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STATE OF FLORIDA
STATE BOARD OF CONSERVATION
DIVISION OF GEOLOGY
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Robert O. Vernon, Director
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
ROCKS AND MINERALS OF FLORIDA
A GUIDE TO IDENTIFICATION, OCCURRENCE,
PRODUCTION AND USE
By
Ernest W. Bishop and Lawrence L. Dee, Jr.
Illustrated by Andrew R. Janson
Tallahassee, Florida
1961
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
September 18, 1961
Honorable Farris Bryant, Chairman
Florida State Board of Conservation
Tallahassee, Florida
Dear Governor Bryant:
The Florida Geological Survey is publishing Special
Publication No. 8, a general discussion of the basic identi-
fication of minerals and rocks. We have had a great demand
for such a publication from all of the schools in the State,
school children, and laymen who find geology of interest.
The publication of this pamphlet will be accompanied by a
collection of typical Florida minerals and rocks and will
meet an expressed need of the citizens of Florida.
We are pleased to provide this service, and hope that
the pamphlet canbe utilized in some of the school instructional
programs.
Sincerely yours,
Robert O. Vernon, Director
PREFACE
This booklet is written to accompany a collection of
18 rocks and minerals found in the State of Florida, and to
serve as a guide tothe identification, occurrence, production
and use of Florida's most common rocks and minerals.
It is primarily intended to be a simplified general
reference for the student; therefore, technical information
and detailed descriptive material is minimized. For students
who would like to further pursue the study of rocks and
minerals, a list of references is added at the end of this
pamphlet. Most of the books listed are available inthe public
libraries.
Of the rocks and minerals described herein, some are
relatively unimportant economically, though of common
occurrence throughout the State. Others have considerable
economic importance, but do not occur in sufficient quantity
to be of commercial value. Production data for those rocks
and minerals commercially exploited are based on reports
compiled by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with
the Florida Geological Survey.
This booklet is also intended to give the reader an
overall perspective of the importance of each mineral and
rock in the mineral economy of Florida.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction..... ............................... 1
Minerals..................................... 1
Physical properties .... .................. 2
R ocks ...................................... 4
Igneous .................................. 4
Metam orphic ............................. 4
Sedim entary.............................. 4
Specimens in the sample set..................... 5
Limestone (Specimen No. 1) .................. 5
Key Largo limestone ......... ............ 6
Miam i oolite................................ 7
Coquina.................................. 8
Ocala limestone..... ..................... . 9
Suwannee limestone .............. ......... 9
Tampa limestone.......................... .10
Calcite ................................. 11
Dolomite (Specimen No. 2)..................... 12
Common clay (Specimen No. 3). ............... 13
Kaolin (china clay) (Specimen No. 4)........... 15
Fullers earth (Specimen No. 5). ............... 16
Quartz sand (Specimen No. 6)................. 17
Sandstone (Specimen No. 7)................... 18
Chert (Specimen No. 8)....................... 19
Limonite (Specimen No. 9) .................... 20
Ilmenite (Specimen No. 10) ................... 22
Rutile (Specimen No. 11) ..................... 23
Zircon (Specimen No. 12) ..................... 24
Staurolite (Specimen No. 13).................. 26
Gypsum..................................... 27
Anhydrite (Specimen No. 14) .................. 28
Phosphate rock (Specimen No. 15) ............. 29
Peat (Specimen No. 16) ....................... 30
Fossils (Specimen No. 17).................... 32
Sea shells (Specimen No. 18). ................. 34
Other rocks and minerals of Florida. ............. 35
Agate and chalcedony......................... 35
Aragonite ................................... 35
Diatomaceous earth.......................... 36
Page
Pyrite............ .............
Vivianite ......................
Mica ...................*......
Petrified wood .................
References.......................
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure
Key Largo limestone ..................
Miami oolite .........................
Coquina...............................
Ocala limestone ......................
Calcite ..............................
Dolomite. ............................
Clay..................................
Kaolin (china clay) ....................
Fullers earth .........................
Quartz sand ..........................
Sandstone. ...........................
Chert.................................
Lim onite .............................
Ilm enite .............................
Rutile ...............................
Zircon................................
Staurolite ............................
Gypsum and anhydrite .................
Phosphate rock .......................
Peat .................................
Fossils...............................
Prehistoric life........................
Sea shells.............................
Dragline, land pebble phosphate mining .
Limestone quarry .....................
Dredge, heavy minerals ...............
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ROCKS AND MINERALS OF FLORIDA
A GUIDE TO IDENTIFICATION, OCCURRENCE,
PRODUCTION AND USE
By
Ernest W. Bishop and Lawrence L. Dee, Jr.
INTRODUCTION
In order to familiarize the reader with some basic
definitions and terminology, the following introductory
section is included.
Minerals
A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic substance
having a characteristic chemical composition and definite
physical properties. Most minerals have a definite geo-
metrical arrangement of component atoms which, under
favorable conditions of growth, produce smooth planes called
crystal faces. Such geometric forms are called crystals.
Most minerals are compounds, formed as chemical
combinations of two or more chemical elements. Some
elements, however, such as sulfer, gold and silver, may
occur pure or uncombined with other elements; these are
known as native elements and are also minerals.
Ernest W. Bishop, Geologist, formerly employed with the Florida Geo-
logical Survey. Lawrence L. Dee, Jr., graduate student, Florida State University,
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Physical Properties
The physical properties of minerals may vary some-
what, but are generally constant to a degree that makes them
useful aids in identification. For
most common minerals, identifi-
cation on the basis of physical A CO
properties alone is sufficient.
Color: The color of a mineral is
one of the first physical prop-
erties to be observed. Some
minerals have a fairly con-
stant color, while in other
minerals the colors vary
greatly because of the pres-
ence of impurities.
Streak: Streak, which is the color of the powdered mineral,
is more constant than surficial color and therefore
more important in mineral determinations. It is
usually obtained by rubbing the mineral across apiece
of unglazed white porcelain, although very hard
minerals may be pulverized with a hammer and the
color of the powder examined on a piece of white paper.
Hardness: The resistance of a mineral to scratching or
abrasion is termed hardness. To express hardness
an arbitrary reference scale (Mohs scale) is used.
The standard scale, which consists of 10 common
minerals arranged in order of increasing hardness,
is as follows:
1. Talc 6. Feldspar
2. Gypsum 7. Quartz
3. Calcite 8. Topaz
4. Fluorite 9. Corundum
5. Apatite 10. Diamond
By using the above reference minerals, the hardness
of an unknown mineral can be determined. For example,
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
if the unknown mineral will scratch feldspar but not
quartz, the hardness of that mineral is between six and
seven. In other words, a mineral will scratch any
other mineral equal to it in hardness, or any mineral
that is softer. Most reference books on mineralogy
list the hardness of minerals according to the Mohs
scale. The determination of the approximate hard-
ness of minerals less than six or seven is greatly
simplified by using the following common items:
Fingernail up to 2. 5
Copper coin up to 3. 0
Knife blade up to 5. 5
Window glass 5.5
Steel file 6. 0 to 7. 0
Specific gravity: The specific gravity of a mineral is its
weight compared to an equal volume of water. For
example, the mineral rutile has a specific gravity of
about 4. 2 which means that rutile is 4.2 times as
heavy as water. Rutile is considered a heavy mineral,
whereas quartz (S. G. 2. 65) is not considered a heavy
mineral.
As a general rule, this property of an unknown
mineral can be estimated as being heavy or light by
comparing its weight with that of an equal sized piece
of a common mineral of known specific gravity.
Cleavage: The tendency of a mineral to break or split along
smooth flat planes is known as cleavage. Some min-
erals show perfect cleavage in several directions,
whereas other minerals have no cleavage at all. For
example, calcite breaks into rhombohedrons which re-
semble distorted cubes, but quartz has no cleavage and
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
breaks into irregular fragments like ice. Because
cleavage is always constant for a given mineral, it is
usually used as an aid in mineral determination.
Rocks
Rocks are naturally occurring mineral masses that
form the solidpart of the earth. Rocks are composed of one
or more minerals and may be hard as in marble, basalt and
granite; or soft or unconsolidated, as in clay, sand or gravel.
There are three main types of rocks, each of which was
formed in a different way. These types are called igneous,
metamorphic and sedimentary.
Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks are those which have cooled and solidified
from an originally hot moltenliquid. When the moltenliquid
comes to the earth's surface from volcanoes, it is known as
lava. When it cools and hardens more slowly below the
earth's surface, it produces rocks such as granite. Igneous
rocks occur only at great depths below the ground surface
in Florida.
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks are igneous or sedimentary rocks
which have undergone considerable change because of heat,
pressure, or both. Some common examples are marble and
slate. Metamorphic rocks do not occur at the surface in
Florida, but have been encountered at great depths in oil
test wells.
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are those formed by the deposition
of sediments derived from the destruction of other rocks,
and by chemical and biological precipitation. In Florida, they
include all those rocks exposed at the surface. There are
three essential phases inthe formation of sedimentary rocks:
(1) The sediments must essentially be derived by the
breaking down or weathering of older rocks. This is accom-
plished by mechanical, chemical and biochemical processes.
Mechanical erosion consists of the fragmentation of rocks
by the action of water, wind, frost, ice, plant roots and falling
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8 5
or sliding caused by the pull of gravity. In the chemical
process, soluble rocks are dissolved byacidic ground water
or surface water. Plants and animals through their bio-
chemical processes also cause
some decomposition of rock mate-
rial.
(2) The material produced
bythe breaking down of rocks must
be transported to the area in which
they are to be deposited. The trans-
porting agent is usually running
water such as streams or ocean
currents, but some material is
moved by the wind, ice and the
direct force of gravity.
(3) Deposition takes place when the velocity of the
transporting agent is reduced, as when a stream enters a
lake or ocean. Material is also deposited by chemical and
biological precipitation. The sediments generally become
consolidated into hard rock as a result of compaction,
cementation, or both. Compaction is caused by the weight
of overlying sediments which tend to squeeze out much of the
water, while cementation takes place as the mineral matter
in the contained water is precipitated out. This precipitation
results inthe formation of minerals which bind the sedimen-
tary particles together to form consolidated rock.
SPECIMENS IN THE SAMPLE SET
Limestone
(Specimen No. 1)
Identification: Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed
principally of the mineral calcite, CaCO3. The calcite
inlimestone ranges from fragments large enough to be
seen with the naked eye to small chalky particles too
small to be seen even under the microscope. Florida
limestones range from hard, compact, crystalline
rocks to soft, chalky masses, generally white, light
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
gray or light grayish brown
in color, and commonly con-
tain fossil shells and shell SS
fragments. Limestone may SPECIMEN
be easily identified by the I
application of a drop of cold
dilute hydrochloric acid which
causes the calcite particles i
to effervesce freely.
Occurrence: Limestone underlies
all of Florida, but in many
parts of the State it is covered by the sand and clay
that forms the land surface. Limestone in the State is
divided into the following types:
Key Largo Limestone
The Key Largo limestone is a fairly hard, white to
light gray rock, which contains numerous fossil corals.
Figure 1. Key Largo lim@-ton@,
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
Some of the s e corals have been partially dissolved by ground
vater and the spaces remaining filled with crystalline calcite.
Che Key Largo limestone is found at the land surface in the
Florida Keys from Sand Key to Loggerhead Key.
Miami Oolite
Oolites (oolites) are small rounded grains so named
becausee they look like fish eggs. Oolites are formed by the
deposition of layers of calcite around tiny particles, such as
;and grain or shell fragment. The Miami oolite is a fairly
;oft, white limestone made up principally of oolites with
;ome quartz sand present.
It is foundat land surface inparts of Broward, Collier,
)ade and Monroe counties.
Figure 2. Miami oolite.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Coquina
A coquina limestone is one composed of whole or
broken shells and quartz sand grains that have been more or
less firmly cemented together. In the coquina found in
Florida the cementing agent is principally calcite.
It is interesting to note that coquina has for over 400
years been used as a building stone inFlorida and is prized
today for its beauty as incorporated in modern architecture.
Coquina is found at land surface along the east coast
of Florida from St. Johns to Palm Beach counties, but is
rarely found more than 3 miles inland from the coast.
::--_ L ._?- .-..'.'.,. . .. .... ?.. :" '
Casidllo de.
c(an.Marco:
Figure 3. Coquina.
-c;
------.
-I F
5~5~-~Ti
r%;
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
Ocala Limestone2
The Ocala limestone is a most remarkable limestone
deposit inthat it is composed of almost pure calcium carbon-
ate (CaCO3), shells of small sea creatures and very tiny
chalky particles. Generally the Ocala limestone is soft and
porous, butinplaces it is hard and dense because of cemen-
tation of the particles by crystalline calcite.
Figure 4. Ocala limestone.
The Ocala limestone underlies almost all of Florida,
but is found at the surface of the land only in parts of the
following counties: Alachua, Citrus, Dixie, Gilchrist,
Holmes, Jackson, Lafayette, Lake, Levy, Madison, Marion,
Polk, Sumter and Taylor.
Suwannee Limestone
The Suwannee limestone contains a very high percent-
age of calcium carbonate and, though it is not as pure as
2The Ocala limestone as used here includes the Ocala group of limestones
consisting of the Crystal River, Williston and Inglis formations.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
the Ocala, in Panhandle Florida it approaches the Ocala in
purity. The impurities in the Suwannee, principally quartz
sand and clay, may amount to 10 percent or more of the
rock. In general, the Suwannee is somewhat harder and
more compact than the Ocala limestone.
The Suwannee limestone is found at land surface in
parts of Citrus, Hamilton, Hernando, Holmes, Jackson,
Jefferson, Lafayette, Lake, Madison, Pasco, Sumter, Tay-
lor, Walton, and Washington counties.
Tampa Limestone
The Tampa limestone is much more variable in its
compositionthan either the Ocala or Suwannee. The impuri-
ties, which may be quartz sand, clay and phosphate, range
from about 20 to as high as 70 percent of the rock.
In general, the Tampa limestone is a hard, massive,
crystalline rock, andin some parts of the State is character-
izedbythe presence of small cavities causedby shell material
being dissolved out of the rock.
The Tampa limestone is exposed at land surface inthe
Tampa Bay area in Hillsborough and Pinellas counties and in
adjoining Pasco County. In west Florida, this limestone.may
be found at land surface in places along the Apalachicola
River inJackson, Gadsden, and Liberty counties. Numerous
surface exposures are also found in Wakulla and Washington
counties. The Tampa limestone is near the surface in several
other counties in the western and northern part of the State,
but generally is exposed only in sinkholes.
Production and use: Florida produces over 28,200,000 tons
of limestone, lime and dolomite per year valued at
nearly $38 million. This amounts to more than 58 per-
cent of the total mineral production.
Most of the limestone produced in the State is
crushed for use in making hard surface roads and as
an aggregate in concrete. Limestone is also used in
agriculture as a soil conditioner. Portland cement,
railroad ballast, riprap, building stones, lime, chemi-
cal industries and other miscellaneous uses account
for the remainder of Florida's production.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8 11
Calcite
notification : The mineral calcite, which makes up lime-
stone is composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It
varies in color from white or colorless to shades of
yellow, orange, or gray. Calcite has a hardness of
3.0, a specific gravity of 2.7, and a white or colorless
streak. It breaks up readily into crystalline forms
called rhombohedrons and canbe identified further by
its effervescence in cold dilute hydrochloric acid.
currency: Calcite, though of common occurrence in
Florida, is a very interesting mineral, found in a
variety of forms. Inlimestone quarries calcite canbe
found occurring massively or as long needle-like and
block-shaped crystals within open cavities or seams in
the limestone. In natural solution caves, such as the
.
I, .
_.I -
.;... %
@,., ". .,
I : ~'
:~'lt:%.[g, :-. ;,
.ji W '' :; L,. .
Figure 5. Calcite.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Marianna Caverns, calcite is often found forming
stalactites or stalagmites, and more rarely "cave
flowers. As the principal mineral in sea shells cal-
cite is found in both Recent and fossil marine and fresh
water animal remains.
