclerotium. In three or four
days they become visible to the unaided eye. In twelve days the
colonies are 2 to 4 millimeters in diameter, hemispherical, flesh-
colored, with a yellowish brown to reddish brown tinge. The
central mass is raised into a conical sclerotium, which is firm,
moist, glistening, and gummy. The margin becomes fringed by
small out-growing hyphe. Colonies that are not crowded grow
to a maximum size of 6 to 8 millimeters. The effects of various
usual and unusual media on the growth of the fungus were also,
observed. Further study is being made into the life history of
this organism.
TREAVMENT.--Bordeaux mixture or ammoniacal copper car-
bonate may be used as a preventive. It must be applied early in
the spring or late in the fall.
GUMMIING OF CITRUS.
This disease was observed, on grapefruit trees on the West
Coast, in the interior, and was reported from the East Coast.
The gumming areas are usually at a considerable distance from
the ground, on the trunk and larger limbs. This point of dif-
ference distinguishes the disease from the foot-rot. The bark
cracks and gum oozes out in considerable quantities. The dis-
eased areas, as they enlarge, may reach one-half to three-quart-.
ers of the way around a large limb. New bark tissue is formed
underneath the old. The surface of the area becomes charac-
terized by ridges, warts, and resinous deposits. Finally the bark
dies and the wood slowly decays inward. Between recently killed
bark and wood there are often deposits of crystal masses. This
PLATE VIII.
YelW A ,chersonja on Nli Iefl,% ( Nattii ra size.)
Annual Report, 1907. xlvii
disease does not seem to affect the root as does foot-rot. 'A
number of sweet seedling orange trees in a grove near Gaines-
ville, Florida, were -affected with a gum disease quite similar to
that described above for grapefruit.
TREATMENT.-Cutting out the affected areas and treating
them with some disinfectant has been practised by growers, with
beneficial effects in some cases.
FUNGI PARASITIC ON THE CITRUS WHITEFLY.
YELLOW ASCHERSONIA (Aschersonia flavo-citrina P. Henn.)
This fungus had not been known to occur on the whitefly in
Florida until September, 1906, when specimens were sent to
Prof. P. H. Rolfs by J. F. Adams, of Winter Park. It was at
once noticed as distinct from the Red Aschersonia, Aschersonia
alerodes, Webber. Later, observations by the Entomologist,
Dr. E. W. Berger, showed that it was abundant on whitefly
larvae in several localities in Eastern Florida. Specimens sent
to Mrs. Patterson, Mycologist, United States Department of
Agriculture, were identified as Aschersonia flav'o-citrina P. Henn.
This fungus, after causing the death of the larv' by means
of a net work of small hyphse, forms a conspicuous stroma, -
which in general form resembles closely that of the'Red Ascher-
sonia. The color, however, is a rich yellow, and when moist.
each stroma resembles a small drop of butter. The average
diameter is a little greater, and the pycnidial cavities are less
sunken than in Aschersonia aleyrodes.
GERMINATION OF SPoREs.-Spores were found to germinate
in hanging drops of distilled water, tap water, and solutions of
glucose sugar up to 30 per cent. The addition of sugar was
found to hasten germination up to 10 per cent.; above 10 per
cent., germination was retarded. A few spores were seen to
germinate in a 30 per cent. sugar solution. In distilled water,
the germination was very feeble, and the germ tube grew out
Only a short distance. In germinating, the first
hyphal tube pushed itself out just back of one of
the acute ends of the fusiform, or boat-shated
spore (Fig. 1).' The acute end, which seems to
Fi. I lack protoplasm, was bent back in the opposite
direction. The germ tube then grew very slowly, and in-four or
five days (in 10 per cent. glucose solution) began to form sporids
xlviii Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
at the ends of the hyphae. (Figs. 2 and 3.) Germination tests at
various times showed that spores remained alive on dried leaves
FFIG. 2
Fli.. 3
in the laboratory for at least two months. After three months
no germination could be seen.
CULTUREs.-Petri dish cultures of this fungus were success-
fully grown in a 10 per cent. solution of glucose agar. In
eighteen days at about 30 degrees Centigrade, small, whitish,
delicate, fringed colonies, just visible to the unaided eye, ap-
peared. In a week more, a distinct elevated stroma was formed
with a moist, waxy, pale yellow center, containing pycnidia with
spores. Surrounding this was a white fringed border of out-
growing mycelium. The colonies were 2 to 6 millimeters in
diameter, and closely resembled the pustules growing on the
larvae of a whitefly infested leaf. Cultures were made from these
colonies in test tubes of sweet potato, Irish potato, corn meal,
and rice; on all of which the fungus grew well. The fungus
grew most luxuriantly on sweet potato plugs, this being due to
the presence of sugar in the medium.
RED ASCHERSONIA (Aschersonia aleyrodes Webber.)-The
Red Aschersonia is the most common natural parasite of the
citrus whitefly in Florida. It was discovered by Webber in 1893;*
and was soon doing good work in various parts of the State in
helping to keep down the whitefly. It was introduced into a
number of districts by pinning leaves into whitefly-infested trees,
or by planting small trees with the fungus upon them into groves
containing whitefly. Webber introduced this fungus 'and the
brown fungus at Fort Myers, and at the present time there is
reported to be very little whitefly in this region. These fungi
are now being regularly supplied, by nurserymen and others, to
those who wish to introduce them into their groves.
CULTUREs.-Cultures of the Red Aschersonia were also ob-
S*Webber, H. J., U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Div. of Physiol. and Path.,
Bul. 13, p. 30.
PLATE IX.
FIG. 1. Orange shwinvg Scaly Bark rings.
FiG. 2. Young Pecan Nuts
affected with mildew.
Fin. 3. Laboratory culture of the
Yellow Asehersonia growing on
sweet potato plug in a test tube.
(.Natural size.)
Annual Report, i907.
trained in 10 per cent. glucose agar. The colonies of this fungus,
grown in a room temperature of 15 degrees to 25 degrees Centi-
grade, appeared in 28 days. The stroma was at first yellow;
but in three days it had become red, with an abundance of spores
present. The colonies were hemispherical with a light gray
fringe of mycelium, and in 38 days were 5 to 7 millimeters in
diameter. The growth of the Red Aschersonia on the several
media was not noticeably different, except in color, from that of
the Yellow Aschersonia. As in the case of the latter, the growth
on sweet potato was the most luxuriant.
At the present time, cultures of these fungi are being pre-
pared in large quantities, with the idea of using these in infecting
whitefly-infested trees. (See Bulletin No. 88 of the Florida Ex-
periment Station, on "The Use o.f the Fungi.")
ASCHERSONIA TURBINATA OF THE WAX SCALE.
A third Aschersonia (Aschersonia turbinata Berk.) is para-
sitic on the Wax Scale (Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock). This
fungus was also found by H. J. Webber in 1897. It was collected
in several localities upon the Wax Scale during the past year, by
Prof. E. W. Berger, of the Experiment Station. It differs mark-
edly from the two other Aschersonias in having a cup-shaped
stroma which extends out from the leaf to a distance of once or
twice its own diameter. A cluster of cups may quite often be
seen growing out from a single larva of the Wax Scale. The
inside of the cup is bright red; the outside is light gray in color.
