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Quarterly Report Off ice of Tech no logy Assessment Ll8RAR' OFFICE OF TECH1 'OLOG ARCHIVES COPY DO NOT REMOVE FROM LIBRARY October 1-December 31, 1985 CONGRESS OF T HE UNITED STATES t: Office of Technology Assessment } W ashington, D C 20510 ":i.,c-l'/:'r. ,._--:-""':''<,, /f,\'oL0'-1

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Office of Technology Assessment Congressional Board of the 99th Congress TED STEVENS, Alaska, Chairman MORRIS K. UDALL, Arizona, Vice Chairman Senate ORRIN G. HATCH Utah CHARLES McC. MATHIAS, JR. Maryland EDWARD M. KENNEDY Massachusetts ERNEST F. HOLLINGS South Carolina CLAIBORNE PELL Rhode Island WILLIAM J. PERRY, Chairman H&Q Technology Partners DAVID S. POTTER, Vice Chairman General Motors Corp. {Ret.) EARL BEISTLINE Consultant CHARLES A. BOWSHER General Accounting Office JOHN H. GIBBONS [Nonvoting) Advisory Council House GEORGE E. BROWN, JR. California JOHN D. DINGELL Michigan CLARENCE E. MILLER Ohio COOPER EV ANS Iowa DON SUNDQUIST Tennessee CLAIRE T. DEDRICK MICHEL T. HALBOUTY California Land Commission Michel T. Halbouty Energy Co. JAMES C. FLETCHER CARL N. HODGES University of Pittsburgh University of Arizona S. DAVID FREEMAN RACHEL McCULLOCH Consultant University of Wisconsin JOSEPH E. ROSS LEWIS THOMAS Acting Director Memorial Sloan-Kettering Congressional Research Service Cancer Center Director JOHN H. GIBBONS The Technology Assessment Board approves the release of this report. The views expressed in this report are not necessarily those of the Board, OTA Advisory Council, or individual members thereof.

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I. DIRECTOR'S STATEMENT CONTENTS ........................................ Page I II. COMMUNICATION WITH CONGRESS A. Summary of FY '85 Completions, Ongoing Work in FY '86, and New Starts Through December 31, 1985 2 B. Products Delivered During the Quarter 1. Formal Assessment Reports 3 2. Other: Technical Memoranda, Background Papers, Staff Papers or Letter Memoranda, Workshop Proceedings, and Committee Prints 7 3. Testimony.............................................. 11 C. Other Communication with Congress 1. Briefings, Presentations, Workshops 12 2. Informal Discussions --Topics 13 D. Projects in Process as of 12/31/85 (including formal assessments, responses to TAB, and Committee requests) 1. Descriptions and Requester(s) 16 A. In Press as of 12/31/85 17 B. In Progress as of 12/31/85 22 E. New Assessments Approved During the Quarter 45 III. PUBLICATION BRIEFS OF FORMAL ASSESSMENTS DELIVERED IV. SELECTED NEWS CLIPS ON OTA PUBLICATIONS AND ACTIVITIES

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-1 I. DIRECTOR'S STATEMENT In the past OTA has carried out a dual role for committees. First, analyses are done on issues that are on the Congressional agenda. During the past year this included such subjects as the Farm Bill, Superfund, the Strategic Defense Initiative, international trade and technology transfer, and the AIDS research budget. In such instances OTA's work is shaped in considerable detail by the specific needs of different committees of jurisdiction. The second role of OTA is to keep a weather-eye on recent developments in science and technology, especially with respect to how they may affect public policy in the future. In 1985 this included, for example, work on the neurological and genetic sciences, information and computer technology, and advanced materials. Sometimes the roles of working on the current congressional agenda and of performing the early warning function become intertwined, because tomorrow's technology implications are part and parcel of today's research budget. But as the emphasis of Congress increasingly turns to deficit reduction, the first role of OTA will inevitably be stressed. We will strive, however, to continue to contribute to our important second role. Our job is to remain technically and analytically authoritative but also to have a well-honed capability to judge potential effectiveness as well as scientific and engineering feasibility. This kind of capability will remain a vital asset to Congress in the years ahead. When budgets are cut to the bone it is essential for the surgeons to have in hand the sharp scalpels of dependable, critical analysis.

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-2 -II. COMMUNICATION WITH CONGRESS A. Summary of FY '85 Completions, Ongoing Work 1n FY '86, and New Starts Through December 31, 1985 FY '85 Products Released Total Formal Assessments 17 Other Special Reports 2 Report Supplements 2 Technical Memoranda 5 Background Papers, Case Studies, or Workshop Proceedings 11 Testimony 24 Staff Memos or Letter Memoranda 20 Administrative Documents 7 New Projects Approved by TAB Assessments 6 Other (Scope Changes; Special Responses Over 30K) 5 Projects in Process as of December 31, 1985 1. In Press Assessments 5 Ql 4 1 0 1 0 7 11 0 4 0 Other (TM's, Background Papers, etc.) 0 2. Under TAB Review Assessments 1 Other (Special Reports, TM's, etc.) l 3. In Progress Assessments 22 Other 22 FY 186 Q2 Q3

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3 II. COMMUNICATION WITH CONGRESS B. Products Released During the Quarter 1. Formal Assessment Reports MEDICARE'S PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT SYSTEM: STRATEGIES FOR EVALUATING COST, QUALITY, AND MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY -In order to control the rapidly rising costs of the Medicare program, the Social Security Amendments of 1983 mandated a new Medicare hospital payment system: prospective payment based on Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs). The new system is radically different from previous ones. Plans must be made for a comprehensive evaluation of its effects, and assumptions about its implications must be explicitly tested. One of the key areas of impact will be on the development and use of medical technology. The OTA study is not the evaluation itself; rather, it is a complete layout of the critical, medical technology related issues that need addressing. It 1) identifies the range of possible effects related to medical technology and its use; 2) identifies evaluation measures; 3) identifies ongoing or planned monitoring and evaluation activities; 4) identifies shortcomings and gaps in these activities; S) develops an overall design for evaluation, including timing, methodology, priorities, and the role of current or planned efforts. Examples of issues relating to medical technology are: rates of development and adoption of medical technology, changes in quality of care, effects of the DRG system on various types of hospitals, ability of the DRG system to account for severity of illness, whether the DRG system adequately reflects best medical practice, and cost shifting (e.g., from Medicare to other payers). Request or Affirmation of Interest: Senate Committee on Finance Hon. Bob Dole, then Chairman Hon. Russell B. Long, Ranking Minority Member Senate Special Committee on Aging Hon. John Heinz, Chairman Hon. John Glenn, Ranking Minority Member Project Director: Judith Wagner, 6-2070 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE -Today there are nearly 60,000' chemicals in use in the United States with an additional 700 to 1,000 introduced into the marketplace each year. The production of synthetic chemicals is increasing faster than our knowledge of the relationship between chemical exposures and chemically induced diseases such as cancer and birth defects. Concern over reproductive hazards in the workplace is increasing not only because more chemicals are being produced that can affect the reproductive capacity of men and women but also because more women are entering the workplace. In 1982. there were 48 million women workers; the projected number is 57 million by 1990.

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-4 -The reproductive hazards of some agents, such as smoking, alcohol, anesthetic gases, and lead, are well known. However, the effects of many chemicals are only partially understood from animal studies and many remain to be tested. The available data on the level of reproductive impairment in the population are difficult to interpret because of different definitions of the reproductive endpoint and differences in the ease of ascertaining that endpoint. Two examples are the difficulty of ascertaining the incidence of spontaneous abortions and the problem of measuring the prevalence of birth defects because of differences in definition. A major issue in reproductive hazards in the workplace is the differential treatment accorded males and females. Males, females, and the developing fetus have different susceptibilities and different rights. How to treat female workers has an added dimension because the fetus is biologically dependent on the female. Through legislation, both research and regulatory agencies have been established to ascertain the level of potential hazards, evaluate scientific evidence, and set standards for permissible exposure levels. One important question is the relationship of the standard setting process to the level of scientific knowledge. Another important issue is the relationship between these two and recent and past litigation. This assessment evaluated the current scientific knowledge base with respect to reproductive hazards in order to outline policy options for the management of reproductive hazards in the workplace. Request or Affirmation of Interest: House Committee on Science and Technology Hon. Don Fuqua, Chairman House Committee on Agriculture Hon. George E. Brown, Jr., then Chairman, Subcommittee on Department Operations, Research, and Foreign Agriculture Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources Hon. Orrin G. Hatch, Chairman Project Director: Louise Williams, 6-2082 ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE AND CIVIL LIBERTIES (This report is one component of the OTA assessment of Federal Government Information Technologies: Congressional Oversight and Civil Liberties.) In the last 20 years, a revolution in electronic technoloiges has greatly increased the technical options for surveillance activities. Laws protecting civil liberties have not kept pace with these rapid advances. At the same time, law enforcement and investigative agencies, at least at the federal level, are making significant use of current electronic surveillance techniques and are planning to use many of the new ones.

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-5 -OTA found that: 1) the contents of phone conversations transmitted in digital form or calls made on cellular or cordless phones are not clearly protected by existing statutes, nor are data communications between computers or digital transmission of video and graphic images; 2) electronic mail messages can be intercepted at several stages, and existing law provides little or no protection; 3) legislated policy on electronic surveillance, whether physical or visual, is either ambiguous or nonexistent; and 4) policy on data base surveillance (i.e., monitoring transactions in computerized record systems) is unclear. OTA identified a range of policy options for congressional consideration: 1) Congress could choose to leave policymaking up to the development of case law and administrative discretion; 2) Congress could bring new electronic technologies and services clearly uncer Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safestreets Act; or 3) Congress could also set up new mechansisms for control and oversight of federal data base surveillance. Request: Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs Hon. William V. Roth, Chairman House Committee on the Judiciary Hon. Robert W. Kastenmeier, Chairman, Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice Project Director: Fred Wood, 6-2240 AUTOMATION OF AMERICA'S OFFICES --Increasing use of word processing systems, desktop computers, optical disk filing systems, teleconferencing, and other forms of office automation are likely to significantly affect public and private sector office environments. Widespread utilization and integration of information and communications technologies are likely to change the organization of the office, the structure of office occupations (and their inherent skill levels), the location of work, and the numbers of individuals employed. OTA identified plausible trends in office automation over the next decade, examined the social and economic impacts of its use, and analyzed the effects of Federal policy options on the further development and use of office technologies in the public and private sectors.

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-6 -Request or Affirmation of Interest: Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources Hon. Orrin G. Hatch, Chairman House Committee on Education and Labor Hon. Carl O. Perkins, then Chairman Hon. George Miller, then Chairman, Subcommittee on Labor Standards House Committee on Small Business Hon. Berkley Bedell, Chairman, Subcommittee on General Oversight and the Economy Project Director: Vary Coates, 6-2240

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7 II. B. 2. Other: Technical Memoranda, Background Papers, Workshop Proceedings, Committee Prints, and Administrative Reports DISPLACED HOMEMAKERS: PROGRAMS AND POLICY (Interim Report) -(This interim report is part of the assessment, Technology and Structural Unemployment: Reemploying Displaced Adults.) Displaced homemakers are a large, often overlooked group of people, mostly women, who have lost their primary source of income and face serious difficulties in finding adequate jobs. Many of these women have not worked in a paid job in recent years, although they often have skills developed in education, homemaking, past work experience, or volunteer activities. There are an estimated 2-4 million displaced homemakers, and their numbers are growing. This OTA report assesses the needs of displaced homemakers and describes existing services. It also suggests possible avenues for congressional direction and oversight in displaced homemaker programs. Request or Affirmation of Interest: Senate Committee on Finance Hon. Bob Dole, then Chairman Hon. John Heinz, then Chairman, Subcommittee on Economic Growth, Employment, and Revenue Sharing (Subcommittee now defunct) Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources Hon. Orrin Hatch, Chairman Hon. Dan Quayle, Chairman, Subcommittee on Employment and Productivity House Committee on Small Business Hon. Parren J. Mitchell, Chairman Hon. Berkley Bedell, Chairman, Subcommittee on General Oversight and the Economy Project Director: Julie Corte, 6-2205 DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS AND THE SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING WORKFORCE (Technical Memorandum) -OTA was asked to examine the effects of long-term demographic trends on the scientific nad engineering work force and to consider the barriers to, and future trends in, the participation of women and minorities in scientific and engineering careers. OTA found that women are discouraged from entering science and engineering by gender-stereotyped career expectations and unfavorable treatment in the science and engineering workforce. Participation of minorities in science and engineering is influenced by a complex set of factors including inadequate pre-college academic preparedness and Lack of financial resources. OTA found that population trends do not have as great an impact on the supply of scientists and engineers as do individual career choices and market forces. But some disciplines --especially those linked to the high growth or defense-oriented industries -could experience occasional shortages of experienced personnel in the future, as they have in the past. The most serious effect of the declining collegeage population will be a marked weakening in the demand for new college faculty LO many, but not all, fields.

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-8 -Request: House Committee on Science and Technology Hon. Don Fuqua, Chairman Hon. Larry Winn, Jr., then Ranking Minority Member Project Director: Gene Frankel, 6-2173

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-9 -OTA Staff Papers or Letter Memoranda Date 10/07/85 10/15/85 10/15/85 10/24/85 11/06/85 11/07 /85 11/08/85 11/ 13/85 11/22/85 11/27 /85 Subject Effects of Environmental Pollution on the Health of Older Americans Automation and Robotics for the Space Station: Phase B Considerations Commercialization of New Electric Power Technologies: Experience with the Renewable Energy Tax Credit Review of the Columbia UniversityAmerican Legion Vietnam Veterans Study: Report #1 and Questionnaire Comments on the Department of Energy's Mission Plan for the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program Review of Documents on the Onsite Cleanup of the Lipari Superfund Site Synthetic Fuels: A Background Brief Compressed Natural Gas for Vehicles Reply to Comments by Bromian Incorporated on the OTA Staff Memorandum: Analysis of Power and Voltage Measurement on U.S. Army Mobile Electric Power Generators Clarification of Passive Smoking Terms Related OTA Work Ongoing work on Life Sustaining Technologies and the Elderly and the published study, Technology and Aging 1n America, in the BA Program Ongoing and completed work 1n the SET Program (Civilian Space Stations and the U.S. Future in Space) Work in the EM Program, and the published study, New Electric Power Technoiogies: Problems and Prospects for the 1990s Ongoing work in the Health Program concerning veterans' health issues Ongoing work in the OE Program and the published study, Managing Commercial High-Level Radioactive Waste Ongoing work in the ITE Program, and published work, Superfund Strategy, Technologies and Management Strategies for Hazardous Waste Control, Habitability of the Love Canal Area Ongoing and completed work 1n the EM Program Completed and ongoing work 1n the EM Program Ongoing Work in the EM Program Ongoing and completed work 1n the Health Program

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12/10/85 10 -Reclaiming Prime Farmlands and Other High Quality Croplands After Surface Coal Mining Ongoing and completed work 1n the EM Program

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11 II. B. 3. Testimony Date 10/09/85 10/10/85 10/10/85 10/22/85 10/24/85 11/06/85 12/03/85 Committee/Chairman House Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight (Congressman Harold L. Volkmer) Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Subcommittee on Business, Trade, and Tourism (Senator Larry Pressler) House Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Transportation, Aviation, and Materials (Congressman George E. Brown, Jr.) House Committee on Foreign Affairs (Congressman Dante Fascell) House Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice (Congressman Robert W. Kastenmeier) House Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy Research and Production (Congresswoman Marilyn Lloyd) House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Subcommittee on Oceanography (Congresswoman Barbara A. Mikulski) Subject/Person Testifying Health Effects of Exposure to Neurotoxins (Mike Gough and Karl Kronebusch) Promotion of Domestic Tourism (Henry Kelly) Technologies to Reduce U.S. Materials Import Vulnerability (Lance Antrim) The Technical Significance of a New Interpretation of the 1972 ABM Treaty (John H. Gibbons, for the record) Electronic Surveillance and Civil Liberties (Fred W. Weingarten) The Department of Energy's Mission Plan for the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program (Thomas A. Cotton) Incineration of Hazardous Waste at Sea (Richard Denison)

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-12 -II. C. Other Communication with Congress 1. Pormal Briefings, Presentations, Workshops (With Committee Staffs) COMMITTEES OF THE SENATE Pinance o Subcommittee on Health Alternatives for Medicare payment of physician services Labor and Human Resources o Subcommittee on Aging Alzheimer's Disease workshop COMMITTEES OF THE HOUSE Education and Labor Office automation assessment Reemployment of displaced workers Merchant Marine and Fisheries Development of overall policy options for assessment of waste in the marine environment o Subcommittee on Oceanography Ocean incineration of hazardous wastes Public Works and Transportation Liability insurance for trucks --environmental restoration coverage Select Committee on Aging Background document from OTA study of life-sustaining technologies and the elderly for a committee report to accompany the hearing on "Dying with Dignity" o Subcommittee on Human Services Alzheimer's Disease workshop

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13 II. C. 2. Informal Discussions -Topics In addition to briefings and presentations, informal discussions take place continually, as requested by Members and staff. OTA staff members give updates on ongoing work and provide information that Members and Committees may need relative to legislation pending or under consideration or for hearings and related testimony. Topics Fusion energy Electric power Alcohol fuels Copper industry Solar thermal electric power Energy supply and demand Surface mine reclamation Reclaiming prime farmlands after coal mining Historic preservation technology Space transportation Materials research Coal leasing Technology and structural unemployment Advance notice of layoffs (workshop preparation) Trade adjustment assistance International competition in service industries Manufacturing technologies Technology transfer to China Anti-satellite technologies Ballistic missile defense Land productivity Grazing lands Low resource agriculture in developing countries Integrated renewable resources management for U.S. insular areas (workshop preparation) Prospective Payment Assessment Commission Physician prospective payment Antitrust and technology assessment/clinical trials Payment for liver transplants Graduate medical education Children's mental health Champus mental health Polygraph Agent Orange Atomic veterans Drug exports Carcinogen regulatory policy Occupational safety and health AIDS

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Vaccination rates in States Indian health care Health manpower issues 14 Physician payment alternatives for Medicare Reducing urban/rural physician payment differentials Biotechnology Prevention and treatment of infertility Alzheimer's disease Dementia Long-term care Bioethics Human gene therapy Neurotoxici ty Research policy Health care financing Drug Export Amendments of 1985 Animal welfare Potential amendments to TSCA Potential amendments to FIFRA Deliberate release of genetically engineered organisms USDA role in fo.stering/regulating biotechnology NIH/FDA roles in fostering/regulating biotechnology GAO role in oversight of biotechnology development Impacts of recent trends in longevity of the elderly Attitudes of the elderly regarding life-sustaining technologies Government information systems Computer security Government foresight Polygraph testing Electronic surveillance Social Security Administration information technology Outercontinental shelf oil and gas Outercontinental shelf conflict resolution Fisheries Ocean minerals (Waste dumping) site designation fees Boston sludge site Status of assessment of marine waste disposal technologies Ocean incineration of hazardous wastes Data base on generation of low-level radioactive wastes Radioactive waste (general) Interdiction of drug smuggling Aviation safety Transportation safety Automobile fuel economy Air traffic control Literacy Potential for technology for learning Science as investment Demographic trends and the scientific and engineering work force

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15 Science policy Transportation of spent nuclear fuel by DOE Emergency response devices for trucks carrying hazardous materials

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16 -DESCRIPTIONS AND REQUESTERS FOR CURRENT OTA ASSESSMENTS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1985

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-17 II. D. Descriptions and Requesters of Projects A. IN PRESS AS OF 12/31/85 WESTERN SURFACE MINE PERMITTING AND RECLAMATION -In the seven years since enactment of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA), coal companies have made significant improvements in reclamation technologies and methodologies, and the prospects for the success of surface mine reclamation have brightened. Yet considerable doubts still exist among most parties in the surface mining debate as to the ability to reclaim certain types of land or mitigate particular types of impacts. In particular, concerns have been raised about the costs of, and the short-and long-term prospects for, revegetation and reclamation on lands with: limited precipitation and/or high evapotranspiration rates, slopes exceeding 40 percent, a lack of adequate topsoil material, saline or alkali soil structures (or sodic conditions resulting from lack of topsoil), or a high potential for wind erosion. Debate also continues on the most successful methods for mitigating impacts to the hydrologic regime, to archaeological and paleontological sites, and to wildlife resources. This study assesses the effectiveness of current mining and reclamation technologies and methodologies, and the fairness and effectiveness of Federal programs and policies, in fulfilling the statutory mandates for environmental protection on Federal lands in the West. Methods for evaluating the success of reclamation practices, including the levels and kinds of uncertainty, were studied, as will the relative costs and benefits of various reclamation techniques. An important part of the study is an evaluation of the techniques for reclaiming abandoned mined lands. Request or Affirmation of Interest: House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs Hon. Morris K. Udall, Chairman Project Director: Jenifer Robison, 6-2134 TECHNOLOGY AND STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT: RETRAINING ADULT DISPLACED WORKERS --The problems of displaced adults have received increasing attention in the 19801s, as social, technological, and economic changes have altered the worklives of millions of Americans. This assessment identifies the reasons for adult displacement, including trade and technology factors, assesses the likely effects of these and other factors on displacement in the future, evaluates existing programs and projects to assist affected workers to find new jobs, examines ways to avoid or reduce displacement (through, for example, preventive retraining, or early response to large layoffs), and identifies options to improve service to displaced workers. The work also examines how new technologies are affecting the skills needed in the workforce and how new educational technologies could help in training and retraining of adults. Preliminary OTA work on how the effects of changing technology are incorporated into

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18 -BLS labor force predictions was used as background material by the Subcommittee on General Oversight and the Economy of the House Committee on Small Business in its attempts to make the projections more useful to the Congress. Interim Deliverables: Dis laced Homemakers: Pro rams and Polic (Interim Report; Published October 1985 Request or Affirmation of Interest: Senate Committee on Finance Hon. Bob Dole, then Chairman Hon. John Heinz, then Chairman, Subcommittee on Economic Growth,. Employment, and Revenue Sharing (Subcommittee now defunct) Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources Hon. Orrin Hatch, Chairman Hon. Dan Quayle, Chairman, Subcommittee on Employment and Productivity House Committee on Small Business Hon. Farren J. Mitchell, Chairman Hon. Berkley Bedell, Chairman, Subcommittee on General Oversight and the Economy Project Director: Julie Gorte, 6-2205 TECHNOLOGY, PUBLIC POLICY, AND THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE --During the past three decades, technological change and innovation in biological systems, labor-saving mechanization, transportation, and agricultural chemicals have played an important role in increasing agricultural productivity. They have also contributed to changing the very nature of agriculture. Today, farm operators account for only 3 percent of the U.S. population. Twenty percent of all farms now produce 80 percent of the food and fiber in the United States. Increased capital and kinds of skills are needed. to sustain farms. Such changes have important implications for society. Technology is only partly responsible for these changes. Public policy has also played a role. However, little is known about which policies in conjunction with technology adoption have speeded up, slowed down, or reversed the trends in structural change. This assessment focuses on future and emerging technologies in other animal, plant, chemical, mechanization, and information areas and their implications for agricultural structure. The possibility of developing technologies for different kinds of agriculture structures is explored. The assessment explores linkages between policy and structure so policymakers can have a clearer understanding of the factors that influence the evolution of the agricultural sector.

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-19 -Interim Deliverable: Special Report for the 1985 Farm Bill -(Published March 1985) Request or Affirmation of Interest: House Committee on Science and Technology Hon. Don Fuqua, Chairman, co-signed by Hon. James H. Scheuer, Chairman, Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment House Committee on Agriculture Hon. Tom Harkin, then Chairman, Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Hon. George E. Brown, then Chairman, Subcommittee on Department Operations, Research, and Foreign Agriculture Hon. Charles Whitley, Chairman, Subcommittee on Forests, Family Farms, and Energy Senate Committee on Small Business Hon. Larry Pressler, Chairman, Subcommittee on Small Business: Family Farm Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Hon. Jesse Helms, Chairman Joint Economic Committee Hon. Roger W. Jepsen, then Chairman Hon. Lee H. Hamilton, then Vice Chairman Hon. James Abdnor, Chairman, Subcommittee on Agriculture and Transportation (now Vice Chairman of the full Committee) Project Director: Mike Phillips, 6-2189 PAYMENT FOR PHYSICIAN SERVICES: STRATEGIES FOR MEDICARE -Physicians directly or indirectly account for an estimated 80 percent of expenditures on medical technologies. Efforts to control the use and cost of medical technology have concentrated on hospitals, as evidenced by the current approach under Medicare to pay hospitals according to diagnosis related groups (DRGs). But attention is increasingly turning to physicians, because as gatekeepers, they control much of technology use and because technologies may move out of locations where payment is constrained and into physicians' offices and other ambulatory sites. And Medicare expenditures on physician services have been growing more rapidly than hospital care. In accordance with a prov1s1on 1n the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 (Public Law 98-369) the Office of Technology Assessment examined alternative methods of paying physicians under the Medicare program, with particular attention to the use and cost of medical technology. Congressional committees are interested in relative fees for different technologies and different physician specialties, incentives for the use of primary care and other technologies, moderation of increases in Medicare expenditures, participation of physicians in Medicare, access to care by Medicare beneficiaries, and quality of care provided.

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-20 -This study examines current patterns of physician expenditures and use, identifies areas of inefficient or inequitable technology use for Medicare beneficiaries, and develops options for physician payment under Medicare to address the problems identified. Request or Affirmation of Interest: Senate Select Committee on Aging Hon. John Heinz, Chairman Hon. John Glenn, Ranking Minority Member Project Directdr: Jane Sisk, 6-2070 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: January 1986 ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL USE IN TESTING, RESEARCH, ANO EDUCATION -Approximately 17-24 million animals are used annually for both toxicity testing and biomedical and behavioral research. In a large percentage of cases, these animals are killed during the course of, or following the completion of, the experimental protocol. Toxicity testing and biomedical and behavioral research are two very distinct disciplines, and animal use and its possible alternatives must be examined in light of their differences. This assessment examines the current patterns of acquu1t1on and use of animals in the distinctly different disciplines of toxicity testing and biomedical and behavioral research. In addition, the feasibility and cost of developing technologies that could potentially substitute for animals in either of these areas were evalu,ated. Since toxicity testing employs about 20 percent of all laboratory animals used annually, OTA analyzed regulatory testing requirements in both the United States and selected foreign countries to determine whether they can be made more uniform in their acceptance of non-animal test results. Finally, this study briefly summarizes the ethical issues concerning animal use in order to help understand the reasons for the current controversy. Request or Affirmation of Interest: Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources Hon. Orrin Hatch, Chairman House Committee on Science and Technology Hon. Doug Walgren, Chairman, Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Technology Senator Alan Cranston Project Director: Gary Ellis, 6-2099 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: KEY TRENDS AND POLICY ISSUES --(This report is one component of the OTA assessment of Federal Government Information Technology: Congressional Oversight and Civil Liberties.) The U.S. government, already a major user of computerized information systems and other information' technology,

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21 is at the threshold of a major transition to the next generation of this technology. For example, the number of federal computer systems is expected to increase from about 18,000 in 1983 to between 300,000 and one million in 1990. Current government use of these technologies has already generated questions about their impacts on government; the dramatically increased future use will further affect government administration, provision of public information, civil liberties, and the balance of power among branches and levels of government. This study is evaluating computer and communication technologies relevant to government information systems, profiling current and evolving federal systems, and assessing the impacts and policy implications of such systems in key areas of concern to Congress. The study will determine, to the extent possible, where and how computerized systems are fundamentally changing the administrative process and/or outstripping the existing framework of legal and procedural safeguards to civil liberties and mechanisms for congressional and judicial oversight. Interim Deliverables: Information Technology and the Social Security Administration (Background Paper) Electronic Surveillance and Civil Liberties --(Report; Published October 1985) Request: Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs Hon. William V. Roth, Chairman House Committee on the Judiciary Hon. Robert W. Kastenmeier, Chairman, Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice Project Director: Fred Wood, 6-2240

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-22 -B. IN PROGRESS AS OF 12/31/85 Energy, Materials, and International Security Division EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE AMERICAN ECONOMIC TRANSITION --New technologies, growing international competition in markets once dominated by U.S. suppliers, and changes in the cost and availability of oil and other critical resources may lead to a fundamental change in the structure of the U.S. economy. These changes could also change the utility of major classes of public policy. The analysis conducted for this project will describe ways the national economy may change during the next two decades, explore the ways these changes may alter prospects for employment and profitable investment in different major classes of economic activities, describe how the changes may alter critical aspects of the quality of life in America, and. examine the implications of these changes for national policy. The analysis is constructed around seven tightly integrated projects. Six of these are designed to explore plausible ways the economy may move to meet basic market requirements during the next two decades and the nature of the employment and investment opportunities created. The areas covered include: the health industries, agriculture and food processing, construction, transportation and communication, education, and "leisure-time" industries. At least two possibilities are being considered in each case: (1) an extrapolation of current trends, and (2) an analysis of ways the market could be met assuming that new technologies were introduced with no market 0imperfections" except those explicitly introduced where markets clearly are inadequate (e.g., regulations designed to protect the environment). This analysis of "potentials" is not a forecast in the conventional sense but is designed to illuminate the range of possible impacts of new technologies. When the "potential" analysis differs significantly from projections based on trends, the work will provide a convenient basis for determining whether or not the divergence results from poorly designed federal programs. A separate project is examining basic manufacturing and service industries not covered elsewhere. Each of these projects will result in a separate publication and an evaluation of specific policy problems identified in the sectors covered. The components will be combined systematically using a simple accounting procedure developed for the project. Where relevant, the results will be compared with major macroeconomic models developed elsewhere. The integrated analysis will be used to examine major national policy issues affecting capital formation, employment, international competition, investments in infrastructure, research and development priorities, and other areas of major national interest.

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-23 -Interim Deliverables: International Com et1t1veness of U.S. A riculture (Technical Memorandum --(Requester: Hon. Roger Jepsen, then Chairman, Joint Economic Committee) --Contact Ken Cook, 6-3967. New Construction Technologies (Technical Memorandum) -Contact Bob Gold, 6-3966. Leisure Industries (Technical Memorandum) -Contact Bob Howard, 6-3964 Request or Affirmation of Interest: Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation Hon. Bob Packwood, then Chairman Hon. Ernest Hollings, Ranking Minority Member Hon. Larry Pressler, Chairman, Subcommittee on Business, Trade, and Tourism Senate Committee on the Budget Hon. Pete V. Domenici, Chairman Hon. Lawton Chiles, Ranking Minority Member House Committee on Energy and Commerce Hon. John D. Dingell, Chairman House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service Hon. William D. Ford, Chairman House Committee on Science and Technology Hon. Don Fuqua, Chairman House Committee on Education and Labor Hon. Carl D. Perkins, then Chairman House Committee on the Judiciary Hon. Peter W. Rodino, Chairman House Committee on Public Works and Transportation Hon. James J. Howard, Chairman House Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs Hon. Fernand J. St Germain, Chairman Hon. Chalmers P. Wylie, Ranking Minority Member Project Director: Henry Kelly, 6-3960 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: January 1986 HIGH TECHNOLOGY STRUCTURAL CERAMICS AND.POLYMER COMPOSITES Development and use of advanced materials such as high performance ceramics and polymer composites promise dramatic changes in many aspects of our economy. The unique properties and design features of these materials provide the opportunity for greatly increased performance in many products in use today, enhanced manufacturing productivity, and new types of products. Composites used as structural members in aircraft and ceramics in machine tool bits already have demonstrated some of these large performance gains. The promise of these materials has caused other nations to embark on major development programs. This nation's ability to maintain long term economic growth and remain competitive will depend to a large extent on how well we take advantage of the opportunities presented by these materials. To do so, however, ~equires that many technical problems and non-technical barriers be overcome.

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-24 -This assessment will better define the many opportunities for high technology ceramics and polymer composites over the next 15 to 25 years. It will determine the principal technical and related problems that need to be overcome if timely expansio~ of the commercial use of these materials is to take place. Finally, the study will analyze the broad implications of these high technology materials to future U.S. economic growth and competitiveness. Interim Deliverable: Future Opportunities for Advanced Materials (Technical Memorandum) Request or Affirmation of Interest: Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation Hon. John c. Danforth, Chairman Hon. Ernest F. Hollings, Ranking Minority Member Hon. Slade Gorton, Chairman, Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space House Committee on Science and Technology Hon. Don Fuqua, Chairman Hon, Manuel Lujan, Ranking Minority Member Hon. Dan Glickman, Chairman, and Hon. Tom Lewis, Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Transportation, Aviation, and Materials Project Director: Greg Eyring, 6-2151 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: March 1987 TECHNOLOGIES FOR PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC PRESERVATION --In recognition of the importance of preserving our prehistoric and historic heritage, Congress over the last eighty years has enacted a variety of laws to protect and preserve U.S. cultural resources. This assessment will provide an overview of technologies for cultural resource management. It will: 1) identify and discuss the most effective current technologies for prehistoric and historic preservation; 2) evaluate the most promising new technologies that could be applied to the problem; and 3) suggest areas for further research and development. To the extent possible, the assessment will also discuss the costs of the technologies and examine any nontechnical constraints on their use. The assessment will focus on technologies for: l) locating, identifying, surveying, and evaluating historic structures and sites and their contents, including archaeological sites; 2) preserving buildings, structures, and landscapes; and 3) measuring the effect of changes in the environment on historic structures, artifacts, sites, and landscapes. It will not discuss the preservation of paintings, books, and other artifacts, except insofar as technologies used in their preservation are applicable to structures and sites. To the extent pertinent to historic preservation, the study will also consider technologies for storing, sharing, and retrieving historic preservation information.