Dolomite
(Specimen No. 2)
Identification: Dolomite is a sedimentary rock composed
principally of the mineral dolomite, CaMg(CO3) The
mineral dolomite has a white, light brown or pink
color, a white streak, and a hardness of 3. 5. The
crystals, if discernible, are usually small and the
crystal surfaces are somewhat curved. The test for
dolomite is the same as that for calcite, except that
dolomite effervesces very slowly in cold dilute hydro-
chloric acid, and more vigorously in warm acid.
Figure 6. Dolomite.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
Occurrence: Dolomite is usually found closely associated
with limestone deposits occurring in Florida in parts
of Polk, Sarasota, Manatee, Citrus, Levy, Dixie,
Taylor, Jefferson, Wakulla, Gadsden and Jackson
counties.
Production and use: Dolomite can be used for most of the
same purposes as limestone except for making Portland
cement, because in this process the magnesium (Mg)
interfers with the setting properties of the cement.
In Florida, most of the dolomite produced is used as
agricultural lime, though some is mined and used as
cut stone.
The amount and value of dolomite mined in the
State is less than that of limestone, although the two
are combined and the production of the two materials
amounts to over 28,200,000 tons valued at over $38
million per year.
Common Clay
(Specimen No. 3)
Identification: Common clay is a sticky, plastic type of sedi-
mentary rock that is composed primarily of varying
amounts of clay minerals, quartz sand, calcite, iron
oxides, organic impurities and other materials. Most
of the clay in Florida was originally deposited as a mud
in seas, lakes, rivers, or on deltas. Clay may occur
in a wide variety of colors depending upon its miner-
alogical composition, impurities, and the amount of
weathering which it has undergone.
Occurrence: Common clay occurs in almost every county
north of the latitude of Lake Okeechobee, though in a
number of counties it is of too low a grade to be used
for anything except for building roads. Escambia and
northern Santa Rosa counties have vast reserves of
very high grade clay. Large deposits of good common
clay exist in the St. Johns River valley from Jackson-
ville to Lake George, with smaller deposits of good
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Figure 7. Clay.
clay occurring in many of the counties in the northern
and western part of the State.
Production and use: The principal use of common clay in
Florida is as an additionto sandin the construction of
roads. Florida clays are also usedinthe manufacture
of Portland cement and lightweight aggregate. Other
products made from common clay include bricks, sewer
pipe, and roofing. The almost complete lack of pro-
duction in Florida of the last three named products is
due to complex economic factors.
Production figures are not available onthe amount
of common clay used in the State.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
Kaolin (China Clay)
(Specimen No. 4)
Identification: Kaolin is a soft, lightweight, often chalk-like
sedimentary rock that has an earthy odor, and in Florida
is generally light in color and associated with large
amounts of quartz sand. Kaolin is composed chiefly of
the clay mineral kaolinite, the crystals of which are so
small that they can be seen only under the electron
microscope. Kaolin is generally quite porous and will
stick tothetongue; it also has the distinctive property
of slaking or disintegrating rapidly when placed in
water.
Occurrence: Florida has a very large known reserve of
kaolin, the largest deposits occurring inthe east cen-
tral part of the State from southern Clay County to
northern Highlands County. A smaller deposit occurs
in west Florida in a narrow belt extending from Jackson
County into Santa Rosa County.
Production: Florida's active kaolin mines are located in
Putnam County. These mines produce over 17,000
Figure 8. Kaolin (china clay).
16 FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
tons of kaolin yearly, which accounts for less than one
percent of the total mineral production of the State.
Use: Kaolin is used in making porcelain, paper, oilcloth,
linoleum, paint, soaps, tooth powder, crayons, tex-
tiles, and other products. Kaolin produced in Florida
is usedalmost exclusively in the ceramics industry in
the manufacturing of china and standard porcelain.
Fullers Earth
(Specimen No. 5)
Identification: Fullers earth is the name applied to certain
clays that have the ability to adsorb coloring matter
from vegetable, mineral and animal oils. Some of the
c-5ticks fo the
.F tongue
Figure 9. Fullers earth.
. i,
~
*^B^ iAilO
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
fullers earth clays are not readily distinguishable from
common clay, but in general the fullers earthfound in
Florida is light green or gray in color, has a greasy
feel when wet, and has a low specific gravity. Fullers
earthwillnot slake or disintegrate readilywhenplaced
in water, as will kaolin.
Occurrence: Sizable deposits of fullers earth are known
to occur near the surface of the ground in Gadsden,
Marion, Pinellas and Manatee counties. Small deposits
are known in many other counties, and are often en-
countered in the drilling of wells.
Production: Florida's activefullers earth mines arelocated
in Gadsden County, but in the past the material has been
mined in Marion and Manatee counties. The Gadsden
County mines produce over 245,000 short tons of fullers
earth per year, valued at more than $6 million.
Use: Fullers earth, because of its high adsorbing powers, is
usedas a cleansing agentin service stations, machine
shops, factories and other places where oil and grease
are spilled onfloors, machinery, etc. Fullers earth is
used quite extensively as a carrier for insecticides and
fungicides, as a filtering agent for removing color from
mineral and vegetable oils, and as a mineral filler in
soaps, some plastics, paints, and polishes.
Quartz Sand
(Specimen No. 6)
Identification: Quartz sand is a loose, unconsolidated material
of small grain size composedprimarily of the mineral
quartz. Quartz is crystalline silica, SiCO, and may be
of any color though generally in Florida quartz sand is
colorless or white. Regardless of color,however, the
streak is always white. The specific gravity of quartz
is 2. 65 and the hardness is 7. 0.
Occurrence: Though common quartz sand is the most abun-
dant surface material in the State, the deposits are
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Figure 10. Quartz sand.
not extensively developed. Sand is mined on a limited
scale in almost every county in the State, with the
principal sand producing counties being Polk, Dade,
and Putnam.
Production and use: Florida produces over 6.6 million tons
of sand annually, valued at about $5 million, with the
principal user being the building industry. This ac-
counts for more than 12 percent of the State's total
mineral production.
Florida quartz sand is also used for making glass
and for grinding andpolishing metals. Other uses are
as molding sand, blast sand, filter sand, and fill sand.
Sandstone
(Specimen No. 7)
Identification: Sandstone is a sedimentary rock commonly
composed of quartz sand grains cemented together by
silica, calcite, iron oxide, or other mineral substance.
Depending upon the amount and character of the cemen-
ting agent, sandstones may be almost any color. In
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
Florida, the colors generally range from almost pure
white through shades of yellow, orange, red and brown.
Occurrence: The occurrence of sandstone is limited in
Florida largely to the red sandy clay formations of
the central peninsula and northwestern part of the
State. It generally occurs as thin discontinuous layers
or small nodules, though it has been observed in beds
up to 10 feet thick.
Productionanduse: No commercialuse is made of the sand-
stone found in Florida, though it has been used on a
very limited scale as a building stone.
Figure 11. Sandstone.
Chert
(Specimen No. 8)
Identification: Chert, also known in Florida as flint or flint
rock, is an extremely fine-grained variety of the
mineral quartz. It is characterized by its extreme
hardness (7.0), shell-like fracture, and the sharpness
of the edges of broken fragments. Florida's cherts
are generally gray in color, though some are bright
shades of blue, red, yellow and orange.
Occurrence: Chert is found in Florida in association with
some of the limestone formations, especially the Ocala.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Figure 12. Chert.
The material was formed by the replacement of calcium
carbonate with silica carried in circulating ground
water, as shownbythefact that much of the chert still
contains traces of the fossils that were present in the
original limestone. Chert is found at the surface of the
ground in many of the northern andwestern counties of
the State, especially Wakulla, Marion, and Citrus
counties.
Production and use: Chert was utilized by Florida's Indians
in the manufacturing of axe heads, spear heads and
arrow points. The hardness and variety of colors
make chert suitable as a semi-precious stone.
Limonite
(Specimen No. 9)
Identification: Limonite, a compound of iron, oxygen and
hydrogen (2 Fe2O3 3 H20), is a yellowish brown to
dark brown or black mineral. Limonite has a yellowish
r- ,~-
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
brown streak, but its hardness depends upon the form
in which it occurs. Yellow ocher, which is a mixture
of limonite and clay, is so soft that it easily leaves a
yellowish brown mark onpaper or cloth, while the dark
brown or black variety of limonite can range upto 6.0
in hardness. The specific gravity of limonite ranges
from about 3.4 to 4.0. Small amounts of limonite give
a yellow or buff color to clays, limestone and soils,
andas a scum on swampwater it is often mistaken for
oil because of its iridescent color in reflected light.
Occurrence: Impure limonite occurs in many counties in the
State, often appearing as a rust-like material staining
sand and binding it together. A deposit of fairly high
grade limonite is known to exist near Chiefland in Levy
County.
Production and use: It is reported that the Confederacy mined
limonite from the deposit near Chiefland for the manu-
facturing of cannons and cannon balls. A deposit of
Figure 13. Limonite.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
yellow ocher in Flagler County has been worked for
pigment, but no production has been reported since
1953.
Limonite is used commercially as an ore for iron
and as a pigment in paints.
Ilmenite
(Specimen No. 10)
Identification: Ilmenite is an iron, titanium oxide, FeTiO3.
It is black to brownish black in color with a black to
brownish red streak. The specific gravity varies from
4.3 to 5.5 and the hardness from 5.0 to 6.0. Ilmenite
is naturally slightly magnetic, but the magnetism can
be greatly increased by heating. In Florida, ilmenite
occurs as rounded sand-size particles.
Occurrence: A small percentage of minerals with specific
gravities higher thanthat of quartz arefound scattered
in most of the unconsolidated sands of Florida, es-
pecially coastal beach sands. These minerals which
include ilmenite, rutile, zircon, staurolite and others,
because they are heavier than quartz, are known as
"heavy minerals. Wave or wind action may concen-
trate these minerals by carrying away the lighter quartz
Figure 14. Ilmenite.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
grains. Such concentrations are common along present
beaches of the State and also along beaches that were
formed when the sea stood higher than it does now.
Deposits of heavy minerals maybe recognized by their
black color due to the presence of ilmenite, which is
generally the most abundant mineral in such deposits.
Production: Ilmenite is produced from heavy mineral sands
in Clay, Duval, and Indian River counties. The pro-
duction of ilmenite along with rutile, which is also a
titanium mineral, is valued at more than $6. 5 million
annually.
Use: The chief use for the mineral ilmenite is in the manu-
facturing of titanium dioxide pigment for white paints.
Ilmenite, along with rutile is used for coating electric
welding rods and also as a source of titanium metal.
Rutile
(Specimen No. 11)
Identification: Rutile is a titanium oxide, TiO It is red,
red-brown to black in color, with a yellow or pale
brown streak. The specific gravity is 4. 2 to 4. 3 and
the hardness from 6.0 to 6.5. In Florida, rutile occurs
as rounded sand-size particles.
Occurrence: Rutile is a heavy mineral in Florida's sands
and is found associated with ilmenite, zircon, stauro-
lite and others.
Production: Rutile is produced along with ilmenite in Clay,
Duval, and Indian River counties. The figures for
production and value of rutile are combined with those
of ilmenite.
Use: See "Ilmenite. "
24 FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Figure 1,5. Rutile .
Zircon
(Specimen No. 12)
Identification: Zircon is a zirconium silicate, ZrSiO4.
Though commonly colorless, especially in Florida
sands, zircon may be red, blue, brown, or lavender.
The streak is colorless, the specific gravity 4.4 to
as sand-size particles and may be distinguished from
quartz by its brilliant luster and smooth crystal faces,
as seen with the aid of a microscope.
ZircOccurrence: Zircon is a heavy mineral in Florida's Recent
and ancient beach sands. No.
Identification: Zircon is prod u ced, along with other heavy
Thoughminerals, in Clay, Duvalorless, especand Indian River counties.
sands, zircon may be red, blue, brown, or lavender.
The streak is colorless, the specific gravity 4. 4 to
4. 8 and the hardness 7. 5. In Florida, zircon occurs
as sand-size particles and may be distinguished from
quartz by its brilliant luster and smooth crystal faces,
as seen with the aid of a microscope.
Occurrence: Zircon is a heavy mineral in Florida's Recent
and ancient beach sands.
Production: Zircon is produced, along with other heavy
minerals, in Clay, Duval, and Indian River counties.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
The production of zircon is over 30,000 short tons
annually, valued at more than $1 million.
Use: Zircon, because of its ability to withstand very high
temperatures, is made into bricks and cements used
in foundries and in furnaces for making aluminum and
glass. Zircon is a source of the metal zirconium,
which is used for flashlight powders, radio and tele-
vision tubes, electrodes, and as an alloy. Zirconium
steelis used in armor plate and in projectiles; zirco-
nium and nickel alloys are used in high speed cutting
tools and the oxide of zirconium, zirconia, is used
extensively in the manufacturing of ceramic glazes,
paints and porcelains.
Figure 16. Zircon.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Staurolite
(Specimen No. 13)
Identification: Staurolite is a complex iron, aluminum sili-
cate, Fe"A14SiO 10(OH)2. It is usually some shade of
brown, has a colorless streak, a specific gravity that
ranges from 3. 4 to 3. 8 and a hardness of 7. 0 to 7. 5.
Staurolite resembles rutile under the microscope, but
has a dull luster. In Florida, staurolite occurs as
rounded sand-size particles.
Occurrence: Staurolite is one of the most abundant minerals
in Florida's heavy sand deposits.
Production: Staurolite is produced, along with other heavy
minerals, in Clay County. Estimated annual production
is about 20,000 short tons.
Use: The principal use of staurolite is in the production of
Portland cement, where it substitutes for clay in sup-
plying the necessary alumina and part of the iron as
-ei .
i I.-.
. . '
Figure 17. Staurolite.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
required by the cement formula. Staurolite is also
used as a sand blasting material.
Gypsum
Identification: The mineral gypsum is a hydrous calcium sul-
fate, CaSO4 2H20. It may be transparent to trans-
lucent when pure, but is often colored gray, yellow,
Figure 18. Gypsum and anhydrite.
red, brown or black by impurities. Gypsumhas white
streak, is soft enough to be scratched by a fingernail
(hardness of 2. 0), and has a low specific gravity (2. 2
to 2.4). Gypsum occurs in several forms, two of which
are knownto occur in the State. Selenite is a coarsely
crystalline, transparent variety composed of flat,
angular crystals that can be easily split apart. Massive
gypsum is a granular variety, showing no crystal form.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Occurrence: Gypsum and anhydrite (closely related sulfate
minerals) are common minerals deep inthe subsurface
of the State. Small deposits of gypsum occur at the
surface in several localities in the peninsula. A de-
posit of very fine grained gypsum has been reported
from the east half of sec. 23, T. 20 S. R. 21 E. in
Sumter County. Crystals up to three-quarters of an
inch long have been reported at a depth of 4 feet from
a locality 3 miles east of Christmas in Orange County
and clear crystals up to 6 inches long have been dredged
from the Gulf of Mexico and Tampa Bay in Pinellas,
Pasco, and Hillsborough counties.
Production: No commercial deposits areknownto exist near
the surface in Florida, though deposits of commercial
extent are believed to be present at approximately 2,000
feet below the ground surface in Monroe County.
Use: When gypsum is heated and the water within it driven
off, it forms aplaster of Paris, which has the property
of becoming hard after being mixed with water. Plaster
of Paris is usedin wallplaster, plasterboard, stucco,
dentistry, crayons, casts and in many other ways.
Gypsum, when pulverized, is used as a fertilizer, and
it is also used as a flux in glass, ceramics, as a dis-
infectant and hardening retarder in cement.
Anhydrite
(Specimen No. 14)
Identification: Anhydrite is an anhydrous calcium sulfate,
CaSO4. It is closely related to the mineral gypsum,
but has a marble-like texture and usually shows no
crystal form. Anhydrite has a white, gray, or brown
color anda white streak and is distinguished from cal-
citebyits superior hardness of 3.0 to 3.5. The specific
gravity is 2. 89 to 2. 98.
