Florida Agricultural
Experiment Station

Report for the Fiscal Year
Ending June 30, 1906

Florida

Agricultural

Experiment

Station

Report for the Fiscal Year
Ending June 30,
1906

I)ELAND. FLA.:
E. O. PAINTER PRINTING CO.
1907

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
Hon. -V. B. Broward, Governor of Florida.
SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith the Annual
Report of the Director of the Florida Agricultbtral Experiment
Station for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1906.
Respectfully,
N. P. BRYAN,
Chairman Roard of Control.

BOARD OF CONTROL.
N. P. BRYAN, Chairman ................ Jacksonville, Fla.
P. K. YONGE ........................ Pensacola. Fla.
A. L. BROWN .............................. Eustis, Fla.
T. B. KING .............................. Arcadia. Fla.
J. C. BAISDEN ........................... Live Oak. Fla.

STATION STAFF.

P. H. ROLFS. M S........................... Director
tC. M. CONNER, B S. ...... Vice-Director and Agriculturist
EDWARD R. FLINT, B. S.. Ph. D., M. D. ......... Chemist
F. H. SELLARDs, M. A.. Ph. D.............. Entomologist
*F. MI. ROLFS, M. S...................... Horticulturist
A. W. BLAIR, A. M .................. Assistant Chemist
CHAS. F. DAWSON, M. D., D. V. S.,
Consulting Veterinarian
E. 'A. BERGER, Ph. D............ Assistant Entomologist
*B. H. BRIDGES, B. S................. Assistant Chemist
.\. H. CHAPMAN, B. S...... Assistant in Field Experiments
H. S. FAWCETT, B. S. .Assistant Botanist and Horticulturist
L. HASEMAN, B. S................ Assistant Entomologist
W. P. JERNIGAN ................ Auditor and Bookkeeper
L. C. ALGEE............................. Stenographer
JOHN F. MITCHELL. ............. Foreman Station Farm
F. M. STEARNS............................... Gardener

*Resigned
tSuperintendent of Farmers' Institutes.

Annual Report for the Fiscal Year

Ending June 30, 1906.

ion. .\. 1'. Bryan. Chairniii Board of Control.
SIR : I have the honor to submit herewith my report on the
work and condition of the Florida Agricultural Experiment
Station for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1906, and I respect-
fully request you to transmit the same. in accordance with the
law. to the Governor of Florida.
P. H. ROLFS,
Director.
CHANGES IN THE STATION STAFF.
Near the beginning of the year Prof. F. M. Rolfs, Horti-
culturist and Botanist, resigned his office to take effect on the
i st of October. Prof. Rolfs resigned this position to take up
the work as Plant Pathologist with the Missouri Fruit Station.
On the Ist of February Mr. P. H. Rolfs took charge of the
office of Director, the office of Director-and President of the
University having been separated to allow more time for exec-
utive work in each of these positions. This action of the Board
of Control was taken in conformity with the wishes of Dr.
Sledd and his recommendations in the report for the fiscal year
ending t905. On the ist of May E. W. Berger, Ph. D., of
Johns Hopkins University, accepted the position as Assistant
Entomologist. During May Mr. B. H. Bridges resigned his
position as Assistant in Chemistry to accept position as Assist-
ant State Chemist. Dr. C. F. Dawson has continued to fill the
place as Consulting Veterinarian to the Experiment Station.
WORK OF THE STATION.
The work of the various departments has been progressing
satisfactorily, and the experiments inaugurated in previous
years have been continued. The work on pineapple fertiliza-

Florida agricultural Experiment Station.

tion. in its present phase, has approached its completion. New
work has been inaugurated in the fertilization of citrus trees.
The investigations into alfalfa as a forage plant have been
enlarged and will be continued. The work on the whitefly has
been entered upon and prosecuted vigorously, and it is intended
to continue this work until this insect pest shall be under con-
trol.
Fertilizer experiments with cotton have also been inau-
gurated.
During the year the Station has issued five bulletins as fol-
lows :

No. DATE. TITLE.
81, August, 1905, Fertilizer Suggestions.
82. December. 190o. A Preliminary Report
on Growing Irish
P, tatoes ..........
83. February, 1905, Pineapple Culture III.:
Fertilizer E x per i-
m ents ............

84, March. 1906, Pineapple Culture IV.;
Handling the Crop. .
85, M1arch. 1906, Second Report on Pe-

86. Sept'ber.

can Culture .......
10o6, Salt Sick (Bovine un-
cinariasis) ...... .

87. December, i9o6,Soil Studies ........

AU.THOR.
E. R. Flint

Chas. M. Conner

H. K. Miller and
A. W. Blair

1. 11. I1. Hume

H. FH. Hume

Chas. F. D)aws n
A. W. Blair

Three Press Bulletins have been issued during the year
as follows:

No. DATE.
57. Sept'her.

S8. Oct, ber.
30. January.

TITLE. A I
1905. Pr, posed Experiments
on Fertilization of
the Orange ... ... I.
i905. F,,rage Poisoning ... C.
10o6. The .Manatee Snail.
Bnlinulus Dormani. E.

,THOR,

R~. Flint
F. Dax\--., i

Hl. Seliarrls

Annual Report 1906.

A considerable number of accessions have been made to
the mailing list. -u that we are now carrying nearly 4.000
names.
It is very gratifying to the Director and workers of the
Experiment Station to note the frequent calls for bulletins
from our institution by people outside of our State. and even
by many foreign countries, including some very remote por-
tions of the earth.
The Station Library has been put in very thorough order,
and the publications of other Experiment Stations. as well
as the Department of Agriculture, have been completed a-
fully as possible by Dr. E. R. Flint. The need of a first-class
library is rarely appreciated by the workers who are suffering
from the want of it.
The Director would repeat the recommendation made by
his predecessor. Dr. Sledd. that the Legislature put at the dis-
posal of the Director an appropriation that can be used in
augmenting the Experiment Station work: especially such
work as carrying on Farmers' Institutes and extension work
in co-operation with the agriculturists of the State. It is not
generally realized by the people of the State tiat the funds
appropriated by the Federal Government for Experiment Sta-
tion work cannot be used either directly ,r indirectly for
Farmers' Institutes or other extension work. The Experi-
ment Station workers could, however, with advantage to them-
selves, and of great advantage to the agricultural community
of the State, spend two or three weeks of each year lecturing
at Farmers' Institutes. The expenses of such work. however,
would have to be borne by State funds.
HISTORY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PINEAPPLE.

Prof. Hume. during his incumbency as Horticulturist and
Botanist. brought together material for the history and bibliog-
graphy of the pineapple. This is a very important contribution
to the literature of the pineapple, and the Director of the Exper-
iment Station wishes to express his sincere thanks to Prof.
Hume for his generosity and most commedable scientific spirit
in bringing together this very important historical information;

Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

especially in view of the fact that the time consumed in bringing
this together, and the traveling expenses necessarily incurred
in the work, was borne by Prof. Hume personally. This his-
tory and bibliography, together with the experimental work,
was done by the Station on pineapples, bringing together the
most thorough and complete information on this crop that can
be obtained anywhere, and must always stand as a model of
thoroughness and competency for the successors of the able
men who have completed the work, oftimes under most discour-
aging conditions.
FINANCIAL REPORT.
The financial report of the Station for the year ending
June 30, 1906, is given below in tabular form:
RECEIPTS.
Experiment Station Fund .................... $15,ooo.oo
Adams Fund ............................... 5,000.00
Station Incidental Fund .................... 853.04

Total ................................... $20.853.04
EXPENDITURES.
Salaries ................................... $ 8,853.75
Labor ..................................... 1,378.12
Publications ................................ 925.70
Postage and Stationery ...................... 319.03
Freight and Express ........................ 221.93
Heat, Light, Water and Power ................ 417.65
Chemical Supplies .......................... 692.69
Seeds, Plants and Sundry Supplies ............ 395.20
Fertilizers ................................. 531.35
Feeding Stuffs .............................. 829.65
Library ................................... 687.16
Tools, Implements and Machinery ............. 196.98
Furniture and Fixtures ....................... 123.47
Scientific Apparatus ......................... 2,306.72
Live Stock ................................. 2,o16.oo

Annual Report 1906. ix

Traveling Expenses ....................... 723.24
Contingent Expenses ........................ 16.20
Buildings and Repairs ..................... 10.15
Balance ................ ................... 208.05

Total .................................. $20,853.04

EXPERIMENT STATION CO-OPERATIVE WORK.
Pineapple Fertilizer Experiments.-These experiments
have been carried on somewhat intermittently for nearly ten
years. The experiment field is located at Jensen. Several bul-
letins have been issued as a result of this work.
Irish Potatoes.-Two sets of experiments have been carried
on in connection with the Irish potato. One with varieties in
order that we may discover the potato best adapted for Florida
conditions, and at the same time most profitable. This seed has
been secured through the co-operation of the Department of
Agriculture and includes the most promising varieties that
could be discovered in Europe, as well as other foreign coun-
tries. This work is being carried forward at Hastings, Flor-
ida. The fertilizer experiments with Irish potatoes were be-
gun at Hastings. and later transferred to Lake Butler. A
report on this has already been issued in the form of a bulletin,
but the work is still being continued.
Alfalfa.-This crop has uniformly failed to produce satis-
factory results in Florida. As it is very important for us to
have winter forage. the desirability of carrying on this work
cannot be doubted. Co-operative work and observations have
been carried on in a number of places. Among these may be
mentioned De Funiak Springs, Monticello and Dade City.
Subtropical Plants.-The United States Department of
Agriculture has for a number of years been introducing valu-
able subtropical and tropical plants that appeared to be valu-
able to Florida. The principal Receiving Station for the
Southeastern States is Miami. In co-operation with the De-
partment of Agriculture we have been devoting some time to
this work.

x Florida Agricultural Expcriment Station.

Citrus Blight.-This very mysterious and destructive dis-
ease of the citrus tree has caused an unusual amount of loss.
Much time and money have been spent both by the Experi-
ment Station and the United States Department of Agriculture
in investigating and experimenting upon this subject. The
main experiments have been located at Palmetto. Florida.
Citrus Fertilizer Experiments.-A co-operative agreement
has been entered upon with a grove owner at Kissimmee, Flor-
ida. to conduct thorough and elaborate experiments with a
view to determining the best formula for citrus fertilization.
It is intended to carry this work forward for ten years. In
the meantime such reports and bulletins on the subject will
be issued as will seem to be warranted by the results obtained.
Cotton Fertilizer Experiments.-Realizing that too little
information of a definite character is available on this subject.
experiments have been inaugurated to determine what fertiliz-
ers can be most economically and most profitably applied to
the average cotton field. Experiments have been located about
three miles south of Lake City.
WhiteAy.-This pernicious pest has proven itself must
destructive and aggravating. Co-operative experiments have
been inaugurated in various places that are more or less in-
fested, or in immediate danger of becoming severely infested.
With a view of controlling this pest by means of its natural
enemies, extended experiments have been inaugurated near
Leesburg, New Smyrna and Kissimmee.
A brief review of our co-operative Experiment Station
work shows that we have in active operation experiments in
co-operation with agricultural people located in at least twelve
different counties; every section of the State being repre-
sented.
In this line of co-operative work the Experiment Station
needs the active assistance of every agriculturist in the State.
We especially need advice regarding the various difficulties
encountered; recommendations as to how the workers at the
Experiment Station can best assist in carrying out the work:
and the active sympathy of every agriculturist to help us carry
on under the limitations imposed.

.Annuual Report 1906.

