Citation
The HOMERIC HYMN TO HERMES and Archaic Iambography
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Material Information

Title:
The HOMERIC HYMN TO HERMES and Archaic Iambography
Creator:
Boner, Justin
Place of Publication:
[Sarasota, Fla.]
Publisher:
New College of Florida
Creation Date:
2009
Publication Date:
Language:
English

Thesis/Dissertation Information

Degree:
Bachelor's ( B.A.)
Degree Grantor:
New College of Florida
Degree Divisions:
Humanities
Degree Disciplines:
Classics
Committee Members:
Shaw, Carl

Subjects

Subjects / Keywords:
HOMERIC HYMN TO HERMES
Iambic Poetry
Archaic Greece
Genre:
bibliography ( marcgt )
theses ( marcgt )
government publication (state, provincial, terriorial, dependent) ( marcgt )
born-digital ( sobekcm )
Electronic Thesis or Dissertation

Notes

Abstract:
The Homeric Hymn to Hermes is often marginalized in considerations of the Homeric Hymns and archaic Greek poetry in general on the basis of its anomalous diction and content. This thesis aims to restore some centrality to the hymn by situating it in relation to archaic iambic poetry and the archaic Greek concept of blame more generally. This thesis argues that iambic poetry's verbal invective and obscenity account for much of the hymn's non-epic diction and playful tone. The first chapter provides a reconstruction of iambic poetry and details its poets, conventions, and principal characteristics. The second chapter highlights iambic language in the hymn. And the third chapter strengthens the relationship between the hymn and iambic poetry by situating both inside of a like sympotic performance context. ( en )
Thesis:
Thesis (B.A.) -- New College of Florida, 2009
Electronic Access:
RESTRICTED TO NCF STUDENTS, STAFF, FACULTY, AND ON-CAMPUS USE
Bibliography:
Includes bibliographical references.
Source of Description:
This bibliographic record is available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. The New College of Florida, as creator of this bibliographic record, has waived all rights to it worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law.
Local:
Faculty Sponsor: Shaw, Carl
Statement of Responsibility:
by Justin Boner

Record Information

Source Institution:
New College of Florida
Holding Location:
New College of Florida
Rights Management:
Applicable rights reserved.
Classification:
S.T. 2009 B7 ( local )

Aggregation Information

THESES:
Theses Collection
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T H E H O M E R I C H Y M N T O H E R M E S A N D A R C H A I C I A M B O G R A P H Y B Y J U S T I N B O N E R A T he s i s S ubm i t t e d t o t he D i vi s i on o f H um a ni t i e s N e w C ol l e ge of F l o r i da i n pa r t i a l f ul f i l l m e nt of t he r e qui r e m e nt s f o r t he de gr e e B a c he l or of A r t s U nde r t he s pons or s hi p of D r C a r l S ha w S a r a s ot a F l or i da M a y, 2009

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i i A c k n ow l e d ge m e n t s I d l i ke t o e xpr e s s t ha nks t o t h e f ol l ow i ng pe opl e f or m a ki ng t he c om pl e t i on of t hi s t he s i s pos s i bl e : D r C a r l S ha w f or hi s ge ne r ous s uppor t a nd op e nne s s a s a t he s i s s pons or a nd f r i e nd, a l w a ys e xpr e s s i ng s t r ong c onf i de nc e i n m e e ve n w he n I m ys e l f l a c ke d i t m os t D r D a vi d R ohr ba c he r f or m a ki ng m e l a ug h a l m os t e ve r y s i ngl e da y of m y unde r gr a dua t e c a r e e r w i t hout f a i l D r S us a n M a r ks f or a l l ow i ng m e t o c ont e s t t he l i m i t s of m y ow n di s c i pl i ne w i t h he r ope n e a r s pe r s pe c t i ve a nd r e s our c e f ul w e a l t h o f k now l e dge a nd i ns i ght D r A t ha na s s i os V e r ga dos f or be i ng j us t a s e xc i t e d a s I a m a bout t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s a nd f or gr a c i ous l y s e ndi ng m e a c opy of hi s doc t or a l di s s e r t a t i on. N ot a s i ngl e a r gum e nt i n t hi s t he s i s w oul d ha ve be e n pos s i bl e w i t hout r e c our s e t o hi s w o r k a nd our f e w e nga gi ng c or r e s ponde nc e s M y f a t he r N e i l s i s t e r L i a a nd s e c ond m ot he r B l os s om f or s e ndi ng t he i r l ove t o m e c ons i s t e nt l y t hr oughout t he ye a r M y r oom m a t e s C hl o e D a vi s a nd M i c he l l e D i P i e t r o a nd honor a r y r oom m a t e M a di s on S ha r ko, f or m a ny s l e e pl e s s a nd de l i r i ous ni ght s s t u dyi ng t oge t he r i n our c om m on r oom K a t e l a nd H a r t e f or a l w a ys l a ughi ng w i t h m e a bou t e ve r yt hi ng, a nd f or a l w a ys be i ng j us t a s be hi nd a s I B e n B r ow n, f o r ne ve r pa s s i ng up a n oppor t un i t y t o s c a r f dow n s om e B r a de nt on D onu t s T i e r ne y E l i s on, f or p r ovi di ng m e w i t h a m ode l w o r k e t hi c a nd a n e a r t o c om pl a i n t o. A nd J e s s G i bl y, f or l e ndi ng m e t he r e d pe n w hi c h, t hr ough dr a f t a f t e r dr a f t f i na l l y m a de m y t he s i s l e gi bl e

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i i i T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S i i T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S i i i A B S T R A C T i v I N T R O D U C T I O N 1 T he H om e r i c H ym ns 2 I a m bi c P oe t r y a nd a r c ha i c G r e e k #$ or b l a m e 5 T he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s : S um m a r y, D a t e a nd P r ove na nc e 7 A N ot e on T e xt a nd T r a ns l a t i on 9 C H A P T E R O N E : A R C H A I C I A M B I C P O E T R Y 10 T he P oe t s 10 I a m bos 13 G e ne r i c C ha r a c t e r i s t i c s 18 C H A P T E R T W O : I A M B I C L A N G U A G E A N D T H E H O M E R I C H Y M N T O H E R M E S 26 I a m bi c E xc ha nge i n t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s 26 H e r m e s a nd A r c ha i c I a m bi c P oe t r y 37 C H A P T E R T H R E E : T H E S Y M P O T I C S E T T I N G O F A R C H A I C I A M B I C P O E T R Y A N D T H E H O M E R I C H Y M N T O H E R M E S 41 T he S ym pos i um 41 T he S ym pot i c P e r f o r m a nc e of A r c ha i c I a m bi c P oe t r y 43 S ym pot i c P l a y i n t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s 47 C O N C L U S I O N 59 W O R K S C I T E D 60 W O R K S C O N S U L T E D 64

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i v T H E H O M E R I C H Y M N T O H E R M E S A N D A R C H A I C I A M B O G R A P H Y J us t i n B one r N e w C ol l e ge of F l o r i da 2009 A B S T R A C T T he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s i s of t e n m a r gi na l i z e d i n c ons i de r a t i ons of t he H om e r i c H ym ns a nd a r c ha i c G r e e k poe t r y i n ge ne r a l on t he ba s i s of i t s a nom a l ous di c t i on a nd c ont e nt T hi s t he s i s a i m s t o r e s t or e s om e c e nt r a l i t y t o t he hym n by s i t ua t i ng i t i n r e l a t i on t o a r c ha i c i a m bi c poe t r y a nd t he a r c ha i c G r e e k c onc e pt of bl a m e m or e ge ne r a l l y T h i s t he s i s a r gue s t ha t i a m bi c poe t r y s ve r ba l i nve c t i ve a nd obs c e ni t y a c c ount f or m uc h of t he hym n s non e pi c di c t i on a nd pl a yf ul t one T he f i r s t c ha pt e r pr ovi de s a r e c on s t r uc t i on of i a m bi c poe t r y a nd de t a i l s i t s poe t s c onve nt i ons a nd pr i nc i pa l c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s T he s e c ond c ha pt e r hi ghl i ght s i a m bi c l a ngua g e i n t he hym n. A nd t he t hi r d c ha pt e r s t r e ngt he ns t he r e l a t i ons hi p be t w e e n t he hym n a nd i a m bi c poe t r y by s i t ua t i ng bot h i n s i d e of a l i ke s ym pot i c pe r f or m a nc e c ont e xt _______________________ D r C a r l S ha w D i vi s i on of H um a ni t i e s

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1 I n t r od u c t i on N J R i c ha r ds on ope ns a r e c e nt e s s a y on t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s w i t h a l a m e nt f r om M a r t i n L W e s t w ho c r i t i c i z e s t he i nt e gr i t y of t he hym n i n r e l a t i on t o t he ot he r m a j or H om e r i c H y m ns H e w r i t e s t ha t t ha t t h e hym n i s t he m os t unt r a di t i ona l i n i t s l a ngua ge w i t h m a ny l a t e w or ds a nd e xpr e s s i ons a nd m a ny us e d i n s l a pda s h a nd i na c c ur a t e w a ys ; a nd i t i s t he m o s t i nc om pe t e nt i n c ons t r uc t i on, w i t h m a ny na r r a t i ve i nc on s i s t e nc i e s a nd r e dunda nc i e s a nd no c om m a nd of t he e ve n t e m po a ppr op r i a t e t o e pi c s t or yt e l l i ng. 1 N ot w i t hs t a ndi ng t he f a c t t ha t t he s t a t e of t he t e xt i s m a ni f e s t l y c or r upt i n s om e pl a c e s a nd t ha t ve r y l i t t l e e xt e r na l e vi d e nc e c a n s oundl y da t e t he hym n, one c ons e que nc e of t hi s a c c ount a nd ot he r s l i ke i t i s t he unne c e s s a r y r e l e ga t i on of t he hym n t o a m a r gi na l s t a t u s i n t he s t udy of t he H om e r i c H ym ns a nd of a r c ha i c G r e e k l i t e r a t ur e i n ge ne r a l I nde e d, t he hym n s pl a yf ul t o ne a nd non e pi c di c t i on ha ve l e d s om e s c hol a r s t o que s t i on i t s a ut he nt i c i t y a nd e ve n t o e l i m i na t e a t hi r d of t he t e xt on t he s e gr ounds 2 O t he r s t a ke t he hym n s non e pi c di c t i on a s a s i gn of a r a t he r l a t e d a t i ng, a nd e xc l ude t he hym n a l t oge t he r f r om t he a r c ha i c pe r i od. 3 B ut a s R i c ha r d J a nko o bs e r ve d e a r l y on, t he a nom a l ous f or m a nd c ont e nt of t he hym n a r e not ne c e s s a r i l y a f unc t i on of l a t e ne s s but m a y be c onne c t e d w i t h t he hum or ous t one dr a w i ng on w o r ds f r om t he l ow e r r e gi s t e r of t he l a ngua ge 4 T hi s r e g i s t e r how e ve r i s not s o l ow a s t o e s c a pe a ppe a r i ng i n ot he r a r c ha i c poe t r y. I n f a c t t he non e pi c ge nr e of poe t r y, know n a s i a m bi c or bl a m e poe t r y, i s pa r t i c ul a r l y c onc e r ne d w i t h a l ow r e gi s t e r of hum or l a ngua ge a nd c ont e nt a nd i s c ha r a c t e r i z e d by a bus i ve i nve c t i ve a nd obs c e ni t y. I n t hi s t he s i s I s ugge s t t ha t m a ny o f t he p r obl e m s 1 R i c h a r d s o n 2 0 0 7 8 3 2 C l a y 1 9 8 9 1 4 4 n 1 5 0 3 J a n k o 1 9 8 2 1 3 3 H o e k s t r a c o n s i d e r e d t h e d i c t i o n o f H e r m s o d e f i n i t e l y p o s t H o m e r i c t h a t h e o m i t t e d i t a l t o g e t h e r f r o m h i s s t u d y 4 J a n k o 1 9 8 2 1 3 6

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2 a t t e nda nt w i t h t he s t udy of t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s a r e be s t a ddr e s s e d by s i t ua t i ng t he hym n i n r e l a t i on t o a r c ha i c i a m bi c poe t r y. I a r gue t ha t m uc h of t he hym n s hum o r o us t one l ow c ont e nt a nd non e pi c di c t i on f i nd di r e c t c onne c t i ons t o t he t he m e s a nd l a ngua ge of i a m bi c poe t r y a nd f i gur e t he c ha r a c t e r of H e r m e s a s a pr a c t i t i one r of bl a m e I n t hi s w a y, I r e s t or e s om e c e nt r a l i t y t o t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s pl a c i ng i t i n di a l ogue not onl y w i t h t he ot he r H om e r i c H ym n s but a not he r ge nr e of a r c ha i c G r e e k l i t e r a t ur e m o r e br oa dl y T h e H om e r i c H ym n s T he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s s ur vi ve s i n t ande m w i t h a gr oup o f hym ns know n a s t he H om e r i c H ym n s 5 T he H om e r i c H ym ns r e c e i ve t he i r na m e f or t he t w o m a r ke d t r a i t s w hi c h m o r e or l e s s uni f y t he m T o be gi n w i t h, a l l t hi r t y t hr e e poe m s s e e m t o ha ve be e n c om pos e d a s hym ns i n honor of s pe c i f i c de i t i e s E a c h pr a i s e s one de i t y a nd m os t r e c ount a s i gni f i c a nt e pi s ode i n t he god s l i f e T he H y m n t o D e m e t e r f or e xa m pl e r e c ount s t he r a pe a nd s e i z ur e of D e m e t e r s da ught e r P e r s e phone a nd s e r ve s a s a n ai t i on f or t he f oundi ng of a c ul t o f t he s e t w o godde s s e s a t E l e us i s A l m os t a l l na r r a t e a nd p r a i s e t he bi r t h of a god a nd ot he r s l i ke t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s na r r a t e s om e of t he god s l a uda bl e de e ds T he hym ns a r e know n a s H om e r i c be c a us e t he y s ha r e t he s a m e m e t e r da c t yl i c he xa m e t e r a nd s i m i l a r l a ngua ge a s t he H om e r i c e pi c s t he I l i ad a nd O dy s s e y A nd a t one poi nt i n a nt i qui t y t he y w e r e a t t r i but e d t o H om e r h i m s e l f 6 T hi s t i t l e ha s a l s o pr om pt e d a s e t of a s s um pt i ons w hi c h, up unt i l r e c e nt l y, ha d gove r ne d t he s c hol a r s hi p on t he hym n s A s i gn i f i c a nt e xa m pl e of t hi s ha s be e n t he 5 V e r g a d o s 2 0 0 7 1 1 1 6 R i c h a r d s o n 2 0 0 3 v i i

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3 i m pe t us t o t r e a t t he hym ns a s onl y p r ooi m i a t o t he pe r f or m a n c e of l onge r e pi c poe m s 7 J e nny S t r a us s C l a y not e s t ha t t hi s pr oe m t he or y r e l e ga t e s t he hym ns t o a ki nd of hor s d oe uvr e of e pi c 8 A nd w hi l e r e m a r ka bl e he a d w a y ha s be e n m a de i n t he s t udy of s pe c i f i c hym ns C l a y w a s t he f i r s t t o t r e a t t he hym ns t oge t he r a s a uni f i e d w hol e 9 I n he r T he P ol i t i c s of O l ym pus : F or m a nd M e a ni ng i n t he M a j or H om e r i c H ym ns C l a y m a ke s t he di s t i nc t i on be t w e e n t he l onge r a nd s hor t e r H om e r i c H ym ns S he e xc l ude s t he s hor t e r hym ns f r om he r a c c ount on t h e gr ounds of t he i r l a t e da t i ng, a nd a r gue s t ha t t he l onge r hym ns t o A pol l o H e r m e s A phr od i t e a nd D e m e t e r a r e a l l uni f i e d by a s ha r e d P a nhe l l e ni z i ng a ge nda B y t hi s s he m e a ns t ha t i n a va r i e t y of w a ys a l l of t he s e hym ns e s c he w r e gi ona l l y s pe c i f i c a l l us i on s i n f a vor of r e f e r e nc e s w hi c h w oul d ha ve be e n i nt e l l i gi bl e t o a w i de a nd, he nc e P a nhe l l e ni c a ud i e nc e C l a y c i t e s t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s f or a n e xa m pl e r e m a r ki ng on H e r m e s t he f t of A pol l o s c a t t l e : T he ge ogr a phi c a l s e t t i ng va r i e s i n di f f e r e nt ve r s i ons o f t he m yt h, but i n t hi s hym n t he c ow s a r e or i gi na l l y s i t ua t e d i n P i e r i a ne a r O l ym pus a n d t he i r de s t i na t i on i s i n t he vi c i ni t y of O l ym pi a 1 0 A nd a s i t t ur ns out t hi s i s not t he onl y i ns t a nc e i n w hi c h t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s s uc c e s s f ul l y m e e t s t he c r i t e r i a of C l a y s m ode l C l a y f ur t he r de t a i l s t he uni t y of t he H om e r i c H ym ns w r i t i ng: a t t he c or e of e a c h l i e s a c onc e r n w i t h t h e a c qui s i t i on or r e di s t r i but i on of t i m ai w i t hi n t he O l ym pi a n c os m os A s c r i t i c a l c ha pt e r s i n t he e a r l y hi s t or y of t he O l ym pi a n f a m i l y, a l l f ou r hym n s be gi n f r om a poi nt of c r i s i s i n t he O l ym pi a n hi e r a r c hy. T he bi r t h of a ne w di vi ni t y ( A pol l o H e r m e s ) of f e r s a n i de a l t opi c f or s uc h a n e ve nt i ne vi t a bl y pr e c i pi t a t e s a c r i s i s w i t hi n t he e xi s t i ng hi e r a r c hy, w hi c h i s onl y r e s ol ve d w he n t he ne w god e s t a bl i s h e s hi s s phe r e of i nf l ue nc e a nd i s i nt e gr a t e d i nt o t he O l ym pi a n o r de r 1 1 7 C l a y 1 9 8 9 3 8 I b i d 3 4 9 C f R i c h a r d s o n 1 9 7 4 a n d F o l e y 1 9 9 4 o n t h e H o m e r i c H y m n t o D e m e t e r i n p a r t i c u l a r 1 0 C l a y 1 9 8 9 1 0 1 1 I b i d 1 5

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4 T hi s a c qui s i t i on of t i m ai or di v i ne honor s f i gu r e s c e nt r a l l y i n t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s A s a ne w l y bor n god, H e r m e s i s unc e r t a i n of hi s i m m or t a l i t y a nd m uc h o f w ha t a dva nc e s t he hym n s pl ot i s hi s que s t f or a n e qua l pl a c e a m ong t he O l ym pi a n gods F or e xa m pl e H e r m e s s a c r i f i c e s t w o of A pol l o s c a t t l e a nd of f e r s t he m e a t di vi de d i n t o t w e l ve por t i ons t o t he gods Y e t i t i s not unt i l a f t e r H e r m e s a nd A pol l o ha v e e xc ha ng e d t he i r g odl y dom a i ns a t t he e nd of t he hy m n, t ha t H e r m e s ga i ns a dm i t t a nc e i nt o t he di vi ne c om m uni t y. C l a y a r t i c ul a t e s H e r m e s s pe c i f i c r ol e a s a t r a ns gr e s s or of bounda r i e s i n s i de of t he H om e r i c H ym ns di v i ne or de r S he r e l i e s on K a hn s obs e r va t i ons w r i t i ng t ha t t he na t ur e of t he m ove m e nt t ha t c on s t i t ut e s H e r m e s t ypi c a l m ode of a c t i on i s c ha r a c t e r i z e d by pe ne t r a t i on a nd pa s s a ge b e t w e e n bounda r i e s a nd l i m i t s a nd he nc e a l s o by m e di a t i on be t w e e n a ho s t of oppos i t i ons : a m ong t he m i nne r / out e r gods / m e n, l i f e / de a t h, a nd m a l e / f e m a l e Y e t a l t hough H e r m e s c r os s e s or pe n e t r a t e s bounda r i e s he doe s not de s t r oy t he m or e ve n c a l l t he m i nt o que s t i on. H i s c ha r a c t e r i s t i c a c t i vi t y i s pa s s i ng a nd pi e r c i ng. T he l i m i t s onc e t r a ve r s e d, r e m a i n i nt a c t 1 2 W hi l e C l a y s m ode l f or t he ge ne r i c uni t y of t he m a j or H om e r i c H ym ns ha s c e r t a i nl y done m uc h t o r e s t or e s om e c e nt r a l i t y t o t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s i t ne ve r t he l e s s doe s not f ul l y a c c ount f or s om e of t h e hym n s ot he r a nom a l i e s i n l a ngua ge f or m a nd c ont e nt T o be gi n w i t h a s i gni f i c a nt a m ount of t he hym n s di c t i on i s non e pi c 1 3 M or e s i gni f i c a nt l y, m uc h of t he hym n s t one r e l i e s on hum or of a s or t not of t e n f ound i n o t he r e pi c poe t r y, i nc l udi ng t he H om e r i c H ym ns T he f a r t om e n of t he ba by H e r m e s i s a n i l l us t r a t i ve e xa m pl e of t hi s hu m o r ( 293 300) H a vi ng r e pr oa c he d H e r m e s f or t he t he f t o f hi s c a t t l e A pol l o a t t e m pt s t o c a r r y H e r m e s of f i n s e a r c h of t he c ow s H e r m e s s ne e z e s a nd l e t s out a f a r t a s a n om e n, a nd i s 1 2 I b i d 9 9 1 3 F o r a u s e f u l d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e h y m n s r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e e p i c p o e t r y o f H o m e r a n d H e s i o d i n c l u d i n g a n e x a c t l i s t o f w o r d s c f V e r g a d o s 2 0 0 7 3 2 4 0

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5 i m m e di a t e l y dr oppe d by A pol l o W hi l e s ne e z e s w e r e pr ophe t i c i n t he a nc i e nt w or l d t he f a r t he r e i s c e r t a i nl y pa r odi c 1 4 I n t hi s e pi s ode t he hym n de pl oys hi gh e pi c di c t i on t o e xpr e s s a l ow l y a nd gr ot e s que bodi l y f unc t i on. 1 5 T h e e f f e c t i s hum or ous but a l s o be t r a ys s om e non e pi c t r ope s i n t ha t l a ngua ge de s c r i bi ng bodi l y f unc t i ons i s i n m os t a l l c a s e s r e l e ga t e d t o a l ow e r r e gi s t e r of t he G r e e k l a ngu a ge a nd r a r e l y a ppe a r s i n e pi c poe t r y. I a m bi c poe t r y m os t c l e a r l y e pi t om i z e s t hi s r e gi s t e r I am b i c P oe t r y a n d ar c h ai c G r e e k #$ or b l am e A r c ha i c G r e e k i a m bi c poe t r y i s a non e p i c ge nr e of poe t r y, w hi c h s ur vi ve s i n t he f r a gm e nt s of t hr e e poe t s A r c hi l oc hus S e m on i de s a nd H i ppona x. T hi s poe t r y i s c ha r a c t e r i z e d by a bu s i ve i nve c t i ve a nd ob s c e ne l a ngua ge a nd i s p e r ha ps be s t unde r s t ood a s a pa r t i c ul a r of t he uni ve r s a l a r c ha i c G r e e k c on c e pt of bl a m e ( #$ ) I n h i s T he B e s t of t he A c ha e a n s : C onc e pt s of t he H e r o i n A r c ha i c G r e e k P oe t r y G r e gor y N a gy de m ons t r a t e s t ha t a t t he he a r t of a r c ha i c G r e e k po e t r y a nd s oc i e t y, r e s i de d t he di s t i nc t i on be t w e e n pr a i s e a nd bl a m e 1 6 T hi s t r ope i s m a ni f e s t i n t he va r i ou s ge nr e s of G r e e k poe t r y, a nd t o e a c h t e r m i n t he pr a i s e bl a m e oppos i t i on be l ongs a di s t i nc t i ve s ys t e m ( s e t ) of voc a bul a r y. 1 7 T he pr a i s e poe t r y ( % & ( #$ ) of P i nda r a nd B a c c hyl i de s l a uds i t s s ubj e c t s w i t h c om pl i m e nt s m e r i t e d by t he i r p r a i s e w or t hy c ha r a c t e r P i nda r s poe t r y f or i ns t a nc e pr a i s e s vi c t or s of va r i ous a t hl e t i c f e s t i va l s L i ke w i s e t he bl a m e poe t r y ( #$ ) of A r c hi l oc hus S e m oni de s a nd H i ppona x r i di c ul e s i t s s ubj e c t s on t he ba s i s of t he i r 1 4 K a t z 1 9 9 9 3 1 5 1 5 B a i n 2 0 0 7 5 1 L i n e 2 7 9 r e a d s ) # # ( & & + ) $ $ # ( % ) & + & # ( % ) / ( / w r e t c h e d s e r v e n t o f t h e s t o m a c h p r e s u m p t u o u s m e s s e n g e r w h e r e K a t z 1 9 9 9 3 1 8 c o n t e n d s t h a t m e r e l y u p o n h e a r i n g ) # # ( & t h e a u d i e n c e o f t h e H y m n t o H e r m e s w o u l d a s s o c i a t e t h i s w o r d w i t h a l o f t y s p i r i t a n d t h u s f i n d a m u s e m e n t i n t h e r a t h e r l e s s p o s i t i v e s o r t o f w i n d i n v o k e d b y & + ) $ $ # ( 1 6 I b i d 2 2 2 e x t e n d s t h i s t r o p e b e y o n d j u s t a r c h a i c G r e e k s o c i e t y t o t h e w h o l e o f I n d o E u r o p e a n s o c i e t y 1 7 I b i d 2 2 3 w r i t e s t h e a c t u a l a n t i t h e s i s b e t w e e n a i n o s / e p a i n o s a n d p s o g o s i s i n i t s e l f a p o e t i c t r a d i t i o n c f a l s o 2 2 3 2 2 4 a n d 2 6 3 2 6 4 f o r c o m p r e h e n s i v e l i s t s o f w o r d s o f b l a m e s p e c i f i c a l l y

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6 r e pr e he ns i bl e de e d s a nd c ha r a c t e r s N a gy poi n t s t o a n e x pl i c i t f or m ul a t i on of t he dyna m i c s of t hi s di s t i nc t i on be t w e e n p r a i s e a nd bl a m e i n P i nda r 1 8 H i s a nd ot he r s t r e a t m e nt s of t he c onve nt i ons of a r c ha i c bl a m e a nd i a m bogr a phy a l s o r e l y he a vi l y on H om e r s I l i ad 2. 213 278, w hi c h r e c ount s a n a bus i ve qua r r e l be t w e e n T he r s i t e s a nd O dys s e u s 1 9 I n t he f or e w a r d t o a r e c e nt c ol l e c t i on of e s s a ys on i a m bi c poe t r y e nt i t l e d I a m bi c I de a s : E s s a ys on a P oe t i c T r a di t i on f r om A r c ha i c G r e e c e t o t he L a t e R om a n E m pi r e N a gy r e f i gur e s t he que s t i on of i a m bi c ge nr e H e w r i t e s t ha t t he i a m bi c i de a i s i m pos s i bl e t o de f i ne i n a bs ol ut e t e r m s : r a t he r t he f or m of i a m bi c ke e ps on va r yi ng i n r e s pons e t o a va s t va r i e t y of hi s t or i c a l c ont i ng e nc i e s I n t he e nd, w ha t i s m o s t c ha r a c t e r i s t i c a bout t he i a m bi c i s i t s ow n i nhe r e nt va r i a bi l i t y. 2 0 W i t h N a gy, I c ont e nd t ha t t he i a m bi c poe t r y of e ve n a r c ha i c G r e e c e i s be s t unde r s t ood i n t hi s l oos e r s e ns e W hi l e i t c e r t a i nl y de s i gna t e s one t ype of poe t r y, i t i s pa r t a nd pa r c e l of a l a r ge r t r ope o f bl a m e B ut w hi l e bl a m e be c om e s m a ni f e s t i n a v a r i e t y of w a ys i n ot he r l i t e r a t ur e of t he a r c ha i c pe r i od, i a m bi c poe t r y s e r ve s a s i t s c l e a r e s t r e pr e s e nt a t i ve M i ni ng t hi s poe t r y f or i t s c onve nt i ons m a y s he d m or e l i ght ont o bl a m e i n t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s w hi c h s ha r e s m uc h of i t s l a ngua ge I n t he f i r s t c ha pt e r I t a ke up t hi s t a s k a nd pr ovi de a r e c ons t r uc t i on o f a r c ha i c i a m bi c poe t r y. C onf r ont i ng t he s c a t t e r e d a nd f r a gm e nt a r y na t ur e of t he e vi de n c e f or t hi s poe t r y, I de t a i l i t s poe t s c onve nt i ons a nd pr i nc i pa l c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s I n t he s e c ond c ha pt e r I m ove f r om t he 1 8 I b i d 2 2 3 q u o t e s P i n d a r N 7 6 1 6 3 0 ( ( $ ) 1 + 2 # ) ( $ ( % % 3 4 ( # ( / + 5 & ) # $ ) # $ 6 / # ( 0 $ 1 ( 5 1 4 ( / 2 # $ 0 ) # ) 7 # ( & ) ( + 4 / I a m a g u e s t s t r a n g e r K e e p i n g a w a y d a r k b l a m e [ p s o g o s ] / a n d b r i n g i n g g e n u i n e k l e o s l i k e s t r e a m s o f w a t e r t o a m a n w h o i s p h i l o s / I w i l l p r a i s e [ v e r b a i n e o ] h i m 1 9 C f I b i d 2 5 9 2 6 3 a n d R o s e n 2 0 0 3 w h o d i f f e r s f r o m N a g y b u t i s d e p e n d e n t o n t h e T h e r s i t e s m y t h a l l t h e s a m e 2 0 N a g y 2 0 0 1 i x