PEACH DISEASES.
RusT (Puccinia pruni.)-The rust is quite common on the
leaves of peach in this State. It was collected in a number of
places in different parts of the State during the past year. It is
known by the small, rusty, round spots on the leaf. The injury
from rust is so slight, however, that little attention need be paid
to it.
YELLows.-The yellows appeared in at least one place in the
southern part of the State the past year. This disease has been
of rare occurrence in Florida. It causes a yellowing of the leaves,
which grow out small and clustered. The disease is widely dis-
tributed in many States and it has been thoroughly studied by a
number of workers. Dr. Erwin Smith, Plant Pathologist of the
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
United States Department of Agriculture, did a large amount of
work on Peach, Yellows, the results of which are given in Bul-
letin No. 1 of the Division of Plant Pathology, 1891. The dis-
ease was proven to be contagious, but up to the present time the
specific cause for the trouble is unknown.
TREATMENT.-As soon as the yellows is noticed, the tree or
trees affected should be dug up and destroyed, root and branch,
in order to prevent the spread of the disease.
PECAN MILDEW.
MILDEW (Microsphaera alni Wallr.) This fungus was
found injuring the growth of pecan nuts in at least two localities
in Northern Florida during the past year. Specimens were sent
in from Green Cove Springs on July 1, by W. A. Munsell, with
the information that the disease had practically destroyed the
pecan crop the year before. The same fungus was afterwards
found at Lake City on older nuts in August, doing slight damage.
The mildew is known by a white powdery appearance over the
surface of young nuts. This, under a microscope, is seen to be a
network of white mycelial threads, from which there are chains
of conidia spores extending upward. These small spores are
scattered by the wind and are responsible for the rapid spread of
the fungus. Later in the fall, there are little black spherical
bodies which contain resting spores, that carry the life of the
fungus over to the next season.
TREATMENT.-Spraying experiments conducted on a small
scale indicate that Bordeaux mixture would be an efficient pre-
ventive, if spraying were begun early before the fungus had time
to get established upon the young nuts. Spraying, however, is
rather impracticable for large trees. Since the fungus is carried
over on the dead leaves and fallen nuts of the previous year, the
destruction of these would do much in preventing it from living
over. Burning up all trash, and cultivation of the orchard in
the winter season, should be practiced.
RoSE DISEASES.
Roses are grown very extensively in the State. Almost every
household has at least a few roses growing about the house. Con-
siderable correspondence has been received by the Station in
regard to rose diseases from various regions of the State.
Annual Report, 19o7.
LEAF BLOTCH (Actinonema rosae Fr.)-This is a very com-
mon disease of the rose. The fungus causes a dark colored radial
blotching of the leaves. These blotches often extend over one-
half or two-thirds of the surface of the leaf, the remainder of
which turns yellow, and the leaf drops off.' A technical descrip-
tion of the fungus is given by Prof. Scribner in the annual re-
port of the United States Department of Agriculture for 1887.
It is a difficult disease to treat, as the fungus is deeply seated in
the leaf tissue. Spraying with ammoniacal copper carbonate has
been recommended. (See Bulletin No. 76 of the Florida Experi-
ment Station, for the use of this fungicide.) The old dead leaves
should be raked up and destroyed, to prevent the fungus from
living over until the next year.
MILDEw (Sphaerotheca pannosa Wallr.)-The moist weather
of last fall was conducive to the development of mildews. The
mildew is a very common and destructive disease of the rose.
The fungus may be recognized from its white powdery appear-
ance on the leaves and buds. Under the hand lens one can see a
spider-web-like growth of small white mycelial threads. The
leaves curl and the buds are dwarfed. The mildew is thought to
be brought on by a weak condition of the plant, due to starvation
or some other deleterious cause.
TREATMENT.-Potassium sulphide, one ounce to two gallons
of water, used as a spray, is effective in preventing the spread of
this fungus. (See Bulletin No. 76 o'f the Florida Experiment
Station.)
ROSELLE (Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn.) DISEASE.
MILDEW (Microsphaera sp.)-About November 1, the Ros-
elle or Jamaica Sorrel, planted on the Experiment Station
grounds, was suddenly attacked by the Oidium stage of a mildew
fungus. The leaves, petioles, and stems, in fact, the entire plant,
gave the appearance of having been dusted with lime or flour.
This, on microscopic examination,' was found to be made up of a
network of very small white mycelial threads, on which there
were out-growing chains of spores by which the fungus spread
rapidly. Plants at Palatka, Florida, were attacked in the same
way. On December 6, Prof. P. H. Rolfs discovered abundant
perithecia on leaves at Palatka and these proved to belong to a
species of Microsphera.
lii Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION.- Mycelium thick, abundant, in
large floccose patches; perithecia mostly gregarious, globose,
thick-walled, 88 to 114 microns in diameter, usually 105; cells
7 to 12 microns; appendages 11 to 18 in number, 1Y2 to 3 times
the diameter of perithecia, 1 to 2 septate, colorless, or slightly
brown at the very base which is slightly enlarged, straight or
sometimes irregular, 1 to 3 times dichotomously branched, rarely
4 times, branching mostly regular; tips of ultimate branches
mostly short not recurved; asci 3 to 4, 38 to 52X26 to 37 microns,
mostly 42X35, broadly ovate to oval, with a short stalk 5 mi-
crons long; spores 4 to 5, usually 4, oblong, 16 to 21X8 to 10.5
microns, usually 21X10.5.
Very respectfully,
H. S. FAWCETT,
Assistant Plant Pathologist.
Annual Report, 1907.
REPORT OF ASSISTANT IN BOTANY.
P. H. Rolfs, Director.
SIR-I submit herewith a report of the work done by the
Assistant in Botany from November 1, 1906, until June 30, 1907.
A large portion of this time was taken up with the moving
of the Experiment Station from Lake City to Gainesville, two
months being taken up with the care and moving of the green-
house plants and equipment.
KAKI FERMENTATION.
Fermentation experiments were taken up with Kaki for the
purpose of improving the eating qualities of the fruit. The or-
iginal process as practiced by the Japanese is simply this:-Used
Saki kegs are secured, the heads being taken out, and the firm
but red fruit carefully placed in the kegs. The heads are then
placed back and the contents allowed to stand until the fruit has
lost its astringent taste. It is said that the Japanese use great
skill in selecting the red but firm fruit for this process. Skill is
also necessary to determine the length of time required.
For the purpose of determining these two points and to note
the general effect of the process upon the fruit,. the following
experiment was made:
The fruits used in this experiment were of the Costata variety.
All of the fruits were mature, but still hard, and totally unfit for
eating at that time. The lot was made up of three grades, ac-
cording to the stage of maturity. First, a lot of slightly bruised
fruit which had been gathered for a few days and would have
been ripe naturally in about three days. Second, a lot of fruit
that had been stored for a few days, with the ripest fruit gath-
ered on the day of the experiment, most of which would have
ripened naturally in about five days. Third, a lot of the firmest
fruit, which was fresh from the tree that day and which would
have ripened naturally in about a week or ten days. Equal
quantities were weighed out and placed in ten lots, so as to have
the fruit in each lot as nearly of the same size and stage of ma-
turity as possible.
