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I. COMMUNICATION WITH CONGRESS A. Summary of FY '89 Completions, Ongoing Work in FY '90, and New Starts Through December 31, 1989 ....................... 2 B. Products Delivered During the Quarter 1. Formal Assessment Reports ................................. 3 2. Other: Special Reports, Technical Memoranda, Background Papers, Staff Papers or Letter Memoranda, Workshop Proceedings, and Committee Prints ................ 8 3. Testimony ................................................ 11 C. Other Communication with Congress 1. Formal Briefing --Topics ................ .' ............... 12 2. Other Major Issues Being Tracked ......................... 12 D. List of Current OTA Assessments as of 12/31/89 ................ 16 E. First Quarter 1990: Legislation Assigning Responsibility to OTA .......................................................... 18 F. New Assessments Approved During the Quarter ................... 20 II. PUBLICATION BRIEFS OF FORMAL ASSESSMENTS DELIVERED III. SELECTED NEWS CLIPS ON OTA PUBLICATIONS AND ACTIVITIES

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I. -2-COMMUNICATION WITH CONGRESS A. Summary of FY '89 Completions, Ongoing Work in FY '90, and New Starts Through December 31, 1989 Products Released Formal Assessments Other Special Reports Report Supplements Technical Memoranda Background Papers, Case Studies, or Workshop Proceedings Testimony Staff Papers or Letter Memoranda Administrative Documents New Projects Approved by TAB Assessments Other (Scope Changes; Special Responses Over Director's limits) FY '89 Total 8 3 0 1 13 35 16 6 14 1 Ql 4 3 1 7 2 1 2 FY '90 Q2 Q3 Projects in Process as of December 31, 1989 1. In Press Assessments 4 Other (TM's, Background Papers, etc.) 5 2. In Progress Assessments Other 34 32 Q4

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-3I. COMMUNICATION WITH CONGRESS B. 1. Products Released During the Quarter Formal Assessment Reports COMING CLEAN: SUPERFUND PROBLEMS CAN BE SOLVED In 1981 the Environmental Protection agency began the Superfund program to clean up the Nation's worst hazardous waste sites. About 26,000 sites have been identified, of which 18,000 have been removed from consideration following preliminary analyses (PA) and site investigations (SI). About 6,000 sites have not yet received a PA. There may be many more sites; EPA has not systematically looked for uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. Thus, the full extent of the cleanup task facing the Nat~on is ill defined, and there is great uncertainty about future Federal spending. Only a handful of sites have been cleaned up, according to the EPA, and there is disagreement over these decisions. This study analyzes the critical early phases of the Superfund program to address such questions as: Do current actions assure that all potential Superfund sites will be discovered and, once discovered, promptly assessed and acted upon? Are technologies available for more effective immediate actions that can reduce community concerns and improve the economic efficiency of the whole program? The HRS methodology is also examined in addition to the technical quality of the RI and FS phases. In particular, the implications of the technical decisions in these phases for effective cleanup is assessed. An analytical framework has been designed to describe how the Superfund program has changed over time as a result of actions by Congress and EPA. OTA examines if improved management and permanently effective cleanup technologies are being used to deliver effective environmental protection. Interim Deliverables: Are We Cleaning Up? 10 Superfund Case Studies (Special Report) (Published 6/88) Assessing Contractor Use in Superfund. (Background Paper) (Published 1/89)

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-4Requesters: House Committee on Public Works and Transportation Hon. James S. Howard, Chairman Hon. James L. Oberstar, Chairman, Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight House Committee on Energy and Commerce Hon. John Dingell, Chairman Hon. Thomas A. Luken, Chairman, Subcommittee on Transportation, Tourism, and Hazardous Materials House Committee on Government Operations Hon. Mike Synar, Chairman, Subcommittee on Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works Hon. Frank Lautenberg, Chairman, Subcommittee on Superfund and Environmental Oversight Hon. Ike Skelton, U. S. Representative Project Director: Joel Hirschhorn, 228-6361 (published 10/89) COPYRIGHT AND HOME COPYING: TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES THE LAW According to some, unauthorized duplication of copyrighted works in the home deprives copyright holders of revenue and may, in the long run, undermine the economic viability of copyright-dependent industries. Although copyright is traditionally a private right, privately enforced, Congress has, for the last five years, been attempting to formulate solutions to the perceived problem of unauthorized duplication. The main focus of this study is on the impact of home audio taping on the recording industry, with attention to the broader context of home copying issues, which either are, or will soon be, facing other copyright-dependent industries (e.g., home video). This study builds on the findings of a 1986 OTA assessment, Intellectual Property Rights in an Age of Electronics and Information, which documented fundamental problems for the law of copyright in accommodating new developments in communication and information technologies, and which anticipated the specific issues now facing the recording industry.

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-5-Requesters: House Committee on the Judiciary Hon. Hamilton Fish, Jr., Ranking ~inority Member Hon. Robert W. Kastenmeier, Chairruan-Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and Administration of Justice Senate Committee on the Judiciary Hon. Dennis DeConcini, Chairman -Subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks Project Director: Joan Winston, 228-6760 (Published 10/89) FACING AMERICA'S TRASH: WHAT NEXT FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE? -Early in 1987, a barge loaded with garbage went on a long odyssey in search of a home for its cargo. This infamous voyage focused attention on a growing problem, the management of municipal solid waste (primarily from residences, businesses, and institutions). Currently, 85 percent of municipal solid waste is sent to landfills. Some landfills, however, have been closed, and many more will reach full capacity during the next decade. Developing new landfills has been difficult because of lack of available land, environmental risks, public opposition, rising disposal costs, and increasing regulation. Municipalities are considering other options, particularly incineration and recycling. Public opposition to incineration has increased, however, because of concerns about costs and health risks. Some people contend that it should only be used after reduction and recycling programs are fully implemented. High rates of recycling, however, have not been achieved on a widespread scale, and little effort has been devoted to waste reduction, particularly how to remove those pollutants or products that can cause harm when incinerated or landfilled. This report evaluates how different technologies for reducing and managing municipal solid waste can be used in an environmentally and cost-effective long-term strategy. The assessment consisted of seven tasks: 1) composition and amounts of municipal solid waste; 2) opportunities for waste reduction (i.e., reducing generation of municipal solid waste or eliminating harmful pollutants from its .components; 3) technologies and capacities for recycling, incineration, and landfilling; 4) economics of different options; 5) Federal, State, and municipal programs; 6) international experiences; and 7) the future of municipal solid waste policies (policy options).

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-6-In addition, medica~ waste management practices and related policy issues are addr,,ssed as part of the assessment. Medical wastes, although~ rela~ively small portion of the municipal solid wastestream, are increasingly a source of public concern due to increased incidents of illegal or improper disposal and potential health risks from waste materials associated with the treatment of AIDS and other infectious diseases. A separate staff paper has been issued on this topic which identifies current practices and potential risks associated with them and assesses the need for further Federal requirements for the handling, treatment, storage, and disposal of medical wastes. Interim Deliverable: Issues on Medical Waste Management (Background Paper) (Published 10/88) Requesters: House Committee on Energy and Commerce Hon. John D. Dingell, Chairman Hon. Norman F. Lent, Ranking Minority Member Hon. Thomas A. Luken, Chairman, Subcommittee on Transportation, Tourism, and Hazardous Materials Hon. Bob Whittaker, Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Transportation, Tourism, and Hazardous Materials Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works Hon. Quentin N. Burdick, Chairman Hon. Robert T. Stafford, Ranking Minority Member Hon. Max Baucus, Chairman, Subcommittee on Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Substances Hon. Dave Durenberger, Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Harzardous Wastes and Toxic Substances Hon. Robert A. Roe, U.S. House of Representatives Hon. Paul E. Kanjorski, U.S. House of Representatives Hon. James H. Scheuer, U.S. House of Representatives Hon. Tom Lewis, U.S. House of Representatives Project Director: Howard Levenson, 228-6856 (Published 10/89)

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-7-PARTNERSHIPS UNDER PRESSURE: MANAGING LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE This project analyzes the Federal effort and state progress in implementing the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act (LLRWPAA). THe LLRWPAA identifies Federal activities that are needed to help states meet milestones for developing disposal facilities. Several of these activities center around understanding alternative disposal technologies of low-level radioactive waste. Shallow-land burial is the disposal method that has been used at all existing LLW disposal sites in the United States. Environmental problems have, however, been encountered at several sites, particularly those in humid regions. Several states are therefore interested in using alternative disposal technologies. Concerns have been raised, however, about the technical merits of some disposal facility designs, including designs that would meet Federal regulations for waste that is both radioactive and defined as hazardous by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. This study examines the technological, economic, and institutional issues surrounding different disposal technologies for low-level radioactive waste. A status report of State progress in fulfilling the LLRWPAA and developing new disposal facitlites is also given. Interim Deliverable: Managing Greater-than-Class C Low-Level Radioactive Waste (Staff Paper) (published 10/88) Requesters: Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works Hon. Quentin N. Burdick, Chairman Hon. Robert T. Stafford, Ranking Minority Member Project Director: Gretchen Hund McCabe, 228-6852 (Published 11/89)

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-8-I. B. 2. Other: Special Reports, Technical Memoranda. Background Papers, Workshop Proceedings, Committee Prints. and Administrative Reports HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING AND NETWORKING FOR SCIENCE -(Background Paper) -This background paper is part of a major assessment on the effects of new information technologies on research and development, requested by the House Committee on Science, Space and technology, and the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. A nation-wide web of high speed data networks linking high performance computers with a wide variety of information technologies and services is critical to U.S. research and development. This web, referred to by some as the "National Research Education Network," will be built and operated piecemeal by many different private and public sector organizations. Immediate federal action is needed to integrate these networking efforts, and to develop the higher performance technologies that are needed by researchers, according to this report. This publication offers mid-course observations on the issues and their implications for current discussions about federal supercomputer initiatives and a national data communication network. Project Director: Rick Weingarten, 228-6766 (Published 10/89) THE CONTAINMENT OF UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS -(Special Report) -At the request of the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs and Senator Orrin G. Hatch, OTA undertook an assessment of the containment and monitoring practices of the nuclear testing program. This special report reviews the safety of the nuclear testing program and assesses the technical procedures used to test nuclear weapons and ensure that radioactive material produced by test explosions remains contained underground. An overall evaluation considers the acceptability of the remaining risk and discusses reasons for the lack of public confidence. Project Director: Greg E. van der Vink, 228-6420 (published 10/89)

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-9-LINKING FOR LEARNING: A NEW COURSE FOR EDUCATIOil -(Special Report) -New curriculum requirements, shortages of qualified teachers in some subjects, sparse student enrollmen~ in some regions, and rising costs for educational services c~ntribute to an increasing need for effective methods for providing instruction. At the same time, advances in telecommunications and computer technology are making it possible to combine and transmit video images, sound, and data, enabling teachers and students to overcome physical and geographic limitations. These systems can broaden the variety and range of instructional programs available to students in remote locations, distribute educational resources more evenly among students, and provide improved teacher development opportunities. Although telecommunications technologies are already being used extensively for education and training in higher education and business, distance learning projects at the K-12 level currently reach only a small proportion of students and cover limited curricula .. Learning opportunities could be expanded to include remote learners of all types, both in the K-12 classroom and in the home. The study covers: 1) various technological options, and their costs, effectiveness, and trade-offs in the K-12 school setting; 2) distance delivery systems in terms of financing and organizational arrangements, curriculum, teacher certification, student evaluation, new roles for teachers and students, and altering traditional boundaries; and 3) possible changes in Federal, State, and local roles and policies leading to better use of technology for distance learning. Requesters: Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources Hon. Edward M. Kennedy, Chairman Hon. Orrin G. Hatch, Ranking Minority Member Hon. Claiborne Pell Hon. Robert T. Stafford House Committee on Education and Labor Hon. Augustus F. Hawkins, Chairman Project Director: Linda Roberts, 228-6936 (published 11/89)

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10-RURAL EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES -(Special Report) This report is the second paper prepared in connection with the Rural Health Care assessment. The paper ftnds that many State EMS systems are fragmented and lacking res~urces to remedy EMS problems in rural areas. Many rural EMS programs lack specialized EMS providers, have inadequate EMS transportation and communication equipment, and are not part of a planned regional EMS system. The report describes the availability and distribution of emergency medical services (EMS) resources (e.g., personnel, transportation, facilities) and examines how limited Federal resources can be used to improve rural EMS. In addition, the report discusses how Federal EMS resources might be targeted to States' rural areas. Project Director: Elaine Power, 228-6590 (published 11/89) ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES (Update) -Administrative Report OTA Staff Papers or Letter Memoranda Date 10/02/89 12/15/89 Subject Federal Scientific and Technical Information: Opportunities and Challenges (Staff Paper) U.S. Manufacturing: Problems and Opportunities in Defense and Commercial Industries (Staff Paper) (published 12/89) Description Prepared by CIT Program at the request of House Committee on Science, Space and Technology Utilizing past and ongoing work in ITE program, the paper provides an analysis of U.S. problems, opportunities,and policies in manufacturing.

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-11-I. B. Testimony DatE. 10/12/89 10/17/89 10/19/89 10/31/89 10/31/89 11/7 /89 12/7/89 Committee Subcommittee on Science, Research and Technology, House Committee on Science, Space and Technology Senate Committee on Energy and and Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy and Power, House Committee on Energy. and Power Subcommittee on Science, Research and Technology, House Committee on Science, Space and Technology Subcommittee on Investigation and and Oversight, House Committee on Public Works and Transportation Subcommittee on Environment, Energy and Natural Resources, House Committee on Government Operation Subcommittee on Health and Environment, House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subject/Person Testifying Federal Scientific and Technical Information Policy (Fred Wood) Methanol as a Transportation Fuel (Robert Friedman and Steve Plotkin) Use of Alternative Transportation Fuels as a Clean Air Strategy (Robert Friedman and Steve Plotkin) Science and Mathematics Education and Literacy: New Tools for Teaching and Learning (Linda Roberts) Release of OTA's Report "Coming Clean: Superfund Problems Can Be Solved" (Joel Hirschhorn) Superfund Implementation and the States (Joel Hirschhorn) Cost-Effectiveness of Cholesterol Screening in the Elderly (Judy Wagner)

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I. C. -12-Other Communication with Congress 1. Formal Briefings, Presentations, Workshops (With Committee Staffs) COMMITTEES OF THE SENATE Finance and Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs o Technology and American manufacturing findings, policy options, and delivery COMMITTEES OF THE HOUSE Task Force on Trade and Competitiveness o U.S. policy and efforts in the technology industry Science, Space and Technology Subcommittee on Science, Space and Technology o Scientific and Technical Information Policy 2. Other Major Issues Being Tracked In addition to briefings and presentations, informal discussions take place continually, as requested by Members and staff. OTA staff members give updates on ongoing work and provide information that Members and Committees may need relative to legislation pending or under consideration or for hearings and related testimony. Energy and Materials Program Alternative Fuels Alternatives to CAFE Automobile Fuel Economy Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields Data on Housing Economic Statistics Economic Trends -Recession Electric Power Deregulation Electric Power Generating Technologies Electric Power Industry Competition Energy Efficiency Energy in Less Developed Countries Energy System Vulnerability Energy Use Ethanol Frequency Fields Health Effects of Electric Magnetic Fields

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Interest Payments on the Debt Mineral Royalties Power Renewable Energy Tax Credit Superconductors -13-Industry, Technology and Employment Program DoD Procurement Cooperation Financial Environment and Manufacturing Technology HDTV Manufacturing Technology Super fund Superfund Site in Illinois Technology Policy Technology Transfer to Small Business The Brio Superfund Site Waste Reduction What is a U.S. Company? Worker Training Project Workpl~ce Literacy Programs Workpiace Training International Security and Commerce Program Advanced Space Transportation Arms Control Verification Technologies Defense Co-operation Defense Collaboration Defense Technology Base Future of Defense Commands Biological Applications Program Biotechnology Issues Deliberate Release/Waste Management Eligibility Criteria for Long-Term Care Services Forensics Genetic Testing Genome/Infertility Methods of Linking people with Dementia to Appropriate Services Nursing Home Care for People with Dementia Prenatal Genetic Screening Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis Use of Life Sustaining Medical Technologies for Elderly People Use of Restraints in Nursing Homes

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-14Food and Renewable Resources Program Agricultural Co-ops Bovine Growth Hormone Capitol Gains & Timber Tax Development Fund for Africa Durham Wheat Issue: Sales & Export Economic impacts of designating Spotted Owls as an Endangered Species Financial Statement Audit of Food & Nutrition Service Forest Service Planning Hunger Prevention Act of 1983 Internal Control Review of ASCS on Loan Applications 1990 Farm Bill Reforestation and Timber Supply Sustainability of U.S. Forests under current USFS Management USDA's Commodity Forecast Health Program AIDS Research Breast Cancer Screening Causes of Drug Abuse Cervical Cancer Cholesterol Screening Dental Services and Medicaid Children Drug Abuse Prevention Effectiveness Research Elderly Mental Health Legalization of Drugs Mammography and Breast Physical Examination Medicare Drug Payment Payment for End-Stage Renal Disease Physician Payment Review Commission Oversight Prescription Drug and Medicaid Prescription Drug Reimbursement Prospective Payment Assessment Commission Oversight Quality Assessment Rural Area Hospital Care Technology Assessment Transplantation Guidelines Communications and Information Technologies Program Computer Software and Intellectual Property Earth/Space Sciences Databases Federal Procurement of Software Systems Government Printing Office Home Taping

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-15-National Technical Information Service Networks NTIA Paperwork Reduction Act Amendments Rural Telecommunications Scientific and Technical Information Securities Market Study Social Security Check Processing Supercomputers Viruses Security Oceans and Environment Program Acid Rain Antarctica Drug Interdiction Global Warming Low-Level Radioactive Waste Maritime Research Mixed Waste Newsprint Recycling Credits Nuclear Waste Oil Spills Packaging Tax Legislation Recycling Shipbuilding Tanker Safety Urban Ozone Science, Education and Transportation Program Basic Research Changes in Vocational Educational Reauthorization Department of Energy Education Effort Distance Education Peer Review Plans for Forum on Alternatives to Standardized Tests in Chapter 1 Programs Power On! Report Public Education Public Works Financing and Management Public Works Programs Abroad (Europe and Japan) Rural Star Schools Bill Science Education Science Policy Funding Decisions Technology Use for Literacy and other Educational Needs

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ASSESSMENTS IN PROGRESS, December 31, 1989: BUDGET AND SCHEDULE 1990--------------------------------------------------------------, Current Projected Date For Delivery To TAB _____ ,!Mf f@ !1AR afR MY JUN JUL t.!JQ SEP .illiL NOV DEC ENERGY, MATERIALS, AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY Energy and Materials 1121 Technological Risks and Opportunities for Future U.S. Energy Supply and Demand ....................................................... X 1125 Energy System Vulnerability .............................................. X 1126 New Energy Technologies and Developing Countries ............................................................................. (Feb. 1991) Industry, Technology, and Employment 1213 Technology, Innovation, and U.S. Trade ............................. X 1215 Training in the Workplace: Implications for U.S. Competitiveness .......................... X 1216 Europe 1992(expansion of cost code 1213) ....................................................................................... X International Security and Commerce Access to Space ................................................... X 1312 1315 1316 1317 Technologies for Verification of a START Agreement ........................................................................... (Jan. 1991) International Collaboration in Defense Technologies .......................................................................... (Mar. 1991) Use of Technology in Countering Terrorism ......... .................................................................................. X HEALTH AND LIFE SCIENCES 2114 2115 2116 2117 2203 2219 2222 2224 2225 2226 2228 2229 2231 2315 2316 2318 2319 3121 3122 3123 3216 3218 3219 Food and Renewable Resources Beneath the bottom line: Agricultural Approaches to Reduce Agrichemical Contamination of Groundwater ..................................... X U.S. Universities and Development Assistance ...................... X Emerging Agricultural Technology: Issues for the 1990' s ........................................................... X Renewable Resource Planning Technologies for Public Land Use ................................................................. (Jan. 1991) Health Monitoring of Mandated Veteran Studies ................................................................................. (indeterminate) Unconventional Cancer Treatment .................................... X Drug Labeling in Developing Countries ........................................ X Preventive Health Services under Medicare ......................... X Adolescent Health ................................................................... X Rural Health Care ............................................................ X Medicare's R,. Drug Benefit .................................................................................................. (Jan. 1991) Federal Response to AID' s: Congressional Issues ....................................................................... (indeterminate) Government Policies and Pharmaceutical R&D ................................................................................... (May 1991) Biological Applications New Developments in Neuroscience ..................................................................... X Genetic Testing in the Workplace ......................................................... X Biotechnology in a Global Economy .................................................................... : ........................ X *Policy Issues in the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis ................................... X SCIENCE, INFORMATION, AND NATURAL RESOURCES Communication and Information Technologies Securities Markets and Information Technology ................................ X Information Technology and Research ................................................ X Information Age Technology and Rural Economic Development ......................................................... X Oceans and Environment Program Climate Change: Ozone Depletion and the Green House Effect .................. X Cleaning Up the Nation's Defense Nuclear Waste .............................................................................. (Jan. 1991) Medical Waste and Other "Non-Hazardous" Soli~ Waste Issues ...................................... X Science, Education, and Transportation 3310 Infrastructure Technologies: Rebuilding the Foundations ....................................... X 3313 *Basic Research for the 1990' s ............................................................................................... (Feb. 1991) __L_,:,~ts,.an=d.._s __ TAB OTA % f.rtl.. Yu.L.. 353 281 755 850 596 260 1,035 778 759 534 370 155.5 412 486 88 523 490 310 501 481 653 280 547 690 420 571 422 686 564 447 285 915 135 1,085 419 353 281 755 972 640 260 1,035 778 759 534 370 155.5 412 486 26 557 490 310 558 481 653 280 547 690 420 571 422 642 550 447 323 915 135 1055 419 +14.4 + 7.4 -N/A+ 6.5 +11.3 -6.4 -2.5 +13.3 -2.8 TAB App. -TAB approved budget estimates; OTA Proj. -OTA projected budget as of 12/31/89; X Var. -Percent variance of projected cost. *Approved by TAB mail ballot 11/30/89

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-16 -I. D. LIST OF CURRENT OTA ASSESSMENTS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1989 For further information please call OTA's Office of Congressional Affairs -4-9241 .. Estimated Cost delivery to Project Director/ code Project title TAB tor review contact ENERGY, MATERIALS, AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY DIVISION Enenn and Materials Pl"agram: Peter Blair, PnHJram Manaaer, 1-8271 1121 Technological nskS and opportunities tor future U.S. energy supply and demand ............. Feb. 1990 1123 High-temperature superconductivity in perspective (in press) . ........................ Delivered 1125 Energy system vulnerability ............................................................ Feb. 1990 1126 New energy technologies and developing countries ....................................... Feb. 1991 lndlllll'Y, Tecllnolau, and Emptayment Pl"agram: Aid"' Buyn1, Pl"agram Manager, 1-1341 1213 Technology, innovation, and U.S. trade .................................................. Jan. 1990 Trade adjustment assistance: new ideas for an old program (special report) (published 6187) Paying the bill: manufacturing and America's trade deficit (Special report) (published 6188) Technology transfer to the United States: the MIT Japan science and technology program (back. pac,er) (published 4189) 1215 Training in the workplace: implications for U.S competitiveness ............................ May 1990 1216 Europe 1992 (expansion of cost code 1213) ............................................. Nov. 1990 lnllfflltiont Secarity and Ca1111111rn Pl"agram: Alan Slllw, Pl"agram Manager, l-6M2 1312 Advanced space transportatton technologies ............................................. Jan. 1990 Reducing launch operations costs: new technologies and practices (tech. memo) (published 9/88) uunch options for the future: buyer's guide (special repart) (published 7/88) Big dumb booster: A low-cost. space transpartation option? (back. paper) (published 2/89) Round-tnp to orbit: alternatives for human spaceflight (special report) (published 8189) Affordable spacecraft: design and launch alternatives (back. paper) (in press) 1313 Holding the edge: maintaining the defense technology base (published 5/89) ............... Vol. 2: Appendices (in press) The defense technology base: introduction & overview (special repart) (published 3/88) 1315 Technologies for START agreement ..................................................... Jan. 1991 1316 International collaboration 10 defense technologies ........................................ Mar. 1991 International collaboration in defense technology: issues and implications (special report) .. Apr. 1990 1317 Use of technology in countering terrorism ............................................... Dec. 1990 The use of technology in countarterrorism (special report) ............................ Mar. 1990 HEAIJ1t AND LIFE SCIENCES DIVISION Food 1111 Rlnwllllt Raa111111 ,.,..,.m: Wltllr Plram, Ptagra Ma111g1r, HIZI 2114 Beneath the bottom line: agncultural approaches to reduce agrichemical contamination of oroundWater .................................................... Jan. 1990 2115 U.S. universities and development assiS1anee: technical support for agriculture, natural resources, and environment ................................................... Jan. 1990 2116 Emerging agricultural technology: issues for the 1990's ................................... Sept. 1990 2117 Renewable resource planning technologies for public land use Jan. 1991 Resource Planning Act: An RPA analysis (special report) ................................ Mar. 1990 Hallll Pl"agram: clydt Behney, PnHJram Manlgll', l-llilll 2203 Monitoring of mandated veteran studies (mandated ongoing activities) ...................... Indeterminate 2219 Unconventional cancer treatments ...................................................... Jan. 1990 Immune-augmentative therapy (case study) (Dec. 1989) 2222 Drug labeling 1n developing countries-phase I (published 12/88) ......................... Drug labeling in developing countries-phaSe II .......................................... Mar. 1990 2224 Preventive health services under Medicare: ............................................. Screening for open-angle glaucoma in the elderly (staff paper) (published 10/88) Use of preventive seMces (staff paper) (published 2/89) Cholesterol screening for the elderly (staff paper) (published 4189) Colorectal cancer screening (staff pac,er) (Jan. 1990) Cervical cancer screening (staff paper) (Jan. 1990) 2225 Adolescent health ..................................................................... Apr. 1990 Indian adotescent mental health (special repart) (in press) .............................. Delivered Health insurance for adolescents (staff pac,er) (published 8/89) 2226 Rural health care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jan 1990 Defining ;uraJ" areas: impact on health care policy and research (Staff paper) (published 5/89) . . . . . . . . . . .......... Rural emergency medical services (published 12/89) .................................. 2228 Medicares 81 drug benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ Jan. 1991 Recombinant erythropoietln: Payment options for Medicare ( case study) ( May 1990) 2229 Federal response to AIDS. congressional issues .......................................... Indeterminate Do insects transmit AIDS? (staff paper) (published 9187) .............................. AIDS and health insurance: an OTA survey (staff paper) (published 2/88) ................ How effective is AIDS education? (staff paper) (publisned 6/88) ........................ Impact of AIDS on the Northern California Region of Kaiser Permanente (staff paper) (puolished 7188) ..................................................... The effectiveness of treating drug addiction and the spread of AIDS mus l staff paper) ( summer 1990) NOTE OIINlflblll WIIII di-. in parlfltllllN do nol IIQUlrt fonnal ,_, e111r;1ry, 111e e1a 1nc11Ca111111 esam-dllriery af final draft to 1l1e OTA O,rec1or. Steve Plotkin Greg Eynng Alan Crane Joy Dunkerly Julie Gorte Wendell Fletcher Julie Gorte Ray Williamson Alan Shaw Tom Karas William Keller Tony Fainberg AHson Hess Ted MacDonald Mike Phillips Ross Gorte Hellen Gelband Hellen Gelband Hellen Gelband Judy wagner Denise Dougherty Elaine Power Mana Hewitt Mana Hewitt Jane Sisk Jane Sisk Jane Sisk Jill Eden Jane Sisk JIii Eden Phone No. 8-6275 8-6270 8-6427 8-6267 8-6354 8-6352 8 8-6448 8-6443 8-6430 8-6434 8-6429 8-6516 8 8-6521 8-6525 8-6590 8-6590 8-6590 8-6590 8-6590 8-6590 8-6590 8-6590 8-6590 8-6590 8 8-6590 8 8-6590