REPORT OF THE AGRICULTURIST.
1'. 1t. Rolfs, Director,
SIR: I have the honor to submit the following report of
the Agricultural Department for the year ending June 30,
1906.
The investigations outlined in last report have been con-
tinued and considerable new work has been taken up.
.Ilfalfa. The work with alfalfa has been enlarged and
some very encouraging results obtained. The experiment with
Mr. L. D. liigger at Dade City. and Mr. S. H. Gaitskill at
McIntosh have been enlarged with the idea of obtaining some
data as to the kind and amount of fertilizer the crop' should
receive, and if new inoculation was required each year. Owing
to the fact that previous plats ,lied out in spots, it was thuo ght
that the heavy rains during the rainy season killed out the
bacteria. During Oct,,ber of last year inoculated soil was ob-
tained from Mr. T. B. Parker of Raleigh, N. C.. and applied
to all plats at the rate of 200 pounds per acre. This soil
proved very effective as all plants examined .carried tubercles.
Plats not inoculated did not grow more than 5 or 6 inches
high before they turned yellow and died. There were one or
two exceptions found to this, but were not under the control
of this Department. Mr. P. B. Wever, of Mont Clair, has a
plat of one-half acre which has been growing for three years.
but shows no tubercles. It was not inoculated, but has been
kept growing by heavy applications of stable manure and
commercial fertilizer, containing nitrogen in the form of ni-
trate of soda. This plat has given from four to six cuttings
per year. Mr. John Love. of Leesburg, has a small plat in
his garden which was not inoculated artificially. but some
plants were found having tubercles. The ground was very
rich and had been used as a garden for years.
On our thin sandy soils inoculation seems necessary. The
best results have been obtained on soils containing some clay.
In order to ascertain the kind and amount of fertilizing
required b\ the crops the following plan was followed at Dade
City. 31clntomh and Monticello:

Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

Plat I.-Stable manure at rate of 10 loads per acre.
Plat II.-Ground bone at rate of iooo pounds per acre.
Plat III.-Fertilizer made of C. S. meal, acid phosphate,
sul. of potash; containing 2 per cent. ammonia, 8 per cent.
phosphoric acid. and 8 per cent. potash was used at rate of
1000 pounds per acre.
Plat IV.-Nothing.
There was no marked difference in plats I.. II., and III.,
but plat IV. was no more than one-half the height of the others.
At Monticello the third cutting was very promising on
June ist. having grown 12 inches in 14 days.
I'elvet Beans. Complaints have come to the Station that
velvet beans did not do well planted continuously on the same
land. We have grown them on the same land for four years
now, and while the second and third year did not seem to do
so well, the fourth year did as well or better than the first.
The fertilizer experiments with velvet beans should be
continued for some years before publication. We do not seem
to get uniform results.
The work along the line of seed selection has resulted in
securing a quantity of a white variety of the bean. This vari-
ety does not differ in outward appearance from the regular
variety used by most planters.
Cassava. A test was inaugurated last year to test the
length of seed canes, to be planted, on the stand. Seed canes
two inches and four inches long were used. The following
shows the influence of length:
No. of Plats. Length of Cane. No. per Hill. Per Cent. Stand.
1905- Inches.
7 2 2 0.70
8 2 I .74
9 4 2 44.00
10 4 I 20.00
90o6-
7 2 2 71.0
8 2 i 38.0
9 4 2 82.6
To 4 I 57.9

Annual Report 1906. xiii

While it is true that the weather conditions influence largely
the chances of getting a stand, the results go to show that the
chances are better if two pieces of seed are used. Experience
with the crop for some years seem to show that careful selec-
tion of seed has a marked effect on the per cent. of stand. In
our regular field work we never get more than 75 per cent.
of stand.
Sweet Potatoes. We have collected some twenty-five va-
rieties from various parts of the State for trial, some of which
may prove to be duplicates. A comparative test may show
some varieties of high feeding value, and high tonnage per
acre. The fertilizer tests conducted during past years do not
show uniform results and should be continued several years
before results are published.
Corn. The test of Northern varieties which is being Mn-
ducted in co-operation with the U. S. Department of Agri-
culture has shown very conclusively that Northern varieties
of seed should not be used, as the crop is subjet to the rav-
ages of insect pests. and the ears do not dffl out well. The
native corn grown in the test has always proved the better
corn.
The collection of native varieties grown this past year has
been rather disappointing, in that the varieties grown are not
true to type selected last year. If the farmers who grow these
varieties would select carefully, a type could easily be secured
and some good varieties developed suitable to Florida condi-
tions.
Pig Feeding. The pig feeding experiments with Cassava
were continued last winter and some minor experiments con-
ducted with cotton seed meal and rape. The results will be
published in bulletin form.
Digestion Experiments. A digestion experiment with vel-
vet bean hay was conducted during the winter and will be
published in bulletin form, together with the results obtained
in former years.
Respectfully submitted,
CHAS. M. CONNER,
Agriculturist.

Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
P. H. Rolfs, Director,
SIR: In the absence of Dr. Flint, I submit herewith the
following report of the work of the Chemical Department for
the year ending June 3oth, 1906.
The pineapple fertilizer experiment at Jensen 'has been
conducted with fairly satisfactory results. this year's crop be-
ing the fourth from the plot.
This crop was, however, small, due possibly to an after
effect of the freeze of 1905. and for this reason the results are
probably not so conclusive as they otherwise might have been.
I have again, this year, made determinations of the sugar, acid,
total solids, etc., in samples taken from several of the plots,
with a view to ascertaining whether or not the different fertil-
izers have an influence on the flavor of the fruit, and it is
hoped that more time can be given to this feature of the ex-
periment next year.
A bulletin (No. 83. Pineapple Culture III.; Fertilizer Ex-
periments) giving a full account of the work from its beginning
in 1901 to and including the crop of 1905, was published dur-
ing the year, and has been distributed.
The orange experiment, inaugurated by Dr. Flint in 1905,
has been continued with very satisfactory results. The plan of
this experiment was fully outlined by Dr. Flint in his report
for last year. As yet there are no results ready for publication.
I heartily approve of the suggestion made some time ago, that
I have the co-operation of the Plant Pathologist in the contin-
uation of this important work.
An investigation of the subject revealed the fact that but
little has been done in this State along the line of fertilizer
experiments with cotton, and with a view to later taking up this
work, letters of inquiry asking several questions relative to
planting, kinds and amounts of fertilizers used, etc., were sent
out in November of last year to a number of the farmers in
this and the other cotton growing counties of the State. Out
of thirty replies to these letters only eleven say they use over
two hundred pounds of fertilizer to the acre, while many use
only fifty to one hundred and fifty pounds of Kainit or Kainit

Annual Report 1906. xv

and acid phosphate. Believing that much better results may
be secured, with the same amount of labor, by using larger
quantities of a fertilizer containing all three of the important
elements of plant food, we decided to conduct a three-year
co-operative experiment to determine the kind and amount of
fertilizer that will give the best results with cotton; and after
looking over the field, selected a plot of land something over
three acres in area. on the farm of G. WV. Niblack, about two
miles south of the Experiment Station grounds. This was
marked off into tenth acre plots, and fertilized, as already men-
tioned, with a view to determining the limit of profit and also
the materials giving the best results. The stand secured was
not so good as would have been desired, but I believe the re-
sults will still be of much value. This is undoubtedly a valu-
able field for investigation, and I would recommend that the
work be continued here. or taken up anew at the new location
of the Experiment Station.
This department has made a number of analyses for the
Agricultural Department. in connection with digestion ex-
periments with beggarweed and velvet bean hay, and in con-
nection with seed corn selection. A chemical study of the
banana plant has been undertaken, and a number of analyses
of milk were also made looking towards determining the value
of the banana plant as a feeding material.
In addition to what has been enumerated, a number of
miscellaneous analyses have been made including soils, clays,
phosphate, &c., and also a small amount of co-operative work
for the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists in per-
fecting methods of analysis.
Below is a list of the analyses that have been completed
during the year:
Soils. Clays. &c. ........................ 14
Fertilizers and Phosphates .. .. . ....... 36
P ineapples. ................................ 34
Banana Plant ................. ...... ..... 4
Sea W eed .................. ............ I
Sweet Potato Vine ............. ............ I
Butter: Test for Renovated Butter ........... 7

Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

Jam: Test for Preservatives ................. I
Mince Meat: Test for Preservatives ........... I
Digestion Samples ......................... 5
Corn: Seed Selection ...................... 9
B ran ............... ...... .............. I
Spring W ater ........................... I
Saw Palmetto Ashes ........................ I
Saw Palmetto Root ......................... I
M ilk .................. .................. 4
A. 0. A. C. Samples ........................ 2
O range W ood ............................. I
Pecan N ut ................................ I
In addition to his other duties Dr. Flint has spent much
time in completing sets of government and Experiment Station
publications, and in caring for the Station mailing list.
Much credit is due Dr. Flint for his untiring efforts in be-
half of the Station during his two years service as Chemist,
and since he is henceforth to devote all of his time to Univer-
sity work, I desire to express my appreciation of his able direc-
tion and help during the time that I have been associated with
him. I also wish to express my appreciation of the services
of Assistant, Mr. B. H. Bridges, who resigned his position
here in May, to accept a more lucrative one with the State
Chemist at Tallahassee: and I would earnestly urge the ap-
pointment of his successor, to take effect just as soon as the
laboratories at the new location of the Station are in good
working condition, in order that the important investigations
now under way, and others planned for the coming year, may
he prosecuted to the best possible advantage.
Respectfully submitted,
A. W. BLAIR,
Assistant Chemist.

REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Professor P. H. Rolfs, Director,
SIR: I beg to submit herewith statement of the work of
the Entomological Department of the Station from July 1,
1905, to July I, 1906.

Annual Report 1906.

Station correspondence and routine duties of the office
received attention during the year as formerly.
Insect injury during the past year has not been, as com-
pared with the previous year, particularly severe.
The Cottony Cushion Scale, Icerya purchase, which at-
tracted attention during the previous year by extending its
limits farther to the south from Seminole, has not been re-
ported during the present year.
The Cotton Stainer. Dysdercus saturellus, which did severe
injury to both oranges and cotton during 1904-05, has scarcely
been heard from during the present year. The same is true
also of the mealy bug of the orange, the severe attacks of the
previous year have not been repeated during this year. It
seems probable that the heavy rains of this year and condi-
tions favorable for growth of parasitic fungi have done much
towards keeping down many of the insects.
In my report of a year ago considerable space was given
to potato insects. particularly to the seed corn maggot and the
Colorado Potato beetle. The seed corn maggot attacked pota-
toes in the ground and in connection with bacterial rot did
very severe injury at Green Cove Springs and elsewhere. This
maggot had not previously been reported as an enemy to the
potato and has not been heard from during the present year.
The Colorado potato beetle entered the state in the spring of
r905 from the Northwest and occasioned locally complete loss
to the potato crop. The potato beetle has not been reported
during the summer of 1906 and ,has apparently been unable
to sustain itself within the state. It is possible that the com-
parative absence of wild solanaceous plants on which this spe-
cies feeds may account for its disappearance.
In the latter part of October, 1905. the Station Entomolo-
gist was called to examine the reported occurrence. of the Mex-
ican Cotton Boll Weevil near Tallahassee. Fla. The cotton
crop at that locality and elsewhere was suffering severely from
decay of the cotton bolls. The affected bolls turn dark in color,
decay and break open before maturing. Numerous small bee-
tles were seen about the decaying bolls, which led to the report
of the presence of the cotton boll wevil. An examination of

xviii Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

the bolls in the field, confirmed in the laboratory, led to the
conclusion that the disease was cotton boll rot. The beetles
present were two species of sap beetles, Epuroea aestiva, and
Corpophilas mutilatus. These are common species, and almost
invariably present in decaying fruit and vegetables. They
appear only after the cotton bolls have so far decayed as to
break open. They are, therefore, not the cause of the disease.
The whitefly of the orange, Aleyrodes citri, continues to
be the most severe orange insect and to call for a larger part
of the entomologist's time, both in correspondence and investi-
gation, than any other insect at present in the State. The
work of the Manatee snail has been observed during the year.
This snail feeds upon the sooty mold following and caused by
the white fly, and when present in sufficient numbers cleans
the leaves and fruit. With the close of my work as entomolo-
gist, Dr. E. W. Berger, as my successor, is taking up the study
of this and other snails of similar habits with a view to testing
their usefulness as aids against white fly injury.
Respectfully submitted,
E. H. SELLARDS.

REPORT OF THE AssISTANT ENTOMOLOGIST.
P. H. Rolfs, Director,
SIR: I have the honor to submit herewith a statement of
the work of the Assistant in Department of Entomology from
May ist to July ist, 1906., The writer arrived at Lake City
April 27th, and entered upon the duties of this department
May Ist.
Special attention has been given to Aleyrodes citri, the
whitefly, at that time becoming abundant at Lake City. For the
purpose of making observations upon the whitefly-infested
citrus groves about Braidentown, Manatee and Palmetto, a
tour of twelve days (May 23rd to June 4th) was made to that
section. The efficacy of the Fungi (the Red Aschersonia and
the Brown Fungus) parasitic upon the larvae and pupae of the
whitefly was evident in all groves where these had been permit-
ted to take their course or otherwise encouraged.

Annual Report 1906.

Some casual observations upon the Manatee Snail (Bulim-
ulus Dormani). resulted in the writer's discovery of the snails'
eggs and breeding places under some pieces of burlap hanging
in the crotches of orange trees near Palmetto. Later observa-
tions during the rainy season by Mr. F. D. Waite also revealed
the eggs in the mulch about the base of the trees. As is now
well known, this snail promises to be of considerable value for
cleaning off the sooty mold which follows an attack of whitefly
and several other species of insects. Mr. F. D. Waite and the
writer spent on whole night in an orange grove expecting
to note some interesting habits of the snails during this time.
This night. however, proved unfavorable because of lack 4f
moisture, and nothing special was noted except that abrasions
on some dead twigs and leaves that had evidently been made by
snails, several active specimens being nearby. Inspection with
a hand lens convinced the writer that this was the case. This
observation answers the question frequently asked: Upon what
does the snail live after it has cleaned a tree from sooty mold,
lichens and other saprophytic fungi ?
Returning, stop was made at the Pinellas Orange Grower's
Association Meeting. convening at Largo on June 2nd. At
this meeting the writer gave a brief report of his observations
upon the whitefly about Bradentown, Manatee and Palmetto.
In this report, life history facts and the beneficial effects of the
Fungi in destroying the whitefly larvae, were mainly touched
upon. The usefulness of the Manatee snail was also explained.
During the rest of June, besides some occasional corres-
pondence, observations upon the whitefly were continued, and
new ones upon the Miami Snail (see below) begun. On June
20th the first experiment at introducing the Red Aschersonia
and the Brown Fungus into whitefly-infested trees, by means
of pinning on infected leaves, was successfully undertaken at
Lake City. The Red Aschersonia and the Brown Fungus are
the two fungi so destructive to whitefly larvae above referred
to.
The lichen-eating snails obtained from Miami about June
14th and spoken of by us as the Miami Snail are voracious
feeders on the sooty mold. From observations of some con-

Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

fined on the limb of an orange tree, I found that they were
cleaning the leaves at the average rate of five per day. The
Manatee Snail was observed to clean only something like I /2
leaves per day under similar conditions. If this latter snail
can be efficient in cleaning trees at this rate of feeding upon
the sooty mold, much more may be expected from the Miami
Snail when we succeed in introducing the same into whitefly-
infested groves black with sooty mold. The Miami Snail is
larger with a heavier shell and frequently more highly colored
than the Manatee Snail.
While the snails are not considered of sufficient importance
to warrant making observations upon them a matter of "spe-
cial order," nevertheless they are useful to the citrus grower
when in sufficient numbers, and casual observations will be
continued whenever opportunity offers, with a view to learning
facts pertaining to promoting their rapid increase in groves.
It may be added that a colony of each of the two species noted
has-been started in s mnie trees near Lake City, but it is too early
for further report.
Sundry minor problems will also from time to time come
up, as in the past, consequent upon requests for information
by people writing or sending specimens of injurious insects.
The endeavor is made to answer these correspondents promptly,
but when the necessary information is not at hand, considerable
time may occasionally be required in searching for the informa-
tion in the library or in making necessary observations. While
all this at times becomes a disturbing factor and a time consum-
er, on the other hand correspondence of this nature is very desir-
able and results in keeping us to some extent posted upon the
activities of injurious insects in the State.
The control of the whitefly and the consequent reduction
of its ravages in the citrus groves of the State will be the dom-
inant problem for some time to come, and it is the purpose of
the Department to give all available time to its solution during
the next fiscal year.
Respectfully submitted,
E. W. BERGER,
Asst. Entomologist.