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7 f r a gm e nt s of t he i a m b i c poe t s t o t he t e xt of t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s a nd a r gue t ha t i t c ont a i ns m a ny r e f e r e nc e s t o i a m bi c bl a m e i n i t s l a ngua ge a nd na r r a t i ve F i na l l y, i n t he t hi r d c ha pt e r I s t r e ngt he n t he c onne c t i on be t w e e n t h e H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s a nd a r c ha i c i a m bi c poe t r y, by a r gui ng f or a l i ke pe r f or m a nc e s e t t i ng, t he s ym pos i um f or bot h. T h e H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s : S u m m ar y D a t e an d P r ove n an c e T he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s de t a i l s t he bi r t h of t he god H e r m e s hi s a c qui s i t i on of a di vi ne a nd m a t ur e s t a t us a nd r e c ount s a pi v ot a l c onf l i c t w i t h hi s ol de r d i vi ne ha l f br ot he r A pol l o T he na r r a t i ve de a l s w i t h hi s 2 7 ) & ( 16) r e m a r ka bl e de e ds ( a nd i nve nt i ons ) a l l of w hi c h e m pha s i z e H e r m e s s pe e d a nd c unni ng. H i s f i r s t de e d i s t he i nve nt i on of t he l yr e f r om a t or t oi s e s he l l ( 39 51) W i t h t hi s l yr e he pe r f or m s t w o s ongs one a t t he be gi nni ng of t h e hym n ( 52 61) a nd o ne t ow a r d t he e nd ( 418 435) bot h of w hi c h m a r k t r a ns f o r m a t i ons i n t he s t a t us of t he god. H i s s e c ond de e d i s t he pr i m a r y c onf l i c t of t he hy m n s na r r a t i ve P r om pt e d by a s t r ong c r a vi ng f or m e a t ( 64 ) H e r m e s s t e a l s A pol l o s c a t t l e ( 64 149) a nd s a c r i f i c e s t w o of t he m ( 115 137) a f t e r i nve nt i ng a s pe c i f i c w a y of pr oduc i ng f i r e ( 111 114 ) a s w e l l a s a pa i r of uni que s a nda l s ( 82 86) w hi c h he us e d t o c ove r up hi s t r a c ks W hi l e dr i vi n g t he c a t t l e out f r om A pol l o s f i e l ds he pa s s e s a n ol d m or t a l m a n, w hom he ur ge s not t o r e ve a l w ha t he ha s w i t ne s s e d ( 87 93) T he ol d m a n, how e ve r r e ve a l s t hi s i nf or m a t i on l a t e r w he n A pol l o pa s s e s hi m ( 187 212) B ut e ve n a f t e r be i ng c a ught H e r m e s c ont i nue s t o l i e i n a s e t of c onf r ont a t i ons w i t h hi s m ot he r M a i a br ot he r A pol l o, a nd f a t he r Z e us T he hym n e nds i n t he a f f i r m a t i on of

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8 t he god s w i l y m i nde d c ha r a c t e r a n e xc ha nge o f godl y dom a i ns be t w e e n A pol l o a nd H e r m e s a nd t he c onf i r m a t i on of H e r m e s gr ow t h a nd i m m or t a l i t y T he H y m n s s t r uc t ur e c om pos i t i on, a nd or i gi n a r e of t e n c ont e s t e d. T he s t a t e of our t e xt ha s s uf f e r e d a r ough t r a ns m i s s i on a n d i s of t e n i nc ons i s t e nt a nd c or r upt 2 1 S pe c i f i c a l l y, m uc h c ont r ove r s y c onc e r ns t he a ut he nt i c i t y of t he H y m n s c onc l us i on, t o w hi c h pr obl e m va r i ous s ol ut i ons ha ve be e n s ug ge s t e d. 2 2 I n t hi s f i na l e pi s ode A pol l o gr a nt s t o H e r m e s dom a i n ov e r t he or a c l e of c e r t a i n B e e M a i de ns R e f e r e nc e s i n A pol l o s s pe e c h t o e ve nt s a nd de t a i l s not ot he r w i s e pr e s e nt i n t he hym n i ndi c a t e t he t e xt ua l pr obl e m s 2 3 H ow e ve r C l a y c onvi nc i ngl y a r gue s f o r t he a ut he nt i c i t y of t hi s e pi s ode w hi l e a l s o a l l ow i ng f or a ga p i n our t e xt 2 4 T he da t i ng of t he H y m n a l s o s uf f e r s f r om t he poor s t a t e of our t e xt S c hol a r s ha ve us e d va r i ous t e xt ua l c l ue s t o da t e i t a l l o f w hi c h r e m a i n ul t i m a t e l y i nc onc l us i ve 2 5 M a ny, how e ve r a gr e e w i t h a l a t e 6 t h c e nt ur y B C E d a t i ng, a nd a r r i ve s o w i t h r e c our s e t o hi s t or i c a l a nd l i ngui s t i c m a r ke r s i n t he t e xt 2 6 S a r a h I l e s J ohns t on a r r i ve s a t t he s a m e da t e 2 1 V e r g a d o s 2 0 0 7 2 6 ; J a n k o 1 9 8 2 1 3 3 2 2 C l a y 1 9 8 9 1 4 4 n 1 5 0 1 4 5 ; J a n k o 1 4 2 1 4 3 2 3 F o r e x a m p l e a t l i n e 5 3 3 A p o l l o a l l u d e s t o a r e q u e s t H e r m e s h a d p r e s u m a b l y m a d e e a r l i e r i n t h e n a r r a t i v e H o w e v e r n o s u c h t r a c e s u r v i v e s i n o u r t e x t : & ( ) / / ( 5 2 6 + ) 5 # ) 6 2 $ 3 ( 0 / ( $ # 4 ) + + 6 & ) ( 0 + ) 5 & # ( & # 4 ) ) ( 1 # ( % & ( & ) 4 ( 1 I t i s n o t l a w f u l f o r e i t h e r y o u b e s t o f t h o s e r e a r e d b y Z e u s o r s o m e o t h e r o n e o f t h e i m m o r t a l s t o l e a r n t h e d i v i n a t i o n a f t e r w h i c h y o u w e r e i n q u i r i n g 2 4 C l a y 1 9 8 9 1 4 4 s t a t e s I f e e l c o n v i n c e d t h a t t h e t e x t c o n t a i n s a t l e a s t o n e m a j o r g a p a t l i n e 5 6 8 a n d a t r a n s p o s i t i o n o f s i x l i n e s ( 5 0 7 1 2 ) t h a t b e l o n g a t t h e e n d o f t h e p o e m b e t w e e n l i n e s 5 7 5 a n d 5 7 6 R e m a r k i n g o n t h e s t r u c t u r a l s y m m e t r y o f t h e h y m n C l a y 1 4 3 a d d s F i n a l l y w e m a y n o t e t h a t t h e p o e m a s a w h o l e a p p e a r s t o b e c o n s t r u c t e d i n t h r e e t r i a d s : k l u t a e r g a ( l y r e t h e f t d a i s ) ; f o l l o w e d b y t h r e e v e r b a l c o n f r o n t a t i o n s ( M a i a A p o l l o Z e u s ) ; a n d c u l m i n a t e s i n A p o l l o s t h r e e g i f t s ( c a t t l e w a n d b e e o r a c l e ) 2 5 C f b o t h J a n k o 1 9 8 2 1 4 0 1 4 3 a n d V e r g a d o s 2 0 0 7 9 3 1 f o r c o m p r e h e n s i v e o v e r v i e w s o f t h e s e a t t e m p t s 2 6 C f J a n k o 1 9 8 2 1 4 2 1 4 3 a n d V e r g a d o s 2 0 0 7 2 6 w h e r e h e w r i t e s T h e l i n g u i s t i c p o i n t r e s t s o n t h e f o r m 2 & ) & 2 & ( 2 5 4 ) T h e 2 n d s i n g u l a r f o r m 2 ( # i s a t t e s t e d f o r A r c a d i a n ( T e g e a M a n t i n e a ) T h e o r i g i n a l s e c o n d s i n g u l a r e n d i n g & ( a f t e r t h e l o s s o f i n t e r v o c a l i c + ) c h a n g e d i n t o # p r o b a b l y u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e s e c o n d a r y e n d i n g s H o m e r h a s t h e l a t e r f o r m 2 ( + & w h e r e t h e + h a s b e e n r e s t o r e d b y a n a l o g y I t h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e c h a n g e f r o m 2 ( & t o 2 ( # m u s t h a v e t a k e n p l a c e a r o u n d 6 0 0 a t t h e e a r l i e s t ; t h u s 2 & ) & 2 & ( i f g e n u i n e ) m u s t p r e c e d e t h a t d a t e A t h o u g h t h i s f o r m c a n n o t b e u s e d o n i t s

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9 us i ng e xt r a t e xt ua l e vi de nc e a nd a n a r gum e nt w hi c h pl a c e s t he H y m n s p e r f or m a nc e c ont e xt a t a dol e s c e nt m a l e a t hl e t i c f e s t i va l s 2 7 T he H y m n s pr ove na nc e i s a l s o di f f i c ul t t o de t e r m i ne 2 8 I t s l a ngua ge be t r a ys t he m a r ks of no one s i ngl e di a l e c t a nd ge ogr a phi c a l r e f e r e nc e s i ns i de of t he H y m n poi nt t o no one di r e c t i on ove r a not he r W hi l e B oe ot i a i s a popul a r de s i gna t i on, i f C l a y i s r i ght t ha t a f un da m e nt a l ge ne r i c t r ope of t he l onge r H om e r i c H y m ns i s P a nhe l l e ni s m o ur t e xt w oul d p ur pos e l y ha ve obs c ur e d l oc a l e m a ki ng t hi s e f f or t t ha t m uc h m or e di f f i c ul t 2 9 W hi l e C l a y r e j e c t s t he de s i gna t i on of t he H y m n t o pe r f or m a nc e a t a ny one s pe c i f i c f e s t i va l I l e s J ohns t on pr ovi de s s om e c om pe l l i ng a r gum e nt s f or e xa c t l oc a l e s 3 0 I f i nd t ha t t he H y m n s l i ngui s t i c r e l a t i on s hi p t o t he a r c ha i c G r e e k i a m bi c poe t r y di s c us s e d be l ow a l s o poi nt s t o a l a t e 6 t h c e nt ur y B C E da t i ng 3 1 A N ot e on T e xt an d T r an s l at i on A l l t r a ns l a t i ons i n t hi s t he s i s a r e m i ne unl e s s not e d ot he r w i s e F or t he i a m bi c poe t r y, I us e bot h vol um e s of M a r t i n L W e s t s I a m bi e t E l e gi G r a e c i a nt e A l e xa ndr um C a nt a t i F or t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s I us e T W A l l e n s O xf or d t e xt r e p r i nt e d i n J ul i a H a i g G a i s s e r s B r yn M a w r C om m e nt a r y o n t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s A ny de vi a t i ons f r om t he s e e di t i ons a r e f oot not e d a nd e x pl a i ne d. o w n a s a n a b s o l u t e a n d d e f i n i t i v e a r g u m e n t f o r t h e H y m n s p r o v e n a n c e o r d a t e s i n c e t h e p o e t w a s w o r k i n g w i t h a K u n s t s p r a c h e t h a t c o n s i s t e d o f d i f f e r e n t l a y e r s a n d o u r t e x t i s a t p l a c e s m a n i f e s t l y c o r r u p t i t m a y n e v e r t h e l e s s p o i n t t o a d a t e a r o u n d t h e e n d o f t h e s e v e n t h o r t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e s i x t h c e n t u r y B C 2 7 I l e s J o h n s t o n 2 0 0 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 8 C l a y 1 9 8 9 7 w r i t e s [ T h e H y m n t o ] H e r m e s h a s b e e n l i n k e d t o A t h e n s o n l i n g u i s t i c a n d o t h e r g r o u n d s b u t i t s c o m p o s i t i o n h a s a l s o b e e n l o c a l i z e d i n B o e o t i a a n d A r c a d i a b e c a u s e b o t h a r e m e n t i o n e d i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e p o e m 2 9 I b i d 1 0 3 0 I l e s J o h n s t o n 2 0 0 2 1 2 8 1 3 0 3 1 H e r m e s p r o m i n e n c e i n t h e s u r v i v i n g f r a g m e n t s o f H i p p o n a x w h o i s c o m p o s i n g a t a b o u t t h i s t i m e i s a l s o s u g g e s t i v e

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10 C h ap t e r O n e : A r c h ai c I am b i c P oe t r y T he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s s ha r e s m uc h of i t s non e pi c di c t i on a nd hum or ous t one w i t h w ha t s ur vi ve s of a r c ha i c i a m bi c poe t r y. H ow e ve r w ha t s ur vi ve s of i a m bi c p oe t r y i s i n f a c t ve r y f r a gm e nt e d a nd obs c ur e I n t hi s c ha pt e r I p r ovi de a r e c ons t r uc t i on of i a m bi c poe t r y, i t s poe t s a nd ge ne r i c c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s I i nc l ude pr i m a r y di s c u s s i ons of t he t hr e e i a m bi c poe t s c a noni c a l l y a t t r i but e d t o t he a r c ha i c pe r i od, A r c h i l oc hus of P a r os S e m oni de s of A m or gos a nd H i ppona x of E phe s o s T he i r f r a gm e nt s a r e c ha r a c t e r i z e d by a bus i ve s p e e c h, di r e c t e d m os t of t e n a t ot he r s a n d a r e c ol or e d by obs c e ni t y. T he y of t e n i nc l ude m e nt i on of t he body, i t s f unc t i ons a nd s e x, a nd pr om ot e a ge ne r a l m i s ogyny. A n e xa m i na t i on of w ha t pr om p t s bl a m e e s t a bl i s he s t h a t bl a m e i n i a m bi c poe t r y i s e xc ha nge d a nd m us t be pr ovoke d. T hi s ove r vi e w l a ys t he g r o undw or k f or a n e xa m i na t i on of i a m bi c di c t i on i n t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s T h e P oe t s : 1. A r c hi l oc hus bor n on P a r os a n i s l a nd i n t he C yl c a de s i s our e a r l i e s t s ur vi vi ng non e pi c poe t 3 2 H i s e a r l y s e ve nt h c e nt ur y da t i ng i s ge ne r a l l y a c c e pt e d, on t he gr ounds of hi s t e s t i m oni a s c ons i s t e nc y, a nd be c a us e of ot he r l i ke bi ogr a phi c a l r e f e r e nc e s i n hi s f r a g m e nt s T he L ydi a n r ul e r G yge s f or e xa m pl e i s a c om m on r e f e r e nt i n t e s t i m oni a o f t he poe t s l i f e a nd ge t s a m e nt i on i n A r c hi l oc hus f r 19. 3 3 3 2 G e r b e r 1 9 9 9 5 3 3 F o r G y g e s a s a d a t i n g r e f e r e n t i n t e s t i m o n i a c f T e s t 5 ( T a t i a n a d G r a e c o s 3 1 ( p 5 8 W h i t t a k e r ) ) ; T e s t 6 ( P r o c l u s a p P h o t b i b l ( v 1 5 8 2 7 H e n r y ) ) ; T e s t 7 ( H e r o d o t u s 1 1 2 ) I n a d d i t i o n t o h i s a p p e a r a n c e i n f r 1 9 1 ( # 4 # ) 8 5 4 ) # 6 % # 7 3 5 + # 7 / t h e p o s s e s s i o n s o f G y g e s r i c h i n g o l d a r e o f n o c o n c e r n t o m e ( G e r b e r 1 9 9 9 9 3 ) G e n t i l i 1 9 8 8 2 9 2 2 9 3 n 2 8 p o i n t s u s t o f r 2 3 J S t r a u s s C l a y t a k e s t h e f r a g m e n t v e r y p l a u s i b l y a s p a r t o f a d i a l o g u e i n i a m b i c t r i m e t e r s b e t w e e n G y g e s a n d t h e w i f e o f C a n d a u l e s ( A r c h i l o c h u s a n d G y g e s : A n I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f F r 2 3 W e s t Q u a d U r b n s 2 4 [ 5 3 ] ( 1 9 8 6 ) : 7 f f )

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11 T he publ i c a t i on of t he M ne s i e pe s I ns c r i pt i on i n 1 952, a t t e s t i ng t o a n e s t a bl i s he d c ul t of A r c hi l oc hus on P a r os g a ve s ol i d c onf i r m a t i on of t he l ongs t a ndi ng a s s oc i a t i on of t he poe t w i t h P a r os 3 4 S om e of A r c hi l oc hus f r a g m e nt s a gr e e w i t h t e s t i m oni a w hi c h r e c or d hos t i l e r e l a t i ons be t w e e n P a r os a nd one of i t s ne i ghbor i ng i s l a nds N a xos 3 5 I n t he s e a nd ot he r l i ke f r a gm e nt s t he poe t i s f i gur e d a s a s ol di e r W he t he r or not t hi s r e f l e c t e d a bi ogr a phi c a l r e a l i t y, m a ny ha ve f ound t he dua l oc c upa t i on of A r c hi l oc hus a s bot h poe t a nd s ol di e r t o be a s i gni f i c a nt i nt e r pr e t i ve de vi c e of hi s poe t r y 3 6 B i ogr a phi c a l l y, he i s a l s o c l os e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t he c ol oni z a t i on of a not he r ne i ghbor i ng i s l a nd, T ha s os T he S os t he ne s I ns c r i pt i on i de nt i f i e s A r c hi l oc hus f a t he r T e l e s i c l e s a s t h e i s l a nd s f i r s t c ol oni z e r 3 7 A nd a not he r t r a di t i on r e c or ds A r c hi l oc hus m i gr a t i on f r om P a r os t o T ha s os a s a r e s ul t of pove r t y. 3 8 A r c hi l oc hus poe t r y s ur vi ve s i n a va r i e t y of m e t e r s a nd s t yl e s a nd i s c om pos e d on a va r i e t y of s ubj e c t s a nd t he m e s T e s t i m oni a r e c or d a f e ud be t w e e n t he poe t a nd L yc a m be s a nd hi s da ught e r s w hi c h a num b e r of A r c hi l oc hus f r a gm e nt s pr e s e r ve 3 9 3 4 F o r a f u l l d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e M n e s i e p e s I n s c r i p t i o n a n d t h e c u l t o f A r c h i l o c h u s c f C l a y 2 0 0 4 T h e i n s c r i p t i o n r e c o u n t s t h e D i c h t e r w e i h e ( t h e b e c o m i n g o f a p o e t ) o f A r c h i l o c h u s w i t h t h e M u s e s a n d d e t a i l s s o m e k e y p o i n t s i n h i s b i o g r a p h i c a l t r a d i t i o n 3 5 M n e s i e p i s i n s c r i p t i o B ( E 2 ) c o l I 4 1 4 ; F o r N a x o s i n A r c h i l o c h u s c f f r 8 9 I t w o u l d s e e m t h a t a n y b i o g r a p h i c a l i n v o l v e m e n t o f t h e p o e t w i t h N a x o s w o u l d b e m i l i t a r y 3 6 C f A r c h i l f r 1 : ) 7 5 0 8 & % 4 ( 2 ( 9 ( 7 & / # # 1 ( & 2 ) # $ 2 & 7 9 # 7 + 4 ( 0 & ) $ ( 5 : # ( 0 % + ) & ( # $ I a m a s e r v a n t o f t h e l o r d E n y a l i o s a n d o f t h e M u s e s k n o w i n g ( t h e i r ) l o v e l y g i f t C f B u r n e t t 1 9 8 3 3 3 3 6 f o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h i s d u a l i t y 3 7 C f S o s t h e n i s i n s c r i p t i o c o l I V a 1 4 2 2 I G X I I 5 n 4 4 5 ( + S u p p l P p 2 1 2 1 4 ; W P e e k Z P E 5 9 ( 1 9 8 5 ) 1 3 2 2 ) A r c h i l T e s t 6 6 ( S t e p h B y z s v : & + # $ ( p 3 0 3 M e i n e k e ) ) C f a l s o A r c h i l f r r 9 1 a b o u t w h i c h G e r b e r 1 9 9 9 1 3 4 1 3 5 n 1 s t a t e s t h a t t h e i s l a n d m e n t i o n e d i s p r e s u m a b l y T h a s o s s i n c e t h e t a t t e r e d e n d o f t h e f r a g m e n t s e e m s t o i n c l u d e a m e n t i o n o f i t 9 3 a 1 0 2 3 8 C o m p t o n 2 0 0 6 5 0 3 9 A r c h i l T e s t 1 9 ( P D u b l i n i n v 1 9 3 a ) ; T e s t 2 0 ( A n t h P a l 7 3 5 1 = H E 1 5 5 5 6 4 ) ; T e s t 2 1 ( A n t h P a l 7 3 5 2 = H E 4 7 4 2 4 9 ) ; T e s t 2 2 ( A n t h P a l 7 7 1 = F G E 1 9 7 2 0 2 ) ; T e s t 2 3 ( A n t h P a l 7 6 9 ) ; T e s t 2 4 ( E u s t i n H o m O d 1 1 2 7 7 ( 1 6 8 4 4 5 ) ) ; T e s t 2 5 ( H o r e p o d 6 1 1 1 4 ) ; T e s t 2 6 ( P s e u d a c r o n i s s c h o l a d l o c H o r e p o d 6 1 1 1 4 ( i 4 0 4 K e l l e r ) ) ; T e s t 2 7 ( H o r e p i s t 1 1 9 2 3 3 1 ) ; T e s t 2 8 ( O v I b i s 5 3 5 4 ) ; T e s t 2 9 ( S c h o l C a d l o c ( p 1 0 L a p e n n a ) ) ; T e s t 3 1 ( S c h o l a d l o c ( p p 1 5 6 s q L a P e n n a ) ; T e s t 3 2 ( M a r t 7 1 2 5 8 )

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12 L yc a m be s ha d onc e pr om i s e d hi s da ught e r s ha nd i n m a r r i a ge t o A r c hi l oc hus H e r e voke d t he m a r r i a ge a nd s o br oke hi s oa t h. I n a n a nge r e d r e s pons e A r c hi l oc hus t he n c om pos e d hi s m o s t vi ol e nt i a m bi c s a g a i ns t t he m a n a nd hi s da ught e r s w or ds w hi c h, a s t r a di t i on ha s i t p r om pt e d t he m t o ha ng t he m s e l ve s 2. M uc h l e s s s uf f i c i e nt e vi de nc e s ur vi ve s f or t he l i f e of S e m oni de s t ha n f or t he l i f e of A r c hi l oc hus or e ve n H i ppona x. T he Suda t e l l s us t ha t S e m oni de s w a s bor n i n t he l a t e s e ve nt h c e nt ur y. 4 0 W hi l e h e r e s i de d i n A m or g os ha vi ng a l l e ge dl y be e n s e nt t he r e dur i ng i t s c ol oni z a t i on, he w a s bor n i ni t i a l l y a t S a m os 4 1 W e a r e t ol d t ha t he c om po s e d bot h e l e gi a c a nd i a m bi c ve r s e H ow e ve r onl y hi s i a m bi c t r i m e t e r s ha ve s ur vi ve d. 4 2 S e m oni de s f r 7 f a m ous l y pr ov i de s f or us t he l on ge s t e xt a nt e xa m pl e of a r c ha i c i a m bi c poe t r y; i t i s a c a u s t i c ge ne a l ogy of di f f e r e nt t yp e s of w om e n a nd c or r e l a t e s e a c h t o a di f f e r e nt t ype of a ni m a l T hough m i s ogyni s t i c t he poe m i nc l ude s no ove r t ob s c e ni t y a n d di r e c t i nve c t i ve of t he s or t t ha t bot h A r c hi l oc hu s a nd H i ppona x e m pl oy i n t he i r poe m s N e ve r t he l e s s he i s of t e n na m e d i n t he s a m e br e a t h a s t hos e t w o poe t s a s t he one of t h e e a r l i e s t a nd be s t i a m bi c poe t s 4 3 4 0 S e m o n i d e s T e s t 1 ( S u d a ( i v 3 6 3 1 A d l e r ) ) G e r b e r 1 9 9 9 2 9 5 g i v e s u s t h e d a t e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e S u d a a s 6 9 3 B C E i f E r a t o s t h e n e s d a t i n g o f t h e w a r i s b e i n g f o l l o w e d P e r h a p s h e r e i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e S u d a s c o m m o n p r a c t i c e # ( m e a n s w a s b o r n r a t h e r t h a n f l o u r i s h e d s i n c e t h i s w o u l d m a k e t h e d a t e a g r e e w i t h t h o s e s o u r c e s w h i c h a s s i g n t h e p o e t s f l o r u i t t o t h e 6 6 0 s A r c h i l T e s t 6 ( P r o c l u s a p P h o t b i b l ( v 1 5 8 2 7 H e n r y ) ) r e p o r t s t h a t S e m o n i d e s l i v e d d u r i n g t h e r u l e o f A r g a e u s o f M a c e d o n b e t w e e n 6 8 4 6 4 7 B C E 4 1 S e m o n i d e s T e s t 1 ( S u d a ( i v 3 6 3 1 A d l e r ) ) T e s t 2 ( S u d a ( i v 3 6 0 7 A d l e r ) ) 4 2 S u d a ( i v 3 6 3 1 A d l e r ) s a y s h e w r o t e e l e g i a c p o e t r y i n t w o b o o k s a n d i a m b i c s T r a n s l a t i o n G e r b e r 1 9 9 9 2 9 5 4 3 A r c h i l T e s t 6 ( P r o c l u s a p P h o t b i b l ( v 1 5 8 2 7 H e n r y ) w r i t e s O f t h e i a m b i c p o e t s A r c h i l o c h u s o f P a r o s w a s t h e b e s t t h e n S e m o n i d e s o f A m o r g o s o r a s s o m e s a y o f S a m o s a n d H i p p o n a x o f E p h e s u s A n a n i u s T e s t 1 ( T z e t z i n L y c ( i i 1 8 S c h e e r ) ) h o w e v e r w r i t e s T h e m o s t d i s t i n g u i s h e d i a m b i c w r i t e r s a r e A n a n i u s A r c h i l o c h u s a n d H i p p o n a x T r a n s l a t i o n G e r b e r 1 9 9 9 5 0 1 G e r b e r w r i t e s T z e t z e s i s t h e o n l y s o u r c e t o i n c l u d e A n a n i u s i n s t e a d o f S e m o n i d e s a s o n e o f t h e t h r e e e a r l y i a m b o g r a p h e r s s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h i s m a y b e t r a y a c o n f u s i o n o r m i x i n g u p o f t h e p o e t s n a m e s b y T z e t z e s G e r b e r s t r a n s l a t i o n

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13 3. H i ppona x, t he Suda t e l l s us w a s ba ni s he d f r om E phe s os hi s bi r t hpl a c e by t he t yr a nt s A t he na gor a s a nd C om a s a f t e r w hi c h t i m e he s e t t l e d i n C l a z om e na e 4 4 H i s da t i ng i s r e l a t i ve l y c e r t a i n, a nd m os t s our c e s pl a c e hi m s qua r e l y i ns i de t he m i ddl e of t he 6 t h c e nt ur y B C E 4 5 L i ke A r c hi l oc hus a nd S e m oni de s he i s a l s o, by t r a di t i on one of t he e a r l y i a m bi c poe t s A nd l i ke A r c hi l oc hus he c om pos e d i n a va r i e t y of m e t e r s H ow e ve r t he s ubj e c t m a t t e r of hi s s ur vi vi ng f r a gm e nt s w hi l e va r i e ga t e d, i s m or e c ons i s t e nt l y obs c e ne a nd a bus i ve a nd c onc e r ns i t s e l f pa r t i c ul a r l y w i t h t he body s e x, a nd f ood I n m uc h t he s a m e w a y t ha t A r c hi l oc hus c om e s dow n t o us c ouc he d i n s i de t he t r a di t i on of hi s f e ud w i t h L yc a m be s s o H i ppo na x i s t r a ns m i t t e d a l ongs i de a s i m i l a r t r a di t i on. 4 6 I n t hi s t r a di t i on B oupa l os a C hi a n s c ul pt or a nd hi s br ot he r A t he ni s c r e a t e a n ugl y a nd de f or m e d s t a t ue of H i ppona x. I ns ul t e d by t hi s H i ppona x ve r ba l l y a s s a i l s t h e s c ul pt or s w i t h hi s obs c e ne i a m bi c s pr om pt i ng t he m t o ha ng t he m s e l ve s i n a m a nne r s i m i l a r t o L yc a m be s a nd hi s da ught e r s I am b os T he e xa c t r e f e r e nt o f t he t e r m ; & ; #$ ( a nd i t s de r i va t i ve s ) i n t he a nc i e nt w or l d i s unc e r t a i n. W hi l e t he t e r m a l m os t c e r t a i nl y r e f e r s t o a t ype of poe t r y w he t he r i t m a r ks s pe c i f i c a l l y m e t e r or c ont e nt r e m a i ns un c l e a r A s l a t e a s A r i s t ot l e w e f i nd bot h po s s i bl e 4 4 H i p p o n a x T e s t 3 ( S u d a ( i i 6 6 5 1 6 A d l e r ) ) T h a t h e i s u n d e r s t o o d t o h a v e b e e n b a n i s h e d m a y a l s o b e s u g g e s t i v e w h e n v i e w e d a l o n g s i d e t h e p r o m i n e n t t h e m e o f t h e p h a r m a k o s s o m e w h a t o f a s c a p e g o a t f i g u r e i n h i s f r a g m e n t s C l a z o m e n a e r e c e i v e s c o r r o b o r a t i v e m e n t i o n a l s o i n H i p p f r 1 < < & = # ( # / C l a z o m e n i a n s 4 5 H i p p T e s t 1 ( P l i n N H 3 6 4 1 1 ) p u t s h i m i n t h e 6 0 t h O l y m p i a d f r o m 5 4 0 5 3 7 B C E ( G e r b e r 1 9 9 9 3 4 3 ) A r c h i l T e s t 6 ( P r o c l u s a p P h o t b i b l ( v 1 5 8 2 7 H e n r y ) ) p l a c e s h i m a s a c o n t e m p o r a r y o f t h e r u l e o f t h e P e r s i a n k i n g D a r i u s f r o m 5 2 2 4 8 6 ( G e r b e r 3 5 ) 4 6 H i p p T e s t 1 ; T e s t 3 ; T e s t 4 ( P l i n N H 3 6 4 1 2 ) ; T e s t 6 ; T e s t 8 ; T e s t 1 1 ( P s e u d a c r o n i s s c h o l ( i 4 0 4 K e l l e r ) a d H o r e p o d 6 1 4 ( v A r c h t e s t 2 5 )