Occurrence: Anhydrite occurs deep in the subsurface of the
State and is a common mineral seen in well cores.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
Use: Anhydrite serves nouse inthe State of Florida, although
in some states where it is nearer tothe ground surface
it finds use as a fertilizer and in the manufacture of
cement.
Phosphate Rock
(Specimen No. 15)
Identification: "Phosphate rock" is a general term applied
to natural deposits of minerals valued chiefly for their
phosphorous content. Phosphate rock is often called
phosphorite. However, it is essentially a carbonate
fluorapatite. The fluorapatite formula is Ca10Fz (PO4) 6.
The phosphate minerals are only discernible by X-ray
and the electron microscope. Phosphate rock is an
earthy material which varies from a hard rock to a
granular, loosely consolidated mass. The color may
be brown, gray, bluish gray, white, or black.
Occurrence: Florida's phosphate deposits are primarily of
Figure 19. Phosphate rock.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
the "land pebble" type, which represent marine rework-
ing of phosphatic limestones, and deposition of hard
pebbles of phosphate in a gravel bed. The land pebble
deposits occur in the Miocene, Hawthorn, and Bone
Valley formations, the latter of which is a gravel com-
posed of 10 to 20 percent phosphorite pebbles in a
mixture of sand, clay, and soft phosphate, along with
fossil teeth and bones of land and marine animals.
These deposits occur east of Tampa principally in Polk
and Hillsborough counties.
The minor hard-rock deposits are residual ac-
cumulations and redeposition of phosphate dissolved
from overlying phosphatic beds and deposited in lime-
stone by replacement. Hard-rock phosphate deposits
are mined in Citrus and Marion counties and are known
to occur in a general area extending from Suwannee to
Hernando counties, north-south.
Production: Florida isthe world's leading producer of phos-
phate rock, with over 10 million tons, valued at $70
million, mined yearly. This accounts for more than
24 percent of the total mineral production of the State.
Land pebble phosphate comprises the majority of
production with mines operating in Polk and Hills-
borough counties, although some hard-rock phosphate
is produced in Citrus County.
Use: Phosphate has a great many uses, the largest of which
is in the manufacture of phosphoric acid, superphos-
phate, triplesuperphosphate, ground rock and other
phosphatic salts for fertilizers. It also finds use in
explosives, soaps, medicine, ceramics, and many
other industrial commodities.
Peat
(Specimen No. 16)
Identification: Peat is an accumulation of partly decomposed
and disintegrated organic materials derived mainly
from woody parts of plants. It varies in consistency
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
Figure 20. Peat.
from a fibrous, matted, turf-like material to a soft,
plastic mud. Peat exhibits no distinctive physical or
chemical properties by which it canbe easily identified,
other than its color and fibrous nature.
Occurrence: Peat occurs throughout the State wherever
swamp, bog or lowland conditions exist. The most
extensive deposits are in the Everglades, though peat
has been recovered commercially in Putnam, Orange,
Hillsborough, Polk, Bay and Broward counties.
Production: Peat is produced within the State only for local
use, and the mining operations are small. Over 39,000
short tons of peat, valued at more than $170,000 are
produced yearly.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Use: Research has shownpeat tohave a great many potential
uses, though only one is presently utilized in the State.
The total State production is used in agriculture, but
other proven uses include use as a solid fuel and for
distilled products.
Fossils
(Specimen No. 17)
Fossils are the preserved remains or remnants of
ancient life, both plant and animal. Fossils are composed
of several mineral materials including calcite, aragonite,
silica, and a tough, horny material called chitin. Fossil
animal remains differ somewhat in composition from fossil
shells in that the original bone material has usually been
premineralized with silica, rather than by calcite.
Figure 21. Fossils.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
Fossils vary widely in relation to the ancient animals
of which they are remains. It is for this reason that their
study is confined somewhat to experts called paleontologists.
By identifying fossils, especially certain shellfish, they as-
sume a singular importance in that they can be used to date
and correlate various geologic formations, both state and
nationwide.
The remains of ancient life are abundant throughout
the State and can be found in great numbers in many places.
Figure 22. Prehistoric life.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
The best places tolookfor fossils are in quarries, road cuts
and especially the phosphate mines of central Florida. Here
a large portion of the material mined consists of the remains
of ancient animals which have accumulated over millions of
years.
Sea Shells
(Specimen No. 18)
Sea shells are the remains of marine life which have
accumulated through time and are still accumulating as
animals of the sea die or shed their hard protective cover-
ings. Shells vary widely in color and pattern and only their
biological features and shell composition are constant. The
shells are composed mainly of calcium carbonate, CaCO3,
Figure 23. Sea shells.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
but may consist of the mineral
aragonite, CaCO3, or a tough horny
material called chitin.
Production and use: Shells are
commercially valuable in that
marine animals, primarily
oysters, have built up shell
deposits in such great quan-
tities that they can be dredged
up from the water and used
for building roads, and for
agricultural purposes.
Shells are also of value to shell collectors andfor
the manufacture of shell jewelry and tourist goods.
Florida produces over 1. 1 million short tons of
oyster shell, valued at more than $2 million, annually.
OTHER ROCKS AND MINERALS OF FLORIDA
Agate and Chalcedony
Agate and chalcedony are composed of cryptocrystalline
silica, SiO2. They are known to occur in many parts of the
State, with one locality being world famous. Ballast Point,
Tampa Bay, Florida, is one of the few known places in the
world where agatizedpseudomorphs after coral may be col-
lected. Agatized fossils are found along the gulf coast and
in the phosphate mines of central Florida.
Aragonite
Aragonite possesses the same chemical composition
as calcite, CaCO3; only its crystal system and properties
are different. It is not as common as calcite, but is found in
the State, making up the shells of some Recent marine
animals.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Figure 24. Dragline, land pebble phosphate mining.
Diatomaceous Earth (Diatomite)
Diatomite is made up of microscopic siliceous skeletons
of fresh water and marine creatures called diatoms. It re-
sembles chalk or clay, but is composed chiefly of silica.
Diatomite is found associated withpeat deposits in the State,
but has not been mined in recent years.
Pyrite
Pyrite (FeS) or "fools gold" is a brassy colored iron
sulfide. It occurs within the subsurface of the State in deep
well cores and has been found at one surface locality near
Ocala, Florida.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
Figure 25. Limestone quarry.
Vivianite
Vivianite is a rare iron phosphate, Fe3 (PO4) 2 8H2O,
which isfoundas earthy green masses or dark blue to green
crystals. Vivianite is known to occur inthe phosphate mines
at Mulberry, Florida, and possibly in others within the
phosphate mining area.
Mica
Mica is a complex aluminum silicate, KA13Si3 010(OH),
having a platy structure and occurring in small shiny flakes.
Mica is sometimes mistaken for gold in stream sediments
and certain rocks as it glistens brightly in sunlight. Mica is
recovered as a byproduct of kaolin processing in Putnam
County but serves no economic use in Florida.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Petrified Wood
Although petrified wood is not of mineral origin, the
original wood has been replaced by silica (SiO2) in solution
SILICA: SiOz
x V/ IN
CHO organic material (old wood)
::CiO oranic material (old wood)
or more rarely by clay minerals. Petrified wood is often
found in the excavations for phosphate near Bartow, Florida,
and in the dredging operations of the southernportion of the
State.
Figure 26. Dredge, heavy minerals.
=_
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
REFERENCES
Calver, James ;
1957
Carpenter, J. H
1953
L.
G
lining and mineral resources:
eol. Survey Bull. 39.
Florida
Mining and concentration of ilmenite and as -
sociated minerals at Trail Ridge, Florida:
Florida Geol. Survey Misc. Rept. 10.
Davis, John H. Jr.
1946 The peat deposits of Florida, their occur-
rence, development and uses: Florida Geol.
Survey Bull. 30.
Fenton, C.L.
1940 (and Fenton, M. A.) The rock book: New
York, Doubleday, Doran and Company.
Hurbut, C.S., Jr. (Editor)
1959 Dana's manual of mineralogy: 18th edition,
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Manchester, James G.
1941 Collecting semiprecious stones in Florida:
Florida Geol. Survey Misc. Rept. 31.
Pearl, R.M.
How to know the minerals and rocks: New
American Library, New York (paper bound).
1956 Rocks and minerals: Barnes and Nobles,
New York.
Pough, F.H.
1953 A field guide to rocks and minerals: Houghlin
Mifflin, Boston.
U.S. Bureau
1949
of Mines
Titanium minerals in central and north-
eastern Florida: Rept. Inv. 4515.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
1956 Recovery of kyanite and sillimanite from
Florida beach sands: Rept. Inv. 5274.
Vernon, Robert O.
1943 Florida mineral industry, with summaries
of production for 1940 and 1941: Florida
Geol. Survey Bull. 24.
1951 Geology of Citrus and Levy counties, Florida:
Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 33.
Zimm, Herbert S.
(and Shaffen, P. R. ) Rocks and minerals:
Golden Nature Series, New York.
Zumberge, J. H.
1958 Elements of geology: John Wiley & Sons,
New York.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
B-- LIMESTONE, DOLOMITE,MARL AND
COQUINA
SAND AND OTHER MINERALS
j SAND, SHELL AND CLAY
SSAND, CLAY AND FULLER'S EARTH
GEOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION
OF ECONOMICALLY VALUABLE
SEDIMENTS IN FLORIDA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction............................
M inerals.............................
Physical properties ....... ........
RockM .. ............. ...............
Igneous ........................
M eta rn rph ... ., ...............
Sedirme-tary ...---.................
Speritnens in the marnple .s t ..............
Limest-one (Specimen Nt,. I) ..........
Key Iaargo limestone ...............
Milamii oolite ......................
(C, quina .......... ................
OI-ala limnlr!tne ......................
Si;'- anne. e I LrTT-- or-_ ...... ...... ,
Tampa 1.n e.trr.e ........... .......
Caal ite....... ....... .. .... .....
Doiotrnite (Sper irrier Nc. .}, ... . . . .
Cornmnon clay (Specrimen No. 3). .......
Kaolin (china rclay) (Sperimren No. 4) ....
Fullers earth (Specirnr l No. 5) .........
QuartL sand (Sprcimen NO. 6)..........
Sandstone (Speri. im n No. 7)............
Chert (Spec;n'rn *No. 5)................
Limrnoitr (Sprt inc er. No. '!1.............
Ilnrrtnr.i: (S err men' No. :9) ............
Ru ic (Sp-i :rr.ren No. ) ................
Z% rcon (Spec inien No. 12 ...............
Statroilitc {Specimen No. t 3) ...........
G ypsum ........... ..................
Anh', ydrite (Spectri trt Nof. L- ...........
Phr'sohate ritk S.ecpr.e:rr No.- i ; .....
Peat (Spec:rrTen N,,. 1 ). ................
F rss; is (S e .: T:er. Nr. 17) .............
Page
. . . . 1
4
4
16
. . . . 1
. ... ... 12
1....... 8
S I
. . . . 4-
... .... 7
....... S
. . . .. ,
....... 1 0
. .. .. 17
i'*
- - i
Sea ,Ih, ells (Spe
Other roc-ks and rn;r.erals ,of Florida....
Agate and chal-cedony ............
Aragonite................. .........
Diatomaceous earth ................
iij-
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
yellow ocher in Flagler County has been worked for
pigment, but no production has been reported since
1953.
Limonite is used commercially as an ore for iron
and as a pigment in paints.
Ilmenite
(Specimen No. 10)
Identification: Ilmenite is an iron, titanium oxide, FeTiO3 -
It is black to brownish black in color with a black to
brownish red streak. The specific gravity varies from
4.3 to 5.5 and the hardness from 5.0 to 6.0. lmnenite
is naturally slightly magnetic, but the magnetism can
be greatly increased by heating. In Florida, ilrrenite
ut urs as rounded sand-size particles.
Occurrence: A small percentage of minerals with specific
gravities higher than that ofquart7, are fuund scattered
in mnst of the unconsolidated sands of Florida, es-
pecially coastal beach sands. These minerals which
include ilmenite, rutile, zircon, staurolite and others,
because they are heavier than quart.., are known as
"heavy minerals. Wave or wind acting nmay concen-
tr;Lte these minerals by carrying awty the lighter quartz
'-
Fiiu-r e 1 4- I' e ::.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
SAND, CLAY AND FULLER' EARTH
GEOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION
OF ECONOMICALLY VALUABLE
SEDIMENTS IN FLORIDA
.W" d*
1 FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Marianna Caverns, calcite is often found forming
stalactites or stalagmites. and more rarely "cave
flowers. As the principal mineral in sea shells cal-
cite is found inboth Recent and fossil marine and fresh
water animal remains.
Dolomite
(Specimen No. 2)
Identification: Dolomite is a sedimentary rock composed
principally of the mineral dolomite. CaMg(CO3O ) The
mineral dolomite has a white, light brown or pink
color, a white streak, and a hardness of 3. 5. The
crystals, if discernible, are usually small and the
crystal surfaces are somewhat curved. The test for
dolomite is the same as that for calcite, except that
dolomite effervesces very slowly in cold dilutehydro-
chloric acid, and more vigorously in warm acid.
) 6..
i 1 i i
i- ^~r ^ -Cr '- *'_ ~ *
-4--.'-
c,^
*1
~ .
- Al,
Figure 6, Dolomite.
DEPARTMENT
OF
NATURAL RESOURCES
BOB GRAHAM
(fluOvmr
GEORGE FIRESTONE
Scert'arn i n State
BILL GUNTER
Tr'lasurer
RALPH 1). TURLINGTON
('rtnnmssuio 'r oif Jucafirm
JIM SMITH
A ti t ry ,Genwral
GERALD A. LIWI1S
( inptrtmill'r
I)OYLI_ CONNER
C umnrmixsiouu'r i ifA griidcullur
ELTON J. GISSENDANNER
E Ctculive Dirvrfror
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
*c i, A
Figure 15. Rutile.
Zircon
(Specimen No. 1I)
Identification: Zircon is a zirconium silicate. ZrSiO4.
Though commonly colorless, especially in Florida
sands, z:rcon may be red. blue, brown, or lavender.
Thr streak is colorless, the spect-ic gravity 4.4 to
4. 8 and the hardness 7. 5. In Florida, zirron occurs
as sand-sizec part:clcs and may be distinguished from
quartz by its brilliant luster and sniolth crystal faces,
as seen with the aid of a Tr.icroscope.
Occr:rrence: Z.:r-cr. is a heavy rnmneral in Florida~[ Recent
ar.d ancient beach sands-
Produitti:L; Zircon is produced. along with other hea -
msnerals, in Clay, DUral, and Indian River counties.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
REFERENCES
Calver, Jam
1957
Carpenter,
1953
Davis. John
1946
Fenton, C. L
1940
Hurbut, C.S
1959
Manchester,
1941
Pearl. R.M.
1956
Pough. F.H.
1953
U.S. Bureau
1949
es L.
M
G<
J.H.
ining and mineral resources:
tol. Survey Bull. 39.
Florida
Mining and concentration of ilmenite and as-
sociated minerals at Trail Ridge, Florida:
Florida Geol. Survey Misc. Rept. 10.
H., Jr.
The peat deposits of Florida. their occur-
rence, development and uses: Florida Geol.
Survey Bull. 30.
(and Fenton, M. A. ) The rock book: New
York, Doubleday. Doran and Company.
SJr. (Editor)
Dana's manual of mineralogy: 18th edition,
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
James G.
Collecting semiprecious stones in Florida:
Florida Geol. Survey Misc. Rept. 31.
How to know the minerals and rocks: New
American Library, New York (paper bound).
Rocks and minerals: Barnes and Nobles,
New York.
A field guideto rocks and minerals: Houghlin
Mifflin, Boston.
of Mines
Titanium minerals in central and north-
eastern Florida: Rept. Inv. 4515.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
Use: Anhydrite serves no use in the State of Florida, although
in some states where itis nearertothe ground surface
it finds use as a fertilizer and in the manufacture of
cement.