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-17 Ulldall on the costs of AIDS and other HIV dlsmes (S1aff paper) (Feb. 1990) 2231 Gowirnment policies and pharmaceutlcal R&D ........................................... May 1991 11 ....... 1 =illlloll Pragmn: RDlll'Hlnllnl Pnlgram MIIIII', 1-IIOO 2314 Co minds, burdened families: helping peof;ie find care for those with Alzheimer's and o1her dementias (In press) .................................................... Delivered 2315 New developmenlS in neuroscience ..................................................... July 1990 Neurotoxic substances: identlflcation and ~latlon (special report) (in press) .......... Delivered Neural grafts (special report) ........................................................ June 1990 Biological rhythms and shift work (special r"PGrt) ..................................... Sept. 1990 2316 Genetic testing in the worlq)lact ........................................................ May 1990 2317 Genetic Witness: Forensic uses of DNA tests (ir. press) ........................ Delivered 2318 Blo18Chnotogy in a global economy ..................................................... Nov. 1990 Government POiicies for biotechnology (specill report) ................................. Set>t 1990 Commercial in18gratlon (special report) ................................................ Nov. 1990 2319 Polley issues in the prevention and tnatment of osteoporoslS .............. June 1990 SCIENCE. INFORMAllON, AND M'URAL RESOURCES DMSION can 1 11111111N 1at1 lttllnttilllllt T Pngram: Jim c.tta, ""'8 .. ....,. H7III 3116 Crtttc:al comecllons: communicallon for the future (In press) .............................. Delivered 3121 Securities mark81s and Information technolOgy ........................ ; .................. Mar. 1990 3122 Information technology and research .................................................... /tfK. 1990 High petformance computing and natwortdng for science (back. paper) (published. !1189) 3123 Information age IIChnology and rural economic dMlopment ................. Sept. 1990 DIii 1at1 Enil'Hlltllll Program: au NI...., Program .. ....,, .... 3216 Climate change: ozone deolttlon and the greenllOuse effict ................................ Mar. 1990 An analysis of the Montreal Protocol on substances ttat deplete ozone layer (staff paper) (published 12188) 3218 Cleaning up the Nation's defense nucllar waste .......................................... Jan. 1991 3219 Medical waste and od'ler "non-hazardous solid waste issues .............................. June 1990 Sci1111. EdttaU11, and Trallllllfllliln ~m: Nncy ca1111, Pnlgl'lllt M111ger, Hl2II 331 O lntrastructure tectlnologllS: rebu11d1ng the foundations ............................... June 1990 State and local proorams tor financing and managing infrastructure (special report) (in press) .................................................... Delivered Advanced vehicltlhighway systems and urban traffic problems (staff paper) (published 9189) 3313 Basic research tor the 19905 ........................................................... Feb. 1991 SPECIAL RESPONSES DllillaltA 1271 The big picture: high resolution for HDJV (back. paper) (Jan. 1990) ...................... 1368 Soace debris: a lhrlat to sc,ace c,peratlons (tleh. memo) (Jan. 1990) ...................... 1482 TechnokJOies for Improving minlrals royally management (staff paper) (Jan. 1990) 1483 Changing energy struc1Ur1 of the U.S. economy (back. paper) (Jan. 1990) ................. 1487 Non-flrrous metals: competitive SlraltlGies (back. paper) (Jan. 1990) ...................... 1489 Au1Dmotlw fuel efflcilncy (1111:k. paper) (Jan. 1990) ................................... DMlilttl 2172 A plague of locusts (tleh. memo) (Jan. 1990) ........................................... 2212 Pros~ Payment Assessment Commission (mandated ongoing activity) ................ 2218 Physician Payment Review Commission (mandated ongoing activity) ...................... 2227 R1 Payment Drug Review Commission (mandated ongoing activity) ....................... 2389 Federal policy issues in d1e division and regulation of special care units for persons with dementia (back. paper) (Apr. 1990) .................................................. 2485 Technological oppartunilies to enhance domestic and foreign demand for U.S. agricullural produCIS (staff paper) (Jan. 1990) ................................................... 2599 Children's dental services under the Medicaid prog11111 (S1aff paper) (Jan. 1990) ............ Di1iliatt C 3393 Pre-employment in18grity testing (back. paper) (Jan. 1990) ............................... 3487 Software issues (s1aff paper) (Jan. 1990) ............................................... 3599 An analySis of oll spill respanse (tech. memo) (Jan. 1990) ................................ 3882 Rauthorizatlon of the Clean Air Act comparison of altlmatlw fuels provlSions of pending dean air bills (staff paper) (published 9189) ............................... Acid rain control: analysis of new proposals (S1aff paper) (Jan. 1990) .. Judy Wigner 8-6590 Katie Maslow 8-6688 Mark Schaefer 8-6689 David LiskOwsky 8-6676 David Uskowsky 8-6676 Margaret Anderson 8-6695 Robyn Nlshimi 8-6690 Kevin O'Connor 8-6692 Kevin O'Connor 8-6692 Rand Snell 8-6670 Katie MasloW 8-6688 Linda Garcia 8-6n4 Va,yCoates 8-6772 Rick Weingarten 8-6766 Linda Garcia s-an4 Rosina Bierbaum 8-6845 Peter Johnson 8-6862 Kathryn Wigner 8-6854 Edith Page 8-6939 Daryl Chubin 8-6933 Audrey Buym 8-6348 Jim Curlin 8-6787 Ray WIiiiamson 8-6448 Jenifer Robison 8-6279 AndyWyctcoff 8-6289 John Newman 8-6273 Stew Plotkin 8-6275 Phylffs Windle 8-6533 Elaine Power 8-6590 Gloria Ruby 8-6590 Jane Sisk 8-6590 Katie Maslow 8-6689 Mariewatsh 8-6520 Pam Simerly 8-6590 Nancycarson 8-6920 Joan Winston 8-6760 Peter Jonnson 8-6832 Robert Friedman 8-6855

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-18-I. E. First Quarter 1990: Legislation Assigning Responsibilities to OTA H.R. 1011 Latest action: Received in the Senate November 15, 1989 "To provide for the establishment of the National Commission on Wildfire Disasters, to provide for increased planning and cooperation with local firefighting forces in the even of forest fires, and for other purposes." Orders OTA to assist the Commission however possible. H.R. 1746 Latest action: additional sponsors added October 16, 1989 "To promote the conservation and enhancement of wetlands and to offset or prevent the loss of wetlands." Would require OTA to conduct a study of: 1) all incentives under law for the protection and management of wetlands; 2) modifications to law that might improve their effectiveness; and 3) ways the federal government could encourage State and local incentives for wetlands protections. The report would be due one year from enactment. S. 933 Latest action: Ordered to be printed as passed October 16, 1989 "To establish a clear and comprehensive prohibition of discrimination on the basis of disability." Would require OTA to undertake a study of the access needs of individuals with disabilities to over-the-road buses. The bill prescribes the types of advisers to be appointed to guide the study and sets a deadline for completion of 3 years from enactment. S. 1109 Latest action: Placed on calendar under general orders. "To amend the Carl D. Perkins Vocational Education Act to extend the authorities contained in such Act through the fiscal year 1995." Establishes a National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee and requires OTA to conduct an independent evaluation of the validity, fairness, accuracy, and utility of the Committee's annual compilation of data regarding educational outcomes for applied technology education. S. 1750 Reported October 12, 1989 "To provide for reconciliation pursuant to section 5 of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 1990." Would require OTA to conduct a study and submit a report to Congress no later than January 1, 1991, on the advisability of requiring hospitals and nursing homes receiving payments under title XVIII of the Social Security Act or financial participation under a State plan under title XIX of the Social Security Act to provide items and services necessary to allow closed captioning for televisions in such hospitals or facilities.

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-19-CITATIONS OF OTA'S WORK H.R. 1465 Latest action: Senate appointed conferees on November 21, 1989. "To establish limitations on liability for damages resulting from oil pollution, to establish a fund for the payment of compensation for such damages, and for other purposes." Orders the Coast Guard to review and incorporate the results of past studies of OTA in its study of whether existing laws and regulations are adequate to ensure the safe navigation of vessels transporting oil and hazardous substances on the navigable waters and the exclusive economic zone. H.R. 2459 Latest action: Signed by the President December 12, 1989 "To authorize appropriations for the Coast Guard for fiscal year 1990, and for other purposes." Orders the Secretary of Transportation to refer to OTA's past work in a study evaluating double hulls and double bottoms for tankers. H.R. 3394 Latest action: Introduced October 3, 1989 "To provide for a comprehensive compensation and liability scheme for discharges of oil, and for other purposes." Orders the Coast Guard to review and incorporate the results of past studies of OTA in its study of whether existing laws and regulations are adequate to ensure the safe navigation of vessels transporting oil and hazardous substances on the navigable waters and the exclusive economic zone. H.R. 3520 Latest action: Introduced October 25, 1989. "To amend the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act to authorize appropriations for fiscal years 1990 and 1991, to provide for greater consistency in laws and regulations governing the transportation of hazardous materials in intrastate, interstate, and foreign commerce, and for other purposes." Finds that "the Office of Technology Assessment has estimated that approximately 1,500,000 emergency response personnel need better basic or advanced training for responding to the unintentional release of hazardous materials at fixed facilities and in transportation."

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-20-I. F. New Assessments Approved During the Quarter Approved by TAB mail ballot, 11/30/89 Policy Issues in the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis Basic Research for the 1990's

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Publication Briefs

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e OTA Report Brief October 1989 Coming Clean: Superfund Problems Can Be Solved ... Superfund started out in 1980 as a short-term crash cleanup effort. By 1985, when Congress de bated reauthorizing Superfund for a second 5 years, it had become controversial and confrontational. It has remained so. Superfund still lacks: 1. a carefully crafted strategy with implementa tion policies to spell out environmental priori ties and goals; 2. an effective partnership among government, site communities, and private sector parties responsible for cleanup; and 3. a unified national infrastructure of education, training, databases, research, and development. Superfund has not yet achieved a good balance between protection of public health and environment and constraints of information, technology, time, and money. Unless serious consideration is soon given to making fundamental changes in the structure and policies of the Superfund program, OTA' s assess ment is that significant risks to public health and environment will remain poorly managed, public expectations will remain unmet, and public confi dence will worsen. Fme-h.ming or incremental changes are feasible and necessary too, but they alone will probably not suffice. Reducing excessive flexibility in implementation is critical to reducing the constant confrontation among nearly everyone affected by and working in Superfund. OTA calls the current adversarial condi tion the Superfund syndrome. Public fears of toxic waste and toxic chemicals set high expectations for Superfund; site communities perceive substantial risks to their health and environment and they want effective and stringent cleanups from the Environ mental Protection Agency (EPA), regardless of cost; but communities have experienced slow, incom plete, and uncertain cleanups. EPA tries to limit fund-financed cleanups by getting parties held liable for sites to voluntarily pay for cleanups. However, responsible parties often believe that their liabilities are largely unfair, that risks are not as bad as communities think they are, that cleanup objectives are unnecessarily stringent, and, therefore, that they must work hard to minimize their cleanup costs. Unless everyone breaks out of the Superfund syn drome, most cleanups will seem to do too little or too much. Billions more dollars will be spent. Hardly anyone will be satisfied. Hardly anyone will feel treated fairly. Hardly anyone will seem in control. OTA finds that Superfund's environmental mission is being undermined because of inefficient spending. OTA estimates that between 50 and 70 percent of spending by government and industry is inefficient because: 1. about 50 percent of cleanups address specula tive future risks which preempts spending to identify and reduce current risks at many other sites; 2. about 75 percent of cleanups are unlikely to work over the long term; and 3. there are many unnecessarily high or avoidable administrative, study, and transaction (negoti ation and litigation) costs. A central conclusion of OTA's 1985 report Superfund Strategy was the critical need for taking faster, but limited, actions at all sites nationwide to reduce immediate threats and reduce the spread of contam ination. Today, the critical question is: Which expen sive final cleanups are truly necessary now? The distinction between significant, current threats v. speculative, potential ones could be used to answer this tough question. Prudent use of the currentfuture risk distinction could get more sites into and through the system faster, at least through site stabilization to reduce current risks. Even if permanent cleanups waited at sites where only future risks existed, risks would be reduced more rapidly for more people with this distinction. The tension between obtaining more cleanups and industry's inter~t in minimizing costs has not been resolved satisfactorily. Allowing responsible parties to conduct site investigations and feasibility studies, which guide cleanup decisions, poses a conflict of interest between minimizing costs and assuring effective protection; it gives an advantage to responsible parties over communities. Superfund site communities want as much influence as the companies found liable for cleanup costs. Responsi ble parties are paying for over 50 percent of site The Office of Technology Assessment (OfA) is an analytical arm of the U.S. Congress. OfA' s basic function is to help legislators anticipate and plan for the positive and negative impacts of technological changes. Address: OfA, U.S. Congress, Washington, OC 2051o-8025. Phone 202/224-8996. John H. Gibbons, Director.

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studies and cleanups through .roluntary or negotiated settlements; EPA wants tu inaease this contri bution. OTA' s analysis shows. -dtough, that many of those cleanups are less stringent than governmentpaid ones. In fiscal year 1588, for example, 75 percent of remedies based on land disposal were for enforcement Records of Ded!ion (RODs) which are likely to lead to responsiblt party cleanups; 78 percent of remedies based on waste destruction technology were for fund ROD,, which are likely to lead to fund-financed cleanupP. These and other OTA findings show a pattem ot EPA selecting le18 stringent cleanup technologies to obtain vollllltary or negotiated settlements with responsible parties. Exc:eNively flexible government polides and rules allow significantly different cleanups at similar sites. But an affected community cares more about getting effective cleanups than whether the govern ment or responsible parties pay. The task facing Superfund is formidable cleaning up over 1,200 toxic: waste sites currently on the NPL as well as another 900 sites (EPA' s estimate) to 9,000 sites (OTA' s estimate) which could be added over the next 10 years-especially in light of tight Federal budgets and shortages of technologies and experienced workers. Fortunately, though. opportunities exist for making both the strategic and incre mental changes in the program that would allow it STRATEGIC NTIATIVES OPT10NS s.tllngCIMnup l'rlotttla Md 0.. 1. Set Prtortttea an Balis of Currant or Future Rlaka 2. EstllDllsh a Federal Site Dlacovery Program 3. UN EmrironffWIUII Critaria to Ellnin8le Sit 81 PA and SI ScraenlligStagae 4. Remove Range of Accapt&Dle Riek ObjeCllvea 5. Estaollah National Minimum Cleanup Standards 6. Define and Umtt Meaning of Permanent Cleanup a..,,,..... ---Md 'Rlchnoloflla 7. Raduca 01pe11dl11cy on CanbaclDrS, Expa,d EPA \""1cfarce 8. Establisf, a Hierarchy of Cleanup Tectlnologies and Methods 9. R8811"ict Use of Gtoundwater Cleanup Technology 1 o. Establish Generic Sita Assistance Program, lneludlng Expert Systems 11. Establish Technologies Assistance Program 12. Beller Define Mlasion of SITE Technology OemonSlrallon Program '""""Wltfl GowmmMt .......,,_., 13. Use Generic Sita Clauiflcallon 14. Limit R-.,onsibl8 Parties to t~allon of Remedies 15. Reexamine Financing and Entorcament of Liabllltlas to lmpn,va Environmental Perfonnanca 18. Strengthen EPA Headquarters Direction and Oversight of Regional Implementation 17. Commit to a Permanent Suparfund Program 18. Establish an All Inclusive List of Cleanup Sites in the United Stales 19. Begin Examination of Moving Superfund Implementation Outside of EPA to fulfill its mission. Making Superfund a -permanent program would be a logical first step in this effort because achieving complete, rapid, and permanent cleanups everywhere in a decade or two is impossi ble. Over many decades, spending by all parties on cleaning up toxic waste sites could total $500 billion, unless there are major technological innovations that bring the costs of permanent remedies down. The report discusses 38 policy options that, separately or in combination, Congress may wish to consider to improve the Superfund program. There are many options because the problems identified by OTA in Superfund implementation are numerous and complex. The 38 policy options have been divided into two categories: strategic initiatir,es, which would be major new directions in the program, any significant number of which would result in program restructuring; and program changes, which are more modest in scope and which could be integrated into the existing program. Copus of the OTA rq,ort, "Coming Clean: Superfund Problems Can Be Solr,ed ... ," art llfHlilable from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. GO'oemment Printing Office, v\bshington, DC 20402-9325 (202) 783-3238. The GPO stock number is 052-003--01166-2; the price is $10.00. Copies of the rq,ort for congrnaimu&l 11 are awilable i1y calling 4-9241. PROGRAM CHANGES OPTIONS s.tllng CIMnup l'rlotttla Md Goals 20. Use Hazard Ranking System in More Umited way 21. Raaa.. and Limit Use of Indicator Chamlcall for Sita SIUdlN. Risk Alln1mema 22. Clarify and Slrangthen Cost-Effecdvenass Requirement for Remedy Selactlon, Reject U of Coat-Benefit Analysis 23. Beller Integrate Community Perspecitve Into Enforcement Sita Decisions Dneloplng ~--"lkhnol,... 24. Make Sita Managers Responsible for Sites From the FrontEnd of the Program Through Final Disposition 25. Establish Program for Certified Public Environmental Audi tors 28. Slrengthen Effort to Offset Current I.imitations of the Govern ment and Contra:tor WOrtcforca 'Z1. Estaollah a Bureau of Mines Suparfund Support Program 28. Establish a Suparfund Support Program at the U.S. Geotogi-ca Sur,ey 29. lnc:reaae R&D Spending. With Focus on Groundwater Cleanup """'"""" .,.,.,,.,,.,,, 30. Combine Preliminary Asseslment. Sita Inspection, HRS SCoring, and Remedial Investigation Phases into Single Site Evaluation Program 31. Combine Removal and Remedial Programs Into Single Site Cleanup Program 32. Reexamine C'-lrrent Statutorily Required Program Perform ance Schedules 33. For Records of Decision, Require a Statement of Inconsis tency for Selected Remedy 34. Reduce Need for Fonnal Regulatory Compliance for Onsite Cleanup 35. Establish a Formal Evaluation Program for Completed Site Cleanups and LonQ Term Ones in Progrll8 38. Establish Formal Measures of the Program's Environmamal Progress 37. Address Conflicts of Interest Associated With Technology Selection 38. Reauthorize Superfund tor 1 o Years

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t) OTA Report Brief October 1989 Copyright and Home Copying: Technology Challenges the Law According to an OTA survey, 40 percent of a nationally representative sample of Americans over 10 years of age had taped recorded music in the past year. Since home-audiotaping equipment has been avail able for over 20 years, the perception that individuals have a "right" to copy music for personal use has become firmly rooted in public attitudes. At the same time, copyright holders for music and sound recordings believe home audiotaping cuts into sales of prerecorded music (and payments to performing artists) and reduces royalty payments to songwriters and music publishers. They are asking Congress to help them assert control over home copying. The current legal status of home copying is ambiguous, and policymakers face the task of reconciling copyright law with the capabilities of new technologies. Technological developments have changed the nature and extent of uses of copy righted material-including copying. Technology also makes it easier for copyright holders to prevent home copying, or to receive payment for it. Theadventofdigitalaudiotape(DAT)anderasable/ recordable compact discs has created tensions between copyright holders and electronics manufac turers. Copyright holders-recording companies, songwriters, and music publishers-fear that con sumer-model digital recorders will increase the extent of home copying, thus displacing sales of recorded music. Yet the OTA survey, conducted in 1988, indicated that while home taping can displace some sales of prerecorded products, it can also stimulate sales. Also, for conventional analog re cording, advanced features do not seem to have a dramatic effect on copying behavior. For instance, roughly similar proportions of people with many homemade tapes, or with few, or even none, seemed to own dual-cassette and high-speed-dubbing re corders. Thus, there is reason to doubt that "perfect" digital copies made with DAT recorders will inevita bly lead to a significant change in copying behavior. Congress is being asked to define the proper boundary between the rights of copyright holders and those of users. In doing so, Congress faces a number of complex choices: 1) whether to address home copying at all at this time; 2) if so, whether to address it in a comprehensive or limited fashion; and 3) finally, for each (or any) area of home copying, whether to allow it, foster it, or restrict it For the latter, Congress could choose to treat analog and digital copying, or specific types of copying, differently. To "allow'' home copying would mean stating explicitly that copyright holders' rights do not extend into private use. To "foster" home copying would mean not only allowing it, but also limiting anticopying measures. To "restrict'' home copying would mean stating explicitly that copyright hold ers' rights extend into private use--that home copying is copyright infringement. Also included in such a ~triction could be provisions for legal enforcement of copying bans, mandatory use of copy-protection technologies, and/ or compulsory licenses and fees for home copying. Restrictions on home copying could, however, face resistance from consumers-the OTA survey found that most peo ple strongly oppose home-copying fees or limits on taping through technological means. New uses of technologies and new types of private use can benefit as well as harm various classes of copyright holders and users. Choosing an appropriate balance of harms and benefits is a political decision, not a technical one, and it is a decision in which the public has a stake. Certain technological trends may make an explicit congres sional definition of the legal status of home copying more desirable, in order to reduce legal and market uncertainties and prevent de facto changes to copyright 1) the movement to digital representations of music, video, and other types of entertainment and information; 2) the erosion of boundaries used to categorize works according to their content (e.g., audio, video, computer software) or physical format (e.g., audiotape, videotape, computer disk); 3) the emergence of new means of delivering music, video, and other forms of information and entertainment into the home (e.g., optic fiber cable, pay-per-view and other interactive cable services); and 4) the efforts of some copyright holders (e.g., in sound recordings and motion pictures) to develop and implement technical means for copy-protection. The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) is an analytical arm of the U.S. Congress. OTA's basic function is to help legislators anticipate and _plan for the positive and negative impacts of technological changes. Ad.dress: OTA, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC 20510-8025. Phone 202/224-8996. John H. Gibbons, Director.

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Many of the arguments for and against proposed legislative measures to restrict home taping hinge on surveys and other empirical studies sponsored by firms and industry groups with a financial stake in the outcome. Because of congressional concern about the timeliness, possible bias, and overall suitability of these surveys, OTA developed its 1988 survey to help in considering policy options and analyzing the economic effects of home audiotap ing. OTA' s analyses show that the possible effects of home copying on economic efficiency and on society's economic welfare are complex and ambiguous. Using survey data to estimate the effects of home audiotaping on industry revenues or consumer benefits involves arguable assumptions and approx imations about underlying factors. Some of the most crucial factors are very difficult to measure and several alternative assumptions may be equally plausible-for example, about the extent to which consumers would increase purchases of prerecorded music, if home taping were not possible. Thus, the same survey data can support widely different estimates of industry revenues or consumer bene fits, and more data is unlikely to reduce this uncertainty. The scenario of a hypothetical ban on home audiotaping was used by OTA to examine the economic effects of home taping. In the short term, the analysis showed that today's home audiotaping may reduce recording-industry revenues, but that preventing it would reduce blank-tape industry revenues and would be "harmful" to consumers, resulting in a net loss of benefits to society of billions of dollars. (Consumers value the home-taping op tion and the homemade tapes they make; after a ban not all homemade tapes would be replaced by purchases. The estimated loss of benefits to consum ers is a monetary valuation of their potential loss in satisfaction, without any loss in actual income, after a taping ban.) The longer term consequences of a home audiotaping ban are less clear, and would depend on how recording-industry profits were invested, the effect of those increased revenues on the creation of new works, how recording companies chose to price recordings, what new technologies were introduced, and how consumers' tastes changed. In the long term, the net effects on society's economic welfare might be positive or negative. To the extent that policy formulation is based on short-term economic considerations, net effects should be considered along with the separate effects on individual industries and consumers. It is poten tially misleading to base policy on any estimate of only one of several harms or benefits. Copies of the OTA report, "Copyright and Home Copying: Technology Challenges the Law," are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wlshington, DC 20402-9325 <202) 783-3238. The GPO stock number is 052-003-01169-7; the price is $13.DO. Copies o_f the report for congressional use are ar,aiJable by calling 4-9241. NOTE: The OTA suroey, suroey data, and contractor reports tm llf1tliloble to the public through the National Technical ln{onnation Sffl1ia (NTIS).

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I) OTA Report Brief October 1989 Facing America's Trash: What Next for Municipal Solid Waste? Americans generate more than half a ton of trash (or unicipal solid waste--MSW) per person each year, and immunities are running out of places to put it. At the same ne, no clear national policy addresses this growing problem, utly because Federal attention to MSW lapsed during the ,8Qs. The Nation can remain on this course and continue to face nwing piles of trash, or it can reassess old attitudes about SW and turn in a new direction. Awareness is increasing about the need to generate less MSW ld to better manage what is generated. Many States and immunities, which have primary responsibility for managing SW, and businesses and public interest groups are trying to crease the collection, processing, and marketing of recyclable aterials. Some States are requiring new incinerators and ndfills to use the best available design and pollution control chnologies. The challenges for the Nation are to increase and channel ose activities that focus on managing MSW and to stimulate tanges in the way we make products and generate MSW in the :-st place. The Federal government can help by addressing both ,me immediate problems and the broader issue of how society ;es and disposes of materials and products. Regarding the most pressing problems, the Federal gov nment should complete guidelines for MSW management 1ethods (landfills, incinerators, and recycling facilities); ad ress the related issues of interstate transportation of MSW and 1e need to develop additional capacity to manage it; and rovide better information about technical capabilities, com arative costs, and risks of different management methods. With respect to the broader issue of how the Nation uses 1aterials, we need a national MSW policy based on the dual :rategies of "prevention" and better "materials management." his means considering the entire system that generates 1SW-from extraction of materials to manufacturing, through wsequent distribution, purchase, use, discard, and mangement. MSW prevention includes two types of activities. Manu1cturers can modify the design of products (including but not .mited to packaging) to reduce their toxicity or volume. :onsu.mers can modify their purchasing decisions, for example y buying products that are less toxic, more durable, or more epairable. The extent to which this will occur cannot be 1redicted, but its potential benefits are worth pursuing. To date, .owever, MSW prevention has received very little attention. Even with notable progress in reducing the toxicity and olume of :'.vlSW, we will continue to generate it. Better 'materials management'' of MSW has two aspects. First, ,reduct manufacturing should be coordinated with MSW rumagement, for example by designing products to be recy lable. Second, MSW management should be approached on a naterial-by-material basis, in which discarded materials are ndividually handled according to their physical and chemical :haracteristics. For example, keeping yard wastes separate for :omposting can reduce leachate from landfills and nitrogen Growing Trash Piles and Problems Unless we change, MSW generation will increase, perhaps 20 percent by century's turn. Almost 80 percent of MSW is sent to landfills, but 80 percent of existing permitted landfills are expected to dose within 20 years. Sometimes shipping MSW across State borders is the only choice, even though communities don't want to be dumping grounds for other people's trash. Public opposition to siting new MSW management facili ties of all types stems from past experiences with facilities that performed poorly, concerns over health and envi ronmental risks, and failures of officials to effectivelv involve the public in early decisionmaking stages. Average MSW management costs per person are relatively low, but they are rising, and total costs are causing financial problems for some communities. Recycling rates can be increased, but by how much and at what rate is unclear-recycling is very sensitive to the dynamics of secondary materials markets and the quality of recovered materials. oxide emissions from incinerators; keeping recyclable materials suchas glass separate results in cleaner, more uniform commodities, making them easier to market. In general, local decisionmakers should consider recycling whenever feasible, then look to incineration and eventually landfilling. Any or all of these methods may be viable and complementary in a given situation; the optimum mix will vary from place to place. When choosing methods, comrru,mities need to consider factors such as relative risks, management costs, market conditions for recyclables, and public acceptance of various alternatives-in light of local conditions. Most communities generally do not consider all of these; a national policy based on materials management would encourage more complete evaluation of them. Implementing a national policy based on MSW prevention and materials management requires strong Federal leadership. Congress can provide the basis for such leadership during the reauthoriz.ation of the Resource Conservation and Recoverv Act, the primary Federal authority regarding MSW. Because no single approach or specific combination of them is guaranteed to solve MSW problems, a range of options could enhance the Nation's capability to reduce the toxicity and quantity of MSW and to better manage whatever waste is generated. Without a comprehensive, flexible approach, the Nation will face growing problems with capacity, siting, and costs for MSW management. Copies of the OTA report, "Facing America's Trash: What Next for Municipal Solid Waste?" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wll5hington, DC 20402-9325 (202) 783-3238. The GPO stock number is 052-003-01168-9; the price is $16,00, Copies of the report for congressional use are available by calling 4-9241. Summaries of reports are available at no charge from the O_ffice of Technology Assessment. The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) is an analytical arm of the U.S. Congress. OTA's basic function is to help legislators anticipate and plan for the positive and negative impacts of technological changes. Address: OTA, U.S. Conii;ress, Washington, OC 20510-8025. Phone 202/224-8996. John H. Gibbons, Director.