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14 m e a ni ngs i n a s i ngl e s e n t e nc e 4 7 M os t s c hol a r s h ow e ve r l i ke W e s t f ol l ow i ng D ove r a gr e e t ha t ; & ; #$ r e f e r s pr i m a r i l y t o c ont e nt o r oc c a s i on, a nd s e c onda r i l y t o m e t e r T he e a r l i e s t a t t e s t a t i on of t he w or d oc c ur s a t A r c hi l oc hus f r 215: 2 & / # 4 ) ) & ; 4 ( # 4 ) ) ., % 4 4 ( .' a nd ne i t he r i am bi nor pl e a s ur e s a r e a c onc e r n t o m e T z e t z e s t e l l s us t ha t t he s e l i ne s w e r e c om pos e d i n r e s pons e t o t he de a t h of A r c hi l oc hus s i s t e r s hus ba nd. 4 8 W e m a y a s s um e he r e t ha t ) & ; 4 ( be c a us e of i t s pa r a l l e l pos i t i on w i t h r e s pe c t t o ) ., % 4 4 ( r e f e r s t o s om e t hi ng c om pa r a bl e ( w he t he r s i m i l a r or a dve r s a r y) t o ) ., % 4 4 ( 4 9 M a r t i n W e s t a r gue s t ha t ) ., % 4 4 ( m a r ks s om e ki nd of oc c a s i on. 5 0 O n t hi s r e a di ng, ) & ; 4 ( w oul d r e f e r m or e pr oba bl y t o a c om pa r a bl e oc c a s i on t ha n t o s pe c i f i c a l l y m e t e r T he a ppl i c a t i on of t he t e r m ; & ; #$ t o poe t s w ho s e w or k s ur vi ve s i n a va r i e t y of m e t e r s ot he r t ha n i a m bi c a l s o s ugge s t s t ha t t he t e r m s pr i m a r y r e f e r e nt w a s c ont e nt or 4 7 A t P o e t i c s 1 4 4 8 b 1 0 A r i s t o t l e w r i t e s : 0 ( # = $ 2 & ) ) $ > ) ) # ( 2 & 7 ) $ ) & ; ( # ( ? ) # ( 5 $ 2 & 7 ) & ; ( # ( 2 & ( ) & ( 6 ( @ ) 0 ( ) A ) B ) # 5 ) B ) & ; = # ( % # # 7 $ / F o r t h e s e t h i n g s [ M a r g i t e s a n d s i m i l a r p o e m s ] t h e i a m b i c m e t e r a r r i v e d a s s o m e t h i n g f i t t i n g o n w h i c h a c c o u n t t h e i a m b i c i s n o w s o c a l l e d t h a t t h e y [ p o e t s o f a l o w l y n a t u r e ] a s s a i l e a c h o t h e r i n t h i s m e t e r H e r e t h e i a m b i c m e t e r c a n n o t b e d i v o r c e d f r o m i t s i a m b i c f u n c t i o n W h e t h e r t h e g e n r e r e c e i v e d i t s n a m e f r o m t h e m e t e r u s e d o r t h e m e t e r f r o m t h e g e n r e i s s t i l l u n c l e a r a l t h o u g h r e c o u r s e t o m y d i s c u s s i o n o f A r c h i l f r 2 1 5 ( b e l o w ) s u g g e s t s s t i l l t h a t f u n c t i o n i s t h e t e r m s p r i m a r y r e f e r e n t F u r t h e r e v i d e n c e c o m e s f r o m t h e p a s s a g e i n A r i s t o t l e s P o e t i c s o u t f r o m w h i c h t h e a b o v e q u o t e c o m e s I n i t A r i s t o t l e d i v i d e s t h e n a t u r e o f m a n i n t o t w o ; s e r i o u s ( + ( ) # ) a n d b a s e ( C ) + ) # ) H e c o r r e s p o n d s t r a g e d y a n d i t s p o e t i c a n t e c e d e n t s t o t h e s e r i o u s n a t u r e a n d c o m e d y a n d i t s a n t e c e d e n t s o n e o f w h i c h i s t h e i a m b i c p o e t r y t o t h e b a s e n a t u r e 4 8 T z e t z a l l e g H o m D 1 2 5 s q q ( A r c h i l f r 2 1 5 ) 4 9 E w e n B o w i e 2 0 0 1 3 n o t e s t h a t ) & ; 4 ( m u s t n o t n e c e s s a r i l y b e c o m p a r a b l e t o ) % 4 4 ( H o w e v e r A r c h i l f r 1 1 c i t e d a l s o a s a r e s p o n s e t o h i s s i s t e r s h u s b a n d s d e a t h d i s p l a y s a s i m i l a r p a r a l l e l i s m : # 4 ) ) 2 & / 4 ( ) # + # & # 4 ) 2 & 2 # ( # + 4 ) % 4 $ 2 & 7 & / & $ 0 6 % 4 ( F o r I w i l l h e a l n o t h i n g w h i l e w e e p i n g n o r w i l l I m a k e i t w o r s e s e e k i n g o u t p l e a s u r e s a n d f e s t i v i t i e s F o l l o w i n g I r e a d ) & ; 4 ( a s a d v e r s a r y t o ) % 4 4 ( i n m u c h t h e s a m e w a y t h a t 2 & / 4 ( a n d 0 6 % 4 ( a r e j u x t a p o s e d a b o v e 5 0 W e s t 1 9 7 4 2 5

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15 oc c a s i on. 5 1 W e know f or e xa m pl e t ha t A r c hi l oc hus c om pos e d e pode s a s w e l l a s ot he r poe t r y i n a va r i e t y o f m e t e r s i nc l udi ng t r oc ha i c t e t r a m e t e r 5 2 H i ppona x, t oo, de vi a t e s f r om t he i a m bi c t r i m e t e r 5 3 W hi l e t e s t i m oni a of t e n di r e c t l y c onne c t t he poe t i c i nve c t i ve w i t h t he i a m bi c t r i m e t e r ou r c l e a r e s t a nd l onge s t s ur vi vi ng e xa m pl e of poe t i c i nve c t i ve i s f oun d a t A r c hi l oc hus f r 196a a n e pode 5 4 W e c a n gl e a n m or e a bout t he dom a i n o f t he t e r m ; & ; #$ f r om i t s e t ym ol ogy T hough m or e obs c ur e a nd di f f i c ul t t ha n t he w or d s us a ge ; & ; #$ a nd i t s de r i va t i ve s ha ve r e l a t i ons hi ps t o c ul t pr a c t i c e a nd m yt h. S i gni f i c a nt c onne c t i ons t o t he c ul t pr a c t i c e s of D e m e t e r a nd D i onys us oc c ur F or e xa m pl e t he & ; r oot of ; & ; #$ f i nds hom e i n a num be r of ot he r w or ds a s s oc i a t e d w i t h D i onys i a c w or s hi p, na m e l y 5 5 & ; #$ / & ; #$ a nd ; 7 ; #$ a l l of w hi c h l i ke ; & ; #$ c a n de not e e i t he r pe r s on or a t y pe of c om pos i t i on. 5 5 T he s e c onne c t i ons s t r e ngt he n t he r e l a t i o ns hi p be t w e e n i a m bi c c om pos i t i on a nd ai s c hr ol ogi a or r i t ua l j e s t i ng, a pr e de c e s s or t o poe t i c i nve c t i ve a nd l e nd s t r onge r j us t i f i c a t i on t o t he c e nt e r i ng of i nve c t i ve ( ve r ba l a bus e or obs c e ni t y) i n a ny a c c ount of i a m bi c poe t r y. 5 6 P e r ha ps m os t s ugge s t i ve i s t he a c c ount of t he m yt hi c a l m a i ds e r va nt na m e d I a m be i n t he H om e r i c H y m n t o D e m e t e r 5 7 I n a s c e ne w hi c h m a y f unc t i on a i t i ol ogi c a l l y 5 1 H e r e n n i u s P h i l o d e d i v e r s i s v e r b o r u m s i g n i f i c a t i o n i b u s ( p 1 8 6 P a l m i e r i 7 3 N i c k a u A m m o n i u s ) A t h 2 5 7 d = E u s t I n H o m O d 1 1 2 9 9 ( 1 6 8 6 5 1 ) T z e t z C h i l 1 0 3 7 0 3 7 4 ( p p 4 0 2 s q L e o n e ) T z e t z I n L y c 2 1 9 ( p 1 0 2 1 6 S c h e e r ) T z e t z a d C h i l 1 1 4 7 ( p 5 4 7 L e o n e ) T z e t z C h i l 5 7 2 8 s q q ( p p 1 9 6 s q L e o n e ) 5 2 O n W e s t s d i v i s i o n s ( 1 9 8 9 ) : E l e g y A r c h i l f r r 1 1 7 ; T e t r a m e t e r f r r 8 8 1 6 7 ; E p o d e f r r 1 6 8 2 0 4 R e l e v a n t t e s t i m o n i a i n c l u d e s P s P l u t d e m u s i c a 2 8 1 1 4 0 f 1 1 4 1 b ( p 1 2 4 L a s s e r r e ) 5 3 O n W e s t s d i v i s i o n s a g a i n ( 1 9 8 9 ) : E p o d e H i p p f r r 1 1 5 1 1 8 ; T e t r a m e t e r f r r 1 2 0 1 2 7 ; H e x a m e t e r f r r 1 2 8 1 2 9 a 5 4 T e s t i m o n i a : A n t h P a l 1 3 5 2 = H E 4 7 4 2 4 9 ; S c h o l C a d l o c ( p 1 0 L a P e n n a ) ; S c h o l a d l o c ( p p 1 5 6 s q L a P e n n a ) ; L u c P s e u d o l o g 1 ( i i i 1 3 3 6 M a c l e o d ) 5 5 W e s t 1 9 7 4 2 3 ; S e e a l s o A r c h i l f r 1 2 0 d i s c u s s e d b e l o w 5 6 C f R i c h a r d s o n 1 9 7 4 2 1 3 2 1 7 f o r a f u l l d i s c u s s i o n o f a i s c h r o l o g i a i n v a r i o u s r e g i o n a l c e n t e r s o f D e m e t e r w o r s h i p C f a l s o B u r n e t t 1 9 8 3 5 7 n 9 5 7 H y m n D e m 1 9 2 2 0 5

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16 t o e s t a bl i s h t he l i nk be t w e e n ; & ; #$ a s m e t e r a nd ai s c hr ol ogi a I a m be ve r ba l l y a s s a i l s t he gr i e vi ng D e m e t e r M our ni ng t he a bduc t i on of P e r s e phone a nd i nc ogni t o a s a n ol d m or t a l w om a n, D e m e t e r r e f us e s f ood, % / ( @ ) 5 E 3 5 F $ ( G & ; / 2 5 ( ) 5 7 ( & % #* % & + 2 % ) #7 + 0 ) & ) # % ) ( & ( > ( E ( .' 5 H + & .* & + & ) 2 & 7 I & #( + 3 ( ( 7 ( 1 5 8 unt i l I a m be know i ng he r dut i e s m oc ki ng he r [ D e m e t e r ] m uc h w i t h j e s t s t ur ne d t he s a c r e d m i s t r e s s t o s m i l e t o l a ugh, a nd t o hol d a c he e r f ul he a r t A s i de f r om t he obvi ous e t ym ol ogi c a l l i nk be t w e e n ; & ; #$ a nd I a m be i n t he i r r oot & ; bot h t he pa r t i c i pl e us e d t o de s c r i be I a m be s a c t i on, + 2 % ) #7 + a nd t he j e s t s ( 3 5 F $ ) w i t h w hi c h s he e xe c ut e s he r m oc ke r y, a r e f r e que nt l y e m pl oye d i n a c c ount s of ; & ; #$ 5 9 T hi s r e l a t i ons hi p be t w e e n ; & ; #$ a nd I a m be w a s a l s o e xpl oi t e d a s a n ai t i on i n l a t e r t e s t i m oni a of t he p oe t s 6 0 O ut s i de of m yt h a nd e t ym ol ogy, w e f i nd e vi d e nc e l i nki ng t he i a m bi c poe t s t he m s e l ve s ( or t he i r c ha r a c t e r s or pe r s ona e ) t o t he w or s hi p of D e m e t e r a nd D i onys us W hi l e e a c h c ul t w i l l be t r e a t e d s e pa r a t e l y a s t he e vi de nc e a l l ow s W e s t doe s s ugge s t t he pos s i bl e i nt e r r e l a t e dne s s of bot h t he de i t i e s a n d t he i r r e s pe c t i ve c ul t s i n m yt h a nd pr a c t i c e 6 1 P r e s e nc e of a c ul t t o D e m e t e r on P a r os i s a t t e s t e d e a r l y. T he H om e r i c H y m n t o D e m e t e r l i s t s P a r os i m m e di a t e l y a f t e r E l e us i s a s a c ul t c e nt e r of D e m e t e r 6 2 P a us a ni a s a l s o t e l l s us t ha t A r c hi l oc hus gr a ndf a t he r T e l l i s pl a ye d a s i gni f i c a nt r ol e i n t he e a r l y 5 8 I b i d 2 0 1 2 0 4 5 9 F o r + 2 % ) 4 s e e N a g y 1 9 7 9 2 4 5 3 4 2 8 8 1 0 7 a n d 3 0 3 3 4 w h e r e h e p o i n t s t o t h e w o r d s a p p l i c a t i o n t o A r c h i l o c h u s i a m b i c p o e t r y i n t h e M n e s i e p e s i n s c r i p t i o n ( A ( E 1 ) c o l I I 3 0 ) F o r 3 5 / s e e P o l l u x 4 1 0 4 % # / / & 0 % 7 3 5 F 2 & 7 4 ) + 7 2 / ( # ( t o w h i c h W e s t 1 9 7 4 2 3 p o i n t s w h e n d i s c u s s i n g t h e ; 7 ; # $ a n d i t s r e l a t i o n t o ; & ; # $ 6 0 C f s p e c i f i c a l l y C h o e r o b a d H e p h a e s t 3 1 ( p 2 1 4 8 C o n s b r u c h ) d i s c u s s e d b e l o w 6 1 W e s t 1 9 7 4 2 4 2 5 C f a l s o C o m p t o n 2 0 0 6 5 1 n 4 6 B r o w n 1 9 8 8 4 7 9 a l s o p o i n t s t o t h e r e p o r t i n E t M a g P 4 6 3 2 8 t h a t I a m b e w a s a B a c c h a n t 6 2 H y m n D e m 4 9 1 C o m p t o n 2 0 0 6 5 1 n 4 6

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17 i nt r oduc t i on of t he r i t e s of D e m e t e r t o T ha s os f r o m P a r os 6 3 A r c hi l oc hus f r 169 p r e s e r ve s t he godde s s na m e i n w ha t a ppe a r s t o be a de s c r i pt i on of w o r s hi p. 6 4 H i ppona x r e l a t i ons hi p t o D e m e t e r i s a bi t m o r e o bs c ur e M os t s t r i ki ngl y, w e f i nd r e f e r e nc e t o t he r i t ua l d r i nk, t he k y k e on ( 2 7 2 ( ) a t H i ppona x f r 39. T he k y k e on ha ppe ns a l s o t o b e t he dr i nk D e m e t e r t a ke s a t H y m n D e m 210, a nd ha s s t r ong c ul t i c a s s oc i a t i on s 6 5 S t r e ngt he ni ng t hi s c onne c t i on i s t he ai t i on w hi c h C hoe r obos c us r e c ount s I n i t H i ppona x m e e t s a c e r t a i n I a m be w a s hi n g w o ol by t he s e a W he n he m ove s t o t ouc h he r t r ough, s he bi t i ngl y s c ol ds hi m a nd l a t e r he n a m e s hi s poe t i c m e t e r a f t e r he r W hi l e C hoe r obos c us di n s t i ngui s he s t hi s I a m be f r om t he I a m be i n t he H y m n t o D e m e t e r bot h f i gur e s s i m i l a r ve r ba l be ha vi or s ugge s t a c onf us i on on t he pa r t of C hoe r obos c us A nd bot h R os e n a nd B r ow n c om p e l l i ngl y a r gue t ha t t h e t r i m e t e r l i ne pr e s e r ve d i n t hi s a c c ount m a y a c t ua l l y c om e f r om a poe m of H i ppona x. 6 6 D i onys us a l s o pl a ys a s i gni f i c a nt r ol e i n t he poe t r y of A r c hi l oc hus a nd H i ppo na x. T he s pe a ke r i n A r c hi l oc hus f r 120 e xpl i c i t l y e nga ge s i n a D i onys i a c a c t i vi t y. A r c hi l oc hus w r i t e s : J $ > 4 ( 5 + #7 1 ( & 2 ) #$ 2 & $ ( 0 0 & 0 & #$ # K 5 & 5 5 & ; #( # ; ( B + 7 2 ., & 7 ( 4 7 $ 6 ( & $ 6 3 P a u s 1 0 2 0 3 6 4 A r c h i l f r 1 6 9 > # / ) / ) 3 ( & $ % ( 0 4 ( / a n d a b o u t t o r a i s e t h e i r h a n d s u p t o D e m e t e r A l s o i f W e s t s e m e n d a t i o n o f > 4 i n > 4 ] ) & 5 4 i n A r c h i l f r 5 7 i s c o r r e c t L y c a m b e s ( m o c k ? ) p a t r o n y m i c r e s e m b l e s > $ t h e i n c o g n i t o n a m e w h i c h D e m e t e r g i v e s h e r s e l f i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f m o r t a l s W e s t 1 9 7 4 2 6 2 7 w r i t e s t h a t t h i s i s s i g n i f i c a n t i f i a m b u s h a d t o d o w i t h t h e r i t e s o f D e m e t e r f o r w e t h i n k o f t h e n a m e > $ t h a t t h e g o d d e s s a s s u m e s i n H y m n D e m 1 2 2 f o r t h e p e r i o d b e f o r e s h e r e v e a l s h e r t r u e i d e n t i t y a p e r i o d d u r i n g w h i c h I a m b e s j e s t i n g t a k e s p l a c e T h e r e i s a l s o a n A e o l i c f o r m o f h e r n a m e > 4 & ) / C f a l s o H y m n D e m 1 2 2 6 5 R o s e n 1 9 8 7 4 1 9 w r i t e s : T h i s s c e n e c o n t a i n s t h e a i t i o n f o r t h r e e c e n t r a l f e a t u r e s o f t h e p r e l i m i n a r y r i t e s p r e s c r i b e d f o r E l e u s i n i a n i n i t i a t e s : f a s t i n g a i s c h r o l o g i a a n d t h e d r i n k i n g o f t h e k y k e o n R i c h a r d s o n h a s s h o w n t h a t t h e h y m n i t s e l f e m p h a s i z e s b y v e r b a l p a r a l l e l i s m a n d r e p e t i t i o n t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s e t h r e e e l e m e n t s r e f l e c t a c t u a l c u l t i c p r a c t i c e s I n t h i s s a m e a r t i c l e ( 4 2 1 ) h e a r g u e s t h a t H i p p o n a x e v o c a t i o n o f t h e k y k e o n i s d e l i b e r a t e a n d i n s p i r e s t h e s p e a k e r w i t h i a m b o g r a p h i c a i s c h r o l o g i a a l l o w i n g h i m t o a t t a c k h i s 0 3 # / w i t h i n v e c t i v e s a n c t i o n e d b y t h e m y t h o f I a m b e a n d D e m e t e r 6 6 R o s e n 1 9 8 8 a 1 7 5 a n d B r o w n 1 9 8 8 4 7 9

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18 S o I know ( how ) t o l e a d t he be a ut i f ul s ong o f l o r d D i onys us t he di t hyr a m b, ha vi ng be e n t hunde r s t r uc k w i t h w i n e i n m y m i nd. T he di t hyr a m b i s s t r ongl y t i e d t o D i onys i a c w or s hi p. 6 7 A r c hi l oc hus f r 251 a l s o r e c or ds m e nt i on of D i onys us i n w ha t W e s t s ugge s t s i s pr oba bl y a not he r c ul t s ong l oc a l l y a t t r i but e d t o A r c hi l oc hus 6 8 T he M ne s i e pe s I ns c r i pt i on, w hi c h pr e s e r ve s t hi s f r a gm e nt r e c or ds a P a r i a n t r a di t i on w hi c h a t t r i but e s t o A r c hi l oc hus t he i nt r oduc t i on of t he c ul t of D i onys us t o P a r os 6 9 F ur t he r s ugge s t i ve e vi de nc e c o m e s t o us i n t e s t i m oni a a bout a w or k of A r c hi l oc hus k n ow n a s t he I obac c hoi r e c a l l i ng B a c c hus a not he r na m e of D i onys us 7 0 J us t a s w i t h D e m e t e r e vi de nc e f or H i ppona x r e l a t i ons hi p t o D i onys us i s s c a nt T he m os t s ugge s t i ve c onne c t i on c onc e r ns H i ppon a x f r a gm e nt s a bout t he phar m ak o s a hum a n e m bodi m e nt of e v i l w ho w a s e xp e l l e d f r om t he G r e e k c i t y a t m om e nt s of c r i s i s a nd di s a s t e r 7 1 C om pt on a s t ut e l y poi nt s out t ha t phar m ak oi c a n ha ve a not he r na m e t he s um bak k hoi s ugge s t i ng a n e c s t a t i c pe r ha ps D i onys i a c a s pe c t of t he phar m ak os 7 2 G e n e r i c C h ar ac t e r i s t i c s M uc h of t he e vi de nc e r e vi e w e d a bov e m a y t e m p t us t o dr a w a s t r i c t ge ne a l ogy f r om c ul t s of D e m e t e r a nd D i onys us w i t h w hi c h i a m bi c poe t r y i s a s s oc i a t e d, t o t he i nve c t i ve of i a m bi c poe t r y i t s e l f H ow e ve r i n doi n g s o, w e m i ght r e duc e t he dyna m i c s of 6 7 W e s t 1 9 7 4 2 3 6 8 I b i d 2 5 D i s k i n C l a y 2 0 0 4 2 0 d e t a i l s t h e p h i l o l o g i c a l e v i d e n c e : T h r e e o f A r c h i l o c h u s w o r d s s e e m t o b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e c u l t o f D i o n y s u s a n d i n n o c e n t : # C & / ( b a r l e y g r o a t s ) L 6 & 2 $ ( s m a l l u n r i p e g r a p e s ) a n d + 6 2 & ( f i g s ) U n m i l l e d b a r l e y g r o a t s a r e u s e d d u r i n g s a c r i f i c e a s t h e y a r e s a l t e d a n d t h r o w n a t t h e h e a d o f t h e s a c r i f i c i a l v i c t i m a n d i n t o t h e f l a m e o f t h e a l t a r ; t h e y a r e i m p o r t a n t t o o i n t h e c u l t o f D e m e t e r M 6 & 2 $ o r u n r i p e g r a p e s i s a l s o a w o r d f o r t h e s m a l l h a r d b r e a s t s o f a p u b e s c e n t g i r l . W e k n o w o f a c u l t o f D i o n y s o s N 6 & 2 / ) / $ i n L a k o n i a T h e r e i s a l s o a c u l t o f D i o n y s o s o f t h e f i g t r e e i n N a x o s ( > ( 7 + # $ ? 7 2 / ) / $ ) a n d i s l a n d w h i c h l i k e n e i g h b o r i n g P a r o s h a s a n a m e f o r i t s r e m a r k a b l e f i g s G e r b e r 1 9 9 9 2 4 9 n 2 a l s o n o t e s t h a t @ ) 6 # / B i n l i n e 5 c a n d e n o t e s e x u a l i n t e r c o u r s e 6 9 C l a y 2 0 0 4 1 6 2 2 o n t h e M n e s i e p e s I n s c r i p t i o n ( A ( E ) c o l I I I 1 5 7 ) 7 0 H e p h a e s t E n c h 1 5 1 6 ( p p 5 2 s q C o n s b r u c h ) a n d S t e p h B y z P 1 6 6 1 1 M e i n e k e C f a l s o B u r n e t t 1 9 8 3 2 3 2 5 7 1 C o m p t o n 2 0 0 6 3 C f H i p p f r r 6 2 7 1 8 2 9 2 1 0 2 3 4 2 3 9 4 9 2 4 1 0 4 4 9 1 7 2 1 7 2 C o m p t o n 2 0 0 6 6

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19 t he poe t r y t o a c onf i ne d ( a nd pr e s um a bl y c ul t i c ) s phe r e T ur n i ng t o t he f r a gm e nt s t he m s e l ve s c a n f i l l out our unde r s t a ndi ng of i a m bi c poe t r y ove r a l l A nd w hi l e t he y c a n t a l one a c c ount f or s uc h f a c t or s a s c ont e xt a nd oc c a s i on, t he i r r e c ur r e nt t he m e s a nd c ont e nt m a y s he d l i ght ont o w ha t i s di s t i nc t i ve a bout ; & ; #$ m or e ge ne r a l l y. I n a s ur ve y of t h e s ur vi vi ng i a m bi c f r a gm e nt s t he m os t pr e va l e nt a nd di s t i nc t i ve c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s i nc l ude obs c e ne a nd a bu s i ve l a ngua ge a nd a pr e oc c upa t i on w i t h t he gr ot e s que pa r t i c ul a r l y s e x a nd t he body. I r e l y on J e f f r e y H e nde r s on s de f i ni t i on of obs c e ni t y f or m y de s c r i pt i ve a c c ount of t hi s c ha r a c t e r i s t i c o f our s ur vi vi ng f r a gm e nt s H e w r i t e s : B y obs c e ni t y w e m e a n ve r ba l r e f e r e nc e t o a r e a s of hum a n a c t i vi t y or pa r t s of t he hum a n body t ha t a r e pr ot e c t e d by c e r t a i n t a boos a gr e e d upon by pr e va i l i ng s oc i a l c us t om a nd s ubj e c t t o e m ot i ona l a ve r s i on a nd i nhi bi t i on. T he s e a r e i n f a c t t he s e xua l a nd e xc r e m e nt a l a r e a s 7 3 O bs c e ni t y, on t hi s a c c ount a nd s e x s pe c i f i c a l l y, a bounds i n t he f r a gm e nt s of A r c hi l oc hus a nd H i ppona x. T he s e r e f e r e nc e s t a ke t he f or m of a nyt hi ng f r om pl a yf ul a l l us i on a nd doubl e e nt e ndr e t o e xpl i c i t s e xua l na r r a t i ve 7 4 T he f r a gm e nt s of A r c hi l oc hus pr e f e r pl a yf ul a l l us i on a nd a num be r o f f r a gm e nt s i n vol ve t he m e t a phor i c us e of va r i ous f l ow e r s a nd pl a nt s f or ge ni t a l i a F r a gm e nt s 30 a nd 32, f or e xa m pl e bot h e xpl oi t t he doubl e e nt e ndr e of t he m y r t l e t r e e w hi c h c a n s t a nd i n f o r e i t he r m a l e o r f e m a l e ge ni t a l i a 7 5 F r 30 r e a ds : 3 #7 + & & $ ( 7 + / ( / $ 0 ) % .) # #5 H $ ) 2 & $ ( 1 ( #$ 7 3 H e n d e r s o n 1 9 9 1 2 7 4 F o r p o s s i b l e a l l u s i o n s t o s e x a n d / o r g e n i t a l i a n a r r a t i v e a n d n o t a n d e x p l i c i t l y a n d n o t c f A r c h i l f r r 2 3 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 5 4 6 4 9 5 4 5 7 6 6 6 7 8 2 1 1 5 1 1 9 1 2 5 1 4 0 1 4 2 ? 1 4 6 ? 1 5 2 1 7 8 ? 1 8 0 ? 1 8 6 1 9 1 1 9 6 1 9 6 a 2 0 7 2 0 8 2 1 9 ? 2 2 2 2 4 1 ? 2 4 6 2 4 7 2 5 1 2 5 2 2 6 2 2 7 3 a n d 2 7 7 ; S e m f r r 7 8 9 ? 1 2 1 6 1 7 3 5 ; H i p p f r r 2 a 1 2 1 4 ? 1 5 1 6 1 7 2 0 ? 2 1 2 2 ? 2 4 ? 3 0 4 1 ? 4 4 ? 5 6 5 7 5 9 6 2 6 5 ? 6 8 7 0 7 8 7 9 ? 8 4 9 2 ? 1 0 4 1 0 5 ? 1 1 4 a 1 1 4 b 1 2 4 1 3 5 1 3 5 a 1 3 5 b 7 5 G e r b e r 1 9 9 9 1 0 7