Ten eight liter aquaria were then prepared for the ferment-
ing. Glass was chosen because this would enable us to make
observations from time to time without opening the vessels; and
also to avoid the difficulties that might arise through the giving
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
off or absorption of liquids or gases by wooden vessels. Eight
of these jars were then prepared by placing in the bottom a bunch
of absorbent cotton, which had been previously saturated with
25 cc. of 95 per cent. alcohol. A glass plate was placed over the
cotton in each jar to keep the fruit from coming in contact with
the alcohol, and yet allow the vapor of the alcohol to rise and
fill the jar. The jars were then ready for the fruit, which was
carefully placed within. Another set of glass plates, large enough
to cover the jars, were then put on, being made fast and air-
tight by paraffin. Two aquaria, to be used as checks, were pre-
pared without the use of alcohol. Each jar was numbered, the
stage of maturity of the fruit in each being noted. The jars were
allowed to stand away from the direct sunlight for nine days;
when one of the checks, and a representative number of the
others, were examined. After this an examination was made
every two days.
RESULTS.
In the two check lots there was' no external change to be
noted, except a gradual ripening which was shown by the dark-
ening of the fruit. When one of these was examined, after
standing nine days, the fruits were mellow, and some of them
even soft; but none of them were entirely free of the puckery
taste. As the ripening continued, they became very soft before
the astringent flavor disappeared, and at this time the fruit had
begun to mold. There was no striking internal change in color,
except the natural darkening as the fruit became ripe.
Among the fruits treated, the least mature fruits gave the best
results. In the two aquaria containing the least mature speci-
mens the fruits remained very firm, were in excellent condition
after sixteen days' standing, and kept very 'much better than the
riper fruits which were carried through the same process. When
examined after the nine days, they were mellow through and
through and were free from the astringent flavor which naturally
accompanies the fruit at that stage of maturity. The sickening
sweet flavor of the naturally ripened fruit was replaced by a
pleasant sub-acid flavor.
It was in the greenest or firmest lot that the least external
change, and the greatest internal change took place. After six-
teen days' standing in the closed jars, this lot was entirely firm,
Annual Report, 1907.
and the flesh was of a darker and richer color than those of the
same stage not fermented. They were free from the astringent
taste. It was a flavor that one would not as readily become tired
of as in the case of the naturally ripened fruit.
This experiment shows beyond a doubt that the fruit is im-
proved by this process. It also clearly shows that to obtain the
best results, fresh firm fruit, free from bruises, should be,used.
The fermented fruit keeps much better in closed vessels than
when exposed to the air. We would suggest, therefore, that the
fermenting vessels should be so constructed as to allow them
to be closed after a portion of the fruit has been removed.
CELERY BLACKHEART.
A visit was made to the celery fields of Sanford, where the
blackheart (Bacterium apiif) was found to be very destructive to
the celery, in some instances the entire field being lost. This dis-
ease became apparent during the hot, dry season of March, just
after the celery had been boarded up, and spread very rapidly
until partially checked by the cool spell in April. The very small
white leaflets were the first to show the effects of this disease,
and this first became apparent in the form of a soft light brown
oval shaped spot. These spots were most often found on the
stem just below the small folded leaflet. They continued to
spread very rapidly, until the heart became a mass of dark brown,
soft, decayed stems and leaves, which turned darker as they stood
or became exposed to the air. In the later crop of celery the
plants were less affected by this disease, and the cool spell of
April came on in time to save the crop; for the disease was
almost inactive fi-om this time till the time of cutting. This dis-
ease renders the plant totally unfit for market purposes.
Further study of this disease is now being taken up in co-
operation with the Plant Pathologist.
Descriptions of this disease may be found in Special Bulletin
Q, of the New Jersey Experiment Station,! in Bulletin No. 5,
New Series, of the Geneva Station, New York; and in Rhode
Island Bulletin No. 44.
"LETTUCE DROP."
Observations were also made in the lettuce fields where the
"lettuce drop" (Sclerotinia libertiana) continues to be a serious
Ivi Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
problem, especially in districts where surface drainage is neces-
sary. Last fall being very dry it became necessary to water
often. This kept a continuous damp soil and atmosphere around
the plants, the two together forming very favorable conditions
for the development and spread of this disease.
REMEDY.-So far there is no remedy for this disease on let-
tuce as grown in open fields. Affected plants should, by all
means, be taken up and destroyed. Rotation may also be prac-
tised to advantage. 'However, work is now being carried on in
the line of plant breeding for the purpose of securing a variety
which will be better adapted to the present irrigation conditions.
Respectfully submitted,
R. Y. WINTERS,
Assistant in Botany.
Annual Report, 19o7.
REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN.
P. H. Rolfs, Director.
SIR-I submit herewith a brief report of my work in the Ex-
periment Station Library and an account of the condition of the
same at the present time.
Since entering upon my duties.as Librarian, March 14, 1907,
much of the time has been consumed in arranging the literature
so as to make it accessible. An effort has been made to further
complete the files of the publications of Experiment Stations of
other States, and of the United States Department of Agricult-
ure. This effort has met with fair success.
Complete catalogues have been made of all the literature in
the Library, which include the publications of other States, pub-
lications of the United States Department of Agriculture, for-
eign publications, miscellaneous books, and current literature;
so that it is possible to know at a moment's notice whether cer-
tain books or papers a're in the Library. There are two card
catalogues in the Library. One receives cards from the office
of Experiment Stations, and the other from the Library of the
United States Department of Agriculture. The former indexes
all literature published by the Experiment Stations, and the latter
all literature published by the United States Department of Agri-
culture. Both of the catalogues are complete to date, and the
cards have been properly distributed.
Many thanks are due to Dr. E. R. Flint, of the University,
for valuable suggestions, and much aid in arranging and cata-
loguing the Library.
Appended hereto will be found a list of the current periodicals
received and on file. Respectfully,
MIRS. E. W. BERGER, Librarian.
Iviii Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
LIST OF EXCHANGES.
Agricultural Advertising ................. Chicago, 111.
Agricultural Epitomist .................. Spencer, Ind.
American Agriculturist .................. New York, N. Y.
American Fertilizer ..................... Philadelphia, Pa.
American Fruit and Nut Journal.........Petersburg, Va.
Beet Sugar Gazette ..................... Chicago, Ill.
Better Fruit .....................:...... Hood River, Ore.
Breeders' Gazette ...................... Chicago, Ill.
California Cultivator ....................Los Angeles, Cal.
Chicago Live Stock World ...............Chicago, Ill.
Citrograph .............................Redlands, Cal.
Coleman's Rural World .................. St. Louis, Mo.
Elgin Dairy Report ......................Elgin, Ill.
Farm Home ............................. Springfield, I1l.
Farm Life ............................ Chicago, Ill.
Farm, Stock, and Home .................Minneapolis, Minn.
Farm Stock Journal .................... Rochester, N. Y.
Farmers' Guide ......................... Huntington, Ind.
Farmer's Review ........................ Chicago, Ill.