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-25 -Request or Affirmation of Interest: House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs Hon. Morris K. Udall, Chairman Hon. Don Young, Ranking Minority Member Hon. John F. Seiberling, Chairman, Subcommittee on Public Lands Hon. Ron Marlenee, Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Public Lands Project Director: Ray Williamson, 6-2209 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: July 1986 INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION IN SERVICE INDUSTRIES --The services have become mainstays of the U.S. economy, both in terms of domestic employment and foreign sales. Many are driven by new technologies. The U.S. balance of payments position depends heavily on income from foreign sales of intangibles to counterbalance, if only in part, merchandise deficits. Exports of technology-intensive manufactures --commercial aircraft, power generating equipment, electronic systems --are frequently tied to training and maintenance contracts. New developments in many of the service industries stem directly from technical advances. Increasingly, the Western European nations and Japan offer strong compet1t1on 1n international markets for technologically-based services. The analytical approach in this assessment will be based on that developed in past OTA studies of competitiveness: three to five service industries will be selected for detailed analysis based on business strategies as affected by technological developments, industrial structure, and government policies. Request or Affirmation of Interest: Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Hon. Charles Percy, then Chairman Hon. Charles Mee. Mathias, Jr., Chairman, Subcommittee on International Economic Policy Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs Hon. William V. Roth, Jr., Chairman House Committee on Small Business Hon. Parren Mitchell, Chairman Hon. Berkley Bedell, Chairman, Subcommittee on General Oversight and the Economy House Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs Hon. John J. LaFalce, Chairman, Subcommittee on Economic Stabilization Project Director: John Alic, 6-2012 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: May 1986

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-26 -REDUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE --The generation of hazardous waste by industry poses a range of environmental risks and increasingly high costs. About one metric ton of hazardous waste 1s being generated annually for every person in the nation. Only within the past decade has it become clear that the land disposal of hazardous waste is fraught with risks, particularly to groundwater. Waste management is undergoing major changes as a result of government regulatory programs that are making land disposal much more expensive and more restricted. But, to a large extent, there are major uncertainties about how the regulatory program will be implemented and enforced. Liabilities associated with the hazardous waste disposed of in the past are also influencing industry decisions. Cleaning up uncontrolled toxic waste sites by the Superfund program, industry, and the states may require hundreds of billions of dollars over many decades. Current costs to industry to manage its newly generated hazardous waste is probably about $6 billion annually. There is general agreement that reducing the generation of hazardous waste is necessary both from the environmental and the economic perspective. However, the role of government and particularly government regulations to induce industry toward waste reduction is not clear. Government regulation of waste management is shifting away from and "end of the pipe" approach to examining industrial processes and company operations; this shift is of major concern to industry. Thus it is becoming more important to learn how to use non-regulatory approaches (e.g., technical assistance, information transfer, and R&D support) to complement regulatory ones. This assessment will examine and review the technical options to substantially reduce the amount and hazardous nature of industrial hazardous wastes, only some of which may be regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and state programs.. It will also identify and analyze current efforts in waste reduction and will examine the full range of technical, economic, and institutional impediments facing industry in these efforts. The assessment will analyze Federal and state policies and programs which affect waste reduction efforts; and it will identify and evaluate both regulatory and non-regulatory options that Congress can consider for enhancing the extent and pace of waste reduction efforts while avoiding undesirable impacts on employment, profitability, and the international competitiveness of industry. One option that will be considered is the possibility that no further Congressional action may be needed in the near term. Request or Affir~ation of Interest: Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources Hon. Orrin G. Hatch, Chairman Hon. Edward M. Kennedy, Ranking Minority Member

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27 House Committee on Small Business Hon. Charles W. Stenholm, Chairman Hon. William S. Broomfield, Ranking Minority Member Hon. Nicholas Mavroules, Chairman, Subcommittee on General Oversight and the Economy Hon. Silvio O. Conte, Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on General Oversight and the Economy Hon. Ike Skelton, Chairman, Subcommittee on Export Opportunities and Special Small Business Problems House Committee on Energy and Commerce Hon. John D. Dingell, Chairman Hon. James T. Broyhill, Ranking Minority Member Hon. James J. Florio, Chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation, and Tourism Hon. Norman F. Lent, Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation, and Tourism House Committee on Science and Technology Hon. Don Fuqua, Chairman Project Director: Joel Hirschhorn, 6-2089 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: June 1986 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO CHINA --The People's Republic of China (PRC) 1s introducing major changes as it rapidly modernizes its economic system and seeks improved global relationships. Imports of technology and scientific expertise and the encouragement of foreign investment are key elements. This presents economic and strategic opportunities and risks for the United States. China could become a major market for U.S. exports, and technology transfer could enhance economic growth for both countries. Technology transfer could also be a major factor in improving relations and strengthening China's role in Asia. However, technology transfer can also lead to problems. If relations deteriorate between the U.S. and the PRC, we may regret having provided technology that would strengthen their military. For instance, computers and telecommunication equipment, even if sold for commercial use, could be redirected, or the expertise developed in using them employed in independently producing military equipment. Another concern is that they may import only enough technology to get a start, and then expand commercially to become a competitor in world markets. This assessment will examine the role of imported science and technology in the plans of the PRC; the technology the U.S. and other nations can supply; the impacts of policies, both for control and promotion, on these transfers; and the security and commercial risks involved. Interim Deliverable: Energy Technology Transfer to China (Technical Memorandum) (Published September 1985)

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-28 -Request or Affirmation of Interest: Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Hon. Jake Garn, Chairman Hon. William Proxmire, Ranking Minority Member House Committee on Energy and Commerce Hon. John Dingell, Chairman Hon. James Broyhill, Ranking Minority Member Hon. Al Swift, Chairman, Special Subcommittee on U.S.-Pacific Rim Trade Project Director: Alan Crane, 6-2105 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: December 1986 ALTERNATIVES FOR IMPROVING NATO'S DEFENSE RESPONSE Recent initiatives to improve NATO's defenses have focused on "follow-on forces attack" (FOFA), a tactical interdiction mission that aims to defeat an invasion by attacking enemy forces while they are moving toward the battle area, and a related interdiction mission that would support FOFA. U.S. programs to develop a capability for deep interdiction may be able to substantially increase NATO's nonnuclear defense capabilities. Central to these programs are new "smart" conventional munitions The U.S. presently spends hundreds of millions of dollars annually on research on weapons and support systems for interdiction; eventual procurements could total hundreds of billions. Yet there exists to date no comprehensive study of interdiction and its implications for NATO. This OTA assessment is developing a comprehensive appraisal of the military and technical risks and opportunities of applying various alternative technologies to the "deep interdiction" capability in NATO, with particular attention to possible implications for Alliance cohesion and cooperation. The study 1s focused on comparing alternative new munitions to the existing munitions, and other issues such as aircraft and missile platforms and target acquisition systems will be reviewed. Unsolved technical problems will be identified and assessed. Soviet doctrine and U.S. and Allied strategy and doctrine wi 11 be reviewed to assess the military value of various approaches to interdiction, and possible Soviet responses. Finally, the project will identify and assess possible U.S. policy options for developing this capability. Request or Affirmation of Interest: House Committee on Foreign Affairs Hon. Dante Fascell\, Chairman Hon. William S. Broomfield, Ranking Minority Member House Committee on Armed Services Hon. Les Aspin, Chairman Hon. William Dickinson, Ranking Minority Member Senate Committee on Armed Services (affirmation of interest) Hon. Barry Goldwater, Chairman Hon. Sam Nunn, Ranking Minority Member

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29 -Project Director: Alan Shaw, 6-2018 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: December 1986 Health and Life Sciences Division TECHNOLOGIES TO MAINTAIN BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY --Maintaining biological diversity of plants and animals is both a matter of insurance and investment necessary to sustain and improve agriculture, to keep open future options for medical discoveries, and as the raw material for industrial innovation and genetic engineering. Agricultural development needs wild plants as a source of new genes to increase yields, to improve disease resistance, and to increase the ability of crops to withstand extreme environmental stresses. Wild plants are used by the pharmaceutical industry as sources of valuable compounds that, once discovered in nature, sometimes can be synthesized in the laboratory. Animal physiology affords many clues to the origins and nature of human ailments. For example, the cotton-topped marmoset, a species of monkey susceptible to lymphatic cancer, is helping to produce a potent anticancer vaccine. Genetic engineering, an emerging technology with great potentials for agriculture, depends on biological diversity for the raw material to engineer. Thus loss of diversity could reduce the potential opportunities that this technology offers. But while the importance of diverse biological resources is receiving increasing attention, diversity appears to be declining and valuable reservoirs of germ plasm are disappearing. In order to identify opportun1t1es to maintain biological diversity, OTA will: 1) assess the status of biological diversity and its rates of change; 2) assess the economic, social, ecological, and political implications of a decline in biological diversity; 3) assess technologies (both in situ and ex situ) to maintain plant and animal biological diversity; 4) assess the role of institutions and U.S.-funded agencies (e.g., U.N. and World Bank) in developing and transferring beneficial technologies for maintaining biological diversity; and 5) identify policy options that will facilitate the development and use of such technologies to maintain biological diversity. Interim Deliverable: Grassroots Conservation of Biological Diversity 1n the United States (Background Paper) Request or Affirmation of Interest: Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Hon. Jesse Helms, Chairman Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Hon. Claiborne Pell House Committee on Science and Technology Hon. Don Fuqua, Chairman

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30 -House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries Hon. Walter Jones, Chairman Hon. Joel Pritchard, then Ranking Minority Member Hon. John B. Breaux, Chairman, Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment Hon. Don Young, Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment House Committee on Foreign Affairs Hon. Dante Fascell, Chairman Hon. Don Bonker, Chairman, Subcommittee on International Economic Policy and Trade Hon. Gus Yatron, Chairman, Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations House Committee on Agriculture Hon. E. de la Garza, Chairman Project Director: Susan Shen, 6-2256 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: September 1986 INTEGRATED RENEWABLE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT FOR U.S. INSULAR AREAS --U.S. insular areas in the Caribbean (Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands) and the Pacific (Guam, American Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) have experienced considerable historical land resource degradation. Freshwater supplies may be highly variable and tropical soils and waters can be relatively infertile, requiring special management consideration. Today they rely heavily on food imports, and many local food production technologies and incentives have been lost. The U.S., Hawaii, and territorial governments have voiced commitments to greater food production diversity and selfsufficiency. Activities in Hawaii provide models of these developments. The small size and limited resources of these insular areas require that land planning consider the capability of sites to sustain agriculture and aquaculture; the probable impacts of development on other resources; and alternatives to traditional management schemes that may be more appropriate to the economies and ecologies of these areas. Technologies designed for temperate, continental agriculture and aquaculture --frequently dependent on relatively low cost energy supplies, large capital outlays, and well-developed markets -typically are not suitable for tropical insular areas. Reaping sustained benefits from food production developments requires technologies appropriate to resource characteristics and incentive schemes appropriate to cultural settings that encourage integrated development and management of island resources. In order to assess technologies for insular renewable resource management and development, OTA will: 1) review data on freshwater demands, supplies and uses and assess water supply enhancement and conservation technologies; 2) assess agricultural technologies given the availability and quality of water and land supplies; 3) assess aquaculture technologies alone and in

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-31 -combination with agricultural technologies; and 4) assess maricultural technologies for their suitability in the insular settings; 5) identify integrated land capability analysis technologies appropriate to island resource development; and 6) assess certain opportunities in case studies that include implementation action plans. Request or Affirmation of Interest: Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Hon. James A. McClure, Chairman Hon. Spark Matsunaga House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs Hon. Morris K. Udall, Chairman Hon. Antonio 8. Won Pat, then Chairman, Subcommittee on Insular Affairs Project Director: Alison Hess, 6-2198 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: March 1986 LOW-RESOURCE AGRICULTURE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES --Most people in developing countries are subsistence farmers who cannot obtain or afford the expensive fertilizers and pesticides upon which the highyield (Green Revolution) technologies are based. Thus, as populations grow and fuel prices rise, low-resource agricultural technologies are receiving increased attention from donors and researchers. For example, international donors such as the Peace Corps and the World Bank are giving high priority to research and development projects that enhance rather than replace low-resource, traditional farming methods. This is particularly true for programs in Africa where subsistence farmers hold the key to increasing food production and where the continuing need for massive food aid demonstrates the failure of many past agricultural, development assistance and resource protection policies. This OTA assessment will build upon the results of a previous Technical Memorandum, Africa Tomorrow: Issues in Technology, Agriculture, and U.S. Foreign Aid. By examining low-resource agricultural technologies world-wide, OTA will help Congress evaluate programs and formulate policies related to both U.S. agriculture and foreign policy. In order to do this, OTA will: 1) determine which of these technologies can increase African food production in socio-economically and environmentally sustainable ways; 2) identify the U.S. role in technology development and transfer; 3) assess actual and potential benefits to the U.S. from participation in international agricultural research on low-resource methods; and 4) evaluate certain aspects of the Sahel Development Program as a case study in U.S. public and private assistance to Africa.

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-32 -Request or Affirmation of Interest: Technology Assessment Board Hon. Morris K. Udall, Vice Chairman Hon. Edward M. Kennedy Hon. Orrin G. Hatch Hon. Cooper Evans Hon. Claiborne Pell House Committee on Agriculture Hon. E. (Kika) de la Garza, Chairman House Committee on Foreign Affairs Hon. Dante 8. Fascell, Chairman (endorsement) House Committee on Science and Technology Hon. Don Fuqua, Chairman Hon. James H. Scheuer, Chairman, Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment House Select Committee on Hunger Hon. Mickey Leland, Chairman Hon. Marge Roukema, Ranking Minority Member Project Director: Phyllis Windle, 6-2265 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: June 1987 EVALUATION OF AGENT ORANGE PROTOCOL --As mandated by PL 96-151, reviews epidemiologic studies regarding long-term health effects of veterans exposed to dioxins in Vietnam. Request or Affirmation of Interest: Mandated by PL 96-151. Project Director: Hellen Gelband, 6-2070 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: Indeterminate TECHNOLOGY AND INDIAN HEALTH CARE: EFFECTIVENESS, ACCESS, AND EFFICIENCY --Despite some improvement, the health status of American Indians and Alaska Natives remains substantially below that of the general U.S. population. Because of the Federal Government's special responsibilities for the delivery and financing of health care for nearly one million of the 1.5 million Indians in the U.S., Congress continues to be concerned about the quality, appropriateness, accessibility, and financing of such care. This project will.be a comprehensive examination of health technologies and services provided to Indians and of whether those technologies and services are appropriate and adequate in view of the health problems of Indians. The assessment will: 1) analyze the quality and adequacy of data on Indian health status, including trends over time, 2) identify the types and distribution of technologies and services available through the Indian Health Service and other providers, 3) determine the desirable range and methods of delivery of health-related technologies and services, given our conclusions on health status, and compare this range to the current situation, and 4) develop policy options to improve the selection, provision, financing, and delivery of technologies and services to Indian populations.

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33 -Request or Affirmation of Interest: House Committee on Energy and Commerce Hon. John Dingell, Chairman Hon. Henry A. Waxman, Chairman, Subcommittee on Health and the Environment Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs Hon. Mark Andrews, Chairman Hon. John Melcher, Ranking Minority Member Project Director: Larry Miike, 6-2070 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: January 1986 TECHNOLOGIES FOR DETECTING HERITABLE MUTATIONS --Mutations are permanent changes in the genetic information contained in chromosomes and DNA of cells. When they occur in germ cells --egg or sperm cells---they are passed on to succeeding generations. Always a concern in public health, mutations are becoming a policy issue because of claims that they have been caused by exposures to radiation and chemicals. Little is known about the frequency of human mutations, and evidence is insufficient to decide whether or not external factors contribute in any significant way to the frequency despite the reasonable contention that they probably do. Technologic breakthroughs may make it possible to determine mutation rates directly. The new methods require drawing blood. and analyzing proteins or DNA or a particular gene for genetic changes. The assessment is: 1) detailing the status and limits of knowledge about human mutations and mutation frequencies; 2) reviewing the current methods used to study human mutations; 3) describing methods now under development and being considered; 4) estimating when each of the new methods might be a,vailable for studying human populations and the size of the experiments that would be necessary to produce useful results; and 5) developing policy options to spur the research and application of appropriate methods. Request or Affirmation of Interest: Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs Hon. Alan K. Simpson, then Chairman Hon. Alan Cranston, Ranking Minority Member House Committee on Science and Technology Hon. Don Fuqua, Chairman House Committee on Energy and Commerce Hon. John D. Dingell, Chairman Project Director: Julie Ostrowsky, 6-2070 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: January 1986

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-34 -TECHNOLOGY AND CHILD HEALTH --This project will bring together the current evidence on the effectiveness and costs of health care technologies in promoting and maintaining children's health. It will examine current patterns of availability of these technologies and barriers to their appropriate use. The role of Federal policies, including Medicaid, Maternal and Child Health, and the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program, in providing access to preventive and therapeutic technologies will be examined. A range of illness prevention and therapeutic technologies is available at every phase of childhood and the prenatal period. Some, applied in the prenatal period, can reduce the risk of neonatal mortality and morbidity; others, applied later in the child's life, may prevent illnesses that typically manifest themselves in adulthood. New medical technology has also transformed formerly fatal childhood diseases into serious chronic illnesses, whose victims remain technology-dependent for extended periods of time. It is often feasible for these children to be cared for in the home, provided the financial and supportive resources are available. The availability of these life saving technologies raises questions about the private and public financing and organization of services for this small but growing population. This project will emphasize study of illness prevention technologies, including non-medical technologies such as promotion of safe behavior {e.g., seat-belt use) and improved nutrition. Among the preventive technologies to be considered will be prenatal screening, monitoring, and care; infant screening; immunizations; and early-childhood screening. Therapeutic technologies will include neo-natal intensive care and pediatric home care for technology-dependent children. Request or Affirmation of Interest: House Committee on Energy and Commerce Hon. John D. Dingell, Chairman Hon. Henry A. Waxman, Chairman, Subcommittee on Health and the Environment Hon. Edward R. Madigan, Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Health and the Environment Hon. Thomas J. Tauke Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources Hon. Orrin G. Hatch, Chairman Senate Committee on Finance Hon. Bob Packwood, Chairman Hon. Russell B. Long, Ranking Minority Member Project Director: Judith Wagner, 6-2070 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: March 1987 LIFE-SUSTAINING TECHNOLOGIES AND THE ELDERLY --Recent technological advances in the treatment of chronic disease and acute illness, combined with greater access to such care, make it possible to keep persons alive who might never have survived in the past. One result

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35 is that more older persons than ever before are surviving to the oldest ages (75 and over). These advances, however, are accompanied by complex legal, ethical, and financial issues concerning the definition of death, appropriate use of life-sustaining technologies, quality of life, patients' rights, surrogate decisionmaking, and the allocation of federal resources. Data indicate that up to 30 percent of all Medicare reimbursements (more than $57 billion in 1983) are made for care of older Americans in their last year of life; half of all nursing home costs are paid by federal Medicaid dollars. This assessment is exam1n1ng these technological advances and their implications for the elderly. It will: 1) provide a classification of life-sustaining technologies and describe their development, including prospects for the future; 2) evaluate different technologies that are now applied in different situations and settings (e.g., end-stage renal dialysis, resuscitation, ventilation, alimentation, etc.); 3) describe the elderly subpopulations that are affected; 4) review ethical problems in different settings and situations (hospital, nursing home, residence); 5) evaluate the ethical issues related to patients' rights; 6) present data on attitudes toward life-sustaining technologies and patients' rights (professional associations, groups representing the elderly, surveys of the public and health care providers, etc.); 7) review methods for determining mental competence and surrogate decisionmaking for the demented elderly; 8) evaluate federal and State laws regarding patients' rights, surrogate decisionmaking, living wills, etc.; and 9) review data and issues concerning federal and other public costs related to current and potential applications of life-sustaining technologies. Interim Deliverable: Surrogate Decisionmaking (Background Paper) (shared effort with Disorders Causing Dementia) Request or Affirmation of Interest: Senate Special Committee on Aging Hon. John Heinz, Chairman House Select Committee on Aging Hon. Edward R. Roybal, Chairman Project Director: Robert Harootyan, 6-2095 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: April 1986 DISORDERS CAUSING DEMENTIA --The economic, social, and health problems associated with disorders that cause deterioration of mental function (dementia) are growing rapidly. Current estimates of the cost of providing long-cerm care nationwide are approximately $30 billion annually for nursing homes and another $14 billion for other forms (1983); with $12 billion derived from Federal s0urces (Medicare, Medicaid, Jeterans Administration, etc.). Disorders leading to dementia are estimated to account for over half of these

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36 costs. These figures, and the other costs associated with dementia (emotional distress among friends and family, costs of acute medical care, including diagnosis, and income lost due to the disease) threaten to rise rapidly as the proportion of very old people (over 80) in the population continues to increase much faster than other age groups. This assessment 1s considering Federal policy relating to two major Federal functions: 1) support of research intended to provide treatment or means of prevention, and 2) financing and monitoring of long-term care for those who have dementia. The assessment is surveying the status of basic biomedical research and health services research, and will evaluate the methods for providing longterm care of those who develop dementia. The assessment of longterm care will include discussion of various options: home care, day care, respite care, adoptive care, and domiciliary care, in addition to nursing home care. Particular attention will be focused on evaluating methods for optimizing care of demented patients in the various settings (including Federal and private responsibilities for financing and assuring quality care.) Interim Deliverable: Surrogate Decisionmaking --(Background Paper) (shared effort with Life Sustaining Technologies and the Elderly) Request or Affirmation of Interest: Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources Hon. Orrin G. Hatch, Chairman Senate Special Committee on Aging Hon. John Heinz, Chairman Hon. Larry Pressler Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs Hon. Alan K. Simpson, then Chairman Senate Committee on Finance Hon. Bob Dole, then Chairman Hon. Bill Bradley House Committee on Energy and Commerce Hon. John D. Dingell, Chairman House Committee on Science and Technology Hon. Don Fuqua, Chairman Hon. Larry Winn, Jr., then Ranking Minority Member Hon. Albert Gore, Jr., then Member Hon. Joe Skeen House Select Committee on Aging Hon. Edward R. Roybal, Chairman Senator Howard Metzenbaum Project Director: Robert Cook-Deegan, 6-2034 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: July 1986 NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY --In the past 10 years the growth of biotechnology has been explosive. Large and small firms have

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37 invested billions of dollars in the technology across a broad array of applications. Advances in basic research are equally impressive. A number of new techniques are in development or have reached the market that will improve the detection of cancer and a variety of genetic diseases; others will improve the treatment of these diseases. For example, a diagnostic test for the genetic disease Huntington's Chorea is close, and Factor VIII, a blood clotting factor, may soon be available to treat hemophiliacs. Agricultural applications include improved resistance to plant pests and pesticides, and nutritional enhancement of existing food crops. Biotechnology has great promise for numerous applications both now and in the future; there is also concern about the potential consequences of these applications. This assessment will focus on several interrelated areas: the directions in which the technology is developing including environmental and medical applications; the social utility of these applications; and the implications of the technology for intellectual property law. Although separate areas, assessment of each is dependent on background knowledge in the others; hence they are combined in one assessment. Several questions with regard to environmental applications need to be answered. Are the environmental ramifications of the deliberate or accidental release of genetically engineered organisms being adequately reviewed under the existing regulatory structure? How well can the levels of risk be predicted? How much and what kind of research is being done by regulatory agencies, the academic community, and industry? What regulatory criteria should be used to evaluate risk? Closely tied to this issue is public perception. How do people perceive the risks of biotechnology? What kind of information is widely disseminated? Is information targeted to specific groups? Is there a need for specific changes in education? What are the economic and social impacts of the patterns of development of biotechnology? Has the need for capital and the types of firms developing products influenced the types of products, especially in agriculture? Is the technology being transferred in a manner that will benefit not only highly developed nations but also lesser developed countries? How can the Federal government encourage the development of products that could directly benefit the third world and individuals with diseases of rare occurrence? New techniques for diagnosing inherited diseases are being developed. What is the status of these technologies? Are there special problems associated with their use because of the time lag between the ability to diagnose and the ability to treat diseases? The adequacy and limitations of intellectual property law vis-a-vis biotechnology need assessment. Do present criteria for utility patents apply to all living organisms produced by biotechnology? Are there special considerations in the deposit of these products? How long should they be stored? Who should have access? When is experimental use of the products infringement? Is Public Law 96-517, the patent law that allows research institut1ons

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38 -to apply for patents on research results, equitable to all parties concerned? Are patient rights in experimental and clinical settings being adequately protected? Request or Affirmation of Interest: House Committee on Science and Technology Hon. Don Fuqua, Chairman House Committee on Energy and Commerce Hon. John D. Dingell, Chairman Senate Committee on the Budget Hon. Lawton Chiles, Ranking Minority Member Project Director: Gary Ellis, 6-2099 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: April 1988 Science, Information, and Natural Resources Division INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN AN AGE OF ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION This assessment is identifying and analyzing trends in the development of the new information technologies to determine those areas where there might be gaps in the laws and practices of intellectual property. It is examining how their widespread deployment and use might alter the value of information and thus affect the future creation, production, distribution, use of, and access to information and knowledge based products, and will identify and evaluate policy strategies --legal, technological, economic, and social --for addressing intellectual property issues in an age of electronics. Examples of some of the issue areas included in the analysis are: 1) the legal and institutional issues resulting from rapid technological change; 2) the technological issues that result from the impact that intellectual property law might have on technology; 3) socio-political issues arising from the public/private aspects of information; 4) the economic issues arising from the enhanced value of information and information services; 5) the international issues resulting from the increased flow and value of informa~ion across national boundaries; and 6) the ethical issues arising from the conflict between public laws and private practices. Requesters: Senate Committee on the Judiciary Hon. Charles McC. Mathias, Chairman, Subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks

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39 House Committee on the Judiciary Hon. Peter Rodino, Chairman Hon. Hamilton Fish, Ranking Minority Member Hon. Robert W. Kastenmeier, Chairman, Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice Hon. Carlos Moorhead, Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice Project Director: Linda Garcia, 6-2245 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: January 1986 NEW COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY: IMPLICATIONS FOR PRIVACY AND SECURITY -The federal government, the largest single user of information technology equipment, is facing major changes in the nature and uses of communications technology. New generations of products --such as local and wide area networks, software-controlled switching, digital communications integrated with computers, and satellite and fiber optic transmission --each bring much greater capability to managers and users for accessing, manipulating, and transmitting information. In addition, the government, like the private sector, is rapidly expanding the number of ways in which it uses information technology to accomplish its business. At the same time, the industries and institutions that develop and sell these products are changing, forcing major adjustments in government management strategy. These new capabilities and uses challenge the integrity of the government's information system. This study is evaluating two sets of these challenges that are essentially opposite sides of the same coin; the implications of increasingly advanced telecommunications systems for the privacy of workers; and the security and vulnerability of these systems to unauthorized use or disruption. The study examines new and prospective capabilities of communications technology, assess their impact on privacy and security, and analyze how the combination of technical, administrative, and legal safeguards can cope with privacy and security implications. Requesters: House Committee on Government Operations Hon. Jack Brooks, Chairman House Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights Hon. Don Edward, Chairman Project Director: Charles Wilk, 6-2240 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: September 1986 WASTES IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: THEIR MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL -Due to lower disposal costs relative to other alternatives, and increasing public opposition to land-based disposal alternatives, it is Likely that pressure to use the ocean for waste disposal will continue or increase. As coastal areas 0~ the United States have

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40 -become more developed, the amounts of sewage sludge generated from municipal treatment plants and of dredged material from ports and harbors have increased. Disposal of both waste types, especially sewage sludge, at ocean dumpsites has been controversial but also has increased markedly in the last few decades. There also have been proposals to use the oceans for the disposal of different types of nuclear waste and for at-sea incineration of hazardous synthetic organics such as PCB's. The assessment is exam1n1ng the different technologies used or proposed for disposal of different types of waste in the ocean. Primary emphasis is on sewage sludge, dredged material, low-and high-level radioactive waste, and some industrial wastes that are compatible with ocean disposal. The study is addressing policy issues related to the role of the oceans within an overall waste management context, alternative strategies for managing these wastes in coastal areas, the pretreatment of wastes prior to disposal, and research and development priorities. The environmental, economic, international, and institutional implications of different policy options will be evaluated. Requesters: House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries Hon. Walter 8. Jones, Chairman Hon. Edwin 8. Forsythe, then Ranking Minority Member Hon. Mario Biaggi, Chairman, Subcommittee on Merchant Marine Hon. Norman D'Amours, then Chairman, Subcommittee on Oc;eanography House Committee on Public Works and Transportation Hon. James J. Howard, Chairman Hon. Gene Snyder, Ranking Minority Member Hon. Robert A. Roe, Chairman, Subcommittee on Water Resources Hon. Arlan Stangeland, Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Water Resources Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation Hon. Bob Packwood, then Chairman Hon. Ernest Hollings, Ranking Minority Member Project Director: Howard Levenson, 6-2149 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: October 1986 TECHNOLOGIES TO CONTROL ILLEGAL DRUG TRAFFIC --Control of illegal drugs entering the United States from foreign countries is an important part of federal drug law enforcement efforts. The detecLion and seizure of drugs at U.S. borders depends on a number of advanced technologies, including radar and other sensing devices and specialized ships and aircraft. The Customs Service and the Coast Guard, the two agencies with primary responsibility for monitoring U.S. borders, are devoting an increasing share of their resources to intercepting illegal drugs. A number of other federal agencies -including the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Border Patrol, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the Department of Defense --assist interdiction programs. Technical and

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41 -organizational improvements could increase the effectiveness of drug interdiction efforts. There are proposals to purchase additional equipment for Customs Service and Coast Guard programs; to develop and introduce new, more sophisticated technical systems; and to increase military assistance through the loan of military hardware and greater participation of armed forces personnel in drug control activ1t1es. This assessment is evaluating current and proposed technologies for drug interdiction, their cost-effectiveness, and their most appropriate use in controlling illegal drug traffic. Requesters: Senate Committee on Appropriations Hon. Mark O. Hatfield, Chairman Hon. John C. Stennis, Ranking Minority Member Hon. Alfonse M. D'Amato Hon. Paul Laxalt Hon. James Abdnor Hon. Mark Andrews Hon. Ernest F. Hollings Hon. Lawton Chiles Hon. Dennis DeConcini Hon. Daniel K. Inouye Project Director: Peter Johnson, 6-2066 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: December 1986 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRANSPORTATION: TECHNOLOGY ISSUES --Ensuring public safety during transportation of hazardous materials and wastes has been of increasing concern for some time. Undocumented estimates of the quantity of hazardous commodities shipped annually range to 4 billion tons. Given the estimates of the large quantities shipped, the safety record is good. However, great damage does occasionally occur. A primary government interest is ensuring public and environmental safety while facilitating movement of these commodities vital to the nation's economy. This assessment is directed toward three fundamental issues: 1) the adequacy of containers used in the transportation of hazardous materials; 2) the adequacy of the information systems used to track commodity transport and keep safety records for planning purposes and regulation; and 3) the appropriate levels of training for personnel responsible for the transportation of hazardous materials emergency response. Interim Deliverable: State and Local Activities in Transportation of Hazardous Materials (Special Report) Request or Affirmation of Interest: Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation Hon. Bob Packwood, then Chairman Hon. Ernest F. Hollings, Ranking Minority Member