Phosphate Rock
(Specimen No. I 5S
Identification: "Phosphate rock" is a general term applied
to natural deposits of minerals valued chiefly for their
phosphorous content. Phosphate rock is often called
phosphorite- However, it is essentially a carbonate
fluorapatite. The fuorapat:te forrrnula is 4:a FZ (PO ) 6.
The phosphate minerals are only discernible by X-ray
and the electron microscope. Phosphate rock is an
earthy material which varies from a hard rock to a
granular, loosely consolidated mass. The color may
be brown, gray, bluish gray, white, or black.
OtcLtrrencc: Florida's phosphate deposits are primarily of
Figure 1. Phosphate rock.
STATE OF FLORIDA
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RSOI1RC'I-S
I lion J. Girendanner. F cutle I)ODucrnr
DIVISION OF RESOURCE MAN AGMLN I
Cawr J. Glucdnnan. DUrrnon D:r LIL.-r
BLUREAL OF GEOI.OGY
C-W. Fendirt Jr.. (ThEf
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. A
ROCKS AND MINERALS OF FLORIDA
A GUIDE TO IDENTIFICATION. OCCURRENCE.
PRODUCTION AND USE
By
fI'ncHt 'W tishup and I aiArfnce J Irc., h.
Ilulriated by Afldr R. Jnw on
TALLAHASSLE
I 1rst PTini g 1961
Sccofd rimtiwn 191i
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
The production of zircon is over 30,000 short tons
annually, valued at more than $1 million.
Use: Zircon, because of its ability to withstand very high
temperatures, is made into bricks and cements used
in foundries and in furnaces for making aluminum and
glass. Zircon is a source of the metal zirconium,
which is used for flashlight powders, radio and tele-
vision tubes, electrodes, and as an alloy. Zirconium
steel is used in armor plate and in projectiles: zirco-
nium and nickel alloys are used in high speed cutting
tools and the oxide of zirconium, zirconia, is used
extensively in the manufacturing of ceramic glazes,
paints and porcelains.
1fIWACTEY
FURNACE
Figure 16. Zircon.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. o
Occurrence: Dolomite is usually found closely associated
with limestone deposits occurring in Florida in parts
of Polk, Sarasota, Manatee, Citrus, Levy, Dixie,
Taylor, Jefferson, Wakulla, Gadsden and Jackson
counties.
Production and use: Dolomite can be used iur most of the
same purposes as limestone except for rnm.k:ni Portlar.d
ctrenrt, because in this srocrss the magnesium (Mg)
interferes with the setting properties of the cement.
In Florida, most of the dolomite produced is used as
agricultural lime, though some is mined and used ais
iut stone.
The amount and value of dolomite mined :n the
State is less than th:.t of 1:'r'estone. although the two
are combined and the product:o-r. of the two rraterlals
amt.ounts to over .10). 000 Lons valued at cover S38
million p r yea r.
Contrrixin Clay
(Spectinen No. %
Identification: Common icay :sa sticky. plastic type of sedi-
mentary rotk that is composed primarily of varying
amounts of clay rn:ntrals, quartz sand, t-alc::e. iron
oxides, organic impur:lies and other materials. Most
of the clay in Florida was originally deposited as a mud
ini seas, takes, rivers, or on deltas. Cl-iy may oc-.cur
in a wide variety of colors depending upon its miner-
alogical composition. impurities, and the ar:ount of
weathering which it has undergone-
Occurrence: Comrnmor -lay occurs :r. almost tver'-. contltv
north of the latitude of 1ake OkI echobee. though in a
number of counties it :s of too luw a grade to be used
for anything except for building roads. F.scamrbia and
northern Santa Rosa countii:s have vast reserves of
very high grade clay. Large deposits of good ;onuinn
cl.ay exist in the St. Johns River valley (rornm ackson-
ville to Lake George. with smaller teCposirs of gocd
FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL. RI.CLOU LEI
BUREAU OF GEOLOGY SIAl :
C-. Il-dry. J., C h-l
SRt. WmildhSL, A iurn:I L .rlt
Lf ne uail:rri S!:F.r1Iar1
OIL AND GAS St C TI
I, tD id Cua )..dmi o -r
(Garnr Bihim. 1 tastttre
Rncrtu tIr nu.r t.nA'i :
Hijrrr TcrI. Grnhwn1
I hrlLr, T i',111. 1 itv '
,i4 % T ,X') f. scrcr "iT"
Pl*' tin S trt. 'SCft f K-
MIFNHS AND RECLAMAI liON S:I I I0
J. i u'I n ..1 %drnLtill.Lttiiir
I1nluuMc (itlion. SreLita)
( tICKLPI( l)ILIUjihcri Gi Li]n;tt i'
)lfLrIC (.rtrnwtid, LrPIlttI
/Il kK LIkHAiti i I; iLl:lin
le. 'lhern,,,id, r;ic lii'gti
lhk ,i..Hl;l. I ')d ReH Altrii: Amwrl,
GEOLOGIC INVI:SZI;A IONS SIS 1TIUN
t..W. BiJsop. Aitrlrin'iklaior
Al b'crt A pprr' i. c.rloik)r I
Pliul ea ti ndl ti, ; Il'itil
K llti ill C'LLtiilrlW c ;crr likli
Rom litlc'her.s crrlnrlY
Horlul lh ik'li h L'.l Iv .ulji im
I chl I St liPge Ll. C i',itnil
Walluit SL hiu i ld1 .( iL' .l ,
TECHNICAL SUPPORT
Bur~L .I nt. AdminiFtttor
(4 d.tLuC 1 Irurrlinr., (;Gclnit
Plulirr (; mior. r"litaul:t
)CX I1iJSLllh,(4 ULl.dul
Jutin Il.klfm I t tHrr:.
K:curdJ I Il-.rl S1in- Pirip
rtorat;h. Ja VOL,, Ill4l. All:'
I.ain4 ls '. P lilc Drllil iu
Slillui 4u.;'+c r'.Itumin
k attll f I lM&il.', n'r. riT
]tLrj l %the'lk ... sjr;ric I'-%[>.
!it.-AiUri3L i I .Ij- N m.
Sand!c Ka Sc:,t.r)
Page
Pyrite.. ........... ........................ 36
Vivianite .... ... ........... ... .. 37
Ma ca ................................... .. 37
Petrified wood .............................. 38
References.................................... 39
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure
I Key Largo limestone .................. 6
2 Miami oolite ......................... 7
1 Coquina.............................. 8
4 Ocala limestone ...................... 9
5 Calcite ..... .. .......................... 11
6 Dolomite ................ ............. 12
7 Clay ................................. 14
8 Kaolin (china clay) ...................... 15
9 Fullers earth......................... 16
10 Quartz sand..................... .... 18
II Sandstone............................ 19
12 Chert. ................................ 20
13 Lim onite ............................ 21
14 Ilmenite .............. ................ 2
15 R utile ........................ ......... 24
16 Z ircon............................... 25
17 Staurolite ...................... ..... 26
18 Gypsum and anhydrite ................. 27
19 Phosphate rock........................ 29
20 Peat................................. 31
21 Fossils .................. ........ 32
22 Prehistoric life................... .... 33
23 Sea shells...... ........ .............. 34
24 Dragline, land pebble phosphate mining 36
25 Limestone quarry .................... 37
26 Dredge, heavy minerals............... 38
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
Calcite
Identification: The mineral calcite, which makes up lime-
stone is composed of calcium carbonate (C;aCO3). It
varies in color from white or Diolor!rN- to shades of
yellow, orange. or gray, Cal -:te has a h.irdr.ess of
I.D. a specific gravity of ZL.7 and a -A t e or --oo-les5
streak. li breaks up readily into i rysta':lne forms
called rhombohedrons and canbe identified further by
its effervescence in cold dilute hydrcwhlhrli ac:.
Occurrence: Calcite, though of common riccurrence in
Flor;da. is a very interesting rmneral, found in a
variety of forms. In limestone quarries calcit*e can be
found occurring massively or as -Rlng needle-like and
block-shapedcrystals within open cavities or seams in
the limestone. In natural solution caves, such as the
Figure 5. Calcite.
40 FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
1956 Recovery of kyanite and 5illimanite from
Florida beach sands: Rept. Inv. 5274.
Vernon. Robert O.
1943 Florida mineral industry, with summaries
of production for 1940 and 1941: Florida
Geol. Survey Bull. 24.
1951 Geology of Citrus and Levy counties, Florida:
Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 33.
Zimm, Herbert S.
(and Shaffen, P. R.) Rocks and minerals:
Golden Nature Series, New York.
Zuinberge, J. H.
1958 Elements of geology: John Wiley & Sons,
New York.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. H
brown streak, but its hardness depends upon the form
in which it occurs. Yellow ocher, which is a mixture
of limonite and clay, is so soft that it easily leaves a
yellowish brown mark on paper or cloth, while the dark
brown or black variety of limonite can range up to 6.0
in hardness. The specific gravity of limonite ranges
from about 3.4 to 4.0. Small umoLints of limonite give
a yrllnw or buff color to clays, !iTirmstune and soils,
andas a scum on swampwater it is often mistaken for
oil because of its iridescent color in reflected light.
Occurrence: Impure limonite occurs in rrany counties in the
State, often appearing as a rust-like material staining
sand and binding it together. A deposit of fairly high
grade limonite isknownto exist near Chiefland in Levy
County.
Production and use: It is reported thtt the Confederatcy mined
limonite from the deposit near Chiefland for the manu-
facturing of cailons and c:annon balls. A deposit of
fc
Figure 13. L-:rnnrn~.
P'REF.(
FL.-% 6ti.i, t ro pi rittvr. [t* ie a Je '. . ii'i i j.J tt-r:
Pr'[tIl,J lun J ;.i L LI .... ' T: Il ..JT i : t-l.- '. I ;! L Ji:
h'rclI l' i c. Jc fi .. i rl :F'TF T r" l :n i .t-t 1. ~,e ;':1 !I .uj "-!I c, ni i ]r,:/a.
z 1"5 T Ail le -ri Tl .'0 I :lih : *- U.r .-; ( 1;.. J f :;L !. km .--. r,: Ir1,t
d are .I l .r c in I .c puMiiT Lb:.-ui.i-
(0 1ll,, ." k, ,rjn *[:nl 'rjJs dcs:ribcd r'. -:{I. jr,: .'ficLn ch[ i r iMr p.-Ciflaj
C, iT.'n.i!i.tklli l.i.itO l i O >1tiMon LKuuE[TnLce [i;rTLFn liinjL t Ie StIt.L (O.hers
lur t L0Ih1%1 ekt.til C.'n Imifl iC l npo tf [Ain e, hut IL n ii., ;CCLII I 1 -.il tfiLICl' itanlitLcy'
tt he i0l 1 irifL:cijJi vaju' Pr,]uu[iun J-IL t, r ZtiUL'e rn'ck, jLt ruinc rals
ct nimcIIe iilly 1,phi L rlt arc based on rcpuris .Limlpted ity IJic t:..S Iturcau it
ites, lliF cci i era[ il n1 with tiheq Fltorida B i jireu j w ic te -, lu
Thlis brnikliet is dsu iItQdCLJL'd to ( ive e w rejJadr .m1 overul perspectives (Ii
Llie iIporrawicL 40 c:pcli mineral auid rock in the niiiifJl LEIonomy ii lourida.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
Figure 25. Limestone quarry.
Vivianite
Vivianite is a rare iron phosphate. Fe 3 (PO4) 2 8H20,
which is loundas earthy green masses or dark blue to green
crystals. Vivianite isknown to occur inthephosphate mines
at Mulberry, Florida, and possibly in others within the
phosphate mining area.
Mica
Mica is a complex aluminum sli.cate. KA13Si3014 OH3,
having a platy structure and occurring rn small shiny flakes-
Mica is sometimes mistaken for gold in stream sediments
and certain rocks as it glistens brightly ;n sunlight. Mica is
recovered as a byproduct of kaolin pro-essng in Putnam
County but serves no economic use in Florida.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
if the unknown mineral will scratch feld.:par but not
quartz, the hardness of that mineral i-s Ibtwcern six and
seven In other words, a mrnera-" w.;l] :i ratch any
cilher mrnneral ecua] to it ir: haardnr-, ,or any mineral
that :s softer- Most reference bFisk n t.r.i- rarralogy
list the hardness of r-.:nerals a. i .r!:rWn t.:. the M h.s
scale The determination of the -.ppr.xrr-.ate hard-
ness of minerals less than six ur wvrr: : reatlv
siniplified by using the following r nirT..i- :tevns:
Fincrr.ai! up to 2. 5
Cupper coin up to 3- 0
Knife blade up to 5. 5
Window glass 5. 5
Steel file 6. 0 to 7 0
Soeci gravityt: The specific ; raL vtv of r unineral : its
weight 4 ornpared to an equal voliurre of w-ater. For
example, the mineral rutile has a spre ifr. gravity of
ahb ut 4. Z which means that ruit:le :. ,1.. tLtTies as
heavy a, water. Rutile is c onriSiiHcl.red a hirlavy rimineral.
whei:cras qutarlt. S. G. 2. 6 ) I laSnt ir"ildrreid a heavy
r i nl f rl 1,
As a gent.crial rule, Llthiib prop' rty' r f A,' Lrt1t 1i' mI wn
miirtLerail ran he cttirmated as beWing heavy fir light by
'rutmp ring its weight with that of .4di eCUatl ;i,.(ed pierce
of a L'trlriiiIl( mineral of known spec [fit gravity.
Cleaviviagv: TIhe tcntdetr y of a rininiral to l)brerk tor hplii along
-rn:oolth flat planes is known a:s ctle vage. Sil ii in-
erals sthow perfect: cleavage rt sei've4r. I rect i-ons.
wheirraI other minerals ha..' nof liaavi.tr aIt ;1J]. For
exantple. alI-- e breaks i r-to rh.(i-b. hi,-fdr jns wHi. r e-
se :t- il '.e d but qr uar .' h.:, :ii tfe .1-i and
PHYSICAL PROP ETIES
- NESS. ,: ". s
SPECIFIC
STREAK
co' IN \.
'^.-^ ^ ^L-
2..-- LUSTER-
. ,: : FRACTURE
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8 15
Kaolin (China Clay)
(Specimen No. 4)
Identification: Kaalin is a soft. light-weight. often chalk-like
sedimentary rock that has an en rthv 6dor. ,Lad rT: Florida
.i generally light in color and ais;~r-:.terd with large
amounts of quartz sand. Kaolin is cnmposd chiefly of
the clay mineral kaolinite, the crystals of which are so
small that they can be seen only under the electron
microscope. Kaolin is generally quite porous and will
stick tothetongue; it also has thv dist;nLtive property
of slaking or disintegrating rapidly when placed in
water.
Occurrence: Florida has a very large known reerrve of
kaolin. thr Iargcst deposits occurr:ng tnthe east cen-
tral part of the State frorrm southern Clay County to
northern Highlands County. A smaller deposit occurs
in west Florida in a narrow belt extending front Jackson
County into Santa Rosa County.
Production: Florida's active kaolin mines :rre locatd in
Putnam County. These minute produ4Ir over 17,000
I L w
N .. ... --[
"( ': "--- --t -
- \ : -
K "
;- -' F- -. -- -.;,
: ,_ .7 a .
Figure S. Kan>ir_ (;.7hia iayv),
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
Fossils vary widely in relation to the ancient animals
of which they are remains. It is for this reason that their
study is confined somewhat to experts called paleontologists.
By identifying fossils, especially certain shellfish, they as-
sume a singular importance in that they can be used to date
and correlate various geologic formations. both state and
nationwide.
The remains of ancient life are abundant throughout
theState and can be found in great numbers in many places.
VIX
r*.
Z -
f
:.-- ,_ ,_
i!sr ,~~i~
"' ; a- _
Figure 22. Prehistoric life,
GUIDE TO
ROCKS AND
MINERALS
OF FLORIDA
>1~ii~
rr -.h.
,j ~~'ar"5~
. 49 ;
FLORIDA
BUREAU OF
TALLAHASSEE
GEOLOGY
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
fullers earth clays are not readily dist inguishable from
common clay, but in general the fullers earth found in
Florida is light green or gray in color, has a greasy
feel when wet, and has a low specific gravity. Fullers
earth will not slake or disintegrate readily when placed
in water, as will kaolin.