Annual Report 1906.

RiEPORT (IF AsSIST.NT INx BOTANY AND HORTICULTURE.
SIR: I have the honor to submit herewith the following
report of the Assistant in Botany and Horticulture:
P. H. Rolfs, Director,
A large portion of the time was taken up with work as
instructor in the University during the past year, not leaving
as much time for systematic investigations as was desired. So
much time as was available was given to the study of diseases
that affected our cultivated crop. Letters of inquiry, contain-
ing specimens of diseased plants, were received from time to
time. Whenever possible, from the material at hand. the
name of the disease was given and remedial measures sug-
gested.
A study of the fungi parasitic on whitefly, the life histories
,f which are yet imperfectly known, was begun. Two trips
were made to the whitefly infected districts in order to study
the conditions in the field where these fungi occur, and to
secure specimens for experimentation and study. In addition to
these fungi. others of economic importance were collected, as
well as specimens of fungi affecting cultivated plants in the
vicinity of Lake City. All of the fungi obtained, either from
correspondents or from the field. have been added to the herb-
arium in the department
Pure cultures of fungi and bacteria, affecting cultivated
plants, have been made from time to time.
The following important plant diseases are some of the
more important ones that came under study and observation
during the past year:

BEAN.
ANTHRACNOSE ( Collctotrichun liniemiiuthianunt (Sac. &
Magn.) Bri. & Cav.). This disease of the bean was quite
troublesome throughout the State of Florida during the past
year. On the pod it manifested itself by brown sunken areas.
On the seedling the spots occurred most near the surface of the
soil. or under it in the form of rusty depressions. Pods se-
verely attacked by this disease are apt to become shriveled and
twisted out of shape.

Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

Treatment.-The seed used is very largely responsible for
the prevalence of the disease, especially of the seedlings. It is
therefore important that disease free seed be obtained. This is
very difficult in certain years from the fact that the fields which
produced the seed are sometimes severely attacked, and the
presence of the disease cannot be detected on the seed. Dur-
ing the early stage of growth Bordeaux mixture may be used
successfully. When the pods attain the size used for shipping,
this cannot be used because it leaves a whitish deposit on them.
and so makes them unsalable. When the disease occurs in the
field at the time of picking, ammoniacal copper carbonate may
be used as a spray in the place of Bordeaux mixture. Consid-
erable trouble is also experienced from beans becoming specked
in transit. To prevent this, the beans, after they have been
picked may be sprayed with potassium sulphide or soda-sul-
phur spray. (See Bulletin No. 76. Florida Experiment Sta-
tion). For this purpose the beans may be spread out on the
floor of the packing house, and thoroughly sprayed with a
nozzle that reduces the solution to a mist. then turning the
pile over and spraying again in a similar way. after which
it should be allowed to dry before crating.
WILTs (Fusarium Sp.). Seedlings of the Refugee bean
at Dinsmore, Florida. were destroyed by this fungus, which
attacks the plants from the soil. The Red Valentine, Old
Homestead and Rowells Prolific are varieties that are reported
to be less subject to the disease.
Treatment.-The fungus being present in the soil it is im-
possible to apply the ordinary remedial measures, consequently
we must avoid planting beans on land where beans have pre-
viously been planted. and which is known to be infected. Some
varieties of cow peas are also affected by this fungus: conse-
quently it is not well to follow cow peas with beans.
CANTALOUPE.
LEAF BLIGHT (Alternaria brassicae var. nigrescens Pegl).
Considerable damage was done by this disease during the damp
weather of May and June. The fungus produced large brown
spots on the leaves, the first appearing near the middle of the
leaf. The leaves finally curved on the edges and died.

xxii

Annual Report 1906.

Treatment.-Weaker Bordeaux mixture is an efficient pre-
ventive, but must be applied as soon as the disease makes its
appearance. o
CELERY.
ACIDITY OF SOIL. Plants received from Manatee county,
that had been set out on new muck land, were yellow and
very much under size for their age. The roots were yellowish,
very short, much kinked and abnormally branched. These con-
ditions had been brought about by irritation from the acid
in the soil. The same soil when limed and rendered less acid,
produced large and healthy plants. The amount of lime neces-
sary depends upon the amount of acid in the soil.
"RusT" OR LEAF-SPOT (Cercospora apii Hals.) This dis-
ease is apt to be very severe on low hammock land. It may be
known from other leaf diseases of the celery from the fact that
the leaflets become spotted with definite brown areas.
Treatment.-This disease manifests itself very frequently
in the seedbed, consequently the treatment should be begun
before the celery is set out. During rapidly growing weather,
or if rains occur, the seedbed should be sprayed once a week.
During cool weather, when the plants are growing slowly, once
in every ten days is usually effective. The spraying should be
continued after the plants are set in the fields. As soon as the
celery approaches the bleaching size, spraying with Bordeaux
mixture should be discontinued and in its stead ammoniacal
copper carbonate should be used, since the Bordeaux mixture
is apt to leave whitish spots on the leaves, and thus affect the
selling price, while the ammoniacal solution of copper car-
bonate is not visible.
CITRUS.
ScAB (Cladosporium citri Penz.) This disease has been
known for many years on the sour orange and lemon, but it
has been only in recent years that it has become severe on
grape-fruit and sweet oranges. The disease may be known
by the irregular brownish or whitish corky, wart-like projec-

xxiii

Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

tions on the fruit and leaves. It usually begins on the young
tender leaves, shoots and fruit that has recently set. The corky
spots cause the leaves, when I-dly affected, to become twisted
and contorted. The fruit is often covered with warty projec-
tions of considerable size, rendering it too unsightly for mar-
ket.
Treatment.-Bordeaux mixture or ammoniacal copper car-
bonate may be used as a preventive, but must be applied early
in the spring or late winter.
\VITHERTIP (Colletotrichiui glocosporioides Penz.) \Vtih-
ertip has caused great loss to the citrus growers during the
year. It is present in almost every grove in the State. This
insiduous fungus attacks young leaves, twigs, flowers, recently
set fruit and matured fruit. The leaves attacked usually fall
off, and unless the grove is in best of cultivation and fertiliza-
tion, the disease is apt to progress into the smaller twigs, kill-
ing these. In severe cases, large trees five or six years old have
been known to be killed. During the time of blooming the
fungus is apt to spread very rapidly throughout the grove,
causing much bloom to fall before it is set. After the fruit is
set, much of the small fruit is apt to drop, in orchards where
the fungus is abundant. On leaves that have been attacked by
scale insects, or red spider, it produces a dead area in which
the spores are propagated. It is especially severe on grape-
fruit after it is ripe, producing large brownish spots. In some
severely affected orchards, as high as 75 per cent. of the fruit
has been known to drop from this cause alone. Under this
manifestation the disease has been known as anthracnose.
Treatment.-The manifestations exhibited by different at-
tacks of this fungus are so various that special treatment is re-
quired for each different case. In the main. the destruction of
the affected parts of the tree, and the destruction of diseased
fruit, is the best line of treatment.
CUCUMBER.
MILDEW (Pseudoperonospora cubensis (B & C) Rost.).
The very moist weather during the early part of June was
favorable for the development of mildew. It causes irregular,

xxiv

Annual Report 1906. xxv

brownish areas on the leaves which on close examination are
found to be covered with a delicate growth of white filiments
of the fungus. Extending out from these filiments are stalks
bearing spores which may be transferred to other leaves, thus
causing a rapid spread of the infection.

MANGO.
BLOOM BLIGHT ( Glo'osporium muangiferae). The flower
buds of the mango tree are frequently attacked by this fungus.
As early as in 1893 officers of the Experiment Station began
investigations on this disease. The bloom appears quite nor-
mally, but in the course of a few days blackens and fall- ,ff.
As new blooms open successively, these are in turn infected
and destroyed.
Treatment.-The bloom of the tree should be sprayed re-
peatedly at very frequent intervals with Bordeaux mixture.

PEACH.
CROWN GALL. This is a trouble, the cause of which is not
as yet definitely known. Gall-like swellings of abnormally
developed tissues are produced on the crown roots or at the
base of the tree. It occurs on a number of varieties of culti-
vated fruit trees. Recent investigations have shown that the
tendency to this trouble is lessened by wrapping grafts with
cloth or rubber instead of with ordinary grafting material.
TOMATO.
"RUST" OR LEAF BLIGHT ( Alternaria solani (E & M) J
& G). This disease of the tomato is so thoroughly known
under the name of "rust" that it need not be described. It
often begins in the seedbed upon the leaves of the seedling as
small brown areas which slowly enlarge. Oftentimes these
minute specks are scarcely larger than the prick of a pin point
when the tomatoes are set out in the field. Very careful at-
tention should be given to the seedbed to discover the earliest
possible appearance of the disease. The damage done by this
fungus is so general, and so severe, that every tomato grower
has become painfully familiar with it.

Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

Treatment.-Upon the first appearance of the disease in
the seedbed the young plants should be thoroughly sprayed
with Bordeaux mixture, repeated as often as twice a week dur-
ing rapidly growing weather, or if rains occur. During very
cool weather, and when the plants are growing very slowly,
the treatment need not be repeated oftener than every ten days.
It is so much cheaper to make the treatment in the seedbed
than in the field after the plants are set out, and the treatment
is so thoroughly successful, that too much emphasis cannot
be laid on the seedbed treatment. Where the disease appears
in the field, vigorous and prompt treatment should be begun
without a day's delay. In fact, the tomato grower should al-
ways have his spraying machinery and mixtures ready for
immediate action when the first signs of the disease are discov-
ered. There are many cases in which the climatic conditions
are unfavorable to the disease so that there may little damage
be done by it. Still, the disease under conditions favorable
to it, brings about such havoc in the tomato field that no grower
can afford to take his chances.
LEAF MoLD (Cladosporium fulvum). This disease was
sent in from the southern part of the State on young tomato
plants. It gives the leaves a moldy or downy appearance at
first, but later causes them to turn yellow and die. The dis-
ease yields readily to treatment with Bordeaux mixture.
WILTS (Fusarium Sp). This disease which is prevalent
throughout the entire State was pretty severe on the Experi-
ment Station grounds during the past year. This, together
with the bacterial blight of the tomato, killed out nearly all
the vines before any fruit had matured. Like the wilts of the
bean. this disease exists in the soil from which it attacks the
plant. entering the plant usually through the roots and grow-
ing in the vascular system of the plant, clogging it up so that it
is impossible for moisture or food material to be transmitted
to the leaves. The only satisfactory measures that can be em-
ployed are those of rotation with crops that are not affected
by the wilts, or abandoning the fields for a number of years
after a crop of tomatoes has been severely affected. In some
parts of the State, where land suitable for growing tomatoes

xxvi

Annual Report r906.

is abundant, it is a general practise not to plant this crop suc-
cessively. The matter of securing a variety resistent to this
disease has not met with the success attained in securing wilts
resistent cotton.
BACTERIAL BLIGHT (Bacillus solanacearum Erw. Sm.)
This disease was very prevalent on the Experiment Station
grounds during the past year. It may be readily distinguished
from the fusarium wilts by the fact that the tips of the vines
wilt very suddenly. affecting usually a single branch at first,
and afterwards extending to all parts of the plant, while a
fusarium blight or wilts progress much more slowly, and the
infection is manifested in the lower leaves first, usually caus-
ing them to become lighter colored and even yellow.
Treatment.-This disease is caused by a bactarium which
is transmitted from plant to plant, mainly by biting or.*Ick-
ing insects. Where such disease appears the first ratiofal step
is to destroy all affected plants, and the next to destroy all the
insects present. Since the multiplication of the bacteria in the
tissues of the plant in sufficient numbers to ose the mani-
festation of the disease requires several days, a large number
of plants will become infected before the grower is actually
aware of the presence of the disease. On this account. the
combating of the disease meets with only partial success. As
it is very probable that the disease is carried over from vy ar
to year in the soil, fields upon which affected plants have been
grown should not be planted again to tomatoes, egg-plant- lr
Irish potatoes for at least one year and probably two years.
H. S. FAWCETT,
Assistant Horticulturist and Botanist.