Florida Agriculturist .....................Jacksonville, Fla.
Flour and Feed ......................... Milwaukee, Wis.
Fruit Grower ........................... St. Joseph, Mo.
Garden Magazine ....................... New York, N. Y.
Gardeners' Chronicle of America........ Jersey City, N. J.
Hoard's Dairvman ........ ...............Fort Atkinson, Wis.
Homestead .......................... Des Moines, la.
Hospodarske Listy ....................... Chicago, Ill.
Indian School Journal ................... Chilocco, Okla.
Indiana Farmer .........................Indianapolis, Ind.
Kansas Farmer .......................... Topeka, Kan.
Kimball's Dairy Farmer ................. Waterloo, Ia.
Louisiana Planter ....................... New Orleans, La.
Manatee River Journal .................. Bradentown, Fla.
Metropolitan and Rural Home............ New York, N. Y.
Missouri Agricultural College Farmer.... Columbia, Mo.
Modern Farmer ......................... St. Joseph, M1o.
National Farmer and Stock Grower ...... St. Louis, Mo.
National 'Nurseryman ................... Rochester, N. Y.
New York Botanical Garden .............. New York, N. Y.
New York Entomological Society..........New York, N. Y.
New York Tribune Farmer.............. New York, N. Y.
Nut Grower ............................ Poulan, Ga.
Pacific Dairy Review .................... San Francisco, Cl.
Pacific Poultrynian ..................... Tacoma, Wash.
Pacific Rural Press ..................... San Francisco, Cal.
Practical Farmer ........................ Philadelphia, Pa.
Annual Report, 90o7.
Prairie Farmer ......................... Chicago, Ill.
Reliable Poultry Journal ................. Quincy, Ill.
Rural New-Yorker ....................... New York, N. Y.
Southern Agriculturalist .................Nashville, Tenn.
Southern Cultivator ..................... Atlanta, Ga.
Southern Farm Magazine ................ Baltimore, Md.
Southern Planter ....................... Richmond, Va.
Southern Ruralist .......................Atlanta, Ga.
Southern Tobacconist and Modern Farmer.Richmond, Va.
St. Petersburg Independent .............. St. Petersburg, Fla.
Stockman ............................... De Funiak Springs, Fla.
Strawberry ............................ Three Rivers, Mich.
Successful Farming ...................... Des Moines, Ia.
Successful Poultry Journal ..............Chicago, Ill.
Town and Country ....................... San Francisco, Cal.
Tri-State Farmer ........................ Chattanooga, Tenn.
Up-to-date Farming ..................... Indianapolis, Ind.
West Virginia Farm Review ............. Charleston, W. Va.
Mark Lane Express ..................... London, Eng.
Rural W orld ............................ London, Eng.
Bulletin Economique de L'Indo-Chine... .Tonkin, Indo-China.
Insect W orld ........................... Gifu, Japan.
Imperial Agricultural Experimental Farm..Tokyo, Japan.
Boletim da Agricultura ................... Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Revista da Sociedade Scientifica de Sao
Paulo ................................ Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Inspectie van den Landbouw in West Indie. Paramaribo, Surinam.
Journal of the Department of Agriculture
of Victoria ......................"..... M elbourne, Victoria.
Journal of the Department of Agriculture
of Western Australia ................. Perth, W. Australia.
Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales. Sidney, N. S. Wales.
Natal Agricultural Journal and Mining
Record ................ .............. N atal, Sr A frica.
Transvaal Agricultural Journal ..........Pretoria, Transvaal, S. Africa.
Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture.. Kingston, Jamaica, W. Indies.
Royal Botanic Gardens ................... Peradeniya, Ceylon.
Bombay Experimental Farms ............ Bombay, India.
Istituto Sperimentale...................... Naples, Italy.
Central Experimental Farm .............. Ottawa, Canada.
Department of Agriculture ..... ......... Mysore State, Bar"alore, India.
Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm........ Woburn, England.
Bulletins, Department of Agriculture...... Madras, India.
BULLETINS
OF THE
FLORIDA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
The following Bulletins and Reports may be obtained on request.
TITLE. AUTHOR.
11 Corn Experiments .......................................
Irish Potato Experiments .............................
Fertilizers ..
Analyses of Some Florida Weeds and Grasses..... ....
12 Tobacco .. .................................................
Long or Black Seed Cotton, Rice, Sorghum...............
Ashes as a Fertilizer ....................................
Miscellaneous Ash Analyses ..............................
13 General Information .....................................
Irish Potatoes ...........................................
Rye ...................................................
Soft Marl Phosphate as a Fertilizer .....................
Comparative Value of Raw Finely Powdered Phosphate, and
of Acidulated Phosphate as a Fertilizer. ...............
Superphosphate from a Low Grade Rock Containing Much
Alumina ............ .............. ..................
Muck, Chemical Analyses of ..............................
16 Corn, Hay, Weevil, Ensilage, Rice, Cane, Texas Blue Grass
and Cotton .........................................
17 Analyses of the Orange ..................................
Horn Fly .. ...........................................
Questions Concerning Stock Diseases .......... ..........
19 Tobacco .............................. .. ..
Analyses of Station and Cuban Tobacco Soil and Cuban To-
bace co ..............................................
22 Fertilizers .....................
25 Leeches or Leeching .....................................
26 B ig-head ................................................
27 Pineapple ...............................................
28 Liver Fluke .........................................-.
30 Culture of Tobacco ......................................
33 Present Condition and Treatment of Orange Groves.......
The Greater and Lesser Freezes in Florida for a Century...
34 Insect Enemies of Truck and Garden Crops...............
36 Insects Injurious to Stored Grain and Cereal Products......
37 Pineapple at M years ................ ... ...................
38 Tobacco in Florida ......................................
39 Strawberry Culture .. ..............................
40 The Fall Army Worm, Southern Grass Worm.............
41 A Fungus Disease of San Jose Scale.....................
42 Strawberry Insects .........................................
43 A Chemical Study of Some Typical Florida Soils .........
45 Three Injurious Insects ............................ ....
51 Some Common Florida Scales ...........................
52 Baking Powders .............. .........................
55 Feeding With Florida Feed Stuffs ..... ..............
56 The Cottony Cushion Scale ..............................
59 Cauliflower .............................................
60 Velvet Beans ................................ # ..........
61 Two Peach Scales ..................................... .
62 The Peen-to Peach Group ................................
63 Packing Citrus Fruits ....................................
65 The Kumquats ..........................................
66 The Mandarin Orange Group ............................
73 The Honey Peach Group ................................
741 Anthracnose of the Pomelo ...............................
75 Potato Diseases .................................... ....
76 Insecticides and Fungicides .............................
1
Jas. P. DePass ...... 1890
Jas. P. DePass ......
Jas. P. DePass ......
J. M. Pickell .......
Jas. P. DePass ...... 1891
Jas. P. DePass ..
Jas. P. DePass .....
J. J. Earle ..........
Jas. P. DePass ...... 1891
Jas. P. DePass .....
Jas. P. DePass .....
J. M. Pickell and J. J.
Earle ............
J. M. Pickell and J. J.
Earle ............