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20 S he w a s de l i ght i ng i n t a ki ng t he bus h of m yr t l e a nd t he l ove l y f l ow e r o f t he r os e bus h. A nd f r 32 r e a ds : 5 2 0 ) $ 5 ) #( r i ght t h r ough t he m yr t l e s pr a y 7 6 H i ppona x, on t he ot he r ha nd, o f t e n a ddr e s s e s s e xua l a c t i vi t y w i t h e xpl i c i t obs c e ni t y. F r a gm e nt 84, f o r e xa m pl e pr e s um a bl y de s c r i be s t he s e xua l c on s um m a t i on of a l e w d a f f a i r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s he ? ) c a m e pe nny r oya l a nd a s ke d m e s a yi ng a nd not bu t on t he gr ound w i t h our c l ot he s of f w e w e r e bi t i ng a nd ki s s i ng ( ? ) l ooki ng t hr ough t he door s i n c a s e w e be c a ught na ke d s he w a s i n a hur r y a nd I w a s f uc ki ng pul l i ng out t o t he t i p a s t hough dr yi ng( ? ) a s a us a ge 7 6 T r a n s l a t i o n G e r b e r 1 9 9 9 1 0 5

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21 bi ddi ng B upa l us go t o he l l a nd a t onc e s he m e a nd I ( ? ) A nd a f t e r our e xe r t i ons w e ha d ( a r e s t ? ) I l i ke a w r i nkl e d s a i l 7 7 ; ( : ( t o f uc k ) i n l i ne 16 a bove w a s a ppa r e nt l y i n us e a s t he pr i m a r y vul ga r t e r m f o r s e xua l c ongr e s s t hr oughout a nt i qui t y, a nd oc c ur s a ga i n a t A r c hi l oc hus f r 152 2: 7 8 ] ( & 5 .1 ) + [ 7 ( & ( ] 2 & ; ( 4 ( ] 2 .' ( #$ [ f uc ki ng a ( w om a n ) t ha t S uc h s c e ne s a s t hos e m e nt i one d a bove a r e us ua l l y m a r ke d by a n e m pha s i s on t he body. W he t he r s pe c i f i c a l l y ge ni t a l or not m a n y of t he s ur vi vi ng f r a gm e nt s i nc l ude m e nt i on of t he body, a nd i t s p a r t s a nd f unc t i ons 7 9 T he vi ol e nc e of H i ppona x f r 22, f or e xa m pl e de pe nds on a m e nt i on of m uc us i n t he no s e of a j us t be a t e n pe r s on: { 2 & 7 } ) E ( ( ( & 2 & 7 ) E ( 5 0 & ( 0 0 & & 0 & + & s he ha vi ng ba s he d t he nos e a nd knoc ke d out t he m uc us H i ppona x f r 73 i s m a r ke dl y s c a t ol ogi c a l : ] 4 ( [ ) A % [ X 0 5 & = & 2 & 7 3 #* E ( 0 ) / / + .( 1 0 8 5 ." [ # V 5 .# Y 5 ( ) .$ 0 ( ) & ( $ ( & #' + % & ( ) .$ < .2 > 2 .2 ( & ) & 6 #' ) : 5 [ 5 5 #' 2 & [ 2 ( ( #$ 5 [ 2 & : $ 1 [ ] & 5 4 + [ ] + & ( [ ] 5 7 [ ] [ 7 7 T r a n s l a t i o n I b i d 4 1 9 7 8 B a i n 1 9 9 9 5 4 7 9 F o r a l l m e n t i o n o f t h e b o d y i t s p a r t s a n d f u n c t i o n c f A r c h i l f r r 3 1 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 8 5 4 6 6 6 7 8 2 1 0 7 1 1 7 1 1 8 1 1 9 1 4 0 1 8 8 1 9 0 1 9 1 2 0 6 2 0 9 2 1 7 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 4 2 3 7 2 3 8 2 3 9 2 4 0 2 4 1 2 4 7 2 4 9 2 5 2 2 6 3 2 6 5 2 7 3 2 7 6 ; S e m f r r 7 1 2 1 6 ? 1 7 1 8 1 9 3 0 3 5 4 0 ; H i p p f r r 2 a 1 0 1 2 1 9 2 1 2 2 2 4 ? 2 9 a 7 0 7 3 7 8 8 2 8 4 9 2 1 0 2 1 0 3 1 0 4 1 1 4 a c 1 1 8 1 2 4 1 3 5 1 3 8

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22 he pi s s e d bl ood a nd s ha t bi l e ; but I a nd a l l t he t e e t h i n m y j a w s ha ve be e n di s l odge d. I r oa m a bout I a m a f r a i d ( but ? ) he w e l l 8 0 I n t he c a s e s of bot h s e x a nd body, w om e n m a k e a c e nt r a l a ppe a r a nc e a nd a l m os t a l w a y s a ppe a r ne ga t i ve l y. T he s ur vi vi ng f r a gm e nt s s how c a s e vi ol e nc e e na c t e d on w om e n bot h i n t he obs c e ne a c c ount s of t he i r s e xua l bodi e s a nd a c t s a nd i n t he i nt ol e r a nt t o ne s of m a ny of t he por t r a ya l s of f e m a l e s S e m oni de s f r 7, f o r e xa m pl e i s i ndi c a t i ve of t he ge ne r a l m i s ogyny a t ha nd i n a r c ha i c i a m bi c poe t r y. T hi s t i r a de a ga i ns t w om e n a s w i ve s c or r e s ponds a pa r t i c ul a r a ni m a l t o e a c h t ype of w i f e A t one poi nt r e m a r k i ng on t he w om a n w hos e na t ur e i s de r i ve d f r om t he dog S e m oni de s w r i t e s : ) E ( 5 0 2 2 7 ( $ ) #, ( & C ) # # ) #, & 3 % & ( ) % 2 # 6 + & % & ( ) & 5 ) 5 ( & .' % & ( ) F 5 2 % & % ) & / ( #7 + & 2 & 7 % & ( 4 ( / / 2 .( 3 ( 2 & 7 / 5 ( % ( % 4 ( O & ( % & 5 + .' 5 1 ( ( # 4 ) % % .' # + & $ % ( # # C 5 ) 3 #* 4 7 $ 0 0 & & 0 .' .( / B Y 5 ( ) & $ # C 5 Z ( .' / 3 4 $ 7 .( #$ # C 5 ) % & 0 / ( #' + ( S ( / ) 5 3 F % 0 % 5 4 $ 1 % / 2 ) #( & W #( E ( 3 .' ( 12 20) A not he r i s f r om a b i t c h, s ha m e l e s s t he s a m e a s he r m ot he r w ho w i s he s t o he a r a l l t hi ngs a nd t o know a l l t hi n gs a nd pe e r i ng a nd pa c i ng e ve r yw he r e s he s hr i e ks e ve n i f s he s e e s no one H e r hus ba nd c oul dn t s t op he r e i t he r by t hr e a t e ni n g he r or i f ha vi ng be c om e a ngr y, he s houl d, w i t h a s t on e knoc k out he r t e e t h, or by s pe a ki ng ge nt l y, or i f s he ha ppe ns t o be s i t t i ng a m ong gue s t s but s t ubbor nl y s he hol ds ont o he r i nc or r i gi b l e c r y I n a m or e obs c e ne m a nne r a c ha r a c t e r i n A r c hi l oc hus f r 196a ve he m e nt l y de ni gr a t e s L yc a m be s da ught e r N e oboul e : B .#; # 5 / [ ( 1 ] #$ % ( E 0 3 ) 4 1 & ) & ( % % .' & 5 7 $ ) + / 8 0 T r a n s l a t i o n G e r b e r 1 9 9 9 4 0 9

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23 1 ( ] #$ 5 % % ., 5 / 2 % & .( # #( 2 ] & 7 3 & $ 3 % 7 ( 0 % H ( 1 2 #( # 7 2 [ ] / $ 5 2 ) 6 / ( & ( $ 7 ( # 0 $ ] 2 & 2 & $ 1 % .3 .1 E ) # 6 ) .6 ) & ( [ @ ] % 4 $ 0 8 7 ( & ( 2 & ) [ # ] & 5 ) / ( 3 4 ( / ] ) #+ 3 & + # & 1 ( 24 34 ) A s f or N e oboul e l e t ( s om e ? ) ot he r m a n ha ve he r U gh, s he s ove r r i pe t w i c e your a ge a nd he r gi r l hood s f l ow e r ha s l os t i t s bl oom a s ha s t he c ha r m w hi c h f or m e r l y w a s on i t F or ( he r de s i r e i s ? ) i ns a t i a bl e a nd t he s e x m a d w om a n ha s r e ve a l e d t he f ul l m e a s ur e of he r ( i nf a t ua t i on? ) T o he l l w i t h he r ( L e t ) no ( one bi d? ) t hi s t ha t I ha ve s uc h a w i f e a nd be c om e a l a ughi ng s t oc k t o m y ne i ghbor s 8 1 D ue t o t he ve r y f r a gm e nt a r y na t ur e of m a ny of t h e s e t e xt s i t i s of t e n ha r d t o unde r s t a nd w hy t he obj e c t s of t he s e a t t a c ks m e r i t s uc h a bu s e I n t he c a s e of N e oboul e w e a r e t ol d t ha t he r f a t he r L yc a m be s ha d br oke n a n oa t h w i t h A r c hi l oc hus T hi s up s e t A r c hi l oc hu s s o, t ha t he na t ur a l l y s ought t o s ha m e L yc a m be s i n a n y w a y pos s i bl e W ha t t hi s a ne c dot e m a y t e l l us s e e m s s e l f e vi de nt B l a m e i s a l w a ys pr om pt e d a nd t he i a m bi c po e t doe s not l a unc h bl a m e w i t hout pr ovoc a t i on. T he c a s e of H i ppona x a nd B oupa l us pr ovi de s a not he r i l l us t r a t i ve e xa m pl e B oupa l us i ns ul t s H i ppona x w i t h a n ugl y s c ul pt ur e ut i l i z i ng hi s ow n f or m of a r t t o m a ke t he i ns ul t H i ppona x m i r r or s t h i s a t t a c k w i t h i nve c t i ve c ouc he d i n hi s ow n a r t o f poe t r y 8 2 A ga i n, i a m bi c i nve c t i ve he r e i s pr ovoke d a nd e xc ha nge d. T hi s i a m bi c e xc ha nge m a y a l s o be s uppor t e d by t he pr e s e nc e of r e por t e d s pe e c h i n t he s ur vi vi ng i a m bi c f r a gm e nt s W hi l e onl y c onj e c t ur a l t he e vi de nc e s t i l l i m pl i e s t ha t e m pha s i s e xc ha ng e or c onve r s a t i on pl a ye d a r ol e i n t he a c t i vi t y of bl a m e Q uot i ng 8 1 T r a n s l a t i o n G e r b e r 1 9 9 9 2 1 3 8 2 H i p p f r 1 2 i s a f a m o u s e x a m p l e o f t h i s p a r t i c u l a r i a m b i c e x c h a n g e : ) # 5 ) # + / % 4 ( ) # R $ 9 7 & / 4 ( % & ( 5 & $ O / ) # 2 # / ) / $ A # 5 % & # $ + R ( [ # ) F + 2 & 7 W 6 0 4 ( ) $ ( 5 7 + ( 7 # ( + 1 ) # ( D e c e i v i n g t h e c h i l d r e n o f t h e E r u t h r a e a n s w i t h t h e s e ( w o r d s ) B o u p a l u s t h a t m o t h e r f u c k e r w i t h A r e t e a n d d r a w i n g b a c k h i s i l l n a m e d f o r e s k i n

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24 m e c ha ni s m s pr ovi de t he m o s t di r e c t e vi de nc e f or r e por t e d s pe e c h i n na r r a t i ve i n i a m bi c poe t r y. N a gy, f ol l ow i ng F hr e r ha s de m ons t r a t e d t ha t s uc h di a l ogue or s pe e c h, r e l i e s he a vi l y on e pi c quot a t i on f or m ul a e 8 3 T he c ons t r a i nt s of t he s e f or m ul a e f or i a m bi c poe t r y a r e r e l a t i ve l y f l e xi bl e a s f a r a s w e c a n t e l l w hi l e quot e f r a m e s f or di a l ogue s a nd f o r s pe e c he s a r e de r i gue ur i n E pos 8 4 F or e xa m pl e w hi l e e pi c poe t r y w oul d ge ne r a l l y r e qui r e bot h ope ni ng a nd c l os i ng quot a t i on f r a m e s H i ppona x f r 36 us e s onl y a l oos e ope ni ng f r a m e a nd doe s not c l o s e t he s pe e c h be f or e c ont i nui ng t he na r r a t i ve 8 5 H i ppona x w r i t e s : 0 # 7 5 2 C # 6 ) #$ + ) / / ( ) 7 6 $ 0 $ ) \ 2 0 8 ( # C 5 & K % .( ] % % : ( & 0 5 / 5 4 / ) # ( & $ % 5 #7 ) # 2 #( ) & 2 & 7 % ) 1 & 1 5 / & #$ ) $ 6 ( & $ W e a l t h f or he i s t o t a l l y bl i nd ne ve r s a i d t o m e ha vi ng c om e i nt o m y hous e H i ppona x, I gi ve t o you t hi r t y m i na s of s i l ve r a nd s t i l l m a ny ot he r t hi ngs f or he i s c ow a r dl y a t he a r t A r c hi l oc hus f r r 23 a nd 196a how e ve r gi ve a pi c t ur e of a m or e s t r i nge nt i a m bi c poe t r y. T he s pe e c he s pr e s e r ve d i n t he f r a gm e nt s a r e f r a m e d bot h by ope ni ng a nd by c l os i ng m e c ha ni s m s a nd t he s pe e c h w or ds us e d a r e c onve nt i ona l l y e pi c 8 6 B ot h f r a gm e nt s r e c or d t he e nd of a s pe e c h, t o w hi c h t he f i r s t pe r s on na r r a t or r e pl i e s but t he s t a t e of bot h t e xt s i s 8 3 N a g y 1 9 7 8 2 4 6 2 5 2 2 5 6 2 5 7 ; F h r e r 1 9 6 7 8 4 I b i d 2 4 7 8 5 O r e n d i n g t h e p o e m t h i s i s u n c e r t a i n O n q u o t i n g m e c h a n i s m s F h r e r 1 9 6 7 1 D i e s e r e c h t e i g e n t l i c h e p i s c h h o m e r i s c h e T e c h n i k b e s t e h t i m N o r m a l f a l l d a r i n d a e i n e d i r e k t e R e d e s o w o h l e i n g e f h r t a l s a u c h a b g e s c h l o s s e n w i r d 8 6 F h r e r 1 9 6 7 1 0 a t t e s t s t h a t t h e s p e e c h w o r d u s e d a t H i p p f r 3 6 K % ( i s c o n v e n t i o n a l l y e p i c ; I m B e r e i c h d e r R e d e v e r b e n l t s i c h b e r e i t s v o n d e r n a c h h o m e r i s c h e n E p i k a n b e o b a c h t e n w i e d i e a l t e h r w r d i g e n s i l b e n r e i c h e n K o m p o s i t a d e s H e l d e n e p o s a l l m h l i c h a b z u s t e r b e n b e g i n n e n w h r e n d d a s h a n d l i c h e r e S i m p l e x K % . d e r l e b e n d i g e n S p r a c h e u n a u f h a l t s a m v o r d r i n g t i n e i n i g e m A b s t a n d g e f o l g t v o n 6 / H o w e v e r i t b a r e l y s u r v i v e s e l s e w h e r e i n t h e i a m b i c p o e t r y F o r K % ( i n t h e i a m b i c f r a g m e n t s c f A r c h i l f r 4 9 9 % [ ( t h i s f r a g m e n t c o u l d i n v o l v e s o m e s o r t o f a b u s e 6 H ) & ( 7 ) a n d p o s s i b l y i n c l u d e s a v o c a t i v e < [ o f t e n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c t h o u g h n o t n e c e s s a r i l y o f s p e e c h ; S e m 7 1 0 K % ( t h o u g h n o e x t e n d e d s p e e c h f o l l o w s ) ; H i p p 6 3 2 % ( ( % ( ( l i k e S e m 7 1 0 a b o v e n o e x t e n d e d s p e e c h f o l l o w s )

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25 t oo f r a gm e nt a r y t o s pe c ul a t e m uc h f ur t he r A t a ny r a t e t he e xc ha ng e of s p e e c h do e s oc c ur i n i a m bi c f r a gm e nt s a nd m a y r e f l e c t a m or e ge ne r a l c onve nt i on of e xc ha ngi ng bl a m e T hi s c ha pt e r ha s s ought t o r e c ons t r uc t t he ge ne r a l c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s of i a m bi c poe t r y. I t s ur ve ye d t he di f f i c ul t e vi de nc e a nd ha s hi ghl i ght e d a f e w pr e va l e nt t r ope s pr e s e nt i n t he s ur vi vi ng f r a gm e nt s T he i nve c t i ve a nd obs c e ni t y de t a i l e d a bove s e r ve a s t he b a s i s f or c om pa r i s on of t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s t o i a m bi c poe t r y i n c ha pt e r t w o

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26 C h ap t e r T w o : I am b i c L an gu age i n t h e H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s I n t he pr e vi ous c ha pt e r I pr ovi de d a r e c ons t r uc t i on of a r c ha i c i a m bi c poe t r y w hi c h hi ghl i ght e d i t s a bus i ve i nve c t i ve a nd ob s c e ne l a ngua ge I n t hi s c ha pt e r I c ont e nd t ha t t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s s ha r e s s om e o f t he s e c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s A n e xa m i na t i on of t hr e e pi vot a l c onf r ont a t i ons i n t he hym n be t w e e n t he pr ot a goni s t H e r m e s a nd va r i ous c ha r a c t e r s na m e l y, t he t o r t oi s e H e r m e s m ot he r M a i a a nd hi s br ot he r A pol l o, r e ve a l s t he hym n s r e l i a nc e on i a m bi c l a ngua ge a nd t r ope s T he s p e e c he s i n t he s e c onf r ont a t i ons i nc l ude m uc h di c t i on c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of i a m bi c po e t r y a nd a r c ha i c bl a m e m or e ge ne r a l l y. T he y a r e a l s o f i gur e d a s s pe e c he s of bl a m e i n t ha t e a c h i s pr om pt e d a nd t ha t bot h c ha r a c t e r s e nga ge i n w ha t I w i l l t e r m a n i a m bi c e x c ha nge w i t h one a not he r F ur t he r m or e e a c h e xc ha nge e f f e c t s a nd/ or i ndi c a t e s t r a ns f or m a t i ons i n t he c ha r a c t e r s a nd s t a t us e s of e a c h of t he s pe a ke r s C om pl e m e nt i ng t hi s t e xt ua l e vi de nc e i s H e r m e s pr e s e nc e i n a r c ha i c i a m bi c poe t r y i t s e l f w hi c h s t r e ngt he ns t he r e l a t i ons hi p of bot h t he god a nd t he hym n t o a r c ha i c b l a m e ( #$ ) I am b i c E xc h an ge i n t h e H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s T hr e e c onf r ont a t i ons be t w e e n H e r m e s a nd hi s v a r i ous a nt a goni s t s a dva nc e t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s pl ot T he s e c onf r ont a t i ons a r e pi vot a l f or t w o r e a s ons F i r s t l y, t he y e f f e c t t r a ns f or m a t i ons i n t he va r i ous c ha r a c t e r s s t a t us e s a nd r e l a t i ons hi ps t o on e a not he r S e c ondl y, t he y e m pha s i z e t he c e nt r a l i t y, s pe c i f i c i t y, a nd dyna m i c s of H e r m e s dom a i n ove r s pe e c h. 8 7 T he pe r f or m a t i ve a nd i ns t r um e nt a l pow e r of s pe e c h i n t he hym n 8 7 c f C l a y 1 9 8 9 1 0 6 w h o n o t e s S p e e c h i n s o f a r a s i t i n v o l v e s c o m m u n i c a t i o n o r m e d i a t i o n b e t w e e n i n d i v i d u a l s b e l o n g s t o H e r m e s d o m a i n B u t t h e r h e t o r i c o f H e r m e s i s o f a p e c u l i a r s o r t ; p e r s u a s i v e s e d u c t i v e a n d d e c e p t i v e i t i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y a m b i g u o u s a n d r i d d l i n g c o n c e a l i n g a s m u c h a s r e v e a l i n g

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27 r e c a l l s t ha t s a m e pow e r w hi c h l a t e r a ut hor s a t t r i bu t e t o t he i nve c t i ve o f t he a r c ha i c i a m bi c poe t s F ur t he r m or e t he di a l ogi c c onf r ont a t i ons be t w e e n H e r m e s t he t or t oi s e hi s m ot he r a nd hi s br ot he r A pol l o e voke t ha t l a ngua ge o f bl a m e w hi c h N a gy ha s a r gue d i s c e nt r a l t o a ny di s c us s i on of a r c ha i c G r e e k poe t r y a nd s oc i e t y, a nd c ha r a c t e r i s t i c i n pa r t i c ul a r o f a r c ha i c i a m bi c poe t r y. 8 8 T he f i r s t c onf r ont a t i on of t he hym n oc c ur s b e t w e e n H e r m e s a nd t he t or t oi s e i nt r oduc e s l a ngua ge of bl a m e i nt o t he poe m a nd m a r ks t r a ns f or m a t i ons i n bot h c ha r a c t e r s A f t e r t he ne w bor n H e r m e s ha s l e a pt up out of hi s s a c r e d c r a dl e a nd ha s bounde d a c r os s t he t hr e s hol d of t he c a ve t o t he c our t door s he c om e s upon t he t o r t oi s e gr a z i ng on f r e s h gr a s s ( 20 27) 8 9 P l e a s e d by t hi s H e r m e s s pe a ks out i n or de r t o e nt i c e t he t or t oi s e i nt o hi s c a ve w he r e he w i l l m a ke he r i nt o a l yr e 9 0 T he l i ne s s ur r oundi ng H e r m e s s pe e c h c ont a i n do ubl e e nt e ndr e of t he s or t f ound i n t he f r a gm e nt s of t he i a m bi c poe t s : 3 & # V % ( ) .; / + .( 0 % & C / F + 5 F + ; #+ 2 # ( / % #% & #' 5 4 ( 0 / & % # / / ( + & 6 & % #+ 7 ( ; & / ( #7 + & 1 > $ $ 5 0 # 5 ( #$ 7 V $ $ % # + & $ 0 & + + 2 & 7 & C ) / 2 & 6 #( .' % .1 ( 26 2 9) S he [ t he t o r t oi s e ] m e t hi m upon t he doo r s of t he c o ur t f e e di ng be f or e t he ha l l s on f r e s h f l ou r i s hi ng gr a s s pr om i s c uous l y s w a gge r i ng on he r f e e t T he l uc k b r i ngi ng s on of Z e us ha vi ng c a ught s i ght of he r l a ughe d a nd i m m e di a t e l y ga ve ( t hi s ) s pe e c h. a n d a b o u n d i n g i n d o u b l e a n d u l t e r i o r m e a n i n g s C l a y 1 1 0 1 1 1 e l s e w h e r e s t a t e s H e r m e s d o m a i n t h e n i s n o t t h e s p h e r e o f l a n g u a g e t h a t l a y s c l a i m t o t r u t h b u t r a t h e r t h a t u s e o f l a n g u a g e w h o s e g o a l e x t e n d s o u t s i d e i t s e l f a n d w h i c h i s a m e a n s t o a n e n d ; p e r s u a s i o n s e d u c t i v e r h e t o r i c l i e s o a t h s p e r j u r i e s a n d e v e n m a g i c a l i n c a n t a t i o n s C f a l s o T z i f o p o u l o s 2 0 0 0 f o r a m o r e d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t o f p r o v e r b i a l s p e e c h i n t h e H y m n I f o c u s o n o n l y o n e a s p e c t o f H e r m e s s p e e c h t h a t w h i c h r e s e m b l e s t h e l a n g u a g e o f b l a m e 8 8 N a g y 1 9 7 9 2 2 2 2 4 3 8 9 V e r g a d o s 2 0 0 7 1 4 2 1 4 3 e n c o u r a g e s r e a d e r s t o n o t e t h a t t h e t o r t o i s e m e e t s H e r m e s r a t h e r t h a n v i c e v e r s a H e r m e s s t a t u e s w e r e l o c a t e d a t t h e e n t r a n c e t o t h e h o u s e t h u s e v e r y o n e c o m i n g f r o m o u t s i d e w o u l d e n c o u n t e r H e r m e s a s t h e y e n t e r e d 9 0 T h i s i n c i d e n t i n t r o d u c e s H e r m e s f i r s t 2 7 ) $ ( # ( ; c f l i n e 2 5 ^ H $ ) # % ) + ) & 3 7 ( ) 2 ) # ( & ) % # 5 ( / H e r m e s y o u k n o w w a s t h e f i r s t t o m a k e t h e t o r t o i s e i n t o a s i n g e r

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28 T he l a ngua ge us e d t o de s c r i be s t he t or t oi s e s f i r s t pos i t i on a nd a c t i vi t y ( 27) c a r r i e s e r ot i c c onnot a t i ons T he gr a s s on w hi c h t he t or t oi s e i s f e e di ng ( 0 / & % # / / ( ) r e c a l l s t ha t a t I l i ad 14. 347 ( .## .& % # / / ( w he r e Z e us a nd H e r a m a ke l ove a nd t he / & % # / / ( e ve n oc c ur s i n t he s a m e m e t r i c a l s e de s : 9 1 & 2 & 7 % 2 $ & % ) < ( #7 % & ( $ 3 ( % & & 2 #' ) ( 1 ) # ( + 5 W % $ 3 8 ( 5 ( & 6 5 .( ( .## .& % # / / ( 4 ) ( ` + # .( ) & ) 5 2 2 2 #( a 5 W & 2 ( #( % 7 2 ( $ ( 2 & 7 & & 2 ( b $ % % $ 3 #( $ $ W + ., ) A ( .0 & + / ( 0 % 7 5 2 ( .6 / ( T + + & ( ) # 2 & E ( 3 7 + / / ( 1 + ) % ( & 7 5 % % % % ) #( ., + & W i t h t ha t t he s on of C r onus c a ught hi s w i f e i n hi s a r m s a nd unde r t he m now t he hol y e a r t h bur s t w i t h f r e s h gr e e n gr a s s c r oc us a nd hya c i nt h, c l ove r s oa ke d w i t h de w s o t h i c k a nd s of t i t l i f t e d t he i r bodi e s of f t he ha r d pa c ke d g r ound F ol de d de e p i n t ha t be d t he y l a y a nd r ound t he m w r a ppe d A m a r ve l ous c l oud of gol d a nd gl i s t e ni ng s ho w e r s of de w R a i ne d dow n a r ound t he m bot h. 9 2 T he poe t of t he hym n m odi f i e s t he c om pound a dj e c t i ve w i t h t he i ns e pa r a bl e pr e f i x 0 w hi c h, w hi l e ha vi ng t he i nt e ns i f yi ng m e a ni ng of ve r y or m uc h a ur a l l y r e c a l l s t he 0 & r oot of s o m a ny of t he e r ot i c a dj e c t i ve s w hi c h a b ound i n t he hym n T he s c e ne f r om t he I l i ad a bove a l s o i nc l ude s a c a t a l ogue of f l ow e r s r e m i ni s c e nt of t hos e a t t he s c e ne of P e r s e phone s a bduc t i on i n t he H om e r i c H y m n t o D e m e t e r ( 6 8) 9 3 O n t hi s R i c ha r ds o n not e s G i r l s w e r e t r a di t i ona l l y c a r r i e d of f w hi l e p i c ki ng f l ow e r s 9 4 T hi s i s a n e s pe c i a l l y a ppr opr i a t e e voc a t i on f or a s c e ne i n w hi c h t he t or t oi s e poi s e d a s f e m a l e w i l l be c a r r i e d of f by H e r m e s t o be t r a ns f or m e d i nt o a l yr e T he i ni t i a l de s c r i pt i on of t he t or t oi s e i n f a c t i de nt i f i e s i t w i t h t he f e m a l e 9 1 I o w e t h i s c o n n e c t i o n t o V e r g a d o s 2 0 0 7 1 4 3 9 2 T r a n s l a t i o n F a g l e s 1 9 9 0 3 8 1 9 3 T h e c r o c u s a n d h y a c i n t h a r e p r e s e n t i n b o t h s c e n e s a s a r e t h e a d j e c t i v e s 2 & $ a n d & & 2 $ a t h D e m 6 a n d 7 a n d I l 1 4 1 1 a n d 9 r e s p e c t i v e l y 9 4 R i c h a r d s o n 1 9 7 4 1 4 0