REPORT OF THE CONSULTING VETERINARIAN.
P. H. Rolfs. Director,
SIR: My duties as Consulting Veterinarian for the year
ending June 30, 1906. have consisted mainly in answering let-
ters that have been referred to me by you. and those received
otherwise. upon matters pertaining to the live stock industry
and upon diseases.

xxvii

xxviii Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

During the year, the manuscript of a bulletin on Bovine
Uncinariasis, the material for which was gathered during my
former active connection with the station, was submitted for
publication.
Respectfully submitted,
CHAS. F. DAWSON,
Consulting Veterinarian.

LIST OF PERIODICALS RECEIVED BY THE LIBRARY OF THE
FLORIDA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
Agricultural Advertising, Chicago, Ill.
Agricultural Epitomist, The. Springfield. Ill.
American Agriculturist. The. New York. N. Y.
American Fertilizer, The, Philadelphia. Pa.
American Farm World, The, Augusta, Maine.
American Grange Bulletin, The, Cincinnati, Ohio.
American Nut Journal, The, Petersburg, Va.
American Sugar Industry and Beet Sugar Gazette, Chi-
cago. Ill.
American Swineherd, The, Chicago. Ill.
Better Fruit, Hood River, Ore.
Breeders Gazette, The, Chicago. Ill.
Brick. Chicago, Ill.
California Cultivator, The, Los Angeles, Cal.
Chicago Live Stock World, The, Chicago, Ill.
Citrograph, The, Redlands. Ore.
Colman's Rural World. St. Louis. Mo.
Cotton Seed, Atlanta, Ga.
Daily News, The, Pensacola, Fla.
Elgin Dairy Report, Elgin. Ill.
Farm and Floral World. The. Mobile. Ala.
Farm Home. The. Springfield, Ill.
Farm and Home, New Orleans, La.
Farm Journal. The. Wilmer Atkinson Co., Philadelphia.
Farm Life, Chicago, Ill.
Farm Progress. St. Louis. Mo.
Farm and Stock, St. Joseph, Mo.
Farm, Stock and Home. Minneapolis, Minn.

Annual Report 1906.

Farm Stock Journal, Rochester, N. Y.
Farmers Guide. The, Huntington, Ind.
Farmers Review, The, Chicago, Ill.
Farming, 1515 Heyworth Building. Chicago, Ill.
Florida Agriculturist. DeLand, Fla.
Florida East Coast Home Seeker, The, Miami, Fla.
Flour and Feed. Milwaukee, Wis.
Fruit Grower. The. St. Joseph, Mo.
Gardener's Chronicle, The, I Montgomery St., Jersey City.
Hoards Dairyman, Ft. Atkinson, Wis.
Homestead, The, Des Moines, Iowa.
Hospodarske Listy, Chicago, Ill.
Indiana Farmer. The, Indianapolis, Ind.
Kansas Farmer. The, Topeka, Kan.
Kimballs Dairy Journal, Waterloo, Iowa.
Live Stock and Dairy Journal, The, San Francisco, Cal.
Louisiana Farmer. New Orleans, La.
Louisiana Planter. New Orleans. La.
Manatee River Journal, Bradentown, Fla.
Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Transactions. Boston.
Missouri Agricultural College Farmer, Columbia, Mo.
Modern Farmer. The. Richmond, Va.
National Farmer and Stock Grower, St. Louis. Mo.
Natural Nurseryman. Rochester, N. Y.
New York Entomological Society, New York, N. Y.
New York Tribune Farmer, The, New York, N. Y.
Nut Grower. The. Poulan. Ga.
Our Horticultural Visitor. Kinmundy. Ill.
Pacific Dairy Review, The. San Francisco, Cal.
Pacific Poultryman, The, Seattle. Wash.
Pacific Rural Press, San Francisco, Cal.
Poultry Standard. Columbus. Ohio.
Poultry Husbandry, Hawkins Publishing Co.. Waterville,
N. Y.
Practical Farmer, Philadelphia, Pa.
Prairie Farmer. Chicago. Ill.
Reliable Poultry Journal. Quincy, Ill.
Republic. The, St. Louis. Mo.

xxix

Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

Rural New Yorker, The, New York, N. Y.
Rural Home, The, New York, N. Y.
Southern Agriculturist, Nashville, Tenn.
Southern Cultivator, The, Atlanta, Ga.
Southern Farm Magazine, The, Manufacturers Record
Publishing Co., Baltimore, Md.
Southern Farmer and Breeder. The. North Fort Worth,
Tex.
Southern Planter, The, Richmond, Va.
Stockman, The, Defuniak Springs, Fla.
Strawberry, The, Three Rivers, Mich.
Suburban Life, New York, N. Y.
Successful Farming, Des Moines. Iowa.
Successful Poultry Journal, 355 Dearborn St., Chicago, Ill.
Sugar Beet, The, Chicago, I11.
Times, The. State College, Pa.
Town and Country Journal, The, San Jose and San Fran-
cisco, Cal.
Tri-State Farmer, Chattanooga, Tenn.
Tropical Sun, The, West Palm Beach, Fla.
Twice-a-Week Times, The, Shreveport, La.
Up-to-Date Farming, Indianapolis, Ind.
Weekly News Scimitar, Memphis, Tenn.
FOREIGN EXCHANGES.
Agriculturchemischen Versuchsstation, Koeslin. Germany.
Bombay Experimental Farm. Bombay, India.
Creamery Journal, 20o Tudor St., London.
Crooica Agricola, Buenos Ayres, Argentina Republic.
Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada.
Informe Mensual Sanatario, Havana, Cuba.
Journal of the Department of Agriculture of Victoria, Mel-
bourne. Victoria.
Journal of the Department of Agriculture of West Aus-
tralia, Perth, West Australia.
Natal Agricultural Journal, Natal, South Africa.
Rural World, The. I Io & I I I Strand, London, W. C.
Transvaal Agricultural Journal, Pretoria. Transvaal. So.
Africa.
Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm. Woburn, England.

xxx

Annual Report 1906. xxx)

BULLETINS OF THE FLORIDA AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENT STATION.
The following Bulletins may be obtained on request.

IITL.E AUTHOR Date

4 Peach Growing ................................. ... a. P. DePass.... 1889
Entomologist's Report ...................... ...... ..... C. Neal ......
Annual Report ...... ............................. ...... as. P. DePass ...
it Corn Experiments ................................. ... as. P. DePass ...... 1890
Irish Potato Experiments .............................. jas. P. DePasa ...
Fertilizers ............ ... .............. ............ ...... as. P. DePass .
Analyses of Some Florida Weeds and Gra .............. M. Pickell .....
12 Tobacco .2 .a. .. ............ .]. as. P. DePass ... 8 91
Long or Black Seed Cotton, Rice, Sorghum ................. as. P. DePass ......
Ashes as a Fertilizer ....... ........................... as. P DePas ..
Miscellaneous Ash Analyses ........................ .. ... J. "Earle .....
13 General Information .. .... ............................ P. DePass .. 89t
Irish Potatoes ....... .. ....................... ........ as. P. DePass .....
Rye .............................. .... ........... a, P. D ePass .....
Soft Marl Phosphate as a Fertilizer ....... ............... M. Pickell and J. J.
Comparative Value of Raw Finely Powdered Phosphate, and Earle............
of Acidulated Phosphate as a Fertilizer ............... J. M. Pickell and J. J.
Earle ............
Superphosphate from a Low Grade Rock Containing Much
Alumina .......... .... .. ....... ........ ..... .... J. M. Pickell and J. J.
Earle .............
Muck, Chemical Analyses of ............................J. M. Pickell and J. J.
t6 Corn, Hay, Weevil, Ensilage, Rice. Cane, Texas Blue Grass
and Cotton ........ ... ........................... as. P. DePass ..... 1892
17 Analyses of the Orange ... ............................ I. M. Pickell and J. J.
Earle ... ......892
Horn Ily .............................................. P. H. Rolfs ....
Questions Concerning Stock Diseases ...................... A. W. Bitting .......
STobacco .. .. ..... as. P. DePass .. . . 892
Analyses of Station and Cuban Tobacco, Soil and Cuban
Tobacco ........ ................................ J. Earle .........
22 Fertilizers ......... . ............................ ....A. A. Persons ...... 1893
24 Annual Report ......... .......................................... .......... 1894
25 Leaches or Leeching .... ............................... A. W. Bitting ...... 1894
26 Big-head ................................................ A. W Bitting ....... 894
27 Pineapple ...... ...............L. C. Washburn ..... t894
.28 Liver Fluke ................................. .......... A. W Bitting .. 1894
30 Culture of Tobacco ......... ......... F. B. Moodie ...... T895
33 Present Condition and Treatment of Orange Groves ........ M. S. Moreman ..... t896
The Greater and Lesser Freezes in Florida for a Century,M. S. Moreman .....
34 Insect Enemies o01 Truck and Garden Crops ...............A. L. Ouaintance .... 1896
36 Insects Injurious to Stored Grain and Cereal Products....A. L Ouaintance .... 1896
37 Pineapple at Myers ....................................... 0. Clute and W. A.
Marsh ......... 896
38 Tobacco in Florida .... ........................... ...... F. B. Moodie .... 1897
39 Strawberry Culture ..................................... S. Powers ......... 1897
40 The Fall Army Worm. Southern Grass Worm .............A. L. Ouaintance .... 1897
41 A Fungus Disease of San Jose Scale ........... ......... P. H. Rolfs ........ 1897
42 Strawberry Insects ....................................... A. L. Quaintance ... 18997
43 A Chemical Study of Some Typical Florida Soils ..........A. A. Persons ... 897
45 Three Injurious Insects ................................... A. L. Quaintance .. 98
51 Some Common Florida Scales ............................ H. A. Gossard ...... 9oo
52 Baking Powders .......................... ...... ....... H. K. Miller ....... tgon
S3 Some Citrus Troubles ............................... ... H. Harold Hume .... 1900oo
55 Feeding With Florida Feed Stuffs ........................ E. Stockbridge .. 1900oo
56 The Cottony Cushion Scale ..............................H. A. Gossard ...... o901
57 Top-working of Pecans ................................. H. Harold Hume .... igoo
5 Pomelos ..............................................H. Harold Hume .... 1901o
59 Cauliflower ............................................ .. Harold Hume .... T901
6o Velvet Beans ....... .................................... H. K. Miller ........ 190oo
61 Two Peach Scales ..................... ................ A. Gossard ...... 1902
62 The Peento Peach Group .......... ........ .... Harld Hume .... 1902
65 The Kumquats ....... ................................. ITT. Harold Hume ... 19o02
66 The Mandarin Orange Group .... .................... .I Harold Hume .... 1903
71 Japanese Persimmons ................................... TT. H. Hume and C. F.
Reimer ........... 1904

xxxii

Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

TITLE

AUTHOR

72 Feeding IHorses and Mules on Homegrown Feeding Stuffs .C. M. Conner .......
73 The Honey Peach Group ................................ F. C. Reimer ........
74 Anthracnose of the Pomelo ..............................i. Harold Hume ....
75 Potato Diseases ......................................... H. Harold Hume ....
76 Insecticides and Fungicides ............................... H. A. Gossard and H.
HL Hume .........
77 Equine Glanders and its Eradication ...................... C. F. Dawson ......
78 Forage Crops: The Silo .................................C. M. Conner .......
8o The Composition of Some of the Concentrated Feeding-stuffs
on sale in Florida .......................... .... A. W Blair ........
82 A Preliminary Report on Growing Irish Potatoes ........... C. M. Conner ......
83 Pineapple Culture III; Fertilizer Experiments .............II. K. Miller and A.
W. Blair .........
84 Pineapple Culture IV; Handling the Crop ................. H. Harold Hume ....
86 Salt Sick (Bovine Uncinariasis) ...........................C. F. Dawson .......
87 Soil Studies I .. ...................... ........ ........ A. W Blair .. ....
88 Whitefly Condition of s9o6 ..............................E. W. Berger ......

PRESS BULLETINS.