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Municipal Solid waste Issues & Options c.t.goryllssu&Optlon Qtmgo,y//ssu&Option .;;;:==;.::.;..,;,;;.;;.;.;..;;.;:;.;;.;.;.;. _____________ ...._ Institutional Framflworlr -lnfon ,'lat/on Flow -Integration: Planning and Coordination Delielop Labeling With Reduction Information Require State MSW Management Plans Data on MSW Generation Improve lnteragency Coordination -Banning Specific Products and Substancss ~apacity: Siting, Interstate Ban:J Transportation RfH:J -:ling Qmrgory/lssu&Option -F88s and Pricing Polieies Rate of Progress Fees on Manufacturers Increase Cost of Alternatives Product Charges -Secondary Materials Recovery and Reprocessing Deposit Legislation Allow Barriers on MSW Imports -lnfom.ltion and Education Require States to Ensure Adequate lmpro,e Collection, Dissemination of Information Management Capacity lncrea J8 Education/Awareness Require Use of Secondary Materials Require Source Separation Programs Bans Develop Model Siting Procedures Pwardt for Product Design and Labeling -Enforc8ment -Researr:, and Deve/opmtlnt Stronger Role for EPA in Enforcement Funding for Research -Flow of Information -Standarriization Information Clearinghouse Definitions and Testing Procedures Education/Awareness Guidelines for Labeling Increase Federal Rese&ICh Afoided Cost Calculations -Funding -Regulations Product Fees Ensure Adequate Regulation of Recycling User or waste-End Fee Faciiitles National Income Tax Resolve Conflicls with Hazardous Waste w. Prew,ntlon Regulations -NatJonaJ Goals and High Priority -Marf<8t DeWJlopment Goals to Reduce Quantity Procurement Programs Goals to Reduce Toxicity Direct Subsidies Assure High Priority in Federal Agencies Economic Development -Economic and Other lncentiv8s Building Export Markets Grant Fund High-Visibility Awards Federal Procurement SOURCE; Offlc:e of Technology AsNaament, 1989. National Stockpile of Secondary Materials 1m:1,-rat1on -Ash Management Clarify Household Waste Exclusion Decide How to Manage Ash Under Subtitle I -Emissions Regulation Choose Standards Based on BACT or Risks Establish Pollcles Regarding Existing Facilltle Landfills -Additional Direction to EPA Specify How Landfills Should be Regulated Extend Corrective Action and Closure Requirements -Liability Provisions Clarify Superfund Listing Policy waste Prevention and Materials Management Approach Virgin materials Ji. ~:::::---~-----.. a-,..,,..... .. Proc=nd~~ manufacturing M001ty1ng design of 1 :~ ... ~:: products to m1mm1ze U amount and tox1c1ty of MSW and to improve product recyclab1hty ,, \ Secondary materials Consumer purchasing Consumer purcnasmg dec1s1ons to m,mm,za amount and tox1c1ty of MSW and to increase use of recyclable products t~ ,.-~~ '. IL-., -.' ') _., I Waste materials segregated by source l Source separation nype and degree ot separation depends on Flattened cans I SJ. =-~ ~f5fESlfledplHIICS ,,fit~ ; : ___ ...,... Hazardous waste ~LY ... _. = --.. -~ Baled paper Color-=r:led ,---c..__~ /\/ ----bOllles ~hazardouswa11e cullet n./ V----... Solld residues lntermediateproces~ Incineration Procees,ng to prepare smg Sol~ Solid residues Rema1mng combustible recovered materials for materials can be markets ~\ .. \ I incinerated to recover / / energy Landfilling '-.... :::,<:jj1/ ~:.~::::ow~1f:8ble r tanclfllled. wun methane recovery when appropriate Energy recovery

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0 OTA REPORT BRIEF November 1989 What happens to commercial low-level radioactive waste (LLW)? Where do nuclear power plant workers discard their contaminated work uniforms, rags they use to clean instruments, and their old equipment? What happens to used organic solvents that are handled in radiopharmaceutical manufacturing? Where do hospital workers send obsolete instrumentation used to diagnose and treat cancer patients? Since 1978, these and all other commercial low-level radioactive wastes generated in the United States have been buried at special facilities in three StatesWashington, South Carolina, and Nevada. Congress decided in 1980 to make each State responsible for the waste generated within its boundaries, by passing the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act. The law re quired that new disposal facilities be operational by the end of 1985-yet not one new facility was open then. In December of 1985, Congress enacted the Low Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act (LLRWP AA), which established milestones, deadlines. and penalties intended to have facilities operational by January 1, 1993. LLRWP AA encourages States to form partnerships, called compacts, to develop regional disposal facilities. As a result, nine compacts have formed so far, with seven States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico left unaffiliated. Most States and compacts are on track for developing facilities for most of their LL W. Few States or compacts, however, have made much progress in developing disposal capacity for mixtures of low-level and hazardous waste-so called "mixed LLW" -as required in the LLRWP AA. States and com pacts have identified mixed LLW as an issue that re quires immediate attention. States and compacts now plan to develop about a dozen disposal facilities, compared to three currently operating facilities. LLW volumes have dropped since 1980 by more than half and unit disposal costs have tripled, mostly due to new disposal regulations and disposal surcharges established in the LLRWP AA. Waste volumes could drop by another 40 to SO per cent by 1993 if generators maximize their use of in cineration and decontamination of material that can be reused. Because many disposal costs are fixed, to tal disposal costs and unit costs for the waste generator will probably continue to rise significantly as vol ume falls and as the number of facilities increases. Rising disposal costs will undoubtedly most impact small LLW generators-hospitals, laboratories. and small businesses. States and compacts may deal with the expected de crease in LLW volume and try to mitigate the disposal increase in cost by negotiating cooperative agreements allowing LLW types and/or services to be traded. For example, one State or compact could develop a treat ment facility for mixed LLW while another develops a disposal facility for it. Likewise, one State or com pact could dispose of the more radioactive types of LLW while another disposes of mixed LLW. In both examples, waste services could be traded to reduce the need for so many full-service facilities. A small portion of LLW contains components clas sified as hazardous under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Jurisdiction over this so-called 'mixed' LLW falls jointly to the Nuclear Regulatory (over) The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) is an analytical arm of the U.S. Congress. OTA's basic function is to help legislators anticipate and plan for the positive and negative impacts of technological changes. Address: OTA, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC 20510-8025. Phone: 202/224-8996. John H. Gibbons, Director.

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Commission (NRC) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Unfortunately, some regulations cov ering mixed LLW are unattainable, inconsistent, or duplicative. Mixed LLW continues to be generated. and none of the three operating LLW disposal sites have accepted mixed LLW for disposal since 1985. Yet. the cumula tive volume of mixed LL W stored at generating facil ities is constant. It is unclear where the waste is go ing. It is possible that some illegal disposal is occurring. Even if disposal facilities were available, generators would have to treat their mixed LLW before disposal. Yet, no commercial treatment facilities are available and even storage is prohibited. The options are to stop producing the waste and risk going out of business; illegally store the waste; or illegally dispose of it. To resolve the problem of waste generators having no viable option for managing their mixed LLW, EPA could consider allowing generators to store this waste until treatment and disposal facilities are developed. EPA could require that generators demonstrate their diligence to ensure that these facilities are developed as a condition for permitting such storage. EPA would have authority to stop waste storage if a generator fails to demonstrate progress. An advantage of this ap proach is that. as generators apply for a storage permit, EPA would learn what types and volumes of mixed LLW are being generated. EPA could use the data to better ensure that wastes are not being illegally disposed; the waste treatment industry could use the data as a marketing tool to develop necessary waste treatment facilities. NRC. EPA. and the Department of Energy (DOE) could provide some funding to support the research and development of treatment options for mixed LLW. For example, money in DOE's State technical assis tance program could be redirected for this work. The EPA and NRC could also develop an active inter-agency task force under congressional oversight to regulate mixed LL W management. And Congress could help by insisting on a tight schedule to address possible inconsistencies and duplications among agency regulations, as well resolve the problem of reg ulations that cannot be met (e.g .. treatment standards and the storage prohibition). Copies of the OT A report, "Partnerships Under Pressure: Managing Commercial Low-Level Radioactive Waste.," are available from the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Gov ernment Printing Office. Washington. DC 20402-9325 1202) 783-3238. The GPO stock number is 052-003-01171-9: the price is SB.OD. Copies of the report for congressional use are available by calling 4-9241. Summaries of reports are avail able at no charge from the Office of Technology Assessment.

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e OTA Report Brief October 1989 The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions During a nuclear explo sion, trillions of atoms re lease their energy in less than a millionth of a second. The explosion creates enormous energy and pressure, as well as a variety of radioactive elements with half-lives that range from less than a second to more than a million years. Each year, over a dozen such explosions are detonated underground in Nevada as part of the U.S. nuclear test ing program. The purpose of the tests is twofold: to develop nuclear weapons and to assess the effects of explo sions on military equipment. the importance of testing against the risk to health and environment. On a less subjective level, OTA found that, assuming testing will con tinue, current procedures are such that the chances of an accidental release of a significant amount of radioactive material beyond the test site have been made as remote as possible. To date, the risk to human health is such that: If the same individual had been standing at the boundary of \ the test site for every test since 1970, that person's total exposure from the nuclear 1J testing program would be equivalent to only 32 min-Recently, specific concerns utesof the normal background have been raised about the exposure (or the equivalent safety of the testing proce1 of 1 / 1000 of a single chest dures, namely that: x-ray). cracks in Rainier Mesa Acceptability of risk de-indicate that the area is ~~~iii!!!!! pends on public confidence less safe than others for in the nuclear testing protesting, gram, which has been seri- the United States is run-ously undermined by prob-ning out of room to test ---lems at nuclear production at the test site and this ,.,_ craait: o.,.m,.,,, 01 &ww facilities and from radiation will lead to unsafe testwaapon canister being lowered down-hole tor a hazards associated with the ing practices, and nudear test detonation in Yua:a Flat at the Nevada past atmospheric testing pro- an accidental release of Test Site. Cables run fro!" instrumems in the canister to gram. Mistrust in the De-radioactive material into recol'dlng trailers at the surface. partment of Energy is exacerthe atmosphere might go undetected. bated by DOE' s reluctance to announce all underarA finds that all of these concerns are unfounded. ground nuclear tests and releases of radioactive material-not just releases detected off the test site. As the secrecy associated with the testing program is largely ineffective in preventing the dissemination of information concerning the occurrence of tests, the justification of such secrecy is questionable. Concern that the public is not being thoroughly informed of risks associated with the testing program is largely due to the Department of Energy's policy of not announcing all tests, even when radioactive material is released. Tests that release radioactive material are announced only if an immediate release occurs or if DOE predicts that radiation will be detected outside the test site. Deciding whether the test program is "safe" ultimately remains a value judgment that weighs Copies of the OTA report, "The Containment of Under ground Nuclear Explosions," are available from the Superinten dent of Documents, U.S. Gooernment Printing Office, Wishington, DC 20402-9325 (202) 783-3238. The GPO stock number is 052-003-()1167-1; the price is $4.25. Copies of the report for congressional use are available by calling 4-9241. The Office of Technology Assessment (OfA) is an analytical arm of the U.S. Congress. OfA's basic function is to help legislators anticipate and plan for the positive and negative impacts of technological changes. Address: OfA, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC 20510-8025. Phone 202/224-8996. John H. Gibbons, Director.

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@ OTA Report Brief :--Jovember 1989 Linking for Leaming: A New Course for Education Today students can work on a science project with classmates on the other side of the country, practice speaking Japanese with their teacher in another State, or read a formula on the blackboard in a classroom across town. Students in remote rural schools can take the same courses as their counterparts in suburban schools. Learn ers unable to come to school because of sickness or injury can participate in classes from their homes. These efforts, commonly known as distance learning, use live, two-way interactions to link teachers and students at different locations. L'se of distance learning in elementary and secondary (K-12) education has increased dramatically. Five years ago, few States had either projects or plans for K-12 distance learning; today almost all do. Projects draw upon local districts, regional education service agencies, nearby universities and community colleges, or services offered by public and private educational telecommunications providers. And while distance learning was initially seen as a way to serve isolated rural schools, current uses go far beyond these needs. They link learner communities with one another, and bring a wide array of experts and information to the classroom. Nevertheless, many stu dents and teachers still do not have access to needed but distant experts and information. Rapid advances in technology are creating distance learning systems that are powerful, flexible, and increasingly affordable. Most systems are hybrids, combin ing technologies such as satellite, Instructional Television Fixed Service (!TFS), microwave, cable, fiber optics, and computers. New developments in computer, telecommu nications, and video technologies continue to expand the range of choices, and new strides in interconnecting systems are being made regularly. No one technology or system works for every application. Technological capa bilities must match educational needs. In most instances, distance learning appears to be as effective as face-to-face instruction in the classroom. Since distance learning has been used primarily with adult learners-in industry and military training, higher and continuing education-most research has evaluated effectiveness in these settings. It is high. While the evidence is incomplete in K-12 education, preliminary results are encouraging. To be effective on these systems, teachers report that they must change their style and create new opportunities for interaction. Students report that they must work harder in courses offered at a distance, but they welcome the increased course options, responsibility for their own learning, and the opportunity to expand their community. Whether distance learning works well with all students is yet to be determined. While reaching a small number of teachers today, distance learning will greatly affect the teaching force of tomorrow. Distance learning provides not only a variety of tools for teaching, but also a means to upgrade teachers' skills and encourage their professional development. Teachers can team teach with colleagues across town or across the country, discuss problems and challenges over electronic networks, observe master teachers m action, participate in professional meetings and courses, develop new skills, and earn advanced degrees-all without leaving their home school. Teachers must have training, preparation, and institutional support to successfully teach with distance learning technologies, as, indeed, they must for all of today's educational technologies. Also, their concerns about technology and the quality of instruction must be taken into consideration in planning distance learning efforts. Teacher input not only shapes development, it assures long-term commitment. State education agencies are both gatekeepers and catalysts for distance education. Stringent teacher certifi cation requirements may prevent skilled instructors from teaching electronically in areas experiencing teacher shortages. Similarly, varying State curriculum and textbook requirements can make 1t difficult to share teaching between schools that might otherwise be logically linked. State leadership is critical for fostering the efficient use of resources to meet many educational needs. In the process of developing plans for distance learning, States have the opportunity to forge cooperation between agencies, encourage sharing of costs among users, and build new linkages between schools, higher education, and the private sector. Federal and State regulations guiding the development of telecommunications infrastructure and serv ices significantly affect distance education. The Nation's schools represent major markets for applications of technology and should be in a powerful position to influence telecommunications policy. However, because of conflicting interests and fragmented telecommunica tions authority, educational needs may not be fully served. As distance learning expands, the education community has a growing stake in shaping future telecommunications policies. The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) is an analytical arm of the L".S. Congress. OTA's basic function is to help legislators anticipate and plan for the positive and negative impacts of technological changes. Address: OTA. U.S. Congress, Washington, DC 20510-8025. Phone 202/224-8996. John H. Gibbons, Director.

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Federal funding for distance education has been important but modest. 1 he Star Schools Program, begun in 1988 to develop mdtistate, multi-institutional K-12 distance education, ik"'.6 helped to focus attention on distance learning, and MS spurred planning and develop ment beyond the projects now under way. Programs at the National Telecomntunications Information Admini stration and the Run l Electrification Administration support distance educa ion by funding telecommunica tions technologies. Other programs provide limited support for curriculum devElopment, special programming, technical assistance, and research. Growth of distance lea.ming can be expected to continue for some time without inaeased Federal involvement. A major commitment to expanding the Nation's distance leaming infra structure, however, will require a change in the Federal role. The growing interest in distance learning~ as glb __ for improving education inaease. States, localities, the Federal Government, and the private sector all have roles to play in planning, funding and implementing distance education. Four factors will most affect the future: 1. Telecommunications policy. This affects costs, capac ity, and types of services available to distance educa tion. As Congress confronts telecommunications issues in the 1990s, it must review and shape policies to reflect the Nation's educational needs. 2. Research, evaluation, and dissemination. With the dramatic proliferation of distance learning projects, many questions regarding effectiveness, methodol ogy, and design have been raised. Federally funded research can contribute greatly to the understanding and improvement of distance education in this country. 3. Support for teachers. Congress is now considering how to help prepare new teachers and encourage others to enter the profession. Funding for teacher preparation could support the use of distance learning technologies. At the same time, Congress could en courage use of technologies to reach teachers in the field who need to upgrade slcills in fields such as mathematics and science. 4 Exp_ansion of the infrastructure. National leadership could expand distance leaming to communities without resources and extend the reach of installed systems. Congress could specify expenditures for distance education in current Federal programs or make funds directly available through a new program. Most importantly, national leadership could focus investments toward the future, ensuring that today's distance leaming efforts carry our educational system into the 21st century. Copies of the OTA report, "Linking for Learning: A Nt!W Course for Education," are amilable from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Goomrment Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9325 (202) 783-3238. The GPO stock number is 052-003-01170-1; the price is $9.00. Copies of the report for congrasianal use are amilabie by azlling 4-9241. Summaries of reports are available at no charge _from the Office of Technology Assessment. Distance Learning in Today's Claaarooma WHAT -IS BEING DELIVERED? Whole couraee--eDectally foreign languagee, mathematlca, actence, and Advanced Placement Enrichment actlvltlee Current event Drograme Training and ataff d.,,.loDment WHO ARE THE PROVIDERS? Local 1choot dlatrtct Regional education aervlce agenclea State education agenclee Collegee, unlveraltlee, and community college Public televielon atatlone Mueeume and aclence center Federal agenclee Private aector Coneortla WHO IS BEING SERVED? In high achoole: gifted and talented atudenta needing advanced ct underaerved atudenta needing an expanded array of couraea In elementary and middle achoole: atudenta receiving enrichment material Teacher and ataff HOW 18 DISTANCE EDUCATION DELIVERED? Video Cone-way or two-way) Aud loconferencl ng ComDuter conferencing Audlographica Combination of the above WHAT TECHNOLOGIES ARE USED? Tran em lee Ion technolog iee: broadcaat televlaion and radio cable televlalon -fiber optic cable -ITFS Clnetructlonal Television Fixed Service) -Microwave -Public telephone network Satellite Claearoom technologies: computer with modem keypad response ayetema telephone vldeocaaeette recorders

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Selected News Clips on OTA Publications and Activities The following is a representative sample (about 2%) of the clippings -ceived during the last quarter. These clippings refer to 15 different OTA 1blications. Members of Congress participated in the public release of 6 of ,e 11 publications issued this quarter. rA ASSESSMENT REPORTS Linking for Learning: A New Course for Education Partnerships Under Pressure: Managing Commercial Low-Level Radioactive Waste Rural Emergency Medical Services Facing America's Trash: What Next for Municipal Solid Waste? The Containment of Underground Nuclei;ir Explosions Copyright and Home Copying: Technology Challenges the Law Coming Clean: Superfund's Problems Can be Solved Polar Prospects: A Minerals Treaty for Antarctica Power On! New Tools for Teaching and Learning U.S. Oil Production: The Effect of Low Oil Prices Marine Minerals: Exploring our New Ocean Frontier rA TECHNICAL MEMORANDA, BACKGROUND PAPERS, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS High Performance Computing and Networking for Science Federal Scientific and Technical Information in an Electronic Age: Opportunities and Challenges Biological Effects of Power Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields Competition in Coastal Seas: An Evaluation of Foreign Maritime Activities in the 200-Mile EEZ

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Schools Giving TV Wanner Reception By GARY PUTKA Staff' Reporter of THE w AU. STREET J OtJRNAL Too much television in the home makes for stupefied students, many teachers lament. But educators are actinr as if there's nothing like a little television at school for bettering the mind. Impelled by new communications technology, efforts toward educational equity, and the spread of videocassette recorders, television viewership in schools is surging. And unlike the early years of educational broadcasting, many students are watching classroom television not for entertainment or as an extra, but for instruction that is part of their regular schoolwork. A study last month by the federal Office at I!;f bpology Assessm__gm. founif'"""ais tance-learning' projects-mostly for-credit video courses with a two-way hookup between teacher and students-operating or planned in all 50 states, up from about 10 in 1987. The Public Broadcasting Service says use of its instructional-TV programssuch as "Cathedral" and "3 1 Contact" -has jwnped in the past five years. espe cially where there are strong statewide public-television outlets. In Oregon, half of all teachers use instructional programs in class, up from. 23% in 1984. Some school-TV ideas, such as Whittle Communications Inc. s Channel One, a dail)I news program withcommerci.ala planned to begin operating in March, have sparked an outcry from educators. But others are more accepted. The cable industry, alarmed by Channel One, is giving schools more programming and hookups; After only three months, Turner Broadcasting System Inc. 's CNN Newsroom program, one of the giveaways, has viewers in about 2,500 secondary schools. Bill Honig, California's school superin tendent and an opponent of the Whittle idea, says a "renaissance" is occurring in school television: "The programming is getting better, the delivery is getting easier to receive and everyone is learning to package it in a way the teacher can use." But doubts about classroom television aren't limited to worries about Whittle's commercialization. The National Education Association, fearing layoffs and possible lack of supervision, opposes distance learning if a certified teacher isn't present on the receiving end. Local teacher certifi cation requirements, meanwhile. sometimes block video lessons from out of state, even when instructors are university professors. Critics. also say some programssuch as CNN Newsroom-aren't designed for integration into lesson plans, meaning little chance of gains in student achievement. Long-Distance Learning Number of courses offered in U.S. in 1988-89 via satellite or other telecommunications links* Foreign languages 119 Mathematics and science 110 Humanities (including English, art, composition! 69 Political science and history Business and economics Vocational education Social studies *High school grades or lower &un:e: U.S. Office of Technology Assessment Research on television's effectiveness as-a teaching tool remains inconclusive, much as with classroom use of computers. One clear advantage, though, is that televi sion makes possible instruction in subjects where qualified teachers are lacking. In the icy hills of central Maine one recent morning, residents of the town of Dexterare busy digging out from an 18-inch snowfall. Inside Dexter Regional High School. however, things are warming up in a chemistry class beamed live by the Midlands Consortium, a satellite network operating out of studios at Oklahoma State University, in Stillwater, Okla. "In the problem, isn't the volume supposed to be [marked at l 50?" asks a student calling Oklahoma from Mississippi, and referring to a gauge pictured on the screen. "No," says Nancy Gettys, the in structor, flustered at learning that her televised experiment doesn't match students' workbook example. "That's unfortunate. I'm having trouble making this equipment work." Recasting the terms of the experi ment, Ms. Gettys returns to Boyle's law and other rules of gaseous dynamics. Dexter pays Oklahoma just S300 to bring the class to one student. Elizabeth Ranagan, who sits taking notes amid buckets, mops and toilet-paper rolls in the janitor's closet. the only place where the schoo: '.1as room for a TV and VCRs. A sat ellite dish and other equipment installed last year cost S3.300. Students are graded through tests and mailed-in homework. So far. Ms. Ranagan has an A average. "Advanced-placement chemistry is something we could never have done here. 19 16 9 8 and this represents a tremendous bar gain," says Robert Liebow, Dexter's prin cipaJ. Last year. its first in the program. Dexter enrolled seven students. in govern ment and calculus classes. The Midlands Consortium is one of at least four big satellite networks aimed at schools that have started operation since 1984. This year, federal grants spurred big growth at three of them: the Midlands group: Ti-In United Star Network, San An tonio. Texas; and the Satellite Educational Resources Consortium, Columbia, S.C. The Midlands group reaches 60,000 stu dents from kindergarten to 12th grade in 28 states. Oklahoma State and Kansas State University professors teach German. Russian. and advanced-placement math and science to -t,500 high schools for credit. up from 3,000 last year. One popular non-credit offering is a preparatory class for college entrance exams. Public TV's classroom schedule remains by far the biggest source of educa tional programs. Such material has been around for 30 years in public broadcasting, but its use in schools long was limited by traditional TV delivery. Teachers couldn't easily fit daytime broadcasts into their class schedules and often didn't know be forehand what a show had to offer. But widespread school and teacher ownership of VCRs has allowed taping and re playing at will. In 1985, PBS stations began tailoring delivery to VCRs with late-night or early-morning broadcasts of whole series at once, allowing teachers to store the material easily and preview programs ------------------------------before classroom use. "The VCR and block feeds have really opened up the world to us." says Dee Please Turn to Page B6, Column 5 TRAVEL Stakei MayS: By Tr, By A,Staff Reporter of The biggest shadowing the C expansion into E Last week, C; ent company of agreed to acquir, Group, a major Terms of the p; certain approv Travel experts. is the largest pu firm by a U.S. U.S. travel in accord signals a will build their last few years, r firms have sign, with foreign cor can use oversea For example senbluth Travel I Hance that lirua dozen foreign tr The U.S. trav marketing pacts of a surge in intt cent years. The is climbing as c1 erning service l travel compani, travel will furtt rope in 1992 wh, pean Communit barriers. "They're all States' borders. president of '.\ Inc., a Stamfor ment firm. Like the C.S firms are close here. Indeed, c agencies has pr increasing the c companies. Earlier this York-based Thor erations with He Travel Service U.S. travel age1 What is sign move is that it eign purchase b cent weeks. In :,; Houston bought Travel Ltd.. w about $60 mill wasn't disclosec Robert Zlotr president of fina soon announce Please Turn Even Environmentalists Still Use Disposable Diapers By ROSE Gt'TFELD I Disposable Diapers During its centennial year, The Wall Street Journal will, past century that stand as milestones of American busin1 Staff ReJIC)Tter of THE w ALL STREET JOURNAL C~NT~NNIAL JOURNAL: 100 Yearc

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. ,__...___ ... __ ..... ~-~-] l 1 ~, nts 1d j J :ated S2 billion 1 silver market. led before Con ral authorities er traders who j 1ting the mar j thanks to a $1.l l consortium of s collapsed in : veighed heavily ,mily's Penrod rrowed heavily shore rigs, was '\acid and three were forced to 1. 1apter 11 in 1988 y selling its lu al gas field in : in the Hunts' :ers. A new loan ay off corporate of the net cash s1ve North Sea 1 a 12.5"'o royalty a project. .e Hunts' activi ,Jn its debt obli l substantial on 1 the U.S .. Can could yet be the Lf oil prices im Jtential to start c trust estates," n that case. But iw to the IRS to thers-via their i in charge at ganization, how 'quity interest in iproved trustees 1ns as well as all ,e ling at a pre Jf Gulf drilling, i Penrod's huge .1ership that in Richard Ram :tre a minority 1.8 million. And Houston-based offered to buy ,ortedly for $325 :ders have been even years and out," says Salo mes Crandall. i trustees insist :tion block. "We arly $2 billion. M.D.C. HOLDINGS Inc. 1Denver ,_ Spencer I. Browne. executive vice presi dent of this building and development concern, was named chief operating officer and acting president. Mr. Browne succeeds Larey A. Mize!, chairman and chief execu tive officer, who temporarily took on those responsibilities when David D. Mandanch resigned in March. Mr. Mize! continues as chairman and chief executive. The changes are part of a restructuring that began in 198S.