Occurrence: Sizable deposits of fullers earth are known
to occur near the surface of the ground :n Gadsden,
Marion. Pinellasand Manateecounties. Snmal deposits
are known in many other counties, and are often en-
countered :n the drilling of wells.
Production: Florida's activefullers earth mines are located
: Gadsden County. but -inhe past the t.atert.Il Ins been
mined in Marion and Manatee counties. The Gadsden
County mines produce over 245,000 short tons of fullers
earth per year, valued at more than $6 million.
Use: Ft!Cers e rarth, because of its high adsorbing powers, is
used;-, l Iarning agent in servicee ltatmios. niarchine
-shops-, factories and other places where o I and grease
are spilled on floors, machinery, etc. Fuller earth is
tsed quite extensively as a carrier for insecticides and
fungic ide., as a filtering agent for rmlovini t:olor frorn
mineral and vegetable oils, and as a mineral filler in
aoaps, sorne plastics, paints, and polished.
Quartz Sand
(Specimen No. 6)
Identificat ion: Quartz sand is a loose, unconsolidated material
of small grain size composed primarily of the mineral
quartz. Ouartz is crystalline silica, Si(O. and may be
of any color though generally in Florida quartz sand is
colorless or white. Regardless of color.honever, the
streak is always white. The specific gravity of quartz
is 2.65 and the hardness is 7. 0,
Occurrence: Though common quartz sand is the most abun-
dant surface material in the State. the deposits are
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
Florida, the colors generally range from almost pure
white through shades of yellow, orange, redand brown.
Occurrence: The occurrence of sandstone is limited in
Florida largely to the red sandy clay formations of
the central peninsula and northwestern part of the
State. It generally occurs as thin discontinuous layers
or small nodules, though it has been observed in beds
up to 10 feet thick.
Production anduse: No commercialuse is made of the sand-
stone found in Florida, though it has been used on a
very limited scale as a building stone.
Figure 11. Sandstone.
Chert
(Specimen No. 8)
Identification: Chert, also known in Florida as flint or flint
rock, is an extremely fine-grained variety of the
mineral quartz. It is characterized by its extreme
hardness (7.0), shell-like fracture, and the sharpness
of the edges of broken fragments. Florida's cherts
are generally gray in color, though some are bright
shades of blue, red, yellow and orange.
Occurrence: Chert is found in Florida in association with
some of the limestone formations, especially the Ocala.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Figure 7. Clay.
clay occurring in many of the counties .n the northern
and western part of the State.
Production and use: The principal use of common clay in
Florida s as an additionto sand in the construction of
roads. Florida clays are also used n the manufacture
of Portland cement and lightweight aggregate- Other
products made from common clay include bricks. sewer
pipe. and rooiing. The almost complete lack of pro-
duction in Florida of the last three named products is
due to complex economic factors.
Production figures are not available onthe amount
of common clay used in the State.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
the "land pebble" type, which represent marine rework-
ing of phosphatic limestone, and deposition of hard
pebbles of phosphate in a gravel bed. The land pebble
deposits occur in the Miocene, Hawthorn. and Bone
Valley formations, the latter of which is a gravel com-
posed of 10 to 20 percent phosphorite pebbles in a
mixture of sand, clay. and soft phosphate, along with
fossil teeth and bones of land and marine animals.
These deposits occur east of Tampa principally in Polk
and Hillsborough counties.
The minor hard-rock deposits are residual ac-
curnulations and redeposition of phosphate dissolved
from overlying phorphatic beds and deposited in lime-
stone by replarelneIli. Hard-rock phosphatre deposits
are mined in Citrusn and Marion counties andarc known
to occur inr general area extending from Suwannee to
Herr.ando counties, north-souuth
Prixduction: Florida is the world's leading pruodi. er Lu tphos-
phate rock, with over 10 million tons, vailuerd at $70
million, mined yearly. Th:s accounts for more than
24 percent of thetutal mn:nr-raj production oi the State.
lar;d pchble ;h-h pritcr i n.:pr-:es5 the Tra: *,r.t' c.
prodx.:ctiour :t rTi .nr.es operatring -r. Po.k ani Hills-
,oroUigh. c-nur.t.,- . lth:I..ugh some hard-rI.-k phostphate
it- produced i:. (.'t:-': Ct;.4nt,-.
U'e: Phosph ae- has rd )reat n:ar.y 'ises, the a rgesi ,1 .r.rich
: in the n:ar:uta. tlhr, of r[phosphoric ac;I. su rph -
phate. trip]esii:r rphlos.phale. ground roc k a id other
phosphatic salts for fertilizers. It also finds use in
explosives, soaps. medicine, cerranll4, ani many
other indulstr:;i] :u Imn lodities.
Peat
(Sper imen No, 16)
Idenrtfliat:on: Peat is an aucu.u.illation of partly decomposed
and d:s:ntegrated organrlt materials derived mainly
from "*oodv parts of plants. It varies in cunlistency
34 FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
The best places tolookforfossils are in quarries, road cuts
and especially the phosphate mines of central Florida. Here
a large portion of the material mined consists of the remains
of ancient animals which have accumulated over millions of
years.
Sea Shells
(Specimen Nn. I 8)
Sea shells are the remains of marine life which have
accumulated through time and are still accumulating as
animals of the sea die or shed their hard protective cover-
ings. Shells vary widely in color and pattern and only their
biological features and shell composition are constant. The
shells are composed mainly of calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
1. I*A!. .' _' .
,,,...,. ....,..,. 4- .,; .- ,. .f-:;
A' -. %
'"" .. " 1
t . - i -- -.- -
_... *- ... .___ -
23,i~1 Sect NF'-
ROCKS AND MINERALS OF FLORIDA
A GUIDE TO IDENTIFICATION, OC:r'RRENCE,
PRODUCTION .'AND LSE
By
Ernest W, Bishop and Lawrence I.. Dee, r.
INTRODUCTION
In r-rder to far:'l:ari~ze thr- reader w:th sonme bas:-c
defl nl ions and ter min r, -lgv, th.e fol !.~-ing in rodiuctory
sectijn is included.
Mineral,
A rr::nr.ral :s a .,t::-a*-.lv .. ur--in :n.T.rganirc ulustancr
hav.ng a chara- t erist: i hen:;. J : r.: p sLt.on and definite
physical propc riei. MNist minerals have a definite gci-
rnetrai l arrangerrne til cn nomnprMnent it ilan which, under
favorable cornit ions cif growth, produce smooth pl;ne s called
crystal faces. Such grn.rit-ria formrns a re stalled stal
Most n-.irerais are --or-n. nds. forrred as emiral
iI orbir.At:ons of two or rr.re c hentcal elements.. Some
eleternts, however, such as sulfer, g;(.4 and silver, may
ot.-iir pure or unconmbired with other vlcnenlt; thlcse are
known as native elements and are also minerals.
finestt Bihop, LGeolo Sr., f~-.r ly et-rr'lpe uri-J .e R"l-ir:i Geu-
.ngicai Surv.ey L c e L w ce r.L. D r,* c:a4jte s nt, Fltcida i tSrta universityy,
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Coquina
A coquina limestone is one composed of whole or
broken shells and quartz sand grains that have been more or
less firmly cemented together. In the coquina found in
Florida the cementing agent is principally calcite.
It is interesting to note that coquina has for over 400
years been used as a building stone in Florida and is prized
today for its beautyas incorporated in modern architecture.
Coquina is found at land surface along the east coast
of Florida from St. Johns to Palm Beach counties, but is
rarely found more than 3 miles inland from the coast.
-Wi
c', - r '-.. 1 4-.
j -,.,:i l, .
j w r-
, ^/_^f^
,>*3-^
Figure 3. Coquina.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
gray or light grayish brown
in color, and commonly con-
tain fossil shells and shell
fragments. Limestone may
be easily identified by the
application of a drop of cold
dilute hydrochloric acid which
causes the calcite particles
to effervesce freely-
t 2
--e
*
4 ,
Occurrence: Limestone underlies
all of Florida, but in many
parts of the State it is covered by the sand and clay
that forms the land surface. Limeslone in theState Is
divided into the following types:
Key Largo Limestone
The Key Largo limestone is a fairly hard. white to
light gray rock, which contains numerouDn fossil corals.
Figure 1. Key Largo limestone.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
A.
A.r
Figure 12. Chert.
The materials was formed by the replr'acel ILt of -a L i m
carbonate with silica carried in circulating ground
water, as Hhownbythefact that much of the chert still
contains traces of the fossils that were present ;iz the
original limestone- Chert is found at th' nurfairce 0 the1
ground in many of the northern -:nd western c- ouutieCs of
the StaLtV, especially Wakulla, Mariun. and CitrusL
t uuilties.
Product:,tI .ind isv,: Chert was utilized by V P'r:d.t's Indlan5
in the .l:,t.fitactLr:-n of axe nc.-.d pi-. r h.-ad-, -nd
Arr' Doint. The hardr-ess r v.r:r-t', L; .: st.,r
1 ,i't- h .rTT -.ri :: ~ -a e -5 sa Se:;;-:.r., -. i.. tc ,Jlt-.
Limronite
(Specimen No. P)
Identificalinr.: Limon:te, a compound of .ron, oxygen and
hydrogen (2 Fe2O-- 3 H1O), is a yellow:sh brown to
dark brown or black mineral. Limonite has a yellowish
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Use: Research has shown peat tohave a great many potential
uses, though only one is presently utilized in the State.
The total State production is used in agriculture, but
other proven uses include use as a solid fuel and for
distilled products.
Fossils
(Specimen No. 17)
Fossils are the preserved remains or remnants of
ancient life, both plant and animal. Fossils are composed
of several mineral materials including calcite, aragonite,
tilica, and a tough, horny material called chitin. Fossil
animal remains differ somewhat in composition from fossil
shells in that the original hone material has usually been
premnineralized with silica, rather thAn by calcile.
MAN O1: '
ir h150t4
Figure 21. Fossils.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
required by the cement formula. Staurolite is also
used as a sand blasting material.
Gypsum
Identification: The mineral gypsum is a hydrous calcium sul-
fate, CaSO4 2 ZH2O. It may be transparent to trans-
lucent when pure, but is often colored gray, yellow,
.". I (
'
l' '*^
I' --. ..- "
. .
rr
r--,
./
,j
Figure I 8. Gypsum and anhydrite.
red, brown or black byimpurities. Gypsum has white
streak, is soft enough to be scratched by a fingernail
(hardness of 2. 0), and has a low specific gravity (2. 2
to 2.4). Gypsum occurs in several forms, two of which
are knownto occur in theState. Selenite is a coarsely
crystalline, transparent variety composed of flat,
angular crystals that can be easily split apart. Massive
gypsum is a granular variety, showing no crystal form.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
tons of kaolin yearly, which accounts for less than one
percent of the total mineral production of the State.
Use: Kaolin is used in making porcelain. paper, oilcloth.
linoleum, paint, soaps, tooth powder, crayons, tex-
tiles, and other products- Kaolin produced in Florida
is used almost exclusively in the ceramics industry in
the manufacturing of china and standard porcelain.
Fullers Earth
(Specimen No. 5)
Identification: Fullers earth is the name applied to certain
clays that have the ability to adsorb coloring matter
from vegetable, mineral and animal oils. Some of the
-St Lcks to t.he-
tonc
-' .
I -
--
Figure 9- Fu';lers earth.
--
r~scm, 1
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. M
-p
Orala LiTrestone"
The Oca la limestone is a most rr'n;arkablc iI Tir'r L'one
deposit inthat it :s 'composed ofalmncst p'.iar a- .i n 'arbon-
ate (CaC() 3], shels o-'f small sea cre-at: lr an ;riLd rry tirnv
-halky part:clvs. Genrrally the Ocala --:tH<-l- .:i s i.f ar.d
poiro.s, but in laces It :s hard Land derr.-- 1,a s, f .r .nr.-
tatiun .,f the- nartic-les by crystallinr .-a :t* .
Figure 4. Ocala limestone.
The Ocala limestone underlies alnwost all of Florida.
but is found at the surface of the land only in parts of the
following counties: Alachua, Citrus, Dixe. Gilchrist,
Holmes, Jackson, Lafayette, Lake, Levy, Madison. Mar'in,
Polk, Sumter and Taylor.
Suwannee Limestone,
The Suwannrc limestone contains a very high percent-
age oi calcium carbonate and. though it is not as pure as
'The Ocolal store ca used ht-r includes tie Ccala Groei, of iar.tures
cnslstinq of the Crytal] River",illistca :n I glis formations.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
breaks into irregular fragments like ice. Because
cleavage is always constant for a given mineral, it is
usually used as an aid in mineral determination.
Rocks
Rocks are naturally occurring mineral masses that
form the solidpart of the earth. Rocks are composed of one
or more minerals and may be hard as in marble, basalt and
granite; or soft or unconsolidated, as in clay. sand or gravel.
There are three main types of rocks, each of which was
formed in a different way- These types are called igneous,
metamorphic and sedimentary.
Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks are those which have cooled and solidified
from an originally hot moltenliquid. When Ihe moltenliquid
comes to the earth's surface from volcanoes, it is known as
lava. When it cools and hardens more slowly below the
earth's surface, it produces rocks such as granite. Igneous
rocks occur only at great depths below the grind surface
in Florida.
Metamorphic Rocks
Metiamorphic rocks are igneous or sedinmentary rocks
whi'h have undergone considerable change because of heat,
prtes. ltre, or both. Some common exarriplrr; are marble and
nlatc. Metamorphic rocks do not occur at thfe surface in
Fluridl, b'it have been encountered at great depths in oil
test wells.
Sedimentary Ru( ks
Sedtt-ientarvy rocks are those tornired by the deposition
of secdminnts derived from the destruction of other rocks,
and by chemtiial and biological prrr-iptatmin. In Florida, they
include all those rocks exposed at the surface. There are
three essential phases inthe formation of sedimentary rocks:
(1) The sediments must essentially be derived by the
breaking down or weather-r.g of older rocks. This is accom-
pl;shed by mechanical. chemical and biochemical processes.
Mechanical erosion consists of the fragmentation of rocks
by the action of water, wind, frost, ice. plant roots and falling
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
Figure 20.
Peat,
from a fibrous, matted, turf-like material to a soft,
plastic mud. Peat exhibits no distinctive physical or
chemical properties by which it can be ea ily identified,
other than its color and fibrous nature.
Occurrence: Peat occurs throughout the State wherever
swamp, bog or lowland conditions exist. The most
extensive deposits are in the Everglades, though peat
has been recovered cornmrc:ially in Putnan. Orange,
Hillsborough, Polk, Fay and Broward counties.
Production: Peat is produced within the State only for local
use, and the mining operations are small. Over 39,000
short tons of peat, valued at more tha. $170, 000 are
produced yearly.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
but may consist of the mineral
aragonite, CaCO3. or tough horny
material called chitin.
Production and use: Shells are
commercially valuable in that
marine animals, primarily
oysters, have built up shell
deposits in such great qutan.
t it i s that they can be dredged
up from the water and used
for building roads, and for
agricultural purposes.
pcrnissiowt
first
Shells are also of value to shells I-lIlectr*rs andfor
the crar-.:facturc ol shel: jewelryy and tcirist goods.
Florida produces over 1. I million short tons of
oyster shell, valued at more than $Z min lion, annually.
OTHER ROCKS AND MINERALS OF FLORIDA
Agate and Chalcedony
Agate and chalcedony are cortmpoed of c ryptocryNtalline
silica, SiO They are known to occur in many parts of the
State, with one locality being world famous. allast Point,
Tampa Bay, Florida, is one of the few known plat( in the
world where agatized pseudomorpha after coral may be col-
lected. Agatired fossils are found along the gulf coast and
in the phosphate mines of central Florida.