I TITLE .\UTIIORR

a Directions for Preparation of Bordeaux Mixture .......... H. Harold Hume .... 1901
2 Lime and its Relation to Agriculture ....................H, K. Miller ........ 1901
3 Seed Testing ........................................... H. Harold Hume .... 1901
4The Whitefly ........ ...............................H. A. Gossard ...... 19o01
6 Nursery Inspection (Part L ............................H. A. Gossard ...... 19ot
7 Nursery Inspection (Part II.) .............................H. A. Gossard ...... 1901or
$.Care of Irish Potatoes Harvested in the Spring and Held
for Fall Planting ....................................J. F. M itchell ... 190
9 Sore Head ..........................................Chas. F. Dawson ... 190!
1o Plants Affected by Roit Knot ............................. H. Harold Hume ...I 1901
i Vinegar ........................ .....................A. W Blair ........ 1901
isSeed Beds and Their Management ....................... Ino. H. Tefferies 1901
13 Treatment for San Jose Scale .............................H. A. Gossard .. ..... 1901o
14 Beef from Velvet Beans and Cassava .....................H. E. Stockbridge .... I9o
17 Preservatives in Canned Goods ........................... W. Blair ... ...19o02
S1 Cantaloupe filight ...................................... 11. Harold Hume I. 9o
19 Cut W orm ...................... ....................... I. . Gossard . 1902
21 Parturient Paralysis .. .. .......... ..Chas. F. Dawson ..I 1902
22 Nitrogen a> a Flertilizer .................................. .H. K. M iller .. 1902
23 Protection Against Drought .............................H. E. Stockbridge .. 1902
24 Orange Mites ..................... ............ ..........H. A. Gossard .... .. 1902
25 Ro .. ..................... ............. ........ Chas. F. Dawson .. 1902
261 Lumpy Taw ............................ ......... Chas. F. Dawson .... 19o2
27TCover Crops ........................... ......... . H. Hlarold Hume . . 190o
28 Moon Blinde ............................ ............ Chas. F. Dawson .. 1902
291 Food Adulteration ......................................... W Blair ... .... I 1902
30 Dehorning Cattle ................... .................... Chase. F. Dawson ... 02
31 Food Adulteration: Coffee ............................... I "-ir ... . 00o2
32 Foot and Mouth Disease .............................. ... 'ha- 1 Dawson .. .1 1902
33 The Red Soldier Bug, or Cotton Stainer ................... H. A. Gossard ...... 19o3
34 Ox W arbles ............................................. Chas. F. Dawson .... 1903
35 Food Adulteration: Butter ............................... A. W llair ....... I1903
36 Hook W orms in Cattle ............................ ..... Chas. F. Dawson .... 1903
37 The Velvet Bean ................................. .... C. M Conner ......I 1]903
38 Practical Results of the Texas Fever Inoculations ........... Chas. F. Dawson .... I 100o
391 Lung W orms in Swine ................................... Chas. F. Dawson .... 10o03
4o and 41 Glanders ......................................... Cha-. ". Dawso-i ... 1900o3
42 Food Adulteration: Spices and Condiments ................A. W. Blair ........ 10o
43 How to Feed a Horse ................................... C. M. Conner .... . 1903
44 Planting Trees ......... ............................... F. C. Reimer ......I 1903
45 The Sugar Cane Borer ..................................W. A. Gossard ....... 1003
46 Selecting Seed Corn .....................................C. M. Conner ...... 104
47 The Rabid Dog ... .............................. Chas. F. Dawsoi ....' 1904
48 Food Adulteration: Adulterated Drugs and Chemicals .... A. W. Blair ........I 190o4
49 Saw Palmetto Ashes ...................................... H. K. Miller ...... I 90o4
so Insect Pests to Live Stock ............................... Chas. F. Dawson .... 1904
51 W ormy Fowls ................ .......................... Chas. F. Dawso- .. 1904
52 The Loss of Nitrogen on the Farm ....................... E. R. Flint ...... I 1904
53 Hog Cholera and Swine Plague ........................... Chas. F. Dawson .... 1oo904

Date

1904
1904
190o4
1904
1905
1905
1905
1905

1906
i 9o6
1906
1906

Date

Annual Report 19o6. xxxiii

TITLE AUTHOR atir

54 Seed Potatoes ...........................................F. M. Rolfs-........] 3904
5s|Potato Blight and Its Remedy ............................. F. M. Rolfs ......... i 9o
56 Whitefly Londitions in Northern Florida ..................E. H. Sellards ....... tO5
37 Proposed Experiments on Fertilization to the Orange ...... E. R. Flint ......... s905
;8 Forage Poisoning .......................................Chas. F. Dawson .... I9os
59 The Manatee Snail, (Bulimulus Dormani) ................. E. II. Sellards ...... 19o6
I6o Fall Dropping of Citrus Fruit ............................ P. II. Rolfs ........ 190o6
It Tomato Seed-beds-Spraying of ...........................H. S. Fawcett ...... Iso6
h. Some Suggestions about whitelly ........................... E. W. Berger ....... 191,7

FARM ERS' iNSTITUTE BULLETIN.*

6 TITLE AUTHOR Date

t Farmers' Lnstitute Bulletin No. .......................Chas. M. Conner, Supt. I<).i
Sugar Production in Florida ............................ R. E. Rose ..........
Culture of Sugar Cane, and Syrup Making ............... C. K. McQuarrie ....
The Whitefly ............................. ..... ....H. A. Gossard .....
Plant Diseases and Their Control .......................... H. Harold Hume ....
Some Questions on Fertilizers Answered .................. E. 0. Painter ......
Growing Potatoes at Hasting ............................. C. G. White ........
Some Suggestions as to Farming ........................no. Stephens ....
Successful Dairying in Florida ........................... H.. Barrows ......
Japanese Cane and Sweet Potatoes ......................... N. H. Fogg ........
Hay Making ............. ................................T. H. Johnson ......
S ogs ..................................... .... .... ... W M Gist ..........
Stock Raising in Florida ................................ S. H. Gaitskill ......
Pineapple Culture ........................................ C. T. McCarty ......
Fertilizing Material and Home Mixtures ................... E. S. Hubbard .......
Farming in Florida .............................. ....... G. A. Danley ..
A Talk on Commercial Fertilizers ........................ i. K. Miller ........
2 Farmers' Institute Bulletin No. 2 ........... .............Chas. M. Conner. Su.lt I 4
Growing and Feeding Beef Cattle in Florida ...... .........Chas. M. Conner ....
Fertilizers ..... .................... .................... R. E. Rose .........
Address of W. E. Embry, of Dade City, Fla., at Farmers'
Institute at Brooksville, Fla
W. E. Embry, of Dade City. in an Address Before the
Farmers of Citrus county, Crystal River, Fla
Prof. H. A. Gossard Addresses Farmers' Institute on In-
sects
Cane Growing and Sugar Making ......................... C. McQuarrie ..
'Live Stock .............................................A. W. Stewart ......
Alfalfa ..............................................Chas. M. Conner ....
Butter and its Adulteration ..............................A. W.Blair ........
The Necessity for a Pure Food Law for Fla ............A. W. Blair .....
'Some Common Diseases of Stock ..........................Chas F. Dawson ....
Agriculture at The University of Florida ............... C. M. Conner ......
* These do not come under the law permitting them to be franked. The Director, therefore. re-
quests that a 2 cent stamp be enclosed with request for these bulletins.

Florida

Agricultural Experiment Station

PINEAPPLE CULTURE V.-

HISTORY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Aripple grnA in this '-,tury t,, Cirles irh. Second.
represented kneeling on one knee in the mnidst of a bn
walk, holding up something very different fiom our mod
Queen's," to a wrinkledl-looking old aent]nuiman in a volmni&
wig and a an

who is artem

and tan lapd,
The lik n,.ss
Y His Majesty .
been Ihapp
prxervedN in'
wocIlut.
But altho u
the invention
gnrnhouns es
8 mIost impon

THE FIRST PINEAPPI.E GROW\VN IN ENGLAND.

BY IH. HAROLD HUME.
(Formerly Horticulturist of the Florida Experiment Station. Later Hor-
ticulturist of the North Carolina Expcriment Station.)

Pineapple Culture V.

H history.

The Aame. The name piicapple was first applied to this
fruit by the Spaniards on account of the resemblance it bore
to a pine cone. The particular species of pine was probably
Pinus pilua oif Southern Europe. tile seeds of which are highly
prized as food. In fact the name pignion. now applied to the
edible seeds of this pine. was given to the pineapple fruit by
some of the early writers.
Oviedo called it pinas (I 1;2), the earliest reference we
have in literature to the pineapple. Acosta ( I ) also used tilth
name pinas ( 1590). but later referred to it as "'pinas on
iponunes de pin" ( 6Ioo). This is one of the first direct uses
of the term pineapple(ponm'ns de pin ) though all these early
writers were struck by the resemblance between the two and had
the same idea in mind. Benzoni called it "la pigna'" (i561).
"pignons d'indie" I 1579). and in the Amsterdam edition of
his work it is called "'"ijn-apples" ( i579).
The scientific name of the genus to which the pineapple
belongs. Ananas. is undoubtedly derived fr.mil the dhl Brazilian
name for the f'-ui!. naona. This name was used by Monarde-.
S1i'19). by Mlarcgraf I 1648). by Bauhin ii 161i. and by
Chabraeo ( 666). Marcgraf coupled the name nana .vith
ananas. but this latter name was applied at an earlier date by
Jean de l.ery ( 1578). when he said. "A'.nanas plus excellent
fruit de l'Amerique. (The pineapple is the most excellent fruit
in America). and we are all willing to agree with the senti-
ment. for it is the most excellent fruit of American origin.
De Lerv leaves no room to doubt the identity of his plant. for
coupled with his description there is an illustration (page 121).

f~~Z.01 Dt~ ~tC q)Cilit re t1ii ~ct2O f on hlit

Pl.lAT XXXII.
Reproduction from a Photograph of the First Pineapple Illustration Ever
Published.-De Oviedo. 1535.

Annual Report 1906.

To the Mexicans the fruit, according to Hernandez (1780).
was known as Matzatli. Other names found by the early ex-
plorers and writers in the places in which they found the fruit
were Jaiama, by Orta (1593), Jayama, by Monardes (1619),
and Yayama, by Chabraeo (1666). All these names appear
to have been derived from the same original source.

ORIGIN OF THE PINEAPPLE.
There is little ground for any other belief than that the
pineapple is a native American plant. The first mention of it
is in Oviedo's work, 1526 (cap. 67). The edition of his work
published in 1535 contains the first illustration of a pineapple
ever shown by an European. It may appear crude to us Plate
XXXII., and yet one can distinguish the plant with certainty.
Oviedo was followed by a number of other prominent natural-
ists who described, and many of whom pictured the pineapple.
Notable among these were Thevet. Benzoni. de Lery. Durante
and Orta. Some of these knew and had seen the pineapple
in its native habitat, Brazil. There seems, however, to be
some reason to believe that it extended northward into Mexico.
On the other hand it was probably not native in the West
Indies. Acosta (i6oo) says that it was introduced there from
Brazil. However this may be, it was probably cultivated there
before the coming of the Spaniards.
There are at least three American names for the fruit, as
already referred to, and there are no ancient names except
those derived from this source. Moreover no mention is made
of it before the published description by Oviedo.
Another point, which must not be overlooked. is that all
its close relatives in the plant world are natives of' America,
and it would be strange indeed if it had not been found in the
same one of the regions in which some of them are indigenous.
At a very early date the fruit was cultivated in (Guinea. in
Congo. in India. in the Malay Archipelago and other parts of
Asia. Some have argued, notably Rumpnius. that the pine-
apple was indigenous in some of these parts. but they were
doubtless misled. The fruit, because of its excellent quality,
attracted the attention of the early American explorers. The

xxxix

xl Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

old Spanish writers on the plants of the new world nearly all
mention it with unstinted praise, and the Spanish and Portu-
gese navigators were responsible for its introduction into the
East Indies, India and other parts even before the close of the
sixteenth century. This with many plants would have then
been impossible, but pineapple plants can be kept for weeks and
months out of the ground until they become apparently dried
up and still retain enough vitality to grow, when again given
a suitable opportunity.

INTRODUCTION INTO EUROPE.

The old picture reproduced as the frontispiece shows Rose,
the royal gardener, presenting Charles II. of England with a
pineapple. Some writers have held that this particular fruit
was grown in England, while others dispute the point. It
seems probable that it was not grown in England, as appli-
ances for heating greenhouses were not used much before 1684.
The pineapple was successfully grown by M. Le Cour. a
Flemish merchant, about the end of the seventeenth century.
His garden was located near Leyden at Drieveck. Of this
garden he published an account (see bibliography) and it ap-
pears that many pineapple plants were imported from it to
England. In Germany the fruit was ripened by Dr. Kalt-
schmidt (see Griffin) in 1702, at Breslaw. It was also grown
in Russia, France, Italy and other European countries during
the early part of the eighteenth century.

EARLY FLORIDA HISTORY.

The late Pliny W. Reasoner (1887), writing in regard
to pineapple history said, "So near as we can learn, the cul-
ture of the pineapple in Florida was first begun, at least to
any extent, by Mr. Benjamin Baker, of Key West, who, about
the year i86o, procured slips from Havana, and planted out
a small patch, as an experiment, on Plantation Key." Be-
tween this time and 1870 pineapple growing was attempted
successfully on many of the adjoining Keys.

Annual Report 1906.

About this same date. or very shortly afterward, they were
planted on the Indian River, "At the close of the war a planta-
tion of pines was found on an abandoned claim at Brantley on
Merritt's Island. They had been planted by a Mr. Brantley,
either before or during the war."*
In 1870 Captain Burnham, of Canaveral, bought a boat
and some pineapples of one McM illan; these were the original
stock of the variety known in this region as the Egyptian
Queen.
The same year Captain Colyer made a trip to the Keys for
a cargo of plants and was accompanied by Mr. Israel Stewart
and C. B. Magruder of Rockledge. Of this cargo of plants,
Major Magruder planted quite largely at his home in Rock-
ledge Hammock, but the severe cold of Christmas, 1870, de-
stroyed most of them. In 1875 I saw a small patch at his
place that was the remnant of this planting.
From 1870 to 1876 there was a succession of warm win-
ters that again inspired the hope that pineapples could be raised
anywhere on the Indian River. In 1875, Messrs. Stewart and
Sams of Eau Gallie. went to Key Largo for pineapple plants.
In 1876 three cargoes were brought from Key Largo to Indian
River, one by Jim Russell and two by Peter Wright.
A. V. Hiscock, J. B. Bower and F. C. Allen accompanied
Peter Wright on his second trip and most of the cargo was
planted by Messrs. Allen, Hiscock. Bower and myself. These
cargoes were so generally distributed along the river that there
was hardly a settler from New Smyrna to Jupiter but had his
pineapple patch.
In 1878 my first.crop (a small one) ripened. These were
all eaten or sold at home. In 1879 1 shipped the first pineapples
that were sent to a distant market from Indian River and have
been shipping fruit every year but one (1886) since.
Others on Merritt's Island commenced to ship fruit about
the same time.