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CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION WASHINGTON, DC 48-TIHES/VEAR 79,052 HOU 29 1989 BURREUPS -1431 MV COMPUTER NOTks 1Mltance lelllnlng' found to be efl'ectlye ColllputeHclenc doctoral ....... rise ............ lc-lnformatlon.,......1etald .l."'J-, y -Distance l~inking edacamn and studenu in dif. fermt locadom using technology-"appean to be u effective u oe-aite, r.:e-.Eac:e imtruction ia the claurooa" in higher ,and continuing edllaltion, accordina to a report by the Office of Technology Assessment of the U.S. Congress. The study, "Linking for Learning: A New Course for Education," looks at the growth and value of distance learning principally in elementary and secondary schools, but bases its conclusions on research done in colleges and universities and with adult learn ers. The technology office says that future teachers must be trained to use the technology if elementary and secondary schools are to take advantage of distance learning. The report is $9 from the Gov ernment Printing Office, Superin tendent of Documents, Washing ton 20402; (202) 783-3238. The stock number is 052-003-01170-1. n. --of doctonl de.... awarded ia computer sci.at ia the United States and Ce ta~ H per cent in 1987-88, according to the latest survey by the Computing Research Board. The fi&ures will be better in next year's report, the board says: Computer-science and computer engineering departments expected to grant 769 Ph.D. 's in computer science duri111 the 1988-89 academic year. J Of the 577 people who received Ph.D. degrees in 1987-88, 60 were female, 4 were black, 5 were Hispanic, and 238--41 percent-were foreign. The percentages have re mained relatively constant over the ,... last few yean. Most of the new Ph.D.'s-51 per cent-went into academe. An addi tional 29 per cent took jobs in industry. Despite the growth, the board sees problems. "Continued steady growth for three to four more years could lead to overproduction," says the report, which appeared in this month's issue of Computer, a publication of the Institute of Elec trical and Electronics Engineer's Computer Society. Geographic-information systems, which allow computers to solve problems by analyzing spatial relationships-in effect, by making map......may be be coming a hot field. One of the first major projects in geographic-information systems has been instituted by the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis at the University of California at Santa Barbara. The center will look at such topics as the accuracy of spatial data bases. the language of spatial relations, and the design and implementation of large spatial data bases International Business Machines Corporation has given the center a three-year, $2.3-million equipment grant to explore applying geo graphic-information systems to a host of problems. The center would analyze geographic varia tions in acid rain and strato spheric-ozone depletion, and de velop approaches to providing public services more efficiently and increasing understanding of social issues like crime. The center is run by a consor tium that includes Santa Barbara, the s1;1te University of New York at Buffalo, and the University of Maine at or1no. -JUDITH AXLER TURNER

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RADIG1 CLIP/] DATE TIME NET:VORK PRO<.:'RAM 75 EAST NORTHFIELD ROAD I LIVINGSTON I NEW JERSEY 07039 (201) 992-6600 I (212) 227-5570 I (800) 631-1160 December 12. 1989 9:00-10:00 PM Business Radio Network BRN News Tamara Harvey reporting: ACCOUNT NUMBER 10/6297 Y I'm Tamara Harvey with a feature on distance learning. Rapid developments in technology are allowing American schools to learn in a new way--through the use of computers. satellites. microwaves and the telephone. Students in different locations of the country can explore the ocean floor of the Mediterranean or practice speaking Japanese with a teacher in another state. Distance learning is the linking of teachers and students in several areas with technology that allows live. two-way interaction. The Office of Technolo~ Assessment conducted a study. Linking for Learning. a new course for education. Project Director Linda Roberts. Roberts: One of the major findings in our report is--that surprised us. quite honestly. is how rapidly the systems are being set up both in local areas as well as projects that are reaching out and becoming a multistate. almost national. effort. We never expected to see so much interest in activity already under way. Harvey: The government provides some support for distance learning. but more support is needed from businesses. Roberts: I think that the education community has a great deal to learn from what businesses have already been doing with distance learning. (SUMMARY: Harvey comments on :i ~ompany that helped three school districts study the global environment and economy. and Roberts comments on a school that was linked up with Germany. The Digital Equipment Corporation made available some resources. Senator Kennedy is an advocate of satellite technology.) 236 Words 20 Clips

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------~--___ .....,__,. -~-...... ~------~-~ ..... _____ --... -...---~--... ----... ~-.. --------~........-.. ... -.:;....-.-..c:ir..-----.. --.--...... -' WASHINGTON, DC WEE~LY \J9,302 DEC 4 1989 BuRREu.'$ -1372 NL Managing mixed lo~-Ievel radioactive waste ~')..'(7 :J Increased disposal capacity, new "They recognize that we have a treatment technologies, and better problem." Despite its large size, coordination of regulatory oversight Du Pont generates only about 2000 are needed to facilitate management gal of mixed low-level waste anof low-level radioactive waste mixed nually. with hazardous chemicals, accord-"Your choices are to go out of ing to a report released last month business, try to change your proby Congress's Office of Technology cess so you don't generate mixed Assessment. waste-which most people are trying Such mixed low-level wastes, to do-or break the law," explains which are regulated by both the OTA's Gretchen H. McCabe, who Environmental Protection Agency directed the project. "You can't help and the Nuclear Regulatory Com-but wonder if some of the waste is mission, are generated in small sneaking into disposal sites. That's amounts by industries and by sci-one of our concerns." Ad hoc surentific and medical laboratories. veys conducted by OTA indicate that These generators are in a bind be-volumes of mixed waste in storage cause storage of mixed wastes is haven't been growing recently. prohibited, no treatment facilities Therefore, McCabe asks, "If people exist, and no disposal sites have been are still generating mixed wasteavailable since 1985. "It's frustrat-and they have been-and no one's ing that nothing's been done by been able to dispose of it since 1985, EPA or NRC to help us out," says then where is it going?. Why isn't CharlesKillian, manager of exter-the total volume going up? That's nal affairs (Boston) for Du Pont. what's making us wonder whether some of it is slipping through waste brokers and processors." The OT A report suggests that states be encouraged to develop dis posal capacity for low-level wastes and that EPA change its regulations to allow generators to store mixed wastes temporarily. In addition, it calls for federally funded develop-ment of new treatment technologies. One promising technique, supercrit ical water oxidation, which could make it possible to bum mixed waste at high temperature and pressure without radioactive emissions, is currently about a year away from commercialization. But perhaps the biggest problem is the need for regulatory coordination. "NRC and EPA have extreme ly different philosophies about how you regulate mixed waste," says McCabe. The OTA report suggests establishment of an EPA/NRC interagency task force under Congressional oversight to regulate mixedwaste management. Rep. Morris K. Udall (D.-Ariz.) recently sent a let ter to EPA Administrator William K ., Reilly and NRC chairman Kenneth M. Carr urging the two agency heads "to move this up on the priority list of things you need to deal with." Stu Borman HOUSTON CH9~NICLE HOUSTON, TEXAS SUN. 585,645 NOV 26 Study debates number of N-waste sites ~1.9l'f TRAVERSE CITY, Mich. (AP) -States are pushing for more low level radioactive waste dumps Ulan the nation needs or probably caa afford, according to a federal report to Congress. The Of~ice __ of __ Tec)mQ!!!JL..Allis tance;wTucli reviews scientific mat ters Tofc-ongress, concluded that too many low-level radioactive waste sites have been proposed at a time when less and less of that waste is being produced. The report is expected to bolster arguments of opponents to radioac tive waste ~ites proposed in such states as Michigan, North <:arolina and New York. "The problem is there is an incred ible reduction in the volume of waste we've had, and it looks like it's going to continue," said Gretchen McCabe, who coordinated the study. "From a cost-per-unit standpoint. we're esti mating huge cost increases." Utilities and industries in 1988 created Si percent less low-level radioactive waste than in 1980, and the amount will decrease by half again before 1993, the OT A report predicted. More than a dezen disposal sites, including one in Michigan, are proposed to take the waste now handled at tllree sites. The report, given to Congress last week during its hectic push to wrap up business before the holidays. doesn't specify exactly how many radioactive waste disposal sites the j nation needs.

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Report says Riga Twp. soil not suited for waste dump l.i, J C/1-, By TOM FORD James Cleary, commissioner of the Michilladl std gan Low-Level Radioactive Waste Authority, A report rel~ yesterday by the Toledo said he was not aware of the 28 year-old Area Metropolitan Council of Governments study, and did not know whether it was says ~il !>eneath a pr_Qposed radioactive considered when Michigan screened possible dump sate m Lenawee County is inapproprisites. ate for the purpose, Carolyn Bolovan, a spokesman for Border The report quotes a 1961 U.S. Department Opposed to Nuclear Dump, a coalition of of Agriculture soil survey that describes the Ohio, Michigan, and Indiana groups opposed soil under Riga Township the site of one of to siting a dump in Lenawee County, said her three proposed sites in Michigan to store lowgroup has maintained all along that the soil level nuclear power plant and medical and groundwater conditions in Lenawee w~tes from seven states as laumic-clay, County, and in Michigan are directly opposite subJect to severe ponding, and inappropriate to those mentioned as appropriate in the for any landfill operation. authority's criteria,. As a result, TMACOG cJc1udes, the soil "We are also conci!rned that three Panhancompositioo does not meet the criteria est.abdle Eastern Pipeline Co. gas lines, l'1lllllin& lished for sitin& a radioactive landfill. 1'1lra 1o Paae 29, Col. 4 F fl _........,;i.~~,,.,.,_,,._. ... Rally against dump site r Continued from Page 27 from the south to the city of Detroit, run right through the area in Lenawee being considered," she said. "If there were a leak in the dump, the 12-foot deep trenches In which these pipelines are buried, would provide a perfect avenue for any radioactive material to get into the Great Lakes." Ms. Bolovan listed the pipeline and other concerns at a meeting last night at Syltania's Burnham Audito rium aimed at educating and mobi li%ing opposition from residents of Sylvania and Fulton County who live a few miles from the Lenawee County site. Authority officials have admitted they did not take into account the presence of the Toledo metropolitan area and its population of about 100,000 In selecting the Riga site. Ms. Bolovan said her group wants the authority to eliminate Riga from consideration BOND provided a wide array of dignitaries to p~vide information on the dump planning, from U.S. Rep. Marcy Kaptur (D., Toledo) to Lynn Jacobs, assistant prosecuting attorney for Lucas County. Miss Kaptur said Ohioans have three options iQ dealing with the. dump issue: 1J1, Ohio state government could pressure Michigan to consider the Ohio side of the border and. work through the compact to resolve the issue. 1J1, Congress could decide to revisit the issue of need for dump sites, an option whose outlook she thought dim. 1J1, The U.S. Department of Energy could be asked to assess the need. "I have drafted a letter to the secretary of energy, and bad it signed by the entire Ohio delegation, asking him to establish a commis .sion to determine whether so many THE BLADE TOLEOO, OHIO OH D. 160,835 NOV 30 1989 B~J'M~ .. sites are still needed 10 years after the law was passed," she said. "I have no idea what the response will be." Miss Kaptur said bills pending in Congress, which would e1clude any site within 100 miles of one of the Great Lakes or within 60 miles of a state border, were "not on the fast track." Ms. Jacobs briefed the crowd on a federal lawsuit Lucas Courlty filed to block consideration of the Riaa site, and asked anyone who has had trouble selling or buying a home in the area because of the dump pro posal to contact her office. Fulton County joins suit Fulton County, meanwhile, bas joined the suit. Lowell Rupp, president of the county board of commissioners, said yesterday commissioners passed a resolution to become a plaintiff in the suit, filed Nov. 16 in U.S. District Court. Amboy Township, in the county's northeast corner, abuts Riga Township. Larry Davis, of the Nuclear Waste Committee of Ohio and Indi ana, noted that of six original nuclear dumps, three have been closed because they leaked, and there is evidence to suggest that two others might also leak. Ms. Bolovan said study released the federal Offjce of TechnologY. Assistance released this week shows declines in tbe amount of low-level waste being created nationwide, and called on Congress to reassess legis lation thatled to the formation of compacts and plans for 14 dumps. "The OTA report cites the need for ohlv P~-::: twv .,; ~"ree dumps -:::~~unwide," she said. Most already opposed Most of those who came to the meeting did not need convincing. "I already know I don't want it here," said Gary Hoffar, a Sylvania resident. "I don't want it lowering property values, or to have them trucking it through our community." Linda Shymske, also of Sylvania, agreed. "They can guarantee they can make it safe, and I know they proba bly can," she said. "But in the end it is all a matter of perception, and everyone is going to perceive that they don't want to buy a home here, or to live here. and that's what ,, i l .. _.~_?" .ijiT.Qj'fl, }, I l r t r

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CLOSE-UP: RURAL HEAL TH CAR Study: Qually Is --When rural residents are severely injured, they are three to tour times more Wre1y to die than city dwellen because they Uve too far from adequate medical care, says a pew study. The OfJlce of Teclmology Aalesmlent study Is the lat est look into tbe declining quality of healtb care tor people ID rural areas, wbo USA TODAY make up one quarter of tbe SIMON: 'We do nation's population. Because have a problem' nearly 550 bolpUa.ls bave clolled since 1981, rural areas are plagued by sbor1qes of doctors, nunes and medlcal tecbnk:lans, The report says rural emeraency medlcal service systems could be llelped wttll more federal mmey tor tralDiDg and edUcatkla of emeraency penonnel, demonstratton pn,Jecls and better ate planning '1 tbJDt some of them can come about," 'Wilen Coogreas returns ID January, says Sen. Paul Simon, D-DL, a member of CongreaB' rural caucus. "Some of them also are tblD8I tbat can be done by states." Simon Is spomortq a bill to offer Medicare payrnen1s to Dune,pradltioners wtlllDg to work ID niral areas. Anodler proposal would spend $45 mWiOD Oil developiq regioDal emergency care systems. "One of the problems ID the rural population. Is a decn!aslD8 perc:entaae of our total population, and there Is a tendency on the part of people ID politics to pay attendoD to the numbers," Simon says. "We do bave a problem, and there Is concern, but not too many members of the Senate live ID rural areas."

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498 ARGUS-COURIER PETALUHA, CA DAILV 9,522 SUNDAY HOU 26 1969 BUlflJ~ GB 'Chance of dying in rural area higher Study cites greater distance, time, more severe injuries lo~l'i ~WaablngtonBureau years old," a draft of the study WASHINGTON The chance says. "Injuries occur as, or less of dying from serious injuries in a frequently in rural areas than in rural area is three to four times urban areas and the types of higher than in more populated injuries are similar. But, when urban centers, according to the injuries do occur, they are more preliminary findings of a federal serious in rural areas." study released by Sen. Paul Si-Simon said statistics show the moo, D-Ill. average U.S. resident will need The report, compiled by Con-ambulance service at least twice gress's Office of Technology Ass-in a lifetime. "Delays In receiving esment, concluded death rates emergency care will contribute to from unintentional injuries are death or permanent injury for inversely related to population some of these patients," he add density the lower the popula-ed. lion, the higher the risk of death. "The one-quarter of Americans "Injury is the leading cause of who live in rural areas, which death among persons up to 44 occupy four-fifths of the country's land area, face special problems in receiving emergency care," said the report, which was re quested by the Senate Rural Health Caucus. A major contributor to the higher death rate, the report says, is the length of time it takes emer gency personnel to reach the seri ously injured in isolated, rural areas where hospitals may be many miles from the scene of the accident. In addition, rural medical technicians working for ambul ance services which cover wide areas receive far fewer calls than their city counterparts. "This rel atively low volume of calls may mean that a rural ambulance service cannot support itself financially, and that rural Emer gency Medical Services
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' 24 FORUH FARGO, NO DAILY 54,957 fHURSDAV MOU 23 1989 BVR.lf.E'UE'S FA --~

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rnrKFORD RFGJSTFR-STAR ROCKFORD, IL DAILY 8B,100 SATURDAY HOU 25 1989 19 BU(t.lfE.U,PS ,. SJ Rural mtMt"IC81 care in critical condition ,, ~ l j.,.,, ,, H~bc;opt~r offsets rfsk in Rockford's outlying areas .. By DIINNIS CAIIIR .1 v\ Gannett NewaServJce l, ;).. -, _J W ASIDNG'fON When rural residents are eev~)y they are three to four times matt,_ ~)y to die than city dwellera bec$use they live too Car from adequate medical eate, aocordin& to a new govern-ment study. The Btudy by the Of;&t, 'of Techno!<,t AssessmeniiL; the W;est ,nveetigatton mto the dee quality ol health care for people 41 .!'4J'W -~ make up one quart.er tif the nations population. Because nearly 6liO hospitals have closed since 1981, rural areas are piqued by shortages of doctors, 9ursee and medical technicians. In Rockrord health care officials say IIOllle of the eft'ects of a shortage of rural doctors is offset by a helicopter ambulance system linked to trauma centers at two of the city's ) ., (Helicopter. service) gi~~s them the kind of safety net so the quality of care for people in the rural areas can come up to what you qan expect in an urban area.,, Vice President of Clinical Division at Rockford Memorial HospitaJ Carol Dlttambl ..::.kr f three hoepi$1(( ieem., said the benefit of the program is Both &cidmf Memorial ff-1 and it can provide care to rural residents in Saint Anthony Medical Cienter ha heli- "pden hour" right after an accident er copt.ara to t.ransport rural patients C tber onaet of a lif&.threatening illness. ... Level I Trauma Centers. I She said studies have shown that If 'We're very lucky to have these he1ioopt-~~lly ill patients are given medical care ers in the area." said Carol Dittambl, vice one hour the survival rat.e goes up president of the Clinical Division at Reick-. tically to more than 70 percent. ford Memorial. "It gives theni the kind of rme eaid the helicopters can only do so safety net so the quality 6f care for peopl in the rural areas can come up IX> what you can expect in an urban area." Deb Wilson, director 6f the Lifeline Helicopter piopanl at Saint Anthony Medi-"I don't~ it solved~~ problem," she d. "I think the commuruties need t.o not y u much on the hospitals in the bigger ties like ~rd." Coogn& agrees and is seeking solutions, said &n. Paul Simon, D-111., a member of Congre&s' rural caucus. In the session that ended last week, Congress agreed to pay rural and urban hospitals the same for elderly and disabled Medicare patients. A 12 percent discrepancy between payments to rural and urban hospitals was blamed for many h08pitals' financial problems in le&1 populated areas. "Some evidence suggests that aspects or the emergency medical services syatem may contribute to the higher death rate14" the ruport says. "For example, younger and pnerally healthier adults die fiom lees severe injuries in rural non-trauma-center botlpitala than in urban trauma-center ~taJs." study a1so says that emergency petaonnel have diftic11!~ maintaining specialized plri_!!;,, oecause then, a.r.. !ewer .., ~.~-y calls in rural areas. Rural emergency systems a1so lack up-to. date equipment, 911 emergency phone lines and regional emergency care programs. Regiater Star reporter Richard Ramho{f contributed f,O this report. f t t I f I-I I I I t r I. I r t f f \ t I t t.

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'ltleMJuaonitu,l'l* DALLAS, TEXAS 0.419,000 TI<-1,12 NOV 22 J 989 I 1$!4!$EU.FS Rural hospital failures are putting emergency care at risk, study says By Jennifer Dixon said AaclllM,,_ (, J. If 1 Y In those cases, ambulances are WASHINGTON Dozens of hospicalled in from other communities, tal failures 8C1'0!III rural, T8Xll8 are but victims must still wait precious forcing many communiUea' ambuminutes for asmstance. lances to spend hours on the road "Having to wait 30 minutes or so transporting patients and away from to get an ambulance really hurts towns, where they may be needed to 30 minutes really makes a differ. help others i'eqDirillg emargency ence," Mr. Weatherall said Tuesday. care. The Office of Technology Assess-While a new coogressioDal study ment, a congressional research ser says emergency medical .-vices in, vice, said in a draft report Monday many rural areas suffer from penonthat rural residents needing emer nel sbortages, antiquated equipment gency medical care are three to four or a laclt of financial and medical retimes as likely to die from laclt of sources, a Texu emergency medical ready access than urban residents. services official says the state's greatThe study said rural emergency est problem has been. hospital fail medical services, in addition to ures. shortages of manpower and state-of-Tbe state has led the country in the art equipment, have inadequate hospital failures over the past three advanced training opportunities for years. Nineteen failed in 1Sl88. con-EMS providers, a lack of medical su gressional officials say. pervision of local operations, poor Gene Weatherall, chief of the Bu-public access to EMS and an absence reau of Emergency Management at of regionalized systems of EMS care. the Texas Department of Health, said ''This report confirms our worst some communities that have lost fears -that rural America is on the their hospital now are sending tbeir critical list when it comes to emer ambulances on 60to 100.mile round gency medical care," said Senate Re trips, carrying cr11lcalq ,injund or publican leader Bob Dole of Kansas. ill patients to tuMl!lllt fadlity. "It is an unacceptable situation that In some of ~---tllere is demands emergency action." only one ambul..,.. .... w..tberall Requested by the Senate Rural said -~:'~!f'. Health Caucus, the study said more "We have had CINltWMD tbe amfederal money and better state plan bulance has gone Oil a transport, and ning could ease some of the prob you have another accident, another lems _facing rural emergency medi heart attack, and tbera il,no. one in cal service. Federal funding for local the community to provide tba& emerservices peaked at S30 million annu gency assistance," Mr. Weatherall ally in the mid-19709<-but in 1988, 518 million in federal block grants went to the states for emergency medical service. In Texas, the state spent 52.77 million on emergency medical services iri 1988, or 16 cents per capita. Only 12 other states spent tbe same or less per capita, the study said. Ohio spent the least per capita 2 cents a person while Hawaii spent the most S13.90. The national average was 54 cents. Mr. Weatherall said a study approved by the Legislature during its last session to identify trauma facili ties. patient flow patterns and the amount of uncompensated care may help the state build its case for increases in EMS funding, possibly from the federal government. In Texas, the OTA said it found an EMS system serving the Panhandle is a model of cooperation. Originally federally funded, the Panhandle Emergency Medical Services System is now a non-profit cor poration sustained by fees from S6 ambulance services in the region. The system provides services in a 26county, 260,000-square mile area. Membership dues provide for training, programs, vehicle and equipment purchases, quality assurance programs, ongoing communica tions networking, and system evalua tion, the study said The region has a single regional medical communications network that reaches throughout the Panhan dle's vast area, the stud~d ......

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1tb,e is fflotnu lttgtsttt DES MOINES, IOWA D. 210,042 1A-380 DEC 8 1989 f' i JAMES J. KILPATRICK Fac~2?!. w?-~!~-~~-Mt aUlm In action is developing al operations. This past January, F1orida imposed a waste disf?oSa across the country u the stales The OTA report calls for a clear national policy in fee of 10 cents per ton on non-recycled n~t and locaiilill buc:kle down to a this area. The report even suggests fees and taxes Nine states have imposed mandatory deposi~w: prodigious jolt. 'Ibey are fac:ins by which a giant program of federal grants could be on beverage containers, though these actl vary con up to our lllOUDlliDI of trash. funded. An additional income tax of $1 or $2 per siderably from state to state. Oregon pioneered thi A few weeks ago. the Office of person, depending upon gross family income, program in 1972. The results have been gratityinf! 'fcdmol9$' Assessnietit (0 IA) would raise $300 million a year. More than 90 percent of all soda and beer co~ releued its 377 -pap report, Congress has shown sporadic interest in a federal ers are recovered, and the volume of total waste ha: "FiCIDC America's Trub." 'lbe role. In 1965 Congress passed a solid waste disposal been reduced by 7 percent. In 1983 Oregon followe< document ia botll illuminating act that was intended to encourage research. In up with its Opportunity to Recycle Act; the law re and friib~ Our affluent secietJ ii generating 1970 came the Resource Recovery Act, in 1976 the quires communities of more than 4,000 populatio1 more tbu 180 million tom of ID'UIUCipal solid waste Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and in to provide drop-off centers and monthly collectio1 every,--. and the Y01ume is rising faster than our 1984 the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments. of recyclable materials. ~iaincreuinl. --,. The idea was to discourage landfills and to proOregon has-done something else. The s1'te' What to be done with tlus mess? About 130 mumote recycling, but it seems clear from the OTA reBusiness Energy Tax Credit allows compani,~ ti !m tougo ila 10 ~ port that nothing much has come of these efforts. w:rite off 35 percent of the cost of recycling equip IS recycled. Tlle:r-tm mr:meramd. ment over a five-year period. A separate tax~ i: Theproblem111that80perc:eatoftbelandftllawill It has been up to th e states and localitie s as it available to those who install facilities to contro nm. out of room in.the oat 10 ,-.. Nobody~ : should be, to attack the problems on their own. In pollution. to. liV9 near a nn, landftll_ o. downwind from llll m-Rhode Island and Delaware, by way of example, th e Sim1ar programs have been proposed in Ne-. mtsator I flllbiolltbe amount of trash that state goyemments have assumed primary responsi- D some bility for disposal of municipal solid waste. In New York and Pennsylvania. 11 rec:ycled lllUll be doublechnd tblD redoubtecl, 1_, and N y, rk, he Al] this b t th OT'A doe butrecydingileuieraid.tbmdom. ......... 3 ew o t state governments serve IS encouragmg, u e report. : -In tt-,,y waacaulllbelllldeb-ttWltfederu uoverseersandregulators. not minimize the task ahead. For a long tiloe t< program. After all; tbe peat balkaf solid W8lte bis A dozen states have stepped up recycling efforts. come, land~ls will hav~ to provide th~ primal) moved In intmiblbl commen:e; it ia not ...-0, Michigan's goal is to recycle 25 percent of its solid means of disposal. The big trouble hei:e IS what_ farfetched to mend tbe eoma.a ChlUle of the. wute. Connecticut requires newspaper publishers known as ~e NIMBY syndrome that IS, the politi cal opposition from persons who see the need fo aeRN1ecOOTNEnew landfills, but Not In My Back Yard. Recycling programs run into other problems; It a nuisance to separate domestic trash into paper cans and bottles, but more and more communitie: have been impelled into separation ordinances Local programs for collecting paper have encoun tered such gluts of used newspapers that no marke can be found for the tons that pile up. A part of the solution lies in prevention -in edu eating the public to accept less elaborate packaging and in encouraging manufacturers to think ahea, tow:ard disposal of their products. Such programs will take time and intense effort but we had better get on with them. It's our mess and somehow we have to clean it up. James J. Kilpatrick w:rites a syndicated column .....