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-42 House Committee on Government Operations Hon. Cardiss Collins, Chairwoman, Subcommittee on Government Activities and Transportation House Committee on Energy and Commerce Hon. James J. Florio, Chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation, and Tourism House Committee on Public Works and Transportation Hon. James J. Howard, Chairman Project Director: Edith Page, 6-2214 Projected Delivery Date to TAB: March 1986 SPECIAL RESPONSES THE EFFECTS OF SECTION 3 OF THE COAL LEASING AMENDMENTS OF 1976 -(Special Report) (Requested by: House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Hon. Morris K. Udall, Chairman; Hon. Jim Weaver, Chairman, Subcommittee on Mining, Forest Management, and Bonneville Power Administration.) Project Director: Karen Larsen, 6-2212 Projected Completion Date: Completed, in press ADVANCE NOTICE FOR PLANT CLOSINGS AND MASS LAYOFFS (Workshop/Staff Paper) --(Requested by: Congressman William D. Ford, Congressman William Clay, and Congressman Silvio O. Conte) Project Director: Julie Gorte, 6-2205 Projected Completion Date: March 1986 EVALUATION OF MARS TRANSIT SCHEME (Staff Paper) --(Requested by: Senator Jake Garn and Senator Mark Andrews) Project Director: Tom Karas, 6-2014 Projected Completion Date: Spring 1986 NURSE PRACTITIONERS, CERTIFIED NURSE MIDWIVES, AND PHYSICIANS ASSISTANTS: QUALITY, ACCESS, ECONOMIC, AND PAYMENT ISSUES (Case Study) --(Requested by: Senate Committee on Appropriations, Hon. Mark Hatfield, Chairman; Hon. Daniel K. Inouye.) Project Director: Gloria Ruby, 6-2070 Projected Completion Date: January 1986 MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES FOR CHILDREN (Background Paper) --(Requested by: Senate Committee on Appropriations, Hon. Mark Hatfield, Chairman; Hon. Daniel Inouye.) Project Director: Denise Dougherty, 6-2070 Projected Completion Date: January 1986

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43 -PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT ASSESSMENT COMMISSION (Mandated by Public Law 98-21, Section 601.} Project Director: Anne Burns, 6-2070 Projected Completion Date: Indeterminate METHODS FOR STUDYING ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN SMALL POPULATIONS (Workshop) -(Foresight activity) Project Director: Hellen Gelband, 6-2070 Projected Completion Date: Sring/Summer 1986 FEDERAL CARCINOGEN POLICIES (Technical Memorandum) -(Requested by: House Committee on Government Operations, Hon. Jack Brooks, Chairman, and Chairman Weiss, Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Relations and Human Resources) Project Director: Hellen Gelband, 6-2070 Projected Completion Date: November 1986 HEALTH EFFECTS OF PASSIVE SMOKING (Staff Paper) -(Requested by: Senate Committee on Government Affairs, Hon. Ted Stevens, Chairman, Subcommittee on Civil Service, Post Office, and General Services} Project Director: Karl Kronebusch, 6-2070 Projected Completion Date: April 1986 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES (Special Projects) --(Requested by: House Committee on Science and Technology, Hon. Don Fuqua, Chairman.) Artificial Intelligence R&D (Case Study) --Contact Rick Weingarten, 6-2240. Scientific Use of Supercomputers (Case Study) -Contact Prue Adler, 6-2249. Microelectronics R&D (Case Study) --Contact Arati Prabhakar, 6-2240. Projected Completion Date: Winter 1986 MACHINE TRANSLATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION (Background Paper) --(Requested by: House Committee on Science and Technology, Hon. Don Fuqua, Chairman, and Hon. Manuel Lujan, Ranking Minority ~ember) Project Director: Rick Weingarten, 6-2240 Projected Completion Date: April 1986 MARITIME APPLICATIONS OF FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY (Technical Memorandum) (Requested by: Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Hon. John C. Danforth, Chairman.) Project Director: Peter Johnson, 6-2066 Projected Completion Date: Completed, in press

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44 -RADIOACTIVE WASTE ISSUES (Staff Paper) --(Requested by: Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, Subcommittee on Energy, Nuclear Proliferation, and Government Processes, Hon. Thad Cochran, Chairman.) Project Director: Tom Cotton, 6-2132 Projected Completion Date: January 1986 THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF STANDARDIZED TESTS AS MEASUREMENT TOOLS FOR FEDERAL EDUCATION POLICY (Technical Memorandum) --(Requested by: Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources, Hon. Orrin G. Hatch, Chairman, Hon. Edward Kennedy, Ranking Minority Member.) Project Director: Richard Thoreson, 6-2263 Projected Completion Date: January 1986 SCIENCE POLICY TASK FORCE PROJECTS -(Requested by: House Committee on Science and Technology, Hon. Don Fuqua, Chairman, Hon. Larry Winn, Jr., then Ranking Minority Member.) Government Funding of Research as an Investment (Technical Memorandum) --Projected Completion Date: January 1986 The Regulatory Environment for Science (Technical Memorandum) Projected Completion Date: Completed, in press Project Director: Gene Frankel, 6-2173

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45 -II. E. New Assessments Approved During the Quarter o Technologies for Prehistoric and Historic Preservation (10/85) o Reduction of Industrial Hazardous Waste (10/85) o Technologies for Child Health (10/85) o New Developments in Biotechnology (10/85)

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Publication Briefs

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1 OTA REPORT BRIEF December 1985 Automation of America's Offices America's offices are rapidly becoming automated; the promise of large gains in worker productivity and the creation of new services and products is affecting all industry sectors. Automation is likely to slow and possibly halt the growth in office employment. It also changes the nature of office work-it requires new skills and changes in the way work is organized and managed. Organizations will need to reexamine their policies related to hiring, job classifications, promo tion paths, training, salaries, and fringe benefits. Federal, State, and local governments will need to reexam ine and vastly improve their capability to understand and deal with these structural shifts in society. Office employment has grown faster than other kinds of employment in the past century. Today, 90 percent of people in the insurance and banking indus tries, 80 percent of Federal workers, over half of em ployees in service industries, and nearly 30 percent of manufacturing employees are office workers. By 1990, one out of three office workers will prob ably use a computer terminal; and by 2000, terminals may be as commonplace on office desks as telephones are today. The automation of office work will accel erate over the next decade as the cost of computer equipment falls and organizations seek ways to reduce labor costs. Productivity gains are likely to be large as automa tion shortens the time required to do many tasks and removes the need for people in other tasks. These productivity gains will not be one-time benefits but will be continuing and cumulative as automati?d. offices network with automated suppliers and customers. Clerical jobs are most likely to be affected by the slowing of growth in office jobs, especially as new technologies sharply reduce the need for keyboarding. But lower and mid-level management positions and some professional occupations will also be affected. Use of temporary, part-time, and home-based employees or contractors is likely to expand, increasing the proportion of the work force without basic employee benefits and security. A growing number of firms may relocate data-entry operations to other countries to fur ther reduce labor costs. In the Federal Government, which is generally keep ing pace with the private sector in office automation, reduction in clerical work will tend to decrease the number of workers at lower grade levels and raise the average grade level. If the grade level is artificially held down, recruitment of highly qualified people into the civil service will be more difficult. Automation has also raised concerns about the health effects of concentrated work at visual display terminals (VDTs). Complaints of musculoskeletal and visual strain increase as offices are automated, but these problems can be alleviated. Concerns about re productive hazards can be neither substantiated nor fully refuted with existing data; they merit further re search and monitoring. The faster pace of automated work and the workers' loss of control over that pace can increase mental stress, which at high and sustained levels can lead to chronic illnesses. These various changes and problems are of particu lar concern to women and to members of minorities, who are now concentrated in lower level jobs most likely to be adversely affected. Attention to current and potential problems is im. portant but should not obscure the promise of office automation to increase productivity and generally im prove the quality of white-collar worklife. However, government needs to vastly improve its capability of providing decisionmakers in both the public and the private sector with better technological and employ ment data, forecasts, and analysis. OTA's report summarizes case studies of office auto mation in both private corporations and government agencies, to provide examples of the opportunities and problems that come with office automation. Copies of the OTA report, "Automation of America's Of fices," are available from the U.S. Government Printing Office. The GPO stock number is 052-003-01013-5: the price is $13. 00. Copies of the report for congressional use are avail able by calling 4-8996. Summaries of reports are available at no charge from the Office of Technology Assessment, The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) is an analytical arm of the U.S. Congress whose basic function is to help legislators anticipate and plan for the positive and negative impacts of technological changes. Address: OTA, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC 20510. Phone: 202/224-9241. John H. Gibbons, Director.

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OTA REPORT BRIEF December 1985 Reproductive Health Hazards in the Workplace Management of workplace risk to reproductive health presents increasingly complex choices to em ployers, workers, and legislators. Although the rapid influx of women into the labor force has heightened concern that workplace hazards may impair their abil ity to bear healthy children, male workers may be at equal risk of harm to their reproductive and procrea tive capacity. Reproductive dysfunction is a significant health problem in the United States. Unintentional infertil ity affects more than 8 percent of American couples of childbearing age and various congenital malforma tions are diagnosed in 7 percent of U.S. infants. But it is not yet possible to determine whether and to what extent reproductive health impairment results from occupational exposure to harmful agents. There are two reasons for this situation: 1) reproductive impair ment, per se, is difficult to measure in either an indi vidual or a population; and 2) little is known of the reproductive effects of many suspected hazards. Evidence linking specific agents with reproductive or developmental effects in humans is, for the most part, inconclusive. However, four hazards are now regulated in part because of their known effects on adult reproductive capacity or embryo/fetal develop ment: 1) ionizing radiation, 2) lead, 3) ethylene oxide (EtO), and 4) dibromochloropropane (DBCP}. Agents associated in varying degrees with impairment of re productive function include other chemicals; nonioniz ing radiation; physical factors (e.g., hot, cold, hyper baric or hypobaric environments, noise, vibration); infectious agents; lifestyle factors (e.g., alcohol and tobacco use}; ingestion or absorption of certain drugs; and overexertion and stress. Among the factors complicating the study of repro ductive health hazards are individual variation in sus ceptibility to suspected agents, difficulties in extrapo lating information from animal studies, and incom. plete data on the agents, their possible toxic effects, and the numbers of workers exposed to them. Many of the agents that have been studied for these effects have been evaluated only in men, women, or off spring, but not in all three. Although policymakers, employers, and scientists may never know the full extent of reproductive health impairment or completely understand its causes, the Federal Government, by law, must ensure that em ployers provide as safe a workplace as feasible, and enforce the statutory right to equal job opportunities and security for men and women. Development of equitable policies for managing reproductive risk is complicated by the differing im pacts of exposure on women, who are born with a finite supply of egg cells; on men, who produce sperm cells throughout life; and on their offspring, who can be harmed by hazardous exposures to their mothers dur ing pregnancy or to either parent prior to conception. In addition, workers are concerned that preventive actions by employers could limit job opportunities and security, as in the case of fetal protection policies (FPPs) that can discriminate against women workers. Where employment policies based on differential ex posure standards for men and women are not substan tiated by scientific evidence, they create liability for sex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Protection of reproductive health in the workplace depends primarily on adequate engineering and expo sure controls, education programs, and personal pro tective equipment. If these measures fail and workers are harmed, compensation becomes the issue. In most cases, workers' compensation does not cover r~pro ductive harm, and workers usually cannot seek redress against their employers in court. In addition to maintaining the status quo, Congress has a number of options for protecting the health of workers and their children while also protecting employment rights. Congress could: Require scientific evidence that no harmful effects are transmitted from the exposed father to the off spring as a basis for discriminatory FPPs; require employers to allow workers to leave hazardous jobs temporarily without economic loss; or amend Title VII to allow FPPs that treat male and female workers differently when scientific evidence is in conclusive. This latter action would, however, fail to account for the possibility of fetal damage re sulting from hazardous exposure of either parent before conception and could result in discrimina tion against women workers. Instruct regulatory agencies to be more willing to assume that an exposure is dangerous when only a small number of studies suggest this. Congress also could amend the Occupational Safety and Health Act {OSH Act) to permit employees to take legal action against employers who are sus pected of violating regulations. Congress could also amend the "grave danger" language of the OSH Act to allow the Occupational Safety and Health Administration {OSHA) to respond more (over) The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) is an analytical arm of the U.S. Congress whose basic function is to help legislators anticipate and plan for the positive and negative impacts of technological changes. Address: OTA, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC 20510. Phone: 202/224-9241. John H. Gibbons, Director.

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quickly to risks by issuing emergency temporary standards under less rigid constraints. Join OSHA and the National Institute for Occupa tional Safety and Health (NIOSH) organization ally to increase coordination of priorities, or re quire OSHA to respond to NIOSH recommenda tions concerning reproductive and other occupa tional health hazards. Enact a Federal statute or encourage State legis latures to add specific provisions to workers' com pensation systems covering reproductive health impairment, or to provide the right to pursue tort remedies for injuries not compensated. In addition, congressional oversight of research pri orities and scientific standards could promote better understanding of the nature and extent of risks, tech nical advances to reduce risks, and the actions necessary to protect workers. Copies of the OT A report, "Reproductive Health Hazards in the Workplace," are available from the U.S. Government Printing Office. The GPO stock number is 052-003-01001-1: the price is $15.00. Copies of the report for congressional use are available by calling 4-8996. Summaries of reports are available at no charge from the Office of Technology Assessment.

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OTA REPORT BRIEF October 1985 Electronic Surveillance and Civil Liberties In the last 20 years, a virtual revolution in electronic technologies has greatly increased the technical options for surveillance activities. Laws protecting civil liber ties have not kept pace with these rapid advances. At the same time, law enforcement and investigative agen cies, at least at the Federal level, are making signifi cant use of current electronic surveillance techniques and are planning to use many of the new ones. Based on a survey of Federal agencies (excluding for eign intelligence and counterintelligence agencies), OT A found that about 2S percent (35 out of 142) of Federal agencies responding indicated some current and/ or planned use of various electronic surveillance technologies. About 2S percent (36 out of 142) of Federal agencies also report use of computerized record systems for law enforcement, investigative, or intelli gence purposes. These include a total of 85 computer ized systems with about 288 million records on 114 million persons. Depa. :ment of Justice agencies alone report 15 systems with, collectively, about 241 mil lion records on 87 million persons. In 1968, Congress passed Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act to protect the privacy of wire and oral communications, while at tempting to strike a balance between civil liberties and the needs of law enforcement and investigative author ities. At that time, electronic surveillance was techni cally limited primarily to simple telephone taps and concealed microphones (bugs). Now, dosed circuit television, electronic beepers and sensors, and ad vanced pen registers (that record information such as phone numbers and locations dialed) are being used to monitor many aspects of individual behavior. In addition, new electronic technologies used by individ uals, such as cordless phones, electronic mail, and pagers, can be easily monitored for investigative, com petitive, or personal reasons. OT A found that: l) the contents of phone conver sations transmitted in digital form or calls made on cellular or cordless phones are not dearly protected by existing statutes, nor are data communications be tween computers or digital transmission of video and graphic images; 2) electronic mail messages can be in tercepted at several stages, and existing law provides little or no protection; 3) legislated policy on electronic surveillance, whether physical or visual, is either am biguous or nonexistent; and 4) policy on data base sur veillance (i.e., monitoring transactions in computer ized record systems) is unclear. OT A identified a range of policy options for con gressional consideration: l. Congress could choose to leave policymaking up to the development of case law and administra tive discretion. However, this would continue the uncertainty anq confusion as to the privacy ac corded to phone calls, electronic mail, data com munication, and the like. It ignores judicial re quests for clarification in areas such as electronic visual surveillance. 2. Congress could bring new electronic technologies and services clearly under Title III of the Omni bus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act by, for example: treating all telephone calls similarly in protect ing against unauthorized interception, whether analog or digital, cellular or cordless, radio or wire, and whether service is provided by com mon or private carrier: legislating ~tatutory protections against un authorized interception of data communi cations; legislating the same degree of protection for all stages of the electronic mail process as for con ventional first class mail; and subjecting electronic visual surveillance to a similar or higher standard of protection than currently exists for bugging and wiretapping. 3. Congress also could set up new mechanisms for control and oversight of Federal data base sur veillance by, for example: requiring congressional approval of specific Federal data base surveillance applications (e.g., by statutory amendment or approval of House and Senate authorizing committees); and establishing a data protection board to admin ister and oversee general statutory standards for creating and using data bases for surveillance. This report is one component of the OT A assess ment of "Federal Government Information Technol ogy: Congressional Oversight and Civil Liberties." Other topics covered in the assessment include: in formation technology management, planning, pro curem~i:it, and se~urity; computer crime; computer matching and privacy; electronic dissemination of Government information; and computer-based deci sion support, modeling, and Government foresight These will be published tinder separate cover. C?pies of the OT A report, "Federal Got.'ernmer1t Infor mation Technology: lectronic S,m:eillance and Civil Libe~ies, "are available from the U.S. Government Printing Of fice. The GP<;) stock number is 0S2-00J-010ZS-1: the price IS 5.3.00. Copies of the report for congressional use are at,ail able by calling 4-8996. The Office of T ~noiogy ~~sessment (OTA) is an analytical arm of the U.S. Congress whose basic function is to help legislators ant1c1pate and plan for the positive and negative impacts of technological changes Address: OTA, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC 20510. Phone: 202/224-3695. John H. Gibbons, Director.

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October 1985 Medicare's Prospective Payment System: Strategies for Evaluating Cost, Quality, and Medical Technology In creating the Medicare program 20 years ago, Con gress made a major commitment to securing older Americans' access to medical care. Medicare has suc cessfully reduced financial barriers to health care for its beneficiaries, but its costs have risen rapidly. In 1983, Congress radically changed Medicare's hos pital payment system in an effort to control Medicare expenditures for inpatient hospital services. Cost-based reimbursement was replaced by a prospective payment system (PPS) based on fixed per-case payments for hospitalized patients in 468 diagnosis-related groups (DRGs). Medicare's new hospital payment system re verses the financial incentives away from the provi sion of more care for hospitalized patients to the pro vision of less care. Now the question is how this radical change in financial incentives will affect patient care and health care costs. PPS creates financial incentives for hospitals: 1) to reduce the per-case cost of inpatient care by reducing the length of patients' stays and staff-patient ratios, 2) to increase the number of admissions, and 3) to expand operations into the delivery of services not sub ject to the constraints of the new system. Since the effects of PPS on the behavior of providers and patients cannot be confidently predicted, a strategy is needed for tracking and evaluating the effects of PPS as they occur. Evidence on the effects of PPS to date is scanty and pertains primarily to the use of inpatient services. The average length of stay of Medicare patients in short stay hospitals dropped 7.1 percent per year between 1982 and 1984. Cutbacks in hospital staffing have been reported nationwide. The number of full-time equiva lent employees in American hospitals declined by 2.2 percent between May 1983 and May 1984. Although PPS is not the sole cause of these changes, it is almost certainly a contributing factor. Contrary to expecta tions, the number of Medicare admissions to short-stay hospitals declined, rather than increased, during the first year of the program. How these changes in the utilization a:id organization of health care affect pa tients' health remains unclear. OT A identified the potential impacts of PPS on five critical dimensions of health system performance: expenditures and costs, quality of care, access to care, technological change, and clinical research. In each area, OT A predicted the directions of change that could be expected from the incentives of PPS. OTA then identified specific questions that require study if Congress and the public are to be able to judge the impacts of PPS. Specific studies were developed as op tions in each area. OTA emphasized that a strategy for evaluating PPS impacts should include specific plans for identifying and tracking its effects on the most vulnerable Medi care beneficiaries. Three groups that may be particu larly vulnerable to restricted access or reduced qual ity of care are very old people, alcoholic and mentally ill patients who are hospitalized for other conditions, and disabled people. Certain other classes of benefici aries, as defined by socioeconomic status, race, or par ticular diseases, may also be vulnerable. Evaluating the effect of PPS on vulnerable groups is critical but it is insufficient. Equally important in the long run is the development of plans for a balanced assessment of the full range of PPS effects, positive as well as negative. Furthermore, evaluations need to include detailed analyses of how changes in the use and organization of health care services ultimately af fect the benefits and costs of health care. The link between changes in the health care system and the PPS is difficult to measure because PPS is not the only change underway in the health care system. Simultaneous changes in the supply of physicians, competition in health care, and other changes in Fed eral and State Health Policy-along with changes in the health and age of the American people-limit re searchers' ability to attribute many changes directly to PPS. The funds and personnel necessary for conducting a comprehensive evaluation of PPS are unavailable within any Federal agency, including the Health Care Financing Administration, which has a congressional mandate to prepare annual reports on PPS impacts. In addition, the lack of timely data severely impedes the evaluative process. Both the organization of PPS evaluation and the databases required to carry out evaluations could be enhanced by the designation of one Federal agency to coordinate and oversee the Federal PPS evaluation. Copies of the OTA report, "Medicare's Prospective Payment System: Strategies for Evaluating Cost. Quality. and Medical Technology," are auailab/e from the U.S. Govem ment Printing Office. The GPO stock number is 052-00301010-1: the price is 59.00. Copies of the report for congres sional use are available by calling 4-8996. Summaries of reports are available at no charge from the Office of Tech nology Assessment. The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) is an analytical arm of the U.S. Congress whose basic function is to help legislators anticipate and plan for the positive and negative impacts of technological changes. Address: OTA, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC 20510. Phone: 202/224-3695. John H. Gibbons, Director.

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Selected News Clips on OTA Publications and Activities The following is a representative sample (about 3.5%) of the clippings received during the last quarter. These clippings refer to 27 different OTA publications. Members of Congress participated in the public release of 5 of the 9 studies issued this quarter. OT A Assessment Reports: Reproductive Health Hazards in the Workplace Automation of America's Offices Federal Government Information Technology: Electronic Surveillance and Civil Liberties Medicare's Prospective Payment System: Strategies for Evaluating Cost, Quality, and Medical Technology Status of Biomedical Research and Related Technology for Tropical Diseases Anti-Satellite Weapons, Countermeasures, and Arms Control Ballistic Missile Defense Technologies New Electric Power Technologies Strategic Materials: Technologies to Reduce U.S. Import Vulnerability Superfund Strategy Preventing Illness and Injury in the Workplace Technology, Public Policy, and the Changing Structure of American Agriculture: A Special Report for the 1985 Farm Bill Potential U.S. Natural Gas Availability Protecting the Nation's Groundwater from Contamination Acid Rain Computerized Manufacturing Automation Wood Use: U.S. Competitiveness and Technology OTA Technical Memoranda, Background Papers, and Other Documents: Displaced Homemakers, Programs and Policy (Interim Report) Alternative Approaches to Cargo Policy (Report Supplement) Demographic Trends and the Scientific and Engineering Work Force (Technical Memorandum) Energy Technology Transfer to China (Technical Memorandum) Validity of Polygraph Testing (Technical Memorandum) Human Gene Therapy (Background Paper) The Contact Lens Industry (Case Study) Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (Case Study) A Review of EPA's Decision Under the Superfund Program for an Onsite Cleanup of the Lipari Landfill (Staff Paper) Smoking Related Deaths and Financial Costs (Staff Memorandum)

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.--t., .... !' .... ,; _,, 'i ., ... :.-f -~ ,, ... .. .. ..;:; ..... :..:;.-~ --~ -~ e9-g ~rr-~ -~~J&~\T~8fi!n,,~, t -~s',k ... : g a~' s t :t~~i~J~; r ,.,: ,:r,/. 0 9.. .. ,. : ., J lll
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----~ -t.-. .. ..;,:.--_. _._ :_ '.::, __ ', ...... ~' ~:.:,--. :.~.-.: -~: .:::.:".: ;::~,; ... ;s._--~ ...... ;, 4',; .. SARASOTA,FL HERALD TRIBUNE 0. 87,065 s. 103, l 00 EDITORIAL Whatlt R~ally Costs 9-,~f"\y \. What does smoking cost? offered data from Harvard University's We don't mean how much people Institute for the Study of Smoking Be-spend for cigarettes. We don't mean how > havior and Policy. It concluded that a much it costs the U.S. Treasury for the 7 higher tax would be the most effective subsidies and supports that Congress t way to discourage smoking, especially votes to give tobacco growers year after I among the young. It predicts that dou year. Those are impressive, of course, bling the tax from 16 to 32 cents would but they can't compete with this: reduce the number of teen-age smokers "The Office of Technology Assessment by 17 pe:c~nt, ?r 820,000, an_d would estimatesJnat aiseo.se and wst produc-c~use a s1m1lar if less dramatic reduc tivity from smoking cost our economy an tion among older smokers. estimated $66 billion a year. That is In view of that data, Bingaman might $2.17 for each pack of cigarettes sold." 'well have introduced a bill to double the The italics are ours. The statement tax, but he may have decided that an comes from Sen. Jeff Bingaman (D-NM), eight-cent increase would be the most he who also notes that cigarette smoking could hope for. "will kill 350,000 Americans this year." At any rate, he also proposed that In view of all we know about the half of the proposed tax increase be tremendous health toll smoking takes earmarked for health promotion and and what is also known about its eco-disease prevention programs by the De. nomic costs it is hard to understand partment of Health and Human Serwhy Congress should hesitate to put a vices, the other half for hospital pay new and higher federal tax on cigarettes ments under the Medicare program. and in September was even even considThe tax he favors won't begin to cover ered allowing the present 16-cent tax to the economic and health costs from cig be go down to eight cents. ,arette smoking. Remember that OTA Now Senator Bingaman has introestimate: $2.17 for every pack sold. duced a bill to raise the excise tax on a But it's a move in the right direction. pack of cigarettes from 16 cents to 24 We wish the senator from New Mexico cent:s, and in support of his bill he has success with his bill. ,,

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-~ l-,i-, ,.l:JiQ .. ,QM_,111~~.~!3... .. _. shows its colors Large employers are making it clear they want nothing to do with helping former employees or their families ob tain good health insurance. Business coalitions set up to help employers control healthcare costs are urging their members to bombard Congress with letters opposing legislation that would re quire them to help former employees buy health insurance at group rates. Healthcare providers should flood Congress and state legislators with letters and phone calls supporting legisla tion that requires employers or their health insurers to make group health insurance policies available to the tem porarily unemployed. Enactment of such legislation would save thousands of people from unexpected and catastrophic financial losses caused by accidents or major illnesses. It also would save them the humiliation of going on Medicaid and would re ducethe amount of uncompensated care delivered by phy sicians and hospitals. By allowing the unemployed to buy insurance under their former employers' group health insurance plans, in surers would reduce not only the financial losses of those workers, but also the bad debts of hospitals. If hospitals' bad debts shrink, they won't have to shift the cost of un compensated care to privately insured employers-the same ones opposing this progressive legislation. Like almost all legislation they oppose, business executives say the bill in the U.S. House of Representatives, H.R. 3128. (p. 28) would be cumbersome and expensive to administer. Employers would have to keep track of the employment status of former employees. They also would be required to allow dependents and former spouses of employees and former employees to buy insurance under the employers' group policies for 18 months. Insurance coverage would be available until those people became employed and insured by new employers or until juveniles reached majority age. But these shouldn't be major problems. Former employ ees wouldn't want to pay both the employer's and the em ployee's share of a $2,400-a-year health insurance pre mium after they were covered by a new employer's policy. Former dependents wouldn't be able to collect coverage if they were over 18 or 21, depending on the state. And viola tion of any rule could be made a federal crime with appro priate financial penalties. The best solution would be to have insurers, including self-insured employers or their claims administrators, ad minister the insurance for uninsured former employees and employees' uninsured former spouses or widow( er )s. Insurers and self-insured employers are in the enviable position of being unregulated by the federal government. They'd like to maintain that privileged status, and they'll use all the political action committees of the Fortune 500 and the health insurance industry in attempting to defeat H.R. 3128. Washington, howevex;,;_recognizes the need to provide health insurance for the'temporarily unemployed and will relish the opportunity to enact a new social services pro gram that will win votes and save the taxpayers money. All that's needed are a few thousand supportive letters ,,-:Modern HealthcarelOctober 11, 1985 eclitorials-from the healthcare industry and its political action com mittees. Smokers cost U.S. ~35 billion _a year Healthcare institutions and other employers should give employees strong incentives to quit smoking, and smoking should be banned in all public places, including healthcare facilit,ies. Smoking-related diseases cost Americans at least $12 billion and possibly as much as $35 billion a year, includ ing $1.7 billion to $5.4 billion spent on Medicare patients. This .represents 38 cents to $1.17 a pack, including 7 cents to 22 cents a pack for Medicare and Medicaid patients. The cost of smoking-related diseases should be offset by a pro posed 32-eent-a-pack federal excise tax on cigarettes. The cost of productivity lost while Americans are being treated for smoking-related diseases....;.estimated at $27 billion to $61 billion annually-is impossible to recoup. Assuming a 25% effective tax rate, these lost earnings cost the federal government $7 billion to $15 billion in lost in come-tax revenues. The cost of productivity lost on the job while smokers fiddle with their smokes, cough and annoy nearby non-smokers is incalculable. That 314,000; or 16%, of all deaths are caused by smok ing-related diseases is only part of the story told last month in a report by the Congressional Office of Technol ogy Ass~_~!im.e11.t,_ The country loses 5.3 "'millicin -persc,n years annually as a result of premature deaths caused by smoking-related Htnesses. Of these, 1.2 million lives are lost to smoking-related illnesses before victims reach 65 years of age. One person who lives one year chalks up a person-year. In 1982, smoking caused about 32% of cancer deaths, 13% of cardiovascular disease deaths and 88% of chronic lung disease deaths, the OT A says. The OTA carefully points out that if smoking-related deaths are reduced and more people live past 65, thus be coming eligible for Medicare benefits, the result could be increases in total medical costs, Medicare spending and Social Security payments. But is anyone actually unwilling to pay the potentially higher cost of longer, more produc tive lives if disabling illnesses and premature deaths from smoking-related illnesses can be reduced? Obviously, the cost of smoking to employees, employers and the govern ment is a scandal. During the last 25 years, the percentage of the popula tion who are smokers has dropped dramatically as the public has learned that smoking is a lethal health hazard. Local governments and employers are giving the public new reasons to stop smoking .. Several cities and states are banning or considering a ban on smoking in public places, including hospitals, restaurants and schools. Smart, cost conscious employers aren't hiring smokers, whose smok ing-related illnesses drive up group health insurance pre miums and reduce productivity. Other employers are isolating smokers from non smokers. Soon, employers will buy group health policies that make smokers pay higher percentages of their health insurance premiums and higher deductibles than non smokers. s--

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e ne }3 lUR~AL wed' a 1es and wactive 1eir nu, .rs. imed at gover on and ,al sites ~atened ste pro-JUt half of Jowl each ersities ice the been mwell. small Nev. those red all .vork of 1, 1986. 'r, and by the Hine to utility ient of ~ii. an es the heads of the South gover-,an the ,tors of ir ship s. More ires the Tess to Sing re1e next ~l i .. : THE WALL STREET JOURNAL FRIDAY, DECEMBER 20, 1985 7 Data (>n Wo,:rkplace Reproductive Risks Are Fourulbtsufficient for Setting Rules By .. ALAN L. OrrEN Staff Reporter o/THE WALL STREET JOURNAL WASHINGTON.'"' A mamm~ study of workplace hazards to reproductive health has come up with a frustrating conclusion: too little is known for intelligent policy making. The report came from the Office of Technology Assessment in response to a request from three congressional commit tees. The lawmakers were concerned that metals, chemicals, radiation and other agents in the workplace might be causing infertility, spontaneous abortions, birth defects and other reproductive problems. The 422-page OT A report reViewed scientific, economic. legal and ethical issues in this area. But the bottom line was that "what is known about reproductive health hazards is far outweighed by what is unlrnown.' Though the National Institute far Occupational Safety and Health ranks work-related reproductive impairment as sixth among 10 leading work,related health problems. OT A said little is really known of the number of workers exposed to reproductive risk in the workplace, their levels of exposure or the toxicity of the agents to which they are exposed "Because of these unknowns," OTA said, ''the management of uncertainty is the central issue in the protection of the reproductive health and procreative capacity of working men and women." Four toxic agents are now regulated at least in part because of their effects on re productive capacity-ionizing radiation, lead. ethylene oxide, and dibromochloropropane. And according to OT A, a number of other agents "have been associated in varying degrees" with impairment of male and female reproductive capacity or the health of the developing fetus. But too many genetic, life-style and other factors confuse the picture. and scientific proof of linkage between. these other agents and reproductive impairment is lacking, OTA found. A number of major companies and many hospitals have adopted fetal protection policies that exclude fertile or pregnant women from some jobs. Besides seekrn ing to protect the workers, employers are also seeking to protect themselves from liability suits and other actions by parties claiming damages. T~es~ policies have been challenged as d1scnmmatory by feminist and civil rights organizations. and three federal appellate courts have held that such policies are permissible only if scientifically justified and if less discriminatory policies aren't avail able. The OT A report conceded that with aJI these uncertainties, federal and state pol icymakers and employers face difficult di lemmas in trying to provide the legally required safe and healthful workplace. It said much more research is need to reduce areas of uncertainty, but acknowledged that this, too, might be difficult in a period of budget stringency. -. -).~',