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29 c our t e s a n, t he he t ai r a ( ` ) & / / ) I n l i ne 25, + & 6 & % #+ 7 ( ; & / ( #7 + & e voke s t he pr om i s c uous ga i t of t he f e m a l e c our t e s a n. T hough l a t e C l e m e nt of A l e xa ndr i a m a ke s t hi s c onne c t i on be t w e e n t he s w a gge r i ng g a i t a nd t h e c our t e s a n s pr om i s c ui t y, quot i ng t he 6 t h c e nt ur y B C E s ym pot i c poe t A na kr e on: & V 5 2 7 ( & 2 ( # 2 ( # + .' $ 2 & 7 5 .' $ 2 & 7 3 5 & 7 2 #* #7 + ) & % & ( ) .* : $ 1 ) $ > ; #5 / & ) #( ) H $ % ., 7 ) $ ( % ., / % & ) #( 2 ( # + .4 $ 2 & 7 ) $ + & 6 & ; & / ( ( $ 6 / + ( [ ( & 2 4 ( 2 # 5 c ` ) & 2 & W om a nl y m ove m e nt s a nd i ndul ge nc e s a nd l uxur i e s m us t b e c ur t a i l e d e nt i r e l y; f or l uxur i ous ne s s of m ove m e nt i n w a l ki ng a bout a nd goi ng s w a gge r i ngl y ( a s A na kr e on s a ys ) a r e a l t oge t he r m e r e t r i c i ous [ l i t he t a i r i c ] 9 5 A n e a r l i e r oc c ur r e nc e of t h i s phr a s e w i t h a s i m i l a r s e ns e a ppe a r s a t S e m oni de s f r 18: 2 & 7 + & 6 & ; & / ( 4 ( I % % #$ d $ + 2 #, 4 ( / ) / $ a nd w a l ki ng w i t h a s w a gge r j us t l i ke a hor s e w i t h a n a r c he d ne c k T he E t y m ol ogi c um G e nui num f r om w hi c h t hi s quot e c om e s gl os s e s + & 6 & w i t h ) $ ( ) 7 ., ( ( e f f e m i na t e ) s e c ur i ng t hi s l i nk. 9 6 G e r be r r e m a r ks on t hi s f r a gm e nt w ha t e v e r t he c or r e c t r e a di ng of t he l a s t w or d i s t he f r a gm e nt pr e s um a bl y de s c r i be s a m a n w ho put s on a i r s 9 7 T hi s f r a gm e nt s e c ur e s m oc ke r y w i t hi n t h e s e m a nt i c r a nge of t hi s phr a s e 9 8 a nd t he i de nt i f i c a t i on of t he t o r t oi s e w i t h t he he t ai r a i s m a de c onc r e t e i n H e r m e s ope ni ng a ddr e s s t o t he t or t oi s e H e r m e s f i r s t s pe e c h i n t he hym n f ur t he r s t hi s pl a yf ul c onne c t i on, w hi l e i t i s a t t he s a m e t i m e c ha r a c t e r i z e d by t he l a ngua ge of #$ T hi s s pe e c h a l s o m a r ks a t r a ns f or m a t i on i n bot h H e r m e s a nd t he t or t oi s e : bot h a r e gi ve n s pe e c h. P r e s um a bl y, 9 5 T e x t a n d t r a n s l a t i o n q u o t e d f r o m K u r k e 1 9 9 7 1 1 5 A n a k r e o n f r 1 3 8 G e n t i l i = 4 5 8 P M G 9 6 E t G e n ( p p 2 2 2 3 C a l a m e ) = E t M a g 2 7 0 4 4 = Z o n ( p 5 3 9 T ) 9 7 G e r b e r 1 9 9 9 3 2 5 9 8 T h o u g h o n l y c o n j e c t u r a l t h e s w a g g e r i n t h e t o r t o i s e s w a l k m a y a l s o e v o k e t h e c h o l i a m b i c m e t e r o f H i p p o n a x

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30 H e r m e s ha s not ye t s pok e n i n hi s l i f e be f or e t hi s poi nt a nd t he t or t oi s e w i l l be m a de i nt o a s i nge r ( 25) W hi l e t hi s e pi s ode doe s not qua l i f y e xa c t l y a s a c onf r ont a t i on, be c a us e onl y H e r m e s s pe a ks t he m onol ogue s di c t i on ne ve r t he l e s s i nt r oduc e s t he t he m e of bl a m e w hi c h s e t s t he t one f or a l l of t he hym n s s ubs e que nt c onf r ont a t i ons U pon s e e i ng t he t or t oi s e H e r m e s c r i e s out : + 5 ; # #( 9 9 e 5 / # Y ( # + #( # C 2 Y ( #) & = 4 3 & ( 6 7 E ( 0 .+ + & 3 #, #' ) 5 % 5 & ) $ $ ` ) & / / ( 30 31) A pr e s a ge of gr e a t us e you a l r e a dy a r e t o m e I don t bl a m e you H e l l o t he r e c om pa ni on of t he f e a s t one w ho be a t s t he da nc e l ove l y w i t h r e s pe c t t o ( your ) na t ur e T h e poe t s c hoi c e t o n e ga t e a w or d of bl a m e ( Y ( #) & = 4 ) r a t he r t ha n t o s uppl y a w or d of pr a i s e s i nc e w ha t he i s i m pl yi ng i s pr a i s e i s s ugg e s t i ve 1 0 0 T hi s w or d s i gna l s t w o t hi ngs F i r s t i t c a l l s a t t e nt i on t o a nd f or e s ha dow s t he c ont i nuous a ppe a r a nc e of l a ngua ge of bl a m e i n l a t e r c onf r ont a t i ons i n t he hym n A nd s e c ond, i t c ha r a c t e r i z e s H e r m e s s pe e c h a s w i l y, pe r s ua s i ve a nd s e duc t i ve 1 0 1 T he s e que nc e f ol l ow i ng H e r m e s s pe e c h de t a i l s hi s c ons t r uc t i on a nd i nve nt i on of t he l yr e f r o m va r i ous m a t e r i a l s a r ound hi m U po n f i ni s hi ng, he i m m e di a t e l y be gi ns t o pl a y i t a nd s i ng a l oos e l y hym ni c s ong. T he s i m i l e w hi c h t he t e xt dr a w s a t t hi s poi nt w i t h H e r m e s s i ngi ng, i s i ns t r uc t i ve : & C ) 0 % 7 5 E ) 6 0 6 4 ( 0 & ) .' ( $ ( 1 7 & % # 2 ) B 0 % .' # ) = 2 & ) #$ S 5 W % $ 3 .' $ $ 9 9 T h e e x a c t m e a n i n g o f + 5 ; # # ( i s u n c e r t a i n I w o u l d j u s t l i k e t o n o t e t h a t t h e o n l y e a r l i e r a t t e s t a t i o n o f t h i s w o r d o c c u r s a t A r c h i l o c h u s f r 2 1 8 : ) 3 # & / + + 5 ; # # ( % # ( # $ / I g o i n s e a r c h o f y o u c o n s i d e r i n g i t a n o m e n ( G e r b e r s t r a n s l a t i o n ( 1 9 9 9 2 2 9 ) ) 1 0 0 V e r g a d o s 2 0 0 7 1 4 7 n o t e s A s R i c h a r d s o n a d l o c s u g g e s t s Y ( # + # ( Y ( # ) & = 4 a n d Y ( # + $ l a t e r i n 3 5 m a y b e a w o r d p l a y W h i l e t h e e x a c t s e m a n t i c s o f t h i s p l a y m a y b e i m p o s s i b l e t o r e c o n s t r u c t i t i s w o r t h r e c a l l i n g t h e w o r d o f b l a m e L ( 5 # $ ( b l a m e ) w h i c h N a g y 1 9 7 9 2 2 3 t e l l s u s i s i n c u r r e n c y a t t h i s t i m e T h e Y ( o f Y ( # ) & = 4 t h e Y ( # o f Y ( # + # ( a n d t h e Y ( # o f Y ( # + $ m a y a l t o g e t h e r e v o k e t h e L ( o f L ( 5 # $ 1 0 1 C f # f 5 % % # ) # + 4 i n l i n e 3 5 w h i c h i n a s i m i l a r m a n n e r t o # C 2 Y ( # ) & = 4 i n l i n e 3 0 e n t i c e s t h e t o r t o i s e i n t o h i s c a v e w i t h a l i e

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31 + ., 5 & # ( 2 # ( & ; / + .1 $ $ 5 W % $ 2 & $ ( 1 .' 5 .( 0 0 & C ) #+ 3 .5 / / $ % .' .( #$ a 5 ) 2 # 6 #' S ; / ) & 7 & / F + % & & ; & 2 ., ) # #7 + ( ( 52 56 ) B ut w he n he ha d f i ni s he d c a r r yi n g t he l ove l y p l a y t hi ng he t r i e d i t out i n t une w i t h a pl e c t r um a nd unde r hi s ha nd i t r e s ounde d a w e s om e l y; t he god t he n s a ng i n a c c o m pa ni m e nt be a ut i f ul l y e xt e m por a ne ous l y, t r yi ng hi s s ki l l j us t l i ke young boys i n t he pr i m e of yout h, a t f e s t i va l s j e e r out m oc ki n g w or ds T he s i m i l e hi ghl i ght s a nd l e gi t i m a t e s t he l a ngua ge of bl a m e us e d up unt i l t hi s poi nt a nd l a t e r i n t he hym n by s i t ua t i ng t he l a ngua ge of t he m yt hi c H e r m e s i ns i de t he c ont e m por a r y c ul t ur a l p r a c t i c e of bl a m i ng T he a c t i vi t y of t he youn g boys ( % & & ; & 2 ., ) # #7 + ( ) i s de s c r i be d i n l a ngua ge s pe c i f i c t o t he a r c ha i c G r e e k #$ N a gy i nc l ude s t he ve r b 2 ., ) # ( ( i n hi s l i s t of t r a di t i ona l bl a m e di c t i on, a nd i de nt i f i e s i t a s c e nt r a l t o unde r s t a ndi ng t he T he r s i t e s e pi s ode w hi c h he us e s a s a m ode l f or i a m bi c bl a m e T he r e i t a ppe a r s a l ongs i de t he pa r t i c i pl e Y ( .' 5 / = 4 ( ( t o bl a m e r e pr oa c h ) a t I l 2. 255 256, phone t i c a l l y r e c a l l e d i n i t s nom i na l f o r m i n l i ne s 30 ( Y ( # + #( Y ( #) & = 4 ) a nd 35 ( Y ( # + $ ) of t he hym n a bove A nd N a gy w r i t e s t ha t t he pa r t i c i pl e ( 2 ., ) # 4 ( : I I 256) i s e qua t e d w i t h t he pa r t i c i pl e of on e i d i z o m a ke on e i d os 1 0 2 A r c hi l oc hus f r 134 m a ke s t hi s c onne c t i on s t r onge r A r c hi l oc hus w r i t e s : # C 0 + 2 & ) & ( # 6 + 2 ., ) # ( ( 0 % % ( 5 & + ( f or i t i s not good t o j e e r a ga i ns t de a d m e n T hi s f r a gm e nt s e e m s t o out l i ne t he bounda r i e s of a ppr opr i a t e oc c a s i on f or t he a c t i vi t y of j e e r i ng ( 2 ., ) # ( ( ) t he s pe c i f i c i t y of w hi c h c a n be f ur t he r a t t e s t e d i n t he w or ds l a t e r oc c ur r e nc e s i n t he hym n 1 0 3 1 0 2 N a g y 1 9 7 9 2 6 3 1 0 3 N o t a l l a c c e p t t h e n a t u r e o f t h e l a n g u a g e i n t h i s e p i s o d e ( a n d i n t h e H y m n ) a s i a m b i c V e r g a d o s 2 0 0 7 8 8 n 2 0 2 f o r i n s t a n c e i n r e s p o n s e t o C o m p t o n 2 0 0 6 4 3 n 7 w r i t e s I d o n o t t h i n k t h a t t h i s i s t h e i m p l i c a t i o n o f 2 ) # # 7 + ( h e r e T h e s o n g i s n o t s a t i r i c a l i n t h e m a n n e r o f A r c h i l o c h u s ( I a s s u m e t h i s t o b e

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32 T he s e m a nt i c s of 2 ., ) # ( ( pr ovi de i ns i ght s i nt o t he m e c ha ni c s of i a m bi c e xc ha nge a nd t he w or d s s i gni f i c a nt pr e s e nc e i n t he hym n m e r i t s f ur t he r i nve s t i ga t i on. M uc h r e c e nt de ba t e ha s s ur r ounde d t he e xa c t m e a ni ng a nd us e of t he w o r d. 1 0 4 T he m os t s a t i s f a c t or y e xpl a na t i on i s gi ve n by C l a y, w ho pos i t s t ha t 2 ., ) # 4 i nvol ve s a c om pl e x dyna m i c be t w e e n s pe a ke r a nd hi s a ddr e s s e e ; i n s pe e c h a c t t he or y i t s i gna l s a n i ndi r e c t but i nt e nt i ona l pe r l oc ut i ona r y a c t a nd m e a ns t o pr ovoke or goa d s om e one i ndi r e c t l y i nt o doi ng s om e t hi ng i nt e nt i ona l l y t r yi ng t o e l i c i t a r e s pons e t ha t one e xpe c t s a nt i c i pa t e s or de s i r e s 1 0 5 V e r ga dos he l pf ul l y dom e s t i c a t e s t hi s de f i ni t i on, by hi ghl i ght i ng t he w or d s di a l ogi c qua l i t i e s w he n he w r i t e s t ha t 2 ) # ( ( i s us e d of s pe e c h w ho s e a i m i s t o m a ni pul a t e t he l i s t e ne r a nd i m pl i c i t l y s ugge s t a c our s e of a c t i on t ha t he s houl d f ol l ow T he i de a be hi nd % & & ; & 2 ., ) # #7 + ( i s t ha t t he ve r ba l a t t a c ks a r e m e a nt t o c a us e t he a ddr e s s e e s t o r e s pond w i t h ot he r s i m i l a r j e e r s a nd t hus c ont i nue t he ga m e 1 0 6 A l t hough t he i a m bi c a bus e f ound i n t he a r c ha i c i a m bi c poe t s m i ght not us ua l l y be c ons i de r e d pa r t of a ga m e t he di a l ogi c pr oc e s s t ha t t hi s a c t i vi t y i n t he hym n e voke s i s r e m i ni s c e nt of t he e xc ha nge of i a m bi c i ns ul t di s c us s e d i n t he f i r s t c ha pt e r T he s t r uc t ur e of H e r m e s a nd M a i a s e xc ha nge r e c a l l s t he pe r f or m a t i ve pow e r o f t he w or d 2 ., ) # ( ( a nd i t s l a ngua ge i s a l s o c ha r a c t e r i z e d by t he #$ A f t e r s t e a l i ng A pol l o s c a t t l e a nd s a c r i f i c i ng t w o of t he m H e r m e s r e t ur ns t o M a i a s c a ve H ow e ve r he doe s not e s c a p e t he not i c e of hi s m ot he r w ho c onf r ont s hi m a ngr i l y W he r e a s H e r m e s C o m p t o n s u n d e r s t a n d i n g s i n c e h e m a k e s t h i s r e f e r e n c e t o h H e r m i n t h e c o n t e x t o f h i s d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e M n e s i e p e s i n s c r i p t i o n ) b u t c o m i c i n a m a n n e r r e m i n i s c e n t o f t h e L a y o f A r e s a n d A p h r o d i t e a t O d 8 2 6 6 3 6 6 T o t h i s I w i l l a r g u e t h a t t h e s e m a n t i c r a n g e o f 2 ) # ( ( i s w i d e e n o u g h t o i n c l u d e b o t h t h e s a t i r i c a l a n d t h e c o m i c a n d t h a t t o p r e c l u d e t h e c o m i c f r o m t h e e f f e c t s o f b l a m e a n d a b u s e w o u l d b e t o o l i t e r a l a s i m p l i f i c a t i o n o f t h e f u n c t i o n o f b l a m e i n i t s p e r f o r m a n c e c o n t e x t 1 0 4 C f C l a y 1 9 9 9 6 1 8 6 2 1 a n d C l a r k e 2 0 0 1 3 2 9 3 3 8 b o t h o f w h o m g r o u n d t h e i r d i s c u s s i o n s i n t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e w o r d a t I l 2 4 6 4 9 1 0 5 C l a y 1 9 9 9 6 1 8 6 1 9 1 0 6 V e r g a d o s 2 0 0 7 1 6 9

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33 e nc ou nt e r w i t h t he t or t oi s e m a r ke d hi s a c qui s i t i on of s pe e c h, hi s c onf r ont a t i on w i t h M a i a m a r ks hi s i ni t i a l de pa r t ur e f r om i nf a nc y. I t a l s o e f f e c t s a t r a ns f or m a t i on i n t he de gr e e o f di vi ne s t a t us of bot h M a i a a nd H e r m e s w he n H e r m e s pr om i s e s t ha t bot h w i l l no l onge r r e m a i n unw or s hi ppe d a m ong t he i m m o r t a l gods ( 1 68 169) 1 0 7 M a i a s pe a ks out : 1 0 8 ) / % ) + R % #' 2 # H ) & % .( ) 5 ( 7 2 ) $ $ 0 ( F 3 F % ( & 5 / / ( 0 % .' ( ; ( 6 ( + & # ; 4 g ) & 3 % # 3 & ( & 5 .+ % ., 7 % .7 c + ( 3 # ( ) & D / ) # / 5 #7 W % $ 3 ., + 7 5 2 2 % #5 #' # % ., # + .' ( g + 2 6 # ( ) & .) & 0 R 2 & ) 1 2 .& 6 / / ) 5 + .' ( % & ( 1 ." & / ( + % & ) E 0 6 5 ) .7 + ( & ( ( / ) # ( $ % ( % #' + 2 & 7 % & ( & ) #' + .# ( + ( 155 161) W he n a nd f r om w he r e ha ve you c om e a t t hi s t i m e of ni ght w r a ppe d i n i m pude nc e ? N ow I m ve r y s ur e t ha t yo u w i l l e i t he r qui c kl y pos s e s s i ng unbr e a ka bl e bonds a r ound your r i bs pi e r c e t hr ough t he f r o nt door by t he ha nd o f t he s on of L e t o or t hi e ve a r ound be t w e e n a nd dow n t he va l l e ys B e gone Y our f a t he r r a i s e d you t o be a g r e a t w or r y f or m o r t a l m e n a nd de a t hl e s s gods L i ke H e r m e s s pe e c h t o t he t or t oi s e M a i a be gi ns he r que s t i on w i t h t he % .( ) 5 of w hi c h i s a ve r ba l e c ho of l i ne 32. 1 0 9 L i ne s 158 159 a nt i c i pa t e a c om i c t hr e a t r e m i ni s c e nt of t hos e w hi c h H i ppona x l a unc he s a t B oupa l us I n f r 120, H i ppona x w r i t e s & ; .) .# ) & ) & ) & 2 4 A #7 % & B ) $ ( Y 6 & ( T a ke m y c l oa k, I m goi ng t o punc h B oupa l us i n t h e e ye H e r m e s r e s pons e t o hi s m ot he r w hi c h de t a i l s hi s l of t y a m bi t i ons t o a c qui r e t he s a m e s t a t u s a s A pol l o, t a ke s up hi s m ot he r s s c ol di ng, a nd i de nt i f i e s he r w or ds w i t h a bus e T he c onni vi ng na t ur e of hi s r e s pon s e i s m a r ke d by t h e ope ni ng quot i ng 1 0 7 ( : ) % & ( & ) # + ( % 5 / ) # 2 & 7 1 + ) # / & C ) # 6 ) c 5 ( # ( ) $ % ( 0 J $ + R 2 5 $ / W e w i l l n o l o n g e r c o n t i n u e t o b e g i f t l e s s a n d p r a y e r l e s s a m o n g t h e i m m o r t a l s / r e m a i n i n g h e r e i n t h i s p l a c e j u s t a s y o u o r d e r 1 0 8 T h e q u o t i n g m e c h a n i s m w h i c h i n t r o d u c e s M a i a s s p e e c h r e s e m b l e s t h a t w h i c h i n t r o d u c e s H e r m e s f i r s t s p e e c h 1 0 9 l i n e 3 1 % ( ) 5 2 & $ ( 1 7 & / & ) # ( L + ) & 2 # ( T + + # 3 7 $ L + = # 7 + & ;

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34 m e c ha ni s m : E E ( 5 ^ H $ 5 #' + ( % / ; .) # 2 ., 5 & #' + 1 ( 162) H e r m e s r e pl i e d t o he r w i t h s c he m i ng w or ds T he a dj e c t i ve 2 ., 5 & #' + i de nt i f i e s hi s s pe e c h a s s c he m i ng, w hi l e t he s pe e c h ve r b % / ; .) # r e c a l l s t hos e f e w quot i ng m e c ha ni s m s t he ve r b of w hi c h i s 0 h ( ) & .' ; / ( e xt a nt i n t he f r a gm e nt s of t he i a m bi c poe t r y a t A r c hi l oc hus f r r 23. 7 a nd 196a 9. W i t h t hi s ve r b, t he f ol l ow i ng s pe e c h a l s o a f f i r m s H e r m e s dom a i n ove r t hos e t hi ngs w hi c h c a n be e xc ha nge d ( i e t r a de w or ds ) 1 1 0 T he f i r s t t hr e e l i ne s of H e r m e s r e t or t a c know l e dge t he a bus i ve t one of M a i a s s pe e c h, a nd m uc h l i ke H e r m e s f i r s t s pe e c h t o t he t or t oi s e e voke t he l a ngua ge of t he #$ : H ) ., 0 E ) / ) & 6 ) & + ) ) 5 + 2 .& + 1 1 1 a 5 ) ) 2 ( # ( ( # % #( b $ & & % & 6 & .) 6 .+ 7 ( & ; + 7 & # K 5 ) & ; & #( 2 & 7 / ) $ $ W % & 5 / 5 # 2 .( 0 ( % & $ ; ( 16 3 165) M y m ot he r w hy do you s c ol d m e f or t he s e t hi ngs a s i f I w e r e a f ool i s h c hi l d, w ho know s ve r y l i t t l e of e vi l t hi ngs i n hi s he a r t 1 1 0 T h i s a s p e c t o f H e r m e s g o d l y d o m a i n i s s e c u r e d a t l i n e s 5 1 6 5 1 7 : 0 % & # / ; & & ) ( ) E ( % F / ( $ $ 3 $ 0 % & # / ; & & / # + ( % ( % # + 2 & ) 3 ( & % # 7 7 ; ) & ( / f o r y o u s h a l l h a v e t h e h o n o r o n b e h a l f o f Z e u s / t o e s t a b l i s h a f f a i r s o f e x c h a n g e a m o n g m e n d o w n o n t h e m u c h n o u r i s h i n g e a r t h O n t h i s p o i n t C l a y 1 9 8 9 1 4 5 w r i t e s T h e c o w s t h e m s e l v e s h a v e b e c o m e a n e m b l e m o f t h e y o u n g g o d s p r e r o g a t i v e ; n o t o n l y w e r e t h e y f i r s t s t o l e n a n d u s e d a s t h e v e h i c l e o f t h e f i r s t m u t u a l l y a g r e e d u p o n b a r t e r b u t i n t h e i r n e w l y d o m e s t i c a t e d c o n d i t i o n t h e y a l s o b e c o m e t h e v e r y s t a n d a r d b y w h i c h t r a d e i s c o n d u c t e d I n o t h e r w o r d s t h e y h a v e b e c o m e 3 # & ) & ( c f 4 0 0 ) ; a n d w i t h t h e i r n e w l y a c q u i r e d a b i l i t y t o r e p r o d u c e a n d i n c r e a s e t h e y b e c o m e c i r c u l a t i n g g o o d s a n d a c o m m o n b a s i s f o r a l l c o m m e r c i a l a c t i v i t y B u t i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e m o v e m e n t o f m a t e r i a l g o o d s e p a m o i b i m a e r g a e n c o m p a s s v e r b a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n f o r w o r d s t o o a r e a m e d i u m o f e x c h a n g e T h e c o m m o n G r e e k w o r d f o r t o r e p l y o r t o a n s w e r % / ; # & c o n t a i n s t h e s a m e r o o t a s e p a m o i b i m a A l l v e r b a l e x c h a n g e s c o n v e r s a t i o n s a n d a c t s o f c o m m u n i c a t i n g b e l o n g t o H e r m e s d o m a i n J u s t a s t h e f t a n d t r a d e a r e b u t t w o a s p e c t s o f t h e s a m e p h e n o m e n o n s o t h e v e r b a l s p h e r e u n d e r H e r m e s p a t r o n a g e e m b r a c e s l i e s d e c e p t i o n s a n d p e r j u r i e s a s w e l l a s o a t h s c o n t r a c t s a n d i n s t r u c t i o n w h i c h a s w e h a v e s e e n i s d e s c r i b e d a s a d i a l o g u e W h a t u n i t e s t h e v a r i o u s m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f e p a m o i b i m a e r g a i s m o v e m e n t a n d p a s s a g e 1 1 1 + ) ) 5 + 2 & + i s d i f f i c u l t W h i l e i t c o m e s f r o m t h e v e r b ) 5 3 ( m e a n i n g t o m a k e o r p r e p a r e t h i s s e n s e i s n o t a d e q u a t e t o t h e c o n t e x t G a i s s e r 1 9 8 3 1 5 n o t e s t h a t t h e d o u b l e a c c u s a t i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n w h i c h i t t a k e s h e r e i s n o t f o u n d e l s e w h e r e A S [ T W A l l e n a n d E E S i k e s ] s u g g e s t s s o m e t h i n g a l o n g t h e l i n e s o f d r e s s d o w n s c o l d I a c c e p t t h e m e a n i n g s c o l d o n g r o u n d s o f c o n t e x t a n d t h e r e i t e r a t i o n o f v e r b a l a b u s e s ( 0 ( % & $ ) t w o l i n e s l a t e r

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35 a nd f e a r f ul l y c ow e r s a t t he a bus e s of e ve n hi s m ot he r ? 0 ( % & $ a t l i ne 165 i s a w or d s pe c i f i c t o bl a m e 1 1 2 A r c hi l oc hus m a y ha ve a l s o e xpl oi t e d t hi s w or d. I n a t e s t i m oni um of A r c hi l oc hus C r i t i a s c l a i m s t ha t A r c hi l oc hu s a nnounc e d i n hi s poe t r y t ha t h i s m ot he r w a s a s l a ve w om a n na m e d E ni po 1 1 3 N a gy r e m a r ks t ha t t hi s ve r y de t a i l r e f l e c t s on t he f unc t i on of A r c h i l oc he a n poe t r y, i n t ha t E ni po i s de r i ve d f r om a w or d us e d i n E pos t o de s i gna t e bl a m e 1 1 4 I w oul d a r gue t ha t t hi s w or d l i nks a l l t hr e e A r c hi l oc hus t he i a m bi c poe t r y a nd t he H y m n t o ge t he r W i t h t he w o r d, H e r m e s a s s i gns M a i a s s pe e c h t o t h e i a m bi c ge nr e H e r m e s a l s o c or r e c t s hi s m ot he r s a s s um pt i on t ha t he i s i n f a c t a c hi l d, a nd c a l l s a t t e nt i on t o hi s gr ow t h. H e i s not a f ool i s h c hi l d, but i s onl y l i k e one T he a 5 ) a t 163 l a unc he s t he s i m i l e w hi c h i nc l ude s 0 ( % & $ a nd a n e a r l i e r i ns t a nc e of a l i ke s i m i l e j us t be f or e M a i a s s pe e c h a t l i ne s 151 152 m a r ks t he di s t i nc t i on I n t he m e a nt i m e A pol l o ha s be c om e e nr a ge d a t t he t he f t of hi s c ow s a n d s t r a i ght a w a y s e t s out i n s e a r c h of t he m H e c om e s upon t he s a m e ol d m a n a s H e r m e s e a r l i e r ha d, a nd de m a nds hi m a s a w i t ne s s t o t he t he f t o f hi s c a t t l e ( 185 200) A ga i ns t H e r m e s or de r s he r e ve a l s t o A pol l o t ha t he ha s i n f a c t s e e n a young c hi l d l e a di ng t he c a t t l e ba c kw a r ds dow n t he r oa d ( 201 211 ) A pol l o a r r i ve s a t M a i a s c a ve e a ge r t o c onf r ont H e r m e s w ho i s now pr e t e ndi ng t o be a s c a r e d c hi l d, bundl e d up a nd c r ouc hi ng i n hi s c r a dl e ( 237 242) A pol l o s a ddr e s s he r e i s c ol or e d by a t one w hi c h, l i ke t he t w o p r i or c onf r ont a t i ons i s a l s o c ha r a c t e r i s t i c of t he #$ H i s s pe e c h be gi ns w i t h a m oc ki ng a ddr e s s a n a c c us a t i on, a nd a n i m pe r a t i ve : i % & ( b $ 0 ( / 2 ( B 2 & ) & 2 .' & # ( 7 #' ; # 6 $ U ) ) #( 1 0 % 7 ) & 3 & ( : 5 #' + .' # C 2 & ) 2 + # ( ( 254 255) 1 1 2 N a g y 1 9 7 9 2 4 7 1 1 3 A r c h i l o c h u s T e s t 3 3 ( C r i t i a s 8 8 B 4 4 D K a p A e l i a n V H 1 0 1 3 ( = f r 2 9 5 W e s t ) ) 1 1 4 N a g y 1 9 7 9 2 4 7