Aragonite
Aragonite possesses the same chemical composition
as calcite, CaCO3; only its crystal system and properties
are different. It is not as common as calcite. but is found in
the State. making up the shells of some Recent marine
animals.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
the Ocala, in Panhandle Florida it approaches the Ocala in
purity. The impurities in the Suwannee, principally quartz
sand and clay, may amount to 10 percent or more of the
rock. In general, the Suwannee is somewhat harder and
more compact than the Ocala limestone.
The Suwannee limestone is found at land surface in
parts of Citrus, Hamilton, Hernando. Holmes, Jackson,
Jefferson, Lafayette, Lake, Madison. Pasco, Sumter, Tay-
lor. Walton, and Washington counties.
Tampa Limestone
The Tampa limestone is much more variable in its
compositionthan either the Ocala or Suwannee. The impuri-
ties, which may be quartz sand, clay and phosphate, range
from about O0 to as high as 70 percent of the rock.
In general, the Tampa limestone is a hard, massive,
crystalline rock, and in some parts of the State is character-
ized by the presence of small cavities caused by shell material
being dissolved out of the rock.
The Tampa limestone is exposedat land surface inthe
Tampa Bay area inHillsborough and Pinellas counties and in
adjoining Pasco County. In west Florida, this limestone may
be found at land surface in places along the Apalachicola
River in Jackson, Gadsden, and Liberty counties. Numerous
surface exposures are also found in Wakulla and Washington
counties. The Tampa limestone is near the surface in several
other counties in the western and northern part of the State,
but generally is exposed only in sinkholes.
Production and use: Florida produces over 28.200,000 tons
of limestone, lime and dolomite per year valued at
nearly $38 million. This amounts to more than 58 per-
cent of the total mineral production.
Moat of the limestone produced in the State is
crushed for use in making hard surface roads and as
an aggregate in concrete. Limestone is also used in
agriculture as a soil conditioner. Portland cement.
railroad ballast. riprap. building stones,lime, chemi-
cal industries and other miscellaneous uses account
for the remainder of Florida's production.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8 7
Some of these cora Is have been pa rti;]ly dis..4solved by ground
water and the spactie ren nainiig fillt Id with i ryvstallirt' c-alci Ie.
The Key I.lrgo limestone is found ait he l:ind surft'ace ir. *th>
Florida Keys frtr- Sand Kev to I.,gge.rh-..dc Kcrv.
Mia tr: Oolit-
Oolitre. (oHlires) are small rounded graiiin. 4l rnL.ailrl-
because thty look like filh eggs. CO
deposition cf layers of cat, ire ar und tinv p i rticlrs such as
sAnRl grain ir shell f-rgrn nt. Thl M:ar-; otclite i- a fairy
soft whqle liriestone niadr up princitiall] of c
sorice quartz sand present.
It i. f4n:ndat land surface v parts rof 1Bronward, Collicr,
Dade and Monrnoe tintie-.
-rP
.- c.,
d., e.t... .; S
f."1 t B'
Figure Z. Miami oolite.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Physical Properties
The physical properties of minerals may vary some-
what, but are generally constant to a degree that makes them
useful aids in identification. For
most common minerals, identifi-
cation on the basin of physical Cr.. CC,/
properties alone is sufficient. O
Color: The color of a mineral is
one of the first physical prop-
erties to be observed. Some
minerals have a fairly con- -.
stant color, while in other
minerals the colors vary
greatly because of the pres-
ence of impurities.
Streak: Streak, which is the rolor of the powdered mineral,
is more constant than surficial color and therefore
more important in mineral determinations. It is
usually obtained by rubbing the mineralacross a piece
of unglazed white porcelain, although very hard
minerals may be pulverized with a hammer and the
color of the powder examined on a piece of white paper.
Hardness: The resistance of a mineral to scratching or
abrasion is termed hardness. To express hardness
an arbitrary reference scale (Mohs scale) is used.
The standard scale, whhi-h consists of 10 common
minerals arranged in order of increasing hardness.
is as follows:
1. Talc 6, Feldspar
2. Gypsum 7. Quartz
3. Calcite B. Topaz
4. Fluorite 9. Corundum
5. Apatite 10. Diamond
By using the above reference minerals, the hardness
of an unknown mineral can be determined. For example,
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Occurrence: Gypsum and anhydrite (closely related sulfate
rn:nrrals) are common minerals deep in the subsuLrface
of the State, Small deposits of gypsum occur at the
surface in several localities in the peninsula. A de-
posit of very fine grained gypsum has been reported
from the east half of sec- 23. T. Z0 S. R. 21 E. in
Sumnter County. Crystals up to three-quarters of an
inch !ong have been reported at a depth of 4 feet frorr.
a locality 3 miles east of Christmas in Orange County
a r.d .car i rystals up to6 inches long have beendredged
from the Gull of Mexico and Tampa Iay in Pinellas,
Pasco, and H.illsbarough counties.
Production: No t ommerc al deposits are knnuwn to exist near
the surface in Florida, though deposits of commercial
exl ent are believed to be presentt at approximately 2,300
feet below the ground surface nr. Monroe County.
Use: When gypsuum is heated and tht- water wilhin it driven
off. it forms a plaster of Paris, which has thl property
of be otning hardafter being mixed with water. Plaster
of Pari, is used in wall plaster, plaster board, stucco,
dentistry, crayons, casts and in nmany other ways.
Gypsum. when pulverized, is used as a fLrtilizer, and
it IA aln used as a flux in glass. c'rrhfmicL' as a di-
infectant and hardening retarder in cenLent.
Anhydrite
(Specimen No. 14]
Identification: Anhydrite is an anhydrous calcium sulfate.
CaSO4. It is closely related to the mineral gypsum,
but has a marble-like texture and usually shows no
t crystal forrn. Anhydrite has a white, gray, or brown
color and a white streakandis distingu:shed front cal-
citeby ts superiorhardnesst 3.0 t, i.. The specific
gravity i5 2. 89 to 2. 98.
Occu.rrer.ce: Anhydrita occurs deep in the subsurface of the
State ard :s ai common mniieral seen :n well cores.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Petrified Wood
Although petrified wood is not of mineral origin, the
original wood has been replaced by silica (SiOz) in solution
SILICA SiOC
.l^^ ~IN
CHO orqanic mwariad (old wood )
or more rarely by clay minerals. Petrified wood is often
found in the excavations for phosphate near Bartow, Florida,
and in the dredging operations of the southern portion of the
State.
Figure Z6. Dredge, heavy minerals.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 8
grains. Such concentrations are common along present
beaches of the State and also along beaches that werf
formed when t-e sea stood higher than it does now.
Deposits of heavy minerals maybe recognized by their
black color due to the present r t. IlrTir nite, which is
generally the most abundant ni-r-ra. :;: ;4.h deposits.
Production: llmenite is produce ed frorr. h n-,i'v n:ineral sands
in Clay. Duval. and Indiar. R-vrr i :I:.ti:es. The pro-
duct:on of ilmenite along with rit; Ie. Ahi h is alsc a
tltanir:.rr mineral is v-al]':e at n T.rc than $6. 5 rr.illion
annually.
Use: The rhief use for the nnr.rral ilnivn;te is in The n.anu-
facturtr.g of titanium dioxide p:g.nl"et for .whlte paints-
Ilmenite. along with rutile is used for r-oatingelectric
welding rods and also as a samur te of titanium metal.
Rutile
(Specimen No. 11)
Identification: Rutile is a titanium oxide, TiO It is red,
red-brown to black in color, with a yellow or pale
brown streak. The specific gravity is 4. 2 to 4, 3 and
the hardnessfrom6.0 to 6.5. In Florida, rutile occurs
as rounded sand-size particles.
Occurrence: Rutile is a heavy mineral in Florida's sands
and is found associated with ilmenite, zircoin, stauro-
lite and others.
Production: Rutile is produced along with ilmenite in Clay,
Duval, and Indian River counties. The figures for
production and value of rutile are iomnbined with those
of ilmcnite.
Use: See "llmenite. "
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. h
or sliding caused by the pull of gravity. In the chemical
process, soluble rocks are dissolved by acidic ground water
or surface water. PlanTs anti animals through their bio-
chemical prt.t.esses- a.sLn c-ausc
some drcorr.position, f rL, f n-ale-
'' RLockkound rial.
(2) The material produced
.byihe breaking down of rocks must
be transported tothe area :n which
they are tobe dcposited. Thetrans-
-. 'porting agent is usually running
... water such as streatrns or ocean
c-urrents, but some material in
removed by the wind, ice and the
direct force of gravity.
(3) Dhpunition takes place when the velocity of the
transporting agent is reduced, as when a stream ntllners a
lake or ocean. Material is also deposited by cherrical and
biological precipitation. The sed'im-nts generally become
consolidated into hard rock as a result of courpaLtion,
icFmentation. or both. Compartion is caused by the weight
of overlying sediments which tend to squeeze out n-ui h of the
water, while cemnentation takes place as the mineral matter
in the contained water is precipitated hut. This precipitation
results in thefornmation of minerals whichbind the sedimen-
tary particles together to form ,o"r.s-olidated rock.
SPECIMENS IN THE SAMPLE SET
Limestone
(Specirer. No. 1)
Identification: Iimestone is a sedimentary rock composed
principally of the mineral calcite, CaCO3. The calcite
in limestone ranges from fragments large enough to be
seen with the naked eye to small chalky parti les too
small to be seen even under the microscope. Florida
lirrestones range fronm hard, comnact, crystalline
rocks to soft, chalky mtanses, generally white. light
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Staurolite
(Specimen No. 1 3)
Identification: Staurolite is a complex iron, aluminum sili-
cate. Fe"A14 Si Ol0(OH), It is usually some shade of
brown, has a colorless streak, a specific gravity that
ranges from 3, 4 to 3. 8 and a hardness of 7. 0 to 7. 5.
Staurolite resembles rutile under the microscope, but
has a dull luster. In Florida, staurulite occurs as
rounded sand-size particles.
Occurrence: Staurolite is one of the most abundant minerals
in Florida's heavy sand deposits.
Production: Staurolite is produced, along with other heavy
minerals. in Clay County. Estimated annual production
is about 20. 000 short tons.
Use: The principal use of staurolite is in the production of
Portland cement, where it substitutes for clay in sup
plying the necessary alumina and part of the iron as
D ".
in
.D:-
4 e
o, a
NS'
Fig4 re 17. Sta';rniir.
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
I r. .- -
-S
T~~C~ -
/
F-'igir i,1. Dr.tgline, land pebble phli iphiatr mi- ing.
Diatomaceous Earth (Diatcmnite)
[):atFrnite is made up of microscopic sllnt ce 5iu- sk.letocr.s
of fresh water and marine creatures called diatoms. [t re-
sernblers halk r:r t iay. but is c orimpr,-isd thirfly L f .:lLca.
DiatTTr'.:te .; iov :r.d assnriated with -eat denrisits in theState,
but has noc beer. rInned ir. ric:lt years.
Pvyri e
Pyr::c (FeS) t.r "fools gold" is bra-sy r-lored iron
,ulfidc. It .. urs withinn the subsurface of the State in deep
well c-ores and -as eer. found at one surface locality near
O.ala. Florida.
r
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
'K
p ,
Figure 10. Quartz sand.
not extensively drve!oped. Sand is n;nimd un .a tirmted
scale in almost every county in the Slate, with the
principal sand producing counties being Polk, Dade,
and Putnam
Production and use: Florida produces over 6.6 million tons
of sand annually, valued at about $5 million. with the
principal user be.ng the building industry. This ac-
counts for more than 1Z percent of the State's total
mineral production.
Florida quarter sand is also used for making glass
and for grinding and polishing metals. Other uses are
as molding sand, blast sand, filter sand, and fill sand.
Sandstone
(Specimen No. 7)
Identification: Sandstone is a sedimentary rock commonly
composed of quartz s.nd grains cemented together by
silica, calcite. ron oxide, or other mineral substance.