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j i::: ,;. i ~A. -;,; .,.,. __ ,. .... _. __ ,.. ______ -.. -----;-... ---~ ------.. --.. ------------------: ... .__ -:t;..:..,._ ..,, __ ~---,-----.-.!~:":;: ... --1---169 NEWARK STAR-lEDGER -NEWARK, H.J. o. & S. 408,050 DEC 20 1985 --------. -----";; ---------... ..... ------. --..... -----a-. ........ --------------Bu~EUE'S .':\ ---------' r Congress report sees computers t akl'ng bite of white-collar workforce: n \ --1 'J ,;,r I_.) "'..,,,, tz-, WASIIINGTON IA_P)-Oflice em-federal government has consistently S d I d :, f outlined in the stuoy. computer termiHowever, the report said.office ploymenl may decline. ID the 1990s be underestimated the speed and scope of tu y says e e( a governmen nals are likely to be as commonplace IS automation also could significantly re cause the latest phase of the computer technological change now sw,:cping the ., telephones. with telephones and video duce the need for low-level data-entfy revolution is automating so much wortr.lace. d ii' / II f display terminals o(ten combined in jobs. Keyboarding data into computer white-collar work. a congressional re'Al present, the federal gon-rn-LJO e(eSflmateS fe(OflQ ogy e e( $ one piece of equipment. systems, for example, is a func!jon ~'ti search group ieported yesterday. ment is poorly equipped to dele!'.t or 1-Many more workers are expected ~any upper-level workers now are beIn a 348-page study, I~ Office _of understand early signals of problems > ., ,., ., ;i to work out of their homes and some gmnmg to p<'rlorm for themse}"es on Technology Assessm!!!!_pr~-dlhaT arising from structural ct,ang<-s in the .. fits project10ns ol employment ~---'l!''Adiniltedly. tile b11rea11 at the ,low-wage clerical ~.sucb asJypi~desk-top computers. !he_ eventual out.-r;ie d0mlllllllflre1iils m olftce automaeconomy related to le, ;mology," it have historically been iruiensitive to pu.eot time has a very small program information on keyboards into com-comecould be a decltne in home-based t~ over the ~xl 15 rears among the added. emerging tedmological change." ~ailed !ethnology studies ... in which puter systems could he shipped to for work and offshore data entry. ~~'r--4~~,,.or~.will...-=;-'Thea41igij,1~ti~ '.C11ngrt':i:I The latest Bl.'i employment pro-w1 clo look at new technologies and eigo countries. the rtporl said. "The most likely outco~ne of office tie a steadj1i,c11!astin the use1>fsmall Mis :-. how lo improvi ll,e tapaiility of. 'jeetioil~r';fll~ne,-r deeal\~bow ;, ... tht,1~ecl llll$1llpl9y~~b~r. l_n addition, using con_iputcrs ~>' au_ to~lion in terms of of.flee c_ mp. loy-t:'Olllpulffl ud lbe widespread hnkup the federal government to understand. slowdown ID gTowlli 10 the"nallon's 20 add~ -.,,...____ simplifY)asks, llluslnc~ theabiil-:,JllieD~QW,IPg_.grj,\Vl.tll.j>VCt.,the ney_ of compultt and thus be prepared to respond to. million clerical employcs. the nation's He said that frequently, productivty of businesses to hire lower-paid part'ilecade;-land possibly a.1eclini111"limce- The result w1~ large lllf(eases teehnological and structural changes largest group of-workers. Those projcc-ity i:icreascs due to automation are olltime and temporary workers who need employment therealter." m woner product1v1ty !~at could rethat are occurring in the United Slates lions do POI go past 1995. set ~t least in part by increases in vola minimum amo1111t of training and ex-Since 1975. there has been a shghl duce the for clerical workers. and other advanced industrial nations." Ronald E. Kutscher, assodate ume of wort produced and a mainte-perience, it suggested. rise among federal workers in average ud a,old ehmtnal! some jobs m the The study said the Labor Depart commissioner of the BI.S who 1s ii, nance of employment levels. An estimated 30.000 Americans grade levels, which, among other ranks of 10p professionals and mid and ment's Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) charge of all work on projection, re-fhe congressional study predtcl probably do some paid work at home things. determine pay. The new s~udy low-level managers. said the report. "prooably greatly underestimated the sponded that independent rt.'Search has ed that within live years. there may be now usmg microelectronic equipment, said automation bas resultell rn a ~---~--.. ~Au.tomalion otAmeriea"s"Offices:1L--~ effects of new-information tecbologies-C.ottdud~d that his agency is not un-one computer terminal for every three and proponents of the idea say 15 mil smaller proportion_ of clerical work.e~. +: ..._ .. -c. The report, prepared for _the !louse ~w in use. and largely ignored impe_nd derestimating the pace oflRlil!Ologirat-mfin--workers~By-the.turaof ~l!:-lion .. o!Ji~or~c~I~. do so in the contri~uting sigmficanlly lo the In 311d Senate labor romm1lkes. saul lhe mg developments m lhosf technologies. change. tury. accordmg to ~he lr.-year scenario future. ---crease m grades. :. ... ---' .. -.. -.. ... :.... \. '.-.:_ .. ... f_ ."'..-',,, ---.~--:~. ~-.. .. :~:,:.:.. .:.--::-".;;,/< ... -:./~-..... "." ..:.~-~-........ :-... :,:: ."i !'...;.~-... "' ,li;d

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TV CLIPS DATE TIME NETWORK PROGRAM 75 EAST NORTHFIELD ROAD I LIVINGSTON I NEW JERSEY 07039 (201) 992 I (800) 631-1160 December 19, 1985 6:007:00 PM MT Cable News Network Primenews Bernard Shaw, anchor: ACCOUNT NUMBER NIELSEN AUDIENCE 10/6297 Y N/A There are some big changes to be expected in the work place over the next decade and a half. The Office of Technology Assessment issued a report today entitled 'Automation of America's Offices.' The report says in five years one out of every three workers will use a computer. By the year two thousand, terminals may be as commonplace on off ice desks as telephones are today. The report says businesses will be better off with greater productivity as automation takes over the work place, but the shift will also eliminate many --~ jobs, with the greatest impact on clerical positions. 103 WORDS 9 CLIPS ,_ NEWHALL. CAL. SIGNAL & SAUGAS ENTERPRISE 3 Tl. A WK. 19.288 DEC 1 1985 Bv1'!~ F Firsth_and i Exnenencr,Row.;,11 .. -1 r~ ,.__ 1 ? y .. ''-t ff. f T trThe U.S. 0 ice o Stfs-" nolo~ As._~~ii:t~n,L repor that its.stiiay on ffie impact of office automation has been d~layed by an "automated review system problem."

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il Oerical computer jobs go overseas :ey Joma Blllklrt to t10 1n India. USA-TODAY /J./,u, /KS Eveatually, electronic scan nen tbat read. tllell type., a Cbeap labor Is drawing tllOQo page wW. replace. SUdl overSltDdS of tile USA's computer-seas derlcal work. But tbat related clerlcal jobs IP'fflleas, won, be tor 10 or 15 years,_ a study reJeased today warns. Coates said. In "Automation of America's Ofllces," tile COngressiooal Of .. Ice of Tecbnology Assessment said: aAt least 12 USA companies bave set.up clala-processllop,, emttom. employtna 2.300~ in four cartbbeln COUDtries. ID-. dta, Soutb America, and tbe Far East have &ans more. Typica11y, tbe overseas workers perform clerical -wt>rdor data-processing -chores. In many instances, bard copy IS loWn from tile United States to overseas sites to be keypuncbed Into computeriled form. "Some of tbe United States" bigestdata ba9es, HkeLeXis (a computerized legal library), are belnS created overseas, .. said Vary Coates, project dlrector for the 348-page report. ane Shift Will cause USA women and minorities, as wen as some lower and mid-level manqers, to Iese jobs. The reason: It costs USA 1nm up to 75%' less to bave sud1 work done oversea (In tbe Far Ea$t. clerical workers make less than S15 a week.) Tbe president of one USA Inn said it would cost S6S to keypunch 10,000 characters into computers in tbe USA. Tbe same JOb would cost S7 -~' :. ........ :~ --:,;_. '.,,.tq,,_:

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-~-.~~SAN DIEGO, CA DAILY TRANSCRIPT 0. 8,645 o c T2 s r g 8 s=-c:-=-:_ .. BU!J.~EL.LE'S I -To Profect Privacy--New U.S. Laws Needed IW4ge Of Computers ij ASHINGTON (UPI) -The ed surveiilance. revolution in the telecommunica-It said existing law provides lit tions industry has far outpaced the tie or no protection for data comnation's legal system and new laws munications between computers, are needed to protect the privacy of digital transmission of video and individuals, Congress was told graphic images and electronic mail yesterday. messages. A report issued by the congresThe law also is unclear when it sional Office of Technology comes to monitoring transactions Assessmeirt said-existing federal in computerized record systems laws do "not adequately cover new such as those used by banks; the and emerging electronic surveilreport said. lance technologies" and leave con-"The telecommunications infrasumers unprotected from intrustructure is undergoing a revolusion. tion," Weingarten told the hearCurrently,. the law is unclear ing. "The revolution has been takabout protecting the privacy rights ing place over the last decade and of people using home computers, will continue for the foreseeable cordless phorl'es or even: electronic future." mail. The report said a survey of 142 "If protections are not provided, federal agencies found that 25 percertain new technologies might cent of them use some kind of elecnever be developed and consumers tronic surveillance, including concerned about their privacy closed-circuit television, .sensor might not use (new technologies)," that track cars, people and equip-warned OTA's Frederick Wement to maintain a complete reingarten. cord of all catls dialed from a OTA issued its report on a retargeted telephone. quest by Rep. Robert Kastenmeier, The report suggested legislation D-Wis., whose House Judiciary that would: subcommittee held -a heuing on -Treat all telephone calls simihis proposed Electronic Com-larly in protecting against munications Privacy Act, which unauthorized interception. would deal with loopholes in the -Protect against unauthorized law. interception of data communica"This report confirms the need tions. for legislative action to assure that our citizens are guaranteed the privacy protection they expect," Kastenmeier said. -Give electronic mail the same protection as conventional first class mail. r:.r,;,(:<'f;':.~ ,,:: The congressional report said the contents of phone conversations transmitted in digital form or call.; made by celluar or cordless phones are not protected from unauthoriz.:..Subject electronic visual sur veillance to a similar or higher standard of protection than cur rently exists for bugging and 1 wiretapping. 11 _,I

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-t1 ', MILWAUKEE JOURNAL ::;:k ._{;" ,;\ \.~ :!~-MILWAUKEE, WISC. .... ~12, SIJNI ~-" OCT 24 I985 -.; 'ii h"" i;'. :; lt A :J.' ;;._ B'(..fl..B.u: :'.:' ~; ,. ,.:,_. ---:, :-. :, --r' 1 : ~-: ~-, ,. --: .-i,: 1-r~~ ----:.,. --~ I ; ll .ti h. __ '. l, ~y:,tt :-.:~1-:,Y:,:j +: -? '., s any_,:. 1ng3s ~1--,_ ,,J;l7flV8_L~--~-'.1 : ; :r~~.:: IJ~ __ -r~,fJ '~if;-, : -:,; c~ e---t1t1 New sunreilla ce met4P,4f:SHtC9,pq)r,ns fof ,~i.YiUJJif i;i~, ::~1 sal~~;~:tfectronlc \~'~t11a~~, was slo: Js't~-'mint~dJ~1'n. By FRANK !4A' ~OF~ ; ._ limited ~prtmap}y..;jJpi!~))urvell~ cellular rJdlc) lnteft!p~ Journal Washmgtori reau -:' 1Jf ?: lance d!vJces !!'lfbr.~Jelep.,e taps usage monl~rlng ~-Wasblngt~n. D ic Iti~:~; ~:w,~t:~i:i~r.:~1::::l :ec'::!a ':et~o~ .:iv;:~~.;. simple matter of i and_b _p,:.f_J;\F opmen_t_\14ve.fig~fi~y,_,,panded1 from a particul!ar phone.,. :, _q -. 'i. But so many ne wayfto spy_ have the ra~lt ofi_e\~[-~elllance The OT A .llld lt alto::i.adl been developed,I\_U, ng _~e\las~ dee~: optlo~~ ~-:f, that about 2'cr, of tbe,federal aaency ade that citlze~, ,re, vlrtpally ~e-The !,ttld,y saM the options Included componenta1 (38. o.f,.;._J42) ,,r,~ fen~el_ess aga1_111_,._t;ylo1'~~nl of th~lr mi_n.iatur~_.;_,,_"_ansmitters.-. Ughtw_ el. gilt using as computedzed11Y .... _. rc:c,n. clv1I liberties:.: ;fd -,,. televlslo11;,~eras, nightvislon ~ talnlna,a total, of 2P mlllloa, That was the central.con lusion of ~ras a.n~~r~ewi~g devices,_ ~'-' a on 144 million pel'IOIIL, ,~w-,,~, a report Thursdayiby the;.Offlce of gr~wing_.~rray of,.,$Qmput!i,~d The'OTA aald.theo.wu JIUlt or Technolo'v Assess~nt, a --~-911_ Pll_ ~-suf\1'11"1.ui~-~~nlque~ .'.,:;i'-fi/? no proiectJon ID exlatlng lawa _tor; \, san -agenc 1hat anafyz.-~:complex i.Jn a;diUon; lt:Sald,~ electronic Contents of: pboae CODYll'II and technical lssueji. for ~gJ:85$. cdil}mu'nlcatlons_ < ~'iwi.etber:' via tlons on cellul~ 'or; cordleal: tele, The study was ireleas~ ft a ~ear-wlr,,' ~oaxiaJ ~bl~,'-ml.c:i:~wa.~ sat-phones, or phone calla ~tted In mg by Rep. Robqrpcastenmel~r (D ellite or even fiberopt(j:1-,-J>e dlgltalform., \ .. 1. t ., ;,; : Wis.), chairman of \he Hou~ Judl~ia-: .-11\on_nored:J_f ,_ he __ um __ e~_-;:ntO __ ne_)i_/~d oa_ ta communication between ry subcommittee~-cMl:)i_bertles.: technical p;tpeJ1lse w~ ay-11ab~:J;! computers and. digital transmlsalon of Kastenmeler reC\uested te OTA ',i'.The 'reP"Rrr~a:;'(or)x~ple~ that video.and graphic lmagea. '' _; '. report two years ago; ~nd r,cenUy he the. FBI ~~9w,::iusectn1n~,-.dlf!e.rent Electronic mam contenti' of introduced legislation to provide new lypes iof surveillance. ~nolqgy and which could be Intercepted at a nu~ legal protection for users of sophlstiwas planni~i to add efgbi'jporei ';'\-i ber of points, between the sender ind cated electronic communication. The ot.X surveyed' the use of aurreceiver. In the study, th~ OT A rioted that veillance techniques by different fta a Electronic physical surveillance opinion surveys .bowed Pi;tbllc conera! agencies. Not included, because via pagers and beepers. ,. cern over possible ~xcesslv~ and abu-. of the classlfled nature of ~elr work, Monltortn1 of tramact1c>D1 on sive use of electr9~lc surveHlance by were the Central Intelligence Agen-computerized record1y1tem1 and the government jand othets. Yet_ it cy, the Defense Intelligence Agency data communication linkages., said the public t also w~ worrjed. and the ~,uo~-Seeurity Coun~ll-~, Kastenmeler'a lealalatloa would about crime and ,uppoct~ ,the use of Ne\'.erth~less,_.the OTA ;said .a)>out replace exlst1n1 laws tba! the: OT~ techno1?gy to prevent crime. 25% of offi~s and.other components said wer~ no longer adequate~ 1 "Until the past 10 years _or so, the within the agencies surveyed (35 of Among other thhip,:lt would ~xtend ~alanclng of these concerns. was rela H2) reported current or planned_ use the protection agalaat bugpng ot t1vely stralghtroi:ward fr.:om a tech of various electronic surveillance voice transmission, 'to virtlially all ~ological perspsc,~e," t~e feport technology. ln_c~u_!~d,._W!~ ~~&-~~~vielectronic communlcatfonf~ ; T ~I I / USA TODAY WASHINGTON, DC CHlC 1.332.976 OCT 25 1985 BV/f{iEJ.ifS u ~s. lJgeiici~s '--expand plan$_ to spy 9n us Special for.USA TODAY : Wh':n 'Lik~ ~e ul,', government may be listening. A congresmonal agency reported Thursday that 35 federal agencies use or plan to use new electronic survemance tools not controlled by a 1968 law regulating -wiretaps and concealed microphones. The tools "may be robbing us of our right to wbJsper,'' said the Qlff!:_Qf Technology As; sessment's Fred Welngart~il.. -rtiereport said domestic agencies have 288 million .IJes on l'l 4 million peopl@;;tJt warned it Is "technically ble" that 85 computerized record systems could be linked to improperly track cltl7.ens. Legislation to protect privacy could be introduced in 1986.) "' '.~. :~~j ~r :f-1:

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A14 THURSDAY. OCTOBER 21t, 1985 Hill Study Says Privacy Laws Are Far Behind Technology Authorized Surveillance at All-Time High ... By Juan Williams '1tt:'., Wlllhington Post Staff Writer A report by the Office of Technology Assessment, to be given to Congress today,_ concludes that cur rent privacy laws have failed to keep pace with the recent burst of computer and telephone technolo gies and leave American industries and citizens un~tected from 1.mauthorized surveillance by compet~ itors and investigators. been a virtual revolution in the technology relevant to electronic surveillance," the report begios; "Advances in electrOf!iCS, semicon: ductors, computers, imaging, data bases and relatedtechnologies have greatly increased the _tech~ical op tions for surveillance activities~ .. ; .. .. "The 'existing. statutory frame work ::,and; judicial il:iterpretatioit, tbereot ~do .;no\;adeggately. cov~ ... ~w .. ,electronl'/,.surve~ce applj-.i; gitioiis.~ tfitfreport c~_tiriues:"Th,e~ Fourtli 'Ameridment..:.;.wllich. proI :'fhe report also said that of 142 federaragericies-responding to a s'.urvey-excluding foreign intellil{ence and counterintelligence agen-, oies-25 percent either use or plan th. use electronic suryeillance, and ~urt-approved wiretaps aQd 'bugs '{{ere at an all-time high last year. The study said Americans are ,;.,ithout any legal protection against unauthorized tapping of phone calls made on cellular or cordless phones well as data transfers between tects 'the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unrea sonable searches and seizures' ~~d:C~!~e~h!~/ 3~::S '::n;:;~~ r~~):y;, ~-~~JC\~1;,.~~,,>':~-~~~ -~puters and digital transmission 9t video and graphic images, ac~~,t~_the' .report, "Electronic S'iitveillance:and Civil Liberties." :According to the report the govfnment could be a victim of the ~rent gaps in the privacy laws. 'Dle OT A study showed that about ~5 percent of federal agencies said ifiey use or plan to use computer systems for law enforcement, invest~ations and intelligence. :;The report is to be given to RPp. Robert W. Kastenmeier (D-Wis.). chairman of the Hr>1rse ]t.1diciarv fflbcommittee on cuuns, civil ;1b~r.ties and the admini1ration of jushce. '"In the last 20 years there has direct and personalized fashion. "Telephones, credit cards, com puters and cameras did not exist," the report's authors said. "Although the application of the Fourth '"" Amendment is timeless its application has not kept abreast of current technologies.;,' ... ,,,. .... ,-.: ._,,,,.,,ii The current prrvacy law; p~i:l in 1968, covers wire and oral com: munications only. Kastenmeier and Sen. Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.) have introduced the Electronic Commu nication Privacy Act of 19$5, which i.vould extend "protection against interception from voice transmis sions to virtually all electronic com munications the digitized portion of telephone calls, the trans mission of data over telephone iuws. the tran::;mis::;ion of video im ;iges by microwave or by any other conceivable mix of medium and. message." ....

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. ..... '\ \0 \~ \'b5 Agency Finds Lag in Laws to Bar Abuse of Electronic Surveillance! By DAVID BURNHAM Special tn The New York Times WASHINGTON, Oct. 2;3 -The Gov-may be required by the more evasive ernment's ability to keep track of peotechniques used by those suspected of pie has become much more effective in criminal activities. "Yet, the cumulathe last two decades, but "the law has tive impact of the increased use of surhas not kept pace with these changes," veillance, with or without a court or according to a nonpartisan Congres-der, is an important consideration for sional research agency. any society that prides itself on limited In a report on electronic surveillance government and individual freedom," and civil libert.ies, the Office of Tech-the report .added. nology said it had identified 85 separate Among the gaps the Technology Of computerized record systems used for fice said it found in the current surveil law-enforcernem, investigative and in-lance law were these: telligence purposes, with a total of 288 tJ!Because of a quirk in the 1968 wire million records concerning 114 million tap law, the contents of phone conver people. sations that are transmitted in comput-For security reasons, the Office of erized form by way of microwave Technology did not request any infor-towers or satellites, and conversations mation from the Central Intelligence conducted over cellular mobile tele Agency and the National Security phones or cordless telephones "are not Agency, the two Federal agencies be-clearlyprotectedbyexistingstatutes." lieved to be most heavily engaged in CJAs computerized "electronic mail" electronic and other kinds of surveilis transmitted between corporations lance on a worldwide basis. and among individuals, it moves I The report, said there had been "a through several. stages in which the virtual revolution in the technology contents-are subJectto easy intereepf;;; relevant to electronic surveillance" in tion. "Existing law offers little or no _the last 20 years, citing "advances in protectionatmostofthesestages,"the electronics, semiconductors, comput-report said. ers, imaging, data bases and related l1iLaws establishing policy on physi technologies." cal electronic surveillance by the use of For example, the report said, a helihidden beepers or electronic visual surcopter flying at 6,000 feet can track veillance by closed-circuit television over a 250-mile radius the radio signals are "ambiguous or nonexistent." sent by a small electr'1ic beeper atqToe legal framework for the Gov;: \::;;,:,~.:.,.; :,.,;.~ .-.,~ tached to a car ernment's surveillance of national A broad survey of 142 Federal agen-computer data bases is "unclear." cies found one-fourth of them conductThe report said Congress could mg some kmd of electronic surve1lchoose not to develop new legal guide lance. The Drug Enforcement Admmlines for electronic surveillance thus istration was us_ing to separ:3te surveilleaving the policy decisions t~ the lance technologies, and the !-ederal Bu-courts and Government officials. But it reau of Investigation was using or soon said this choice would continue the ex ~la~ne? to_use 17._the report said. The isting confusion and uncertainties. ark Serv.1ce ~ses e1ghl, the lntemal An alternative would be for Congress Reven1:1e Service _seven and the Fish to approve legislation to bring Federal an_d W1ldhfe Service s_1x Jaw up to date with surveillance techfhe .'.echnology Offic.e ~;ud its surnology. [n this regard, Mr. Kasten,:ev nf Fed,-rcll ,gPtW1(, n;;d frnmd w1df> mcier and Senator Patrick J. Leahy, .isl' nf nHmattL tz(d <'iu~'-"'-,:1rnu: 11,,. Democrat of Vermont, recently intro vision cameras. sp,~cial rnght vision de-duced legislation that would provide vicrs. elen rnnic !Jr,en,,r,: :,11<1 '"'nsors to such computerized information as elect rack car" 1rnd p,u1i1L. !iH! ,:qwDr:1ent trunic mail the same kind of legal proto maintain a ,:ompld, record o! all tection now provided a first-class let calls dialed from a tar!!r>l1d iPiephone. ter. The repon i,. 0.d1,<111L.i ,., :,,. re-, Mr. Kastenmeierhasalsointroduced lea,,ed riu:rsdav :u ., h-:tt1n:c: ;ii the ::1 1iill that would require law-enforcef!,,,1:;;," Jucli,i:1n 1,qn-,v <;,Jw,,m.: nwnt officials to obtain a court order n:ittte ,,n ,,un,. ,.,,.,,., ,,n.i: .iwfore installingclosed.-circuit te .. levi,1 \:~,niu1.....;r,-:i11on i,f r1,:1dL,i! )vi s1on cameras. ; J~t_~)r-{_'~:-.1x_~IH dl'/1_ .<"i ;1, :' .t ---~-----J,. er, D,~nwnat ut W;~, U'. ,;i; l h, SilldV I Floridian Dies of Snake-Bite CJTl wh1d1 the npurt ,. !.;i, ,,i .,:i~ n,-quested more tkrn" v, ::r ;igo hv Mr.: GAINESVILLE, Fla., Oct. 23 (AP) Kastenrneier and s,,na,,, William V A 65-year-old man died Tuesday in Roth Jr.. Repuhl ic,rn .. t 11e!:1ware Shands Hospital here from a rattlesnake bite suffered Saturday at his Th, Technology ()fficv said that its home as he butchered snakes for meat. review of existing statutes and court The victim, Wilford w, Jordan of Oak opinions found thal the law "does not Grove, near Lake Bulter, was de :.dt.quatt:lv cover new and emerging scribed by Capt. Vince Smallwood of 1 l<>ct rnri,c ;urveil lann i ,,.hrwlngie,s the Florida Highway Patrol, a family rh, n><,I ,;:i!
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~TJ:r,:.",W,t;~~,r:,,.g-~...---=-~ = ,-~~=--------------------THESUN OAI.TIMOR( MO. (MORNING) D .. 192,001 SIIN, ,im_,;oo 1 .-:r :: ... // ~; .;; :,,. !r j ;Lt r O~T z, 198S -~ ,V -:i.:~ i;t;: ;', '.. -~.? llv_.oaa,a ~,---..,,...._.~~=--,,..._~ J .. ( ...... ... ; -\f' '''( /r,:,;-:., ,' .. --;o~}':'_;,:;..;:.,..,i""";'~')-.-::;"":t""'.:r....,.:..,.~-~.-,;-.,....,.11,-;~--~ew~urveillance m~thpds caM:~'~ril to privacy w ~~ta?cm (iP) -The revo-track untold nu~~ii\>f ,citizens Ac~ the. ~t~t Se~-. C~es lullon In communications technolowithout due am~. M~. t.{at ~r., ~-Md., said the gy has outpaced the nation's privacy The report, reques~ by .~se report "documents 119w new and laws and1 wmtght 1a vast array of and Senate committees/ n~ that more Intrusive forms of.. spooptng, :ne~ surveilJoo~ [nfthods that "may ':many new an4 wicontrpll~. ineth-have followed I~ ijle wak_e of the ex. ,be robbing us of. oqr ,right to whlsof surveUlan~ are ~possible clUng advat)ces 1q communications per: a cong~n agency reportby the very,t~hnologtes qf which technology," an~;;~ Congress .eci'yestei:-y~J~ ..... : \ .. more and more Amerlcaqs aj:e availmust brtng federal ppv~ laws up .:,Then n~~I ce of Tech. _-~. ,t,herri~elves _f el~---n. lc -~all: to date." _. -.,. ;-_ : _. 'nology A. ment cone u er_ ~mP,Jterconf~~lng.~ll~and The OT:A ne>ted ~.thfj Fourth o-y ,. H y hat Americans :r ~rdlC$8 telephopesi beep;rs, and Ame11dment; which protects ."the have Utt~~ no egal, pro. tectton._ -_~_._e1_~_ n1_. __ -~-,~. ers.1 .. ,_c:_-_ .. _.:~_t:-~: :_,._., rlgh .. t (lf. the_ J>Ct()Ple. -to .. be secure -tn : >agaJnst a rgcont arsenal of elc;c.:.1 : J3uJ other ~ffll. 8$ Jnlllla-their pqsons, hc;,uses. papers and ef-. tronlc sp ~g <;t~ytcqs, wh~er ~sed'.. tmeJeJe~ ~t~.~-pen reg-f~,'agamst~e *8rehes by gove~"ll!~~l: grlvate adve~f~~tel'$ _w~l~ iporltor~.~~bers.:. ~." wrltten_"at a time les; t 1,;,.,, .. ; 1 f:. called on a give"' telephorte llne wtien peopl~ conduc:ted their affairs Fred W; W~ngrui~n. who headeq :have enabl~ newwilyi tp_Jpy on' Jn Ii iimple.:~t. 'aQd perScmallzed : the OTA proj<;ct, tia House panel people even If thelf ~-J8,flhlon. Te~phones, credit C8l'.dl'$. that the htgb,-tech loslon in com1 tions habits~ m_ore old_-fash4gned, computers~~-... eps did not ex-munlcatlons1 wljlJe rovldlng an ex-. ithe agency notoo. :. 0 tst. '''1/'t~''t\ t;:i_tlng new #ge of ~rvtces. Is "ch. Ipl Representattv~ Ro __ .bert ... _, W. Kas-_ _: ,; Altho~_-lb_ ~! ~fJ_. n_ clp. 1~ o_f_. t.he_ ping _awby,.Jn.ex9rably at our : tenmeler, 0-w,s., ch~~ of the_ Fourth~ent.~~"the personal ~?YffF>:t,.lt!may be robbing House Judiciary s.u~ttee on OT!t, repoit,,a.kl. "Its: ,p.pitcatlon has us of our ~t to :~l\lsper." courts and' civil llbertl~ said the not kept abreast.of current technolo. The OTA.faun~ that 35 out of study "sti_ows_ ~ow .. ll}e!b_. 11_nJhls-' ,}. ,, 142 federpl ~er.Fl~ with domesUc ~.hrufbrokeit'~;'l~}W to duties use or !)!an to use new elec{eo~to fix It. If v.r~f,111[1:P act the t: tronlc swvelllance methods not govpersonal and business communica-~ .emed by~ lanP,IJ\llrk 1968 law that tlonsofAniencanswlU not have the ):' .. cl_rcumscri~ :use of wiretaps privacy protecUon they deserve. ,ii, and bugs -concealfr microphones. Mr. ~ast~nme1_er.1t9~ to have : The ageqcy, also that legislation ready by eariy:.-aext yea,r :\ : agencies, no~_~n. ng those In for' that would ~end qt~ 1-. wiretap ,~;, eign lntelllgence"alj-eady use a total prohibitions to all types of ~ephone ;/ of 85 compute~ record systems 1 communlcatlonsi rega~ of the .' 1 for lnvestlgaUve or 1ntelllgence pur'. method of transmission.. Similarly, t.:i poses, and ma1nt,1n ~88 million his bill would bar unauthorized In-!~, flies on l H mtll\~>1J people. The re~ tercepUon of data transmission and : port raised th~.~ecbnically feasible" i a~nl the same protections to elec-f specter of these_ ,be(ng linked Into a .,,, tronlc mail as for regular first-class .. '~ stngle data network that could ~-mall. !. :~t~, :t;, gles." Neither, said the report, has Title Ill of the Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968. which was de. signed to protect the privacy of wire and oral communlcatloris. "At the time Congress passed this act. the report said, "electronic survelllance was limited prlmarlly to sl~ple telephone taps and concealed microphones. Since then, the basic communications Infrastructure In the United States.has been In rapid technol~ change. "For example. satellite communi cation systems and digital switching and transmission technology are be coming pervasive, along With pthe~ easily Intercepted techrocal applications sucb as cellular mobile radio, r cordless telephones. electronic mall, computer conferencl!,1. and elec. I tronic bulletin boards. I ... ... __,.,, ,, J!-. .: i: ;~)

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TV -CLIPS DATE TIME NETWORK PROGRAM 261 WORDS 2 2 CUPS 75 EAST NORTHFIELD ROAD. LIVINGSTON NEW JERSEY 07039 (201) 992-6600 (800) 631-1160 .. -... ~-October 25, 1985 ACCOUNTNUMBER 10/6297 Y 12:00 Midnight-12:30 AM NIELSENAUDIENCE N/A Cable News Network Headl.ine News CNN Headline News David Goodnow, anchor: Is big brother watching you? A new congressional report said he could be with access to advanced electronic devices that could invade your privacy. Mark Walton exploinz. Mark Walton reporting: Eavesdropping has become high tech in this data-b~sed computer enhanced era. Today the use of electronic mail, satellite transmission, cellular mobile telephones and beepers is widespread. And a report prepared by Congress concludes federal privacy laws have not kept pace. Fred Weingarten (Office of Technology Assessment): One dange~ of course,is a gradual erosion of privacy, a loss of the right to whisper and to keep our dealings confidential. The other danger is that we may in fact be denied useful im--applications and useful new technologies because.in fact,they are unprotected. Walton: The Office of Technology Assessment says the increasing flow of information through electronic networks can easily be monitored by the government, big business and individuals. In 1984, according to the report, the number of federal courtapproved wiretaps was the highest ever. Su$veillance equipment used by some government agencies included night-vision systems, electronic sensors and satellite interception. John Stanton, vice president of a mobile phone and beeper company, says unless something is done soon he could lose customers. John Stanton (Telocator Network of America): From our perspective the key issue really is one of establishing national policy, that the privacy of wire communications has always been respected and understood. The protection afforded to a user of cellular technology has not always been understood. Walton: Congress is considering extending the same protection t o e 1-Jct r on i c d a t a t ha t 1 e t t e r s a n d p h one ca 11 s now ha v e VKieo ca-ssenes a1e av.ailabkt in any format horn Ol,t affiliate vIOEO MONITORtNG SE..RV~CES Of AMERICA, INC fo, a penod of four weeks from a,r dace. Caff 212-736-WI0

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TV CLIPS DATE TIME NETWORK PROGRAM 83 Words 7 Clips DATE TIME NETWORK PROGRAM 75 EAST NORTHFIELD ROAD I LIVINGSTON I NEW JERSEY 07039 (201} 992-6600 I (800} 631-1160 October 24, 1985 7:00-7:30 PM ACCOUNT NUMBER NIELSEN AUDIENCE 10/6297 Y 15,399,000 CBS Evening News Dan Rather, anchor: A report from Congress today on just how easy it is to but into other people's lives and businesses, ease dropping methods so new, says the congressional Office of Technology Assessment. that they aren't even covered by laws against wire taps and bugs. These new surveillance techniques include tiny televisions camera, night scopes and simple-to-do interceptions.of computer messages. According to the report, thirty-five federal government agencies, that have nothing even to do with foreign intelligence gathering, are using some of these new snoop technologies to keep files on one hundred fourteen million people. October 24, 1985 3:30-3:35 AM MT Mutual Radio Network News Al Freeman reporting: ACCOUNT NUMBER 6 2 9 7 Y 1984 may becoming a bit late with Bi~ Broth~r watching or at least able to watch. The Congre~s1onal Office of Technology Assessment says the ex~los1on of communications technology has outpaced privacy laws to the point that Americans have little or no P:Otec-tion against the many ways for government or private groups to pry into out lives. The agency say~ c~mputer1zed record systems contain files of hundreds of m1ll1ons of people. Al Freeman, Mutual News.