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36 C hi l d w ho l i e s i n h i s c r a dl e r e t ur n t o m e m y c ow s qui c kl y. O r e l s e w e w i l l s oon a r gue w i t h no r ul e s i nt a c t T he s e c ond l i ne of hi s s pe e c h l a unc he s a s e que nc e of vi t upe r a t i ve t hr e a t s one of w hi c h M a i a ha d e a r l i e r a nt i c i pa t e d: / 4 & + ; & 8 ( 0 $ E & ) & #( a ., .( ) & ) $ = 6 #( & ) ( #, #( 2 & 7 % # 3 & ( #( 1 # C 5 + # ) / 0 $ 6 & #$ # C 5 2 % & ) E % ( & 5 + .) & % W % $ & / F 0 # + .' $ Y / #' + .) % ( 5 & + ( S #( 5 4 ( ( 25 6 259) I w i l l t hr ow you hu r l i ng you i nt o gl oom y T a r t a r os i nt o t he i l l f a t e d a nd i m pos s i bl e gl oom ; no r w i l l e i t he r your m ot he r or f a t he r ( be a bl e t o) f r e e you up i nt o t he l i ght B ut unde r t he e a r t h you w i l l r oa m be i ng t he l e a de r a m ong s m a l l m e n. A nd a s i n H e r m e s r e s pons e t o hi s m ot he r e a r l i e r H e r m e s he r e i s s e l f c ons c i ous of t h e ge nr e i ns i de of w hi c h he i s qua r r e l l i ng. H i s s pe e c h ope ns w i t h t he s a m e quot i n g m e c ha ni s m a s a t l i ne 162, a nd, i n m uc h t he s a m e w a y t ha t he i de nt i f i e s M a i a s w or ds a s 0 ( % & $ he r e c ogni z e s A pol l o s s pe e c h t o be pa r t i c ul a r l y ha r s h: D / ) # / 5 / ) / ( & ) # 6 ) #( % % / ( & 6 #( .' % & $ ; ( 261) S on of L e t o, w ha t s or t of ha r s h s pe e c h ha ve you gi ve n he r e ? H e c onf i r m s t he e xa c t na t u r e of t he i r e xc ha nge a f e w l i ne s l a t e r : # ) $ ) # 6 ) # % 5 #' ) # % .( ) 5 ( ( 2 #$ 0 ) 5 3 / ( 269) M a y no one l e a r n t h i s t hi ng, f r o m w he r e t hi s qua r r e l t ook pl a c e T he w or d ( ( 2 #$ i s s i gni f i c a nt a nd r a t he r t ha n j u s t de s i gna t i ng a ny gi ve n qua r r e l N a gy c onc l ude s t ha t i n t he di c t i on of pr a i s e poe t r y e r i s a nd n e i k os a l s o c a n ha ve a f a r m or e s pe c i f i c f unc t i on: de s i gna t i ng t he oppos i t e o f pr a i s e poe t r y 1 1 5 H e r e t he n, ( ( 2 #$ de s i gna t e s H e r m e s a nd A pol l o s e xc ha nge a s j us t t ha t t he oppos i t e of p r a i s e : bl a m e 1 1 5 N a g y 1 9 7 9 2 2 4 C f I b i d 2 2 4 2 2 8 f o r a f u l l e r d i s c u s s i o n

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37 O nc e H e r m e s ha s f i ni s he d s pe a ki ng, he c om i c a l l y a nd m i s c hi e vous l y w r i ggl e s hi s e ye br ow s a r ound a nd w hi s t l e s I n r e s pon s e t o t hi s A pol l o l a ughs l i ght l y ( 278 281) 1 1 6 i n m uc h t he s a m e w a y t ha t H e r m e s l a ughs i n r e s p ons e t o t he t or t oi s e s s w a gge r i ng w a l k e a r l i e r T hi s l a ught e r i ni t i a t e s a not he r s pe e c h of b l a m e A pol l o t h r e a t e ns H e r m e s a nd e ve n c a l l s hi m a pr i nc e of t hi e ve s a s i m i l a r t i t l e w hi c h a ppe a r s i n a f r a gm e nt of H i ppona x ( s e e be l ow ) T he hym n c onc l ude s t hi s c onf r ont a t i on w i t h H e r m e s f a r t om e n. H e r e t he s c e n e i s pr e oc c upi e d w i t h a l ow bodi l y f unc t i on a nd c ouc he s i t pa r odi c a l l y i n hi gh e pi c l a ngua ge T o t hi s de c i s i ve i ns ul t A pol l o m a ke s one l a s t s hor t s pe e c h be f or e he t a ke s H e r m e s be f or e Z e us f or t r i a l T hi s s pe e c h i s i nt r oduc e d by 2 ., ) # ( ( i n t he quot i ng m e c ha ni s m a t l i ne 300 ^ H ( 2 ., ) # 4 ( 2 & / ( % $ $ 6 #( .' % J e e r i ng a t H e r m e s he [ A pol l o] s poke f or t h t hi s s pe e c h t o hi m a nd i s m a r ke d a s a s pe e c h of bl a m e by t he w or d H e r m e s an d ar c h ai c I am b i c P oe t r y T he i a m bi c c onf r ont a t i ons r e vi e w e d a bove r e ve a l t ha t m uc h of t he a nom a l ous l a ngua ge a nd t one of t he hym n c a n be be t t e r unde r s t ood i n l i ght of a r c ha i c i a m bi c poe t r y. T he hym n s pl a yf ul t one a nd a bus i ve di c t i on f i nd m a ny phi l ol ogi c a l a nd t he m a t i c pa r a l l e l s i n t he poe t r y of A r c hi l oc hus S e m oni d e s a nd H i ppona x, a nd a r c ha i c ps ogos m or e ge ne r a l l y. T he s e c onne c t i ons how e ve r a r e not s i m pl y t he i nve nt i on of t he hym n a l one R a t he r e vi de nc e e xt e r na l t o t he hym n, s ugge s t s t ha t H e r m e s w a s a de i t y w ho 1 1 6 L i n e 2 8 1 : ) $ ( 5 > % & $ ( & + & $ % # + 6 / ` 2 & # $ [ % 4 ( / F a r s h o o t i n g A p o l l o h a v i n g l a u g h e d l i g h t l y s p o k e f o r t h

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38 pl a ye d a pr om i ne nt r ol e i n r e l a t i on t o a r c ha i c ps ogos T o be gi n w i t h, H e r m e s pr e s e nc e i n a num be r o f i a m bi c f r a gm e nt s f i gur e s t he god a s a m ode l f or or pa t r on of t he i a m bi c poe t M or e ove r t ha t t he i a m bi c poe t of t e n i nvoke s H e r m e s s ugge s t s t ha t t he r e i s s om e t hi ng pa r t i c ul a r t o t he na t ur e of t he god w hi c h w oul d pr om pt s uc h i nvoc a t i ons H e r m e s ha s a s t r ong pr e s e n c e i n t he f r a gm e nt s of H i ppona x s pe c i f i c a l l y. H e a ppe a r s by na m e i n f i ve f r a gm e nt s but i s a di s c e r na bl e s ubj e c t of a t l e a s t t hr e e m or e 1 1 7 W hi l e onl y c onj e c t ur a l one f r a gm e nt i n pa r t i c ul a r m a y dr a w t he c onne c t i on be t w e e n H e r m e s a nd t he l a ngua g e of bl a m e T he s pe a k e r of H i ppona x f r 3a or de r s H e r m e s t o m oc k hi m : ^ H 2 7 ( & 3 & / #( + ) 7 < & ( 5 & 6 & 6 4 : ( ` ) & ( 5 6 #' + 2 & % & 5 6 + & H e r m e s dog t hr ot t l e r K a nda ul e s i n M a i oni a n, c om pa ni on of t hi e ve s c om e he r e a nd r e buke m e + 2 & % & 5 6 + & h a s r e c e i ve d m uc h a t t e nt i on f or i t s obs c ur e m e a ni ng. G e r be r l oos e l y unde r s t a nds t he ve r b t o ha ve t he s e ns e of t o h e l p a nd t r a ns l a t e s t he l a s t p a r t of t he f r a gm e nt c om e gi ve m e a h a nd, w i t h t he j us t i f i c a t i on t ha t i f t he ve r b i s c ogna t e w i t h + 2 & % ) .' ( ( di g ) i t m a y a l l ude t o t he pr a c t i c e of t hi e ve s di ggi ng t hr ough t he w a l l of a hous e 1 1 8 W e s t on t he ot he r ha nd, s t i c ks c l os e l y t o t he r oot of t he ve r b f o r hi s t r a ns l a t i on, c om e a nd he l p m e pul l t hi s r ope a n d not e s t ha t + 2 & % 5 & r e f e r s t o a ga m e of t ug of w a r 1 1 9 H e s yc hi us how e v e r gl os s e s t h e w or d w i t h #' 5 #, H + & ( t o ve r ba l l y a bus e r e pr oa c h ) w hi c h i s a t hom e i n a c o nt e xt of bl a m e H e a l s o gl os s e s t hi s a l ongs i de t he w or ds 2 & % & 5 6 + & a nd & ( ) 5 + & + & bot h of w hi c h m e a n t o di vi ne or t o pr ophe s y. I c ont e nd t ha t be c a us e a l l t hr e e of t he s e w or ds a r e w or ds of s pe e c h, a nd 1 1 7 C f H i p p f r r 3 3 a 3 2 3 4 3 5 4 7 5 4 7 9 1 1 8 G e r b e r 1 9 9 9 3 5 7 n 3 1 1 9 W e s t 1 9 7 4

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39 be c a us e s pe e c h i nh e r e s i n a dom a i n p a r t i c ul a r t o H e r m e s t he m e nt i on of s uc h a w or d of bl a m e w oul d be j us t a s f i t t i ng t o t he god a s t he f r a gm e nt s ot he r r e f e r e nc e s s uc h a s t h e t hi e ve s A nd e ve n i f W e s t i s r i ght t o s t i c k c l os e l y t o t he w or d s r oot f or m e a ni ng, t he not i on of t ug of w a r i s a goni s t i c i n s i m i l a r w a ys t o i a m bi c i nve c t i ve ; one pa r t i c i pa nt r e s ponds t o t he t ug o f a not he r s i ns ul t H i ppona x c a l l s on H e r m e s a i d i n ot he r f r a g m e nt s a s w e l l F r 32 f i gur e s H i ppona x a s poor a nd i na de qua t e l y c l o t he d: ^ H 6 / ^ H 9 & & 5 6 < 7 # ( 0 % 5 3 # & / ) #' 2 & ) & 2 & 2 : $ : 2 & 7 ; & ; & 5 = 4 5 $ $ 3 & ( ( & ( ] % % ( & 2 ) 2 & 7 3 7 + # 6 + ) & ) H & $ ` 0 # 2 #( ) & ) # C ) #7 ) # / 3 #7 H e r m e s de a r H e r m e s s on of M a i a C yl l e ni a n, I pr a y t o you, f or I a m s hi ve r i ng vi ol e nt l y a nd t e r r i bl y a nd m y t e e t h a r e c h a t t e r i ng G i ve H i ppona x a c l oa k, t uni c s a nda l s f e l t s hoe s a nd 60 gol d s t a t e r s on t he ot he r s i de 1 2 0 A s i m i l a r c onc e r n i s voi c e d i n f r 34, a nd w e a r e l e f t w onde r i ng w ha t i t i s a bout H e r m e s i n pa r t i c ul a r t ha t m a ke s hi m t he a ppr opr i a t e de i t y t o s uppl i c a t e M i r a l e s a nd P r t ul a s poi nt t o a n a ns w e r t o t hi s que s t i on i n t he i r book A r c hi l oc hus a nd t he I a m bi c P oe t r y T he y c ont e nd t ha t t he i a m bi c poe t m ode l s h i m s e l f a f t e r t he t r i c ks t e r f i gu r e a nd w r i t e t ha t t he r e i s a m i m e t i c pr oc e s s be t w e e n t h e i a m bogr a phe r a nd t he m yt hi c a l t r i c ks t e r ; a nd H e r m e s i s t he god w ho pr e s i d e s ove r t hi s ga m e of r i t ua l i nt e r f e r e nc e s be t w e e n t he t i m e of t he ge ne s i s a nd t he w or l d of t he f e s t i va l T ha t i s w hy w e s ha l l w i t h a pr e c i s e i nt e nt i on, us e H e r m e s a s a s t a ndpoi nt f or oppos i ng bot h i a m bogr a phe r s [ A r c hi l oc hus a nd H i ppon a x] i n c onne c t i on w i t h t he t r i c ks t e r 1 2 1 W hi l e i t i s out s i de of t he s c ope of t hi s pr e s e nt i nve s t i ga t i on, a de e pe r l ook a t H e r m e s c ha r a c t e r m a y r e ve a l a n e ve n s t r onge r c onne c t i on be t w e e n i a m bi c poe t r y a nd t he god. I n t hi s c ha pt e r I ha ve s i m pl y c hr oni c l e d t he i a m bi c l a ngua ge i n t he hym n. T he pr e s e nc e of 1 2 0 T r a n s l a t i o n G e r b e r 1 9 9 9 3 3 7 1 2 1 M i r a l l e s a n d P r t u l a s 1 9 8 3 1 4

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40 H e r m e s i n i a m bi c poe t r y c onf i r m s t he c l os e c onne c t i on s ugge s t e d by t he i a m bi c l a ngu a ge i n t he hym n

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41 C h ap t e r T h r e e : T h e S y m p ot i c S e t t i n g of A r c h ai c I am b i c P oe t r y an d t h e H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s I n t hi s c ha pt e r I t u r n f r om t he t e xt ua l a nd l i ng ui s t i c r e l a t i ons hi p be t w e e n t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s a nd a r c ha i c i a m bi c p oe t r y t o a n a c c ount of t he i r r e s pe c t i ve pe r f or m a nc e c ont e xt s I n l i ne w i t h r e c e nt s c hol a r s hi p, w hi c h ha s be gun t o r e c ogni z e t he c e nt r a l i t y of pe r f or m a nc e a nd oc c a s i on t o a ny f ul l a c c ount of a r c ha i c G r e e k poe t r y, I a r gue t ha t pe r f or m a nc e s e t t i ng gov e r ns t he w a ys w hi c h di f f e r e nt t e xt s c a n r e l a t e t o on e a not he r I n t he c a s e of i a m bi c poe t r y a nd t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s t he s ym pos i um a n a l l m a l e ga t he r i ng, w hi c h r e vol ve d a r ound d r i nki ng a nd e nt e r t a i nm e nt s e r ve s a s t he c om m on pe r f or m a nc e s e t t i ng. I a r gue t ha t i a m bi c poe t r y s pr i nc i pl e pe r f o r m a nc e oc c a s i on w a s t he s ym po s i um w he r e i t r e a f f i r m e d t he f r i e nds hi ps a nd i de nt i t i e s of t he m e n pr e s e nt W hi l e t he pe r f or m a nc e s e t t i ng of t h e hym n i s ha r de r t o e s t a bl i s h, t he t e xt ne ve r t he l e s s c ons i s t e nt l y a l l ude s t o s ym pot i c t he m e s a nd a c t i vi t i e s T he pr e va l e nc e of t hi s a l l us i on s t r e ngt he n s t he hym n s r e l a t i on s hi p t o i a m bi c poe t r y i n t ha t i t e voke s a s e t t i ng i n w hi c h t he i a m bi c l a ngua ge of t he hym n c a n be i de nt i f i e d a s i a m bi c T h e S ym p os i u m M uc h r e c e nt s c hol a r s hi p ha s s ought t o r e f i gu r e t he s ym pos i um a s a s i gni f i c a nt s i t e of c ul t ur a l pr oduc t i on i n a r c ha i c G r e e c e 1 2 2 E m e r gi ng out of t he c ons um pt i on or i e nt e d f e a s t ( 5 ( % ( #( ) t he s ym pos i um f os t e r e d t he de ve l opm e nt a nd m a i nt e na nc e o f s m a l l e l i t e gr oups of m a l e s 1 2 3 W hi l e i t be c a m e t he e xpr e s s i o n of t he a r i s t oc r a t i c m ode of l i f e i t ne ve r t he l e s s pl a c e d a n e m pha s i s on t he s ha r e d a s pe c t s of w i ne dr i nki ng a nd 1 2 2 c f M u r r a y 1 9 9 0 f o r a u s e f u l a n d c o m p r e h e n s i v e b i b l i o g r a p h y a n d S t e h l e 1 9 9 7 c h a p t e r 5 2 1 3 2 6 1 1 2 3 M u r r a y 1 9 9 0 6 ; K u r k e 2 0 0 0 6 4 6 7

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42 e nt e r t a i nm e nt a nd c r e a t e d a n i de a l e nvi r onm e nt f or t he c ons t r uc t i on a nd e xc l u s i on of i de nt i t i e s a l ong t he a xe s of c l a s s ge nde r a nd e t hni c i t y. 1 2 4 A t ypi c a l s ym pos i um a c c om m oda t e d s om e w he r e be t w e e n f our t e e n t o t w e nt y t w o m e n. 1 2 5 T he s e m e n w oul d ga t he r i nt o t he andr on a n e xc l us i ve l y m a l e qua r t e r of t he hous e hol d, t o pa r t a ke i n t he c o m m una l ( r i t ua l ) dr i nki ng of w i ne 1 2 6 T he pr om i ne nt pr e s e nc e of t he k r at e r a l a r ge bow l f or m i xi ng w i ne i n a r c ha i c va s e pa i nt i ngs i ndi c a t e t ha t dr i nki ng w a s a t t he c e nt e r of a l l s ym pot i c a c t i vi t y. 1 2 7 I n a ddi t i on t o dr i nki ng, m e n e nt e r t a i ne d e a c h ot he r w i t h s o ng a nd ga m e s a nd w e r e e nt e r t a i ne d by o t he r s i nc l udi ng bot h m a l e a nd f e m a l e da nc e r s f l ut e pl a ye r s a nd c o ur t e s a ns ( ` ) & ( & ) 1 2 8 T he s ym pos i um i s now w i de l y he l d t o be hom e t o a l a r ge a m ount o f s ur vi vi ng a r c ha i c poe t r y. M uc h e l e gi a c poe t r y, i n pa r t i c ul a r s e e m s t o h a ve be e n p e r f or m e d f or t he oc c a s i on of t he s ym po s i um M e nt i on of dr i nk a nd c he e r a bound i n t he poe t r y of A n a kr e on a nd of t he T he ogni de a n c or pus 1 2 9 P r om i ne nt t he m e s of t hi s poe t r y r a nge f r om t he m a r t i a l t o t he l a m e nt a bl e t o t he e r ot i c a nd a l l a s s um e a s i m i l a r a udi e nc e T he s e s ong s w e r e pr e s um a bl y pe r f or m e d i n a c c om pa ni m e nt t o a n i ns t r um e nt a nd bot h t he pi pe s a n d 1 2 4 S c h m i t t P a n t e l 1 9 9 0 1 5 ; K u r k e 2 0 0 0 6 6 6 7 1 2 5 S t e h l e 1 9 9 7 2 1 1 C f B e r g q u i s t 1 9 9 0 f o r t h e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l e v i d e n c e o f c o u c h e s a n d c o u c h a r r a n g e m e n t S t e h l e 1 9 9 7 2 1 4 g i v e s u s a t y p o l o g y o f t h o s e p r e s e n t a n d w r i t e s A m o n g g r o u p s t h a t m e t i n s y m p o s i a w e c a n d i s t i n g u i s h d i n n e r p a r t i e s i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d g a t h e r i n g s a n d t h e u n f o r m a l i z e d s e l f d e f i n i n g i n t e r e s t g r o u p 1 2 6 M u r r a y 1 9 9 0 6 1 2 7 L i s s a r a g u e 1 9 9 0 2 0 1 w r i t e s I n s h o r t i f t h e k r a t e r h a s b e e n u s e d t o p r o d u c e s u c h a n o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e i m a g e i t i s b e c a u s e t h e k r a t e r i s t h e s t a r t i n g p o i n t f o r t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e w i n e I n t h e i r d e p i c t i o n s t h e p a i n t e r s s t r e s s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d t h e s h a r i n g o f t h e d r i n k w i t h o u t s h o w i n g a n y p r a c t i c e o f t h e e s s e n t i a l m i x i n g o f t h e w i n e a n d w a t e r . I n f a c t t h e i m a g e s o f f e r n o i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e n a t u r e o f t h e w i n e c o n s u m e d b y t h e d r i n k e r s ; t h e y e n d e a v o u r a b o v e a l l t o s h o w t h e g r o u p o f d r i n k e r s i n i t s f u n c t i o n a s a g r o u p a s s e m b l e d a r o u n d t h e k r a t e r 1 2 8 P e l l i z e r 1 9 9 0 1 7 7 1 9 5 1 2 9 W e s t 1 9 7 4 1 2

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43 t he l yr e a r e m e nt i one d a s c onc om i t a nt s of t he s ym pos i um 1 3 0 I n w ha t e ve r f or m t hi s poe t r y a ppe a r s t o be a s ne a r l y c e nt r a l t o s ym pot i c a c t i vi t y a s dr i nki ng T h e S ym p ot i c P e r f or m a n c e of A r c h ai c I am b i c P oe t r y A ny r e c ons t r uc t i on of t he pe r f or m a nc e s e t t i ng f or a r c ha i c i a m bi c poe t r y w i l l a l w a ys be s om e w ha t c onj e c t ur a l F e w t e s t i m oni a of ) & ; #$ a l l ude di r e c t l y t o pe r f or m a nc e c ont e xt a nd t he obs c ur e na t ur e o f our f r a gm e nt s t he m s e l ve s s he d l i t t l e de f i ni t i ve l i ght on t hi s i s s ue S ugge s t i on s r a nge a nyw he r e f r om publ i c f e s t i va l s t o poe t i c c ont e s t s t o s y m po s i a a nd I c ont e nd t ha t a l l of t h e s e po s s i bi l i t i e s m u s t not be r ul e d out H ow e ve r I a r gue t ha t t he m os t popul a r a nd a pp r opr i a t e ve nue f or t he pe r f or m a nc e of a r c ha i c i a m bi c poe t r y w a s t h e s ym po s i um T he f r a gm e nt s of A r c hi l oc hus S e m oni de s a nd H i ppona x i nc l ude r e f e r e nc e s t o s ym pot i c pr a c t i c e a nd e s pous e a ga m ut of s ym pot i c t he m e s I n a ddi t i on, t he l a ngua ge of ps ogos a nd t he c onve nt i ons of i a m bi c e xc ha nge s e r ve t he f unc t i on of r e i t e r a t i ng phi l ot e s f r i e nds h i p, t he s i gni f i c a nt s i t e of m a i nt e na nc e of w hi c h w a s t he s ym pos i um 1 3 1 B e f or e t ur ni ng t o t he s ym pos i um how e ve r i t i s ne c e s s a r y t o r e vi e w t he ot he r pos s i bl e oc c a s i on s f or i a m bi c pe r f or m a nc e K r ys t yna B a r t ol a r gue s t ha t A r i s t ot l e s P ol i t i c s 1336b20 2 pr ov e s t ha t i n t he f our t h c e nt ur y B C t he r e w a s m or e t ha n one t ype of oc c a s i on f or t he pr e s e nt a t i on of i a m bi c poe t r y. 1 3 2 I n t hi s pa s s a ge A r i s t ot l e pr ohi bi t s yout hs f r om a t t e ndi ng i a m bi c pe r f or m a n c e s unt i l t he y ha ve r e a c he d t he a ge a t w hi c h i t i s a ppr opr i a t e t o a t t e nd s y m pos i a B a r t ol not e s t ha t t hi s i m pl i e s t he r e w a s a n 1 3 0 I b i d 1 2 1 3 1 N a g y 1 9 7 9 2 4 1 2 5 1 1 3 2 B a r t o l 1 9 9 2 6 5

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44 oc c a s i on f or w a t c hi ng s uc h pe r f or m a nc e s ot he r t ha n s ym pos i a 1 3 3 A nd w hi l e A r i s t ot l e i s w r i t i ng l a t e H e r a c l i t us of E phe s os w r i t i ng m uc h c l os e r t o our s our c e s i n t h e l a t e s i xt h c e nt ur y B C E c onf i r m s t hi s s t a t e m e nt D i oge ne s L a e r t i us i nt r oduc e s t hi s f r a gm e nt i n w hi c h H e r a c l i t us a l l ude s t o pe r f or m a nc e a t poe t i c f e s t i va l s s t a t i ng t ha t H e r a c l i t us us e d t o s a y t ha t H om e r de s e r ve d t o be t hr ow n out of t he c ont e s t s a nd t o be be a t e n, a nd A r c hi l oc hus t oo. 1 3 4 S i m i l a r l y, i n P l a t o s I on ( 531a 1 2) S oc r a t e s i de nt i f i e s A r c hi l oc hus w i t h H om e r a nd H e s i od, i n a di s c us s i on a bout r ha ps odi c c ont e s t s 1 3 5 W hi l e m uc h l a t e r t he M ne s i e pe s I ns c r i pt i on, s ugge s t s t hi s a s w e l l 1 3 6 B a r t ol c ont i nue s t o not e how e ve r t ha t A r i s t ot l e s pa s s a ge m a y s ugge s t t ha t t he s ym pos i um i t s e l f of f e r e d a n oppor t uni t y f or be c om i ng f a m i l i a r w i t h i a m bi c poe t r y. 1 3 7 T hi s m a y not be f a r f r om t he t r ut h I nde e d a s pe c t s of a r c ha i c ps ogos m a t c h a va r i e t y of s ym pot i c pr a c t i c e s W e s t c i t e s T he ogni s 453 456 a s a n e xa m pl e of a bus e a t s ym pos i um a nd pr opos e s t ha t t hi s pr a c t i c e of w i t t y de ni gr a t i on of one s f e l l ow gue s t s i s pe r ha ps r e l a t e d t o t he pr a c t i c e of s e ndi ng r ound a l ovi ng c up a nd obl i gi ng e a c h m a n, a f t e r pa s s i ng t he c up on t o hi s ne i gbour on t he r i ght t o s i n g or s pe a k i n pr a i s e of hi m w hi l e he dr i nks 1 3 8 A nd one a nonym ous e l e gi a c poe m gi ve s a pr oc e dur a l a c c ount f or m oc ke r y a t s y m pos i a : 3 E 5 ', @ ) & ( ) $ ) # # 6 ) # + 7 ( 4 .( 6 / # 1 ( 5 $ % U & .* U ( % & / = ( 3 / + & ( # 7 $ % .) c Q 5 .+ & / ) + 7 ( ( ) & $ 0 $ % # #7 $ ) 6 [ ] 7 & ( ( 2 & 7 + 2 % ) ( ) #' & 6 # = & 4 ) & 6 .' ( 1 3 3 B a r t o l 1 9 9 2 6 7 1 3 4 c f H e r a c l i t u s D K 4 2 ) ( ) j / # ( 6 & + 2 ( 1 0 # ( 0 2 ) : ( % ( 4 ( 0 2 ; & + & 2 & 7 & % / = + & 2 & 7 [ 3 / # 3 # ( O # / 4 $ 1 3 5 P l a t o I o n 5 3 1 a 1 2 1 3 6 M n e s i e p e s I n s c r i p t i o n A ( E 1 ) c o l I I I l i n e 1 7 ) ( 5 ` # [ ) ( / [ a t ] t h e f e s t i v a l T h e t e x t i s v e r y c o r r u p t b u t s u g g e s t i v e n e v e r t h e l e s s L i n e 2 0 r e a d s [ & C ) # ] + 3 5 & + [ a n d r e m i n d s u s o f t h e s a m e w o r d & C ) # + 3 5 / / $ e x t e m p o r a n e o u s l y a t h h H e r m e s 5 5 u s e d t h e r e o f t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f b l a m i n g a t f e s t i v a l s 1 3 7 B a r t o l 1 9 9 2 6 7 1 3 8 W e s t 1 9 7 4 1 6