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ClJc u .al4iuu .lt(gtsttt DES MOINES, IOWA 0.210,042 IA-380 DEC 8 1989 i' i Bu_1tRE(-(S t I JAMES J. KILPATRICK --Fac!~2?! llilm in action is developing al operations. 'Ibis past January, f1orida imposed a waste disposal across tba collldly u tbe staes The OTA report calls for a'clear national policy in fee of 10 cents per ton on non-recycled newsprgit. and localilils buckle down to a tbis area. The report even sugests fees and taxes Nine states have imposed mandatory deposi~ws prodigio io'They are faciq lly which a giant program of federal grants could be on beverage containers, though these acts vary con up toourlllOUDtlilll of trash. funded. An additional income tax of $1 or $2 per siderably from state to state. Oregon pioneered dlill A few weeks ago, the Office of person, depending upon gross family income, program in 1972. The results have been grautying, Assesslllem (0 IA) would raise $300 million a year. More than 90 percent of all soda and beer col!Jain relewd its 377-pap report, Congress has shown sporadic interest in a federal ers are recovered, and the volume of total waste h-. "FicfDC America's Trula." The role. In 1965 Congress paaed a solid waste disposal been reduced by 7 percent. In 1983 Oregon f~ document ii bodl illuminating act that was intended to encourage research. In up with its Opportunity to Recycle Act; the law and frlplM!ill,:; Our affl'uent societJ ii generating 1970 came the Resource RecoveJy Act, in 1976 the quires communities of more than 4,000 ~on more tblll 180 miDian tom al ~lid waste Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and in to provide drop-off centers and monthly collection ewsy yew, and tbnolume ia riling than our 1984 the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments. of recyclable materials. '. P')pal~itincrealinl. The idea was to~ landfills and to proOregon has-done something else. The stfte's Wbat to be done witll tbil mesa? About 130 milmote recycling, but it seems clear from the OTA reBusiness Energy Tax Credit allows compan(,s to !ion tmalO-~ RaualJIY 10 ~port that nothing much has come of these efforts. write off 35 percent of the cost of recycling equip11 recycled. 'i'llel'tltillDCIDll'lla.d. ment over a five.year period. A separate tax credit ii The prablem ii that 80 pen:mt oltlle landfJlla will It has been up to th e 5tates and localities, as it available to those who install facilities to control nm. out of roam illtba next 1o,_,.. Nobody~ : should bit, to attac:k the problems on their own. In pollution. to_ lift near aMW' landflll o. duwiiftid from am-Rhode Island and Delaware, byway of example, th e Similar programs have been proposed in New m1S111Dr I falbioa,tba amaunt of tnsb that state governments have assumed primary responsi. 8 bility for disposal of municipal solid waste. In New York and Pemisylvania. JI rec:yded IIIUll be daublechnd din redoubled, and N V rk, he All ... ,_ b t th OT'A -...___ butrecyding.illlliarllid.tllanclane. --~ ew ,o t state governments serve uwi JS enc:ouragmg, u e repo ... """" In tblary, M:liile.cauklbesalefclrWltfedent MCM!l'SNl"S and regulators. not minimize the _task ahead. Fo~ a long t~e to program. After all; tbe..,. balkaf IOiil Wlllte bas A dozen states have stepped up recycling efforts. come, lancf!ills will hav': to provide tht: prmaaiy IDCMld in iulmsba WlldmlCI; ii ii llGI' ......-U, Mk:bigao' goal is to rec:ycle 25 percent of its solid means of disposal. The big trouble hei:e JS wa.tt_ farfetched to mend tba 0-m-:e c... al u.. Wlllte. Connecticut requires newspaper publishers known as ~e NIMBY syndrome-that JS, the politi 1 cal opposition from persons who see the need fot new landfills, but Not In My Back Yard. Recycling programs run into other proble~ It ii a nuisance to separate domestic trash into paper, cans and bottles, but more and more communities have been impelled into separation ordinuces. Local programs for collecting paper have encoun tered such gluts of used newspapers that no market can be found for the tons that pile up. A part of the solution lies in prevention -in educating the public to accept less elaborate packaging, and in encouraging manufacturers to think ahead toward disposal of their products. Such programs will take time and intense et!ort~ but we had better get on with them. It's our mess. and somehow we have to clean it up. James J. Kilpatrick writes a syndicated column. 1

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1t1Jc cs Jlloilt(.S ~gist:t DES MOINES, IOWA 0.210,042 DEC 8 1989 i' /lu.RREU.l'S i JAMES J. KILPATRICK -alilm in action is developing al operations. This past January, Florida imposed a waste~ across tba countty u tbe staes The OTA report calls for a'clear national policy in fee of 10 cents per ton on non-recycled newsptjtit. and localilill buckle down to a tbis area. The report even suggests fees and taxes Nine states have imposed mandatory deposii'1aws prodigious j-. They are facins by which a giant program of federal grants could be on beverage containers, though these am vuy con, up toourlDOUldlilll of truh. funded. An additional income tax of $1 or $2 per siderably from state to state. Oregon pioneered tlliM A a weeks ago. the Office of person, depending upon gross family income, program in 1972. The results have been graot;ing, As1es1meiii (0 IA) would raise $300 million a year. More than 90 percent of all soda and beer co$in releaed 1tl 111-pap report. Congress has shown sporadic interest in a federal ers are recovered, and the volume of total waste h~ "FidJIC America's Trull." The role. In 1965 Congress passed a solid waste disposal been reduced by 7 percent. In 1983 Oregon followeq document ia botll illuminating act that was intended to encourage research. In up with its Opportunity to Recycle Act; the law l'e-1 and Our 1Daent secillJ ii generating 1970 came the Resource Recovery Act, in 1976 the quires communities of more than 4,000 population more din UIO millian tom al mvuic:irI solid waste Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and in to provide drop-off centers and monthly collection evesy ,-.. and tbnolume ia riling faster than our 1984 the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments. of recyclable materials. '. popJ"'!9itincreainl. :._-,. The idea was to discourage landfills and to pro-Oregon has-done something else. The stjte's Whit to be done widl tbil mess? About 130 mumote recycling, but it seems clear from the OTA reBusiness Energy Tax Credit allows compan4,s to !tanagoiabt Rouply-10 ~port that nothing much has come of these efforts. write off 35 percent of the cost of recycling equip< 11rec:yded. Tlle-ratwaa.L mentoverafive-yearperiod.Aseparatetaxcreditis The problem ii that 80 peramt oltbe landfiUI will It bas been up to th e states and localitieS, as it available to those who install facilities to control ND_ out of roam illtlle next 10,-w. Nobody~ : should b'e, to attack the problems on their own. In pollution. to_ lift 11111' aW landfill o. duwuwmd from am-Rhode Island and Delaware, by way of example, the S1"milar programs have been proposed in New einmtor I fllbiolltlle amount of trash tb11t ate governments have assumed primary responsi. D ... bility for disposal of municipal solid waste. In New York and Peruisylvania. II recycled IIIUll be daablechad din redoubled, '- and N V rk, he All this but th OT'A rt ......... butrecyc:lqiHllilrailldlmdam. --~ ew 10 t state governments serve IS encouragmg, e repo ,_,, In tbeory, Wliiacaulllbemaddra-Wltfedent asoverseersandregulators. not minimize the _task ahead. Fo~ a long ~e to program. After all; t11e ..-balkat IOlil Wllte lllS A dozen states haft stepped up recycling efforts. come, land:fills will hav~ to provide th~ pnmary moved in imallblle WiiilmNI; It ii nat ..,.,.a, Mk:bigan' goal is to recycle 25 percent of its solid means of disposal. The big trouble hei:e IS wllat_ farfetched to mend t11e Comm C1auN of tile. waae. Connec:tic:ut requires newspaper publishers known as ~e NIMBY syndrome-that IS, the politi cal opposition from persons who see the need for. new landfills, but Not In My Back Yard. Recycling programs run into other problem It i9 a nuisance to separate domestic trash into paper, cans and bottles, but more and more communities have been impelled into separation ordinuces. Local programs for collecting paper have encoun tered such gluts of used newspapers that no market can be found for the tons that pile up. A part of the solution lies in prevention -in educating the public to accept less elaborate packaging, and in encouraging manufacturers to think ahead toward disposal of their products. Such programs will take time and intense effort; but we had better get on with them. It's our mess, and somehow we have to clean it up. James J. Kilpatrick writes a syndicated column ..... l

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r,ll ,a..,-..... ~:., ..... ~-....--~~ ..... --~--'"-; I' Trash crisis impacts La. .communities. ~:~m!:~=~ontPjj t.,Jq1 'I Consumers, manufacturers and government all must play roles in stemming the trash crisis facing the United States, according to a report just released by the Congressional Office o( Technology Assessmea Baton Rouge and .many other Louisiana communities are at the leading edge of that crisis. as their current landfllls are filling up or becoming too much of an environmental risk for continued use. Meanwhile, they are faced with the growing problem of trying to find new lites to disp01e of the mounds of trash each citizen creates. In addition, Louisiana finds itself faced with attempts by other states to use the waning landfill space Louisiana bas available, a point also discussed by OTA.. "In general, local decision makers should co0tider recycling whenever feasible,. then look to incineration" faaWtlis that include energy recovery ind turn to landfilling lut, OT A suggests. That goal.is pretty far away because 80 percent of the nation's trash i$ now landfilled, 10 percent goes to MORNING ADVOCATE BATON ROUGE, LA. o. 79.361 1>17 NOV 13 l 989 BuaPEL,/.CS 'JJasli. cafflNU:D FRCM tA incinerators and 10 percent is recycled. When making their decisions for future waste disposal, most communities fail to .consider all of the important factors, including relative risks, management costs, market conditions for recyclable materials and public acceptance of alternatives, according to OTA. Trash management "should be approached on a material-by-material basis, in which discarded materials are individually handled according to their physical and chemical characteristics," the report says. ''For example, keeping yard wastes separate for composting can reduce leachate from landfills and nitrogen oxide emissions from incinerators." Keeping recyclable materials separate results in cleaner, more marketable materials. The OT A report also notes the importance of markets for recycled products, a-po~t which. Paul Templet, secretary 'Of the Department of Environmental Quality, baa stressed in his attempts to get legislation that would require the state to purchase recycled paper for a percentage.of its needs. Baton Rouge officials now are looking at trash separation and a program for composting yard waste, 'which the OTA says is second only to paper in making up the stream of trash. Currently Southeast Recyclinl is recycling SO percent of the newsprint in this area and expects torailethatffgure to 50 percent. 1 Recycling programs have become. not only more attractive to, local governments because of the rising cost of l~ndfilling, but because DEQ is mandating that areas reduce the amount of waste they generate in order to obtain a permit to operate new, landfills. Baton Rouge is on a tight, state-mandated timetable to get out of t~ Devil's Swamp landfill and into a new facility with more environmental safeguards. Several other communities, including Lafayette, Baker and Lafourche Parish, have ongoing recycling programs. Lafourche Parish is getting 80 percent participation, according to DEQ. But the solutions to the problem go beyond decisions by local governments. The solutions include c~ges in buying habits by consumers, more concern by manufacturers and a "comprehensive, flexible approach" by the federal government. "Consumers can modify their purchasing decisions, for example by buying products that are less toxic, .. more durable or more repairable," OTA suggests. The report also advocates use 9f longer-lasting tires, pesticides that use natural ingredients and p~ r-:-= dry foods in bulk. "You start recycling at the grocery store," Paul Davidson of the local Sierra Club says. "You look at what it (a product) is packaged in before you buy." Packaging is one of the many items the 367-page OTA report discusses, noting disturbing trends "toward wrapping products (by both manufacturers and retailers) in multiple layers of packaging or making .containers with multiple materials." Added packaging increases the mass of trash filling up landfills, the report states. Producing containers using more than one material can make recycllng more difficult. "Manufacturers can modify the design of products (including but not limited to packaging) to reduce their toxicity or volume," according to OTA. There has been a huge increase in foods packaged for microwave ovens, with throw-away serving dishes in addition to "several layers of plastic and paper wrapping," according to OTA, which suggests a change to durable cooking ware designed to accept simple pouches of food prepared for microwave cooking. An increase in -t the use of fast foods also is increasing the trash burden, with plastic oftenlJSed as the packaging material Unfortunately, there bas been "no <:lear national-policy" to address the "growing PJ'Oblem" of solid waste, accor~lng to OT A. "The nation can remam on this.coune and continue to face growing piles of trash, O! It' eaa reaaaess old attitudes and turn in a new direction." Currently 80 percent of the nation's. solid waste is sent to landfills, while 80 percent of the existing permitted landfills are expected to close within 20' years, according to the report, which echoes the repeated observations by DEQ officials about the state's situation. It is very diff1cult to find new landfill sites, OT A says, because of concerns. pver health and environmental risks, failure of officials to effectively involve '.the public in early decision making and past experiences that people have had with solid waste sites that performed poorly. Again the national situation is mirrored locally. The Devil's Swamp ,landfill and other disposal sites have been the source of environmental problems and people have opposed opening a new landfill near their homes. That public opposition is one of the things Baton Rouge and the Lafayette area must overcome before they can open new landfills to handle the neverending stream of garbage bags that are hauled to curbsides each day, often by residents who want nothing more than to ... them disappear. .-,.&.,,,

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u&tug~ 19ost WASHINGTCN, D.l:. 0.796,659 DC-30 NOV 27 1989 v"q1i RECOMMENDED READIN41 .:,,

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GOVERNMENT Congress Focuses on Solid Waste Issue Seeing solid waste-trash-traveling from one location to another in search of a final burial is an infre quent sight today but one that is likely to increase as legal landfills close and localities resist the siting of new incinerators and recycling facilities. The Resource Conservation & Re covery Act was written to address the nation's mounting municipal solid waste problem. But since 1980 the federal government has all but ignored the problem, turning its attention instead to hazardous wastes, the Office of Technology Assessment states. Now, redirecting its fo cus in anticipation of RCRA's re newal, three Congressional commit tees have asked OT A to assess the trash issue. 12 November 20. 1989 C&EN OTA's findings and policy options are measured. This research arm of Congress calls for a national twopronged strategy of prevention and better materials management: controlling the problem from a material's conception till its final dispos al. And, although RCRA gives the lead in such matters to states and local communities, OTA carves out a role for the federal government, one that would guide the smaller government entities. Nearly 80% of municipal solid waste is sent to approximately 6000 legal landfills. But the Environmental Protection Agency estimates that 80% of these landfills will close within 20 years. This will put pressure on communities to ship their wastes elsewhere, sometimes across state lines. Public resistance to the acceptance of "foreign" waste is mounting as is opposition to the siting of alternative waste manage ment techniques-incinerators and recycling facilities. As the per capita amount of waste production increases, incinerators and recycling facilities will have to bear an increased burden despite public outcry. In fact, OT A says ac ceptance of these waste management facilities can be enhanced if offi cials involve the public early in the decision-making process. And the facilities can become more efficient and less harmful to health and the environment if discarded materials are handled separately according to their physical and chemical charac ,teristics. Recycling appears to be gaining increased acceptance as more communities tum to it in lieu of building new incinerators or expanding landfills. OTA cautions that increases in recycling rates are probable but impossible to gauge accurately for two reasons. Recycling is sensitive both to fluctuations in secondary materials markets and to the quality of the recovered materials. Better than after-the-fact materials management is prevention, which translates to less toxicity and less volume. Manufacturers can design products focusing, for example, on packaging to reduce volume or enhance recyclability. Consumers can become more knowledgeable, buying products that are "less toxic, more durable, or more repairable," OTA suggests. Manufacturers are becoming sensitized to the issue of solid waste and are joining the source-reduction bandwagon. The latest entry is Procter & Gamble's refillable plas tic bottle for its Downy fabric softener liquid. According to company spokeswoman Gloria Bergquist, "The consumer would purchase the large bottle once and thereafter buy a concentrate to be used in the bottle." Company calculations predict that by using the concentrated product in the refillable bottle, "waste volume is reduced by 75%." The product is being test marketed in the mid-Atlantic region, and has already been introduced in Europe. Earlier, Colgate-Palmolive test marketed plastic refill pouches of its Palmolive and Crystal White Octagon dishwashing liquids in New Haven, Conn. The large retailer Wal-Mart Stores is marking items using recyclable products in an effort to flag them for consumers. Among the products to be tagged are Procter & Gamble's detergent Tide for using packaging made of 100% recycled paper and its Spic & Span pine cleaner for using bottles made of 100% recycled plastic. The niche OT A has carved out for the federal government is circumscribed but important. OTA calls on the federal government to complete guidelines for landfills, incinerators, and recycling facilities; to provide states with better information about technical capabilities and the relative costs and risks of the three different management methods; and to address the issue of interstate transportation of trash. Lois Ember I

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1rbe flUaui, .1ourua1 ATLANTA GA. 0.188.617 GA-30 NOV 14 1989 -d'~ Study utJres Federal Case of Mounting Household Trash By Charles Seabr~k public opposition to new ones. nuclear wastes. One approach mountain of waste that is exSt,df Writer Most of the solutions sugbeing encouraged -so far with peeled to exhaust space in 88 of Household :arbage, once a gested by ~ongressional analrsts ~ixed res~lts -:is-the fo~~athe state's 195 landfills next problem for local governments, r~cychng, less packagmg, tton of regional compacts to dis: year-~ and Alfi all but 56 of has become such a pressing naburnmg wastes to produce enerpose of such wast~s. them by 1993: tional problem that a national gy -have already been suggestThe OTA says a comprehenMany ~i~1es, C(!nfrontmg a policy is urgently needed to ed by local and state sive federal polld.t is also needgarbage ~r1s1s at home, want to deal with the growing mountain gov~rnments. ed to cope with tie growin, ~ol-ship their household refuse to of trash, according to a new gov-But for the most part, they ume of garbage, declmmg rural _area~ of the South wh~re ernment study. have not been acted. o~: a~d landfill capacity, opposition to land 1s still .cheap and zonmg Every American generates problems have worsened, said new landfills, and concerns laws are weak. about 1 ooo pounds of household Howard Levenson, who headed about risks many of which "The trash problem has now garbag~ a year. the OTA study. "Unless ~e deare fueled by go"ernment regubecome an interstate problem," The problem 'is wh!re to put velop a more comp~hen~1ve aplations that ~strt,t the location said Mr. Levenson. "Yet, we st.ill u: The congressional Office X{ proach, t~,e problem w~II ohly of new landfills. 1!! have no overall comprehensive Technology Assessment (UT get worse. In Georgia, tfie problem is appro!lch ~n ho~ ~.e deal with says 80 pe~~! of the _na~ion's The government already has growing on a daiJr basis. ~e.ortrash 10 th1s nati911?: 1 landfills will be ful_l w1thm. 20 national "cradle-to-grave" poli-g1ans now generw 20 m1lhon He sayw, can..i. needs to years amf there ts mountmg cies to deal with hazardous and pounds of garbage a day -a help resolve the ~tern. .... -~-:"~>-.., .......... :::::-.,.1. / If Atlanta was America's landfill Ame'ricans generate 450 million cubic yards of trash a year -enough to cover the city of Atanta, which is 136 square miles, with a layer of garbage just over a yard deep. l F t ; I .'I f i .__ __ ___,;;;....__.,.,....~_..:_.J I Ken MowrylSlaff I f I

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ltla\lta ,ouui AND CONSTITUTION I ATLANTA, GA. SUN.645,916 GA-271 NOV 19 1989 BuRREJ.J.FS Nowhere Left to Stash the Trash (~~f\'i Think ot what you haul out to your curb W1thm four years, all but 56 of the landfills every week for the garbage collector to pick will be full. up. If you're a typical American, you are With cities everywhere running out of throwing out 1,000 pounds of trash annually places to stash trash and with garbage haul for each member of your household. And if ing becoming an interstate business, the you're a typical Southerner, you're fixing to OTA report recommends the federal govern drown in that debris. ment create a comprehensive, nationwide A new study by the congressional Office, of Technology Assessment (OTA) says 80 percent of the nation's landfills will be full within 20 years. Many Northern cities hope to solve their solfd-waste problems by haul ing their trash to the rural South where land is still cheap and zoning laws weak. But public opposition to that so-called solu tion is growing. Just this week, .Cobb County officials got a reminder of that when a delegation of officials and residents from rural Middle Georgia came up to announce that Cobb can just forget about sending its garbage south. With Cobb County's primary landfill on County Farm Road officially closed as of last week, officials are scrambling to find a place to pitch the 1,000 tons of trash Cobb produces each day. The problem is not unique to Cobb County. Georgians now are generating 20. million pounds of garbage a day -a trash heap that will exhaust landfill space in 88 of the state's 195 landfills by next year policy to prevent and manage solid wastes. Congress must take the lead in encour aging recycling, reducing packaging and in creasing the burning of wastes to produce energy. In addition, the federal government ought to help states form regional compacts to dispose of wastes. Central planning also is needed to standardize regulations con trolling the location of new landfills. The problem of mounting trash is not some vague concept based on computer pro jects. While many environmental concerns, such as global warming, seem far off and hypothetical, garbage is real, it's smelly and it's not going away. If Congress and the Bush administration cannot deal with such an obvious, tangible problem as household trash, efforts to solve more-complex envi ronmental issues, such as ozone depletion. will seem hopeless. The OTA has prepared a valuable guide for designing a national policy for munici pal solid wastes. Now it's Congress's turn to take out the trash.

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1--------~ ----~-,_,_, ... __ ,.. ... _...., _____ _k_E._e,._,_.,.. ______ ... ,.._-_.., ... ... c l Nuclear Tests I Gilled No It. To Nevadans ~---, By R. Jeffrey Smith ........... SllaWriler Underground nuclear weapon explosions in Nevada haw period_ically releaaed radioactive materiala into the atmosphere without jeopardizing the health of nearby re&idents, according to a report yesterday by the congressional Office of Technology Assessment (MA). The nonpartisan scientific group recommended nonetheless that the government abandon its policy. of cancealing some explosions fnlll the public, a policy that it said. bad: fostered widespread mistrust. The report generally discounted allegations by activists near the Nevada site that the Department of Energy, which manages the nucle ar-testing program, has played down testing risks and not provided adequate warning of potential radiation leaks. Sen. Orrin G. Hatch (R-Utah), who requested the report, said it demonstrated that "no significant health risks are likely to result" from the tests. The report disclosed for the first time that 126 underground nuclear tests since 1970 have releaaed. roughly 54,000 curies of radiation, a tiny fraction of what a single small explosion aboveground would have released. Someone standing at the boundary of the vast test site throughout this period would have received a smaller dose of ractiation tban that of one chest X-ray, it said. Nuclear tests before 1970, in CQDtrast, released more than 12 billion curies of radiation, the report said. All U.S. and Soviet nuclear devices have been exploded under~, ground since 1963, when public sensitivity to radioactive ination caused both nations to sign a treaty barring tests in the atJncJa. piere, space or the oceans, and the explosions are ostensibly designed to prevent any radiation release. The report said the radiation re leases have been caused by design miscalculations, the diffusion of ra' dioactive particles through rock, deliberate purgings of cavities containing reusable test equipment and. ;. the drilling of holes near the explol :_ to obtain samples of molten /103h1;,1-for1 I //,/ / / The largest such release oc curred after a 1986 test called Mighty Oak, which breached a special underground cavity and destroyed $32 million worth of equipment. The incident raised questions about the viability of continued tests in that region of the site, which OTA dismissed. OT A said there was "essentially no possibility" that a significant re lease of radioactivity would go undetected. But it noted that the En ergy Department could minimize public concems by announcing all tests in advance. : "The associated with the program is' largely ineffective" in blocking knowledge of the tests anyway, it noted, apparently through observations of associated ~tions of test-site workers and I detection of seismic-sipals gener-1 ated by the blast.

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8ULCO OCT 31 '89 09:49 ... I ',, ,, .... 423 P02 ., Study lauds nuclear test I saf.egllards __ : l "'. 0 Critics lambast a report : that looks favorably on : Energy Department efforts l to prevent radiation teaks.:.'. ay'ateveAmllll RevllW-Joumll Washington Bureau : ,. i .. I l I j;. I; WASHINGTON The U.S. Enttl;Y, Depart.mmi and itl c:ontracton at tiia i Nevada Teat Site ue doing all they l:ul 1:; : to {Jffl'tm releeae of radiation from ii I Undetpound nuclear teat.a. but are UD derminic public confidence by trying to ~. keep many 9' th, nuclear teata aecret, accordinl to a new report to Conpe& The Oftice of Technology Aunament Mid Monday that exiating llftl\Wdl at the Nevada Teat Sit.e enaure that the chances tor accidental ieleue of mdioactive material are "11 remote u ~le." -,~ntially an. auaestiona \bat in cnue-:the aai'ety llWCiP hav, been Im, plemented," die qency aaid. But she npoi$ criticizea the Energy De~t Cor bepinc .IOIDe :nuclear teats and radiation. releuea aec:m. Offl,: .. ll, 'J ; .. _,.. / cial llfflCY 1unoundin1 many or the telta feeda public miatruat ot the Ellerd DepartmeJli and ii "tar,ely lneff'ectivt,~ tht report uid. Tbt EneJV Department immediately bailed t.ha report u vindication oC ite aatety effona at the Nevada Tm Sit.e. ~It iota to allow we're dome our joli and we"N doinl it right," 1aid DattriA. 'Mc,rpn. an Energy Department spobl man at the Ne\fada Teat Sit.e. : Morpn uid the department would atudy the report more cl01eli betor.t ~. cidin1 whether to review ita policiH aC -MCNCJ, ; But a critic of the nuclear teatinc pro~ ,raai accuaed the report' authors of is norm, evidence ol problemJ at Rainier Mesa. om of aeveral areas at the tnt it4 used for lmderpound testa. Steva Erick IOA of Downwinden. a Utah-hued poup ih.t. rapreaent.t radiation victims, called the otudy "little more than a white, wub." ; "'Rainier Meia'hu ptoduced a number of accidenta lately, and the track recorcl ie ~tting wone, Ericbon u.id. : The Office of Technology A.aesament; PleaH see REPORT/4A! I ( .. I ,. : ., : J. ,. I ,.

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;i---~'~ -'-~ > &UL.CO .... OCT 31 '89 09:49 ULCO ... 423 P03 .. ...... ., .. I Repo~-------j l j ,rom 1A ..tabllahed 17 yeen qo to analyse tacbnolotfcal lNuea for Con.,.... Jauncbed a review ot t.he nucJear t.estq prop-am In Nevada 1ut yur at tu nquest ot Sen. Orrin Hatch. R-Utah. and memben ot th, HCMe Interior and Imular Affaln Committee. The l!J)Orta ouly major c:ritlewn wu or the Entra Department' policy of secrecy at the Nevada Teet Site. M deacn'bed in the nport, the department gives two daya' notice of a test only when the thock wave will be felt In Lu Vegu. The accidental nl .... or radiation from eecret. test ia announced only if Callout. la e%peeted ouuide the tllR aite. .. Public concem over the teatinc proll'llJD c:ould be snatly mitigated if a poli. ey were adopted whereby all teett IN announced. or at lean all teats that relwe radioact.in material to the atmoaphen, whatever the conditions, are AD nounced: the report laic:L The Energy Depa:rtinenty1 ju,tlftcation tor continued IKftlC)' "w queationable beeauae infonution about unannounced testa frequently pt.a out anyway, the re port said. Morcan said the deputment will study the report more cloeeJy belore decidm, .., heth,r to re-evaluate ita policy for annou!JCin( nuc:1ur tem. "By all meana, we're going to look at what it KYI ud what action w ean take. Morpn sakL Except. for the !MIJe oft.est. aeerecy, the agency pve a s)o,nq account. of the Eneqy Department' 1ff'orta to pzttent any elCapl of nMliatlon. .. In NC:h atep of the t..t procedun there II I built-in Ndundane)' and COD aervatiam, the report laid. ''Em-y attempt ii made to keep the chance of containment. failure II remote u lJ)Ol&ible." The report identififd more than 100 ~und testa ,ince 1970 In which radioactive material wu releaaed into the atmolphere. But it. detcribed moat of thoee releaaet aa very amall with no per~pti"ble be.Ith effecta on citit.ena. A per. ton atanqing at the Nisvada Tt. Site boundary at the point of gnat.et fallout would have been e%J)Olled. aver the 19 yean. to on .. thomandth th amount of -.. ., a DECISION DIGESTED: Lawyera are ltudytng a ruling that the U.S. government may be sued for negli gence at the Nevada Test Site. Page 18 ndiation that a penon receive1 from a ind cheat Xray, the report TIM agency alto applauded inonitormc propam, of the~ Department and Enviro'ftlMDtal Protection Agency, laf ing there wu ...... ntially' no pouibility' that a 1igni&ant nleue ould go uncle-: tected. Hatch Mid through a apokeaman that hia questions about aality at the Nevada : Teet. Sit. wue eatia&d by the report. "No sipifieant -1th riab are likely to mult. from underground nuclear. weapona teet.. at the Nmlda Tni Site,~ '. Hatch laid. --rhli' rood newe for the people in the area who ha\19 wonied: about the te.t lite ever $Ince above,.. around tetta cauaed IUCh tem'ble prob' lema during the 19508 and 60s." But critics of the tening prograin at-. tacked the report' concluaion that the rock under Rainier Mesa la 1tron1 ,nou,h to contain nuclear uploaiona. Radiadon baa leaked from 10 under ground test.a conducted ,ince 197.& at Rainier Mesa. which ia located at the north end of the Nevada Test Site, ac' cordinc to the report, The mesa waa also the 1ite of 1984 Midu Myth test. that. ; produced a tarp. unexpected craw that killed a worker but releued no radiation. Tht Office of Technology Aaleument 1 l&id it found no ~denca that rock under. Rainier M .. baa been weakened by eulier teata or t.bat ii ia incapable of con taininc future test... B Bob Fwkenon of Citizen Alert accuaed the report authon of relyin, euluaive)y on information provided by the Energy D.partment and it.a cont.nu: tora. "Of coune t.herre going to get reaultt like thil that a,e going to back up the government Une: he said.. The Downwinden' Erickson com plained that the report essentially
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62 SALT LAKE TRIBUNE SALT LAKE CITY, UT SUNDAY 142,644 NOU 5 1989 BURREUl'S HE A ~: -. ... 'Do1'!}~ders!~~Jast ~-:1~,Safety.i~p; ort .--~.--,-~_:..'-'Tri;,,.Y/mStaf7 ~ __ c.,/i[r 1986 MJcbty ;~~tin whicb .,.st iijfije 36,000caries ot\radioadivity J t-'~" ia-fltway memwere v~ tllltaiiospbere af ben;_O,. ~Downwblcllrs group ter a nueiur.tedtieneath Rainier are desiffl>tng a report by the Qf. Mesa, one of'"tl\e main under fice of Technolon Assessment ground test locations. that.endoneclJ.he safety of underThis was 2,000 times more ra-~~-~eapo~~at the Ne-dioactivity than was released dur._,.-...4 Slllb::..,. ing the Three Mile Island acci-"11erately igdent, according to the oo~ o f~ to underDownwinders. ~ii .. ,. a-a nwnThey also cited the 1984 Midas ._ aa ttDI 11 'is> that we Myth/ Milagro test at Rainier have repeatedly identified to the Mesa in which one person was ;.:. =~ubllc __ and =-Jllt~9111en injured when memben,;-:W over the under their EwindM in rtng,tCJtion. -~. _. m~_r was si:;t_ ._,.,,_ti_ .-;;1" ;-;,;} It it~oua that there are __ ~blema with continued test-~~ 'b: Rauw!t_ ," according to the A~ Jr dittMt: ._,.,_1 tiient. Downwinde,f: fbrmer Democratfc The Downwinden fear a serious Gaor.'-seutt'll:"Mlltheson and exaccident at the Nevada Test Site Sen. Frank E. Moss: Dr. Willem J. 11 1 d cl d f Kol.ff, a pinal bearing in built illto;,.-a.(:DIJdear] test make Salt Labi~Cit:, indicates that the chances of an accidental re10,000 million curies of radioac lease of radioactive material as retivity were released to the envi mote as posaible." ronment between 1951 and 1963 Thi Dtnnawia4ers' statement fsom open-au weapon&. testing at said" lfa. "I~" that OTA. the Nevada Test Site. This was a could declare u.pderground weap. complex mixture.of fission prod ons ~after the April 10, ucts.