Depending upon the amount and character of the cemen-
ting agent. sandstones may be almost any color. In
|
PAGE 1
GUIDE TOROCKSANDMINERALSOF FLORIDAFLORIDABUREAUOFGEOLOGYTALLAHASSEE
PAGE 2
STATE OF FLORIDADEPAlflllENTOf NA TlJII.ALRESOURCESrn-J.GiM',E..."",lotPorurooI>IVISIQNOfRESOURCE IolANACUIIO:,.e-, ).0-..._ DorioIooI-.....BURAUOFGEOLOCYc.... .. .--st'CIALPUBLICAno.."1 NO.8ROCKS AND MINERALS OF nORlIlA A GUIDE TO II)ENTIFICATION. OCCURRENCE. 1'1I.0DUCflON ANI) tlSE "b_'".oloop... L ••...."L._.hTAUlJlASSl: F_ l,.1_ 1911
PAGE 3
DEPARTIIlEHf'OFNATURAL R!:SOURCESB08GRAHAM GEORGE FIRESTONE RILL GUNTERRALPIll). TURLINGTON Comml,.iMt, of Edun'ioft GoJIM,l,-,G......Gl:RAI.l) A.LEWIS Cump,roJIrrOOYLl: CONNERCommis>J
PAGE 4
PREf>\cETlIoobootJn "",,,U.. ,o....,...ptolr'"ohr..u.r.r"""-.""""'.........prod"",0(..lon l.:bblMldncribed11oo, ..... _rl'\a,M/)'"'III1POO""_"",Ily.'hoIop0(.........O\lIr .. COIOSiIJbI<_..m.porlance. b,,, do_0,.lII .. fTktIov.nu.boo.\:lo, i. lIooIn..mledInp .. ,her.od.,.n_nilp
PAGE 5
T,\.BLI:OF CONTENTS Introduction ..•......................•.......•. Mineralo .....•............•............... Phylicmi oolite. Coquina .•................................ 0,,010lima.tone . s."wra.;>nd(SpecimenNo. 6). Sandl'one(Spedmen No.71...••..•••.•....... CherI{SpecimenNo. 8)..................••••. Ulte{Spedmen No. ,l. .Ilmen;te(Specim.n No. 101..............••... Rutile(Sped men No. III.•................... Zi.con{Specimen Nn. lZl .......•........•.... Staurolite(Specimen No. 13l .Gyplum.......••........•................... ""hydrite(SpecimenNo. 14).............•.... Pho.ph.ate rock (Specimen Nn.151••...........Peat (Specimen No.161.••••.................. F,,.lilo (Specimen No. 17)••............•••... s..a .helll (Specimen No.18)............•.... OIherr""kl and mlneraloofFlorida ........••...• ASlte Ind chalcedony ...........•........••... Ar;>gonite ,.........•,....••.......,. mllnma""",,"earth ....•..••..............•.. •Pase , , ,•• • •, ,, , •,, " " " " """ "" """ """ """ " " " " ""
PAGE 6
Pyrite .•..•••••..............•..••••••••••. Vi,,;"'n;te .....•..••••.••...••............... Miea ..•••••••••.........................•••Petrilied wood •••••••••••....••.•••......... Refer""""" ••••••.........................•.•••ILLUSTRATIONS "" .. "" " " "Fil .. re,, ,•, 6, •• """ """""" " """ ".-""Key.....rlOlimtone ...........••.•.•. M.iami oolite. Coqul . Ocala lim o"" . Calcl
PAGE 7
ROCKSAND MINERALS OFFLORIDAAGUIDETO OCCURRENCE, PRODUCTIONANDUSE Ernut W. B, B;lhopInd Lowrenc.. INTRODUCTION,L. Dee, Jr.Inorderto familiar;led.,initionland'erminolog." lectlonilincluded. Ih..reader_ilbaom..""ale tberoll_lng Introductory"mineraltoanallHIII.,occurr;n,inor,an;c a.. hltancehlvl... I c,,"uc r;ltic chem;calcompooiHIImine.al.""eCornpouD
PAGE 8
, FLORIDA CEOLOGICALSURVEYThe phyll""} p."pertiel or mineral.mayvary 'Ome_wbat, bUllregen.... l1y c"notanl 10• degru tbat mal<.. 1Ihem "o"IuJ aid.in identiflclt.tiGn. For molt common mlDer.b,idenlificationon theball' ofpayol"alproperli...alone i. ,ulric,.."". Colo.:Thecolor 06 ..mine.all.O"e ottb..nutph"!,,,1 prop_erti...10 oburved.Some mlneu.lohave .. rairly C"O_otanicolor,whHein other min .....la the coloTi vary ,reatlybeca"u ofthep .... oDCaof impu.III...Streak: Streak••bleb 10thecolor 01tl>epow
PAGE 9
SPECI ... LPUBLiCATION NO.8, if theunknownminHal will .er.Uhreldapa. bu' notqua... ,the hHdne ..of th .., minerai labet ...een .Ix.nd ""yen In Olhe< worda,• mineral... lll .erateh ..ny otherm,neralequ.lto itin hacdne... orany mineraltllat i•• elter.i0oi.....eferencebook.onmineralOlY Ii.,theh ...dne .. cfmineral.a<<"ord,nl tothe MoI'.a .. ""Ie The detecmlnati"" ot.he ."pra.d..... te hIord_neaael miner..l.Ie... hIon al"Or ..... ni. Irutly .'m"hl,edby..ainlthe lollowi"llcomm"""em.:F,nlernail_ upto Z,5 Coppereo,n _ uptoJ.OKnilebl..de _ "I'to5. 5 WindowII.... 5.5 So.... 1 file_ 6, a '07.0 S_
PAGE 10
•FLORIDAGEOLOCICAL SURVEY bruk, Into ine,,,]'"{ralmentalikeice.B",cau... c1eava,,, 1& alw"y. (Oona.anl fo... ,i"'''. mineral,ilia ...... Ily ua..t, •• u> .Idin mineraldetermination. Rock. Uen&u.rill.llyoccurrinlmineralma ...... hat formth......lid partoftheurH •. Rock. are compoudofone or moreminerahand"""bebard a.;n marble,bt. ••1tand IUD,le; oreof!0. 1UW:"...olidat....l, .ain clay.sand Or,ravel. Therearcthreemaintype.d. rocke,each of... hieh "" .{ormedin.. dirrer.. '"""ay. The..,type. ar'"ailed;Ioeo. me.amorphlcaNi.edime........ y. IIDe""aRock.llneoua rock•• u.hOOl..whichhavecooled and aolidified froman orill.... lly hot moltenliquid.Whenthemolt"nliquidcom...10Ihe .. a.,h'•• udace from vole.noe •.i.i. known ••lava. When il coob and harden. moreal_ly below the .. a.,h'••urface. itproducurod .....eh&.I,ani'e.'Ine""•• oclo.a ocCuronlyat IreAtdepth.belowtheIround.urface in Florid •. MetamorphicRod .• 1'0<:1<.aceIKneou,Orudlmentaryro<:hwhichhaveundecuau
PAGE 11
SPECIAL PUeUCATIONNO.I ,or.Edingc.uud byIhcpullof gravity. In Ihechemicalproce ••,.0Iub1" rock.arc diuolvedby acidicground...a'erOraurface .. alcr. PlaNa andanirnalathrouI.hth"lr bio_ chemicalproc" ••e. alaocau.".omedecompooilion of rockmate_ rial.(Z)The rnalerialproduce"CI.cryolallinerocko toooft, chalkyrna ...... S"....rallywhite, lilhl
PAGE 12
,FLORID ...GEOLOGICALSURVEYCray o. !i,hl Cuyi.h brown in colo •. and commonlyconta;nfoun ahell.and.hellfra,mant..Lime.'onemayb.e e.aily id.mtifiedby .h. appllca.'on.of • drop ofcolddill hyd.o<:"Io•• cacid whid!. " d,. calcite pal'1iclu 10 ert •• vucc freely. Occ'IUOce:Ume ••one UDOerli... all Florida.bul in ...... ny parl.oL .he Sta'e iti. coveredby the.andand clay,hat form.the l
PAGE 13
SPF.Cl... LPUBUCATIONNO.8 , Som"of ttl".econhhaVeb"cnpll N laIlydl.101 v"d by groundwit". and theremainlnsfill"d withc .y.tall in" c alei, e.Th"KeyLarcolim.,.'one IIf ..... nd atth"landsurfac" in th"f"lorid.o.K",.I from SandKe,. to LotI"rhUdKey.OgUtn(oIlW.,.)a." Imall roundedsrain ••ona,ned b,,"auuth",.look lik" filh"CI".001,1",a.eform"dbyIh"d"poaitionofla,."ra ofea!elle aroundtinyportielU.aueh...undlra,nOr .h"1l f.al.... nt. The M.ami oolite i.afairly .oftwhit"lime.lon"mad" up princlpallyof....ht.,.with .Ome qua.uund p •.,.ent. Iti.found .. land ....fae" in pa.l.ofaroward.Collier.Dad" and Monr"'"" ..... nti"•. FIg .. ret. Miami ooWe.
PAGE 14
• FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYAcoqui_ lim... l""e ia onecompand01 .. holeOrbrokenahellc and qu.o.rh unciI"aina, ..... t h.l.ube..nmoreorIe .. firmlycementedtoeett..,.. In th.coqui....round in nori
PAGE 15
SPECIAL PUBUCATIONNO. 8, o.::alaIim.,uon., i.amoll limeaton.,def'O'lh in that ilia compo • .,dofalmo.'calcium carbon_ at., ICaCO)I•• h.,ll.of.mall • .,.crutu• ., and v.,ry tiny "'w.lkypartlclea.C.,n.,rallyth., aca1.. lim., .. 'rI.aoftandporOlla.butinplac.,.I.tahardandd"nub.,
PAGE 16
"FLORID/\.C"OLOCICAL SUR VE;YtileOcala, in PanhandleFlorida II apprOIlcheotheOcalainpurity.The ImpuT!ti ... in theSuwannee,principallyqu.o.rtzunciand clay. lnay
PAGE 17
SPECIAL PUBUCATIONNO.8 Calcit" " !den.meation:Thernineu.J calcite, ... hleh makeo up lime_ .tone hcompoud of c"-Iclumcarbonale ICaCO I.Ityarleo incolorfrom ... hlteorcolorle..to oha;(.,.01.yellow.oTa"lle, or eray.c..lciteboooaha.dne .. 01. 3.0, a.peeificeravityofanda ... h...Or colorl.,.".treak.Itbreak p rcadUyinOo e,yolallineformocalled .hombohedrJ>
PAGE 18
" FLORIDA GEOLOGICALSURVEYM.a.;.""", •. calcile I. oflenI""nd{orm;ngalalaclitu Or atalalm,tn, and morerarely"cito .. enowero." A.the prineipo.l minlInhell. cal_cile i.foundin batharceD'and( 11Irlneand(reah waleranimalee..... i....Dolomite ISprc:imen No.Z) ld ..ntlfiuli.... 'Dolomite i. a.edi....,ntuyrock compo.ee1 principllllyai' the m.ineralOolom;!c.CaMgIC03 ) .The mineraldolomlt'"h.a ...whi'e.lilh!br ....... oz.pin!< color...white ...cak.and" hardne.. ofJ.S. Theeryo••Io.Ifdiacernible.arelIy 101>&11and thecryotal... dac...are aome"'''''\cved.The\''''for dol.omUc I.the .arne i"tlu'lfor Ulcite,except Iha,dolomite..ffcryu" ... verI .lowly incold dil..", hydro.e"loricacid. and mor.. "'gOFOUI1y Inwarmacid..Fieur ..6. Doloml.".
PAGE 19
SPECIALPUBUCATION ""0.I"Occ"rrtnce:DOlomiteio '..ually r"""del..-tly ... oei.ted",ithlimut.... tdtpo.iuoec"rrinl in Florida in pari. o!Polk. San.ata,Manatee.Cinu.,Levy,Dixie,T"ylor,Jefferson,Wakulla.Gad.denandJ""k"on"ountin. P.odu"'ion aDduu:Dolomi't"anbtu.ed formo" 01tht""mt""rpo.eo a.Iim'... onteI""pt for mak,nl PorUand "..menl.1>O
PAGE 20
FLORIDACEOLOGICAL Sl,IRVEYday occurring in many of lhe c ....ntin.nIhenorlh"rn ..nd wntHnpart of th" St"I•.ProdllCI;O".. ndu,,,:Th"prindpalun01 commo"cl.. yin Florida I. u "n.. ddilionlo ... nd;ntheco".lructio
PAGE 21
SPECIALPUBLICATIONNO.8 K.o.olin (Chi .....Clay)(Specim ..n No. 41Id .. ntificatlon:Kaolin i. aoaf,.lip, ....,.hl, oil"" c ..... lk_lik..... rockI ..... t ha'.n..anhy odor. and ''I Florida I....n .. raUy1I1hl: ;ncolor andauocia, ..d .. ith larl"amou""af"""rl...and.Kaolin I. com_edchleflyaf ,h.. cloy mi.... ralkaolinltth..cry.tal.olwhkhau .0 ..... 11 th.tIheycanbt. nonly "nd.. rtb....I ..ctr....micro.cope.Kaolin i•• en..rallyqult ..porou. and will nick 10Ih..t .......... it daohaa Ih.. dlallnc:ti"epropertyoi .I"ki...Or di.intearati.,.rapidly wh.." pLoced in... 1....OcC .. nenc ..: Florid.>.a " ..rylarl"know .. c " ..01 k.olln.thelar,depo.il. occ .. n, ...lnlh .,C.. n_ tcalpaCI 01 Ih ..State from _outhunClay County10norlhern Highland.Counly. A .malludepo.lloccuu In.... nFlorida in anano", belt ... t .. nd,n,fromJ ack.on Countyinlo SantaRo.a Coun'y. Producllon:Florida'.acliv.. kaolinmin ...aTOlocat .. d in PulnamCOtlnty. Th.....min ...produc .. Over 17,000
PAGE 22
" FLORIDA CEOLOGICAL SURVEY Ion. of kaolinyearly ... ace.... nUforI ....thanDoeperce-no01thetctal mineralproduc';on oIth ..Siale. U.."Kaolh,i .... ed in makinl porcelain, pape.,oildoth. 1i_leom, paiort••oo.p •• tOGllhpowder,cuyona.Ie:><_tilu. and ather product•. Kaolin produ""dIn Florida ied.lm te>1gu.a.Figure9.Fullen ..a.tb.
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SPECIAL PUBUC,o\ nONNO. 8 {ulJ.,ne ... rthcl.y."re not re...dllydllllnl ..i.h...ble from commoncl"'y. bul in lener.llh.,{ .. I1.nunhfound in Florid ...I. liSMsreenorIUY in color."" •• Ire".yf.,.,1wbenwet,.nd"" .... ION.pecificlt...rity.F"llenunh willnot.I ...keordi.inle,raterUdllywben pJ ...ced inw ...ler ..... "';11nolin. Occ.. rrence: Siuble depo.iU 01 rulleu.,.reb.reknown to occurnearIbe."tr.c., 01the sr"""'" in Gl.d.den.Meri_. Pinell•••nd Mo.....lee c ....nh., •. Smalld.,_ita.r.,known In manycountie ..... nd...... often en_ c .... nleredIn Ihedrilhns 01 well •.Prod.. etlon:Florida' .... et!ref .. Ueu e.....h minuuloc"'led ,n C ...d.den County.but In thep.o..o.tth.,mat.,r, 1 "".beenmined in Marion.o.ndMo......leec .... nli••.Th. C.d.den C .... nty mil",produc.,OVerl4S.000 .hon Ion. 01 {ullen .... rlhperye" ... I".,dat mO.c than$6 million. U.."FI.Ill.uU.lh,b.,eeof ill hl,h ...d.o.bin, poweu.ia ..oed clunlinggent in "'rrk" .t"'I'on••m chine.hopl.{ clori.... ndotherpl.cnwhere Oll.nd I..,...re.pllledonOoora.machinery. elc.F..ller• ., rthi• .. sedq .. ite"xten.irely ....a c ... rrie.forin..,clidd ndf""8 iCld.,., .......{ilte ring ...gentror remorlng color from mineral...nd "egetabl" oil., ... nd..... mineral{illerin..... p., 'Om., pl.otic., p.inu ....ndpoll." ....o..uuSand(Specimen No. 61Identific.tlon:0..... rl••• nd I.... 100.".unconoolld ...ted male ri...lof .mall,r.in.1&" compo.edpri .......lly01110.,mh."ralqu ... rts.O""'re. i. cry.U.lIin., .Uiea. SiC1' and """ybe of .ny COIO.lh .....h,.,nerally in Floridaquart... aandi. colo.le.. O'white. R"I ....dle.. 01colo.,haw.,.. e'.lb" otreakla alway. whit".The.pcdfic I ....ity01quan" io l.6S"D
PAGE 24
..FLOIUOA GEOLOGICALSURVEY Fi,ure 10. o"art: million.on. ot •• ft.n,hton" I.a aenlheamoun, and co","."-"I ... ollke cemen_ 'inl'"Ieneunduonumay be almo.'anycolor.In
PAGE 25
SPECIALPUBLICATIONNO.819Florida,thecolorsgenerallyrangefromalmostpurewhitethroughshadesofyellow,orange,redandbrown.Occurrence:TheoccurrenceofsandstoneislimitedinFloridalargelytotheredsandyclayformationsofthecentralpeninsulaandnorthwesternpartoftheState.Itgenerallyoccursasthindiscontinuouslayersorsmallnodules,thoughithasbeenobservedinbedsupto10feetthick.Productionanduse:NocommercialuseismadeofthesandstonefoundinFlorida,thoughithasbeenusedonaverylimitedscaleasabuildingstone.Figure11.Sandstone.Chert(SpecimenNo.8)Identification:Chert,alsoknowninFloridaasflintorflintrock,isanextremelyfine-grainedvarietyofthemineralquartz.Itischaracterizedbyitsextremehardness(7.0),shell-likefracture,andthesharpnessoftheedgesofbrokenfragments.FloridaIschertsaregenerallygrayincolor,thoughsomearebrightshadesofblue,red,yellowandorange.Occurrence:ChertisfoundinFloridainassociationwithsomeofthelimestoneformations,especiallytheOcala.
PAGE 26
" FLORIDA C<:OLOG1CALSUR. VEYI Figure12.CherI.Tilematerialwa.formed by thereplacement of caklumcarbonate wllhoilie.. ".IIII""II_, Limonite,..compound ofiron, ."..,.en andhyd....en (2FeZO}'} H 20).i... yelloo.ri.bb.ovm to darkbr_norblackmineral. Limoniteh....yell ...... l.b
PAGE 27
SPECIALPUBUCATJONNO.8 br..... nII ..uk. butItI hardne .. dependluponIhe formIn which il o<:cuu.Yell_oehe.r,which II amlnure of IImotliteandclay. II10lOft Ihal il UIHyleav,,"ayellowilhbrawnonarkonp",..,r Orcloth. whiletI'edarkbrown or blackvariety of limoniteu.n...."Ie UplO6.0In hardnell. Th" lpeelfie,,,vlly of Iimonl'"....ngurromaboul3.4 to 4.0.SmallamounuoflimoniteliveayeU..... or huff color10 clayo,limuloneand loill, andaaa ICum 0<>lwamp .. a'erItIIoflenmillaken foroil beeaule06. Ito Iridelce"tcolor III renectedlilht.Occu...eDCe: Impur"limoni'e occu.. In ma"ycountl.,. IIIthe State,olte"appeari"lala nut_lik. materialalain;n,und andbind;n,it tOleth"r. A depoooitoIlairlyhieb I ..de\;monile II k"""," to""iot "ear Chi"nandi" LevyCounty.ProductionandUO", ItIIrcported that the Conledcucyminedlimonlle from thede""oltnearChldland ror tbe manu. raclur;n, of ca,,,,onaand cannon halil. Adepoaltof Ficur" 13. l.4monite.