*White, Jas. H. Pineapple Pioneers. Florida Dis. Farmer & Fruit
Grower No. .395. May 30. 1889.

xlii Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

*Mr. E. B. Arnold of Malabar, Fla., made his first planting
at that point in June, 1876. The plants came from Key Largo.
Modern pineapple culture on a large scale probably had its
origin with the late Captain T. E. Richards of Eden, Fla. His
first planting was made on the beach side of the island opposite
Eden, but the bears devoured most of the fruit which ripened.
The work was then transferred to the mainland with good suc-
cess and the first shipment of fruit was made in 1884.

*Conrrespondence dated July 8, 1901.

-- - -. .- -1 -

~ .2
A

14-w% ac I' openl field am14 sIi(I(v(Ic pi iicappIles near JeViIsell. Fla. Thiis ilitistratioti giv~es a good i(Ien of the ex tenit of th liendusitiry.

Bibliography.

The following list comprises most of the references found
in books, magazines, reports and bulletins.
Doubtless there are many references to the pineapple which
have been omitted, yet this bibliography will be found fairly
complete and will doubtless prove valuable to those interested
in pursuing this work further.
ABERCROMBIE, I. The Hot-House Gardener on the General
Culture of the Pineapple. pps. 119. pls. 4. 1789.
ABERCROMBIE, J. See Mawe and Abercrombie.
ACOSTA, C. Dell Ananas Tratto della historic natural. (Ital-
ian). 268-270. pl I. 1585.
ACOSTA, C. De Ananas in Clusius Exoticorum. 284-285.
16o5.
ACOSTA, C. Du Ananas. Trait. drog. Med. Naiss. Ind. 132-
135. pI i. 1619.
ACOSTA, C. De Ananas. Arom. Med. Orient Ind. with Gar-
ciae ab Horto's Arom. Hist. Antwerp. 294-295. 1693.
ACOSTA, J. 'y Pinas. Hist. Nat. Moral. Ind. 243-244. 1590.
ACOSTA, J. Pines ou pommes de pin. Hist. Nat. Mor. Ind.
Orient. Occident. (Paris) 165-166. i6oo.
ACOSTA, J. Pines ou pommes de pin. Hist. Nat. Moral. Ind.
Orient. Occident (Paris) I58-158a. 1601.
ACOSTA, J. Hist. Nat. Mor. West. Ind. Amsterdam. 77-77a.
1624.
ADANSON, M. Ananas. Fam. Plant. Paris. 2: 67. 1763.
ALBERTI, D. Ananasso. Flor. Med. 157-160. pl. 39. 1817.
ALEXANDER, W. H. Ananassa sativa. (listed) Flor. St
Christ. Bul. Am. Geo. Soc. 33: 216. 1901.
ANKENEY, MRS. E. E. Pineapple. Trans. Fla. State Hort.
Soc. 1905. Ills 57-59. 1905.

xlvi Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

ANONYMous MANU'SCRIPT in Lib. N. Y. Bot. Gar. Bromelia
ananas. Pineapple. (listed) Plant. Id. St. Thos. Dan.
West Ind. 2.
ANONYMOUS. Pineapple Fibre Agr. Bul Malay Penin. 3:
56-58. 1893.
ATWATER, 0. & Woo), C. D. Pineapple, Composition of
Food Material. Edible Portion. 4th Ann. Rep. Storr's Ag.
Exp. Stat. 87. 1892.
ATWOOD, G. W. The Fruits of Florida. Pineapple (Ananassa
sativa) Rep. Corn. Agr. U. S. 143. 1867.
AYRES, W. P. Pine Culture in South Wales. Jour. Hort. Soc.
Lon. 9:2781. 287. 1855.
BAILEY, L. H. Pineapples. Ann. Hort. 31-32. 1892.
BAILEY, L. H. Pineapples in the Bahamas. Ann. Hort. 44.
1892.
BAILEY, L. H. Pineapples in Australia. Ann. Hort. 46. 1892.
BAILEY, L. H. Pineapples at World's Fair. Ann. Hort. 81.
1893.
BAILEY. L. H. Pineapples. Prin. Fruit Grow. 9 & 17. 1897.
BAILEY, L. H. Ananas. Cyclop. Am. Hort. I: 61. fig. 83.
1900.
BAILEY, C. Ananas. Man. Comp. Theor. Prat. Jard. ed. 3.
1: 371-374. 1827.
BAKER, J. G. Ananassa sativa, Lind. Fl. Maurit. Seych. 325-
326. 1877.
BALDWIN, T. Treatise on the Culture of the Ananas. 1818.
BALDWIN. T. Specimen fruit Queen Pine presented to Lon.
Hort. Soc. Trans. Lon. Hort. Soc. 3: Ix8. 1822.
BANKS, J. (Pineapple) Forcing Houses of the Romans.
Trans. Lon. Hort. Soc. I: 150. 1822.
BARNES, J. Descriptions and Plans of a Range of New Pine
Stoves lately put up in the Gardens at Bicton. Jour.. Hort.
Soc. Lon. 5: 187-191. figs. 6. 1850.
BAUHIN. C. Carduus Brasililianus foliis Aloes. Theat. Bot.
ed. 2. 384. 1671.

A.innual Report 1906. xlvii

BAUIN, J. Nana sive Strobilus peruvianas & Ananas. Hist.
Plant. universe. 3: 94-95. figs. 3. 1651.
BELLO, D. Ananas sativa apuntes. Flor. Puerto Rico. 121.
i881.
BENZONI, G. La Pigna Nasce in certi arboscelle. Hist. Mond.
nvovo. Venetia. ed. 1. 59- 1565-.
BENZONI, G. Pineae arbusculis quibusdam. l'innea fructus
Indici genus. Nov. Orb. Hist. Gall. Florid. exped. (Gene-
vae. E. Vignon.) 125-126. 1578.
BENZONI, (. Plineas arbuscalis quibusdam. Pinnea fructus
Indici genus. Nov. Orb. Hist. Gall. Florid. exped. ( Gene-
vae. E. Vignon). ( Same. another edition). 16 pl. 480.
61 & 160. 1578.
BENZONI, (. Pignons d' Indie. Hist. nov. du. Nov. Mond.
(Italien par V. Chavveton). 336-337. 1579.
BENZONI. Pijn-apples. Den pijn. Beschry. West Ind. (Ver-
mander. t Amsterdam). 20. 166o-1670.
BENzoNI, G. The pines grow in bushes, etc. Hist. New
World. Eng. Trans. W. H. Smyth. Lon. 88. 1857.
BERNHARDUS, M. De Fructu indico Ananas. Valent. Hist.
simp. 192-193 & 433. 1716.
BEYRICH. M. Some Observations on the Culture of the Pine-
apple in Brazil. Gard. Mag. Loudon. 3: 442. 1828.
BLACKWELL, E. Ananasa rotundo fructu et Ananasa fructo
pyramidato. Herb. Black. cent. 6. tab. 567-568. 1773.
BLAIR, A. W. See Miller, H. K.
BOGGS, A. A. Pineapple. In Tropical Fruits in Florida. Proc.
27th. ses. Am. Pom. Soc. 1901. 94-95. 1902.
Bois, D. Ananas sativus. Ananas (culture and varieties)
Dict. D'Hort. 80o-81. fig. 49. 1893-1899.
BONPLAND. A. & DE HUMBOLDT, A. Bromelia Ananas. Nov.
Gen. Spec. Plant. I: 297. 1815.
BoNTuS, J. Cynara Indica seu Ananas Indis dicta in Hist.
Nat. Med. Ind. Orient. in Piso's Ind. Ltrius. Nat. Med.
Lib. 6: 145-146. fig. r. 1658.

xlviii Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

BOWERS, J. Directions for Destroying the Bug and Scale on
Pineapple Plants. Trans. Lon. Hort. Soc. 6: 117-118.
1826.
BowREY, J. J. Pine Apples: Analyses and Manure. Bul. Bot.
Dept. Jam. n. s. 3: part. 10. 236. o. 1896.
BRADLEY, R. Method of managing a hot bed for Pineapples
and how to propagate them. New Imp. Plant. Gard. 605-
6o6. 1726.
BREESE, J. Method of growing Pines with a bottom heat of
dung. Trans. Lon. Hort. Soc. 6: 118-119. 1826.
BROWN, E. N. Blight of the Pineapple. Proc. 14th Ann. Meet.
Fla. State Hort. Soc. 71-72. May 19o1.
BRow N, J. On the application of steam and its salutary effects
in Forcing, but particularly as applied to the Pineapple.
Trans. Lon. Hort. Soc. 2: 320-323. 1822.
BROWNE, P. Descriptions of Sugar Loaf, Black and Queen
Pine-apples. Civil Nat. Hist. Jam. 192-193. 1789:
BUCK. W. Notices of a Pit for fruiting Pines and Melons
with Observations on the Production of Seeds of Pine-
apples. Trans. Lon. Hort. Soc. 4: 533-535. 1822.
BUDD, J. L. & HANSEN, N. E. The Pineapple. Am. Hort.
Man. I: 214-217. 1902.
BURBRIDGE, F. \W. Pineapples. British Industries, Hort. 155-
159. 1877.
BIuTLER, C. W. Pineapples and Other Tropical Fruits. Proc.
i4th. Ann. Meet. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 47-52. 1901.
CALVER, J. V. Protection of Pineapples from Frost. Discus-
sion. Proc. 13th. Ann. Meet. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 91-93.
1900.
CANDOLLE. DE, A. Notices sur les granies de l'Ananas. meni.
Soc. Phy. Hist. Nat. (reprint) pps. 7. pl. T. Geneve. 1886.
CANDOLLE, E., A. Pine-Apple. Origin Cult. Plant. Eng.
Trans. 311-312. i886.
CATALOGUE FLA. STATE HORT. Soc. Pineapples. (Ananas sa-
tiva). Proc. 8th Ann. Meet. Fla. State Hort. Soc. Appen-
dix. 18-19. 1895.

Annual Report 1906.

CATALOGUE FLA. STATE HORT. Soc. Pineapples. (Ananas sa-
tiva). Proc. ioth Ann. Meet. Fla. State Hort. Soc. Appen-
dix. 18-19. 1897.
CATALOGUE FLA. STATE HORT. Soc. Pineapples. (Ananas sa-
tiva). Proc. 15th Ann. Meet. Fla. State Hort. Soc. Appen-
dix. 17-18. 1902.
CHABRAEO, D. Nana, Ananas. Yayama. Eiusdem Exotici
fructus, Aizoi aquatici Facie Exotica Stirp. Icon. scia-
graph. 356-357. figs. 3. 1666.
CHANCE, E. M.,TOLMAN, L. M. & MUNSON, L. S. The com-
position of fresh and canned Pineapples. Bureau of
chemistry U. S. D. A. Bul. 87, 31-38. 1904.
CHAUMETON, F. P. Ananas Flor. Med. 69-72. pl. 23. 1814.
CLIFFORD, G. Bromelia. Hort. Cliffort. 129. 1737.
CLusius, C. De Ananas. Exotic. Antwerp. 284-286. i6o5.
CLUTE, 0. & MARSH, W. A. The Pineapple at Myers. Fla.
Ag. Exp. Station Bul. 37: pps. 13. pls. 2 N. 1896.
COLEMAN, W. Pine Apples. Short Hints on Culture for Ama-
teurs. 170-171. fig. 1. i88i.
COOK, 0. F. Pineapple. Agr. Trop. Islands. U. S. Yearbook.
U. S. D. A. 1901. 361. 1902.
COSTA, G. see Acosta.
CousINs, H. H. Pineapples. Local manurial experiments, in
Annual Report Dept. Pub. Gard. & Plant. Jam. 1903. I6-
17. 1903.
CousINs, H. H. Pine-apples in Composition of Jamaica
Fruits. Bul. Dept. Agri. Jamaica i: 258-261. Nov. 1903.
CRADWICK, W. Cultivation of Pineapples. Bul. Bot. Dept.
Jam. 9: par. 5. 68-69. May 1902.
DALL, J. Description of Pine-Pits. worked without fire or
dung heat. Trans. Lon. Hort. Soc. 6: 110o-111. 1826.
DALL, J. On the destruction of the Scale and Mealy Bug on
Pine Plants Gard. Mag. Loudon. 5: 430-434. 1829.
DALL, J. On the culture of the Pine apple. Trans. Lon. Hort.
Soc. 7: 184-187. 1830.