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45 S 5 2 + % #7 5 E ` % + 4 % # 5 4 ( [ ) ] ." ( ) 4 ( 0 ( .' 1 Q 5 % .) E + 7 % #+ / # 7 % .) & 1 3 9 a nd w he ne ve r f r i e nds c om e t oge t he r f or t hi s s or t of a n a f f a i r t he y s houl d l a ugh a nd j oke i n a c c or da nc e w i t h a r t e t a ke pl e a s ur e a s t he y c onve ne a nd i ns ul t a nd j e e r i n s u c h a w a y a s t o br i ng l a ught e r L e t s e r i ous ne s s f ol l ow a f t e r a nd l e t us l i s t e n t o pe opl e s pe a ki ng i n t he i r t ur n: t hi s i s t he a r t e of t he s ym pos i um 1 4 0 M uc h of t he di c t i on i n t hi s f r a gm e nt s pe c i f i c a l l y 6 [ ] 7 & ( ( i n l i ne 5 a nd + 2 % ) .' ( i n l i ne 6, r e c a l l s t he l a ngua ge of ps ogos l i s t e d by N a gy. 6 [ ] 7 & ( ( m a y e v e n a pp e a r i n a pun i n H i ppona x, i n a f r a gm e nt w hi c h s t r i ki ngl y i m pl i c a t e s H e r m e s i n bot h m oc ke r y a nd t he s ym pos i um F r 47 r e a ds : % & k + R .7 2 % .% #( S / ( / ( & $ % $ $ 2 ( 2 7 ( # + .' $ ) $ ( G 7 / + / 4 ( ^ H ( ha vi ng r e m a i ne d a t t he s i de of hi m w hi t e r obe d da y be f or e hi m you w i l l ki s s H e r m e s of t he P hl ye s i a ns A s a pe opl e t he P hl ye s i a ns of H i ppona x ve r s e a r e not a t t e s t e d e l s e w he r e i n our l i t e r a r y r e c or d. 1 4 1 I pr opos e t ha t i ns t e a d of a s s um i ng a pe op l e l os t t o our r e c or d, w e unde r s t a nd t he w or d a s r e f e r r i ng t o a m a de up pe opl e w hos e na m e i ndi c a t e s t he i r c ha r a c t e r i s t i c m oc ke r y. T he s t e m s of G 7 / + / 4 ( a nd of 6 [ ] 7 & ( ( a r e ne a r l y i de nt i c a l T he D or i c di a l e c t i n w hi c h H i ppona x i s c om po s i ng, e ve n t h ough us ua l l y c ha r a c t e r i z e d by a l ong & c a n i nvol ve t he l e ngt he ni ng of a n I oni c & t o a n / 1 4 2 I f w e s hor t e n t he / of G 7 / + / 4 ( t o a n & w e a r e l e f t w i t h t he s a m e ba s e a s t he ve r b 6 [ ] 7 & ( ( w hi c h w oul d r e c a l l a n e nt i r e f a m i l y of w or ds i nc l udi ng 6 7 & / & 6 7 & / & a nd 6 5 & #$ a l l of w hi c h ha ve t he s e ns e of s pe a ki ng i n j e s t s or ba bbl i ng. I f t hi s i s a s t a nda r d a c t i vi t y of s y m po s i a H i ppona x ve r s e w oul d h a ve be e n a t hom e t he r e punni ng on t he a ppr opr i a t e ne s s of t he 1 3 9 A d e s p E l e g f r 2 7 3 8 W 1 4 0 T r a n s l a t i o n R o s e n 2 0 0 3 1 3 3 1 4 1 G e r b e r 1 9 9 9 3 9 1 1 4 2 B u c k 1 9 5 5 1 6 1

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46 na t ur e of hi s ow n poe t r y t o a s e t t i ng, w hi c h c h a m pi one d s uc h be ha vi or P unni ng on w or ds t o c r e a t e na m e s a nd pl a c e s i s a c ha r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t ur e of i a m bi c poe t r y a nd a ppe a r s e l s e w he r e i n H i ppona x poe t r y. 1 4 3 A nd H e r m e s he r e w oul d s e r ve a s t he pa t r on de i t y o f a pe opl e w ho j e s t W e m a y e ve n f i gu r e t he P h l ye s i a ns a s t he s ym pos i a s t s t he m s e l ve s w ho r e gul a r l y e nga ge i n m oc ke r y. O t he r f r a gm e nt s of a r c ha i c i a m bi c poe t r y s p e a k t o s ym pot i c t he m e s a s w e l l D r i nki ng, t he c e nt r a l a c t i vi t y of t he s ym pos i um a ppe a r s i n a num be r of f r a gm e nt s of A r c hi l oc hus a nd H i ppona x, a nd poi nt s t o s ym pot i c pe r f or m a nc e A r c hi l oc hus f r 4, f or e xa m pl e e xhor t s m e n on w a t c h on a s hi p t o s t a r t d r i nki ng: 5 ( % ( #( 5 #7 [ # 4 ) 0 # 7 4 + & ( [ % % + R ( 2 4 ( # H $ 5 + & ) & ( / $ $ 6 # / ) & 2 & 7 2 # / 4 ( % & ) % 6 2 2 2 & 5 4 ( 1 .' 5 # K ( #( 0 7 $ ( % % $ ) 7 $ 1 # C 5 2 S ( $ ( / 6 ( 0 ( 6 7 & 2 c ) c 5 5 7 ( / + .& ( 4 9) a m e a l nor f or m e but c om e on w i t h a c up t hr ough t he r ow s o f t he s w i f t s hi p w a nde r t o a nd f r o a nd d r a w out dr i nks f r om t he hol l ow w i ne ve s s e l dr a w out r e d w i ne f r om t he l e e s ; f or w e w i l l not be a bl e t o go on w i t hout d r i nk on t hi s w a t c h. P r e s um a bl y, A r c hi l oc hus a udi e nc e i s not a c t u a l l y on a s hi p. H ow e ve r w e m a y f i gur e bot h t he s hi p a nd w a t c h a s m e t a phor f or t he c om m on e nt e r t a i nm e nt s e t t i ng of t he s ym pos i um B ot h s e t t i ngs a r e a l l m a l e a nd pe r f o r m a nc e a t s ym pos i a w oul d dr a w t he m e n t oge t he r e voki ng a s ha r e d hi s t or y, e xpe r i e nc e a n d pur pos e T he w i ne w oul d l i nk t he e nt i r e pi c t ur e ba c k t o t he poe t a nd a udi e nc e s pr e s e nt a c t i vi t y, a nd s t r e ngt he n t he c onne c t i on be t w e e n t he i r s ha r e d dut y a t s e a a nd t he i r pr e s e nt r e ve l r y. S i m i l a r l y 1 4 3 C f H i p p o n a x f r 9 2 1 5 w h e r e ) # 6 C 7 / + [ r e c a l l s % 7 : ( & a s s i n l i n e 2 i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a p r o p e r n o u n

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47 A r c hi l oc hus f r 125 l i nks d r i nki ng w i t h ba t t l e a nd a ga i n m a r ks t he s ha r e d m a s c ul i ne i de nt i t y of a l l t hos e pr e s e nt : & 3 / $ 5 2 ) H $ + H $ + ) 5 4 ( % ( ( d $ 0 4 J us t a s w he n I a m t hi r s t y t o d r i nk, s o I l ong f or you r ba t t l e A s G e r be r not e s & 3 / he r e m a y be e i t he r e r ot i c or m a r t i a l c r e a t i ng a s e m i e r ot i c unde r t one a t hom e a t t he s ym pos i um 1 4 4 I nt r oduc i n g f r a gm e nt 124, A t he na e us s ugge s t s t ha t A r c hi l oc hus a l s o c onc e r ne d hi m s e l f w i t h s ym pot i c e t i que t t e a nd w r i t e s t ha t t he P a r i a n poe t s pe a ks a bout P e r i kl e s a s bur s t i ng i n uni nvi t e d t o s y m pos i a 1 4 5 T hi s w oul d c e r t a i nl y ha ve be e n a c onc e r n of f e l l ow s ym pos i a s t s w ho w e r e c onc e r ne d w i t h m a i nt a i ni ng a ve r y s pe c i f i c s e t of r e l a t i ons i n t he i nt i m a t e s e t t i ng of t he s ym pos i um W e m i ght i m a gi ne H i ppona x s i m i l a r l y a ddr e s s i ng a s ym pot i c a udi e nc e a t f r 67, w he n he he e ds a ne ga t i ve c ons e que nc e of dr i nki ng : Y / & 6 #( #7 + ( # V 3 & ( % .% 4 2 ) .$ T hos e ha vi ng d r unk t he s t r onge s t of w i ne t hi nk v e r y l i t t l e S e m oni de s f r 1 ope ns w i t h a not he r s ym pot i c a ddr e s s T he < % & ( of l i ne 1 e c hoe s t he c onve nt i ona l ope ni ng of a num be r of e l e gi a c f r a g m e nt s 1 4 6 S ym p ot i c P l a y i n t h e H o m e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s T he pe r f or m a nc e c ont e xt of t he H om e r i c H ym ns i nc l udi ng t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s i s not of t e n s ubs t a nt i a l l y a ddr e s s e d. B e c a us e of i t s e pi c t he m e s a nd c om po s i t i on, 1 4 4 G e r b e r 1 9 9 9 1 6 5 n 1 1 4 5 @ ) % 7 C 2 # 7 $ 6 / + 7 ( [ 3 / # 3 # $ O C & # $ % # # ) / $ J $ % 2 # ) # 7 0 % + % & / ( # ( ) # $ ) $ ) + 7 % + & 1 4 6 B r e m m e r 1 9 9 0 1 3 7

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48 i t i s a s s um e d t o ha ve i nt r oduc e d t he r e c i t a l of l onge r e pi c c yc l e s 1 4 7 W hi l e not a n i m pos s i bi l i t y, C l a y not e s t h a t t hi s pr oe m t he or y pe r ha ps i nc or r e c t l y r e l e ga t e s t he hym n s t o a ki nd o f hor s d oe uvr e o f e pi c 1 4 8 I n o r de r t o c or r e c t t he t ype s of va l ue l a de n a s s um pt i ons t ha t c om e a l ong w i t h t hi s e xpl a na t i on, s om e r e c e nt e f f o r t s i n f a c t ha ve a t t e m pt e d t o m i ne t he hym n f or r i c he r c l ue s f or pe r f or m a nc e c ont e xt 1 4 9 P e r f or m a nc e a t poe t i c c ont e s t s ha s be e n a popul a r c onc l us i on dr a w n f r om s uc h i nve s t i ga t i ons T he c a s e f or poe t i c c om pe t i t i on i s us ua l l y ba s e d on na r r a t i ve c l ue s s uc h a s e xpl i c i t c onf l i c t or c ont e s t F or i ns t a nc e R i c ha r ds on not e s t ha t t he H y m n t o A phr odi t e c l os e s w i t h a pr a ye r t o t he godde s s f or vi c t or y i n t hi s c ont e s t a nd s e ve r a l of t he m [ H om e r i c H ym ns ] e nd by a s ki ng t he de i t y t o gr a nt f a vour or honour t o t he poe t s s ong. 1 5 0 A nd, w hi l e t he a nt a goni s m be t w e e n A pol l o a nd H e r m e s i n t he H y m n t o H e r m e s doe s not r e vol ve a r ound m us i c s pe c i f i c a l l y, t he t e xt s e m pha s i s on t he i r c om pe t i t i ve e xc ha nge s a nd m us i c t hr oughout w oul d be a ppr opr i a t e t o a n a gona l s e t t i ng. A not he r pr oba bl e ve nue f or t he H om e r i c H ym ns m a y be t he f e s t i va l T he f e s t i va l a t l i ne s 146 150 i n t he H y m n t o A pol l o a nd a t l i ne s 55 56 i n t he H y m n t o H e r m e s a r e s ugge s t i ve a l l us i ons 1 5 1 A nd m or e r e c e nt l y, S a r a h I l e s J ohns t on ha s a r gue d c om pe l l i ngl y f or pe r f or m a nc e a t a t hl e t i c f e s t i va l s f or t he H y m n t o H e r m e s 1 5 2 S pe c i f i c a l l y, s he a r gue s t ha t t he i ni t i a t or y na r r a t i ve of t he hym n r e s ona t e s s oundl y w i t h t he i ni t i a t or y f unc t i on of a t hl e t i c f e s t i va l s B ot h f e s t i va l a nd hym n r e a r m a l e yout hs i nt o a dul t hood, e m pha s i z i ng 1 4 7 C l a y 1 9 8 9 3 4 1 4 8 I b i d 4 1 4 9 I l e s J o h n s t o n 2 0 0 2 m o s t n o t a b l y 1 5 0 R i c h a r d s o n 2 0 0 3 x i x i i 1 5 1 I b i d x i 1 5 2 c f I l e s J o h n s t o n 2 0 0 2

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49 t he t ype s of pr ow e s s yout hs m us t e xhi bi t i n o r de r t o s uc c e s s f ul l y a t t a i n a nor m a t i ve m a s c ul i ni t y. I l e s J ohns t on s r e a di ng of t he hym n a g a i ns t a va r i e t y of e xt r a t e xt ua l e vi de nc e l i ke va s e pa i nt i ngs e pi gr a phi c t e xt s a nd I ndo E ur ope a n m yt hol ogi c a l t r a di t i ons i n o r de r t o e xpa nd t he s oc i a l c ont e xt i ns i de of w hi c h t he hym n w a s a t pl a y c a n s e r ve a s a s t r ong m ode l f or i nve s t i ga t i ng t he pe r f or m a t i ve dyna m i c s of t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s 1 5 3 H e r e f f or t t o r e vi t a l i z e or r e c a l l t he ne t w or k of s oc i a l a s s oc i a t i ons w hi c h t he hym n w oul d ha ve e na c t e d, i s s uc c e s s f ul a nd he r r e a di ng of t he hym n s na r r a t i ve c onf i r m s s uc h a s s oc i a t i on s ; s he w r i t e s T he pr ot a goni s t s a c t i ons e ve n i f t he y c oul d not or w oul d not be i m i t a t e d by t he l i s t e ne r s e xe m pl i f i e d qua l i t i e s t ha t t he l i s t e ne r s w e r e m e a nt t o de ve l op a nd de pl oy i n s i t ua t i ons t he y e nc ount e r e d i n t he i r ow n l i ve s T he na r r a t i on o f t he s e s t or i e s w i t hi n t he s ym pos i um a s e t t i ng t ha t i t s e l f f os t e r e d m a t ur a t i on, f u r t he r unde r s c or e d t he c e nt r a l i t y o f t he s e qua l i t i e s t o m a n ho od. 1 5 4 H e r m e s e xe m pl i f i e s phys i c a l pr ow e s s a nd c unni ng, w he n he s t e a l s hi s br ot he r s c a t t l e a nd r e ve r s e s t he t r a c k s t he y l e a ve b e hi nd, w hi l e hi s br ot he r A pol l o a s a n ol de r m a l e a l r e a dy r i c h i n hono r a nd r e s pons i bi l i t i e s w i t hi n hi s gr oup, t he O l ym pi a ns e xe m pl i f i e s t he goa l t ow a r ds w hi c h H e r m e s i s s t r i vi ng. 1 5 5 I t i s i m por t a nt t o unde r s c or e t he r e l a t i ons hi p I l e s J ohns t on dr a w s be t w e e n t he hym n a nd t he s ym pos i um T o he r t hi s r e l a t i ons hi p i s a s s o c i a t i ve T he t e xt r e c a l l s t he e xpe r i e nc e s of t hos e pr e s e nt i n t he a udi e nc e a t s y m pos i a. A nd I a r gue t ha t t hi s a s s oc i a t i on i s not a s l oos e or c oi nc i de nt a l a s i t m a y s e e m I n f a c t t he hym n i t s e l f c ons i s t e nt l y e voke s t he s ym pos i um m or e e xpl i c i t l y i n a va r i e t y o f i ns t a nc e s t hr oughout i n bot h l a ngua ge a nd na r r a t i ve T he s e i ns t a nc e s c a n s ugge s t t w o t hi ngs E i t he r t he hym n w a s pe r f or m e d i n a 1 5 3 I b i d 1 1 9 1 5 4 I b i d 1 1 9 1 5 5 I b i d 1 2 0

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50 s ym pot i c s e t t i ng, or t he a udi e nc e of t he hym n a t a not he r ve nue w a s f a m i l i a r e nough w i t h t he pr ot oc ol a nd t he m e s of s y m po s i a t ha t t he a s s oc i a t i ons I l e s J ohn s t on i ndi c a t e s a bove w oul d ha ve be e n hi ghl i ght e d a nd s t r e ngt he ne d. T hr e e a s pe c t s of t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s c l e a r l y e voke t he s ym pos i um F i r s t H e r m e s s a c r i f i c e of A pol l o s c a t t l e a t t he r i ve r A l phe us ( 115 137 ) i s de s c r i be d i n l a ngua ge pa r t i c ul a r not t o s a c r i f i c e but t o t he dai s t he a nc e s t or f e a s t t o t he s ym pos i um S e c ond, t he t e xt s c ont i nuous e voc a t i on of t he he t ai r a w hos e f or um i s t he s ym pos i um bot h r e c a l l s s ym pot i c be ha vi or a nd e t i que t t e a nd s pe a ks t o a n a udi e nc e t ha t w oul d ha ve be e n ve r y f a m i l i a r w i t h t he f e m a l e c o ur t e s a n. F ur t he r m or e t he e r ot i c l a ngua ge of t he s e a l l u s i ons f i nds a n a ppr opr i a t e hom e a t t he i nt i m a t e a l l m a l e ga t he r i ng. A nd l a s t l y, t he i a m bi c ba nt e r c ha r a c t e r i s t i c of t he pi vot a l s pe e c he s i n t he hym n i s a c om m on a nd e xpe c t e d m ode o f i nt e r a c t i on a nd e nt e r t a i nm e nt a t t he s ym pos i um I be gi n m y di s c us s i on w i t h H e r m e s s a c r i f i c e of A pol l o s c a t t l e A f t e r H e r m e s ha s s t ol e n A pol l o s c a t t l e he l e a d s t he m t o t he s i de o f t he A l pha e us r i ve r ( 101 102) T he r e he s e l e c t s t w o of t he f i f t y c a t t l e t hr ow s t he m o nt o t he i r ba c ks a nd pi e r c e s t he m i n a m a nne r r e m i ni s c e nt of hi s e a r l i e r s l a ught e r of t he t or t oi s e H e t he n di vi de s t he m e a t i nt o t w e l ve e qua l por t i ons ( 126 129) a nd una bl e t o e a t a ny of i t on hi s ow n, hi de s t he e vi de nc e of hi s c r i m e a nd r us he s hom e A t f i r s t gl a nc e t h i s s c e ne s e e m s t o de s c r i be a s a c r i f i c e ; t he pr e s e nc e of c ow s t he di vi ne a nd f i r e a l l po i nt t o t hi s r e a di ng. H ow e ve r m uc h c ont r ove r s y s t e m s f r om t h i s s i ngl e pa s s a g e be c a us e t he e xa c t pr a c t i c e s i t de s c r i be s a nd t he l a ngua ge w i t h w hi c h i t de s c r i be s t he m a r e una t t e s t e d e l s e w he r e V e r ga dos not e s t ha t T hi s r i t ua l i s s i gni f i c a nt l y a be r r a nt f r om a n yt hi ng w e know a bout G r e e k s a c r i f i c a l c us t om s T o be gi n w i t h H e r m e s s a c r i f i c e s a t ni ght a nd i n a pl a c e t ha t i s

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51 not c ons e c r a t e d. H e s l a ught e r s t w o a ni m a l s t ha t he s t ol e r a t he r t ha n a ni m a l s de s i gna t e d f or s a c r i f i c i a l pur pos e s I n a ddi t i on i ns t e a d of a n a l t a r he s a c r i f i c e s i n a pi t no r m a l l y r e s e r ve d f o r c ht honi c o f f e r i ngs N o r doe s t he w a y i n w hi c h H e r m e s ki l l s t he t w o a ni m a l s c or r e s pond t o t he us ua l H om e r i c m a nne r I n a ddi t i on, w he r e a s nor m a l l y e f f or t s a r e m a de t o e ns ur e t ha t t he vi c t i m a s s e nt s t o i t s ow n ki l l i ng he r e w e ha ve a c om pl e t e r e ve r s a l : t he c ow s a r e pa nt i ng, pr e s um a bl y pr ot e s t i ng a ga i ns t t he i r t r e a t m e nt 1 5 6 I n or de r t o e xpl a i n t he s e a be r r a nc e s C l a y a r gue s t ha t t he s c e ne a c t ua l l y de s c r i be s a dai s a f e a s t or ba nque t a nd a nc e s t or o f t he s ym po s i um S he s ugge s t s t ha t t hi s r e a di ng a c c om m oda t e s t he ove r a l l na r r a t i ve t he m e s of t he hym n, a nd a c c om pl i s he s m uc h on t he na r r a t i ve l e ve l S pe c i f i c a l l y, i t he l ps t o m a r k a nd s e c ur e a n i r r e f ut a bl y di vi ne s t a t us f or H e r m e s a nd, a t t he s a m e t i m e a ppe a l s t o a c a non of gods a ppr opr i a t e t o t he P a nhe l l e ni z i ng pr ogr a m w hi c h C l a y a s s i gns t o t he ge nr e of t he l onge r H om e r i c H y m ns C l a y, l i ke V e r g a dos a bove be gi n s t o not e t he s c e ne s di ve r ge nc e f r om t r a di t i ona l s a c r i f i c e T r a di t i ona l s a c r i f i c e i nvol ve s t he t r a ns f e r e nc e of m or t a l m e a t i n f r a gr a nc e t o t he di vi ne r e a l m of t he god s C l a y w r i t e s I n s a c r i f i c i a l r i t ua l t he vi c t i m i s r e m ove d f r om t he m or t a l s phe r e a nd s ubm i t s t o b e c om i ng t he p os s e s s i on of t he gods 1 5 7 T he r e ve r s e how e ve r i s t r ue of t he s c e ne i n t he hym n H e r m e s w r e nc he s A pol l o s c a t t l e f r om t he di vi ne r e a l m a nd dr i ve s t he m i nt o t he m or t a l w or l d i n or de r t o o f f e r t he m ba c k up a ga i n. T he s c e ne be gi n s t o c l e a r l y r e s e m bl e t he dai s on c e H e r m e s be gi n s t o c ut out t h e t w e l ve por t i ons of m e a t T he w or d # / & $ po r t i on a t l i ne 128 i s c ha r a c t e r i s t i c of de s c r i pt i ons of t he dai s 1 5 8 A nd t he e ga l i t a r i a n na t ur e of t hi s a ppor t i onm e nt r e c a l l s t he s y m pos i um w he r e s i m i l a r e m pha s i s i s pl a c e d on t he s ha r e d a nd e qua l pa r t i c i pa t i on of a l l m e n pr e s e nt I t i s e xa c t l y t hi s e qua l i t y w i t h t he r e s t of t he di vi ne gods t ha t H e r m e s i nt e nds t o e na c t i n t h i s s c e ne C l a y w r i t e s 1 5 6 V e r g a d o s 2 0 0 7 2 0 7 2 0 8 1 5 7 C l a y 1 9 8 9 1 2 0 1 2 1 1 5 8 N a g y 1 9 7 9 1 2 8

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52 W e c oul d s a y t ha t H e r m e s s i m pl y om i t s t he s a c r i f i c e t ha t i s t he of f e r i ng t o t he gods e xc e pt t ha t t he m e a t ha s a l r e a dy be e n d e s a c r a l i z e d; no pa r t of i t c oul d pr ope r l y be o f f e r e d t o t he gods A s a t a da i s a l l t he e di bl e m e a t i s di vi de d i nt o e qua l por t i ons H e r m e s a i m s not a t e s t a bl i s hi ng a v e r t i c a l hi e r a r c hy ba s e d on di s t i nc t i ons of r a nk a nd s t a t us but a hor i z ont a l di s t r i but i on a f f i r m i ng e qua l i t y. A c t i ng not a s a pr i e s t or s a c r i f i c e r but a s a hos t w ho gi ve s a f e a s t a m ong phi l oi de e m e d t o be e qua l s by hi s hos pi t a l i t y H e r m e s c r e a t e s a bond o f ph i l ot e s 1 5 9 T he r e l a t i ons hi p of t he dai s t o t he s ym pos i um du r i ng t he a r c ha i c pe r i od i s r a t he r f l ui d. T he w or d dai s s e r ve d a s a n um br e l l a t e r m f or a va r i e t y of a r i s t oc r a t i c oc c a s i ons of c om m e ns a l i t y, i ni t i a l l y i nvol vi ng s a c r i f i c e 1 6 0 L i ke t he s ym pos i um t h e dai s i nvol ve d a n e m pha s i s on t he e qua l i t y of i t s pa r t i c i pa nt s a l s o a l l m e n; t he w or d i t s e l f i s r e l a t e d t o 5 & / # & w hi c h m e a ns t o di vi de or a ppor t i on. 1 6 1 A nd w hi l e N a gy a r gue s t ha t t he dai s f unc t i one d t o e s t a bl i s h s oc i a l or de r a nd hi e r a r c hy i n t he a r c ha i c c i t y S c hm i t t P a nt e l r e c ogni z e s t ha t i t s ha r e s m or e c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s w i t h t he e ga l i t a r i a n s ym pos i um 1 6 2 C l a y, i n f a c t a r gue s t ha t t he s ym pos i um e vol ve d out of t he dai s 1 6 3 F ood a nd dr i nk a r e not t he onl y t hi ngs s ha r e d a t s y m pos i a nor a r e t he y t he onl y s y m pot i c a l l us i ons m a de i n t he t e xt T he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s c ons i s t e nt l y a l l ude s t o t he he t ai r a w hom K ur ke de f i ne s a s a c our t e s a n or m i s t r e s s of t e n s uppor t e d by one or t w o m e n a l one s e r vi ng a s t he i r c om pa ni on a t s ym pos i a a nd r e ve l s a s w e l l a s s e r vi c i ng t he i r s e xua l de s i r e s 1 6 4 T he s e a l l us i on s f unc t i on t o e voke t he s ym pos i um i n t w o w a ys F i r s t t he ve r y w or d he t ai r a r e c a l l s i t s m a l e c ount e r pa r t t he he t ai r os a gue s t a t t he s ym pos i um s ha r i ng i n bot h t h e s oc i a l a nd pol i t i c a l l i ve s of ot he r m e n. T he he t ai r o s be l onge d a l s o t o l a r ge r m or e c i vi c a l l y o r i e nt e d gr oups know n a s he t ai r oi w ho w e r e 1 5 9 C l a y 1 9 8 9 1 2 1 1 6 0 S c h m i t t P a n t e l 1 9 9 0 2 2 1 6 1 N a g y 1 9 7 9 1 2 8 1 6 2 N a g y 1 9 7 9 1 2 8 ; S c h m i t t P a n t e l 1 9 9 0 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 6 3 S c h m i t t P a n t e l 1 9 9 0 2 3 ; C l a y 1 9 8 9 7 1 6 4 K u r k e 1 9 9 7 1 0 7 1 0 8

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53 t oge t he r a l s o a t hom e a t s y m pos i a 1 6 5 S e c ond, t he w or d he t ai r a oc c ur s t w i c e i n t he hym n a t e pi s ode s t ha t r e vol ve s pe c i f i c a l l y a r ound m us i c A s not e d a bove m us i c i s a pr e va l e nt f or m of e nt e r t a i nm e nt a t t he s ym pos i um a nd i t s a ppe a r a nc e a l ongs i de t he he t ai r a i n t he hym n onl y s t r e ngt he ns t he s ym pot i c a l l us i o n, r e c a l l i ng t he s ha r e d ne t w or k of e nt e r t a i nm e nt a t s y m pos i a T he w or d he t ai r a a ppe a r s t w i c e i n t he H y m n i n i t s f e m a l e f or m ( 31, 478) a nd t w i c e i n i t s m a l e f or m ( 290, 436) B ot h of i t s oc c ur r e nc e s i n t he f e m a l e r e f e r di r e c t l y t o t he l yr e a nd r e c a l l bot h t he e r ot i c a nd m us i c a l a s pe c t s of t he s ym po s i um T he a dj e c t i ve 3 #, #' ) 5 % f or i ns t a nc e w hi c h a ppe a r s i n H e r m e s a ddr e s s t o t he t or t oi s e a t l i ne 31 ha s t he s e ns e of m a ki ng t he be a t t o t he da nc e a nd i n s t r ongl y l i nki ng t he pe r f or m a nc e of t he he t ai r a m us i c a nd da nc e t oge t he r a l l ude s e xc l us i ve l y t o s ym p ot i c a c t i vi t y. 1 6 6 T he t w o m a l e oc c ur r e nc e s of t he w or d f i gur e H e r m e s t he pr ot a goni s t a s a n a t t e nda nt of t he s ym pos i um a nd r e c a l l t he c om pa ni on s r e l a t i on t o t he he t ai r a I f oc us he r e on t he he t ai r a s s e c ond a ppe a r a nc e w hi c h e xt e nds a nd c onc e nt r a t e s t he h ym n s e voc a t i on of s ym pot i c t he m e s I n t hi s i ns t a nc e t he he t ai r a i s f i gur e d a ga i n a s t he l yr e a f t e r H e r m e s ha s pe r f or m e d hi s s e c ond s ong i n t he hym n : C % .' .) 3 ., + 7 ( 3 4 ( 5 6 4 ( #( ` ) & / / ( 2 & 2 & 7 f 2 & ) 2 + #( 0 % + ) & ( / ( 1 6 7 % #, 5 .' ( ( 478 479) 1 6 5 S t e h l e 1 9 9 7 2 1 4 1 6 6 F o r t h e s e m a n t i c s o f t h i s a d j e c t i v e c f V e r g a d o s 2 0 0 7 1 4 8 3 # # / ) 7 % i s M a t t h i a e s s u g g e s t i o n f o r t h e M S S 3 # # ) 5 % w h i c h I c o n s i d e r p r e f e r a b l e 3 # # / ) 7 % w o u l d m e a n b e a t e n o r p l a y e d d u r i n g t h e d a n c e a n d w o u l d r e f e r t o t h e t o r t o i s e a s a n i n s t r u m e n t a l o n e T h e a c t i v e n o u n o f f e r s a r i c h e r s e n s e : m a r k i n g t h e b e a t f o r t h e d a n c e ; t h e t o r t o i s e i s t h u s e n v i s i o n e d b o t h a s a l y r e ( m a r k i n g t h e r h y t h m b y i t s m u s i c ) a n d a s a d a n c i n g g i r l o r h e t a i r a ( m a r k i n g t h e r h y t h m b y h e r m o v e m e n t s o r t h e c l a p p i n g o f h e r h a n d s ) M o r e o v e r i t i s b e s t n o t t o p u n c t u a t e a f t e r 3 # # ) 5 % . a n d t a k e 3 # # ) 5 % 5 & ) $ $ ` ) & / / a s o n e s e n s e u n i t W i t h t h e s e t w o s l i g h t m o d i f i c a t i o n s o f C s s o l a s t e x t w e a c q u i r e a r i c h e r i m a g e o f t h e t o r t o i s e a s b e i n g b o t h t h e l y r e a n d a h e t a i r a w h i c h i s i n k e e p i n g w i t h H e r m e s d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e l y r e i n h i s s p e e c h t o A p o l l o ( 4 7 5 f f ) F u r t h e r m o r e t h e p a s s i v e s e n s e o f 3 # # / ) 7 % i s p r o b l e m a t i c s i n c e ) 5 % ) ( i s n o t u s e d o f p l a y i n g a n i n s t r u m e n t i n a r c h a i c p o e t r y ( 2 # 5 ( o r 2 2 ( a r e u s e d i n s t e a d ) 1 6 7 I f o l l o w V e r g a d o s e m e n d a t i o n i n l i n e 4 7 9 w h e r e 0 % + ) & ( / ( i s r e t a i n e d i n f a v o r o f 0 % + ) & ( # $ a s i t f i t s w i t h t h e r e s t o f t h e h e t a i r a i c a l l u s i o n s V e r g a d o s 2 0 0 7 3 4 2 w r i t e s B a r n e s 0 % + ) & ( 4 $ c o d d w h i c h