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-t. ., f .I .',/1clll.r OESERET HEIJS SALT LAKE CITV, UT OAILV 64,426 SATUROAV OCT 28 1989 HE ,, Chance of N-test accident called remote Report Congressional study says any significant radiation leak in Nevada would b;)el:,c}~~ a, Gordon Eliot White j Desel"ot News Washington correspondent WASHINGTON A congressional re por( to be released next week says under grbund nuclear tests conducted in Nevada ar~ ;;urrounded by "safeguards built into ecMlfi test (that) make the chances of an acci dental release of radioactive material as re mote as possible." The study, carried-.W.ll...by the Office of Te5hnolo~ Assessment, an arm of Cong~ss, looed into charges that the Depart ment of Energy is both careless in holding underground tests in Nevada, and conceal ing leaks of radioactivity. Weather forces delay Unfavorable weather at the Ne vada Test Site has forced a three day delay of a weapons-related nu clear test with a yield of between 20 and 150 kilotons, a Department of Energy spokesman said Friday. Code named "Hornitos," the test had been planned for Saturday. "There is essentially no possibility that a significant release of radioadive material from an underground test could go unde tected" by either DOE or the Environmen tal Protection Agency, the report says. If a "person had been standing at the boundary of the Nevada Test Site in the area of maxi mum concentration of radioactivity for ev-ery test since Banebury (1970), that per son's total exposure would be equivalent to 32 extra minutes of normal background exposure (or the equivalent of one-thou sandth of a single chest X-ray)," the office estimated. At the same time, the agency said, "pub lic concern over the testing program could be greatly mitigated if a policy were adopt ed whereby all tests are announced or at least all tests that release radioactivity to the atmosphere (whatever the conditions) are announced." The office said Energy Department secrecy is largely ineffective anyway in concealing test information. Sen. Orrin Hatch, R-Utah, who with Rep. Wayne Owens, D-Utah, is about to intro duce new legislation to aid victims of atmo spheric atomic tests, said he was pleased to see the report's conclusions. Testing between 1951 and 1963 released more than 12 billion curies of radioactive material into the air. Much of it fell to earth in southwestern Utah. Victims of several types of radiogenic illness sued the U.S. government for damages in federal court, and won at the district court level in Salt Lake City. The Supreme Court two years ago overturned ~hat decision, saying the United States could not be taken to court for conducting the tests, nor for their consequences. Releases from accidents or intentional releases since 1970 have totaled 54,000 cu ries, 36,000 of them from one test, Mighty Oak, in 1986. Between 1963 and 1971, 25 million curies were released from under ground tests. The office said that an acci dent releasing 1 percent of the pre-1963 radiation would be considered "a major ca tastrophe today." The Chernobyl accident in the Soviet Union released an estimated 81 million cu ries, about half of 1 percent of that created by U.S. testing between 1951 and 1963, thf office estimated. WWWJI,,, ,.

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r--;--, F, -r-r-" ,---,t. -1-:" c~ Frtkneisev L5?rt'fll'.r!,R_L, d Nov. /) }Cfg~ Atomic Test Secrecy Criticized By David Perlman Chronidf' &if'nce Editor es of an accidental release ot radioAt the California Inatitute of active material as safe as possible." Technology, &eismic analyst Riley Geary regularly moniton the Neva-.\ government report to But public. confidence in the da weapons tests. So sensitive are Congress sharply criticized denuclear testing program is seriously today' seismic Instruments, he said, fcnsc and energy offfoiall yeslowered because of the govern-that they can detect underground terday for their "ineffective" ment's failure to announce the renuclear explottons with yields poliey that seeks to keep many suits of all the tests that take place, equivalent to lea than 100 tona of underground nuclear weapons the report said. nrr trorn many miles away. tests secret even though aetsmic 'Uttle Justification' According to Geary, seismolo~C'icntists can detect virtuaUy gists can pinpoint more than 99 perall of them. Scientists and policy analysts cent of all U.S. nuclear tests. "It's The report from tbe Office of writing the report said their agency absolutely pointless tor the govern Technology Assessment wu made "finds Uttle justification for this se. ment not to announce all the tests it public on the same day Livermore crecy since Information about tests conducts," he said. scientists at the atomic test site in inevitably reaches the public. _______ ........ '"'"= the Nevada desert eqloded a ther-"The secrecy only exacerbates monuclear weapon \hat swayed public distrust emanating from highrise Las Vegas buildings more problemaat weapons productJont,. than 100 miles from ~und zero. cilitiea and radiation problems~This weapon test !uNI been'lll ed by atmospfleric teeflng.''.:: nounced in advance by the _Depart-The thermonuclear blast ye~: ment of Energy because of its pow-terday was triggered in the north er. It created shock waves ~hat were west corner of the Nevada Test Site, measured by seismolog1Sts near 1 850 feet down a vertical shaft loDenver as if it were an earthquake c~ted on a mountain called Pahute \\ith a Richter magnitude of 5.8. :\lesa. It was the ninth weapons test In keeping with standard pracannounced this year and the fifth in tice. an Energy Department spokesthe h1g~er energy ranges. ~n unrat man said only that the weapon be-1f1ed C S.-~ov.1et treaty m effect mg tested yesterday had a yield of since 1974 hm1ts underground tests bc>tween 20 and 150 kilotons. The to a yield of 150 k1l?tons, and a 1963 atom bomb that destroyed Hiroshi treaty that was ratified by both su ma had a vield of 13 kilotons perpowers bans all nuclear tests m rqual to 13.000 tons ot TNT. the atmosphere. in outer space or under water. Report's Foe The critical report waa pre pared for the House Committee on Interior and ln1ular AffaJNJ at the request of Senator Orrin Hatch, R Ctah. and examined the technolo gies that scientists and engineers from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory use at the Nevada Test Site to prevent underground nuclear blasts from releasing radio activity into the atmosphere. The techniques. said the report. are so highly effective that "current testing procedures make the chancYesterdavs test was the 491st nuclear announced hy the United States since the 1963 treaty. But according to Thomas B. Cochran. senior scientist at the Nat11ral Resources Defense Council in Washington. nongovernment seis mologists have pinpointed at least 115 weapons tests and low-yield experimental nuclear bla11t11 that wtre never announced. The council keeps a tally of all the underground blasts both those that are an nounced and those that are suppos ed to remain secret. Cijitago 1tti uttt CHICAGO, ILL. IL-208 0. 758,464 NOV 3 1989 Bu1_0urs Study: Nevada nuclear tests don't jeopardize residents W ASHINGTON~h~~ 7sio evidence tc show that underground nuclear tests i~ Nevada jeopardize the health of nearby residents. although radioactive materials have periodicallv been released by the blasts, a congressional studv concludes. The report by Congress Office of Technology ,:\ssedment said that since 1970 the undergroun tests have released about 54,000 curies of radiation, an amount the study said would give a resident living near the test site for all that time about the same exposure to radiation as a single Xray. The report, released t~is _week, said there is no need to improve radiation .containment procedures in connection with the tests, but 1t suggested that the government abandon its practice of keeping such tests secret.

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... ~ .------~--...... ~---:.t ~1 e THE NUMBERS GAME r The Data Behind the Policy j Now Playing on Tape at a Home near You i 1 l C And on the Road The American recording industry is worried about all the sales it's losing to home tapers and is pressuring Congress for legislative protection. The Coalition to Save America's Music, an industry-sponsored group, says lost sales total about $1.5 billion each year, about a third of the industry's reve nues. According to a congressional Office ofTechno~gy ment_,_(QTA) report in October, 41 per cent of Amencans surveyed said they had used an audio recorder to tape music from radio, television, records, tapes or compact disks (CDs) in 1988. About 57 per cent of the audio tapers said they could have bought a record, cassette or CD containing the same material; 49 per cent said they would have made the purchase if they hadn't been able to make a tape. The survey found that the main reason tapes are made is to allow the original purchaser of the recording to play it on a car stereo, portable cassette player or other tape player for themselves. The OTA report. which was designed to assess the need for statutory restrictions on home recording, con cluded that the dollar amount of lost sales is difficult to estimate. Current copyright law does not guarantee the recording industry's right to royalties but focuses on preserving the free flow of ideas and knowledge. The Recording Industry Ohm Cooking On the other hand, the Electronic Industries Association, which represents equipment manufacturers, argues that con sumers have the right to copy their records onto tape for personal use. The public apparently agrees, according to the OTA. Most people surveyed, 63 per cent, said they made only one tape the most recent time they recorded-which is not the assembly-line pace that the industry complains of. Of those who taped a whole album, 57 per cent said they owned the original; 29 per cent borrowed it from a friend. Of those who had taped during the previous month, 41.4 per cent had purchased a record, cassette or CD during the past week. Both tapers and nontapers surveyed said they thought it was all right to make a tape for themselves or for a friend, but not to sell it. It seems that contrary to the recording industry's asser-PC Pirates The computer software industry says it also has been plagued with pirates, though no hard data exist. The industry did an estimated $2 billion worth of retail business in 1988, accord ing to the Software Publishers Association (SPA), which expects sales to have risen to $3 billion in 1989. Those figures are only for software used on personal com puters (PCs), not mainframes. The SPA estimates that sales would double if each piece of illegally copied software was purchased. The SPA conducts audits of companies to see how much illegal software is floating around. Based on these audits, the SI'ATISTIC OF THE WEEK Power on ... The Electronic Industries Associa tion expects sales of electronic accessories to reach $1 billion in 1990, a new high. The accessories market includes audio and video equipment cleaners, demagnetizers, patch cables, plugs, jacks, head phones, enhancement devices, blank message tapes for telephone answering machines, smoke detectors and home security infared detectors, to name a few. Audio accessories will probably account for 40 per cent of total electronic accessories sales. ciation of America (RIAA) argues that musicians, composers and others involved in making recorded music have been deprived of royalties by home tapers. As a result, the RIAA says, the flow of new music that could be released has been impeded because the industry cannot produce as many re cordings. The RIAA is particularly concerned about a new technology, digital audio taping, which purportedly records music with no loss of quality. The RIAA and others in the industry fear that music sales would plummet if consumers could make unlimited numbers of perfect copies for their own use or for friends. tions, home taping is declining. Sales of blank audiocassettes, used to record at home, dropped in 1988, as the table, based on data from the Electronic Industries Association, shows. 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Blank Audiocassette Sales to Dealers (in thousands) 186,447 235,000 228,119 245,682 296,681 392,892 366,355 SPA says it finds an average of at least one unauthorized copy of a computer program for each company computer. An audit at a section of a Fortune 500 company found that 9 5 per cent of the programs used by the 200 or so people there were obtained legitimately; only 5 per cent had been pirated. But that 5 per cent cost the industry $50,000. Computer software used to have copy prevention program ming built into it, but over the past three years, most major manufacturers have stopped putting it into their product, because users complained that it slowed the program down. Today, the industry relies on the copyright protection laws, and lawsuits, to limit piracy. -Tanya A. Zielinski NATIONAL JOURNAL 12/30/89 3U5

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~.s. Taping Study Upsets Industry 11 Rqi~ts Questions About Ban, Royalty ___ B_Y....,B""":-;L.Z.~oc&,i] :r:~~c~~:::~: :11 !te: == do~~~;:r~~~~~-rt, composed of ~.WASHINGTON, D.C. The final of complicated legislative options. survey and study data from sev~ral r Congressional report on audio home The stugy does not s!de C?mplete~y diffe~nt contractors, each foc~mg taping seems to ,indicate some of the with either the recording mdustry s oi:i a different as~t_of home tapmg, ; ~j long-held claims 1f hardware manuclaims of great ha~m or hardware gives more amm~mtion to the nwi~-' facturers: that the majority of home manufacturers' claims of no harm (Continued on pag,, 40:l) J taping is not of prerecorded music, ., that home tapers are mostly taping their own records, and that music home taping may stimulate sales. The hefty, 293-page report, released by the Co_nmssjonaJ Office of Tecboo)ogr Assessroeot Oct. 30, also hypothesizes that a congressional restriction on home taping may not boost industry profits and in fact may hurt consumers and cause eco' nomic harm in the short term. Overall, the research document mostly offers legislators (who requested it last year) a patchwork of -819 -CONGRESSIONAL STUDY ON TAPING RAISES QUESTIONS ON BAN, LEVY (Co1Jfinued from page 1) facMers in the decade-long dispute. "Of course, it does," replies Trish Heimers, Recording Industry Assn. of America spokesperson. "The sur vey asks consumers what they want, and of course they don't think they're wrong to home-tape, of course they don't want royalties." Gary Shapifo, VP of government relations for EIA/CEG, sees it differ ently. "It totally, absolutely, irreversibly sinks the subject of [ compensatory] royalties. This survey is to roy alties what the [National Bureau of Standards] study was to the CBS Copycode system. It kills it." But there are unanswered questions that the OTA survey leaves for the Congress to determine. Most importantly, it concludes that the legal status of audio home-taping private. use is "ambiguous." It also looks at the copyright law noti: 11 of "private use" that would allow consumers to tape at home for I ) their own use. A survey within the OTA study shows that the idea is "consistent with public opinion." But OTA then states that the entire no tion of home copying is still legally ambiguous. Part of the survey data, OTA says, agrees with the RIAA position that BILLBOARD NOVEMBER 11. 1989 "home taping displaced some sales of prerecorded product." But OTA adds that the data also indicates that home taping has "a stimulative effect on sales. That is, home copying helps ad vertise songs and performers." RECGIIIIIZIN THE DIIITIL THREAT The report, as the RIAA points out, does recognize the serious threat to the music industry by digital record ing technology. But it stops short of firmly suggesting a legislative reme dy, particularly of a royalty plan. In fact, the study presents Congress with a set of what-ifs and may bes in policy choice options-such as whether or not an option of a shortterm ban on home taping would or wouldn't be beneficial to the record ing industry or consumers. A short-term ban "might be posi tive or negative," says OTA, which adds that the effect of a long-term ban "appears unclear." "Just what the Congress wants to hear," grumbled one Hill insider. Although the document is now avail able to copyright issue lawmakers and their staffs, few have had the chance to do more than glance at the 34-page summary. "We haven't had a chance to plow --all the way through it. We've been busy with important issues like flag burning," another source quipped. llW CHAmR II RGYALn DEUTE The OTA study's seventh chapter on "economic perspectives" is bound to be one that dims industry hopes for a royalty, although no one wants to speak about it. OTA contractor Fred Mannering, an economist at the Univ. of Washington, suggests in his survey that there should be a concept of consumer economic harm in the home-taping controversy. He also suggests that perhaps harm to consumers, if a taping ban or royalty plan on blank tape is introduced, "resulting in a net loss of benefits to society," outweighs music industry claims of more than $1 billion a year in displaced or lost revenue due to home taping. Mannering's financial data tables also contradict and lower RIAA year ly home-taping loss claims. His sur vey also sidesteps the legal question of the constitutionality of home tap ing. CEG's Shapiro also suggests that since the RIAA, "like us, has had a draft of the survey since the spring," that perhaps "they took these results BILLBOARO NEW YORK, NV WEEKLY 46,880 HOU 111989 Bunq,eugs HQ into consideration" when entering into the controversial DAT compro mise agreement with manufacturers. "Did they see the numbers and realize there was no chance for a royalty in the Congress after this got around?" Shapiro asks. "That's for me to know and for him to guess," responds RIAA president Jay Berman. The National Music Publishers Assn., opponent of the RIAA/DAT manufacturers compromise agreement, had not seen the OTA draft in the spring, Shapiro suggests, anci wonders if NMPA would "feel differ ently" if it had read the OTA report. NMPA president Ed Murphy was not available for comment, but in his Oct. 30 written response to the re port, Murphy said it is "very clear'" from the study that Congress must resolve the conflict "between audic technology and the legal protectior owed music copyright owners ... anc provide just compensation to th, rightful owners." Murphy continue, to voice in his statement that "rea sonable compensation must be an in t.egral part of any effective solutior to the home audio crisis."

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--.. ----------.-------------------.. ----_______ ........ -HOLLVUOOO REPORTER HOLLYWOOD, CA DAILY 20,500 MONDAY OCT 30 1989 BURREUl'S -3121 HU Home taping cuts music sales by as muc~ -~22%, report says WASHINGTON (AP) '':'.:'._:' fi'ome been unable to tape. In 77%ofthecases taping may be causing as much as a 22% Joss in prerecorded music sales, a congressional report released over the weekend savs. The report. which Congress will use as it considers possible legislation dealing with existing taping and future taping from new technologies such as digital audio tape and erasable-record able compact discs. showed 41 % of people over age IO had taped recorded music in the previous year. That compared with 21 %-22% in a 197879 survey, but was about the same as 1982. the Office of Technol agy Assessment said. The survey also found that most people tape from their own recordings or those of family members and that they think the practice should continue to be allowed without extra com pensation to recording artists or man ufacturers. But, overwhelmingly, they thought taping for sale was wrong. "It is noteworthy that none of the alternative approaches of limiting recording technology or imposing new fees seemed to have an identifiable constituency among the public," OTA said. '"Tapers, purchasers of prerecord ed products and nontapers seemed to feel that it was fair to leave current home taping practices unchanged." OTA, which advises Congress on technological issues, said the survey was conducted by phone with 1.501 people last September and October. The margin of error was plus or minus three percentage points. OTA found that 57% of those who had taped in the previous year thought they could have bought the material if they had wished. Of those, 49% said they would have bought it if they had in which the taper could have pur chased. the taper said that if he or she had bought the recording, it would have been in addition to other recordings purchased. not in place of them. The OTA concluded that about 22% of the most recent tapings from prerecorded formats displaced sales of prerecorded music that might have otherwise been made. if the respondent could not tape." OTA acknowledged. however, that the figure could be "excessively high" because other studies have shown that half or fewer of respon dents answering affirmatively to hy pothetical questions actually engage in the behavior being studied. Thus. OTA said, the 22% figure should be considered the upper limit. The survey providing some good news for the music industry, OT A said. '"Music tapers. in general. had a greater interest in music, listened to more music and purchased more recorded music products than did non tapers,"' OTA said. .. While home taping certainly dis placed some sales of prerecorded music, survey data also pointed to some stimulative effects. Home tapes had value in promoting songs and performers. In addition. a signif icant number of purchasers bought prerecorded products with the inten tion of copying them," OTA said. Most copying was for "place-shif ting," that is, copying music from records and compact discs to the more portable cassette format, OTA said. The result was that tapers were far more likely to purchase a record or more expensive CD than a prere corded audiocassette, the study said.

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---.. -.---..-.:~ ... ----~--.---.. ---...--------_..,._ .. ----~-----~~---.-........-___ ., .... _,.,_.,.. __ ..... _.-,_..._._, -----------~---~--... J..._. --Ban on Hf,ine.Taping pf Music Opposed By the Office of Tech1*Jlogy Assessment 1 VU\~ a. CoHIM tioa but suggest a range of options that Stet:. oJTHs.WALLS'l'lm&TJOU1'NAL Coagress may pursue. 8Dlm tapfnc of prerecorded music cuts :rhe study also says that advent of new lllfl>)SOl'd industry revenues.. but banning COIIUDunicattons technologies makes an bama taping: would hurt consumers even eXfl1cit congressional ~efinition af thelega.tstatus of home copying more desirable -i Tbat's the conclusion of an independent in qrder to reduce legal and markP.t uncerreport prepared by the Office of Technol taillties and to prevent de facto changes to ~tflPPllt at the request of7he cotyright law through technology." an and Senate. judiciary committees. sap that finding an "appropriate balan Tile report is to be released today. of harms and benefits is a political d The report says the availability of such si
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November 1, 1989 l1fifI'l'Fi' 69 LIVE ENTERTAINMENT & MUSIC 41% OF YANKS COPYING MUSIC, GOVERNMENT STUDY FINDS Congressional report says horn~ taping erodes sales, but effect on market still unknown; few consumers hwe knowledge of copyright laws By DENNIS WHARTON Washington Authors of a new government study say 41 % of Americans are copying recorded music for their personal use, but that it's impossible to say how much harm it is causing the re cording industry. The 291-page "Copyright & Home Copying: Technology Challenges The Law" is likely to do little to calm passions between recording rights groups and elec tronics industry enthusiasts over the thorny home taping issue. While the study is not expected to spur immediate Congressional ac tion, it is likely to serve as an im portant research tool. The report, which cost taxpay ers $330,000, was written by the Office of Technology Assessment, an analytical arm of Congress. It was ordered two years ago by several House and Senate panels investigating the home taping is sue. OT A last fall selected 1,50 l Americans to participate in a survey of audio and video home tap ing habits. Among the study's key finds: Some 41 % of Americans over the age of 10 taped recorded music in their home in the last year, twice the proportion recorded in 1978; Home taping "displaced sales," but also provided a 'stimulative effect' by helping to advertise songs and performers: Most home tapers copy from .LPs rather than CDs or cassettes. and tapers do so for the purpose of '"place-shifting" the music from an LP to a cassette for use in an au tomobile or portable cassette deck; A "large majority" of people who copied music "copied their own recording for their own use." Only about one-fifth made copies for a friend or copied a borrowed item; The availability of dual cassette and high-speed dubbing capability 'had little to do with the number of homemade tapes;" No link was found between video and audio taping behavior. "Homevideo and home audio copying were done by different people, for different reasons." The survey found the public has no understanding of copyright law and how it applies to home tapmg. The public believes there ,s no harm done in copying recorded music for personal use or for a friend, the study said. Taping for the purpose of com mercial exploitation, however. was "universally considered unacceptable" by all panicipants. G TA hired three independent ecor. Jm1sts to help on the report. Perhr,:,s the most controversial as pect o' the study is a cost-benefit analysis by economist Fred Man nering on the implications of a hypothetical audio home-copy,ng ban. Mannering concluded such a ban would not only reduce recording studio revenues, but "would be even more harmful to con sumers, and would result in an outright loss of benefits to society, at least in the short term, in the billions of dollars." Mannering said the net effects of the hypothetical ban "might be positive or negative" in the long term. The OT A study noted that the Recording Industry Assn. of America "objected vehemently" to Mannering's findings when presented with a draft report earli er this year. RlAA said Manne ring s analysis "turns the home tap,ng issue on ,ts head .. by assumrng consumers arc "enutled to some form of compcn sation upon a ban of home taping. W c object to the notion that revenues associated with the en joyment of copyrights music arc up for grabs and that they should be distributed away from copy right holders in favor of home tapers and the hardware industry based on a detached consumer welfare' analysis." The OT A study' s authors presented Congress with a number of options on the home taping issue, including the-option of doing noth ing. Failing to act, however, would result in "legal uncertain ties that will further complicate in dustry decisionmaking," authors of the study said. "The major question facing Congress," the authors said, "is whether extending copyright pro prietors' rights to private use is necessary to serve the public in teresr." LOOKING & BOOKING Janet Jack.9on mulling spring concert dates for CAA. Tickets for Prince's June 19, 20 and 22 concerts at Wembley Stadium sold out less than two hours after going on sale Oct. 20. Promoter Barry Clay man may add up to six more shows The Purple One s Bmmngham shows June 29-30 sold out in under an hour. Bee Gees taking their act on n 6-c1ty Australian tour via ITR begmntng Nov. 7 at Canberra's Bruce Stadium. Singer
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THE PLAIN DEALER CLEVELAND, OHIO SAT. 552,401 OH-380 NOV 18 1989 liLfl((fBI F'S ---........ ---...... ~'I). .__ ------------Erase the tape tax ide~ e"7;)117V For a few years now, a cluster of recording industry interests has been beseeching Congress to grant it a special royalty tax on recorders and blank audio tapes. The argument behind this plea for singular consideration was that, out there in the privacy of their homes, American consumers were pirating away the profits of artists and companies by making unauthorized tape copies of records, compact discs and commercially produced tapes. But a recent survey by the congressional Office of Technology Assessment leaves those arguments sounding hke an overplayed, old, Edison wax-cylinder recording scratchy, hollow and unintelligible. The OTA found that almost three-fourths of the record, disc and tape selections transferred to other tapes already had been purchased by the consumers or their family members; that 86% of home tapers did so because they wanted to be able to hear the material in their cars or on their W alkmarts. Further, in a given month, some 73% of taping "occasions" involved not pre-recorded music, but family voices, home-musical produc tions and answering-machine messages. OTA also found that home taping tends to encourage album purchases, and that such tapers tend to purchase royalty-producing albums much more frequently than non-tapers. (Something must be going right for the record ing magnates: Last year, the industry turned $6.25 billion in sales: profits were up by 20% to 30%. This year's action will exceed last year's record, the industry says.) Thus, in its greedy efforts to wrench every conceivable royalty penny out of the consumer, the recording industry would use the force of government to squeeze some of its best custom ers as well as millions of taxpaying tape recorder owners who never have copied anything in-their lives. That's the very definition of a special-interest group using the federal tax machinery to benefit itself at everyone's cost. The Supreme Court in 1984 found that private home video-taping by consumers was legal which upset the major movie studios, who were too myopic to see that the explosion of home video-taping would someday mean undreamedof millions in profits for them. The same applies to home audio-taping. That's why Congress should run this idea of a tape-royalty tax through the great congressional tape eraser and / obliterate it forever. /