PAGE 73

I -~--. .. +-._-. ---"'--!l,,..;;:;i.-:;;;:----~-.... ..,,,., ..... .......... ...-..... ,~ CHICAGO, IL CHICAGO TRIBUNE D. 7)6,350 SUN. 1,137,670 SAT. 633.117 !:~-=~::::-::=---~~ .-:~:~~~_;-~"-... : .:.. .. -.. OC1 25 1985 llfflfU.CS i .r Mediar~1 plarr cut~} time in the hospital\ ~97y ---. From Chicago Tribune wires WASHINGTON [AP}-The averi;Jge length of a Medicare patient's hospital stay has declied since. Congress ordered a new payment. system in 1983, but it is too early to determine whether quality of care has changed, a report said Thursday. The hnolo Assess. .... -~ .,_.~ .. ..._:gene_ y: J-~~-~~.,.., gress;~~\;IWed'lfl ittlore't'-id~'-,~. studies into Medicare'sprospective .. "? payment system [PPS]. J<. The system, .-devised to curb in>h-14 flation and runaway costs in the nation's health program for elderly people, sets predetermined fees for various diagnoses. Before 1983; hospitals-simply billea the govern--. ment after completing treatment. Tneitudy, com.missioned by ttie Senate Finance Committee and the :-.,~_;;d:.:..,..,;:;.:~~: .... :,'.~-: ,.,-.. Special Committee on Aging, said changes have occurred in hospitals over the last two years. The average length of hospitalization for Medicare patients dropped from 10.2 days to 8.8 days by the end of 1984, and hospitals nationwide cut their staffs. The number of.full-time employees de clined 2.2 percent between 1983 1984. But an expected increase in the number of Medicare hospital ad missions did not 'occur. Roger Herdman, assistant director of. the Office of Technology Assessment, said the report showed that for the first time since 1967, the number of Medicare patients receiving hospi tal care declined by 4 percent. Overall, the report said, "it is too early to know how this change in financial incentives will ultimately affect patient care or health care costs." In particular, studies need to be made on how certain groups such as mentally ill people and alcohol ics will be affected by the payment system, the report said. Sen. John Heinz [R., Pa.]. --;!" .. = ... -,: .. chairman of the Senate Aging Committee, said he is concerned "quality will be sacrificed to cost containment" under the program. The Office of Technology Assess ment found 0.2 percent of Medicare patients last year were "dis charged against medical advice" from their physicians. It also noted "widespread anecdotal evidence that patients are being discharged from the hospital in a sicker condi tion than before PPS." The office's study said the Amer ican Hospital Association reported that 5,800 U.S. hospitals posted $R3 billion in profits last year, the largest financial gain in any year since 1963. Hospital association officials say the new Medicare pay ment system is one of the reasons for healthier hospital profits, be cause it has forced hospitals to cut administrative costs. __ ,,.

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t!:'' 1 f' t~ ;\. !: 1 T I-_1_'':.:: .. { ,t : ,;~ 1' :. I. !'. THE PITTSBURGH PRESS PITTSBURGH, PA D. 243,865 SUN. 213,753 SAT. 594.400 OCT 25 1985 Blo(Mtrs !/' l ... ;t;, ~-.. ,, i ::1!i. ,: ;rr': .;: '.. //,}: ; ~: i. \; ~ ._,_. k !Medicare pa1:ie~ '. 1J?.9~rt~alizedl!est:1.', t 'a,t\!ance\ Ga; : ., tbree-year period and Hei:tnansald i It wu too early to detenqljie wlleth-' i Sorlppa Boward N,-. er the Medicare paym, t system 1 wu responsible for the nds. [. WASHINGTON _; The: average Sen. John Heinz. RPL innail t: 1 hosp_ital stay for Medica~ patients of the $enate Aging Co tee, said t \df: :liped bf mo~. t,han. a day after Conp-ess asted for. the port. to .. i .. fu:ed f~ pal. ~to tiopitals monitor the impa~\.of_ lb. y, cost_;. f. ... routjne. ~perations. the Senate control P,.Olf&m. ,. :-. r i Agmg Cqf;'UDlttee wu told. Heinz aal~ he is ''quan.: .r for the first time 1967, the ty wW besacrlficed to reontaln-f. nlJ'1ber~f Medicare paUents see~ -ment"under then, p~am. ,, ing hospital care declined by 4 ona1 tudie:. ted the peN!@llt, according to -Roger Herd The eongressi_ s J.BO. 1 ---tant ..a=~-f th Offl American Hospital,. =tion re--m~n. BSSJS WR\;"""J>r: e ce ..,..,...,. the 5 800 "US """""pltals of !Technology Assessment,. a-. ~--~, _,_,..,. ': Tfie raie of admJsslons had been racted .u an ,a.s liOBt fit lut :'. inqreasing at J. pac~ of a1>:out 2 y~r -:fts largest ~na } gain In t ~ent each year an4;P,ngress had any -year 1~ A officials ; ,l pr~jected that ~81 pace o! admis-. admit the new Medic~paymen! 'sions wolild continue lut year when s~tem f~rced hospitals :f: cut ad I it ~greed to cbpges :,in Medicare ministratlve costs. :tt r payments to hospitals sought by the The number of fu_ 11-ume_ hospital 1 Reagan administration. employees declined 2.2 ~rcent from ; ;, J3ut OTA's study, headed by Herd 1983 to 19H, but Herdman'$Jutioned m"' found that the average stay in that lb~ are other Ip_~~ trends l '. dtj,pped from 10.2 days in 1983 to 8.8 picturef or Amerlcaii hose!_tals. I ,hospitals for Medicare patients that are producing' a roster profit :'. .. da)'S last year. In 1984 a Medicare The AHA report notE\ii: that 18 J. hospital_pa)'Rlent system was adopt,percent of American hooitals are edkspecifymg maximum payments still running in the red, aniIJlerdman 'J .. most hospital operations. said Uiat hospitals w_ ith 25 :_or fewer The new "prospective payment beds -mosUy in rural a~ -are !< item''. is being phased. in over a the most financially b~ressed-: .,.: I f I J i r ~: ,,., ,., :~ /2 ,!i ... ,w J -1 :I' ;: 1 ,~_-;, ,., .. t. ;/-"" .'j j .'~ ~.} ,:,, ,.,j. ~r-;,: ::: /~ -,_.,: ... l~,~ I .,t ,.\ .1; ;f -' :i:. :'. "'i .,,! .j ~._,_) r :[ .i:_; i? J r ('1 /. ,I .! WALL STREET JOURNAL NEW YORK, NY D. 757,135 OCT 25 1985 Bu_~r.u.rs U.S. Pay Method Shortens Hospital Stays, Cuts Staffs B11 a WAt.L STIIEBT JOURNAL Staff Reporter WASHINGTON-A new fedefjll pa,.y ment system for hospitalized Medicare recipients has contributed to shortened hospital stays and smaller staffs, according to a report by a co~~essional research arm. !, i '"', 'f But the analysis, by the Office of Technol~R) Assessment, conclu3ed that it s loo s ff W See any Impact on the quality of patient care. "We certainly won't know how this system shakes out for five years," said Judith Wagner, an economist Involved in the study. Under a so-called prospective payment system begun In late 1983, Medi care reimburses hospitals at fixed rates for designated medical problems. Previously, Medicare paid all doctor-ordered ll}edical costs for 23 million eligi hie elderly Americans. The 1983 law sought to offer hospitals an incentive to hold down costs by allowing them to retain the difference when Medicare payments exceed treatment costs. The agency found that Medicare patients' average length of hospitalization dropped tojU days from 10.2 days be ; tween 1982 and 1984, an acceleration of a 1 decade-old trend attributed partly to the I new system. The number of full-time hospital employees fell 2.2% between 1983 and 1984, the report said. ij i ,,. .. .. 1i. ,'"\......__~

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, ,.I ;;:.. ~:--r DESERET NEWS SALT LAKE CITY, UT D. 64,426 OCT 24 1985 ...... --. ---. -' ... 'wvw .. Medicar~ change :i l '_ hardesf on those I d.. h' :~ a reaav urt1ng 1t':~-i .-_ --.-~';tfJ;,>1!J_~ifi~.~~~:e~~-!.f~t-i --,':1i~1ff.~.~ .. ,-:>-,;, WASl-ttNGTON {UPI):A govern-condition than before PPS,'' but<; ment report Thursday says the elder"There is no clear evidence to indicate'. ly. the mentally ill and the disabled whether the ultimate impact on th~:: are among the most vulnerable under quality of care for those patients--~f a Medicare payment system implegood or bad." :tt.: mented in 1983. The report. released by the Senat ___ Thc ... pro.spective-payment-system. Committee on Aging;said ilis too ~'ii,:_: called PPS. replaced a cost-based-rely to know_ how PPS ultimately ~wi~ imbur.sement...f.or..in-patient..-hespitat--affect-patient-rne-Qr .... __ .. .:.. .. ,, .. .. ,, amount for each hospital stay for paevaluating the effects as they oecur:.?-,..;,..'"c:,,,::,:..,.-:--:-,-::il ,,. __ ,,.,, .. ,:.:,,:;,,_:..,..,.;.>.""~:,,_,>,.:. tients iri diagnostic-related group~. In the first year of PPS. the average{ The objective of PPS was to re4uce length of a Medicare patient's hospita.lt Medicare's outlays while maintaining stay dropped from 10.2 days to H}; acceptable treatment for benef/cia days. The number of hospital empl~:i; ries. ees also declined 2.2 percen~ betweef,:, "Some vulnerable groups whos~ ac-1983 and 1984. :. .HJ' cess te> and quality of care are more 1PPS, the report said. was1a,factor:it! likely fo be jeopardized under PPS both trends. '!-. -.HI are_ obvious very o!d people, al~oThe rep~;t said five fac-tors alsi: hohc~ and mentally ill peo~le with could be used as indicators of hoi:1 med 1c~ I ~roblem~ and d1sa bled well PPS is working: cxpendituresf1 people. said the Office of Technolo~ and costs. quality of care. access tu":1 A_s;;cssment, an analyt teal agency th~t care. technological change and clini-. j aids Congress on complex and technical research. .' ct1I issues. 1 'd h 1 -d d I 11 .. t sa1 t e un s an personne nee:--~. Th~ report said a '"radical drop. in essary to conduct a comprehensiv,,:i l!/84 in the average lengtt_i ?f hospital evaluation of PPS arc not availah!< i ~lays for Med_1care henef1c1ar!.es was within any federal agency. including, probably, marnly due to PPS. the Health Care Financing Adminisi-"i II noted "widespread anecdotal.evitr..ition. which has a congrcssiom~~ dencc that patients arc being dismandate to prepare annual reports o(I charged from the hospital in a sicker the impact of PPS. ... .' < 1

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-------------D ~ELLE-'$ .. ~--= RADIO CLIPS DATE TIME NETWORK PROGRAM 1 44 WORDS 1 2 CLIPS 75 EAST NOATHFIELD AVENUE I LIVINGS TON I NEW JERSEY 07039 /201) 992-6600 I /212) 227-55 70 I /800/ 63 1 1160 October 25, 1985 10:00-10:05 AM MT United Press International News Craig Smith reporting: ACCOUNT NUMBER 6 2 9 7 Y Who is being hurt most by the changes in the Medicare payment system--according to a government report, the elderly, the disabled, and the mentally ill. UPI Radid's Paul Corsen reports from Washington. Carsen: Theplan fif sort-of a flat-rate payment system,------allowing a predetermined fixed amount for certain types of hospital care, but the Office of Technology Assessment, evaluating the two-year-old system for Congress, says it hurts the quality of care for certain groups of people likely to need a lot of hospital treatment. The plan was supposed to cut Medicare costs while preserving cei:_t.ai.n_minimum _gua 1 i ty of care, but the government says patients are being discharged-from hospTt-als 1n -a sicker condition now than before the flat-rate payment plan took effect. The report comes from the Senate Committee on Aging. Paul Carsen, Washington. Audio cassenes are available 10 any format from our affihate VIDEO MONITORING SERVICES OF AM ERIC A INC tor a penod of lour weeks trom alfdate Call 212-736 I I I

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;,;,;::;;::;.:: : ;,.iJICAL NEWS CHICAr.O, Ill. v.-,JO(j 1 I j ~. I } I I t /\ V Studies of PPS effects inadequate, panel says Despite .t host of recent com1ibinh .tbout possible deterioration in tht qu.>lity of nre hospilak .tre Pfoviding Metlic.tru ; p.uients. the federal governmenl is 001 domg enough to .iudy the program new prospeclive pricing system (f>PSI and as sess its impact on cost!, and quality of care. That is lhe conclusion of a recenl r11 pon prep.>R-d by ~.Oflice. uf Technolpgy Au~smenl (OTA.I fo( the Senate Aging .,nd Finance commilleet. While ;iclmowledging Iha! there is "'wide spread anecdotal evid11nce of early hospi t..t disch.irg<.-s and reports of inappropri.lle .ti,i;hargt.-s ideo1ifierl by peer review ,11ganilations," the OTA documllnl finds lhal ii is .iiH too early 10 know the longlerm impact of these and other heahh c.tre changes broughl cm by M'S. It cau lions, however, that "'at pr-I. 1h11 funds and penonnel necessa,y lor the conduct of a CorllPfehllnsive evaluation of PPS do not appear to be available within any federal agency ... ntilled Medicar11s Prospective Pay m,mt System: Strategies for Evaluating Conrinued on page 14 '. JttJ:'JfLI.E'S I ; PPS-data held madequate I budgeled to do 1h11 job at lh<' moment. 11 .... report d0<.-s su111111st lhal, "as a sub1,ti-1111t for a full-scale PPS t.'valualion.'' l'ro-1'/\C's m,mrl.11e could be ex11,1ntlt!d lo coord,aale and oversee Pl'S ev,1lualiun. m,tture discharges or d,-creased availabil ity of wme Sllrvkes such as burn units or intensive care units. II contends that. although HCFA is pl,tnning some studies aim,-d al identifying PPS quJlity 1>roblt.'ms. olht'f needt.'d sludit.'s of "avoi,fahl.neg.uive outcomes in hospitals. rle1,1iltd ,1udies ol vulnt.'r.ihll! groups,. and ~.1w stllflies of ni:w 1echnologie>. are neithtr undt.'t way nor currt!nlly pl.-inned: Cw,111111,~I Imm /J,tgl" l < ml, 1J11,1li1y. ,ind M,~1,,,1/ Tt'(-/,nolui:y. 1lu-,...-,,ur& noiei lhitt IIK! biggts1 f4!'1fttfllSi hil,ty itK ,1udying l'l'S h.1~ IJll.,n un lht.' lh.",1l1h C.,u~ Htundng A,tmtms1t.11iun II ILFAI. 6u111 w,,rns th.11 llCfA 111,1v h.wt.' '""'" built-in ,onilicls of inlt!U!SI, h,,. 1101 ytt mtI a d.:.uUinl for .1ny ot thtPPS -.tmfie'.> d~!tigtu.d it .uHf i\ 'JPt~tufiog, only .1 "minuscule" 1>nrlion oi lhe dMuJI Ml'tf,. Llfe ho~pi1.d budt(t!t on JS~l:"\Sfn~ PPS. Stifl. the du, u1nt.nt '!'il,UMf.;C!.b. ttw faull fu~~ nol ir,o tnudl with I fCf A nse,uc. htrs who .tr~ m.uft"tu.11dy ,1.atltd dnd fat. m,-c further ( uth.1cks in l'.tl, ,lS with d Coni;r,ss th,11 ,1'sign._.,t HC~A lht.' job ol .111.,ly,ing lht 111111(1,m, ,111d tlwn f.iiltI It H,i"t he rt'.>t~.1rd1t!1f'!t enou~h hnu .uul naony lo do the work. I u,tlu-ruuu,. ii puinh out, cvtn 1lm1111h 11~ to liv< y,,ns 111.ly be needJ t..,lurt.' any matu,._. asseument of PPS <:,1n lw n\,1<1.,: tht.' lt!gi!Jators have re uircd ninting d single led .,, ... agency lo co0iJ4'I n,sl reporting syslem "' lh,11 more tim,ly rlta on Pl'S is avail,1blt.. -5haron Mcllralh

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THE NEW YORK TIMES NEWYORK,NY D. 934,530 SUN. 1,553,720 SAT. 731,545 l. ... -OCT 1 1985 t in biotechnololY hope to have .. a vaccine apinst malaria on the. market in 5 to 10 years. 8URAEUJ!'$ t But reeearch on tberapl for tropt-.-iwiiil\ixaiiriilili cal diseues bu Jqpd bebiDd re-'SCll=iti: WATCB: =r:.:.~: :._~.,: =--=~p~~ha~ -:------------lutNdUced for lmmaa tropical Fighting Tropical Diaeaaea cUseuesiatbepasttwodecades,"tbe report notl9II; but there bal belaa The probability that resea.rcben surge in development In drup to will be able to -= successful combat parasiticinfectiOIIII indomea-measures to control cal diseases tic animals. "bas never been areater than it is to-Tbe report suggests that vaccina-day," according to a report issued by tion bas tbe greatest potential forpn. the ~f Qfflsc QI Tech-venting illDesa and death. but naae ~-But the :federal are available against human para-ls spending leu than sitlc diseases and few against viral or $100 miWona yaron tropicaldiseue bacterial diseases. Rapid dlagmltlc researcb, a tiny fraction of its total tests are required to study tbe natural annual biomedical nillearcb budget of history of some. diseases, tbe report well over St billion, the Congressional said, and a combination of techniques agency estimates. is needed to control the organisms Resean:bers have already contrib-that spread tropical dl8ea8es. uted a few important treatments for The study propoeed seven optiOIIII to tropical diseases: oral rehydration encourage research OD medical tecbtherapy to prevent death from a wide nologies for tropical diseases but left spectnUn of diarrheal diseues; it to Congress to decide wbetber any praziquantel, a drug marketed in 1980 of them should be put into effect. to treat scbist:osomiasi, a debilitat-log disease caused by worms; and ribava.rin. an antiviral drug that has proved effective against Lassa Fever. usina recent ad-' I I

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'I'~ NATURE LONDON,ENGLAND WEEKLY 21.600 OCT 10 1985 r -: NATURE \'OL. _;17 10 OCTOBER I\IK., ------------------NEWS-------i Disease research Tropics still a low priority Waslli11g1011 7 THE small amount of money spent by the United States on tropical disease research ($100 million of an annual biomedical re search budget of $4.000 million) reflects policy choices ,md not the lack of promis ing avenues of research. according to an Office of Technical Assessment (OTA) : report published last week. Much of the recent progress has been made by small but highly motivated .. groups of resear chers. Biotechnology and new techniques in immunology. combined with traditional parasitology and infectious diseases re search. make the possibilities for alleviat ing the suffering caused by tropical dis eases greater than ever before. OT A says. The report stresses the .. enormous potential"" of genetically engineered vac cines. although the first of these. the malaria vaccine. is unlikely to be generally -~~~-< :;.,':-+-.::::.;.,:.,.~ ~-;.: 1 ,:.;;1,r,.< .. 4-.:o,:,_J;~,,;~ available for 5-IO years. No vaccines yet exist for human parasitic diseases and there are only a few fru viral and bacterial diseases: biotechnology will allow safe and effective vaccines to be developed for ~. .. ,. ~ -.-; ... ,~., ... ...: .. many of these diseases. OT A says that insecticides are still use-ful in disease control. although no single technology is likely to be able to control most vectors of disease. Integrated pest management. a relatively new approach that cnmhines biological and chemical methods. has not had time to prove itself. hut OTA says that long-term solutions may he provided by these methods. OTA s problem is how to encourage research in an area that has poor commer cial rewards. It cites some successes. for example. praziquantcl. a drug that has re volutionized schistosomiasis treatment but is expensive: oral rehydration therapy -~'L t'/ I for diarrhoeal diseases: and ribavarin. a drug that seems to be effective against Lassa fever in West Africa. But federal science budgets are tight and have other priorities: pharmacc'7.tical comp,mies arc reluctant to invest in the development of drugs of no commercial value. One suggestion made by OT A is that tropical di;ease drugs be 'ciassified as tt,;_:::.:: ?t.:--,~: :\~~ orphan .. drugs. which would provide cer tain statutory benefits to companies de-1 vcloping them. The government could also guarantee the purchase of products and assistance in field trials. or authorize funds to estahlish a nonprofit organization to undertake research until the products are attractive enough for the private sector to take over. In the short term. howev-er. the report suggests that a special congressional appropriations hearing be held to take evidence from those organizations 1 that support tropical disease research and p.:.; ... ... t .~: ;-.;..:: :, _.;: :_ to idcntifv areas where effort could be increased: An increase in federal funding or the removal of statutorv limitations on the amount of research supported by the Department of Health and Human Services might result from such an '.:i;\ investigation. For the 5 million US citizens estimated to be at risk of contracting tropical dis eases. many of them ii1 the armed forces. and the millions of people in th.: develop ing countries who die as a result of these diseases each vear. there is no immediate chance that the United States will channel more resources towards research in this field. MaxineClarke i sww., of Bi,m1t'ciirnl N.estrch 1111d Uela1ed 'frd11rolog_1 for Tropirnl Oi.11ses (OTA-ff-i 158) is111'11ilahlefmm th( US
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wl1c &an ilitgn lltntnu SAN DIEGO, CALIF. D. 221,650 SUN. 348,926 OCT 1 1985 /IJug(tlU.D l)0pigal diseas Jfight gains --;~t~~-}' ... : ~-~-._---:~. -_,j,-1(i -~-,~.:~ -~--.. : ,_: :-.-~ )i)J' al~ri~ yaccine;-expected th )igb ::~e of biotechnology :,.,. at.~,.;.~ '. '.i:. ~i ~tic cli9eases: malaria, schistosomi-. WASHINGTON -The prospects for controlling trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and fdatjasis." tropical diseases that afflict millions of people around .The report 'saitf the. de~pmeot of more .specific the world "bave never been greater'' because of recent control -~ ;"is heavily (dependent oo develop~e,nts in biotecbnology;a.report to Congress c and applied biomedical reseatcb:0'J'.ll~ probabiU.. :ff-, \ ~: said yesterday. .. Y :dlat researchers will develop suctjss!ul control "With co~tinued success, optimistic estimates put a :measures for tropical diseases bas never; been great~ malaria vaccine on the market in 5 to 10 years," the than it is today," OTA sajd.: '. :. f" report by the congressional .Olfi~ gf Tegmolo.&L."The ab.eat and explosive growth in the use of sessment said. ( : ,_. :, iotecbnology' -n,combioant DNA ~iq~es and Medical scientists "are beginning to understand'the other sophisticatedtoois relying on the.ability to barunique biology" of the parasitic organisms that .cause pess and mani~te-genetic material ~--~ve B!Ven a malaria and other tropical diseases, the report said. boost to the study of tropical diseases.'.' the report said. in d9fleloping nations. made hopes for a (malaria) vaccine realistic." "One-tenth of the average person's life in a develop. The report credits the contribution ~ade. by U.S. The OT A noted the heavy toll taken by such illnesses .. The report said advances in biotechnology "have ;,~~--: ~--.:.;..-~" ~,-.-\ ,:.ing country is seriously disrupted by_ill health. Life researchers in the effort to develop such a vaccine, ... ::,.-.: expectancy at birth is nearly 20 years shorter in the plus the development of oral rehydration therapy for developing regions than it is in the developed coun-diarrheal diseases. tries." : If the malaria vaccine is successful, it "could pre-"Several hundred million people are infected with vent many of the estimated quarter of a-biWon_annual organisms that cause chronic disabling and often life-cases of malaria," the OTA said,: ,. < r

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' :!'". ?. ;,:.; ( ~; ,. ~: ~' ,. ; ~: '! ,...::,,' ., :.,, i' KOKOMO, IN TRIBUNE o. 27,667 s. 28,308 nr:r s 1981 BVH4EJ.l.P$ ,)i :: .. .;:! .. ....... (!_; -~.:-. t l.' -, !ii. .... ';.t ,.., .. .l! ,, t~. { <; :4 i. I;:,: .' ,t;:f ; y: ... : (*? '.S. spends ffftlE! on tropical diseases WASHINGTON (AP) \g '\research budget of more tha~ $4 effort against tropical diseases, its tributions. to fighting tropical biomedical technology ma~es the billion. '; options include mandate creation diseases, which are conditions potential for controlling tropical "The small amount of. money : of a quasi-governmental organizathat can occur in other parts of the diseases greater than ever, but the spent by the United States on tropl lion to conduct research that later world but are more prevalent in United' States is spending rela~ ical disease research ap~rs !Qi could be turned over to private tropical areas because of social, -tively little money on this reflect choices in'polfoy; whether industry for.development. economicandclimaticreasons. r~arch desP,ite its potential for implicit or explicit, and' not tdack Congress also could include 'helping millions of people of promising avenues for drugs and vaccines for tropical worldwide, says a study released research," the OTA said. diseases under the Orphan Drug lhisweek. OTA is a non-partisan agency Act of 1983, granting expanded .. The report by the congressional that studies technical issues for patent protection and other incenOffice of Teclmoiogy Ass~ent Congress and suggests policy op-lives to companies who undertake sala the U.S. spends less than $100 tions. this research, it said. million on trorical disease studies The report said_that if Congress l The report noted that U.S. out of a tota annual biomedical wanted to encourage more of a.n researchers have made noted con;,~-:-. :,,,. ,. .. ,-., .'-_r ''\ \ \,\ ,: ..... ,'-a :i; ,. ,'. .,. ,' ', /-~-. ,'\
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--- ~sure to traclemwi'Yat least part ofhisSDI program in order to achieve an arms deal. Last week Congress's bipartisan 9....!n.=s, of T~ru;oogy A~~ro.ent concluded that SiarWars might not enhance U.S. security at all, even ifit works. The report did not rule out the theoretical possibility that SD I even tually might be able to protect the U.S. population from nuclear attack. But it said the system would improve security only if the Soviets agree to a negotiated transition from offensive deterrence to a reliance on both offense and defense. Otherwise the Soviets could simply build enough warheads to overwhelm any conceivable defense. OT A sug~estecl that a more modest approach-a thicl< defensive shield for U.S. missiles, with little or no protection for cities-would be more likely to work and would.;enhance nuclear stability by protecting America's deterrent. Democratic Rep. Les As pin, who ordere~ the=OTA study, said it ~-~
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J BALTIMORE, ran THE EVENING SUN D. 155,607 ( Q'?-i(!S Reagan think madness will stop madness? RONALD REAGAN, meet Isaac Asimov! With over three hundred books to his credit, Asimov is arguably the nation's leading science writer. In a rare public protest and call to ac tion, Asimov has taken a stand against Ron ald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative or proposed Star Wars project. His letter, ======= mailed earlier this Ralph Nader month to hundreds of thousands of Ameri cans, begins: "There is a line be tween science and sci ence fiction. I know. I've written on both sides of that line for 47 years. But I'm terribly afraid that Ronald Reagan doesn't know where that line is .... Star Wars is a threat to world peace, to our national security and to the United States economy. Like the Maginot Line, it is a dangerous delusion for future historians to shake their heads over --assuming there will be further historians." Reagan's Star Wars program, announced in March 1983, is a remarkable political phenomenon. In one swoop it drew the won derfully graphic television portrayals of simulated intercontinental ballistic missile destruction with a reporter's voice-over. Newsworthy controversy within the scien tific community immediately erupted, with some scientists, drooling over endless government contracts to fund both research/development and graduate student assistants, saying it was worth trying, while many eminent physicists like Hans Bethe, a Nobel Prize winner, were in vigorous opposition. 1'his bred less media attention to the arms control movement and llt.'W topics such as the nuclear winter discovery. Star Wars technology is, as a recent Office of Tectmolon..Asseumeot (a policy research arm of Congress) report called it, "infeasible." Even if the world waits the 40 to 50 years its advocates expect to take be fore full deployment, even if our economy can afford the trillion dollars it will cost as a minimum, even if it effectively stops 90 percent of incoming Soviet ballistic mis siles, what will it accomplish? Well, with the Soviets building the same system, both sides will increase their offen sive missiles inventory so that more will get through the shield. Both sides, thinking one is ahead of the other, will go forward with building more first-strike weapons just in case. The militarization of campus research will make a mockery of free exchange of scientific information, civil liberties and the right of dissent. There is nothing quite like the combination of big money on campus and national security dictates to put free speech in the back seal. These concerns have just launched a fast-spreading academic boycott. Over 350 full time faculty members, most of them physicists and engineers, and 700 graduate students and postdocs, have signed a pledge "not to solicit or accept any funds from the ballistic missile defense program." A ma jority of the faculty,physicists at the Uni versity of llliQois, Princeton, Cornell, Uni versity of Pennsylvania, Carnegie-Mellon and SUNY-Stony Brook have signed this pledge, which calls the program "ill con ceived and dangerous." There eould be, however, a method to Reagan's Star Wars madness. Perhaps the President believes that it takes greater madness to stop madness. That if the U.S. shows it can waste a trillion dollars and raise the risk of wild nuclear arms escala tion, the Russians will drop their arms-race madness and come to an agreement in Geneva. This could sound plausible if Reagan did not surround himself with alleged arms control specialists who make Dr. Strange love look like a collector of rare butterflies. All presidents since Harry Trumun have signed arm:. control agreements with the Soviets. They ~id so by proposing to lower the ante, not upping it in or~r to lower it. Hollywood-minded Reagan doesn't quite understand Russian psychology; the people who absorbed the shock of national mega rubble and 50 million fatalities in two World Wars are not going to be driven to crying "Uncle" this Star Wars way, espe cially after Reagan places nuclear missiles of completely redundant purpose inside West Germany, the country that devastatingly inva(Je~ Russia twice in 30 years. Using more madness to stop the current arms-race madness is really too charitable an explanation. For Reagan's Star Wars gives him an escape from responsibility a telegenically soothing message of defense that delays serious negotiations by the world's more adv;mced and powerful na tions until Reagan retires to California in January 1989. He. calls his defense initiative ''The Great Protector" and 'the thing that could eliminate nuclear weapons because they wouldn't be needed anymore." Hardly. Suppose you livtd in a community with a rash of burglaries and a company offered to provide you with a great (\efcnsc against the culprits. You said O.K., ,md the company built you tltt~ must impregnable front door imagin.tbk \'uu ,1bjed, saying: "What about thr back door, tht cellar door, the windows1 Yes, what about submarine laundwd uussilcs, l,1w level cruise-type missiles. homblr missiles and nuclear bombs? And new, more dlSt.ructive weap ons sure to be un their way in the generation befon Star Wars is ready. Not even its mosi fnvent boosters say lhal Star Wars can dcfrml ai .. unst thtiw mncr space nuclear delivl'ry syslt!rns. Ralptt Nodl'r 1s a sywlic~ .. ted culum-1 11is1.