PAGE 28
"FLORIDAGEOUXilCAL SURVEY yellowocher in FlaglerCountyha.be.,n,",a,ked forpigment, butnOproductionI>a. been reported oince 19S).Limonite io ..oedcommercially ••anorelor honand o. "pilm"'nt ,n paint ••Ilmenite (Specimen No.10)Identification: Ilmenite i. an iron. ,i"'n;'lm Ol
PAGE 29
SPECIAL PUeUC,,"TlONNO.8gralna.Such concentrationa ..recnmmon.. lonapre.en.be,che.of the S ... te ..nd'0100 '010'11beachulhatwereformed...hentlle'00'0otoo
PAGE 30
FLORJDAGEOLOGICAL SURVEY 15.Rulile.Zircon (Specimen No. IIIIdentification:Zirconia;0.lHule,ZrSi04 Thou,h eommonly eoloden,upedaUy in Floridannda,,.ireonmaybered.blue.brown. Or lavender.Th.ureak j. colorle.. , 'hea""cUk,rav'l,.4.4 10 4.1 and lhehardne.. 7.5.In Florida.,.ireonoeeura a. aand.ai.eparhc1uandma,.be dlltln,ul.hedfrom qllart,.byi ..brilliant I"aterand.moothc..,It'llfacea,a.seen.-iththe aidof amicro.cope.o..c"rrenc.: Zlrc_i. aheavymine.. 1 I"Florida'.Recent .ndandlnt _ch...nds. Production' Zirc"", II prod"ced.alo,,& with ocherheavymln.er ....in Cla,.. Duval •• nd Indian River con...liel.
PAGE 31
SPECiAL PUBLICATIONNO.825 Til"production or zircon10ov.,r lO,OOOahort to". annually, valuedalmorethan $1 million.Uu: Zircon, b.,.,aua.,orila abililyto ""tllnandVHy hilh t.,rnpuaturu. ia mad., into brid'aandc.,m.,ntaua.,d In toundriuand in f"rnacu for rnaklnl alurninurn and Ila... Zircon ia aaDurc.,01the rnetalairconium• ..... ichla uzed tor flaahlilhtpowdHa. radio a"" t ..levlalonlub<:a, el ..clrod.,.,andaaanallOJ"Zirconiumat.,el ,a uzed inarmor plateand in pro;lil.,a; aireD.nlum arodn'ck.. 1 alloyaareuud Inhl,b .p"'
PAGE 32
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURYEY Staurolile(Specimen No. 131ldentifil
PAGE 33
SPECIALPUBLICATIONNO.8 by(I'e cemen' Staurolite tSaloou8eda8 a.andblasting r",>.tedd. GypsumJdentification:Theminera!gyp.umi.ahydrous calc iumsulfste,CaS04 . llilO. Itmay be to tran._ lucent whenj>\'re, buti. often colored gray, yellow.'. it.y " , ,1".. , ,J I •Figure 18.Gyp.umandanhydrite. brownorblack byimpurities. Gyp.umha. a whites'reak,i.soft enough to be .cratched byafingernail (hardne.. ofl. 0),andhas alow specific gravity(l.l10l.4). Gypsum occurs inseveralform•.two of which are knownto occur in the State, Selenite is acoarselytransparent varielycompo.edofflat,angula r cry.'al.that canbeeasily split apaMo.s. ivegyp.umi. agranularvariety, showingnocry.talform.
PAGE 34
" FLORIDACEOLOGICALSURVEYOccurrence:Gyps"m andanhydrite (clo.elyrelated ."Ilal"miner.blare common mineraladupInth"...blud.. c ..01111..State.Sm.all deposito01ITP_"m occur ".the lurf;>". in leveral1""..Jilin in .11..pen;nlul...It de ofvery fine guined Iypl .. m .....beenreported rromIh ..U'.'halfornc.13. T. 20 S.• R.1;1 E.•in Sumler C .... r.ty.Cry .... l.uptoIh ......quarte ••ofIn inc"lona"".." reported a ...depth 014 reelfrom.. locality) mil ..._.tof.ChrII,ma. inO ....."County andcl ....cq'll,,11uptof>inch... 1_ .....y"beendredledfrom the GuU01MeneoandTamP"'Bay in Pin",U ...Puco,and Hill'bo._,,,""",n,ies.Production:Nocommerdd deposito areknO'O"nlO.. "i ..ne;ar IheIu,'acein Florida. th ..... "depo.'to ofenm""".ci.. 1 ,,"'ent ..re beli..ved '0 bepreunt a. approKirnately Z ,1>00futbelow the 'fOUnd lurrae .. InMonroeC ..... nly.U.e: When Iyp."mi. huu:dand.he...Uer... ithln Itdriven off, itfodawhiteotrenal>diodiaunll"iohedfromcalciteby it. '''P''riorh.o.
PAGE 35
SPECIALPUBUC"TIONNO.8 " u .. : "nhydrlte..'veo nouoeinthe StOlteofFlodd",;ol'hough in.Ome .'Unwhereiii.ne".ertothellround.urf;oce Itfind.u.e ;0.;0fertili..r;onleby X_ nyand the electronmic.oocope.Phoephaterock i.on e".'hy""'t.,ri;ol whichv"rieef.om" hardrock10;0,r"nular,looulyconoolidlllcd""' ...The colo.""'ybel>rown,gny, hlui.1I I'''y, while. Or block.Occurrence: norida'.phoaplur.te depo.iu.re primarilyof
PAGE 36
"f"LORIOAGEOUX,;ICALSUR, VEYthe"land pebblol'type,...hieftrepr" • .,nlmarine......ork_ in, 01phoapkaliclim".tone_,and depoailion rture01 .... nd. clay. and .aftphoophale ••1 ........ Ithr"uil 'utI>andbOflu 01landand marineanimal •.The...dc_I.1 -cur eaa'of Tampaprincipally InPolk andHilbbo,,,,,,"...... "11 .... Theminorhard_rock d"po_i •• areruidualac_ e.. mulation. and .edepo.llion of phoaph.ue dluolvedfrom ov"dying pholphaticbedaa!leldepo.itedinBm,,_oloneby replacement. Hard_rock phD.ph'll" dcp"oito are minedinCilandMarioncountie.and .r. knownto occur in al(en l unextending f.omS .......nn"" to Hern.andocount i••.no., ....out... ,P.od..c.;on: Flo.id. i. t".... o.ld'. leadinl p.od.. ce.ofpho._phl.le.ock."'".. over10millionton••v.I...d at $10million. mino:d ye".ly. T"i ... ccow>t. formo••t ..... n l4 pe.c.nt 01 ,h. local mine.alp.od.. cti_ oJ t"eSl.. te. Landpebblepho.phat.comp.i.Ut"...... jo.i.yof p.oduc'ion...ilh mine. ope.uina inPolk ..nd Hill•• ba'OUlhc""'nllu, .. l1h""'I".Ome.....d-.ock"""''''''''e i.p.od.. ced In ClI....County. u•• :Pho.pha,I.eat..... ny u.... the l"••ut oJ "'h,ch i.inthen..r.. ct .. u 01pho.pho.ic ..c'd .... pe.phoe_ p .... ,., .. ,pl ....pe.pho.p..... te. I.oundrock.. ndD,her p"D.ph..,;cnltarD. ! ..'ilie.... I'.l.D find. "eeIn oxpIDeiv ••.• nap •• m.dicine,c....m;ca, .nd "'.. ny "'....indu.tr'.1 cDmmodlllo•. Peat(Spec;;;;;; No. 161 Iden'ifiu,iDn: Peil'ie"n"cc ..m .. I .."""ofp""lydecomposedanddisinte.r.ted o .... ni. ma'eri..hde.!vedmainly(,om"'oodypa... 01pl .. n'e.It u.i.. in coneiel.ney
PAGE 37
SPECIALPUBUCATIONNO.8 Figure ZOo Peat.from ..fibroua, maned,turflikematuial 10"ooft. pl .. atle mud. Pea.exhibita nodiat]netlve phyoic ..lor ehemica I properlie. by whlehileanbee"allyidentified.<>Iher 'haniUcolor
PAGE 38
3ZFLORIDAGEOLOC1CALSUIl.VEYM • • hownpeal•,realmanypounlial ..lei. thou,hOftlyone,.preuntly in Sr. .. Sr. .. t.,producti"", i... led in aCricuUure.but other prov.,n ... el include ala .olidruel and fordi.tilled prodUclI. FOlln. (Specimen No. 17)FOllit.thep.eoervedremainl or 'emnant.oflife. bOlh ptantandanimal. FOllill arecompoudof...vcnl ..1 inc1..dln. calcite.....Conite.lilicA,andau,,,,h,hor"ymaterialcalled chitin.Fouil... imalrcmaln.differ ... hal in compo.ilion from louit i.. lhalU.Iori,i""lbon.ehal ...... lIybeen .. wilhoilica.rau.hanbyFicurc Zl.FOllih.
PAGE 39
SPECIALPUBUCATIONNO.8 " Fouils varywid .. lyin, ..la.ion10 th .. ancientanimalsof whichth.. yar..rernains. I.islo.. •hisreaSODI ..... th ..ir s.udyIsconfin.. dsom.. whal 10.. xpe call..d pal..on.ologi .... By id.. m.llyinlf""'ails,upecially a;n.h..llii.b,'h.. ya._ ...m Ingula,impo"'a"" ..in lhatthey can be ... ed '0dat..•ndcoI.te ......iou. l ..ol"1ic fo ....... tion.,bDlb nat .. and...tlon id.Th....e ..... in.oJanc;entlif.. areabundantt!>rOUlbnut 'h..Sta'"and canbefnuncl inI...... lNml>era in Ina"yplr.c ....
PAGE 40
FLORIDA CEOLOGICALSUR. VEYTheheupl"ceuolook(orfouilolOre in 'l"arrin.roadcutsandupec;"Uy thc pboaphateminuofeentnl Florid". Herealar,eportion of therna.terialmined conaiate 01therernair.a of "nclent"ni"""le which "",,ve""cumulatedOver million" ofyean. Se" Shena(SpecimenNo. II)Se"ahelle lOre tloerc"",;na01"",rine lifewhich ","veaceumul"tedthr.... 'h lin>e."no!are atill ac""mu"'t;n,"a"oi"",la01theeeadie or .hed.beir","rdprOleetiveCover_ in,a.Shello vary.... idelyincolor andputernandonly'heirbiol".;"al(u."ree"no!.hellcompo.itionare conatant. The "hella arecompoaed"""inlyof c .. lelum "..rho .... '... CaCO},
PAGE 41
SPECIALPUBLICATIONNO.8 but...... y conai.t ofth" min",al1< ara,onlt".C .. or.t"ri .. 1c ..lI"dchitin. Production ..ndua,,:Sh"lI. .rily"Yo,,,,,.h
PAGE 42
" FLORIDACEOLOGICAL SURVEYFIS'''''''l4.On.gline.landpebblepholpt...temining. Dia'o ......"""".Earlh (D,atomite) Dialomit" i .......de up ofmicro.copiclilie.",,"Ik"letonl of fruh...terandrn.o.ri ...."realure. calleddiltom•. It.e .. mblnch.1k Or day, bu.IIcompoudchleO, ofolllu .. Diltomile tofound....oci••.,dwith peal depoe't. inth.SUle,bu.,h.a.nOObunmined inrecent, .....u. Pyei." Pyrlle (F"S)or"(001.,old"i... brau, eolored ir"'" .,,!fide. It0<:""... ithin the."b.urface01 theSt.,..in deepwell cOr".and halbe.. " found.'one ."dlce\.,...Utynearo.:all,Florida.
PAGE 43
SPECIALPUBUCAl'lONNO.8 FigureZS.LimutoneqUll.rry.YivianileVlvlanite i. arue irOn pho.phate.Fe) (PO ..)Z8HZO."'hichi.tounduear'hygreenma .. e.ordarkblue to green cry.tal•. Yivianttei.known 'n occurInlhapb""phalemine.atMulberry.Fiorida.and pn..tblyIn other.",i,hinIhepho.phalemining .r ....MicaMica i. acomplexaluminum.ilicale. KAI)Si] 0l&OHlz."""i/llaplatynruclureandoccurri...IA....... 11 ahinyrIal
PAGE 44
FLOJlIDAGEOLOGICALSUJlVYPelrified Wood Althoughpetrified wood i.nOC ol mineralo,igin.theo,;gi.... lwood h .... been' .. placed by.. i1ica(5,02 ) in..ol .. llon 0'more''''elyby<:laymineral...Petrified woodi. orlenround In 'heexcova,io". for pho.phnt.ncarBarlow.Florlda,""d in thedredgingopenl'on. ofthe.. ou'hernp<>rtion ol Ihe51,"te.Fig"",26.D,edce,heavyminer,"l •.
PAGE 45
SPECIALPUBUCATION NO.8REFERENCES"Cal......Jame. 1957L. MiDinIandmi""nJre.......ce.:Ceol. SU ....eyBun.39.F1o..idaea..pelUe...1953 J.H. ldiD.ia,,,odeoncent... U ....d.llm"'IIliI'"..Dd...•.ociatedrni""ra"at T .. ail Rida"'.Florida:Floridac;.,w.SU....eyMi.e.Rept. 10. Dari ••JobnH••Jr. 1946Thepeatdepo.lu01 Flo ..lda.tbel..OCC ..r_ rence,de...,jop...., .. taod.....:Flo ..idaCeol. Sur ..eyBull.30. Fenton.C.1.. 1940Hu.but. C.S.• 1959 {aod renton. M.A.I The rock book:New York. Doubleday. Do ..an and Compoony. Jr.(Editor) Dana'.manual of mlne..aloIY:18th edition. JobnWil"y aodSon•• New York. Manchute.,1941 P ..... l.R. M. Jame.C.C"l1ecting aemipreciou••Ion ... inFlo .. ida, FI"ridaCeol.Survey Mi.e. Rep!. 31. How to knowtbemlne..ab androck.: NewAmerica..n Library. New yo .. k (pooP"'''bound}. 1956Rock. andmineral.:Bar..... and Nobl" •• New yo .. k.P ....,h. F.H. 1953 Afield pdetorock.lndminerai.:HoulblinMifflin.Boal-. U.S. Bu.. ea .. of Mi"".1949Tlt.aniurnmine..o.1. i .. cellt..aland .. "rta_....t"rnflorida: aept.In ... 'ISIS.
PAGE 46
FLORIDAGEOLOGICALSURVEY1'IS4Rcc...... ..,. or ieacbnod.:Rept. Iny. 5114.V",non.Robert O. I'HJFloridamineraliadu.try,".;tb.lImmar''''of prodllctlon for1940 aod 1941'Florida Geol. SlIney Bull. Z4. I '51Geal",yatCil"""andLevy countl.... FlorIda'Florida Geol. SlIryey Bull. Jl. Zlmm, Herbert S. landShaffon, P.R.) Rock. and mlnetah: Golden NatllreSed... ,New Yori
PAGE 47
SPECIALPUBLICATIONNO.8 [=:JMHO"""OM•....lAltt=JAND C .... C.... .uml'S GEOLOGKDISTRIBUTIONOFECONOMICAlLYVAlUABLESEDIMENTSINFLORIDA .)--'
PAGE 48
FLOfUDADEI'ARDfEl'oT OFNAnlRAlIU5OUltCl:SIll1REAUOFGEOlOGYSUFF-...-.-._'C......,..co-..c_"'--........ r .....!Ian)'c."."_.'"n.rSoL...-_ .. _n.r---.Oil A."'"GASSECllOS L_C ..... '"... .. "'_.-....,....s-...,.loUSESANDRf.CLUlATIClNSOCT1DNJ.'-_V"._ I)o .....C_._...Coopo._' .... CooIoc* .. _ c ..... 0<4,Goo>Iof'" __ .l,c......... l.. so..__.C_'''''' .. -... . ..-... , Mr.... . l"bOI.OGICINVF.STIGAnONS SU;TIQNUI'."_...."''''."'''0'..11>'A<'f'IoB"'.'",10,,._.c ......... ' "'_dlc ... ,....u.r-'>'.".u.,o_,5,,",',C""""TF.CIJNICAI.SUPPOKT .... ".[,l_..._1..-.' ,_ ...... _ .......-.5'_ _.. _.Pr... -...... ' ........(WotI-'$oooooIo......_ ..._ ...
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