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TV C~LIPS DATE TIME NETWORK PROGRAM DATE TIME NETWORK PROGRAM DATE TIME NETWORK PROGRAM -~-.... ------BU~!l,EUJrS 15 EAST NORTHFIELD ROAD I LIVINGSTON I NEW JERSEY 01039 (201 J 992-6800 I (800) 631-1160 O1.'tober 30. 1989 8:00-8:30 PM Consumer News & Business Channel The Media Beat Leslie Carde, host: ACCOUNT NUMBER NIELSEN AUDIENCE 10/6297 Y N/A Not such e:ood news for the Recording Industrv Association ot America. which today got -a blow from the Office of Technc~v A~;sessment. ln a report rt'lt,ased today. the OT A opposes a ban t1f hom<-' taping of rrerecorded music. The report\ conclusion is that wh1fi: hor.ie aping ,:uts mro rernrding industry revenues. a ban would hurt ;;onsurners even more. The Recording Industry Association has long sought relief for royalties it says its members have lost to home taping. The association late today said th~ report only helped confirm the group's concerns that copyrights appear to have become meaningless. October 28, 1989 -+:00-5:00 PM PT Associated Press News Paul Corson reporting: A_ report to Congre~s says four out of ten people have taped their own copies ot prerecorde~ mus1~, and the ~eport f~om the Office of T echnolo~ Assessment s;:iys home tapmg might be cuttmg muslc revenue h\' as much as twentv-two percent. The report may help lawmakers consider ~vhether music makers need prote_ction from new audio recording breakthroughs that could encourage more d~~bmg d~ne at home. Such legislation is already in the works for consumer digital aud10 tape, expected on the market within months. I'm Paul Corson, AP Network News. October 28, 1989 7:00-7:05 PM MT ABC Information News John Grimes reporting: The government's Office of Technology Assessment, looking at whether legisla tion ihould be proposed to control the duplication of recorded music by consumers. A congressional report just out says the use of so-called home taping dui:licating t e~ordings for others ha~ put a big dent in sales of recorded music--down twenty-two percent in the last ten years. In most cases, the report says. people simply transfer a record to tape to be able to lis!en in the car or give as a gift to a friend. The survey says all agreed dupli cating records for sale. wrong. Vid
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.... MJ.\f ~ll.YtttS 'll-tnttS LARGEST CIRCULATION IN THE WEST LOS ANGELES, CAL. 0.1,117.952 SAT.1,022,423 SIIN 1.3117.19:? OCT 20 1989 I JSuperfund Cleanup Is Ineffective, Study Finds I! Toxic Waste: An investigation for Congr~ ~ncludes that pQlluters are let off the hook. But ~PA criticizes the findings as being outdated. I) -to')f,J 8y RUDY ABRAMSON T MES STAFF WRITER WASHINGTON -The multibil1 n-dollar Superfund toxic waste oject is failing to' clean up sites t at pose an imminent danger hile spending more than half of i i'I resources on management, 1 ng-range studies and questiona e technology, the Congressional fice of Technology Assessment s afnursday. The report was quickly criticized both the Environmental Pro t ction Agency, which said the s udy was outdated when it was r leased, and the chairman of the c ngressional panel that ordered t e in:vestigation, who termed the s udy too speculative. The two-year study contended t at 50% to 70% of the $4.4 billion s ent so far was used ineffectively gover1;1ment and industry. Investigators estimated that half o the project's eff9rt is being spent t study "speculative future risks," a d that three-fourths of the c eanups are "unlikely to work o er the long term." .l "The closer one gets to Super f1nd's implementa~n, the more that many cleanups look like deci sion making has worked back ward," the OT A concluded. The report also charged that the agency is allowing cheaper, less effective cleanups at some sites to encourage companies responsible for creating dumps to foot the bill voluntarily. The OT A cited "a pattern of EPA selecting less stringent cleanup technologies to obtain voluntary or negotiated settlements with re sponsible parties [polluters]." Pol luters may have saved as much as $1 billion in 1988 by using less effective cleanup methods, the re port estimated. Efforts to reconcile competing interests in the massive undertak ing, the report said, have created a "Superfund syndrome." "Analysis breeds paralysis as stakeholders with different per ceptions of risk and different prior ities fight data with data. Contrac tors keep busy, reports pile up, contamination spreads into soil and ground water, [and] many sites wait to get into the system." The EPA, which administers the much-criticized program launched eight years ago, estimates that it will need to add 900 sites to its current list of 1,200 priority sites. But the OT A estimated that the number of new sites to be identified could be 10 times that. "The nation," it said, "has proba bly spent only about 1 % or 2% of what ultimately might be spent by all parties to clean up chemically contaminate~ sites-now roughly BACKGROUND The Superfund toxic waste project was created in 1980 as a shortterm, $1.6billion cleanup effort. But it soon became clear the problem was not likely to be solved quickly or cheaply. In 1985, Congress reauthorized Superfund, add ing $8.5 billion. To date, the fund has spent $4.4 billion but has cleaned up only a fraction of the 1,200 sites targeted. The new study for Congress esti mates there could be 9,000 more toxic sites that need attention-an effort it esti mated would cost $500 billion over 50 years. estimated by OT A at $500 billion over 50 years." Created in 1980 as a crash pro gram to get rid of toxic waste. dumps, the program has spent, about $4.4 billion, but the scope of the toxic waste problem has gross-! ly outpaced the program's ability to react. The O'l'A suggested the project needs to be fundamentally reorganized. i EPA officials suggested that much of the criticism leveled by the study already has been ad dressed since the Bush Adminis tration named William K. Reilly head of the agency The new administrator ordered an intensive review of the Super tund program last summer and recommended 50 substantive changes in it. Rep. John D. Dingell (D-Mich.), chairman of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, criticized the study done for his panel. t "I am extremely copcerned," he iaid in a letter to OT A director ohn H. Gibbons, "that the con tructive aspects of ti)e report will e overshadowed by ts excessive mphasis on speculative statis.ucs .... "Certainly, there is an over whelming consensus among all parties [including EPA] that the Superfund program could and should make more efficient use of its resources. But I do not believe the report has presented persua sive evidence to support its conclu sion that 50% to 70% of Superfund spending by government and in dustry has been inefficient, and I am troubled that this figure is likely to be misconstrued." In spite of limited progress, sky rocketing costs, public criticism and the staggering cost of getting rid of the dumps, the tepon de clared the Superfund program should oe extended by Congress. "Lack of public confidence in Superfund and criticism of Superfund may cause some people to discount the real environmental problem and abandon the effort," it said. "With billions of dollars at stake ... building public confi dence in Superfund is more neces sary than ever." __ __/

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----------------______________ ...s-_________ ....... -----... -------~-----~----------~1,, Wubington Qtimcs WASHINGTON, D.C. 0.104,890 OCT 20 1989 BVff.REUJ!'S Study: Red tape eats up EPA funds HE ASSOCIATED PRESS ~.::::l~l]" and get rid of this stuff [toxic The government s "Sui,erfund waste]:' noney has not been spent wisely, Studies are needed to charactervith only some 40 percent going to ize the hazard, decide on the proper lean up toxic waste dumps, a conremedy and test different technol:ressional study said yesterday. ogies, all work that must be handled "Analysis breeds paralysis," the by contractors, he said. >ffice of Jechnology Assessment Reps. John D. Dingell, Michigan aid in noting that only about three Democrat, and James Scheuer, New .ozen of the 1,200 priority cleanup York Democrat, both noted that EPA ites have been declared completely Administrator William K. Reilly has lean. taken steps to improve Superfund. During the last three years, 60 Mr. Dingell added, "The conercent of the $4.4 billion spent by structive aspects of the OTA report 1e Environmental Protection Agenmay be overshadowed by its excesY on Superfund went for adminissive emphasis on speculative statis-ation, management or site studies tics:' :1ther than cleanup, said a report Rep. Mike Synar, Oklahoma :-om the Office of Tuchnology As-Democrat, said the study "paints a ~ssment. disturbing picture which questions OTA concluded that while the EPA just how pennanent and complete as estimated another 900 toxic these cleanups actually are and how aste sites likely will be added to its wisely the money used to administer riority list over the next decade, the the program has been spent." llfflber could be 10 times that with The report said the Superfund's better administered program. problem is not one of money, but that The report, titled "Coming Clean,'' funds too often were misdirected lid while private Superfund con-rather than aimed at reducing the actors keep busy, "reports pile up, significant health and environmen>ntamination spreads into soil and tal threats posed by toxic waale :-oundwater, many sites waitl,to get sites. :to the [cleanup] system: Often, money spent directly on Lew Crampton, EPA assocUd:e adcleanup efforts went toward "reducinistrator fur communicatiojs and ing hypothetical riaks which may not 1blic affairs, said the agency's figmaterialize" instead of dealing with ~s show 60 to 70 percent of the immediate health threats, it said. oney is relat:<1 site cleanup. ~e At the same time, the report ,rcentage will increase starting claimed that too often the govemter this year, he said, when major ment has chosen -or allowed the instruction work begins on a numpolluters themselves to choose -1 ir of sites. cleanup methods that "are unlikely "It depends on how you define to work over the long term: hat is spending directly on cleanup In an attempt to reduce govemtd what is inefficient;' he said, addment costs, the EPA is getting indusg the agency has asked OTA to extry to assume more cleanup activain its percentages. ities, but also is allowing i:1dustry to Mr. Crampton, defending preuse less stringent cleanup technoliratory studies, added, "You can't ogies, possibly saving as much as $1 :pect to stick a shovel in the ground billion, the study said. ---~""' SOUTH BEND TRIBUNE SOUTH BENO, "Jf DAILY 9l,l32 WEDNESOM' OCT Z5 1989 246 'It's-not working : Pre:Jnt Bbjb ought to take the lead in getting Superfund n track. It has not been working, and last week a congres sional study declared that the toxic waste cleanup law should be overhauled. A major problem has been getting Congress and the administration to pull in the same direc tion. Creation of Superfund was one of the last acts passed dur ing the Carter administration. It was supposed to galvani7.e governments at all levels to force toxic waste polluters to clean up the messes left'scattered through the country. If that failed, the federal government was supposed to do the job. Last week.the Congressional Office of T~ology ~ssment declared Superfund to be gridlocked. In nine years, the legislation has produced complete decontamination of only about three dozen buardous waste sites, of the 1,200 sites that have been given cleanup priorities. The law bas been renewed by Con&tffil until 199'l, but the operation.only sePrns to boi down,,--The 1980 law was developed under less than auspicious circumstances. President C~ influence was weak while Congress framed the law and he was a lame duck when he signed it that December. The Reagan administration missed the first deaclline for implementing the law and never showed genuine interest in enforcement And initiative is left to state governments, who, when they find danger sites, are likely to be stuck for parts of unpaid bills. The congressional study contends that ~uperfund, which 1 operates under the Environmental Protection Agency, has a salary-heavy bureaucracy that will do about anything rather : than concentrate on the job it was made for. Most of the $5 billion appropriated so far has been spent on management costs and legal disputes. Congress actually has made available twice as much money to operate Superfund as Bush and Reagan administra tions asked for. Of what has been appropriated, only about a third has gone for actual cleanup. Meanwhile, contamination spreads and little is done. An overhaul with strong leadership from the White House would be the best way to attack the problem. Mr. Bush is on record as wanting to be known as the environmental president He could take a big step in that direction by leading anf effective drive to clean up toxic waste. ---J /'\

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TV CLIPS DATE TIME NETWORK PROGRAM ,_. ~-..... ,~_j,,..-~--Bug,,_{l,E~.l.PS 15 EAST NORTHFIELD ROAD I LIVINGSTON I NEW JERSEY 01039 (201) 992-6600/ (800) 631-1160 October 19, 1989 9:00-10:00 PM Consumer News & Business Channel America's Vital Signs Dave Walker, co-anchor: ACCOUNT NUMBER NIELSEN AUDIENCE 10/6297 Y N/A If accurate, a very scary report out of Washington today on the overwhelming magnitude of the toxic waste crisis in America. Item: The Environmental Protection Agency says there are twelve hundred badly cnntaminated sites. The actual figure could be ten thousand. Item: The EPA frittered away five to ten billion doUars on excessive paperwork and poorly planned cleanups. That's upwards of seventy-five percent of the Superfund cleanup money. Item: The actual cost of cleaning up toxic waste may run to five hundred billion dollars. Those stunning accusations were made by the non-partisan Office of T echnoloi)' Assessment. The independent agency also accuses the EPA of allowing polluters to save one billion dollars with less effective cleanup methods. The EPA denies the accusations, calling them unsubstantiated. W ALLSTREETJOURNAL NEW YORK, N.Y. o. 833,423 Eastern Edition NY-472 OCT 23 1989 BuRREU.FS JI ;.x97'f The Bottomless Pit Asides The Environmental Protection Agency is getting a lot out of the Su perfund program. Of the $4.4 billion spent so far on the program, 60% is going for administrative costs, management and research, the Office of Technology Assessment just reported. 1.:8 Words 11 Clips Only 36 of 1,200 priority cleanup sites have been "decontaminated." Over the next 50 years, $500 billion is earmarked for the program. At current allocations, that means EPA will be spending $300 billion on itself. It may not be toxic, but we know where one waste dump is. JOURNAL-NE\IS WEST NYACK, MY DAILY 47,300 FRIDAV OCT 20 1989 510 Bu~t1,E.l..l.FS I OF NOTE rl: 1 ~Ana1,: breeds paralysis." QC -A report by Congress' ., Office of Technology Assessment that calls tor a major overhaul of the Superfund and says that more than half of the multibillion dollar program is being spent on studies, management and ineffective technology instead of cleaning up toxic waste dumps. Video cassettes are available in anv format for a period l1f four weeks from air date from our affiliate: VIDEO MONITORI'NG SERVICES OF AMERICA. INC. l212)73o-2010

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I Fort Worth Star-Telegram FORT WORTH, TEXAS D. 136,305 SAT. 265,013 SUN 118,936 OCT 23 19B9 BLHf,ffLLS $uperwaste ~t"4,'Zfi eorrof!~?blems with Superfund -Very httle~ M!""tO'rm~ed super Meanwhile, sigmficant threats to afiout the federal Superfund if a new conhealth and the environment continue to gr~ional study is correct -or even half-go unaddressed. way correct. 'A report prepared by Congress' Qffice ofT echnology Assessment indicates that IJH)re than half of the multi billion-dollar fulid is going into administrative ex instead of being used to clean up toxic-waste dumps, which is the task for whlch the fund was established. The report said that Superfund, instead odocusing on effective cleanup activities, is'J)ogged down in "gridlock" and toph~vy in administration, legal wrangling, I;tianagement spending and redundant studies. Since 1980, Congress has earmarked about $IO billion under the Superfund program for cleanup work through l 99~. A'lx>ut half that money has been appropnated, yet only three dozen of 1,200 priori ty cleanup sites have been declared totally di:eontaminated. -""Where bas the money gone? ~gthe last three years, according to tlj report, 60 percent of the $4.4 b~on SP.fDt by the Environmental Protection .AlenCY on Superfund went for adminis tt.ation costs; "management expenses" or tOKic-waste site studies despite the fact thlt toxic-waste sites ha ;e just about been stttdicd to death. The study pointed up another worri some Superfund trait, toe. Fund officials have a disturbing tendency to tum cleanup efforts over to the people who did the polluting in the first place, allowing them to choose cleansing methods of questionable value. In the name of economy, the EPA has allowed industries to employ cleanup technology that has saved the Superfund possibly as much as $1 billion. But, in addition to being cheaper, the methods they have used frequently do not com pletely remove the threat posed by toxic wastes. When that is the case, the savings repre sent false economy. The peril to health is still present, and future costs of an effec tive cleanup will be much greater. The Superfund languished badly dur ing the Reagan years, an error for which future generations are likely to suffer. In order to limit the suffering, Congress should call for a thorough investigation and, if necessary, a total overhaul of the system. Money is not the only thing, or the most important thing, being wasted here. Human lives are at stake. -~-. --~

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\ ,' ) -. ', OTA: Superfund Misspent : The Jede~l government's Superfund money bas not ,been ., spent wisely; with only some .40, _, percent. going .to.:clean up toxic-. waste dumps, the Office of Tech~ nology Assesment (OTA) said. "Analysis breeds paralysis,'" the congressional agency said in noting that only about three dozen of the 1~200 priority cleanup sites have been declared completely clean.--During the last three years, 60 percent of the $4.4 billion spent by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on : Superfund went for administration, manage ment or site studies rather than cleanup, the report said. OTA concluded that while the EPA has estimated another 900 toxic-waste sites likely will be added to its priority list over the next decade, the number could be 10 times that with a better administered program. EPA spokesman Lew Crampton said the agency's figures show 60 to .70 percent of the money is related to site cleanup. He said the agency has asked OTA to explain its percentages. Fromalaff~lllli-aerwicea ;:-, --. ~: -"~' --.. :. _,:.

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AHERICAH HETAL HARKET ,. NEW VORK, NV OAILV 10,683 t HONOAV OCT 2 1989 -340 NA \/ V Treaty said needed to avert Antarctica 'gold rush' By RICK PULLEN ~,z"Yl-1 WASHINGTON (FNS}-With improvements in technology, the potential for mineral explo ration in Antarctica is expand ing, and if a proposed new treaty is not ratified by the Senate an international "gold rush" could take place on the polar conti nent, according to a new study. Antarctica is known more for Mineral exploration would be regulated on polar continent its inhospitable climate, penguins and international ex plorers in search of the South Pole than for mineral explo ration. It has been g1Jverned. by the Antarctic Treaty since 1959. But in 1981 the United States and other signers of the treaty began negotiations on how to regulate mineral exploration on the con tinent. Those negotiations resulted in a 1988 treaty known as "The Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities." The Bush adminis tration soon will send the treaty to the Senate for confirmation. The Office of _'fechnQ..1..Qn Assessment, a non-partisan re search organization. examined the treaty at Congress' request and released the results of its findings Friday. It concluded that "if a mipor minerals d'iscwert rs madi in the absence of an international agreement about Antarctic min erals, an unregulated gold rush could follow, unraveling the Ant arctic Treaty System and damaging all U.S. Antarctic interests. The Minerals Convention would help maintain the continent's longstanding peace and stab ility. It would enable consider ation of mineral resource activities. And, although some environmental groups would prefer banning all minerals de velopment in Antarctica, the convention is one of the strong est international environmental protection agreements nego tiated to date." The OTA acknowledged that "no mineral deposits of com mercial interest have been dis covered yet," but that the potential for a discovery was increasing. "A commercial oil or hard mineral deposit in ,Antarctica would have to be of world-class size and quality to be developed economically. Probat>ly only a handful of such undiscovered re sources are left in the world." The new treaty requires that no exploration or development may take place until technology and procedures are available for safe operations. If the treaty is ratified by the Senate, both the Senate and the House of Representa~ves wold have to approve,eaa iq lejis lation deciding whic ':agency w agencies would rep,resent. the United States at the convention. The convention woult provide a framework to guide future de cisions on whether Antarctica's minerals should bb., developed and how that development might take place. The OT A recommtnded that the U.S. governme monitor Antarctica's environ int to assure internationat ~~~pliance with any future contenUon decisions. "Because the United States may expand environmental data gathering, monitoring and mineral reconnaissance and would need to regulate any operators it sponsors, the Congr~ss should consider institutional arrange ments for future U.S. Antarctic activities," the OTA said. ''The present approach, which assigns primary authority to the National Science Foundation, may serve adequately, or Congress could consider granting re sponsibility for minerals ac tivities to the Department of the Interior, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or perhaps to a small Minerals Commission or a new U.S. Antarctic Agency." The OTA also said that an agreement on liability would have to be negotiated before any exploration could begin. Because of geological, en vironmental, economic and pol itical constraints, the OTA said it did not believe any oil deposit or metal mine would be developed sooner than three decades from now, although exploration might begin long 6efore then. That would give the United States and other netjons time to work out the details of the different inter national agreements that still must be negotiated. Reo ~::;,i.c: o. 1''2~c":~ in., Fla.), cnairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, said the OTA "made an important contribu tic..1 to congressional evaluation of the convention .... As one of .., the last environments on Earth without a system of regulation for mineral resource develop ment, Antarctica represents an important challenge to the na tions of the world to offer their protection to a fragile environ ment." I ;., I t ... f' i-

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OTA Projects Antarctic Development B11 Nil:k Snou, & J-I '7 ';,! WASlilNGTON -While it does not expect that either a crude oil deposit or metal mine could be de veloped there sooner than about three decades ti'qm now, the congressional om~ of Technology Assessment believes that tne fflliteastitesshould ratify international mineral resource guidelines for Antarctica OTA said in a new report that the Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities would provide a framework to guide future decisions on whether Antarctic minerals should be developed and, if so, under what circumstances. But the congressional watchdog agency added that a commercial oil or hard mineral deposit there would have to be of world-class size and quality to be economically developed. "Probably only a hand Jul of such undiscovered resources are left in the world," it observed. "Whether oil companies wiU have the technical capabilities to develop any large fields found in Antarctica depends on both the specific environmental and geological conditions where the field is located and on the status of tech nology," the report continued. It added that profitability and risk, both political and financial, illso will determine whether a ~mpany would have the incentive :o develop an Antarctic crude oil ield OTA said that such a field would 1ave to be a world-class giant (be. ween 500 million and 5 billion reoverable barrels) or super-giant nore than 5 billion barrels) with .igh productivity to be economic. Rig01'0WI Environment It suggested that Antarctica's rigorous environment probably would make pmduction there more difficult thin anywhere else in the world: "Most of Antarctica is colder, stonnier and more isolated than other challenging areas in which the oil industry has oper ated, and it has a continental shelf three to six times deeper than the global mean. "Even so," it went on, "required technologies for some types of Antarctic development wll prob ably not be substantially different from those now used, or contemplated for use, by major firms in other harsh operating areas." Offshore technologies have evolved in discrete, incremental steps over the last 20 years as the industry has moved into progres sively difficult areas. according to OTA ''To date, most significant production experience in harsh environments lras been in the North Sea, but production in very deep-water has begun in such areas aa the Gutf of Mexico and ot'tstlore~l;-it observed. It predicted that the first type of offshore development likely to be tried in Antarctic;a likely would be in an area relatively free of icebergs. OTA said that most of the technology is available for such a development, although a complete system would require combining technologies developed for ice covered areas and deep water. '"11le industry does not yet have much experience operating in environments characterized by both deep wate and seasonal sea ice and/or icebergs," the report pointed out Other Requirements It said that additional technology development, some of which cur rently is under way now in other hostile areas. would be needed in ., areas where icebergs are likely to be a problem. "Since long lead times and appropriate economic incentives will be needed in any case to bring a field into production in Antarctica, the required technology is likely to be available by the ear liest credible date that a project could be brought on stream," said OTA. "Technologies for .use in other hostile areas (e.g., the iceberg-prone Labrador Sea) are likely to continue to be improved, and these would be available for use in Antarctica" It added that while it likely will be technically possible to produce oil from under Antarctica's ice shelves and moving ice cap some day, new technology would be required to develop any fields found in these areas. The report suggested that cur rent world oil prices would have to at least double to commercially deOIL OAILV-WASHINGTON, OC OAILV 5,000 FRIDAY SEP 29 1989 velop a very large Antarctic crude reserve. But OTA said that such a deposit also would have to be in a location where production was technically feasible; its develop mental timing-would have to be far enough in the future that all pre production activities could be accomplished and the necessary technology become available; and BuRRELLE~s _all parties involved-would have to -5019 11L _determine that development would be consistent with stanAntarctic Development d~s establish~ in the Antarctic l Gllt*liliett Outlined mmerals convention and that they r(Co an ed from .......
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-,'.;) v/ Schools: America's $500-Billion Flop By Lewis J. Perelm..m E DUCA TION costs too much and delivers too lit tle at a time when oar emerging "information" society needs it more than ever. In fact, viewed as an economic sector, education has the worst pro ductivity record of any major Amer iean industry. Of course, many proposed struc tural changes-opening public schools to choice and competition, cutting centralized bureaucracy, holding institutions accountable for actual knowledge and skill gained by students, and revising employ ment practices to reward compe tence and flexibility-promise to create an environment where in structional efficiency matters. But the technological and orga nizational innovations that have en abled productivity to soar in other industries will not occur even in a restructured education system with9ut an investment in research and development comparable to other economic sectors. At present, that investment is almost nonexis tent. Closing the R&D gap must be made a top priority in educational r~form~ TJI High Cost of Mediocrity A four-year study by th~ Qffice of TeeoloBI Assessment conclud thatthe key obstacle thwarting America's shift to an iiormation-age economy is the egregiously poor productivity of the education sector. OTA found that education is tied (with social work) li8 the most labor-intensive busi rresses in the economy, with labor costs equal to 93 percent of output value-compared with 54 percent ftlr all private business. J Since 1950, the real dollar (inflation-adjusted) cost of elementa ry/secondary (K-12) education in the United States has quadrupled. College is no better bargain: The nominal price tag for higher education doubled in the past 10 years, rising far faster than inflation. With enroll ments flat or declining and educa tional quality of schools and colleges either the same (according to their fans) or deteriorating (according to their critics), the ratio of effective ness to cost has been going sharply downhill. Why? The May 1988 OTA study revealed that education has by far the lowest level of capital investment (another name for "buying technology") of any major industry: only about $1,000 per employee. The average for the U.S. economy as a whole is about $50,000 of capital investment per job; in some high tech industries, it's $300,000 or more. Even other, relatively labor intensive, "service" businesses pro vide at least $7,000 to $20,000 worth of equipment and facilities for each employee. The education industry, however, has a unique characteristic that sets it apart from all other businesses: It is the only enterprise where the con sumer does the essential work. To the extent that learning is educa tion's essential (though not only) business, it's clear that the produc tivity of the student or learner-not teachers or administrators-is what ultimately counts. If we count the student, rather than the paid staff, as the "worker" to be compared to workers in other sectors, education's productivi ty/technology gap looms even larger. Thus, the public schools'. niggling capital investment of $1,000 per em ployee becomes a pathetic $100 per worker if "worker" means "student." As a matter of fact, while the aver age U.S. public-school budget now comes to about $5,000 per student annually, the typical school district expends only about $100 to $200 of that sum on materials and tools for each student to use directly for learning. No wonder, then, that the instructional technology available to most students, most of the time, in most American schools and colleges, today ranges from 100 to 1,000 years old. Had the power of educational technology grown at the same pace over the last four decades as the power of computer technology, a high school or college educationwhich still take 12 and four years respectively to produce, at an aver age cost for either of about $60,-000-could be produced in less than 10 minutes for about five cents! No one expects improvements of that magnitude. But taxpayers and tuition-payers can justly expect ed ucation to make some meaningful technological progress in the same direction as the rest of the economy. Instead, the technological gap be tween the school environment and the "real world" is growing so wide so fast that the educational experi ence is at risk of becoming not merely unproductive but utterly irrele vant. The R&D Gap T he federal government pays less than 9 percent of the national bill for formal education (school and college); yet it pays for most of the educational research. Depending on what one regards as "R&D," the federal Education De partment spent between $136 million and $388 million on some kind of research in the 1989 fiscal year .. Only about a million dollars of this was devoted to development of ad vanced instructional technology. Most of the research on high-tech teaching and learning is financed by

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' the Defenae Department, to the tune about $200 million amwally. The National Science Foundation also allocates about $15 million a year to research on instruction for science and mathematics. These hundreds of millions of dol lars may sound like a lot of money for research until one considers the scale of the nation's learning enter prise. The education and trainiq sector is America's largest informa~on industry and, depending on what 1s counted, may be simply the country's biggest business. Formal in struction provided by schools, col le~ and corporate and military training departments is a $400-billion-a-year industry; OT A estimates that it employs around 10 per cent of the U.S. workforce. When on-the-job training and other less visible forms of teaching are includ ed, the learning enterprise amounts to more than $500 billion a year. By contrast, the health-care industrygenerally viewed as the largest runs around $600 billion. By OTA's accounting, the education sector's investment in R&D comes to only 0.025 percent of its annual revenues. Even if demonstra tiOA projects, program evaluations and other activities plausibly consid-' ered "research" are included, the fiawe is still ia less than 0.1 percent. In contrast, R&D accounts for 2.5 percent of the entire U.S. gross na I tional product. The average American business firm invests 2 percent of~ in R&D. But high-tech, in formation-baaed businesses com; monly plow 7 to 20 percent their sales into R&D. In Busineu Week's latest "R&D Scoreboard" the me top-rated companies in the computer software and services sector (the fastest-growing segment of today's computer industry) spent from 16.1 to 28.6 percent of their revenues on R&D. The same study found that the amount of R&D investment per em ployee is the most powerful pre-dictor of business succesa. Far tbe formal education sector (kinderpr~en through university), R&D spendmg per employee is less than $50 a year. (Or actually $5 a year, if stu dents are condsidered as "workers.") In contrast, Business Week's top five spent between $30,264 and $42,622; and the average for all in dustries rated WU $5,042 ..,...,. t. Predactlwlt, C !early, a bold initiative is needed. But merely adding dollars to the educational re. search budget is not enough. 'he failure to exploit effectively the instructional power of the computer is just one notable illustration of educational imatutiona' capacity ~o resist change. A decade and a half the "~ __ computer" revo-IUtJ0ft, IM!I' 40 million penonal com putera are in me in the United States. Computera called computm' are in some 20 million American homes. But nearly 30 million U.S. homes have Nintenck>-type game units-computer terminals masquerading as toys. In contrast, another 1988 OTA found tliat u.s. schools have spent a total of about $2 billion on instructional computers over a period of 10 years-that's only a tenth of what the rest of America spends on personal computers every year. A recent survey by Henry Jay Becker of Johns Hopkins University deter mined that there are about two million instructional computers in K-12 schools, about one for every 20 stu dents. Many of thole are ol.4, obso lete or simply locked away unuaed. While experti have concluded that, ideally, all students should get to uae instructional computers for about a third of their time in school. or 10 hours a week, the OTA report eatimated that stucients typically get to 11118 computerl in --U.S. scbooll only about one bciur a week. The reuam 1or t1m CODllitim I .. ..