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r OCT 24 1985 Bvlf.etug commep.tary,:: Stop The Arms Race In Space ~-..~,y If Bot~ Sides_ Develop A Space Deferue., -War Would Be'More Ukely By Charlee E. Bennett Proponents of tile Strategic De fense Initiative believe It will make nuclear weapons obsolete, or at least give the U.S. a nuclear superi ority wllereia It can police tile world tor peace. Unfortunately, these objectives are probably not achievable. Thal IS not to say that tile SOI proposal a mistake. On the contrary, It bas bad the great Virtue of bringing the Soviets back to Genen for a discussion of arms reductions. Tile best outcome at Geneva would be a treaty under -wblcb both countries would eschew space weapons and turtller agree to subStantlal and fair reduc tions In offensive weapons. Tbe treaty must bave at least three attributes. It must benefit botll sides. It must be verifi able and It must otter an opportunity to correct violations. Going Into tile Geneva summit. Presi dent Reagan needs to be realistic about tile probable llmltatloo.s of tbe SOI con cept. His formidable sklllS and tbe SDl's Irresistible promise to make nuclear weapons "Impotent and Obsolete" gave tile proposal a powerful boost when an nounced ID I 983. Now, new studies and new flScal realities Indicate an Increas ingly uncertain future tor Ills amblUous vision. Part of tile congreslooal concern comes from ""9Cent reports sucll as the one presented this montll to tile House Armed servtces Committee by tbe Office of TccbAPJacx +eessrnent tt ts tile most m comprelleo.slve, objective sudy to date on SOI and It concludes that a strategic defense that could assure U111 SU1'Ylvlll ot all or nearly all U.S. cities In tbe face of unconstrained Soviet nuclear llftlllslft forces does not appear feasible. While some patls of tile systems are tecllnlcal ly possible, no combination could pro Vlde assured survt vablllty. It IS simply too euy to overwhelm the defenses with warbeads. Ev;en It tile defense destroyed 80 to 90 percent of the Incoming warlleads. hun dreds would still e11plode across tile country eacb many tlmet more de structive than tile Hiroshima bomb. Therefore, to be frank, the mOllt llkely role tor sot IS In defending U.S. mtsslles, not people. Proponents of SOI argue tllat tblS Um lied goal IS still worth llavlng. since a ballistic mt.sslle defense would enhance our deterrent posture. If the Soviets knew tlley could not knock out our ICBMs In a tint strike. our position In tbe deadly game of nuclear balance would improve. rtgbt? Well, maybe not "With defense, there may be a net loss In terms or U.S. security," warns Gen. Glenn Kent, a retired Air Force officer with tile Rand Corp. His ana:vsiS parallelS that of OTA. Both demonstrar, tnat ii we could protect our mt.ssiles b, sbootlng down attacking soviet warneads, tbe Soviets mlgbt atso be able to destroy our missiles when we launched them In retaliation. In other words, our mL-.;iles would survive over bere, but be destroyed over there. We would end up wtth fewer warlleads capable of striking thr Soviet Union arter a Soviet lint strike. tllus reducing our retaliatory threat. TblS IS so beca-:..'t '-""' \~~-.-' r weapoo.s ~"Jet devell>ped. Tbe research~~-,~ tile ,tlrst stx years ot SOf"~ed to be about S33 blllloll.&ilmi.ltes or fUII deployment of tile s)'lt'eiil nioge up to SI trillion. In a period of no growtll or little growtb ID defeose budgets, we have to 11111ke tough cllolces about where our moaey. pies. Is It worth It to spend a trillion dollars If we will end up with only margtntl Improvements In stability or wcmie, Increase Instability? Tbe armed services committees bave already trimmed tile admlnlstratlol3,'.s .fiscal 1986 request of S3.7 bQllon { SDI to $2.7~ billion. This represents an increase of al.most I 00 percent o:ver 1985, and some members argue that It IS still too mucll. Tbe House appropriations bill recom mends S2.5 billion. and an amendment will be ottered to cut this to about S2 bllllOn, or 35 percent above last year's funding. But tbese budget skirml.slles are just the beginning. Tbe latest word out of the DePart!nent of Defense IS that, In order to coinply with the new congressional and public mood ot more restrained growth ID defense budgets. the Pentagon IS cutting back on conventional forces 10 the fiscal 1987 budget proposal but fully funding all 51rateglc systems. Tbls Is exactly tile opposite of wbat we need. Tbe most likely Soviet tllreat we face Is not a surprise Soviet nuclear at taek but a conventional war. We are not prepared now, however, to win a conven tlonal war In Europe. our national de tense cannot afford to sacrifice funding for operations. maintenance and con ventlonal force modernization in order to protect questionable strategic nuclear programs. Soviet leader Gorbachev bas avowed an Interest In lowering tensions between our two countries tbrougb mutual arms reductions. In Geneva, the president should use Ills present strong position to negotiate a limit on the development of space weapons on both sides. and, in the bargain, to Win substantial reductions in offensive forces. Tilts would be the greatest tlll'IISt tor peace since the nucle ar age began. Cbarles E. Bennett. s Democrat from Florida. is s member of tt1e House Anned Services Committee and of its researr:ll and development subcommit tee, w/JIC/l sut/Jortzes research on the SDI program.

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... __ :-,: :,-. .--:r:r::--FINANl:lAL 1 IMLS LONOON, ENl1LANl1 !)All Y or.T ?~ \4RS ((_ff.{!,~ IS IT .J'Jieh '{or is It deployment? The Star Wafs debate That question will be very much in the minds of President Ronald Rea,:an ind the Soviet leader Mr lllkhlil Gorbachev when the subject of the Americana controvenlsl Star Wars programme comes up at next month's Summit meetin,: 111 Geneva. A question In the past week the U.S. ,t\dmlllistntion has emphasised that Its Stnteclc Defence Inl liative (SD[) to give It Its full ::-.:i... ts, :.rpi.t~~t= of definition if~.~-i/tL::..:~~-~~-~,tt-t.t q .. !f,Ji.~~.}'~--~:..;:~:.:,. -~;;.;." --~-::;, .. -"'!' over deployment will be taken only In the 1990s. Officials have ':;f sought to reasaure public opinion In both the Soviet Unkln and Europe that the programme does not Infringe the Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972, which places COt>o straints over both research and Installation of defensive systemM1aln1t nuclear attsck. for Geneva's l; n....,tte re:,eated 111urance1 from the Reagan Administra tion that Star Wars Is to go ahead unchanged, speculation is mounting that the President could agree to modify the pro posals in the light of a possible negoti~tors Tile Sh11ttle Cllallenger uns at Cape Canaveral will It earry weapons By Peter Marsh oaedllY'l arms control deal with the of the House of Representa Soviet U"ion. !Ives' defence-appropriations > Observers in the U.S. are commitm. already mappinc out the way a Others disagree. "The SDI is "Mark II" Star Wars could proneither research nor defensive, ceed If Mr Gorbachev, comes but is an inte1ral part of a up with a sufficiently attractive military system," says Congress. proposal In Geneva, man George Brown, who is The ftrst projects to be from the liberal Wing of the 4rt1pped In the aftermath of Democrat Party and voclfer any agreement on space ous opponent of Star War,. weapons would probably be the "There. is no question that the 15 "technology research proAdministration wants to 10 of a, big' chemical laser. at the ally over the next few years, as, u.s,.Govemment's While Sands against the Administration"s! proriag ground in New Mexico. plan for annual budget levels In 'I spectacle recorded for building up to $6bn by 1988. prime-time TV viewing. the Dr John Steinbruner. director r .... TRW-built laser dest~ed a of foreign policy studies at the' mis die tank anchored. to the Brookings Institution, the growd ,;om-. distance away. Washington research organisa-"No one doubts that if you lion, says the U.S. ought to .r.we:i:ti!'"":"n~n t~:: ~:1~':. 1;: b~":1 t:1~e:fn!~~"J the tank will blow UP-bUt I deployment Of ail space don't know what that proves weapons. This -uld include not about strategic defence," says only devices intended to be part ~":" ---------------------.iects!" due to be cy.ttied out as ahead wtth a fu.llscal4' develo~ part of Star Wars over the neif"""'me11t of a speee 8M111cl defence. few years. Nine of these involve A 325-page report last month tests either with weapons or by a study team under ~r devices that could be scaled up Thomas Karas at Congress s Prnfs19 4h~rter. the of a defensive shield but also auihor of a Criticafre'"po"'rt=--"ia;;..st...,;a"'nffrl',.sa,it;,;e;:;;mtl!'"l'ilrdware::----1---to weapo~s. ~:f b:c'ke!~~fl'vie~ Accord1n,: to Semel hints 111 While concluding that a prothe past few """'ks, Russia tective shield against Soviet m.iettt be prepared to apee a missiles was probably not feas deal on overall ar1116 reductions ible in the absence of any Soviet that permitted laboratory commitment to reduce offensive re...,rch Into artti-misoile tech weapons the team found that nol-hased or mobile pl:'11, :1 Florida DE'mocrat who laud-based." stron~ly supp-Ort~ the pro A pre-lude to such ('Xperi .. gnunnll' and i'!o aetinl! l'hairman ments was ttw hst last month year for the Office of Techno-For all the talk about how logy Asaessment deliberations at the Geneva According to other commensummit could inlluence Star tators, large-scale experiments Wars, any changes In the pro of the sort envisaged by Star gramme may be due more to Wars plannen are inappropriactions in the U.S. Congress ate not just because they give than to Initiatives by Mr Gor the wrong political signals to bachev. the Soviet Union but on tech The House of Representatives nlcal grounds. Dr Sidney Drell, defence-appropriations commit m arms control expert at Stantee earlier this month recom tord University, says that to mended a budget for Star Wars plan such demonstrations 80 in the current financial year arly in a research programme (which began on October l) of could lead to scienlista becom-$2.~bn. which is $1.2bn less Ing "locked-In" to specific tecbthan the administration request. nologies before they fully The actual sum will he fixed understand the problems in the coming month after fur-"l'he real difficulty in anti-ther diseussions involving the mi1sile defence is not 80 much Senate. But whatever happens, about killing missiles in ftlght earlier Congress decisions have 1 but how you sense them and ensured that the cash earmarlentraton on laboratory lion's budget requests in sucex:periments." ceeding years. then the AmeriDr Drell, like many Star can anti-l>allisHc m,ssile Pro War-s criUcs. supports the idea gramme will be ticking over at of hasic research ln anti-mis-little greater than the level site technology, both to keep a before the SDl project was instiwakh on what is possible and gated. The te<:hnology-rescarch as a hedge against Soviet work projects would almost certainly tn this area. He suMgests a probe cut and thr critic, would erainme costed at S2bn annu-; have won.

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.. -------1-WASHINGTON, DC STAR AND STRIPES WEEKLY OCT 1 7 1985 /lg!f RE.l..l.FS Instability I11creases :With Star Wars, ~TA Declares .,,.:11,s, >', D~~~~eyEncout!fJ!~JFirst ~~tack_ Washington, DC-Chairman Les Technology A~~essment (OIA). Aspin (D-WI) of the House Armed The House Arme
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.. _.: ECONOMIST L~eii~v~~.~u---+~---.. -... ---_-_ -----~ -.-..:;;_~-M ---... --------------,-----------r .. -----.:. "--. ::-~----___ ..., c,..,,:._.~rdent's Strategic Defence Initiative: that a strategy which does not depend on mutu ally assured destruction may require both technical marvels and also an aaiompanying arms-control agreement with the Soviet Union. This is not just another way of saying that a leakproof shield is impossible. 'Ibo positive way of putting it would be that cities may be defensl1lle with space tech-nology but only if there are restraints on the quantity and quality of the aUBCking forces. The adminisuatioo agrees with this auessment and is no longer aiming at a pedect defence, acc:oiding to the OTA ) report, which was commissioned lB months ago by the senate foreign rela--~ .. ;.._,;;,;, lions c:ommofittee and the annedf services ___ committee the houSe o represenlll tives. But the Wbite House, it says, has SEP 28 1985 4Jnffff1 y reacllable". To put it another way, is a trillion-dollar weapons programme lhe best way to arrive at arms CUii? Tiu: report raises anodter important quest1011 aboul SDI mearch: will it in crease the Russians' incentivos to break out of the ami-ballislic missile trealy and deploy their own defance system before the Americana have theirs? One way of discouraging a Soviet bieak-out would be _., --to restrain researi!h. A better way would J... ,.._,_ be to revise and reaffirm lhe ABM ueaty. The technology assessors give warning: if America allows the ABM treaty to be ~;'(:/::~~-"': ; .. :l~~~-... -. ....... not come to terms with the implications '.,, ( ::;_;/;,:';' :;-. ~-.e:";~f;' :-:: 0;~ ,-.<-'';. for America's negotiating position. Administration spokesmen insist that devol I ,~~c,.;.: :r.-~ opment of 1tar wars will continue, evon if =;nJ1 ~=;:.::. :::a:::-=.:; /;'i~r'~( ---~ ::,~ the RU51ians refule to do a deal, because they cannot be allowed a vetoovcr Amer-ica's deploymc=nl decisions. What the adminislration has yel to acknoWledge is that going ahead in spite of Ille Russians would mean scaling down the official goals of !he SQl still further, since even the impedect city shield pre5umes deep cuts in offensive arms. -Willi the worst of all worlds: facing a Russian defence shield and strengthened Soviet attack with no arms treaty and no effective American defenca. "What this means", said the armed services committee chairman, Mr Les Aspin, "is that after spending billions and biUions of dollars we could find that we have bought ourselvos greater instability than the world.has ever l:Ollfronted in the atomic age." The sceptic;al conclusions of : ;'.-,,,:,,, .. -., ... _.,.i;..,,,-~ ,;;:-',~.-,t :7-\'.: .:~;>.;;:, ,'t. ,,,;j,,,:;:: ':>"';.,:.-,-,,.r.,h:is_,:::_:-. :0 .,!:::S:h:e:::gp=:=~~-reporl argues. Otherwise, the deploy;;~.---~.:. menl of defensive systems will usher in a the report led five out of 12 members of the congressional boaid of !he OTA to ff~,1~i;.;;.,0.\.,::,,, -"'; .. .... ,.~; .. ,,:.:. period of potentially hacute crisis instabil ity" when one side or the other might rationally calculate chat the best way of assuring survival is by striking first. A fear of pre-emptive strike could lead both fk,. sides into a double-barrelled offensive -----------:... _defel!P.!11 anlJS race. The object of an agreemenl"WOUld be r-Starwars Talks, foo cur, --1 Star wars may not yet be negotiable. but without negotiations star wars may yet come lo nothing. In the bland tones of a non-partisan .report, the congressional Qffice ofTec~nology Assessment, whose JOb is to pro\/lde independent and obje,: tive information about technological is sues. has made a point seldom str~sed in debales about the feasibility of the presi "to facilitate a ufe transition to a state of highly constrained offences coupled wilh highly effective defences". The trouble is that regulating both offensive and defensive weapons systems is a taller order than anything arms c:ootrollers have confront ed so far. Any deal on space-based weap1 ons would also have to establish ground i rules for anti-satellite weapons. as a com 1 panion report Slates. The OT A echoes such SDI critics u the former defence I secretary. Mr Robert McNama,a, in obI serving that "the negotiability of any such 1 agreeP,IOllt is very much in question"'. Critics and proponents of star wars will argue until the negotiators come home about whether the pursuit of the SDI is making the Russians mor.e or less ready to negotiate deep arms c:uts. Senator Ed ward Kennedy observed this week that the report shows the SDI to be "'an expensive way to make arms control THE ECONOMIST SEPTEMBER 28. 1915 vote against releasing it. The next congressional decision on the SDI comes up next week when the house considers the conference version of the defence authorisa1ion bill, alloc:ating $2. 7 billion to SDI research in fiscal 1986 $1 ',> :.:: :~ billion less than the administration had _,,.J'.equested. Sgme $70m of this will be channelled to universities for what is ailled "fundamental research". Last mOllth the Pentagon issued a memo assur ing scholars thal such research will not be subject to pre-publication censorship or any ~her CC?ntrols unless these are stipu lated tn their contracts. Bui the national security directive governing these matters has been held up for nearly a year as a result of internal Pentagon battles be ~een would-be controllers, led by Mr ~,chard Perle, and the SDI office, which IS eager to gel on with its job. Universities remain worrried abou.t the prospecl of retroactive classification once research turns fruitful. So far they have taken no stand on accepting star-wars contracts, althoogh most prohibit classi fied work on campus. But in the first nationally co-ordinated effort to rejecl weapons work, physicists, engineers and computer scientists at some 50 major resea!c_h universilies have signed a pledge prom15,ng not to take part in star-wars research. The campaign has no name. no target and no deadline. but it has two explicit aims: to deprive the government of scientific resources and to persuade congress to cul SDI funds. The OT A reports. impartial as they are. mav help fnr,hPr th01;.t enliS.

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':"'""--~-~:_ ..... ,"",,,,,.., -. --,,.,..'-=~.-_ .. ,.., ---,.-_-_, .... .~,.,, .---.._, ...... ...,__....,.. __ ___ .~. '. ,;_, i' .. -~ ... OCT NATURE LONDON,ENGLAND WEEKLY 21,600 1985 Buqnn~Ps Strategic Defense Initiative .. : .. ,. Star wars criticized. erative transition that could be reached before both the Soviets and the United States learn more about the likely effec tiveness and costs of advanced ballistic missile defences such a transition could hardly be planned until engineering develoutent was well advanced on the by OTA report 1 '1~) I Washington THE US Congress's Office o_f Technology Assessment (OTA) has added its voice to those critical of President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). In a ------..... major. report .published this week.{Bal/jS:, tic Missile Defense Technologies). OTA concludes that SDI offers an opportunity to increase substantially US national security only if the research programme achieves .. great technical success" and if the Soviet Union cooperates in a negoti ated reduction of strategic nuclear weapons. On the other hand. SOI carries the risk that a vigorous anti-ballistic mis------s1""leresearch programme could lead toa-:~. -.::.:j,;,:."=.. race ior both offensive and defensive arms. and a further risk that development .~,..~-, .. -... -. _.:.c.., of a star wars" type defence without actual defensive systems to be deployed. Soviet cooperation could create severe Even then. verification would be diffistrategic instabilities. cult". OT A says its report is intended to illuThe essence of the problem. according minate. rather than to adjudicate. the deto OT A. is whether a vigorous US re,-; ,. ~ffj ..lliite ove.u,t,ar~rs.Jhe .!~.E.2!L.C!i!ically search programme, with the prospect that examines the assumptions that lie berund ootlisidesmiglir eventually deploy-a detmany of the oft-quoted benefits and fensive system. would make the Soviet dangers of SOI. but necessarily stops Union more willing to negotiate deep reshort of providing firm answers to many of ductions in offensive weapons. If no the questions raised. agreement could be reached deployment But OT A notes that although President could trigger a further build up of Reagan's original "star wars" speech of weapons. Commenting on the OTA study March 1983 referred to a means of renderthis week, chairman Les Aspin of the ing nuclear weapons .. impotent and obsoHouse of Representatives Armed Ser Jete-:-the administtatiou seems now-to vices Committee-said that "even .if-both.._..,. accept OT A's assessment that "assured the United States and the Soviet Union survival of the US population appears imhave a strategic defence system, the world .. :-..... possible to achieve if the Soviets are detercould end up less safe than now". Aspin mined to deny it to us". However. OTA pointed outthat although SDI might allow grants that strategic defences might be a proportion of US strategic defences to plausible for limited purposes such as the survive a Soviet first strike, its usefulness defence of missile silos or to complicate of would be open to question if the Soviet enemy attack plans. Union also had a defensive system. -1'~ Although many of OT A's conclusions OT A has also just published an assess-are framed in cautious language, there is ment of anti-satellite weapons (Antisatel no doubt that it will be hailed by oppolite Weapons, Countermeasures, and Arms nents of SDI as a vindication of their posi. Control). It concludes that while arms tion. More recent pronouncements by ; control might reduce the threat from President Reagan on SDI have emphaSoviet anti-satellite weapons, decisions to sized its usefulness as a means of persuaddeploy such weapons should wait until the ing the Soviet Union to negotiate seriously administration decides whether to go over reducing nuclear arms: OT A says. ahead with an anti-missile system. since however. that it is "unable to find anyone any plausible anti-missile system would who could propose a plausible agreement also have excellent anti-satellite potential. for offensive arms reductions and a coopTim Beardsley

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NATURE AND -----l-LONOON, ENGL \ WEEKLY 21 .600 NOV 7 L985 SDI Star wars critics criticized Washington & J 'i J-y T11E US Congress's Office of Te~hnology Assessment (OTA). no strangcrto con'irov'crsy ... over President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). has run into yet another dispute on the sub ject. Dr Robert Jastrow. an independent authority on missile defence, and Dr Frederick Seitz, chairman of the Defense Science Board, last week protested that the majority of an OT A advisory panel that supervised a recent OT A report on SDI (see Nature 26 September, p. 276) were "strongly opposed" to SD I, and that OT A staff were biased against the project. One of Jastrow and Seitz's chief com plaints is that the OT A advisory panel, of which Seitz was a member, did not vote to endorse the report, and that there was no outside review. OT A's report concluded .thaLSD~ill increase national security only if the project achieves greattecnriical success and if the Soviet Union cooperates in a negotiated arms reduction. Peter Sharf man, OT A's international security programme manager, replies to the critic ism by pointing out that OT A s advisory panels never vote on staff reports and that their function is to provide independent review. The Jastrow/Seitz attack on OT A,,was made at a briefing held by the Hefoage Foundation, a conservative think-tank with strong links with the Reagan administration. Seitz was recruited to the advisory panel after General D,micl Graham. a strong advocate of SDI. had resigned. also alleging bias. Sharfrnan rejects categor ically the charge that a majority of the panel were 0strongly oppo~ed .. to SDI. and denies the suggestion that OTA staff were stretched beyond their limits. Apart from the procedural issues. Seitz and Jastrow say that OT A failed to take account of numerous technical advances in missile defence in the past year. In their view, progress has been so encouraging that key demonstrations of SDI technolo gy might be feasible 10 years sooner than was expected. with deployment possible during the 1990s. Among the advances named are the free electron laser. electro magnetic rail guns and a new type of rocket engine, SCRAMJET. OT A replies that it was familiar with the technologicatadvam;es but11v6ided givin ... ~,_,. __ performance details because they arc classified: all the technoloc:ies mentioned -.:. r: hy Seitz and Jastrow. cxd~ding SCRAM JET. arc described in the OTA report. And in reply t,, a criticism that OTA ,wn estimated the dfcctivencs~ of Soviet countermeasures, OT A says it regrets that specific technical objections were not raised by the advisory panel before the report's publication. Tim Heardsley 0 /lulli:it1( Mi.ntlt' J),frm T., h1wlo,i:1t.'.\ < )ff1ff ol r~< lur1t/m: 1 .-\Hc'.Hltlt'nf. /W("'

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-----...... ... ____ -------... .~----r--, MINNEAPOLIS STAR AND TRIBUNE MINNEAPOLIS, MN 0. 373,145 s. !590,985 SEP 2fi 1985 The t'~~liti,:S of Star Wars \ No slouclutpu~ns, the Soviet Oilton now ham, .a leading SDI proponent, used a strikingly proposes Star Peace. The pbrase came from Ed-similar formulattoa. this week. The experts who uard Shevardnadze, the new Soviet foreign minis-wro~ the congressional report. he said, made "po ter, addressing the U.N General Assembly this lltical judgments, not technological." week. If his wording was awkward, his timing was noL Shevardnadze delivered his pitch just as the congressional Qfflce of Technolo8l__ Assessment -Graham and Teller are only half righl Because the purpose of nuclear strategy ls to prevent the use of nuclear arms, polltical-judgment-is.-an-essential ingr~enl So Is technology. Both kinds of ingredlents \are evident in the congressional report on mistle defense and the accompanying report on anttsatelllte weapons. ---lofteda-report questioning-the-wlsdoiii-of--Star Wars, the missile-defense plan known officially as the strategic Defense Initiative or SDI. Opportunities for propaganda abound. The most pemtdous will be the cialm by some SDI advocates that Star Wars critics play the Soviets' -game. The findings make good sense. The most impo~t Such charges are not new. Nuclear physicist Ed. point,tn the Star Wars report is that a sophisticated ward Teller, often called the father of the H-bomb. missile defense could reduce the threat of nuclear ---iis" -"also'"""""'the-father-of:-tb.e-S:E>L--Frustrated-by-aitical~y-tn-certain-circumstancs--Missile-invena .i colleagues, be bas asserted that '"We are under a toriest;wollld have to be greatly rettuced so that the -,#. propaganda attack from the Soviet Union, aided by defense could not be overwhelmed. Anns reduc misinformation from our own media and many of tions require hard negotiations and Soviet cooperaour own scientists." Arguments about SDI, accordtion. The administration's insistence that SDI Is ing to Teller, "are primarily political and philonon-negotiable seems designed to stymie negotiasopbical, not technical." Retired Gen. Daniel Grations and discourage cooperation. .. _; ... r .,

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OTA Study Highlights Star Wars Difficulties r Ensuring the survival of most U.S. cities in the face of a concerted Soviet nuclear attack is infeasible, according to a new report by the Office of Tech nology Assessment (OT A). The 325page report, released on 25 Septem ber after a 16-month investigation of President Reagan's "Star Wars" pro posal, states that the difficulties of mounting such a city defense "can be overcome only if the attack is limited by restraints on the quantity and quali ty of the attacking forces." Fortunately, it suggests, the Reagan Adminis tration recognizes this problem and has abandoned a perfect defense of cities as the program's primary goal. Instead, the 5-year multibillion dol lar research effort is now aimed mere ly at reducing the threat posed by Soviet ballistic missiles to both cities and military assets. The difficulty is that an appreciable dent is unlikely to be made in this threat without "negoti ated deep reductions in offensive forces," the report states. In short, Soviet cooperation is needed, not only to make a comprehensive missile de fense feasible but also to ensure that the strategic balance remains stable. "Without such an agreement, as the United States and the Soviet Union so SCIENCE. VOL. :Jo begin to deploy [ballistic missile de fense), each might easily suspect the other of attempting to gain military advantage by seeking the ability to destroy most of the opponent's land based missiles and then use defenses to keep retaliatory damage to a very low level"-a perfect recipe for a first strike capability, the report states. "It is important to note, however, that no one has yet specified just how such an arms control agreement could be formulated." A companion study, which focuses on antisatellite weapons, concludes that the existing Soviet ASAT poses only "a limited threat to U.S. military capabilities, but future space systems could pose a much greater t~reat." A ban on tests of space weapons would inhibit development of such systems, as well as "reduce the cost and com plexity of ensuring a reasonable level of satellite survivability," but it would not eliminate all ASAT threats. If the reaction of OT A's overseers is any indication, even these mild con clusions are likely to be controversial. Five of the 12 members who sit on the OTA congressional board voted not to release the "Star Wars" report, while 7 voted in favor of publication. -R. JEFFREY SMITH

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,;; / .!:--. .i :t.'.. ;~ ~-~ 't.; i' t: -~-;t, ., l.t: ,,. !, --~ it:. i:: ,,. \ i ; l,'. '. 1;,. : ( .. i :, !;: I I j I I I I J I ifi' f ~'!i ., ')\ ,; J I ':1 f .. :, .. I .. ;: :/' ,. I \*f 1_ ~, 1 ) l -... L --::~---:------= I if I I ; i j research has so far met adamant rejec tion. Reagan restated his position after seeing Shevardnadze. -... .. NatiQn ., ., C' I Times, they said thaq a trade-off has "the mak--i ngs of an agreement of historic proportions." It was the threat of an American breakthrough in strategic-defense capa bility that brought Moscow back to the bargaining table last March afte't a 16-month absence. 1That same fear appears to have produced the Soviets' new willing ness to negotiate on warheads. Now Gor bachev is adroitly reversing the pressure, using the prospect of real reductions in of fensive weaponry to lure the U.S. away from SDI. The Soviet leader is also revers ing the historic ftow of arms-control pro posals. Traditionally the U.S. proposes, 0 Capitol Hill t~ere is some senti, ment for limiting SDI appropria,{ tions. That lingering skeptic.ism If found new sup rt last week m a and the Soviet Union disposes. Reagan is under pressure from other sources as well. ;Many Government alum ni in the national-security community argue that SOi's main value is as a bar gaining lever. ,Gerard Smith and Paul;: Warnke, who ~egotiated for the Nixon and Carter Administrations respectively, contended last, week that full develop ment of defensive weaponry would "drive the nuclear arms race to an even higher level." W1ting in the New York( study published by the o re Technolo A ss e The 32S pagerepor 01fm1ss1 e e enses concluded that SDI would not pEuce an effective shield for U.S. popula ton centers. While Star Wars weaponry c uld protect missile sites to a considerabl extent, actual de ployment on both sidj. s, unless governed by a Soviet-America treaty, might in crease the temptatio of one nation to strike first. "There is great uncertainty," the analysts said, "about the strategic situation that would ariset Defense Secretat1 Caspar Weinber ger, in an interview with TIME, said of the congressional study,~'Wrong, just plain wrong." Now one o sol's most fervent supporters in the Ad inistration, Wein berger said the findi gs assume that SDI systems would be vu! erable to saturation .it \ TIME NEW YORK, NY w. 4,667,469 ~. .. OCT 7 1985 BU!(,~s ....--...... ,.. attacks by an aggressor, like the 1970-vin tage antiballistic missile. "But," Weinberger insisted, "we're talking about a totally different strategic defense, which cannot be overwhelmed simply by the addition of more numbers." Not everyone in the Administration. however, shares Weinberger's-and Reagan's-unalloyed enthusiasm for Star Wars. The latest Soviet offer could have the effect of strengthening the faction in side the Administration that still hopes to obtain an important arms agreement. Reagan wants that as well, if he can somehow reconcile that goal with his de sire for an effective defense against nuclear attack. Last week's development could prove to be a step in that direction. It could also enlarge the pot at the summit poker game. Before November, Shevardnadze said, "We have quite a lot of things to do ahead of us, and we'll meet frequently with you." Without question. the summit's prologue last week was a tantalizing start to that progression. -By Laurence L Barrett. Reported by Johanna McGeary and Barrett Seaman/Washington --------------the republic's 1e rector. "Be1ing could be ,ppressiw, but ~s toughness an assassina-' "A D~dicated colnmuni! n hi, ,ii,.. months i~ ~":.-Sot~!-~:;'..,~.,( Jt t :i, .... ~iii,, ; .: :?-~-Y "_.,, .. -~ ,; ... 1~1 ~ 1

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A p p, F er us kE ar A Lea !.\!!m 9 Via1 Stam u ADC New Technologies Could Help Meet Electricity Demand Beyond 2000 If electricity demand growth increases in the early 1990s, conventional central station generation capacity will probably be the first choice of utilities. But this is not enough. Accelerating the availability of new smallerscaleL more flexible technologies could be a prudent way to give electric utilities more choices in accommodating future uncertainties. During the 1970s, the environment for utility investment decisions changed from a relatively predictable continua tion of past trends to a highly uncer tain and increasingly complex maze of interrelated financial, regulatory, and technology considerations. As a result, electric utilities are now taking steps to increase their flexibility in planning for adequate electricity supply, according to the Office of Technology Assess ment. Among these are environmental and efficiency improvements to con ventional power generation, life exten sion of existing powerplants, purchase of power from other sources, and pos sible reliance on new technology. The reasons for likely slow deploy ment of these technologies in the 1990s vary, says OTA. For the Atmos pheric Fluidized Bed Combustion (AFBC), integrated coal-gasification/ combined-cycle (IGCC), and compressed air energy storage (CAES), the initial commercial plants are likely to require too long a plan ning, permitting, and construction lead-time for them to be completed in the 1990s. In particular, early work on the IGCC and AFBC shows that lead times can be as short as 5 to 6 years. For the other technologies, Including fuel cells, geothermal, wind, photovol taics, solar-thermal, battery storage and load management, development will have to be stepped-up in order to resolve cost and performance uncer tainties to the satisfaction of utility and nonutility investors, and to reduce costs to competitive levels. OTA points out, however, that utili ties are more cautious than they were a decade ago about investing in new technology, and they impose rigorous performance tests on investment alter natives. In order to accelerate develop ment and deployment of new technolo gies, advanced commercial demon stration projects are especially important, as has been shown by several efforts, sponsored by industry and gov ernment, and managed by the utilities. Also, by working closely with regulaexcerpted from Nftl Electric Power Technologies Prob l~m and Prospcts for the 1990s, Congressional Office ,-,fT,-.rhnnlno:v A~sessment. July 1985. tors and carefully managing construc tion, these demonstration projects as well as initial commercial plants are less likely to require long lead-times. Where cost and performance im provement is of greatest concern primarily for photovoltaics, solar-ther mal, geothermal, and batteries one approach to accelerating development would be to concentrate Federal research and development efforts on those technologies. For load manage ment, as well as fuel cells, photovol taics, solar thermal technologies, and batteries, economies of scale in manu facturing would reduce costs substan tially. Specific generating technologies Foremost among new technologies offering the potential of significant de ployment In the 1990s are srnall (be low 100 .llfWeJ AFDC plants in cogeneratfon applications and larg er (100 to 200 .llfWeJ AFBC retro fits to existing coalfired poaierplants. By 1990, plants of both types will be operating. Over a dozen com mercial cogeneration plants using AFBC have been started by nonutillties, and two large utility retrofit proj ects are underway. These first plants appear capable of producing electricity at lower costs than their solid-fuel burning competitors (including the IGCC and large, electric-only, grass roots AFBCs) in the 1990s. The pros pects are good that additional orders -perhaps mostly from nonutilities will be forthcoming and that large numbers of these AFBC units could be operating by the end of the century. While the prospects for wind turbines are clouded by the anticipated termination of the Renewable Energy Tax Credits (RTC) and other potential tax changes, the outlook nevertheless appears promising. By the end of 1984, an estimated 650 MWe were in place in wind farms in the United States, mostly in California (550 MWe). Over the early 1980s, capital costs have dropped rapidly and perfor-mance improved swiftly. Improve ments are expected to continue, and the cost of electric power from wind turbines, even unsubsidized ones, in high-wind parts of the country may soon be considerably lower than power from many of their competitors. The rate of improvement will be heavily in fluenced by future trends in the avoided costs or "buy-back rates" offered by utilities to nonutility electricity producers. Should these costs be low or uncertain, technological develop ment and application will be slowed. Conversely, high avoided costs, stimu lated perhaps by rising oil and gas prices or shrinking reverse margins of generating capacity, might consider ably accelerate their contribution. Although geothermal develop ment has been substantial compared to other technologies, most of this de velopment has occurred at The Geysers in California; an unusual high-quality dry steam resource (one of only seven known in the world) that can be tapped with mature technolo gy. All other geothermal resources in the U.S. require less developed tech nology to generate power. Two developing geothermal technol ogies, though, are currently being demonstrated on a small scale and show promise for commercial applica tions in the West. Current evidence in dicates that these technologies dual flash and binary systems -are very close to being commercial, and that cost and performance will be competi tive. Small binary units (about 10 MWe) are already being deployed commercially. These developments, coupled with the fact that the technol ogies can be put in place with lead times of 5 years or less, suggest that they could produce considerable elec tric power in the West by the end of the century. As is the case with wind pow er. the growth rate of geothermal pow er will be sensitive to Federal and State tax policy. Initial commercial application of fuel cells should appear in the early energy Fall Issue/ 1985