J. M. Pickell and J. J.
Earle ............
J. M. Pickell and J. J.
Earle ............
Jas. P. DePass ...... 1892
J. M. Pickell and J. J.
Earle ........... 1892
P. H. Rolfs ........
A. W. Bitting ......
Jas. P. DePass ...... 1892
J. J. Earle .........
A. A. Persons .... 1893
A. W. Bitting ....... 1894
A. W. Bitting ....... 1894
L. C. Washburn .... 1894
A. W. Bitting ....... 1894
F. B. Moodie ...... 1895
M. S. Moremen .... 1896
G. R. Fairbanks ....
A. L. Quaintance .... 1896
A. L. Quaintance .... 1896
0. Clute and W. A.
Marsh ............I 1896
F. B. Moodie ....... 1897
S. Powers .......... 1897
A. L. Quaintance .... 1897
P. H. Rolfs ......... 1897
A. L. Quaintance .... 1897
A. A. Persons ....... 1897
A. L. Quaintance .... 1898
H. A. Gossard ...... 1900
H. K. Miller ........ 1900
H. E. Stockbridge ... 1900
H. A. Gossard ...... 1901
H. Harold Hume .... 190o
H. K. Miller ... 1902
H. A. Gossard ..... 1902
H. Harold Hume .... 190?
H. Harold Hume ....I 190-2
H. Harold Hume .... I 1902
H. Harold Hifme .... 1902
F. C. Reimer ....... 1 104
H. Harold Hume .... 1 1904
H. Harold Hume .... 1904
H. A. Gossard and H.I
H. Hume .........I 1904
DATE.
Annual Report, 1907.
TITLE. |
AUTHOR. DATE.
Equine Glanders and Its Eradication .......................
Forage Crops: The Silo .................................
The Composition of Some of the Concentrated Feeding-stuffs
on Sale in Florida ..................... ...............
A Preliminary Report on Growing Irish Potatoes ..........
Pineapple Culture III; Fertilizer Experiments..............
Pineapple Culture IV; Handling the Crop .................
Salt Sick (Bovine Uncinariasis) ..........................
Soil Studies I ............................ ..... .........
Whitefly Condition of 1906 ..............................
Occurrence and Use of Artesian and Other Underground
W ater ...............................................
PRESS BULLETINS.
TITLE.
Directions for Preparation of Bordeaux Mixture ............
Lime and Its Relation to Agriculture......................
Seed Testing ....................................... ....
The W hitefly ............................................
Nursery Inspection (Part I.) .............................
Nursery Inspection (Part II.) .............................
Care of Irish Potatoes Harvested in the Spring and Held for
Fall Planting ........................................
Plants Affected by Root Knot ............................
V vinegar ................................................
Seed Beds and Their Management .......................
Treatment for San Jose Scale ...........................
Beef from Velvet Beans and Cassava ....................
Preservatives in Canned Goods ...........................
Cantaloupe Blight .....................................
Cut W oruis .............................................
Nitrogen as a Fertilizer ..................................
Protection Against Drought .............................
Orange M ites .........................................
Lum py Jaw .................. ...... ....................
Cover Crops .................. ..........................
M oon Blindness .........................................
Food Adulteration .......................................
Dehorning Cattle ........................................
Food Adulteration; Coffee ................................
Foot and Mouth Disease .................................
The Red Soldier Bug, or Cotton Stainer ..................
Ox W arbles ................................... : .........
Food Adulteration: Butter ................................
Hook W orms in Cattle ..................................
The Velvet Bean ........................................
Practical Results of the Texas Fever Inoculations ..........
Lung W orms in Swine ..................................
and 41. Glanders ........................................
Food Adulteration: Spices and Condiments ................
How to Feed a Horse ....................................
Planting Trees .................................. :........
The Sugar Cane Borer ...................................
Selecting Seed Corn .....................................
The Rabid Dog ..........................................
Food Adulteration: Adulterated Drugs and Chemicals ......
Saw Palmetto Ashes .....................................
[Insect Pests to Live Stock ................................
W ormy Fowls ...........................................
Hog Cholera and Swine Plague ...........................
Seed Potatoes ...........................................
Potato Blight and Its Remedy ............................
Proposed Experiments on Fertilization of the Orange......
Forage Poisoning ................... ............. .......
The Manatee Snail, (Bulimulus Dormani) .................
Fall Dropping of Citrus Fruit............................
Tomato Seed-beds-Spraying of ..........................
Some Suggestions About Whitefly .........................
C. F. Dawson .......
C. M. Conner.
A. W. Blair ........
C. M. Conner .......
H. K. Miller and A.
W Blair .........
H. Harold Hume ...
C. F. Dawson .......
A. W. Blair ........
E. W. Berger ........
E. II. Sellards ......
AUTHOR.
IH. Harold Hume ....
H. K. Miller ........
H. Harold Hume ....
H. A. Gossard ......
H. A. Gossard ......
H. A. Gossard ......
J. F. Mitchell .......
H. Harold Hume ....
A. W. Blair ........
Jno. H. Jefferies ....
H. A. Gossard ......
H. E. Stockbridge ...
A. W. Blair ........
H. Harold Hume ....
H. A. Gossard ......
H. K. Miller ........
H. E. Stockbridge ...
H. A. Gossard ......
Chas. F. Dawson ....
H. Harold Hume ....
Chas. F. Dawson .....
A. W. Blair ........
Chas. F. Dawson ....
A. W. Blair ........
Chas. F. Dawson ....
H. A. Gossard ......
Chas. F. Dawson ....
A. W. Blair ........
Chas. F. Dawson ....
C. M. Conner .......
Chas. F. Dawson ....
Chas. F. Dawson ....
Chas. F. Dawson ....
A. W. Blair ........
C. M. Conner .......
F. C. Reimer .......
H. A. Gossard ......
C. M. Conner .......
Chas. F. Dawson ....
A. W. Blair ........
H. K. Miller ........
Chas. P. Dawson ....
Chas. F. Dawson ....
Chas. F. Dawson ....
F. M. Rolfs ........
F. M. Rolfs ........
E. R. Flint .........
Chas. F. Dawson ....
E. H. Sellards ......
P. H. Rolfs ........
H. S. Fawcett ......
C. W. Berger .......
S
z
1905
1905
1905
1905
1906
1906
1906
1906
1907
1907
DATE.
1901
1901
1901
1901
1901
1901
1901
1901
1901
1901
1901
1901
1902
1902
1902
1902
1902
1902
1902
1902
1902
1902
1902
1902
1902
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
190S
1903
1903
1903
1904
1904
1904
1904
1904
1904
1904
1904
1905
1905
1905
1906
1906
1906
1907
lxii Florida Agricultural Experi.nent Station.
FARMERS' INSTITUTE BULLETINS.*
No. 1.-1903.
:Sugar Production in Florida ................................... R. E. Rose.
Culture of Sugar Cane, and Syrup Making.......................C. K. McQuarrie.
The Whitefly .............................................H. A. Gossard.
Plant Diseases and Their Control............................H. Harold Hume.
Some Questions on Fertilizers Answered........................ E. 0. Painter.
Growing Potatoes at Hastings .................................C.. G. White.