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HYDROCARBON PROCESSING HOUSTON, TX HONTHLY 27,445 HOUEHBER 1989 Bu:, -3~7 '/!EU.I'S ML ~ce of Technology Assessment (OTA), Washington, D.C.J0~,l..9j02~,. This research organization is the smallest ag~cy%'Ythe Congress, which it serves with various special ized studies. OTA's reports, produced. by a staff of undeE 200, often propel it directly between co:tradic:ory positions, cfr?tentious personalities and highly charged argume~ts in Congress on the promise-or the threat-of a technology. As a consequence, the agency is highly visible, widely quoted and surprisingly influential. As an example of energy-sector activities, OTA has re leased a report on the effect oflow oil prices on U.S. domes tic oil production. U.S. Oil Production: The Effect of Low Oil Prices-Special Report presents the results ofOTA's analysis of a group of factors which could strongly influence the direc tion of U.S. oil production. The report identifies these factors as the expected profit ability of new investments in drilling, the potential of new oil exploration development and production technologies, the nature of the remaining oil resource base, the business climate for oil investment overseas, deterioration of the indus try's infrastructure, the efficiency of exploration development activity and structural change.!! in the oil industry. It also discusses the origin of today's low oil prices and their effect on the oil industry. In addition, the report assesses in ternational oil prices and where they are going, the history of these prices, and determinants of future oil prices. This authoritative 140-page publication, U.S. Oil Production: The Effect of Low Oil Prices-Special Report, stock number 052-003-01075-5, is available for $6.50. Send prepayment to Dept. 36-A, Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402-9325; or to order with Visa or MasterCard phone (202) 783-3238. For other OTA reports order your"free catalog, OTA Publications (with addenda supplement).

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The Christian Science Monitor BOSTON, MASS. 0.186,195 MA-26 DEC 7 1989 fl!tB...,EJ.J.E~S Sc~9~:e Acade:::~.~ :,~,~'~' ~Y~" t~,d~~':."':"~~~'~"'~~:,~:~h~~-~~~~~~J ago that this ignorance is one of the main it concludes that the US
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CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EOUCATIOH \.IASHINGTON, [IC 48-TIMES/VEAR 79,052 HOU 11989 !l!!!J/1il. -1431 l'IV Office of Technology Assessment Backs National Computer Network ~:. 1. '1 .. r WASHINGTON The National Research and Edu cation Network, a high-speed com puter service designed to link re searchers and universities to the most advanced computers and to one another, has received strong support from Congress's .Qffi~J>f TSf_!molo_gy Assessment. Congress, the office says in a new report, needs to act immedi ately to make sure that the current "piecemeal" development of the network by public and private or ganizations is integrated, strengthened, and directed to meet national priorities. Legislation Introduced The report, "High Performance Computing and Networking for Science," was released on the bccls of last month's call from the White HoQse Office of Science and Technology Policy for federal sup port of a national network for edu cation and research. Sen. Albert Gore, Democrat of Tennessee, introduced legislation last year to finance expansion and rationalization of the network. He estimated it would cost $1.5-bil lion. The report contains "mid-course observations" by the Office of Technology AMR.-::m..,nt -..,h,i,-h 0 and development. The paper also calls for "a substantial R&D component" to improve hardware, software, data display, and data storage. Goals for Researchers Listed Eventually, the report says, American scientists should be able to use their computers to: Communicate with research ers worldwide. Run data through powerful computers elsewhere. Gain access to collections of software to support their research, and to specialized data bases. Use remote experimental apparatus-' 'telescopes, environmental monitoring devices, [and] seismographs." Use "digital libraries" where all books,joumals, and other mate rials are in electronic form and the information can be searched and manipulated. Use specialized facilities to display the results of their experi ments and calculations "in more readily understandable and visual izable ways." Copies of the report may be ob tained for $2.25 each from the Su perintendent of Documents, Gov ernment Printing Office, Washing--"'lfiAn."'I. .l..,,A"'I\. ..,., ... .,, .... ..,,n r-r- SClENc HAuAZINE WASl-!tNGTON, OC s2-trMtS1vEAR 153,192 OCT 13 1989 -6041:3~ MI Super.computer Policy Under Review \. I (,, ~"\'\ 1 Su~erc 0?1Pl1ters and high-speed data networks have spread their tentacles across the U mted Sta~es at a rapid pace in the 1980s, in part because the fi.:deral government had a st rategy for promoting this fast-growing field of technology and followed through with an mvcsunent in five supercomputer centers, according to a paper issued this month hy the _(?ff_iCeofTechnology Assessn~_!!u._OTA). The result may not have been as coherent as a Japanese-style industrial scheme, but it worked. But now that the initial 5-year investment is coming to an end, OT A says, it is time to st ep back and consider its purpose. To this end, OTA has published an interim report that ''provides an inventory of unanswered policy questions," says Charles Brown st em {)fthe National Science Foundation (NSF), a reviewer of the OTA study. One of tht big questions is, What should the five original NSF-backed supercom puter centers do now? As the OTA notes, even the definition of supercomputers has changed treinendously since 1984, when NSF started investing in its centers. For example, It no longer makes sense to try to make the "fastest" computer, according to ~)TA, but r
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OTA backs national computing1i {ao1.q Y -------Bv BRIAN ROBINSON I Washington A congres= The report makes. two_ obser-pl an report has put significant w vations that point up directlons for behind growing federal go~ c-.Je-' decision-making in rement smport of a national JIIP&"" ,cu 1dl -" gram search and development: perfonnance computing pro ,. to' The cederal government calling it "critically important l U.S. technology research and deneeds to establish its commitment to the advanced information techt! a need for "imm~te nology infrastructure ~ecessary and coordinated federal actton _to for furthering U.S. soence and advanced m-education. ming into being an Federal policy needs to be mnation technology infrastruc-ture to support U.S. more broadly based than has .... aineering and education, the been traditional with federal science efforts. re~=termed a ''baclq~round Planning, building and manag. paper," the report. is a midterm ; ing the infonnation technology view of a study bemg conducted infrastructure requires cutting by the Qffic;e of Tu;hpglgqy_ As-I across agency programs and the sessrneut the main congresS10nal mission-oriented approach of technology support agency, _on science support, the report the effects of new information says. Also, the effects of such an technologies on U.S. R&D. effort would be felt in many The OT A report follows areas outside the strictly re-release last month by ~e White search establishment. House's Office of Science and In its more high-flying pasTechnoiogy Policy of a five-year, sages, the report is ahnost lyrical $1.9 billion plan to bols~ U.S. about the opportwuties that such high-perfonnance computing (see I a high-performance computing Sept. 11, page 1). _The OS~ plan program would bring. "A strong bas been endorsed by Pre5iden t national effort in science and tech-Bush, though the funds for nology is critical to the long-term it could prove difficult. economic competitiveness, national security and social well~being of the United States," it says. OTA calls the highperformance computing program critically important' to technology R&D Two bills largely similar to the OSTP plan have been introduced in both the Senate and the House. The major question. ~e has been congressional willingness to fund the program in times of fiscal restraint. The results of the full OT A assessment, requested by bo~ the House and Senate comnu~ tees with jurisdiction over sct ence and technology matters, could be the basis for future con gressional strategy for t~chn?l ogy development. The mtenm report, therefore, i~ being seen as a strong indication that the two high-perfonnance comput ing bills will get favorable and speedy treatment. Its more prosaic statements are likely to have as much impact on Congress and the administra tion, however. "The economy as a whole," it says, "stands to benefit from the increased technological capabilities of information sys tems and improved understanding of how to use them." It points out that many research applications developed for high-performance computers result in techniques much more broadly applicable to commercial companies. The report also stresses the need for a clear federal strategy sooner rather than later. Decisions being made now and in the near future, it says, will shape the long-term effectiveness of the U.S. information infrastructure. FL t ~: r WONI[ ::iGI~f E; :;;;_; rrr.Ei; 1"\MIHASSEr. :-r, ~EE~LY t81 1~c OCT 23 1969 ~-..

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---------------------------OTA Touts Dissemination Panel Chief job to developing policy for research information ~~dp~~~l~;,~io~:~:T~J o/7i,. it unprepared to exploit surges project director Fred Wood told LI of ?ata expected from new the committee. "The money pro1ects such as research into saved would be better spent the AIDS virus and NASA's on other purposes." The Office of Technology Assessment last week recunrmended creation of a White House-level advisory panel to push development of a fe?er~l policy for circulating scientific and technical informa tion (STI) within the U.S. research community. OTA said in a report to the House Science, Space and Tech nology Committee that the government's lack of a uniform STI dissemination policy leaves ::rntRAl COHP!JTER IJEEK F kl.i. S CHURCH. W, WE:E.i!l Y OCT 16 1969 planned earth observing OTA recommended that the system. White House assign STI as a For example, the govern-specific responsibility to the ment does not now have in place Office of Scientific and Techni a compreh~nsive plan to deliver cal Policy (OSTP) as well as to to appropnate end users what the Federal Coordinating Coun OTA est~ated would be a total cil for Science, Engineering and earth_ s~ienc~s data volume of Technology (FCCSET). The 10 million gigabytes over the council most recently sup next 10 years. P?rted interagency planning for A focused policy also wo~d high-performance computing improve ~e U.S. return on its and networking [FCW, March research mvestment, now esti20]. ~ate~ to be $65 billion annually. It suggested that OSTP and Studies have sho~ that. for FCCSET prepare a strategic ~ach dollai: sp~nt on dissemmaplan on STI, with the assistance ~ion [of ~cient1fic and technical of advisory committees and information] the return to users agency officials, as was done for would at least doubl~ in the high-performance computing. ~ou~t saved by av01ding du"A similar organizational ap plication of effort and expediting proach could be used for the the research process," OTA SEE OTA, PAGE 41 ______ ..,.,. __ OTA, '! FROM PAGE 1 federal STI program," the report said. OTA recommended that the advisory committees coordinate other agency working groups, such as the Federal Library and Information Center Committee, the Special Interest Group on Compact Disk/Read Only Memory, the Interagency Coordinating Committee on Digital Cartography and the lnteragency Advisory Council on Printing and Publishing. OTA said that by failing to take charge of STI policy formation, OSTP has ceded control over the issue to the Office of Management and Budget, which has been in volved in a series of political battles over the proper role of federal agencies in disseminat ing information to the public. The report was especially critical of a recent Department of Commerce policy that rec ommended the use of private companies to manage "to the maximum extent possible" agency data dissemination. "Overall, the proposed policy placed so many substantive and procedural burdens in fhe path of agency electronic dissemina tion activities that innovation and creativity could have been seriously impaired," OTA said. The report called for STI developed from specific research to be structured so as to be useful for educating future engineers, supporting basic re search in the scientific field and producing prototypes for com mercial applications. This could be done in part by the adoption of technical standards and directories for STI dissemination, including standard formats for STI index ing and cataloging, text markup and document description lan guages and optical disks. OTA said federal STI direc tories are essential and that 0MB had proposed a policy that would mandate an improved directory of federal information. The report noted that while "there is some concern that a directory or index might be used by 0MB to thwart rather than facilitate agency information dissemina tion," 0MB has said it would not review agency directories. "A logical approach would be for NTIS and GPO to collabo rate on preparation of a govern mentwide directory," OTA said. Because of its volume and value, scientific and technical data may need special legisla tive attention. "Scientific and technical data is subject to concerns such as balancing national security with technol ogy transfer," Wood said. "An other problem is the massive volumes of [scientific and tech nical] data are far larger than any other type of federal infor mation, but the demand is much lower," he said. "Electronic technologies offer the only real hope for managing the already-massive federal collection of scientific data and documents," OTA said. The government has an inventory of 4 million federally funded documents related to technical data, with an average of 200,000 documents being produced every year. "On-line electronic data bases, high-density optical disks and magnetic-tape car tridges are only a few of the technologies that offer great promise for timely, costeffective storage and dissemi nation," OTA said.

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/ by Paul Brodeur in The New Yorker magazine focused public attention on an ongoing debate over the safety of the electric and magnetic fields produced by power lines, household wiring, and appliancesmost especially, electric blankets. Some scientists contend that elec tric and magnetic fields affect cells, alter moods and biological rhythms, and promote cancer. They say the evidence is alarming enough to ju&t:ifyrerouting transmission lines and redesigning appliances. Yet others who have looked at the same evi dence contend that the fields are harmless. The invisible fields at the focus of this dispute are created by the alternating electric current that powers the country. Alternating current changes direction 120 times, or 60 --full cycles, each second-a frelogical effects. But recent requency referred to as 60 hertz (Hz). search-involving cells, tissues, The resulting electric and magnetic animals, and people-has raised fields pulsate at the same rate and doubts about that assumption. are lmown as 60-Hz fields. In 1987, prompted by growing It's not surprising that 60-Hz concerns about 60-Hz fields, Con-fields received scant attention until gress's recently. These low-frequency fields sessment ,.au o an in-depth transmit very little energy com'review of research on 60-Hz fields. pared with other forms of electro-The study was carried out by magnetic energy. Unlike X-rays, Carnegie-Mellon University's Dewhich have frequencies trillions of partment of Engineering and Public times higher, such fields can't break Policy and published last May. chemical bonds and cause mutaSome of the study's principal con-tions that might lead to cancer and clusions: birth defects. Unlike intense micro- "The emerging evidence no waves, they don't heat tissue. longer allows one to categorically In addition, 60-Hz fields are assert that there are no risks" from dwarfed in strength by fields found 60-Hz fields. "But it does not provide in nature. The electrical activity of a basis for asserting that there is a ne"e and muscle tissue creates significant risk." currents within the body that are at Numerous experiments have least 100 times more intense than looked for effects from 60-Hz fields those induced by the strongest of without finding any. But a "growing 60-Hz fields. And the earth's mag-number of positive findings have netic field is hundreds of times now clearly demonstrated" that lowstronger than the average 60-Hz frequency fields "can produce sub-field to which people are exposed. stantial changes at the cellular Scientists and engineers had long level" assumed that 60-Hz fields were far Physiological changes in cells or too weak to produce significant bioorganisms occur at field intensities CONSUMER REPORTS NOVEMBER 1989 ]1-,.1 COHSUKER REPORTS KT. VERNON, NV KOMTHLV 4,000,000 ttOUEHBER 1989 to which people are commonly exposed. But the effects are not neces sarily harmful, and many are reversible when the fields are shut ofi Still unlmown is whether the changes obse"ed have any clinical significance. Key uncertainties surround 60-Hz fields and their effects on health. For example, it's still not lmown how these fields interact with cells, although it's believed that effects occur at the cell membrane. It's not even clear that weaker fields are safer than stronger ones: A number of studies found, at low intensities, effects that failed to occur at higher intensities. Concern over 60-Hz fields bas fo cuSPd mainly on possible effects from high-voltage transmission lines. But if 60-Hz fields do pose a health risk, sources such as electric blankets and mattress pads might actually be more important -olflallls? Many household appliances produce 60-Hz fields, but we expose ourselves to most of them-shav ers, hair dryers, toasters-for just a You're exposed to electric and magnetic fields every day. Electric blanket users sleep with them all night, too. 715 CI

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IIIYIIIOIIMINT &J-C/7 folr;,q, RISING TENSION OVER HIGH-TENSION LINES Utilities battle a wave of fear over health hazards In Boca Raton, Fla., last June, a judge declared off-limits part of a schoolyard near a high-voltage electrical power line. His reason: possible health effects. In Wisconsin, farmers are up in arms over the alleged effects of stray electromagnetic fields on milk production. And in Orange CounJ;:i. N. Y., 140 landowners sued the New York Power Authority for more than $117 million, claiming that an extension of the author called on utilities to widen rights-of-way for transmission lines and develop new designs for distribution lines. The medical evidence includes three epidemiology studies showing a higher rate of leukemia in children who lived in homes near high-voltage power lines. Other studies on cats, rats, and chick brain cells have shown that low-frequency electromagnetic radiation inter acts with brain activity and could cause ity's 207-mile Marcy South .----'----------------1 power line from Canada creat ed a "cancer-phobia corridor" that devalued their property. Utilities all across the country are feeling the heat. Since 1985, power companies have been involved in more than 100 suits involving possible health hazards from transmis sion lines, especially those near schools. The patchwork of lawsuits, public hearings, and local government rulings is having a direct impact. While electric generating capacity grew by 10% from 1983 to 1987, transmission and distribution capacity grew by only 4%, says industry analyst Sanford Cohen at Morgan Stanley & Co. "Transmission capacity is not going to get built because of this contro versy," he says. STRUS FACTOR. Fueling the brouhaha is mounting evi dence that the seemingly innocuous electromagnetic radi ation from power lines-and other electronic gear-may be a health hazard. Recent studies show that this low-level, or UIIDIII FIIIII WILi. TIUUISMIHIOII CAPACll'Y SUnaT so-called nonionizing, radiation does indeed interact with tissue at the cellular level. Exactly how it does so and how harmful that is are still in question. Even so, in June, the congressional Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) released a report acknowledgmg that electromagnetic fields from power lines and other sources "may pose public health problems." The OTA recommended a policy of "prudent avoidance" and a host of negative symptoms from heightened stress and depression, slowed reaction time, and learning disabilities to miscarriages, fetal deformi ties, and cancer. Dr. Ross Adey, who investigates the biological effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFS) at Jerry L. Pettes Memorial Veterans Hospital in Loma Linda, Calif., says the laboratory evidence suggests that such radiation can weaken the im-SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

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l j I .j :j :i ., i ,i '1 4 i il ;j l i ., 1 en ~>-~ z co ~::: a:oo 0~ >-....:,>--' 1""""'<::o ~UJ :z: -~-ci -en 00 er,, .--, ( Li-l ( b ~ .... I J; ~, i j f :t t i t : '.9 a 1 ... .lf ;, zia~i @i Jii~ Sfflt: \ it~!J ;i~111;1i tlsjja~s~~ 1~ 11,ci li,1~1, .. ~{ ~! 0 iii 1r(Jt RUattt t J)tral~ MIAMl,FLA. 0.437,233 FL Ji :! ~J Jai11 alf iJ ~ie iJ~t ~i i DEC 1 198 9 'E.. 0 GI ,a,S I iii ;113 "' -. u;;i ,-.., J II 11->-J ,,J t1uet e-.-11 Bvf!r~ .,: .J C:: fl i C t. 11 .! tO -fl ; I l:~lah -aUdeU~"'iFi'frHH Jcancer-power bne I "'; t) =.a= l1tt !f! 1=-~~ 1 I II d .bl ]! 1 :i 12 or i .8; f f 1 ii ID { ca e poss1 e s r! .s f 1 8 a f :;:; I "'I 11 :.=s e a {.p;;.q 'Ji ,s a--= I ..8 .! r 1 ; WASHINGTON (~ -A was wrong," she said. "I'm not 80 J ii .!I o J .. J __ ,:, J c, leading U.S. scientist says there is sure any more. I'm swayed to think } r! .1:1 i ]! ti ""' 18 "g I~ :E I statistical evidence of a possible link it's more likely than before." J 8 J r:i gi ll c, IR -5 rJ : c, betwffln cancer and exposure to A major conclusion frpm her e.iiil ;i.8 ~'i.8 iii 8 !'81 S1111 etectlAlnagnetic fields that radiate study of 50,000 New York state I ,.... a II g -;; :~ i 11 2! ii .; A !IP_: from the cables and wires that pro-telephone workers are that there :.3 j c! i 111 11 .o b ..., ,:1 fi ,ao ,I:! JI vide electric power. may be an increased risk of leuke-1 i II f j l! 1 I J g i -~I~ The unpublished findings by Dr. mia among active workers. Incl-e, .o .. Genevieve Matano ki, an epidemiol-dence rates for almost all types of H -~ 'iii U 1' 1,1 9 I' I -I iS-ogy ~rofessor a~JoCs Hop~s Uni-cancer are highe~t among_ people -ti_ c, .. -ta,~ I 6 J C 5 I vers1ty, run against the gram of trawho work on the Imes. Theu-expo' ,s :E -S ditional scientific theory about the sure to electromagnetic fields is the c:__ s '! 1 .,, a E 1 11 ; J .s 1 i possibitity or health dangers trom highest in the telephone worker -ii: t' I -; ; -~ .S a I :I i 1 ii ii j power distribution lines. group, the study found. : -5 :S ii .! II Her conclusions fit llft emerging Matanoski also found exceptionaJ- H i J I ... .., I Ji 5.!! ... f I \ pattern of evidence, however, that ly high rates of breast cancer among .. i t> S ,! 1-c:j II t: II i s the possibility Of health risks can no male technicians WhO WOrk On cen/ 1 f f i 1 8 i!, r II longer be ruled OUt and shouJd be tral Office telephone Switching a. s= 'g c, .8 .a ij studied more closely. equipment. Her study found two ca I ; I II ; ,. ""' s Ill la. J 1 I f81 c "Thia is consistent with my judg-cases of breast cancer among 9,500 !;I j !ii~ ,I -i f 12 i 5 c:: it ment that we'll end up seeing central office technicians: ordinarily 11 I c:; .,. ff 'j 'S i electric and magnetic fields are canthe incidence rate fur males wouJa cer promoters of some kind said be about one in 1 million, she said. 13 t!I J C Ir! i :i I u, I 'I _a Indira Nair, a physicist at ailnegie Matanoski expects to pt1blish lier e I.!! n z I ll -; Mellon University and ~author of findings early next year. } ""' 'a t ii .e I :; a recent comprehensive background Any electrically charged conduce d I d ll II fice of Techno~ Assessment. fields, electnc and magnetic. Taken .,,J I ,1!0 Ji.8 t Matanoskisirmateiephoneintogether, they are called el~ .!: l:i -3 o a. Ii terview Wednesday that her fmd-magnetic fields. Some scientific f'-f ~~;'ii "J j I-! 1 1' I .S 'g' s: JI)-; ings were preliminary and required fmdings have suggested these fields \}., ., 'Ii o ,::, IC e, I 8 ; J .o further testing, but that the results can interfere with the functioning of (11 ,i = I.., 'ii ., iii 111 I changed her view of the stilhmprov-DNA and RNA, the corttrollers of 11 J a-~ 11 fj I~ Jt H t Jt Ii .111= en the!' a~d ~t they _may d, .s= 1:f El .. 8 F I ;a -;: power lines. stunuJate act1V1ty m b1ochenucals f I"' i ,g E >e I "I thought before that the theory linked to the growth of cancer.

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TV CLIPS DATE TIME NETWORK PROGRAM BUg(l.EUPS 75 EAST NORTHFIELD ROAD I LIVINGSTON I NEW JERSEY 07039 (201 J 992-{36()() I (800) 631-1160 November 29. 19SlJ 9:00-10:00 P\~ Consumer Nc,,s & Business Channd Americas Vital Signs Lois Hart. co-anchor: ACCOUNT NUMBER NIELSEN AUDIENCE Well, scientists are trying to find out if America is wired to kill. For vears. we've been lc=d to bdic=ve that dectricitv is as safe as it is 10/6297 Y N/A necessary to L,ur modern way of life. but ther~'s growing evidence now that 1nag!"lc:ti.: flc:'h.~.;-th .. :t ~ur1..1t.;n;..i ~lel't! ~: \-. itt_ .... :u1 ... : :1ppiiJn::es may be hazard0us to our health Toniy.ht Ste\ e Gendc'l b,.:gins the first of a special series of reports. Steve Genud rc=porting: Eight-vear-olu Laurd Ernes\ has leukemia. a form of childhood cancer. No one knows what c:1uses leukemij in children. but there are growing suspicions now that one factor invohed with its de\eJopment is something all around us, something usdul. something weve c,..1me to dtpend on. something we've assumed to be harmle-,. That factor mav be ma~netic fields from electric wires and appliances in .md around our homes. Gendel: But :he Congressional Ofiil.'e of T cl'hnol.Jg\ Assessment says while there is no pr~of. "the emerging evidc:n..:e no longer allows one to -:ategoricaUy assert that there are n~) ri:4 .. s." So was Laurel Ernesy's leukemia c:rn".:d lw mal!ndic fields~ It'~ too -;-.ion to sav, but her doctor. Jerry Finkebtr::in. ~a::,s it\ long past time w finJ out. Finkelstein: -..~e must ~ol\'e this p1,iblem. We must learn more about de-:tromagn<:"t.~ fi..=; .. 1". Gendel: For America's Vital Signs. Ste\'e Gendel. CNBC. Los Angeles .219 \Vords 18 Clips Video cassette~ Jre ;;, :,iLihlc in Jnv form:ir fr,: :i peri,1d l1f four weeks from air dare from our affiliate: VIDEO \IO:-.ITORCNG SER\'lCES Of .~\!ERIC.-\. INC. (212)736-1010

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IJORK BOAT MANDEVILLE, LA BI-MONTHLY 12,500 NOU-DEC 1989 B'1'
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Originally published in Reprints available free as a public service from: LIBRARY JOURNAL Dll!i~~Service May 15, 1989 Vol. ll4, No. 9 THIS SIXTH annual GODORT "Notable Documents" list has been compiled by the Notable Documents Panel of the American Li brary Association's Government Doc uments Round Table. The panel hopes the list will promote the acquisition of government publications by libraries and their use by library patrons. Federal, state and local, and in ternational documents published in 1987 and 1988 were eligible for con sideration. They were considered no table based upon the following crite ria: I. Extent to which the title reflects ac tual contents. 2. Extent to which the document has a relevance for identifiable reader ships. 3. Extent to which the document con tributes to the expansion of knowl edge, gives evidence of innovation in presentation, or demonstrates a creative approach in its treatment. 4. Extent to which the document con tributes to enhancing the quality of life. 5. Extent to which the information provides inspiration or pleasure. 6. Extent to which the document con tributes to an understanding of government processes or functions. 7. Extent to which the document pro vides for bibliographic or reference use. 8. Extent to which the document is written in a lucid style comprehen sible to nonspecialists. 9. Extent to which the document achieves its intended purpose (fol lows through on its thesis; does what it says it will do). 4520 East-West Highway Bethesda, MD 20814-3389 1988 Notable Documents List IO. Physical appearance: typography. design, paper, quality of illustra tion, maps, tables, charts, graphs, etc.; printing, binding, use of color, ease of use of volume; and extent to which the document is generally pleasant to browse through. Federal Documents NEW Dnelopmenu in Bloteclmolc. U.S. Congress. Office of Technology Assess ment. 1987-. Series. Vol. I: Ownership of Human Tissues and Cells. Stock 052-003-01060-7. $7.50. Vol. 2: Public Perceptions of Biotechnology. Stock 052-003-01068-2. $5.50. Vol. 3: Field-Testing Engineered Organisms, Genetic and Ecological Issues. Stock 052-003-01104-2. $7 .50. Vol. 4: United States Investments in Biotechnolo gy. Stock 052-003-01115-8. $13. SuDoc: Y 3.T 22/2:2 B 52/4/v.l-. Series of reports tackling the economic, so cial, and ethical issues surrounding the growing field of biotechnology. Separate volumes discuss the use of human tissues to create commercial products; the invest ment, regulation, and commercial factors of the technology; appropriate guidelines and problems in testing genetically engineered tissues; and public opinion and understanding of the implications of biotechnology. Each volume includes references, indexes. glossaries. and ample illustrations. POWER On: New Tools for Teaching and Leaming. U.S. Congress. Office of Tech nology Assessment. 1988. 246p. SuDoc: Y 3.T 22/2:2 P 87. Stock 052-003-01125-5. $II. Report examining the expanding role and potential of computer-based technologies in education. Hardware, software. methods of use, teaching effectiveness, cost effective ness. and the teacher's role in using technology are assessed. Appendixes provide infor mation on bibliographic resources, acro nyms, state activities, evaluation criteria. and principal federal programs. MAPPING Our Genes: The Genome Pro ects; How Big, How Fast? U.S. Congres Office of Technology Assessment. 198: 218p. SuDoc: Y 3.T 22/2:2 G 28/3. Stoc 052-003-01106-9. $10. Addresses issues of genetic research-pol cies, funding, coordination of public and pr vale sector research, and international con petition in biotechnology. Chapters provid clear descriptions of technologies, applic: tions. social and ethical questions. organiz, tion of research, and technology transfe References are included with each section


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