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-1990s. primarily fired with natural gas. The large and potentially varied market (it includes both gas and elec tric utilities as well as cogenerators), the very short lead-times, factory fab rication of components, and a variety of operational and environmental ben efits all suggest that when cost and performance of fuel cell powerplants become acceptable, deployment could proceed rapidly. The principal obsta cle to fuel cells making a significant contribution seems to be insufficient Initial demand to justify their mass production. For such demand to appear in the 1990s, extensive commer cial demonstration in the late 1980s will probably be necessary. The development rate of plaotouol tafca (PV) has been considerable in recent years, but the technical chal lenge of developing a PV module that is efficient, long-lasting, and inexpen sive remains. While technical progress and deployment of photovoltaics in the U.S. are likely to be slowed by termin ation of the RTC or by other changes in Federal or State tax law, or by de clining avoided costs, industry activity is likely to remain intense. Aided by in terim markets of specialized applica tions and consumer electronics, PVs could develop to the poiat where com petitive grid-connected applications at least begin to appear in the 1990s. In the 1990s, overseas markets may dominate the Industry's attention, stimulating and supporting improve ments in cost and performance, and encouraging mass production to further reduce costs. However, European and Japanese vendors, assisted by their respective governments, have been more successful than U.S. ven dors in developing these markets. For eign competition is likely to be a major concern for U .S vendors over the next decade. Of the solar daenaal taclanologfes. solar parabolic dish technolo gies offer the most promise over the next 10 to 15 years; although with cur rent uncertainty In cost and perfor mance, solar troughs may be competi tive as well. Characteristics of some solar dish and trough designs indicate that they could be rapidly put in place in areas such as the Southwest. The cost of power generation using these designs In such regions could be very close to those of conventional alterna tives. Some demonstration and subsid ized commercial units already are op erating. Full commercial application, how ever, will require further demonstra tions of the technologies over extended periods of time; such demonstrations 6ergy Fall Issue/ 1985 -----------------------------must be started no later than 1990 If the technologies are to be considered seriously by investors in the 1990s. The likelihood of such demonstrations appears now to depend on the avail ability of some kind of subsidy. In par ticular, development of the technology to date has depended heavily on the RTC. Other solar thermal technologies, including central receivers and solar ponds, while showing long-term promise, are unlikely to be competitive with other electric generating alternatives or have sufficient commercial demon stration experience to yield any significant contribution through the 1990s. The central receiver, however, is of continuing interest to some South western utilities in the long term because it offers a favorable combination of advantages including the potential for repowering applications, high efficiency. and storage capabilities. Along with new generating technol ogies, this assessment examined two electric energy storage technologies compressed air energy storage (CAES) and batteries -that show long-term promise in electric utility applications. Because of potentially long lead times, CAES appears to have only limited prospects in the 1990s. The large-scale (6100 MW) version of this technology (called maxi-CAES) cur rently has an estimated lead-time of 5 to 8 years; of this, licensing and per mitting and other preconstruction ac tivities is expected to take 2 to 4 years. Moreover, while commercial installa tions are operating in Europe, no plant yet exists in the U.S. Despite strong evidence that this technology offers an economic storage option, CAES Is un likely to be the target of much invest ment until a demonstration plant is built. No plans for a demonstration plant currently exist. Further, while a demonstration project should prove the technology, the peculiar under ground siting problems and unfamil iarity with the CAES concept may still limit early application. A smaller alternative mini-CAES ( + 100 MW) promises to have a much shorter lead-time due to modu larity of the above-ground facilities and short (30-month) construction lead-times. Here too, however, unless a demonstration plant is started In the next few years, extensive deployment before the end of the century is im probable. Resolution of a variety of cost and performance uncertainties remains be fore extensive use of aduanced bat tery stora11e syatenas can be antici pated. If the technical problems can be 10,000 kW solar powered electric plant near Barstow, CA. resolved in a timely fashion and dem onstration programs are successful however, rapid deployment in electri~ utility applications could occur, due to the short lead-times and cost reduc tions associated with mass production. Of the candidates, lead-acid and zinc halogen batteries appear to show the most promise. Conventional alternatives To the extent that new generating capacity is needed at all over the next two decades, conventional pulverized coal plants, combustion turbines, and advanced combined-cycle plants will continue to be the principal benchmark against which utilities and others will compare developing gener ating technologies. Utilities are very interested, however, in smaller unit sizes of even these technologies. Also, if nuclear power Is to become a realiz able choice again for utilities, it is likely to involve smaller, standardized units. If hydroelectric opportunities are available, they are likely to be exploited In both run-of-river and pumped storage applications; few new hydroelectric opportunities, though, are likely through the 1990s. Similar ly, refuse steam plants, biomass tech nologies (e.g., wood waste-fired power generation), slow-speed diesels, and vapor-dominated geothermal plants all use mature technologies so that where opportunities exist, they are likely to be chosen over newer technol ogies. In addition, enhancements to con ventional plants such as limestone Injection in coal boilers, coal-water fuel mixtures, and others will all be re viewed carefully along with new gener ating technologies as utilities plan for new capacity. The availability of such enhancements could significantly affect the relative attractiveness of new technologies in the 1990s. Plant betterment By 1995, the U.S. fossil steam capa city will have aged to the point where over a quarter of the coal and nearly 5

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half of the oil and gas steam units na tionwide will be over 30 years old. In the past, the benefits of new technolo gy often outweighed the benefits of ex tending the useful lives of existing gen erating facilities, rehabilitating such facilities to improve performance or upgrade capacity, or even repowering such plants with alternative fuels. All of these so-called plant betterment op tions are receiving renewed interest by utilities because plants "reaching their 30th birthday" over the next decade have attractive unit sizes ( 100 MW or larger) and performance (heat rates close to 10,000 BtuikWh). For that reason. rehabilitating or simply ex tending the lives of such units. fre quently at much lower anticipated cap ital costs than that of new capacity, are often very attractive options for many utilities. Prospects are particu larly bright if units are located at sites close to load centers and the rehabili tation does not trigger application of New Source Performance Standards, i.e more stringent air pollution con trols. In many instances, plant betterment can also improve efficiency up to 5 to 10% and/ or upgrade capacity. Addi tional benefits from such projects in clude possible improvements in fuel flexibility or reduced emissions of ex isting generating units at modest cost relative to that of new capacity. Final ly. an initial market for some new tech nologies such as the AFBC are in re powering applications, e.g .. where an existing pulverized coal plant is retro fitted with an AFBC boiler. Load management While load management is not a substitute for all new capacity needs, it can enable a given capacity to satisfy a greater customer base. and operate at maximum efficiency. It is now em ployed by some utilities and being seri ously considered by many others to improve their load factor -the ratio of average to peak load. Since base load generating equipment is generally more thermally efficient than peak load equipment, one of the principal goals of load management is to encourage a shift of demand to off-peak periods. The other is to defer the need for costly new generating capacity by inhibiting demand during peak peri ods. This assessment focuses on tech nology-based direct load control tech nologies employing advanced meters and utility-owned or controlled load control systems. A potentially important feature of toad management is that it can help reduce future demand growth uncertainty if the saturation and use of load management devices can be more accurately predicted. If such predictions are not possible. how ever. then increased load management may actually increase demand uncer tainty. Based on the results of current load management programs and on-going experiments, load management tech nologies are expected to be able to be Table Developing Technologies: Major Electric Plants Primary s-rces Technology Wind turbines4 Solar thermal electric: Central receiver Parabolic trough Parabolic dish Solar pond Photovoltaics: Flat plate Concentraior Geothermal: Dual flash Binary: Small Capacity 550+ MWe (gross)b 100+ MWe(gross) ? MWi 10 MWe(net)" 0.75 MWe 14 MWe(net) 30 MWe(net) 0.025 MWe(ned 2 0.025 MWe(ned 2 x 0.025 MWe(ned 3.6 MWe None MWe (de. gross) l MWe (de, gross) 1 MWe (de, gross) 6.5 MWe (de, gross) 0.75 MWe (de, gross) 4.5 MWe (de. gross) 1.5 MWe (de, gross) 3.5 MWe (de. gross) 10 MWe 10 MWe 47 MWe(netJ 32 MWe(net) 2 X 3,5 MWe 3 X 0.3 MWe 3 x 0.4 MWe 10 MW., l 0.75 MWe(gross) 3 0.35 MWe(gross) 3 0.45 MWe(gross) Location ofFunds Status California wind farms Nonutility Installed U.S. wind farms outside Nonutility Installed of California All U.S. wind farms Nonutility Under construction ( 1986) Daggett, CA Utility, nonutility, and Installed Government Albuquerque. NM Utility, nonutility, and Installed Government Daggett, CA Nonutillty Installed Daggett. CA Nonutility Under construction ( 1986) Palm Springs, CA Government Installed Various locallons Nonutility Installed Various locations Nonutillty Under construction Warner Springs, CA Nonutility Installed Sacramento, CA Utility and Government Installed Sacramento, CA Utility and Government Under construction ( 1985) Hesperia, CA Nonutility Installed Carrlsa Plains, CA Nonutility Installed Carrisa Plains. CA Nonutility Under construction Borrego Springs. CA Nonutility lnstalled9 Davis. CA Nonutility lnstalled9 Barstow, CA Nonutillty Installed9 Brawley, CA Utility1 nonuti!ity Installed Salton Sea, CA Utility_ non utility Installed Heber.CA Nonuti!lty Under construction ( 1985) Salton Sea, CA Nonutility Under construction ( 1985) Mammoth.CA Nonutility Installed Hammersly Canyon, OR Nonutility Installed Hammersly Canyon. OR Nonutility lnstalleJ' East Mesa. CA Nonutility Installed Wabuska, NV Nonutility Installed Lakeview, OR Nonutility lnstalledh Lakeview, OR Nonutility lnstallecf atncludes sma~and m_edtum-sized wind turbines. bApproximately 550 MWe were operating in California at the end of 1984. his not known how much additionaJ capacitv was instaJled by May 198!, Approximately 100 MWe were operating outide of California at 1he end of 1984. It is nor known how much addlrional capacity hdd been installed outside California by May 1985. It is not known how much capacity was under cons1ruct10n on May l. 1985. e,-J,is facility, the SoJar One Pilot pJanit. is nor: 11 commercial-scal-e plant and differs in other im portani way$ from th_e type of system which mig;t be deployed commercially in the 1990s. 'This installation consists of only one electricity producing module: a commerdal instaUatlOn ?robably would consist of hundreds of ~odutes. Ooly 10% ~f the modules were operating at the time because ol problems with the power conversion sy,stems. hlnstalled but not operat mg. pending contractual ne901iarions wrth utllities. 'The equ1pmenr modules have been delivered to the sire: site preparation, however, has not started. JThese units are not commercial-

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1 deployed at costs below those associated with many conventional generat ing alternatives. In many instances, however, these costs cannot be reached without substantial utility demand to encourage manufacturers to realize volume production economies. Widespread deployment of load management in the 1990s will depend on continued experimentation by utili ties to resolve operational uncertainties; the refinement of load management equipment and techniques, in cluding adequate demonstration of communications and load control sys tems: development of incentive rate structures: and a better understanding of customer acceptance. Commitments to initiate load management systems will also depend on the nature of a utility's demand patterns and ca pacity mix, the attitudes of utility decisionmakers, and on public utility com mission actions. The degree of public utility commission support, in particu lar, is likely to be very important to load management in the next decade. Other approaches OT A discusses other approaches that can complement Federal efforts in technology development. The re-emer gence of nonutility power production is and can continue to be an important test bed for some of these new generat ing technologies. For nonutility power producers, the Renewable Energy Tax Credit (RTC) and the recovery of full avoided costs under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) have been crucial in the initial commercial development and deployment of wind and solar generating technologies. Without some form of favorable tax treatment -based either on capacity or production and high avoided costs, continued development of much of the domestic renewable power tech nology industry may be slowed signifi cantly. Even for those technologies for which development would continue if the RTC were withdrawn, e.g., geo-thermal and wind, that development would be accelerated with favorable tax treatment. Cooperative agreements among util ities, public utility commissions. and the Federal government can provide another mechanism for supporting ad vanced commercial demonstration projects of new technologies. Utility in volvement would likely increase if pub lic utility commissions were to encourage greater R&D expenditures by elec tric utilities. Projects also could be fi. nanced with an equity contribution from the utility and the remainder through a "ratepayer loan" granted by the commission, possibly guaranteed by the Federal government. The contribution of new generating technologies is likely to increase if util ities are allowed full benefits under PURPA; if the restrictions on the use of natural gas in power generation are removed; and if the mechanisms for wheeling of power through utility ser vice territories are streamlined.= Installed or Under Construction by May 1, 1985 Technology Binary (continued): Large Fuel cell: Large SmaJli Smalli Fluidized-bed combutora: Large grass roots Large retrofit Small cogeneration IGCC" Batterie: Leadacid0 Zinc chloride CAES: Mini Maxi Capacity 4. 1.25 MWe(gross) 3 X 0.85 MWe(gross) 45 MWe(net) None 38 X 0,04 MWe(net) 5 0.04 MWe(net) 160 MWe 100 MWe 125 MWe 125 MWe 30 MWe 25 MWe 15 MWe 67 MWe 90 MWe1 50 MWem 3.5 MWe 28 MWe 2.8 MWe 24 MWe 20 MWe 100 MWe 0.5 MWe NoneP None None Primary Sourcu Location of Fund Sttu Sulfurville, UT Nonutility Under construction ( 1985 i Sulfurville, UT Nonutllity Under construction (1985i Heber, CA Utility, nonutility and Installed Government Various locations Utility, nonutility, and Installed Government Various locations Utility, nonutility, and Under construction Government Paducah, KY Utlli!V' and Government Under construction (1989) Nucla.CO Utili!V' Under construction (1987) Burnsville, MN Utili!V' Under construction (1986) Brookesville, Fl Nonutility Under construction (1986) Colton.CA Nonutility Under construction (1985) Fort Wayne, IN Nonutility Under construction (l 986i lone, CA Nonutility Under construction ( 1987) Chester, PA Nonutility Under construction ( 1 986) Decatur, IL Nonutility Under construction (1986) Cedar Rapids, IA Nonutility Under construction (1987) Pekin, IL Nonutility and Installed Government Pontiac, Ml Nonutility Under construction (1986) Washington, DC Nonutility and Installed Government Enfield, ME Nonutility Under construction ( 1986) Chinese Station, CA Nonutility Under construction (1986) Daggett. CA Utility, nonutility. and Installed Government Newark, NJ Utility and Government Installed scale units. Ktnduding the Electric Power Research Institute. 'This is the total capaCity which may be generated from the four AFBC boilers which will be installed. "'This Is the total ca pacity which may be generated &om the two AFBC boilers which will be instaUed. Rwhile this installation. the Cool Water unit. usn commercial-scale components. the installation itself is not a commercial-scale installation. 0While this installation at the Battery Energy Storage Test Facility uses a commercial-scale battery rnodule. the installation itself is not a commer cial-scale installation. PA 0.5-MWe zinc chloride commercial-scale battery module was. however, operating at the Battery Energy Storage Test facility until early 1985. Soorce: Office of Technology Assessment.

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. .. ~........ ... .. u .S. Indicates It Would Be Less Hurt South Africa by Chrome Cutoff U> I ,111,J Pre.r., /111,mat1<111al None of the four metals 1s pn que111:c~ h1r 1hc Umte,1 :-itatc,. but a WASHINGTON -U.S. offi-dm.:ed in the United States. hut !;tumium is one of the metaltic impressing a local political audi-rctali.,ti,,n. He saiJ 1ha1 d1r,,miu111 ,,res known as the Big Four. The ence, not at sending a dangc:r signal :11n,,unts 11, ,inly ab,ut 1 percent ,,f ,11hers are cobalt, manganese and around the world. th~1t r11111trl', gr11,, n:ni,,n.il prod-the platinum group of metals. all of Not onlv are the Western u,1 which South Africa supplies. countries less \1'lnerable than the\ Tht ,:u.iv tw ',c ,,,11,;rcs.,i11nal :\ rt.-cent book ... The World of used 10 be. but South Africa. h.:-Offin of t\,hn,h,!,!: .\~.,.:ssmcnt S1ra1cg,ic Metals." quotes a steel cause of the drop in thi: price ,,I saal thar 1ill' h1i1,d Slates has ,,,mpany e.~ecutive as saying: gold and the economic problem, wcath.:rt'd f,,u, ..:utnffs ,,f such ma"Without these you couldn't build growing from the political disrup-t.:riab ,in,, W,1rld War ti wi1h,1u1 .i Jet engine or an automobile. run a lions, has become more vulnerat>le dire c,,nsc<.1uo.:nu train. build an oil refinery or a ec(lnomically. power plant. You couldn't process fill.xi. under present laws, or run a Other Assessments Differ <1ri1ary restaurant or a hospital .perating room. You couldn't t'luil,1 a computer. clean up 1he air A U.S. congressman knnwledg.: ahle on the subject said Tuesda, thar a chromium embargo w,,ult! have serious econ0mic cnn~t and w,1ter." :--r.--,; :JiINTERNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE PARIS, FRANCE o. 1! 1.nr.11] nr.T 7,1 i'1xS Bv~s On tw,, ,,f lh",c: (,n:asions d1rnmo.: wa., 1lw rna1eria! withheld. lllll'c' 111 ih.: lat.: llJ..1<1,. when the S, vi-cl \: nl()JJ h;tl1,:d its .,uppli.:s. .ind I hr nth,r fr, o;n l l/,/, 1,, 1972. when th, l:n11,cl :-.:.,ti,lli~ imroscd .111 cmh;,n:o 1111 Rh,nlc:,iau d1romi-11111 r11c ,1udv .,,11d ln.ll 111Justn has 1he al:iilil\' 1,1 Jc:,e1<1p :1d, a need malcriab tr, suhs1i1utt' f,r dirume in all,,y, and ,,ther ,tppli,a11,>ns. and that muth chromium c111 he recnv t"rctl w,th rccyding. l\1 a i.:s,cr CK!<:nt. ii .~aiJ. th, Uni1td Slate, can dl,d,1p othtr c,,untri<'.' a, -.,urces \..:.:ordin~ to 1hc ,n1d,. South \fnca an,,u111ed f,,1 .1.1 r~r..:cn1 \If ,,,,rid pn1,rtt',i 4is ;. ,~ :'1:r 1 1f !h ,ufphc-.:,. fr,,01 S ..1uth \;r, .... 111d .. :"'t.'r'-crn fr,tm th,: Si .-.:: J :11,.111 .1, !111 I) \t, ,;,,;, Ir .:i11d ,taff ,tii1.t :n1 th,_.' I -~ Btirt-;u; t)f !\.tin,,. p111111lh.:r niu1,r.1L, ;l~ ..;uh ... tirut,.-. -.th.:h :1. ... 1u11~:-,,h .. 'n and ,ther'.\ f(\Uth.l in lhL' t:n;tld Sutt, ... He.. ,~Jh.1 :lien: :-.till !r~ 1lh1 ~'1l11l1ru~, \11.ith ;,:hr,,,niurn -,,c;\;._, !h.11 ,.\1uld hl' "-~,i.\d-iiped tu : q>l,:,:t ,Jti--\I l ]\".? iP '.h"l:' l,1 \ l"llt l,( : ....

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ROCK !!!U .t SG H~flAlu u. 2~.no OCT 23 1985 BUB./f!:!:fi :,,j., ',,. ..... : ; ;i. Et: :; t ., ':/: ~-~.;j "' .. :: t l' ,; .t J -~-.,; ;~ ,, -/ '., ., ti :-tr:-/~~if.: _;,._ }: (, .l ____ iJ. f OpinU1,ns divided-on ef feet of chroniium cutoff 'r,WASHINGTON (AP~ L South African PresiFuqua said. "This is as critical as petroleum imposed an embargo on Rhodesian chromium. t4ent .P.W. Botha's thr~at,:~o embargo chro-products in the long run. We haven't been deThe study said industry has the ability to de-: ;Jnlwttiexpo$ from his cow\tcy to the United veloping any national policy toward this." velop advanced materials to substitute for ; fStates 1n retaliation for anti-apart,ll.eid saneFuqua, -whose committee has conducted chromium in alloys and other applications, and l ;tions bas sparked disagreement among experts hearings on the dependence on South African that much chromium can be recovered with re h?ver the impa<;t qf such a m~e. -......... mat~rials, said the g~vernment should,take an cycling. To a les~er extent, it said, the United '. i. iThe State Departmenhaid it would not com-"aC.,tive. role in developing alternative sources States can develop other countries as sources. ment Tuesday on Botha's remarks, made Mon-and"sq~itute materials. \, ~Y 1n South Afri<;a. Bc;,tha said his country ~ome experts have doubted South Africa ''.' icould put a mi.llion__Am_ ericans out of work by wilbl~ retaliate against U.S. eco.nom. ic .sane-., pplng chromium exports. tions through a chromium cutoff because of the : :I ClUng U.S. de~dence. on South Africa as a importance of that mineral to its economy. ;. 1':Uppller for chroajjum, Botha said: "By But Fuqua said South Africa might b~ ang_: ~l~gging a hole for S.outh. Africa, they could e_nd ered enough to forgo the income apd jo.J>s for p harming themselves." the sake of retaliation, however, ~ecause chro-.i Chromium is one of several "strategic mate, mium amounts to only about 1 percent of that ~ls," along with.manganese, cobalt and platicountry's gross national product. n,um, of which southern Africa is a primary :upplfer for the United States and other West .nations. ,Chrorlum has .myriad metal ap ~-_licat,ions, including aircraft, automobiles and .Yeryday consumer products. r Er. Rep. Don Fuqua, D-Fla., cbairman of the ouse Science and TechnolQgy Committee, id Botha's threat should be taken seriously cause a cutoff of chromium could have ~rious economi'c consequences. Sudden and : tprolong~ loss o~ supplies could hurt the auto Industry 1n particular, he said, and perhaps cost jobs. _.. 1~.dI,..: :... "It could have a great"'tleal of impact," By law, the United States maintains a stock pile of as much as three-years' supply of chro mium for national security uses. Industry, how ever, has no more than a one to two ionths' supply stockpiled, experts say. A study released earlier this year by the con gressional. Office of Technolofl~ Assessme-t said, however, tfiaf the 0111 e Staterllas weathered without dire consequence four cut offs of such materials since World War II. On two of those occasions chromium was the material cutoff, once in tht: late 1940s, when the .Soviet.lJnion.halJ;~d its supplies, and the other between 1966 and 1972:when.tnt Unitecl N_atiohs ~ ..... /}~I, \ ,\ "If you go back and look at past supply dis ruptiori ... U.S. industry has shown a substan tial resiliance and flexibility to cope," said a congressional aide, who spoke only on condition he not be identified. According to the OT A study, South Africa ac counted for 34 percent of world production of chromium in 1962. The SovietUnion accounted for 33 percent, and other, lesser sources includ ed Canada, Brazil, Finland, Turkey, India, the Philipines, Albania and Zimbabwe. The !Jnited States, however, imported 48 per cent ot its supplies from South Africa and an other 17 percent from the Soviet Union. 0John D. Morgan Jr., chief staff officer for the Bureau of Mines, pointed to the use of other minerals as substitutes, such as tungsten and others found in the United States. He said there are still other countries with chromium re serves that could be developed to replace South Africa in the event of a cutoff. ./ ,: v"---\, \.,

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. ,. .. ..,-;. METAL BULLETIN SURRY,ENGLAND TWICE WEEKLY OCT 29 1985 Chrome supply set to broaden (.,.,?7Y THE long-term security of chrome supplies is dependent on the continued development of sources outside South Africa and the USSR. This is one of the chief ,,' conclusions of 'The Economics of difficult to replace chrome in stainless steel, substantial reduc tions in demand could be effected by substitution of non-essential stainless products, such as cutlery, and increasing recycling rates. In the longer term, research may enable the chromium content of even stainless steel to be consider ably reduced, the report adds. Meanwhile it seems the stainless steel sector, if not the end-users themselves, could be hit hard by any disruption of chrome sup plies. The report further quotes an Office 9f Te~h!?.
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__._ __ ',. _.,.,,.._ -"-\ .. ;...::liw--.-TIME NEW YORK, NY w. 4,667,469 -Environment--\::iyCOVER STORIES A Problem That Cannot Be Buried The poisoning of America continues The great toxic-wahe mess oozed its way into the nation's consciousness, and its conscience, a little more than five years ago. "An environmental emergency," declared the Surgeon General in 1980. "A ticking time bomb primed to go off," warned the Environmental Protection Agency. The reaction was typically all-American: Congress created a grand sounding "Superfund," a Sl.6 billion, five year crash program designed to clean up thousands of leaking dumps that were threatening to contaminate much of the nation's underground water supplies. Last week that law expired, a victim of wrangling among the Senate, the House and President Reagan over how much more should be dedicated to the cause and who should pay the bill. During its existence, the Superfund dribbled away most of its money on a mismanaged effort that served only to reveal the almost unimaginable enormity of the task ahead. Though Congress is likely to reach an agreement by next month on a new infu The growing awareness of the vast scope of the toxic-waste problem has bred much public anguish but precious little re medial action. The. Qfflce of Techno.l9Jx ,Aae;roso& a researdl arm of Congress, contends that there may be at least 10,000 hazardous-waste sites in the U.S. that pose a serious threat to public health and that should be given priority in any na tional cleanup. The cost, OTA estimates, could easily reach SI 00 billion, or more than $1,000 per U.S. household. Eventu ally, predicts the General Acccounting Office, which also does studies for Con gress, more than 378,000 waste sites may require corrective action. So far the EPA has put only 850 dumps on its priority lis~ sion of money, anywhere from SI O billion over five years (the House proposal) to $5.3 billion (the Reagan Administration's figure), for now the once ambitious pro gram lingers in limbo. Meanwhile, fears about toxic wastes continue to grow. :Each day more and more communities discover that they are living near dumps or atop ground that has been contaminated by chemicals whose once strange names and initials-dioxin, vinyl chloride, PBB and PCB, as well as such familiar toxins as lead, mercury and arsenic-have become household synonyms for mysterious and deadly poisons. "The problem is worse than it was five years ago," .::ontends New Jersey Democrat James Florio, who as a Congressman from one of the most seriously contaminated states became the key author of the 1980 Superfund law. "It's mucry.~J'!luch greater than anyone thought." ".'~ohcedes Lee Thomas, the third director of the scandal tarnished EPA during the Reagan Admin istration: "We have a far bigger problem than we thought when Superfund was en acted. There are far more sites that are far more difficult to deal with than anybody ever anticipated." That comes as no sur prise to Barry Commoner, the venerable environmental gadfly. Says he: "We are poisoning ourselves and our posterity." 76 TIME.OCTOBER 14.1985

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NEW YORK, i~.Y. GUARDIAN w. Z2,ll(lfl NOV fi 1985 -'~ :. 8Ulf/if.E.l.U7S ... I :)t,.fJiimCiv~ :~f'/uperf aattll';t.' .. if)'i :-~~ :~ ...... -li~'L.: ... ,._: .. ""'for ;12 .x e : By BRYAN 1\-!;,PFEIFFEllSit tion when ;"imminent imcl:iubstantial risks"' While e1iviromnentalists stnig~e to upgrade Environmental and indlistry io1,~bave : ~xisi;\ ,. ,~ '' ,. i:?t; :!'~;~. : the old a~t/ Joel ijinchhom, ah analyst at takensides on tw~ bill~ :~g ,Su~;-... ~~tTo-~w: N,,~~il~_has s~g OTA/sa~?Supeifund has "lulled us.into a the federal act designed to :dean''. up the ua, proV1S1ons for alerting ffie public about toxic -false sense of secwity'; K'U'SChhom directed a tion's worst' toxic_ W!_$te d~mps:~~S-year-: 'emissiQDS~~-a~ite. ~~i~J:loward v~on., compi'ebensivc'stildy of Superfu~'sfirst five ol~. program ~pired 0ct;:1 anvuomnell'."\ does~~ polluters tq,:~_!ify local residents years::His_report; issued las~April~ suggests talJSts, armed WI~ a report_JSl!ued by~ ;;.about toi_r:t~tb.at pose~ ~S thatthe toxic Wastedu~p protilem. is greater fice of Technology Assessment CQTA), ~. A compromise on thl.~two bills seems un-than .BPA-admi~-l . critical of the Environmental Protection. likely; In fact-c~vironnli:ntalists are trying to EPApredictstbclistoftoxicsitescouldrun Agency's peri'~-under Su~~--d avoidaco~se foitfear of~ening the as.,high as 220(( with~a cleanup price of $20.6 say tliaf even c:Jeiuiecr dumpsites~ ~oward_ bill~:ltls therefP.1e expected that "?th-billion~ OTAJ,~ti~t!=fl0;OOO ~ites lugginga .. ~at to public health. SJIJ)el'fun4's St~~ bit1n the next mo_nth the~ Rules Committee $100 billi\inij,nce uag;'.While-'OTA'_s tep_Ort ,:: lion budget was cruted' '1,y_ taxing~tors will choose'' one. bill tor floor debate and views: ttio. oiiginal Superfuqd as a temporju-y of hazanJous waste. Bu(the prog1tnfiul!.:'fa1-.: aniendment,!1':~11le:Se~".i~ a Superfund. fix ancfgenerally p~~-EPA e~Ol1S, it Stresleu s~:ptex~ons. .', _'';. '' I bip. in ~~whicfcme environmen~st, ses,~-~Jte~is:.~,: !"~ith Envmmmcntalists hav~ (?Olitin~f:cbarged:J ~d "'WOUid lea~ thc>.lisands.of commumues ..Saperfund's existing 1"esources,.1ts not tech. EPAwitb~urotoidend,fy_and~~on/. '., ac;ally or; ..... ~ible to.,~rma-, dum.psites; Oftbc. agency_s 850 h1gh-ptjority )'liimtl;,-~~~sites in:len::tlian sites,. only six have thus far been cleaned. several decades," the report states. "Cuts in the agency's budget left fe"'!'C people OTA suggests a strategy to upgrade to manage the program or sue polluters;" says Superfund. F'IJ'St; over the next 15 years, EPA Blake Early __ of 'the Siem Club. ~ Another. should identify 1u,1d assess the thousands ofun-.probl~ was :two y~ of Rita_ uvelle," -!'-~~.;.-.:.,:,..-.. ... ii. --,-:-,._., .. known sites .. Then BPA_ ~ould in_i~ n~w Early~Lavelle IS the program's fonner .;.)i'.~ _i._,_,fr,.~~)::.:,J..:-:,,,i.::,,:,:~:';.,.'-irlr."--~ long.atenn: cleaoup.',sttategies, a.vo~ding past administrator, who was fired in 1983 amid techniqQ.esthat made' .. little en~nmental or charges of political favoritism in .disbursing economic csense/'lt is7iJDC)ear whether the Su~d mo~ey. .. OT('-~~ will be, included in the final i <;:}ting_ EPA s poor record dunng. the proleg1Slation. ; ~s fu:st five ~. environ~ are b : ... :. .... :~,.,:;i.;ia:--:'-, ----..,...,,.....,..-pusb.ing for .more money and a-mandatory.,. ci-.. -.. :: ... :~~t,".t: ... ',;'.::i,.:g.. '.:'=:_n::<-, .. .. -_;~:::'~: .-: ,. cleanup_schedu,}ein~y~:Ste~n. A. ,,, -:. .. ... ... -'. bill....,...,.,~ b. :.-'R. ':!~James: Howard '(D-.. .. ..,.......,.~ .... y ti'' .. '' N .J .), who chain the House Public Wc:iits'imd Transportation Committee, bas drawn en vironmental support over a weaker, industry backed House Energy and Commerce Com mittee version sponsored by Rep. John Dingell (]).Mich.). Both bills boost the fund to $10 billion over another five years, but there the similarities end. Congressional debate has .focused on four areas: Cleanup Schedule: The Howard bill mandates EPA to begin cleanup of at least 600 sites by 1990; Dingell would not require any action until 1991. Cleanup Standards: The Dingell bill would allow a site to be declared clean while __ pennittins EPA to waive ce~~ 9...uality standards for toXJC chemicals: The Howmf version requires that sites meet stronger stan dards spelled out in the Clean Water Act and Clean Air Act. Furthermore, if a site continues to pose a hazard after work has been completed, it would_ remain on EPA's list for --ft"'.-:" further attention. -' Citizen Suits: The Howard bill allows /\