Some Suggestions as to Farming ..............................Jno. H. Stephens.
Successful Dairying in Florida ............................... H. A. Barrows.
Japanese Cane and Sweet Potatoes ............................ N. H. Fogg.
Hay Making ................................................ T. H. Johnson.
Hogs ................................................... .W. M. Gist.
Stock Raising in Florida ............................... ...... S. H. Gaitskill.
Pineapple Culture .................................... ....... C. T. McCarty.
Fertilizing Material and Home Mixtures ......................E. E. S. Hubbard.
Farming in Florida ................................... ... G. A. Danley.
A Talk on Commercial Fertilizers ...........................H. K. Miller.
No. 2.-1904.
iGrowing and Feeding Beef Cattle in Florida.....................Chas. M. Conner.
Fertilizers ..................................................... R. E. Rose.
Address of W. E. Embry, of Dade City, Fla., at Farmers' Insti-
tute, at Brooksville, Fla.
W. E. Embry, of Dade City, in an Address Before the Farmers
of Citrus County, Crystal River, Fla.
Prof. H. A. Gossard Addresses Farmers' Institute on Insects.
;Cane Growing and Sugar Making .............................. C. K. McQuarrie.
Live Stock .................................................... A. W. Stewart.
-Alfalfa .......................... ........................ Chas. M. Conner.
!Butter and Its Adulteration .................................A. W. Blair.
The Necessity for a Pure Food Law for Florida ...............A. W. Blair.
|Some Common Diseases of Stock .............................. Chas. F. Dawson.
Agriculture at the University of Florida ......................... C. M. Conner. I
*These do not come under the law permitting them to be franked. The Director,
therefore, requests that a 3-cent stamp be enclosed with request for each of these
bulletins.
ANNUAL REPORTS.
Report for fiscal year ending June 30, 1888.
Report for fiscal year ending June 30, 1894.
Report for fiscal year ending June 30, 1895.
Report for fiscal year ending June 30, 1896.
Report for fiscal year ending April, 1897.
Report for fiscal year ending June 30, 1897-98.
Report for fiscal year ending June 30, 1902.
Report for fiscal year ending June 30, 1903.
Report for fiscal year ending June 30, 1904.
Report for fiscal year ending June 30, 1905.
Report for fiscal year ending June 30, 1906.
INDEX.
PAGE.
A
Abandonment of soils, causes of................................... 40
Alachua county, limestone in.................................. ... 93
limestone water in ............................... 99
wells in phosphate section of ...................... 99
Anaemia caused by bovine uncinariasis ............................ 8
Analyses, artesian waters ........................................... 111
limestone waters .....................................104, 105
m eal, cocoanut ............................... ....... xxviii
m uck ............... ................................ xxviii
soils .................................................. 43, 44
surface waters .......................................... 97
A phids, parasites of ................................ ............. xl
tobacco a remedy for ..................................... xl
Appalachicola river, miocene deposits along ........................ 93
Apple worm on pecan trees...................................... xli
A rtesian basin ........................................ ............. 108
flowing wells in Florida, map of.......................... 87
slope ................................................. 109
water, definition of ..................................... 96, 107
gathering ground of ............................... 112
height of flow of .......................... ....... 112
Aschersonia, the red .................. .. ...... .........xxxi, xlviii, 56
the yellow ................... ............ xxxi, xlvii, 64
Atlantic coast, flowing artesian wells on......................... 113
B
Beef breed of cattle at Experiment Station......................... xix
Berger, Dr. E. W., Report of Entomologist........................ xxx
Some suggestions about whitefly....... Press Bull. 62
Whitefly in 1906 .............................. 47-84
Berger, Mrs. E. W., Report of Librarian........................... Ivii
Blair, A. W., Analyses of artesian waters.......................... 111
Analyses of surface waters ......................... 97,98
Analyses of limestone waters ........................ 105
Report of Chemist .................. ............... xxiv
Soil studies ........................................ 15-46
Bordeaux mixture, for dieback of citrus...................Press Bull. 60
for pecan mildew ............................. 1
for scaly bark of citrus......................... xlvi
for tomato leaf-mold ..................Press Bull. 61
for tomato rust .......................Press Bull. 61
Bradentown, copperas ineffectual against whitefly at................. 68
Budd, H. S., Weather observations at Leesburg ..................... 82
Buildings of Experiment Station, Horticultural .................... xv
Farm ........................... xv
Bulletins of Experiment Station available for free distribution....... lx
C
Calcium carbonate, in limestone water.............................. 103
California privet, condemned for whitefly ......................... 75
Calomel, 'for hookworm in cattle .................................. 12
Cape jessamine, condemned for whitefly............................ 75
Carbon bisulphide for removing whitefly from tools, etc............ 74
ii Inde.r.
PAGE.
Cattle, hookworm disease of......................... See UNCINARIASIS
Caloosahatchee, flowing wells along ............................... 113
Caverns, origin of ................. ............................. 95
Celery blackheart, description of .................................. Iv
Chinaberry, condemned for whitefly ................................ 75
Citrus fertilizer experiments ................ .. .... ......... .. xxiv
Citrus fruit dropping from die-back.......................Press Bull. 60
mechanical injuries ........... .Press Bull. 60
withertip ......................Press Bull. 60
Citrus fruit, splitting of ................................. Press Bull. 60
Citrus scab, fungus causing ........................................ xlv
treatment for ......................................... xlvi
Citrus trees, abandoned .......................................... 75
Clark, wells near .................................................. 100
Clay county, artesian flow in ...................................... 112
Cocoanut meal, analysis of ..... .... .. ....... ................ xxviii
Columbia county, limestone in .................................... 93
sinks in ......................................... 99
Co-operative work of Experiment Station........................... xvii
Copper carbonate ammoniacal solution of, for damping off. .Press Bull. 61
for rose leaf blotch........ li
for scaly bark ............ xlvi
for withertip.... Press Bull. 60
Corn, variety test ..................... ............. ............ xxi
Cotton, longstaple, manurial experiments with .................. xxii, xxiv
Cows, Jersey, at Experiment Station .............................. xix
Cowpeas, variety test ........ <. .................................. xx
Creolin, for hookworm in cattle.................................... 12
D
Dade City, analysis of water from ............................... 105
Dairy herd of Experiment Station................................. xix
Dawson, C. F., on Bovine Uncinariasis ..............................1-14
De Soto, flowing wells in........................................ 113
Director of Experiment Station, Scientific work of.................. xvi
Duval county, artesian flow in ...................................... 112
E
Expenditure of Experiment Station ................................ ix
Experiment Station Staff, changes in................................ xi
F
Farm, Experiment Station, description of........................ xii, xiv
Fawcett, H. S., Artificial growth of parasitic fungi ........ xxxiv, xlvii, 61
Report of Plant Pathologist ....................... xliii
Tomato seedbeds, spraying of............. Press Bull. 61
Fertilizer, applying to cotton ....................................... 40
Florida, average rainfall ................ ..... ...................... 101
geology of ............................................... 92-96
saltsickness of cattle in ................................... 5,6, 7
slope of the strata ........................................ 94
slow elevation of ........................................ 94
soils, deficiency of plant-food in............................ 22
geology of ....................................... 21
recent work on ............................... I .... 21
Fort Myers, flowing wells at...................................... 113
Fumigation of whitefly.. ... .......... . ... ........... . xxxv
Index. iii
Fungi, beneficial, Aschersonia aleyrodes, the red Aschersonia.... xxxi,
xliii, xlviii, 54
Aschersonia flavo-citrina, the yellow Aschersonia...