xlix

Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

DAVIDSON, J. W. Pineapples. The Florida of To-day. x44-
148. 1889.
DE GROOT, see de la Cour.
DEWAR, D. see Wright, C. H. & Dewer, D.
DICKS, J. Pine-apple. Description of Varieties and Culture.
New. Gard. Dict. 1771.
DiscUSSION. Protecting Pineapples from Colds. Proc. IIth.
Ann. Meet. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 48-54. 1898.
DODGE, C. R. Bromeliaceae in Veg. Fibers. Col. Dept. Ag.
in Rep. Com. Ag. U. S. Dept. Ag. 1879. 542-544. i88o.
DODGE, C. R. Pineapple Fiber in Leaf Fibers in Southern
Florida. Rep. Sec. Ag. U. S. Dept. Ag. 1892. 359. 1893.
DODGE, C. R. Pineapple Fiber Rep. Leaf Fibers U. S. U. S.
Dept. Ag. Fib. Invest. Rep. 5. 44-51. pl. 4. 1893.
DODGE, C. R. Ananas sativa. Pineapple. Des. Cat. Use. Fib.
Plants. \\ nrld. U. S. Dept. Ag. Fib. Invest. Rept. 9. 57-
59. p1. 3. fig. 2. 1897.
DURANTE, C. Ananas. Herb. Novo. 25-26. fig. I. 1585.
DURANTE, C. Ananas. Herb. Novo. ed Dureau de la Malle.
25. fig. T. 1717.
Duss, R. P. Bromeliaceae. Ananas sativa Lindl. Flor. phan-
ero. Ant. franc. (Guad. & Mart.) 569. 1897.
DUVAL, L. Les Ananas. Les Bromeliaceae, 48-57. fig. 2.
1896.
EGGF.RS, H. F. A. Bromeliaceae. Cultivated Species. Flor. St.
Croix. Vir. Id. 112. 1879.
EIlRHART, F. Fragmente zu einer abhandlung von der Ana-
nas. Beit. Nat. Wiss. 6: 61-62. 1791.
FAWCETT, W. Pine Apples.-Exports and Packing. Jam.
Ann. Rep. Pub. Gard. Plant. 1887. 22-23. i888.
FAWCETT, W. Cultivation of Pine Apples. Bul. Bot. Dept.
Jam. 12: 3. Mar. 1889.
FAWCETT, W. New Pinery. Jam. Ann. Rep. Gard. Plant.
i888. 4. 1889.
FAWCETT, W. Pine Apple. (Ananas sativa) Bul. Bot. Dept.
Jam. 14: 7. Jul. 1889.

*AInnalf RI Ieport 1906.

FA \\CETT, \\V Pine-apple. Index Ec. Prod. Jam. 9. 1891.
FAWCETT, \V. Pine Apples. Exported from Jamaica. 1887-
1892. Bul. Bot. Dept. Jam. 39: 23. Jan. 1893.
FAWCETT, W. Ananas. Prov. List. Flow. Plant. Jam. 41.
1893.
FAWCETT, W. Shipping Bananas and Pine Apples for the
London Market. Bul. Bot. Dept. Jam. n.s. I : par. 8 & 9.
121. A. & S. 1894.
FAWCETT, \V. Pine-apples.-Varieties, Selection of Suckers,
Manures. Bul. Bot. Dept. Jam. Appendix. n.s. 6: 199-200.
1899.
FAWCETT. \V. Fertilizers for Pine-apples. Bul. Bot. Dept.
Jam. n.s. 6: par. 1. 7. Jan. i900.
FAWCETT. \V. Fertilizers for Pine-apples. Bul. Bot. Dept.
Jam. n.s. 7: par. 2. 39-45. F. 1900oo.
FAWCETT, W. Pineapples. (experiments) Jam, Annm. Rep.
Pub. Gard. & Plant. 1900. 6-7. 1900.
FAWCETT, W. List of Pines in Collection. Jam. Ann. Rep.
Gard. Plants. 1900. 7. 1900.
FAWCETT, W. Pineapples. Bul. Bot. Dept. Jam. n.s. 8: par.
I. 13-14. Jan. 1901.
FAWCETT, \V. & HARRIS, V. Historical Notes on Economic
Plants in Jamaica. The Pine Apple. Bul. Bot. Dept. Jam.
n.s. 8: par. i. 131-139. S. 1901.
FAWCETT, \V. & HARRIS. W. Pineapple Cultivation. Bul. Bot.
Dept.'Jam. n.s. 8: par. i. 138-139. S. 1901.
FAWCETT, W. Pineapples. Jam. Ann. Rep. Gard. Plant. 90 o.
5. 1902.
FAWCETT, W.- Pineapples. Ann. Report. Pub. Gard. Plant.
1904. 13. 1904.
FAWCETT, W. Pineapples. Seedling Pines. Ann. Report. Pub.
Gard. Plant. 1905. 10-II. 1905.
FORBES, J. Construction of the Pinery. Hort. Woburn. 376-
378. pl. 20. 1833.
FORBES., J. On the Cultivation of the Pineapple Plant IHort.
Woburn. 379-389. 1833.

lii Florida Agrictdtural Experiment Station.

FORBEs, J. Management of the Fruiting Pine Plants. Hort.
Woburn. 389-397. 1833.
FORBES, J. Pine Pit and Succession Pine Pit. Hort. Woburn.
398-4o01. pls. 21-22. 1833.
FORMAN, W. Plan of a Pine Pit. Trans. Lon. Hort. Soc. 7:
87-89. figs. 2. 1830.
FRANCESCHI, F. Ananassa sativa. In Progress of Semi-trop-
ic Fruits in Southern California. Proc. 25th Ses. Am. Pom.
Soc. 101. 1898.
FREEMAN, W. G. Hybrid Pineapples Jour. Royal Hort. Soc.
19: part 4. 64o-641. 1905.
FULLER, A. G. Bromeliaceae (Pineapple family) Prop. plant.
314. 1887.
GALE, E. The Pineapple as a Market Fruit and the Develop-
ment of its culture in South Florida. Proc. 25th Ses. Am.
Pom. Soc. 105-110. 1898.
GARDNER, D. P. Pineapple. Farm. Dict. 578. 1846.
GARDNER, F. D. Pineapples. Ann. Rep. Porto Rico. Ag. Expt.
Stat. Reprint from Ann. Rep. Office of Expt. Stat. U. S.
D. A. 410. Jun. 1901.
GIBSON, W. Method of Growing Pineapples Under a Frame
With the Heat of Leaves Alone. Trans. Lon. Hort. Soc.
5: 486-487. 1824.
GILES, J. A Method of Raising Pines and Melons. 1767.
GRABHAM, M. Pines in the Azores. Bul. Dept. Agri. Jamaica
1 : 258. N. 1903.
GREENSHIELDS, W. On the Cultivation of Pineapples. Trans.
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GRIFFIN, W. Treatise on the Culture of the Pineapple. 18o6.
GRISEBACH, A. H. R. Ananasas sativa. Lindl. Flor. Brit.
West Ind. 591. 1864.
HANSEN, N. E. see Budd, J. L. & Hansen, N. E.
HARCOURT, H. Pine-apple Culture. Fla. Fruits, How to
Raise Them. ed. rev. en. 167-176. 1886.
HART, E. H. The Pineapple. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. ed.
20. 614-621. 1897.

Annual Report 1906.

HART, J. I1. Pines. Jam. Ann. Rep. Pub. Gard. Plant. 1886.
16. 1886.
HENDERSON, P. Ananassa. Hend. Hand Book Plant. 22.
1890.
HENRY, Y. Bananas and Pineapples. (Bananas et Ananas.
Paris: Augustin Challamel, 1905, pp. 141. figs. 19. maps
12).
HERNANDEZ, F. De Matzatli seu Pinea Indica. Hist. Nov.
Hisp. 2: 532-533. 1780.
HILL, J. Bromelia. Pine-Apple. Gen. Nat. Hist. 363. 1751.
HILL, J. Proliferous Pineapples. New Anat. Plants. 175-181.
pls. 13-14. 1759.
HOGG, W. Account of a Mode of Treating Pine Plants of
Extraordinary Size. Trans. Lon. Hort. Soc. 6: 555-556.
1822.
HOLFORD, C. Description of a Pine House and Pits. Trans.
Lon. HIort. Soc. 5: 499-500. pl. 20. 1824.
HOOKER, W. Description of a Mode of Cultivating Pines as
Practiced in a Garden of Mr. Thomas Jenkins. F.H.S.
at the Portman Nursery. New Road St. Mary lebone.
Trans. Lon. Hort. Soc. 4: 363-366. pl. 15. 1822.
HoRTO, G. DE. see Orta.
HUGHES, W. Pineapples. American Physitian. 59-60. 1672.
HUME, H. HAROLD. Packing Fruit in Florida. Bul. Bot. Dep.
Jam. 9: par. 3. 41-42. Mar. 1902.
HUME, H. HAROLD, & MILLER, H. K. Pineapple Culture, II.
Varieties. Fla. Agr. Exp. Station, Bul. 70.. figs. 4. Pla.
10. Pp. 30. Feb. 1904.
HUME, H. HAROLD. Pineapple Culture IV. Handling the
Crop, Fla. Agri. Exp. Station Bul. 84. pis. 5. pps. 18. Mar.
1906.
HUME, H. HAROLD. See Miller, H. K.
JoHNSON, G. W. Pineapples. Propagation, Diseases, Etc.
Dict. Gard. 456-458. 1847.
J ssIEu, A. L. Bromelia. Gen. Plant. 57. 1791.
KARSTEN., H. Ananassa sativa. Deut. Flora. 466. 1880-1883.

liv Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

KENRICK, W. Pineapple. History. Use. Cultivation & Varie-
ties. New Am. Orchard. 346-348. 1845.
KERNER, A. & OLIVER, F. W. Pineapples. Nat. Hist. Plants.
I: pt. 2. 738. 2: pt. 1. 436. 2: pt. 2. 734. 1893.
KIELY, P. M. Pine Apples. Southern Fruit Veg. Ship. Guide
Man. 69-71. Mar. 1902.
KNAPP, S. A. Pineapples. Agr. Res. Cap. Porto Rico. Mess.
Pres. U. S. House Rep. Doc. 56th Cong. 2nd Ses. 171:
23 D. 1900.
KNIGHT, T. A. Upon the Culture of the Pineapple Without
Bark or Other Hot-bed. Trans. Lon. Hort. Soc. 4: 72-78.
1822.
KNIGHT, T. A. Description of a Melon and Pine Pit. Trans.
Lon. Hort. Soc. 5: 223-226. pl. 7. 1822.
K NIGHT. T. A. Further Observations on the Cultivation df
the Pineapple. Trans. Lon. Hort. Soc. 3: 142-145. 1824.
KNIG.HT, T. A. On the Cultivation of the Pineapple. Trans.
Lon. Hort. Soc. 7: 409-416. 1830.
LA CouR. P. Des fruits d'Ananas. Maniere de traiter les
Ananas. Agrem. comp. Remarq. partic. Trans. de Groot.
Leyde et Amsterdam. 398-409. pl. 1. 1750.
L. M. B. Ananas. Trait Orang. ser chaud chass. 330-3-1.
1788.
LAMARCK. LE CHEV. Ananas. Encv. Meth. Bot. 1: 143-145.
1783.
I-ANDAu'. Tinned pine-apples in Johore. Blil. Dept. Agri. Jam.
ST : 44. F. 1904.
LANG. J. On the Culture of the Pine-apple Without Pits. in
the Roval Kitchen Gardens at Nymphenburg. Gard. Mag.
Loud. 5: 427-430. 1829.
L'ECLUsr. See Clusius. C.
LEES, J. C. Memorandum Concerning the Pine-apple Soil of
the Bahamas. Jour IHort. Soc. Lon. : 126-127. 1846.
LEGARE, J. D. Keeping Pineapples. So. Agr. 1: 383. A. 1828.
LEFROv. J. H. Ananassa sativa. Pineapple. Bul. 1'. S. Nat.
Mus. I: 112. 1884.

Annual Report 1906.

LERY, J. DE. Plantes fueilles de l'ananas. Ananas plus excel-
lent fruit de l'Amerique. Hist. Voy. fait en la terre Bresil.
ed. Antoine Chuppin. 211-212. fig. on p. 121. 1578.
LERY, J. DE. Planta folia que Ananas. Ananas optimus totius
Americae fructus. Hist. Navig. Brasil. Joanne Lerio Bur-
gundo. 126 fig. p. 90. 1586. (On the page indicated the
pineapple is shown with the figures of three Indians, man,
woman and child).
LERY, J. DE. Planta folia que Ananas. Ananas optimus totius
Americae Fructus. Navig. in Bras. Am. in Theo. de Bry's
Am. Ter. pars Mem. Prov. Bras. Hist. etc. 200-201. 1592.
LERY, J. DE. Planta foliag Ananas. Ananas optimus totius
Americae fructus. Navig. in Bras. Am. in Theo. de Bry's
Am. Ter. pars Mem. prov. Bras. Hist. etc. ( Another Edi-
tion). 200-201. 1592.
LERY, J. DE. Ananas optimus totius Americae fructus. Hist.
Nav. in Bras. (Q Vaect America Dicitur) Genevae. ed.
2. 162-163. 1594.
1,ERY, J. DE. Thet plantsoen essi bladeren van Ananas. Ana-
nas de Beste frucht van Ariierica. Hist. van een Reyse
ghedaen inden lande van Bresillen. Amsterdam. cap. 13.
1597-
LERY, J. DE. Uebringens sind diese Ananas. Reise in Brasil-
ien. Munster 227-228. 1794.
LINDLEY, J. Billbergia. Bot. Reg. 13: io68. 1827.
LINDLEY, J. Bromeliaceae. The Vegetable Kingdom. 147-148.
1853.
LINDLEY. J. & MOORE. T. Ananassa. The Treasury of Bot-
any i: 59-60. 1884.
LINDLEY. J. Pineapple. Theory and Practice of Horticulture.
101. 151. 302. 433, 537. 1855.
LOCHNER. M. F. Commentatio de Ananas. Norimbergar.
1716.
LoN. HORT. Soc. Notice of a Queen Pineapple grown by
Peter Marshland. Trans. Lon. Hort. Soc. 4: 52-53. 1822.
Lo.,. HORT. Soc. Note ,,n the Welbecks Seedling Pine and
Blood Red Pine. Trans Lon. Hort. Soc. 4: 213-214. 1R22.