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54 T a ke t hi s c l e a r voi c e d c om pa ni on i n you r ha nds a n d s i ng w e l l A s s he know s w e l l how t o s pe a k out be a ut i f ul l y a n d i n ha r m ony T hi s s e c ond s ong i s a pi vot a l m om e nt i n t he na r r a t i ve of t he hym n F i r s t H e r m e s s e c ond s ong ne c e s s a r i l y pr om pt s c om pa r i s on w i t h hi s e a r l i e r pe r f or m a nc e T he d i f f e r e nc e be t w e e n t he t w o s ong s m a r k s e s s e nt i a l de ve l op m e nt s i n H e r m e s c ha r a c t e r i ndi c a t i ng H e r m e s a c qui s i t i on of a di vi ne s t a t us I l e s J ohns t on s um m a r i z e s t he s e di f f e r e nc e s a nd t he i r e f f e c t s : T he god s f i r s t s ong, pe r f or m e d be f or e he r a i ds t he c a t t l e e xa l t s hi s m ot he r a n d he r hom e t he s e a r e a f t e r a l l t he on l y t hi ngs t ha t he know s w e l l e nough t o de s c r i be a t t hi s poi nt i n hi s l i f e H i s s e c ond s ong, pe r f or m e d a f t e r t he r a i d i s qui t e di f f e r e nt : i t t a ke s i n t he e nt i r e c os m os a nd a l l of i t s di vi ne i nha bi t a nt s t he m a t ur i ng god s p r ope r m i l i e u I t i s t he r a i d, a nd i t s c ons e que nt e f f e c t s t ha t ha ve e na bl e d H e r m e s t o m ove f r om t he s m a l l dom e s t i c s phe r e of hi s bi r t h i nt o t he l a r ge r s oc i a l s phe r e of t he gods w he r e he i s de t e r m i ne d t o m a ke h i s c a r e e r 1 6 8 A nd i t i s t he pr of ound e f f e c t t ha t t hi s pe r f or m a nc e ha s on A pol l o t ha t pr om pt s t he gods e xc ha nge of dom a i ns A nd e v e n A pol l o s i m pe t us t o e xc ha nge i s i n f a c t f i gur e d a s t he pur c ha s i ng of a he t ai r a w he n, i n t he f i r s t l i ne s of hi s r e s pons e t o H e r m e s s ong, he put s a pr i c e t o t he i ns t r um e nt 1 6 9 T he s t yl e of t hi s s e c ond pe r f or m a nc e a l s o r e c a l l s s ym pot i c pr a c t i c e A s H e r m e s be gi ns t o pl a y, he s t a nds t o t he l e f t of A pol l o ( 424 ) T h i s de t a i l not onl y pl a c e s A pol l o i n a pos i t i on of hono r but a l s o f i gu r e s bot h gods a s a t t e nda nt s of a s ym pos i um F o r i t i s t r a di t i ona l pr a c t i c e a t s y m pos i a t ha t bot h m u s i c a nd di a l ogue pr oc e e d f r om one A l l e n ( 1 8 9 8 ) a n d A H S f o l l o w i n g G e m o l l c h a n g e d t o 0 % + ) & ( # $ T h e s h o r t # $ c o u l d h a v e b e e n c h a n g e d t o 4 $ f o r m e t r i c a l r e a s o n s ( a l t h o u g h # $ i s a d m i s s i b l e h e r e ) b u t t h e f e m i n i n e g i v e s b e t t e r s e n s e I t i s n o t a q u e s t i o n o f h o w w e l l A p o l l o k n o w s h o w t o s i n g a s A l l e n m a i n t a i n s ( n o t e t h a t % # 5 ( i s u s e d a n d n o t s i n g ) b u t o f t h e c o m p a n i o n s a b i l i t i e s T h e c o r r u p t i o n m a y h a v e a r i s o n d u e t o f 2 & 7 0 % + ) & ( 4 $ ( 3 9 0 ) 1 6 8 I l e s J o h n s t o n 2 0 0 2 1 2 4 1 6 9 L i n e s 4 3 6 4 3 7 A # 7 6 ( / 3 & ( : ) & % # ( 5 ( 5 & ) $ $ ` ) & ( / % ( ) # 2 # ( ) & ; # : ( % ( ) & 0 & ) & 6 ) & / & $ / C o w s l a y i n g t r i c k s t e r i n g l a b o r e r c o m p a n i o n o f t h e f e a s t / y o u h a v e t a k e n a c a r e t o t h e s e t h i n g s w h i c h a r e w o r t h t h e p r i c e o f f i f t y c o w s

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55 pa r t i c i pa nt t o t he ne xt f r om t he l e f t t o t he r i ght 1 7 0 A nd s o, a f t e r H e r m e s ha s f i ni s he d pl a yi ng, a nd a f t e r bo t h gods ha ve e xc ha nge d w or ds w i t h one a not he r H e r m e s pa s s e s t he l yr e t o A pol l o on hi s r i ght ( 496 502) : 1 7 1 l $ ) % 8 ( X 0 ', O 5 0 5 0 & ) # G # ( ; #$ [ % 4 ( ^ c 5 0 7 & = ( 3 4 ( & + ) & 6 & .' ( # ( ; #7 2 #* / & $ ) 0 % ) .* .( 1 5 .2 ) # 5 2 9 & & 5 #$ 7 V $ $ / # + & $ 1 2 / & ( 5 2 & ; 8 ( 0 % % + ) ., 3 .' $ $ D / ) # 6 $ % & $ $ 7 V $ $ 1 ( & 0 ` 2 & ., #$ [ % 4 ( % # 2 ) B 0 % .' # ) = 2 & ) #$ S 5 W % $ ( .( + ., 5 & # ( 2 # ( & ; / + $ $ 5 W % $ 2 & $ ( 1 .' + .( ( 496 502 ) H a vi ng s poke n t hus l y, he [ H e r m e s ] s t r e t c he d ou t [ hi s ha nd w i t h t he l yr e ] a nd P hoe bus A pol l o r e c e i v e d i t a nd hol di ng i t he pl a c e d hi s s hi ni ng w hi p i nt o H e r m e s ha nd, a nd or da i ne d hi m i n t e ndi ng t o c a t t l e T he s on of M a i a r e c e i ve d t hi s ha vi ng r e j oi c e d. A nd t a ki ng t he k i t har a up i n hi s l e f t ha nd, t he gl or i ous s on of L e t o f a r r e a c hi ng l o r d A pol l o t r i e d i t [ t he l yr e ] out i n t une w i t h a pl e c t r um a nd u nde r ne a t h [ hi s ha nd] i t r e s ounde d a w e s om e l y; a nd t he god s a ng i n a c c o m pa ni m e nt be a u t i f ul l y. T he H y m n r e pe a t s t he s a m e l i ne s a t 501 502 w hi c h de s c r i be H e r m e s t w o pe r f or m a nc e s ( 53 54, 418 420 ) i n or de r t o e f f e c t a s t r ong i de nt i f i c a t i on of A pol l o w i t h H e r m e s H e r e t he l a ngua ge of t he s ym pos i um he l p s e m pha s i z e t he now e qua l s t a t us of H e r m e s w i t h A pol l o. T he e ga l i t a r i a n s e t t i ng of t he s ym pos i um e voke d e a r l i e r a t H e r m e s s a c r i f i c e of A pol l o s c a t t l e i s a n a ppr opr i a t e pl a c e f or t he a c q ui s i t i on of H e r m e s i ni t i a l pl ot dr i vi ng goa l a pl a c e a m ong t he gods o f O l ym pus R e t ur ni ng t o H e r m e s s e c ond s ong, a nd t he e ns ui ng di a l ogue I not e t he hi gh c onc e nt r a t i on of e r ot i c di c t i on a nd t one I n l i ne w i t h t he f i gur a t i on of t he l yr e a s a he t ai r a a t 478, t he s ur r oundi ng s c e ne a bounds w i t h w or ds be gi nni ng i n t he e r ot i c s t e m 0 0 & ) # 1 7 0 c f V e r g a d o s 2 0 0 7 3 3 3 3 3 4 a n d a l s o P l a t o s S y m p 1 7 7 d 3 w h e r e E x y m a c h u s p r o p o s e s 5 # 2 ( & # 3 H ( & T 2 & + ) # ( S : ( # ( ) % ( ( % & ( # ( m 4 ) # $ 0 % 7 5 0 J $ Z ( 5 5 ( / ) & 2 & + ) # ( / F o r i t s e e m s t o m e t h a t i t i s n e c e s s a r y f o r e a c h o f u s t o g i v e a s p e e c h i n p r a i s e o f E r o s a n d n e x t t h e o n e o n t h e r i g h t t o t h e b e s t o f h i s a b i l i t y 1 7 1 V e r g a d o s 2 0 0 7 3 3 3 3 3 4 r e m a r k s I n o t h e r w o r d s H e r m e s a c t s o u t t h e 0 ( 5 0 & & t h a t A p o l l o p r o f e s s e s t o b e h i s o w n d o m a i n a t 4 5 4 a n d b o t h p e r f o r m a n c e s a r e p r e c e e d e d b y s y m p o t i c r e f e r e n c e s

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56 ( 421) n .' ( 422) 0 & ) ( ( 423) 0 & ) # ( 426) 0 ( # ( ( 427) a nd 7 2 R $ I ., #$ ba c k a t 422 a l l s t r e ngt he n t he s ym pot i c c onne c t i on be t w e e n t he l yr e a nd h e t ai r a H e r m e s s pe e c h t o A pol l o a f t e r hi s s ong t a ke s t hi s c onne c t i on e ve n f ur t he r A f t e r A pol l o s a w e s t r uc k r e s pons e t o H e r m e s s e c ond s ong, H e r m e s i ns t r uc t s A pol l o on how t o c a r e f or t he l yr e T he l yr e f i gur e d a ga i n a s a he t ai r a be c om e s t he s ubj e c t of a dvi c e a dvi c e gi vi ng be i ng a pa r t i c ul a r l y a ppr opr i a t e f or m of di s c our s e f or s y m pos i a W e s t w r i t e s t ha t f r om a bout t he l a t e s i xt h c e nt ur y t hr oughout t he f i f t h w e f i nd a t r a di t i on of e l e gy c ont a i ni ng a dvi c e on t he c onduc t of t he s ym pos i um i t s e l f t he e m pha s i s be i ng on m ode r a t i on a nd or de r l i ne s s 1 7 2 H e r e H e r m e s t e l l s A pol l o how a nd how not t o t r e a t t he l yr e C % .' .) 3 ., + 7 ( 3 4 ( 5 6 4 ( #( ` ) & / / ( 2 & 2 & 7 f 2 & ) 2 + #( 0 % + ) & ( / ( % #, 5 .' ( 4 2 / #$ 2 ( % .' ) & 6 .' ( ) $ 5 & ( ) & & .' & ( 2 & 7 3 #, $ ( V ., .( ) & 2 & 7 0 $ 6 #2 7 5 & 2 : #( C 6 #+ 5 ( / ( ( 7 2 ) $ ) 2 & 7 e & ) #$ @ $ ) $ Z ( & C ) E ( ) 3 ( F 2 & 7 + #6 / F 5 .5 & / #$ 0 0 ., .. / ( F 6 ." # ( / % & ( ) # ( & ( B 3 & / ( ) & 5 5 & + 2 .' ( & + 7 ( / / F + ( % 7 # ( / & & 2 c + ( 0 & + / / ( 6 5 #7 + & 5 7 # % & #( 1 b $ 5 2 .( & C ) E ( ( H $ 0 8 ( ) $ % : ) #( 0 % = & 6 .* : $ 0 .. / ( F & 4 ) 4 $ 2 .( % .' ) & .) # #, & ) 7 / = #' + # 7 5 & C ) & .) ( 0 + ) 5 & # .( & @ ) ) .( #' ( o $ 2 & / ) #' 0 8 5 + 4 ) & 5 ) / ( > $ $ % & 2 2 # 6 1 ( 47 8 490) T a ke t hi s c l e a r voi c e d c om pa ni on i n you r ha nds a n d s i ng w e l l a s s he know s w e l l how t o s pe a k out be a ut i f ul l y a n d i n ha r m ony T he n, w i t h e a s e c a r r y he r t o t he f e s t i ve f e a s t a nd t o t he l ove l y da nc e a nd i nt o t he l uc k l ovi ng r e ve l s he i s a pl e a s ur e bot h ni ght a nd da y. W hoe ve r s ki l l e d i n a r t a nd w i s dom i nqui r e s of he r s he s oundi ng out i n a l l s or t s o f w a ys t e a c he s gr a c e t o t he m i nd be i ng e a s i l y pl a ye d i n s of t c om m uni ons f l e e i ng m uc h s uf f e r i ng l a bor B ut w hoe ve r be i ng uns ki l l e d que s t i ons he r vi ol e nt l y i n t he f i r s t pl a c e 1 7 2 W e s t 1 9 7 4 1 5 H e c i t e s A n a c r e l e g 2 X e n o p h 1 T h 8 4 5 9 7 1 E u e 2 8 a C r i t 6

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57 t o no ot he r e nd w oul d s he t he n s a y f a l s e t hi ngs B ut i t i s up t o you t o l e a r n w ha t e ve r i t i s you de s i r e A nd I w i l l gi ve t hi s one t o you, br i ght yout h o f Z e us T h i s s pe e c h a l s o a bound s w i t h r e f e r e nc e s t o t he s ypos i um A pol l o i s or de r e d t o br i ng t he l yr e / he t ai r a t o bot h t he f e a s t ( 5 & ( ) & ) a nd t he 2 : #$ or s ym pot i c r e ve l T he 2 : #$ t a ke s pl a c e i m m e di a t e l y a f t e r t he s ym pos i um w he n t h e a l l pa r t i c i pa nt s l e a ve t he andr o n a nd r e ve l publ i c l y i n t he s t r e e t s 1 7 3 A nd bot h pl a c e s a r e a n a ppr opr i a t e pl a c e f or t he l yr e a nd t he he t ai r a A pol l o i s f i gur e d a s a 2 # 6 #$ a m a l e yout h, i n l i ne 490. T hi s de t a i l i s s i gni f i c a nt f or t w o r e a s ons F i r s t 2 # 6 #' e f f e c t pa r t s of t he i r m a t ur a t i on i nt o m a l e a dul t hood by pa r t i c i pa t i ng i n s y m po s i a T he r e t he y t a ke s ubo r di na t e pos i t i ons t o a dul t m a l e s a n d m ode l t he i r ow n be ha vi or a f t e r t hos e of t he i r e l d e r s F or i ns t a nc e va s e s of t e n r e pr e s e nt yout hs s i t t i ng, w hi l e t he i r e l de r s r e c l i ne ; a nd w h e n t he y a r e not s i t t i ng, t he y a r e of t e n pi c t ur e d a s w i ne pour e r s 1 7 4 S e c ond, t ha t H e r m e s i s a l s o r e pr e s e nt e d a s a w i ne pour e r i n bot h A l c a e us a nd S a ppho a nd a s a 2 # 6 #$ i n a num be r of va s e pa i nt i ngs l i nks hi m s ubs t a nt i a l l y w i t h bot h t he s ym pos i um a nd yout hs 1 7 5 I nde e d, a num be r of s c hol a r s ha ve l i nke d H e r m e s w i t h pr oc e s s e s o f m a l e i ni t i a t i on i n a nt i qui t y. 1 7 6 A nd B r e m m e r not e s t ha t H e r m e s w a s c onne c t e d w i t h t he yout h s t i l l i n t he pr oc e s s of be i ng e duc a t e d. 1 7 7 F ur t he r m or e s om e va s e pa i nt i ngs de pi c t yout hs hol di ng l yr e s a t s y m pos i a a nd ot he r s de pi c t a dul t s ha ndi ng l yr e s ove r t o yout hs 1 7 8 M a r i na t os de t a i l s vot i ve of f e r i ngs t o H e r m e s K e dr i t e s a t t he s a nc t u a r y a t K a t o S ym e w hi c h de pi c t m a l e yout hs hol di ng bot h 1 7 3 C f L i s s a r r a g u e 1 9 9 0 f o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e 2 : # $ 1 7 4 B r e m m e r 1 9 9 0 1 3 7 1 3 9 1 7 5 I b i d 1 7 6 c f I l e s J o h n s t o n 2 0 0 2 a n d 2 0 0 3 ; M a r i n a t o s 2 0 0 3 ; B r e m m e r 1 9 9 0 ; W a l c o t t 1 9 7 9 1 7 7 B r e m m e r 1 9 9 0 1 4 1 1 7 8 I b i d 1 3 8

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58 c ups a nd l yr e s s i gns of t he s ym pos i um 1 7 9 T hi s e xt e r na l e vi de nc e c onf i r m s t ha t t he e pi s ode a t ha nd i n t he hym n i s a s ym pot i c s c e ne A pol l o i s f i gur e d a s t he yout h, w hos e m a t ur a t i on H e r m e s gove r ns A nd t he l yr e a s a n e d uc a t i ve ge s t ur e i s t he i ns t r um e nt w i t h w hi c h he e f f e c t s t hi s m a t u r a t i on. I n t hi s c ha pt e r I ha ve s how n t ha t i a m bi c poe t r y a nd t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s c on c e r n t he m s e l ve s w i t h a l i ke pe r f or m a nc e c ont e xt W he t he r or not t he hym n w a s pe r f or m e d a t t he s ym po s i um t he he a vy s ym pot i c a l l us i on t hr oughout t he hym n i n l a ngua ge a nd na r r a t i ve s ugge s t s a t t he ve r y l e a s t t ha t i t ha d a n a udi e nc e f a m i l i a r e nough w i t h s y m pos i a t ha t t he i a m bi c l a ngua ge w oul d ha ve be e n m a r ke d a s j us t t ha t i a m bi c 1 7 9 M a r i n a t o s 2 0 0 3 1 3 2

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59 C on c l u s i on T hi s t he s i s ha s de t a i l e d t he r e l a t i ons hi p be t w e e n t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s a nd a r c ha i c i a m bi c poe t r y, i n or de r t o be t t e r s i t ua t e t he hym n i n r e l a t i on t o t he H om e r i c H ym ns a nd a r c ha i c G r e e k l i t e r a t ur e m or e br oa dl y. W hi l e s c hol a r s ha ve of t e n di s m i s s e d t he hym n ba s e d on t he i r di s t r us t i n i t s a ut he nt i c i t y a nd a r c ha i c da t i ng, t he r e l a t i ons hi p be t w e e n t he hym n a nd i a m bi c poe t r y s qua r e l y l oc a t e s t he hym n i ns i de of t he a r c ha i c pe r i od. T he s ym pot i c a l l us i on, w hi c h a bounds i n t he hym n, a s w e l l a s t he s ym pot i c pe r f or m a nc e c ont e xt of i a m bi c poe t r y, poi nt t o a m or e nua nc e d r e l a t i ons hi p be t w e e n poe t ge nr e a nd oc c a s i on. T hi s s t udy ha s s ought t o r e s t or e c e nt r a l i t y t o a s i ngl e a r c ha i c t e xt w hi c h ha d of t e n be e n que s t i one d a nd di s m i s s e d on t he ba s i s of i t s a nom a l ous c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s I ns t e a d of a t t e m pt i ng t o r e c onc i l e t he s e c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s w i t h t he r e m a i nde r of e pi c poe t r y f r om t he a r c ha i c pe r i od, I s ought a n s w e r s w he r e t he y w e r e l e a s t e xpe c t e d. T he f a c t t ha t a r c ha i c i a m bi c poe t r y oc c upi e d a m uc h l ow e r r e gi s t e r of l a ngua ge e pi t om i z e d i n i t s obs c e ni t y a nd i nve c t i ve a nd s t i l l f ound i t s w a y i nt o a n e pi c poe m s pe a ks t o t he va r i e t y of w a ys t e xt s c oul d be i n di a l o gue w i t h one a not he r i n t he a r c ha i c pe r i od. A nd w hi l e t he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s c a n c ont i nue t o be a ppr oa c he d i ns i de t he c ont e xt of t he ot he r H om e r i c H ym ns t hi s t he s i s s ugge s t s a nd e ve n e nc our a ge s t ha t t he s c ope of i nve s t i ga t i on i nt o t hi s poe m a nd m a n y ot he r s be w i de ne d.

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60 Wor k s C i t e d B a i n, D a vi d. 1991 S i x G r e e k V e r bs of S e xua l C on gr e s s ( ; ( : 2 ( : % 7 / = 4 / 2 : # ; 6 4 & 2 & = 4 ) T he C l as s i c al Q uar t e r l y 41, ( 1) : 51 77 2007 L ow W or ds i n H i gh P l a c e s : S e x, B odi l y F unc t i ons a nd B ody P a r t s i n H om e r i c E pi c a nd ot he r H i ghe r G e nr e s i n F i ngl a s s P a t r i c k, C C ol l a r d, a nd N J R i c ha r ds on. 2007. B a r t ol K r ys t yna 1992. W he r e w a s I a m bi c P oe t r y P e r f or m e d? S om e E v i de nc e f r om t he F our t h C e nt ur y B C T he C l as s i c al Q uar t e r l y 42, ( 1) : 65 71 B e r gqui s t B i r gi t t a 1990. S ym pot i c S pa c e : A F un c t i ona l A s pe c t of G r e e k D i ni ng R oom s i n M ur r a y 1990. B r e m m e r J a n. 1990. A dol e s c e nt s Sy m pos i on a nd P e de r a s t y i n M ur r a y 1990. B ow i e E w e n. 2001. E a r l y G r e e k I a m bi c P oe t r y: T he I m po r t a nc e of N a r r a t i ve i n C a va r z e r e A l be r t o, A nt oni o A l oni a nd A l e s s a ndr o B a r c hi e s i 2001. B r ow n, C hr i s t ophe r G a nd C hr i s t ophe r G B r a un 1988. H i ppona x a nd I a m be H e r m e s 116, ( 4 ) ( 4t h Q t r ) : 478 81 B uc k, C D 1955. T he G r e e k D i al e c t s B r i s t ol C l a s s i c a l P r e s s B ur ne t t A nne P i ppi n. 1983. T hr e e ar c hai c poe t s : A r c hi l oc hus A l c ae us Sappho C a m br i dge M a s s : H a r va r d U ni ve r s i t y P r e s s C a s hf or d, J ul e s 2003. T he H om e r i c hy m ns L ondo n: P e ngui n B ooks C a va r z e r e A l be r t o, A nt oni o A l oni a nd A l e s s a ndr o B a r c hi e s i 2001. I am bi c i de as : e s s ay s on a poe t i c t r adi t i on f r om A r c hai c G r e e c e t o t he l a t e R om an E m pi r e G r e e k s t udi e s L a nha m M d: R ow m a n & L i t t l e f i e l d C l a y, D i s ki n. 2004 A r c hi l oc hos H e r os : T he C ul t o f P oe t s i n t he G r e e k pol i s H e l l e ni c S t udi e s 6. W a s hi ngt on, D C : C e nt e r f or H e l l e ni c S t udi e s T r us t e e s f or H a r va r d U ni ve r s i t y. C l a r ke M i c ha e l 2001. 'H e a r t c ut t i ng t a l k': H om e r i c 2 ., ) # H4 a nd R e l a t e d W or ds T he C l as s i c al Q uar t e r l y 51, ( 2) : 329 38 C l a y, J e nny S t r a us s 1989 T he P ol i t i c s of O l y m pu s : F or m and M e ani ng i n t he M aj or H om e r i c H y m ns P r i nc e t on, N J : P r i nc e t on U ni ve r s i t y P r e s s

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61 1999 I l i a d 24. 649 a nd t he S e m a nt i c s of < I J E @ 9 I K T he C l as s i c al Q uar t e r l y 49, ( 2 ) : 618 21. C om pt on, T odd 2006 V i c t i m o f t he M us e s : P oe t a s Sc ape goat W ar r i or and H e r o i n G r e c o R om an and I ndo E ur ope an M y t h and H i s t o r y H e l l e ni c s t udi e s 11. W a s hi ngt on, D C : C e nt e r f o r H e l l e ni c S t ud i e s T r u s t e e s f or H a r va r d U ni ve r s i t y D odd, D a vi d B r ooks a nd C hr i s t ophe r A F a r a one 2003. I ni t i at i on i n A nc i e nt G r e e k R i t ual s and N ar r at i v e s : N e w C r i t i c al P e r s pe c t i v e s L ondon: R out l e dge F hr e r R udol f 1967. F or m pr obl e m U nt e r s uc hun ge n z u de n R e de n i n de r f r hgr i e c hi s c he n L y r i k Z e t e m a t a ; M onogr a phi e n z ur kl a s s i s c he n A l t e r t um s w i s s e ns c ha f t H e f t 44 M nc he n: B e c k. F i ngl a s s P a t r i c k, C C ol l a r d a nd N J R i c ha r ds on. 2007. H e s pe r os : St udi e s i n A nc i e nt G r e e k P oe t r y P r e s e nt e d t o M L W e s t on hi s Se v e n t i e t h B i r t hday O xf or d: O xf or d U ni ve r s i t y P r e s s G a i s s e r J ul i a H a i g, a nd H om e r 19 83. H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s B r yn M a w r C om m e nt a r i e s B r yn M a w r P a : D e pa r t m e nt of G r e e k, B r yn M a w r C ol l e ge G e nt i l i B r uno 1988 P oe t r y and i t s P ubl i c i n A nc i e nt G r e e c e : f r om H om e r t o t he F i f t h C e nt ur y B a l t i m or e : J ohns H opki ns U ni ve r s i t y P r e s s G e r be r D ougl a s E 1999. G r e e k I am bi c P oe t r y : f r om t he Se v e nt h t o t he F i f t h C e nt ur i e s B C T he L oe b c l a s s i c a l l i br a r y, 259. C a m br i dge M a s s : H a r va r d U ni ve r s i t y P r e s s H e nde r s on, J e f f r e y. 1975. T he M ac ul at e M us e : O b s c e ne L anguage i n A t t i c C om e dy N e w H a ve n: Y a l e U ni ve r s i t y P r e s s H om e r R obe r t F a gl e s a nd B e r na r d M a c G r e gor W a l ke r K nox. 1991. T he I l i ad P e ngui n C l a s s i c s N e w Y or k: P e ngui n B ooks J a nko, R i c ha r d. 1982 H om e r H e s i od, and t he H y m ns : D i ac hr oni c D e v e l opm e nt i n E pi c D i c t i on C a m br i dge c l a s s i c a l s t udi e s C a m br i dge [ E ng. ] : C a m br i dge U ni ve r s i t y P r e s s J ohns t on, S a r a h I l e s 2002. M yt h, F e s t i va l a nd P o e t : T he H om e r i c H ym n t o H e r m e s a nd i t s P e r f o r m a t i ve C o nt e xt C l as s i c al P hi l ol ogy 97, ( 2 ) ( A pr ) : 109 32. 2003 I ni t i a t i on i n M yt h I ni t i a t i on i n P r a c t i c e : T he H om e r i c H y m n t o H e r m e s a nd i t s P e r f or m a t i ve C ont e xt I n D odd D a vi d B r ooks a nd C hr i s t ophe r A F a r a one 2003. K a t z J os hua T 1999. H om e r i c hym n t o H e r m e s 296: ) # #( & & + ) $ $ #( T he C l as s i c al Q uar t e r l y 49, ( 1) : 315 9

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