xxxi, xliii, xlvii, 54
Aschersonia turbinata, parasitic on the wax scale... xlix
Myrangium duryi, black scale fungus.......... xxxvi, 65
Ophionectra coccicola, white-headed scale fungus...
xxxvi, 65
Sphaerostilbe coccophila, red-headed scale fungus...
xxxi, xxxvi, xxxvii, 54, 65
Fungi, injurious, Actinonema rosae, rose-leaf blotch................. li
Alternaria solani, tomato rust ............ Press Bull. 61
Cladosporium citri, citrus scab fungus..........xliii, xlv
Cladosporium fulvum, tomato leaf mold. ..Press Bull. 61
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, wither-tip fungus...
Press Bull. 60
M icrosphaera sp., on roselle ... . . . . .. . . li
Microsphaera alni, on pecan trees.................. 1
Puccinia pruni, peach rust ........................ xlix
Sclerotina libertiana, -lettuce drop fungus. .......... Iv
Fungus, brown, parasitic on whitefly ............................... 64
G
Gainesville, analysis of city water ....................... ......... 98
removal of Experiment Station to ...................... xii
whitefly fungi at ...................................... 56, 81
Gasolene, for removal of whitefly ................................. 74
for hookworm in cattle ........................... ....... 12
Geology of Florida ...............................................92, 96
of Florida soils ............................... ............ 21
Golden Privet, condemned for whitefly ............................. 75
Gossard, H. A., Bull. 67 on whitefly, extracts from................. 71, 72
Ground water of Florida limestone ........................... 9..98-102
Ground water of limestone ....... ....... ....................... 96
Gulf coast of Florida, flowing wells in............................. 113
Gumming of citrus trees, treatment of.............................xlvii
Greenfly or leafhoppers ......................... ............... xli
H
H ard w after .................................................... 103, 104
H ardness, permanent ................ ............................ 104
Hardness, temporary ........................................... 103
Hernando, limestone in .......................................... 93
Hogs, Berkshire, at Experiment Station.......................... xix
Hookworm disease of cattle ..........................See UNCINARIASIS
Hookworm of cattle, life history of ................ ............... 6
Horticultural buildings of Experiment Station ..................... xv
Hydrocyanic acid gas for killing whitefly ........................... 74
I
Insects, beneficial, Braconidae, parasitic on plantlice infesting citrus... xl
Insects, injurious, Aleyrodes citri, whitefly of citrus trees. ........ xxx, 70
Aleyrodes vaporarium, greenhouse whitefly...... xxxiv
Aphidae, plant lice on melons and citrus.......... xl
Haltica ignita, strawberry fleabeetles ............xxxix
Jassidae, leafhoppers ............................ xli
Oedemasia concinna, red-humped apple worm.... xli
Rhynchophorus cruentatus, palmetto weevil..... .xxxix
See SCALE INSECTS
Irrigation, use of limestone water for....... ..................... 105
iv Index.
PAGE.
J
Jacksonville, analysis of artesian water of.......................... 111
average rainfall ..................... .............. 101
Jersey cows at Experiment Station................................ xix
K
Kaki, experiments in ripening .................................... liii
Kissimmee, flowing wells near .................................... 113
L
Lake City, analyses of water from ................................97,104
whitefly fungi at .............................56, 57, 58, 70, 72
Leafhoppers, rem edies for .................................. ..... xli
Lectures by Experiment Station Staff.............................. xvii
Lee county, flowing wells in .... ................................... 113
Leesburg, whitefly fungi at ...............................xxxi, 58, 63, 64
Lettuce drop, description of ..................................... Iv
Levy county, limestone in ............................... ....... 93
Library of Experiment Station, catalogs of.......................... vii
periodicals received ................ lviii
Limestone, Peninsular ........................................... 93
Vicksburg ............................................. 21
water, contamination of ................................. 106
Live Oak, analysis of water from....... ............................ 104
Lysol, for hookworm in cattle ..................................... 12
M
Magnesium carbonate in limestone water............................ 103
M anatee, flowing wells in ............................. ... ..... 113
whitefly fungi at .................................... 57, 68, 81
river, flowing wells along ................................ 113
snail and sooty m old ..................................... 69
Marion county, limestone in ...................................... 93
M ealybugs on seed potatoes ................... ................ xxxviii
Medicines for saltsickness of cattle................................ 12
Miami snail and sooty mold...................................... 69
Microscope, required to diagnose hookworm ......................... 9
Miocene area in Florida ......................................... 93
Mold, sooty, accompanying whitefly................................. 69
Muck, partial analyses of ....................................... xxviii
M ulching orange groves ........................................... 62
N
Nassau county, artesian flow in ............................. ..... 112
Newberry, wells near .............................................. 100
New Smyrna, analysis of water from................................ 111
whitefly on plants at ................................. 75
Nurseries inspected by Entomologist ............................... xli
0
Ocala, level of water in wells............. .. ....................... 101
Olig6cene deposits in Florida .................................... 93
Orange scale ................... ....................... .... xxxvii
Orange scales, parasitic fungi of .................................. 65
O rlando, w ells near ................................................ 102
Osceola county, flowing wells in .................................. 113
P
Palmetto weevil .. ...................................... xxxix
Pasco, lim estone in ................................................ 93
Peace Creek, flowing wells along ................................ 113
Index, v
PAGV.
Peach rust .................. ................................. xlix
yellows, treatm ent for ...................................... xlix
Pecan m ildew, treatment for ....................................... 1
Persimmon, Japanese, ripening .................................... liii
Pineapple experiments ................ . ......... .............. xxiv
soils, loss from ........................................ 24
nature of ......................................... 33
remedies for loss from ............................ 35
value of slowly available fertilizers for .............. 34
Pleistocene deposits of Florida ...................................., 94
Pliocene of Florida ................................................ 93
Potash, slowly available form needed ............................... 34
Potassium sulphide, for rose mildew ......................... ...... li
Potatoes, sweet, variety test of ..................................... xxi
Prairies in Florida, origin of ....................................... 96
Prickly Ash, condemned for whitefly................................. 75
Punta Gorda, flowing wells at ..................................... 113
Putnam county, artesian flow in................................. 112
R
Registered stock at Experiment Station............................. xix
Reasoner, E. N., Fungi and whitefly in Manatee county.............. 68
Rolfs, P. H., Fall dropping of citrus fruit.................Press Bull. 60
and yellow Aschersonia .............................. 81
and M iam i snail ..................................... 69
Report of Director ................................... ix
Scientific work ...................................... xvi
Rose mildew, treatment for ........................................ li
Rose leaf blotch, treatm ent for .......................... .......... li
Roselle mildew, description and treatment.......................... li
Rotation of pasture for saltsickness ............................ . 11
S
St. Johns, artesian flow in ........................................ 112
river, flowing artesian wells along....................96,113
St. Leo, analysis of water from ................................... 105
St. Petersburg, flowing wells at .................................... 113
Salt-sickness of cattle ................................ See UNCINARIASIS
Salt-sickness, "sure cure" for ............................... .... 14
San Antonio, analysis of water from............................... 98
Sanford, analysis of water near.................................... 111
San Jose scale destroyed by parasitic fungi.......................xxxvi
Scale insects, Aspidiotus articulatus, orange scale of West Indies... xxxviii
Aspidiotus obscurus, obscure scale ...................xxxvii
Ceroplastes floridensis, wax scale ................... xlix
Chionaspis citri, orange scale ...................... xxxvii
Dactylopius citri, mealybug ........................ xxxviii
Diaspis bromeliae, pineapple scale .................. xxxviii
Parlatoria zizyphus, citrus pest in Italy and West Indies.