Ivi Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

LoN. HORT. Soc. Note of Specimens Exhibited at the Meet-
ing of the Society. Trans. Lon. Hort. Soc. 5: 264-265.
1824.
LON. HORT. Soc. Pineapples. Catalogue of the fruits culti-
vated in the garden of the Lon. Hort. Soc. ed. 2. 137-142.
1831.
LON. HORT. Soc. First report on experiments carried on in
the garden of the Hort. Soc. London. Pine Pits, etc. Trans.
Lon. Hort. Soc. 6: 383-384, 387. 1826.
LOUDON, J. C. Bromelia Ananas. Ency. Gard. Numerous
references. 1822.
LOUDON, J. Mr. Wilmot's Pine Pit. Gard. Mag. Loudon. 2:
364. 1827.
LOUREIRO, J. Bromelia Ananas. Fl. Coch. I: 237. 1793.
LUNAN, J. Pine-apple. Hort. Jam. 2: 69-70. 1814.
MAHER. Description of a new compost for Pines. Trans. Lon.
Hort. Soc. 2: 407. 1822.
MARCGRAF, G. Nana sive Ananas. Hist. Plant. in Piso Medic.
Brasil. I: 33. 1648.
MARSH, W. A. Tropical Fruits. Pineapple. (Ananassa sa-
tiva). Proc. 9th Ann. Meet. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 90o. 1896.
MARSH, W. A. See Clute, 0.
MARSHLAND, P. Account of the mode of treating pine plants
so as to make them fruit within the year. Trans. Lon.
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MARTYN, T. Bromelia. Miller's Gard. & Bot. Dict. I: 1797.
MARTYN, T. Bromelia. Miller's Gard. & Bot. Dict. I: 1807.
MAWE, T. & ABERCROMBIE, J. Pine Apples. Every Man his
own Gardener. Numerous references. ed. 12. 1788.
MAWE, T. & ABERCROMBIE, J. Bromelia. The Universal Gar-
dener. 1797.
MAWE, T. & ABERCROMBIE, J. Numerous references to the
pineapple and its culture in green houses. Every man his
own Gardener. 1805.
MAXWELL, W. Pineapples, Quantity and Quality in Ha-
waiian Islands. Year-Book U. S. D. A. 1898. 571. 1899.

Annual Report 1906. Ivii

MAYCOCK, J. D. Bromelia Ananas. Flor. Barbad. 134. 183o.
MCCARTY, C. T, Pine-apple Culture. pps. 19. S. 1899.
McCARTY, C. T. Pineapples and other Tropical Fruits. Dis-
cussion. Proc. 13th Ann. Meet. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 83-
89. 1900.
McINTOSH, C. Pines. Practical Gardener. Various references.
1 : 2: 1828.
MCINTOSH, C. Pineries. Book of the Garden. I: 330-346.
1853.
MCINTOSH, C. The Pineapple. Book of the Garden. 2: 641-
662. 1855.
M'MAHON, B. Pine-apples. General care and culture. Am.
Gard. Calendar. 96, 168, 301. 356, 394, 421, 445, 466,
501, 541, 564, 576. 18o6.
M'MAHON, B. Pine-apples, General Care and Culture. Am.
Gard. Calendar. ed. 8. 1830.
M'MAHON. B. Pineapples. General Care and Culture. Am.
Gard. Calendar. ed. II. J. J. Smith, 1857.
MEISTERN, G. Von der Erd-Frucht. Ananassen. Der Orien-
talis-indianische. Kunst und Hustgartner. 119-120. pl. il-
lustration on title page. 1692.
MEISTERN, G. Von der Erd-Frucht. Ananassen. Der Orien-
talish-indianische. Kunst und Hustgartner. ed. 1731.
MELL, P. H. See White, W-. N. Gardening for the South.
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MEMBER LON. HORT. Soc. Different modes of cultivating the
Pine-apple. pps. 184. 1822.
MILLER, H. K. & BLAIR. A. W. Pineapple Culture III. Fer-
tilizer Experiments. Fla. Agri. Exp. Station. Bul. 83. Pis.
7. pp. 32. 1906.
MILLER, H. K. & HUME, H. HAROLD. Pineapple Culture. I.
Soils. Fla. Agri. Exp. Station Bul. 68. pps. 31. pls. 9.
June. 1903.
MILLER. H. K. See Hume. H. Harold.
MILLER. P. Ananas. Gard. Dict. ed. 5. 1741.

Iviii Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

MILLER, P. Ananas. de Pijn-appel. Gard. Dict. Holland ed.
38-43. 1745.
MILLER, P. Ananas. The Gard. Dict. 1754.
MILLER, P. Ananas. Gard. Dict. ed. 7. 1759.
MILLER, P. Ananas. The Gard. Kalendar. 34, 70, 101, 131,
168, 200, 233, 263, 326, 349, 367. 1760.
MONARDES, N. Strobilus seu nux Pinea in Clusius Exotic.
345-346. I605.
MONARDES, N. Le fruit est Appelle Nana, ou bien Jayama.
Des Hist. Droug. especeries. Trans. Par Antoine Olin.
ed. 2. 319-320. fig. 1619.
MOORE, T. See Lindley, J. & Moore, T.
MORANDI, G. Ananas. Hist. Bot. Pract. seu plant. 114. t. 56.
fig. 6. 1761.
MORONG. T. The Pineapple. Horticulture in other lands. In
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MORRIS, D. Pine Apples. Jam. Ann. Rep. Pub. Gard. Plant.
1882. 22. 1883.
MORRIS, D. Pine Apples. Jam. Ann. Rep. Pub. Gard. Plant.
1883. 15. 1884.
MORRIS, D. Pine Apple Varieties. Jam. Ann. Rep. Pub. Gard.
& Plant. 1884. 26. 1885.
MUNRO, D. A report upon the varieties of pineapples culti-
vated in the garden of the Hort. Soc. Trans. Lon. Hort.
Soc. ser. 2. i: 1-34. 1835.
M N-soxN, L. S. & TOLMAN, L. M. The Composition of Fresh
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MXUNTING, A. Bromelia Ananas. Naauwkeurige Beschrying
der Aardgewassen 493-495. 1696.
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fig. i. 1863.
NICHOLS, HI. A. A. The Pine-apple. Text book trop. Agr.
174-177. 1900.
NIcHOL.soN, G. Pineapple. Dict. of Gard. 130-T32. June 1886.
OI.IVER, F. W. See Kerner. A. & Oliver. F. W.

Annual Report 19o6.

ORTA, (;. I)E. Jaiama. Nana. Aromatum et simplicium aliquot
Med. 189-190. 1593.
OVIEDO, G. F. DE. Pinas-Nat Hyst. Indies. Toledo ed. cap.
67. 1526.
OVIEDO, G. F. DE. Delli Pini. Summario dela Nat. Den. Hist.
Ind. accident. with P. M. Anghiera d summario de la Gen.
Hist. Ind. accident. Vinegia. 44. 1534.
OvIEno. G. F. DE. De las Pinas. Hist Gen. Indies. Sevilla
ed. Libro septimo, cap. 14. fig. 1535.
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Indies. Salamanca ed. Libro septito. cap. 14. fig. 1547.
OvIEmo. G. F. DE. De Las Pinas. Hist. Gen. y Nat. Indias
par 1). Jose Amador de ILos Rios. Madrid i: 280-284.
Lam. 2. fig. 10. 1851.
OVIEDO. i. F. DE. Pinas Nat. Hist. Ind. in Bibliotheca de
Autores espanoles par Don Enrique de Vedia. I: 501.
1852.
PAVON, J. See Ruiz. H. & Pavon, J.
PETERSEN. J. P. Pineapples grown in dung heat. Gard. Mag.
Louden. 4: 393. 1828.
PHIL.Lps, H. Pine-apple plant. Ananas. Pomarium Brit. 295-
301. 1821.
I'IERPONT MAN. Co. Packing pineapples. Bul. Bot. Dept. Jam.
n.s. 6: par. 9. T41 S. 1899.
PINEAPPLES. Pineapples sold in New York Jan. 10, 1832, at
3d. and 4d. each. Gard. Mag. Loudon. 8: 360. 1832.
PIsoNIS. G. De Ananas. ejusque qualitatibus. Medic. Brasil.
4: 87-88. 1648.
PisoNxs. G. Nana. Brasilianis: Ananas. Lustanis. Ind. LUtrius
Nat. Med. liber 4: 194-196. fig. 1. 1658.
PoVEY. I. Remarks on the Culture of the Pine-apple. J.Iur.
Hort. Soc. Lon. I : 144-145. 1846.
I't-TNEY \XN OTHERS. Marketing Fruit (Pines). Proc. i2th
Ann. Meet. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 96-98. 1899.
RA.\x. \V. H. AND. Com. AM. PoMt. Soc. Pineapples. De-
scriptions and list recommended. Rev. Cat. Fruits. U. S
D. A. Div. Pornm. Bul. 8: ;6. 189q.

lx Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

RAY, J. Ananas seu Pinea Indica. Method. Plant. 129-130.
1703.
RAY, J. Ananas seu Pinea Indica. Method. Plant. 134. 1733.
REASONER, P. W. Pine-apples. Rep. Con. Trop. Semi-Trop.
Fruits. U. S. 1887. U. S. D. A. Bul. Div. Pom. I: 7-12.
1888.
REASONER, P. W. Pine-apple. Rep. Con. Trop. Semi-Trop.
Fruits. U. S. 1887. U. S. D. A. Bul. Div. Pom. i: Re-
print 7-12. 1891.
REASONER, E. N. Pineapples. in Tropical Fruits. Pro. 22d
ses. Am. Pom. Soc. 1889. 71-72. 1889.
REm, R. Some Experiments in the Cultivation of the Pine-
apple on Hamilton's system. Jour. Hort. Soc. Lon. 5: 73-
75. I850.
RHEDE, H. Kapa-Tsjakka. Hort. Malabar. 1-6. tab 1-2. 1692.
RICHARDS, T. E. AND OTHERS. Pineapples. Proc. 7th Ann.
Meet. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 35-40. 1894.
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Coast. Proc. 8th Ann. Meet. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 57-59.
1895.
RICHARDS, T. E. Pineapples. Proc. 1 th Ann. Meet. Fla.
State Hort. Soc. 47-48. 1898.
ROCHFORT. De 1' ananas. Hist. Nat. Mor. lies. ant. 102-105.
pl. I. 1658.
ROLFS, P. H. Pineapple growing in Florida. Garden and
Forest. 9: 274-276. fig. 38. Jul. 1896.
ROLFS, P. H. Pineapple Fertilizers. Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul.
50: pps. 104. figs. 9. pls. 8. May, 1899.
ROLFS, P. H. Pineapple fertilizers. Proc. 12th Ann. Meet.
Fla. State Hbrt. Soc. 90-96. 1899.
ROLFS, P. H. Pineapple. Bailey's Cyclo. Am. Hort. 2: 591.
1901.
ROLFS, P. H. Pineapple. Bailey's Cyclo. Am. Hort. 3: 1343-
1345. figs. 1810-1812. 1901.
ROLFS, P. H. Pineapple growing. U. S. D. A. Farm. Bul.
140: pps. 48. figs. 4. A. 1901.
ROLFS, P. H. Pineapple Growing in Florida. Country Life
in America 3: 255-256 ils April, 1903.

Annual Report 9go6.

ROLFS, P. H. AND OTHERS. Florida Pineapples. Proc. i5th
Ann. Meet. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 57-59. 1902.
ROYEN, A. Bromelia. Flor. Leyden. Prodromus. 24. 1740.
ROYLE. J. F. Foot note. The Bromeliaceae. Ill. Bot. Nat.
Hist. Him. Mount. Fl. Cash. I: 376. 1839.
Ruiz, H. & PAVON, J. Bromelia Ananas. Fl. Peru, Chil. 3:
32. 1802.
RuMPvius, G. E. Anassa, Nanas. Herb. Amboin. 5: 227-231.
pl. 81. 1757.
RUSSELL, G. I. Pineapples. Proc. xoth Ann. Meet. Fla. State
Hort. Soc. 58-61. 1897.
SABINE, J. Some particulars relative to the Providence Pine-
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Hort. Soc. 5: 206-207. 1824.
SABINE, J. Pineapples. in some account of the edible fruits
of Sierra Leone. Trans. Lon. Hort. Soc. 5: 461-462. 1824.
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SAUNDERS, W. The Pineapple. Rep. Com. Ag. U. S. D. A.
1886. 691-692. 1887.
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SAUNDERS, W. Pineapple distribution, Rep. Sec. Ag. U. S.
D. A. 1891. 463. 1892.
SAUNDERS. W. Pineapple Culture. Rep. Sec. Ag. U. S. D. A.
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Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

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Annual Report 19o6.

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Ixiii

lxiv Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

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