xxxviii
San Jose scale, in Florida.......................... xxxvi
Scale insects of citrus trees and parasitic fungi.................... 65
Scaly bark of citrus trees, history and description................ xliii-xlv
Scott, John M., Report of Animal Industrialist .................... xix
Sellards, E. H., Bulletin 89, Underground water in Florida ......... 85-113
Sewage, injudicious disposal of ................................106,107-
Shorthorn cattle at Experiment Station............................ xix
Sinks in Florida, origin of ....................................... 95
Slag phosphate, merits of ....................................... 34
vi index.
PAGE.
Snails and sooty m old ............. ............................... 69
Soils, causes of abandonment of ................................... 40
chem ical absorption by .. .................................. 30
chemical analyses ......................................... 43
chemical analysis alone not a sure guide....................... 19
clay, absorptive power of .................................. 31
Florida ....................... ....... ................... 15-46
deficiency of plant food in ........................... 22
geology of ........... ........................... 21
moisture in cultivated .............................. xxvii
more humus needed in .............................. 38
recent work on ..................................... 21
Soils, physical absorption by ...................................... 31
physical analyses ............................................ 44
pineapple, increasing organic matter of ...................... 36
losses of fertilizers in .............................. 24
nature of ............ ........................... 33
small and frequent applications of fertilizers to ...... 37
use of lime .................................... 36
use of shade ...................................... 37
use of w indbreaks ................................. 36
value of slowly available materials for ............... 34
Soils, rate of percolation through ................................. 26
recent work on .............................................. 19
relative retention of ammonia by ............................. 25
sandy, rotation of crops in ................................... 38
sm all capillary action in ............................... 34
use of leguminous crops .............................. 38
use of stable m anure .................................. 38
Sorghum, variety test ..................... .. ..... ............. xxii
Splitting of citrus fruit ................... .............. Press Bull. 60
Sprayers for spores of parasitic fungi ... .............. ....... 81, 82
Spraying for withertip ........................... .... .... Press Bull. 60
spores of whitefly fungi ............. .................. xxxi, 60
whitefly .................................... 66, Press Bull. 62
Springs in Florida ............................................. 101
State appropriation for Agricultural Experiment Station............. x
Stock range .................................................... xiv
Strawberry flea-beetle .............. . ... .................... xxxix
Sulphate of iron for hookworm................................... 12
Sulphuretted hydrogen, in artesian water............................ 110
Surface water ........................... .................... 96-98
contam nation of ....................... ........... 97
T
Tampa, flowing wells at ............................................ 113
Texas fever and hookworm of cattle............................... 7
Thymol, for hookworm .................................... ...... 12
Ticks and hookworm of cattle ..................................... 7
Titusville, introducing whitefly fungus at........................... 58
Tomato leaf-mold .................................. Press Bull. 61
seedbeds--spraying of .......................... Press Bull. 61
seedlings, damping off .......................... Press Bull. 61
Topography of Florida, development of ............................ 95
Trifoliate orange, condemned for whitefly........................... 75
Typhoid fever from surface wells .................................. 97
Index.
P
U
Umbrella tree, condemned for whitefly..............................
Uncinaria, species of .........................................
Uncinariasis, bovine, accessory causes of ............................
anaem ia of ....................................
cause of ......................................
definition of ..................................
distribution of ................................
hygiene of ....................................
laxatives for ..................................
life history of parasite of ......................
microscopical examination for ...............
pathological anatomy of .......................
rotation of pasture for ........................
salt lick for ...................................
segregation of infested animals.................
sources of infection .......................... .
specific for ........................... .. .-
susceptibility to ...............................
sym ptom s of ..................................
tonics for ............................ .........
treatm ent for .................................
worm medicines for ...........................
Uncinaria radiala, life history of ...................................
ACG.
75
6
7
8
6
5
5
10
14
6
9
10
11
14
.10
8
12
5
8
13
11
12
6
Velvet beans, manurial experiments with ........................... xx
seed selection of .................................... xxi
Vicksburg limestone ............................................... 93
limestones of Florida ................................. 21
W
W ater, artesian ................................................. 107-113
from lim estone .......................................... 98-107
analyses of ................... ......... 104, 105
contamination of .......................... 106
Water from shallow wells, analyses of............................. 97-98
contamination of ........................ 97
Water supply of Florida, literature of.............................. 91
underground in Florida ................................... 85-113
Webber, H. J., and whitefly fungi......................xxxii, 56, 65, 72, 81
W eevil, attacking palms ............................... ..........xxxix
W ells, depth to bore ........................ ...................... 103
how to locate ..... ...................................... 102, 103
water level in ............................................. 102
Whitefly, and nursery stock ....................................... 73
and picking implements ..... ............................. 74
and private roads ............................ ........ .. 74
and scale insects ...................................... 65
apparatus for spraying fungus spores on.............. xxxiii, 81
attacking fungus-infected leaves ...................... xxxi, 63
broods of ............................................. .. 70
brown fungus of ........................................ 64
conditions favorable for. fungi of.......................... 55
defoliation as remedy for...............................xxxiii
-distribution of ..................... ............ ... xxxv
foodplants of ............................. ........... 71,72
S fungi, best time to introduce ........................... 56, 63
viii Index.
PAGE.
Whitefly, fungi parasitic on................................. xxx, xlvii
fungi parasitic on .......................... .....xxx, xlvii
fungus-infected larvae, where to obtain ................... 81
increase of in 1906 ....................................... 53
life history of ........................................... 70
plants condemned for harboring..............75, Press Bull. 62
quarantine for ................. .. .................... 73
red fungus of .......... ..... ..... .............. xxxi, xlviii, 56
spraying ................................................ . 66
spraying with fungus spores.......................... xxxi, 60
trimming infested trees ................................. 66
use of parasitic fungi ................................... 47-84
uselessness of copperas against ........................... 68
yellow fungus of ............................... xxxi, xlvii, 64
Whitney, Prof. M., On causes of abandonment of soils.............. 40
Winters, R. Y., Report of Assistant in Botany...................... liii
Withertip, how to .distinguish..................... .......Press Bull. 60
Withertip of citrus fruit causing dropping................. Press Bull. 60
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