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GREENSBORO, NC i NEWS & RECORD DAILY 115,170 SUN. l 2l,lGO .. \ ... ,. OC1 19 1985 BUR'(EU.i?S 'Offi'.~ial s'fYs '::., -~1~" '' l .,,. ... for diposal ~f ha ',;ardous V.~:5te,. ,,, ROCK Hlt~)ft (AP).-~ ;;~/~ c _,i:~, :~~out ex. trainingfoi:,engjnee~~'8J)eCialists. nation's' toxic~ waste l~dfills are ceptio~.,.;\~ere i 'i&ll alterna~ive to "Training' is really' a ;kef'.issue '.'proven.to fail" and:government land,,~posal," ,, hhom said. here,"~~ said/ addingthe'govern-ISn'~ looking hard enough.for. alterMuch of the p olem, he said, lies ment should encourage'tJie':'dev~opnatives, a leading government ex-with'EPA itself ment of specialists in hazardous pe~ on to~cic waste dis~ said The ncy, waste handling._:.}: ,_. '' ~~day .. ,,.: \' mana~its h'.1 ~e told the aud1e?cethat-~e l?. Joel Hirschhorn, semor ~te gr~-, ~d m1 ed the pubhc on catio~. of hazard~!faste,a.&1tes IS at. Congress' Office of T@dm{)lqgy manyJ1azard_ ous aste concerns. often ~ed to~~~--._,_ s~tus of an Assessment tolcr people atteiiaiiig a -, area. .: _,, : ir\'r1gm y' ha~ estimated He,s~~--., .8!1 .. concerned and leak. The only uncertainty is 2,000:,si~s wo ~, q~ for a ~-abo'!lt a disposal-;facility ~~uld orwhen." ~:,pro ,~ but Hirschhorn s. gamze and research the ~Ject. offic~\~ estl ted ~many as "Organize and. try 19, get some The GSX landfill in Sumter Coun. 10. .~tes cou ;be eligible~.. )~ sup. ~~{~chh. JO~. 9:Ud ty is one of two industrial waste '\me lack of blic trust and eon-re&po!JSe ,-to ~'.q'jiestiC?Jl. .. Its ~landfills inAhe Southeast. The;other ftdence is.~well ounded," he said. portant get some sort of techmcal is in Alabama. :, Despite spendi billions of dollars support.in order 1c?batt!e at the lev: Hirschhorn, a forme~ professor at onhazardous w te cleanups around el you.have to do it.on, the University of Wisconsin with a the country, h "d not very much -------, 9octorate in m~tallugical engineer,. bee~;~hie _.1~, was speakin_g .. to a c:onferen~ _,.,Billi'ons; of >.:_;:1,1f,,L .. :: :,~..'.{>;;:::: 1 bemg h~ld at ~~throp College m :1. t&n beefwas '!~ Hill. '"'~:;~_'.t -:).t.1;,. ,.: t ::~tin : ; The two~day~conference, ~hich blockini,the te ended Friday was organized ogy for waste (posai through the office of U.S. Rep. John Spratt, and featured representatives from federal regulatory agen cies, environmental groups and chemical disposal industries. Hirschhorn said the nation is creating an environmental "deficit" that only increases through the use of landfills. Alternative technologies are available, he said, but not used enough by the Environmental Pro tection Agency ... f.,.v;,,:. .-:;:. unsettling that we have this syst that doesn't want to promote d elopment of new technology," H horn said. Instead, he 'd, EPA often takes a less expensi less effective and politically mor expedient course in trying to clean p sites. The problem isn't one that necessarily can be sqlved with more money though, Hir~hhorn said. What is desperately rieeded, he said, is t -.. ..:.;: ..

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MIAMISBURG. OH NEWS w. 8, H 8 OCT 2 3 1985 .iUB_f3EL.L.E1S L_______ t ~bMcEwen ... Y::_: -.. :;\ Superfpd by BOB.McEWEN while _allowin~\he En.;'. permanent clean up can take 6th District Congressman vironmental Prot~on Agency:? place. The legislation also in. No single issu~ d>efore the the :admifilstrative\flexibility it/' cl1:1des a requirement that EPA Congress strikes-, a. more needs to nln an effective and\ 1 not transfer hazardous waste to emotional chord in the'American strent{thened .1Superfund. other sites, thus creating two people than the protection.of our program.; :' sites,:unless no other alternative environment. Our heritage .. One of the most important is available. serves as a constant reminder provisions of the bill is that it Another key provision in the : .' that we have been bl~ed with\ requires EPA tp expand its~ of legislation is. the, e~tablishment ~r vast. natural beauty and. -the most hazardous waste sites of a community s nght to know resources far beyond the scope: known as the National about :c: chemicals used and ., or imagination of most .. of the> Priorities List (NeL) -to at. released at nearby industrial t11ations of .. the ,\i~rld~ Our ;i lea$t 1,600 si~I by ~It directs plants. It r89UU:~ comp,nies to ,.forefathers carved a mche for us ::EPA to begm rogram of xm.Ite public information on i,':~ut of a wildern~SO strikin~ clean~p at One-' ;D!: ~e si~ ~~em~~ly ac_utely toxic SU~ ~d pure that we ~Y protectit pr~en~y on the :. nontY. list sta!l!!~s ~ndled at !heir with fervent paSS1on. immediately and e remainder, facilities. This will better enable For two decades, Congress has of the 'sites within ~wo years. It community officials to be taken th~ initiative in addressing requires'actual cleanups to 1;>egin p;rep~red _for em~rgency key environmental concerns.;. at at least 150 sites each year. S1tuatiot1 which may anse ; .. -.: ~-',. TheClean Water Act, the Clean ;:: L r i . -:.~::,-. ~-~.'-Air "Act and more reeenpy, a THENEWSupeqwidprogram FJNALLY, THE bill calls for progral;l!to clean up hazarcfous provides fWJ.ds (or alternative State Emergency Response waste sites across our Nation treatment technologies to Commissions to be created in Jmown as .. "Superfwid" have cleanup hazardous _waste. : each st3te ..... The commission .. contributed greatly to our efforts provisio~ wllich ~as included we>uld m turn designate local ~:, to protect .~eland and air we all from the Superfurid proposal l '. 'emergency response teams . share,enjoyandrespect. drafted "earlier ~'this year, '=.There are, of course, many the P1;tb~c Works _,provides for both university and other important provisions in the Committee upon which I sei:veprivate research iJlU>-the~e new Superfund bill, including the authorized a five-year extension technologies. Based on a report right of local citizens to compel ?f the Superfund program at !1fi by the Congressio~_!_~~f! ,on cleanup of hazardous waste sites mcreased fwiding level and with Technology Assessment. my through the court system; new strict goals and enforcement amena'.ment encourages "perprocedures to encourage ex powers. The legislation passed manent" cleanups. pedited private cleanups; and, by the Committee sends a strong Our legislation creates a new more health research into the message to the nation that "interim" classification for effect of these toxic substances. Congress is committed to those hazardous waste sites The Public Works Committee cleani..'lg up our Nation's wor~t which cannot be permanently Superfund bill is a reasoned and abandoned and uncontrolled cleaned up until these new strong response to a major hazardous waste sites as quickly technologies are developed. It national concern. It is a step in and as effectively as possible. instructs the EPA, however, to the right direction toward The bill provide~;;.,-ne~ded immediately contain the waste identifying and cleaning up protection for the environment at the site to protect public hazardous waste sites which and hwnan health and safety, health until such time as a endanger our communities.

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--------( .,,__......,... __ ,.;.,.. __ ..,,,,.-,".". 'f':_f_~-. ~. .-:--~---,,------t---~---:----....... -... ---..-----... -. -:--:-:.-;-..,..;,.._..,..... -----:-,----:----~ "'. ., ...... THE NEW YORK TIMES .NEW YORK, NY D. 934,530 SUN. t,553,720 SAT. 731,545 NOV 20 1985 ---------~~------------More Sick Workers, Less OSHA t,.:;_i.7V \ What accounts for the big increase in job-re,_That is especi~lly unfortunate because, during the lated injuries and illnesses recently reported by the \1Carter Administration, OSHA seemed for the first Labor Department? The Reagan Administration's ,time to have found its bearings. hostility to health and safety regu!!':t~on, ~ays the Ideally, the agencyshould focus on"occupa A,F.L .C.I.O. Increased1rusT:nessactivity and em-tional health-protecting workers from hazardous ployment, says an analyst for the Congresswr.al Q.fsubstances and conditions that require investigation fi~~ .?!. I~l}!.1ology_b.~~~fil!l~.!l~The answer almost to identify and regulate. This is where the resources surely is both, but while the latter is inescapable, and expertise of a Government agency are of great the f6rmer is inexcusable. est help. Workplace safety, though a legitimate ~he1_1 mo~e people are working, obviously !llO~e _.Govem~~n,t concelll,;:-~p:laY,~be ~Jll(!fe ~~ly-ad""" are:nskmg Job-related -health-.problems. Pub11c ,-,aressed non-governmentally, through umon-man regulation can help, but the Administration wants agement agreements, for instance, and insurance neither to regulate nor help. requirements. The regulator. is supposed to be the Occupa tiona I Safety and Health Administration. Created in 1971 to reduce job illnesses and injuries, OSHA has never been a regulatory paragon. Under this Ad, ministrafion;--however,tthas-become less a thorn in the side of business, as the President charges, than a cipher. Unless it can be energized and given clear direction, it won't much matter why the worker health figures are getting worse. The 12 percent increase in health problems in 1984 was the first in four years and the biggest since: Government started collecting these data. Over all,, workplace injuries and illnesses rose to 5.4 million ( in 1984 from 4.9 million in 1983, and the workdays I thus lost rose to 3. 7 per 100 workers, from 3.4. '. [ncreased business activity undoubtedly was a, factor. But the policies of the Administration also played a role. From the beginning, its hostility toward OSHA has been undisguised. It has tried in a variety of ways to cripple the agency, in the interest of "getting Government off the back of business ... Under Eula Bingham in the Carter Administra tion, OSHA was finally moving in this direction. That momentum was destroyed, however, by Thorne Auchter and Robert Rowland, the two men who have headed OSHA under President Reagan. Through ex.ub.erant.budget-Gutting-they--stripped the---------agency of technical and scientific expertise. With piddling fines they let employers know that OSHA "'-.,. :-;. \. .-.: .:"': had no teeth. The agency has not even had a chief since Mr. 1 Rowland's resignation last July. After a search, during which several prospects reportedly said no, Labor Secretary Bill Brock has submitted the name of a candidate to the. White Hohse. No matter how capat:,le, a new OSHA chief can be no more effective than the Administration al lows. The Office of Management and Budget re cently delayed a regulatory change on cotton dust that had won the agreement of organized labor, the textile industry, t'>SHA and Mr. Brock; that O.M.B. decision gives no reason for hope. The Administra tion seems in the grip of zealots who want not to see OSHA improved, but eliminated.

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.... -~"2 :~ lfOll YWIIOII. FL SUN-TATTLER II JJ.'.1 I Ii NI_'~ .. !~ 1935 0V1f..,YEL L/::cS ,:-".-t ~'l ;;~ t.f r. 1', ~{ -:l; ~:. "&'!. ,. :ii., .... --~. -~:t~; ... ,' ;l:~.-"!i:r.~ r:: t I J ', ;; -.-....... ----.... -.--... 'Work-related injul1i8s, illneS.Ses p;U1mc111's Bureau of labor Slalistlcs. In .. There's notllin,: i~ Ille data 10 sllow 11\ouJ .. llow mucll is difficult~ soy."' on inspecting construc!ion siles, lost soar 8y Pote Yos_t (A} G ,') y ~p 8'4onMI Wrttll!lf 7 / jury an 'more'litnng 6y. :. .. In acldiiloii."ihe siii":ii tii~'OSIIA ,. :. cle. iia1d Karl Kroriebilsb, an'liialyst :"' part or the Increase, tlley cei'talnlyJ!on"t .:-re-double our efforts to assure we are do-employers. i;pecllon force was cut by 20 percent to 25 wilh $lie con,;ressional Ofrtce of T~l,\!IQexcuse It," said a sta1ement by Brock. ,ng everylhing possible lo make _lhe The increases followed four straight peu;enl early In Ronald Reagan's presl 11,gy Asscssmeii1~,-.Todiiy;iiie 'ciei,artm'enl Injury and illness rates rose from_ 1.4 American workplace as safe as II can years of marked Improvement in injury dency. There now are 1,200 tnspec:1ors. haf'i'iaiscovered lhal the business cyele lncidenls per 100 full-l1me.wortters in be." and illn~ rates and the latest figures "1 lhink lhe figurCli su,:gC!l
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f r t, F THE NEW YORK TIMES NEW YORK, NY D, 934,530 SUN. 1,553,720 SAT. 731,545 il-'. \ ,-..t '"l, ',..; ,. 't~, ,;,:. \ ::: ,. '. ;; !\! )i .I .t.: /.!, ,, NOV 14 1985 !!!!!ffELLE1S ~,1j-linked !~juries and Illneskes Rose n-; 984 ~~":.i:; .. ;."1~~':t !fch""/; .r I (, 1'f7 '{ r ,; t issued annually' was first compUed in 1 : 1972, under the authority of the Olcupa. Jj KENNETH B. NOBLE "St~tistics confirm that Reagan serted that in its 13 1ears, the Oc~upational Safety and Health Act. J.,; __ ., __ ~ministration policies of weak enforce, tlonal Safety and Health Admimstra-W kd Los Al Rl ment and deregulation do not prot~ tlon had shown littj' measurable re-or ays t so se I 11.' t. I_ i1 I I 1 l workers." /fl suits in protecting orkers. Occupational injuries and Illnesses The report seems likely to re--ignl~e Karl Kronebush, analyst for the were recorded at a rate of 8 per 100 the debate about Federal occupatio~l technology office, s id the new report workers in 1984, up from 7.6 in 1983. and safety standards. Adminlstrtion "-. "is one more year off ta that basically The incidence of workdays lost'from ficials asserted that declines in injur.y lead to the same co clusion that there injuries and illness, a measure of the rates in the early 1980's were evidence have been very few anges in occupaseverity of the problem, rose to 3.7 per that their approach to occupatio~l tional safety rates that are not the relOOworkers, from 3.4 ln 1983. The num safety was working. Labor offici~ suit of changes in bust'ness activity." ber of workdays lost by such incidents countered that the improved safety fig~ "As employment decreases Mr. averaged 63.4 per 100 full-time workers ures in that period were largely due \d Kronebusch said, 'injury ra'tes go In 1984 and 58.3 percent in 1983. higher unemployment, rather th" down. And as empl yment increases, Overall, the number of Injuries and vigorous enforcement of. ~ealth_ and as plants pick up mo. activity and hire illnesses Increased to 5.4 million in 1984 safety rules by by the Adm1mstrat1onJ new workers, the inj~ry rates go up." from 4.9 million in 1983. The report also However, in April, th. e Cq_ngressiontl The statistiC$ bqreau survey reest. imated that there were 3,740 workO~LJ~WiY .Ass~mW ar-fleeted informatiof1 received from related deaths in private workplaces '( I \ I ~:'.!. J, .;: '. \, with 11 or more employees. Last year, white-collar busirn including trade, insurance and ,E tate, had the lowest injury rate, 100 full-time workers, while the I producing industries, including culture, mining, construction manufacturing, had the highest, 100 workers. The injury rates it ranged from a low of 1.9 in finan, surance and real estate, to a h 15.4 in construction. Altogether, the report said, I occupational illnesses were recor 1984. Of this, skin diseases and ders associated with repeated tr. such as hearing loss due to cont pressure or vibration, accounte< of every 5 illnesses.

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-------" -;.t,-":' < OWENTON. KY HEWS_ HERALD _____ w. 3.<458 NOV 1 4 1985 Bu.~BEL.L.E'S ... ;Sil .. _-..... -------~Rep:o.rt:~.,,: --o--to Kentllcky .. SENATOR WENDtn.L FORI> ~f, l!.S. s.uce Whla1,.-..o.c.-a.s10 i FARM'EDUCATION SHOULD {,'fft?( INCLUDE NEW TECHNOLOGY Young people who plan a career in farming have a greater challenge facing them than even before. Farming bas become more complex jn recent years. both in actual;,farm practices and in managing farm cash flow. Many farmers.are finding that tools of-modem tech nology. such as computers,:are helping them keep pace with the constantly changing environment of fagriculture. As agriculture becomes even more"i:Omplex, we mu~t-. ensure that our teaching methods adequately arm young peo ple to farm successfully in the future. For this reason, I am offering a Farm Bill amendment to require that a study of agriculture education now under way at _the National Acade .,;,,. ___ ,,r.;; my oLS,cience include recommendations for equipping these .x.r ... highscfioolstudmts withiiaiowledg'i'.of /Qlode~~~i)l9JZH .. ~rT--~,"-: _,..,. __ The history of agriculture has been one of u.icreasing mechanization, and that trend has made the American farm er the most efficient producer in the world. Technological innovations can result in considerable savings of time an~ money and make the difference in whether a farm operation of the future is profitable. .. A report by the Office ofTechnQlQgyAi;,R~mfflU>ro:: --~ pu:red"that-manymoderate-sized..farms-could.be.~-if P~-~ technologies and training were made available to farmers, per~aps through the Agriculture Department's. extension ~:-..'~ ..:.i-;?;~===~"?~ service. I believe that our high schools could also. play an important role in this effort. Currently fewer than .10 percent of our nation's 600,000 full-time farmers own personal computers. By contrast about 30 percent of non-agricultural small businesses use them. Computers can help farmers by automatically gather ing information, over telephone lines, about weather, in sects and commodity prices to paint a picture of outside factors which affect them. They are also useful tools in ef ficiently managing cash now. While computers are available today to help farmers, the future holds devices such as electronic cowbells to track how much a specific animal eats and how much milk it produces. Robotic harvesting is also being developed. This will incorporate microcomputers using special cameras to look for fruit or vegetables ready to ship to market. Mechanic telescopic arms would then pick the .sighted fruit or vegetable. Developers of these and other technologies say their goal is not to replace the farmers, but to help them do a better job with lower production costs and better quality products. While Congress must develop policies that stabilize farm markets in the future, we must also encourage develop ment and use of new technologies that provide young farm. ,.;; P. ers the edge they need to compete and profit in the farm eco9omy. The last Census of Agriculture showed that there / _/i were 4,200 fewer farmers age 25 and under nationwide than four years earlier. We must reverse this trend by assuring our young people a promising future in farming. 1

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rt,, Nt'''"" ,\nu,.i,uu 1 ----. -------------------. ... 'f.: ________________ ...... ______ _____ llALIIMUil[, MO. -~--,,;---.. .......... : ... ..... -~. -. -----... --n_:_1.?:'~It-~~1~~-----------------______ ----------11f' I I 11_1, !'.~ \ t to pretect fie nation1s "Yater supply drafting k,:islati'-i-to prult.-..1 un "D,.-pletc Oic Ogallala aquifer -'and on public lands. It lakelll5.000 tal!linalion of'., ndw!'ler in ... ~,.!lid wi'tt. d~rground "'al.er,}.! a huge ~crground fOf'lllllliOn of llonsofwalertqpw,liushelof C'f!"Y. atato.; IS being;~ dra"""I' ~WI,. J.ni .. r!, More than a atore of Wllll<.-,R water-bearing sand and gravel bB-~tand60,000gallonato~ with mc:r-ifll'!~piney.". ,,rom-, ~wa_ sup-WASI IINGTON -Al\.cr years pleaded at the ht-aring that h1,1te neath eight Great Plains &ti.tea-:a ton of~. ~blic:he1llt!CPJ11icems~,thc pllCII. .. c,f in.,cli,;ty, ~~ional II\Olllf.-n-fudcral i;o,enpncnta take rnorc and ii'! 30 years time you're not 1 ; However, many oC~el)&tion' ~-~.;. use' 8?9)CI :~ fhe : I~ said '::trvo~ tumisgaUicnngbchindamovcfor vii:on,usncl.ion10}>rok-ctUICwa1er c,cport1ng wheat." Sen.-Daniel P. watcr-arebcoomingextenpollutants~ toco.noerand 11ilca are~ Yin use .. a comprchcn.!!'~~~-U5U)1'/jllgriculture;anc1~~llk>t'fliallona:of~ ''"';r~i:Jaiw~Sirpil~~~-ihtifod-.. ~1i;llic."~i}lge'., l!'".'!lt!I' .,,,.,r:' cn,asm1f i~ iiajcf .. llailcy Li~, suggestc,d lhal while the~", about 2,000gallons percitDen-for of surface watet and drinking'' era) Council rams should he c.-,ni<.-.1 out al the as l~kcs. rivers, marshes. reservoirs. :_ror drinking water. The statute ap-W~ states ai \\'llll.The_ ~rt The National. Water. Alliance ; soun.-...,,. . state and local lc\'cl. spnni:,;; 20 pcrrent from under.. plies t.o the waler coming oul oflhe concl~ th:'\t the rou!'try ts atm ,d that more than om~fifth I Our "'!~ IS an a w~1cr cns,s Th~ w1Ln-chainnanoftl~ i:round pools are being used faster land seas. it.he was1eWatcr going down lhe t, 1984 ln!e.rior Departme!'~ re-1IOfflC vc .,. I. hi-partLsan National Water Allt than n:iturc can replace lhcm and About 83 pcn:cnt of water con-drain. Mostgroundwalcr is not reg port sumrnaru:tng water cond1ll0fl-~ _Au result. 1tsaid. 80f1lC ~r_n ..... ance, e-tablish<.-d ;Ls a forum lo pro-that water :;non "ill replace c11e11:y sumcd is used in fanning, 8 pcnient ulated at all. and cona?mS throughout Ilic Unilc,ucs lo,;c as much as l".'lf of their ,idc a national con.,;c":s-u.s on walt.-r a.s tJ,., focu.s of th~ nation' next in manufacturing, 7 pcrtcnt in A. recent .Q!f~ cd States wnmcd that between 1970 ~alcr lhrouit~ leaky P'~ pn.,..r.-.lX!n. The Mmm.'SOl.an L~ natural n..-.,um,cn"1s. homcs.andlpcrcentcachforpowcr A."-'!CSSIIICntjlUdywarncdthalcon 1980, the gn,wth of iwrfaa.~ 1n.<;1alk-datthctumofthca.-nwn/ o/:. ,. C". .:.., :i;. ~-----TOI'!,.,,-----:.;-;---I I t I i T .. .I ., t .,;

PAGE 109

'ltl~--, -' -~ RIVERSIDE, CA PRESS-ENTERPRISE (EVENING) 34,50S .... .1,;,. l"t t ': i" .. :: ~-:. ,. I i I ;: t p. t ; '. ,:. j. I!: '~. ... ~I :. .. f I ~: I NOV~85 L : .;>} f i :1; i~ .t;: .,(, }} ~t ,:I' .! ., :~,. ::~:~: ~.-; \~ .. ": ,,,.,_ ,. ~; ~(f :V;_ ...... 1~ :; ; New York Times News Service development to an era of ,ater manage major role and responsibility because con-:, WASHINGTON Adding to tbe pressure ment." / lamination was a local or regional issue. ~, for .federal legislation to protect the nation's Sen .. David F. Durenberge,, RMlnn., who Existing laws, such as the Safe Drinking underground water supply, a public-private ls chairman of the toxic substances subcom Water Act and the toxic waste cleanup law, : coalition has given Congress a comprehensive mittee, planning to lntrodut legislation to she said, give the federal government sutfl: ; ; .,plan. regulate !water In the ground. Is bill, accord clent authority to carry out Us responsibilities. f I Under the plan, proposed by the National Ing to Jimmy Powell, a comm! tee aide, would She said the plan presented by the forum :I/ ,1Groundwater Policy Forum, which Includes give a greater role to the fede,ral government "will contribute to the debate In a major way" \' ments, industry and environmental groups, in the fqrum's plan. pressed by the plan's stress on having states t, ,/he led~.ral government would require "agSen, I George J. Mllchell, D-Malne, has develop their own plans. : representatives of state and local govern in establishing requirements lban envisioned and that her agency was particularly Im:!;'. gress,ve state programs to protect and clean already Introduced a bill to p otect water In A report Issued by Congress oMce Qf l ~P underground water. the round. Technology Assessm~nJ fast month said while :t I The federal government would not Itself g the full extent and nature of water contamina r ,regulate the Water but WOUid give technical His legislalion ~OUld also ~ave th e feder, lion were not known "and probably never Will 1 .. -and financial assistance to the states and al government ~equare th e stat~ to act but n~t be, sufficient Information is available to Justi f'. 1 uggest standards. ~en them precise!~ w~at 10 do. Mitchell, m fy national action." I mtroduclng the legtslauon earlier this month, 1 1 Gov Bruce Babbitt of Arizona chairman Id "Th I r, l sl th t It said the contamination. arge y by or sa : ere are ser ous wa n ng gns a ff : ': f the forum, presented the plan Thursday at round water olluUon is becoktin a ma or ganJc che_m1cals, probably a ected only a .: hearing of the Senate Environment and !nvlronmentaf roblem and I e ;hould ~ot small portion ot the total supply at present_:but Public Works Committee's Toxic Substances th w Ph d IY 10f.a t b fo the the potential health effects were serious. 1 -S ignore em. e ave a u c e re Withdrawals of water from the ground :1: ~ub~~mmtlt~e. problem out qt control." for home use, industry and agriculture In the '. !he cit.mate. is absolutely ripe for this But Marian Mlay. directo or the EnviUnited States reached almost 90 billion gal. 1 ue, Babbitt sa,d. ronmental Protection Agency's omce for pro Ions a day In 1980, according to the report. It William K. Reilly, president or the Co{. tection of1 underground water, said the Reanoted that underground sources supplied :. servalion Foundation, a sponsor and member gun administration was genera ly opposed to about half the drinking water for the nat on. i ; of the forum. said the proposal represented a new legislation to protect such ater supplies. and 40 percent of all Irrigation water. J I j I 1 -.-}' ~I 1 i l r \ :.{ {: ,, .. ...;, ,,.I, ''-" --. .... ~;I;.:.~ ,;. Y ~,i:f f? ( i ., ~-"' r,. ",

PAGE 110

ROCHESTER TIMES-UNION ROCHE'lTER.,_ NY 0. 131,14U NOV 14 1985 A!lfl..q.eu.es ~, :, :~i.y ;. : EDITORIAL .: 1 ~~~e==e!~ ~t~~:!i ~::r~:1::1~dt:, I something like $3 billion to $6 billion per year, d ,. ~with the largest part falling on midwestem states on a~i rain ~hat are already in economic trouble. He points out \S l? 'l 1 ~r .that various studies offer conflicting information A~ld rain a1ii otHer forms of air pollution cause :~ some blame coal-burning power plants, some about $33 million per year in damage to houses, point to automobile e.xhaust, still others ~ite,a: cars, buildings and bridges in the Rochester area variety of natural causes. He wonders whether it more than $33 per year for every resident acmight be more cost-effktive to switch to other cording to the draft of a new study done for the sources of power, such as nuclear energy. Environmental Protection Agency. .\ Those are not idle questions, but they have been That's the latest round in a debate over acid rain ,.~ebated long enough. The vast preponderance of :,,, ~}:)~:,.:,: .~ ,~t-;: that began 85 years ago, when scientists in Norway \,evidence shows that sulfates from power plants, discovered that fish were dying in certain lakes r,while perhaps not totally responsible for acid rain, that were turning more acidic. Etare ind~d a ma~or cause. One ?f Presi~~t Rea.\ Since then, modem industry has poured more f"g~'s sc1en.ce a._dVISOrs,J?rew LeWIS. has sa1~. tha. t to,.:. ... .. and more acidic pollutants into the air to fall believe anything else "lS the same as saymg that back to earth as dust or in the rain. What seemed cigarettes don't cause lung cancer." ': }' ,-4; to be an isolated curiosity has become a worldwide f Sure, scrubbers are costly, but the dam.age disaster. In the northeastern United States alone, .~caused by acid rain costs even more. Sure, scrub approximately 3,0?0 lakes and _23,bl~m! btj.~: streams are too actd for fish to live m, according lll,they.at least give us a start.' ','.J' r,,,_,,,..,~ to the congressional Office of Technology Assesst~ Researchers would require several more years to ment. The same acids cause billions of dollars in ; obtain the firm answers that Eckert would like to I .,-~.,;::;a:-~--~~:-~:.-.;,; -aamS\ge to crops, forests, bridges, buildings, and {'$ea-if such answers are obtainable at all. The -., -~ human health. ~Office of Technology Assessment has said that Last year the Subcommittee on Health and the even if a bill requiring scrubbers were passed in Environment of the House Energy'and Commerce Congress today, six to 10 years would pass before Committee crune within one vote of recommendwe would begin to see results. The more we delay; ing a bill that would require ~scrubbers" on the i the worse ~he _Problem gets,-. nation's 50 dirtiest coal-bummg power plants. r Eckert 1s right to look at the larger financial Some time in the next few weeks or months the picture, but he also has a special responsibility-.to committee is likely to try again and Rep; Fred his constituents in Rochester and New York, Eckert, R-Greece, as a new member of the comfor whom acid rain is a special problem. mittee has an opportunity to help turn the And while he's adding up the economic costs of vote ~ound. scrubbers versus acid rain, we suggest he consider \ ---------,--------' the pyschic costs as wcll ..:_ not so easily quantifi.~ able, perhaps, but equally important: \ In simpler days, poets spoke of ram as pleasant\ ripples, as the harbinger.of sprin_g flowers. 1:'iow we have rain as acid as lemon juice, corroding our ijomes, killing the fish in 3,000 North_eastern lake:iMany of us understand that something very bas~c has gone wrong. Eckert's vote can help set it right. ---

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SAN BERNARDINO~ CA SUN -o. 78,740 s. 83,005 OCT 13 1985 ~11.~ / ---::,-,~'---=-----;-~",...._.. ... ,_~ ..... ...,....,,.., __ -_:~--.. ~~::---~;~:.~(-; ~-.~~'. I Technological leaders inanfacturers back fr ip may hringj the dead-Hey, American r&.tttfcturers, maybe you're not as dead as you think. f: :uis Rukeyseqi,,._.. ~lr At a time when gloom about the future of U.S. heavy industry is so thick you could cut it with a sushi'khife ::::. and many pessini: ists are turning in desperation to the guaranteed non-remedy of protectionism along comes an --.... l, .. :'' : : emine~tly hardnosed busin~ss (and other) consumers vol tarily been a factor here. But it is no /:" executive who te!ls me' Amert~~-s~ift,~ll~gi,!aC~.!M!.-:Qf.OU!~~-~~~h!.~~"V~~~lfi(,' ,, ,u~----,,~---.,..--~-...-_-shO.~~-~c1t~11J~p>~n~~~t, products "made inthe U. :A-f'cis-begmnmg to 'Share lhetr-'tasks-' --tng world In the next decade. nothing other than an old .. shionwith robots, laser scanners and ul-The holder of this unorthodox, ed American virtue: technJlogical trasonic probes and many_._ and fascinating, view is Joseph J. leadership. workers, in fact, owe their contin.; Kroger, executive vice p~esident Specifically, he sees intreased uing employment to such devic.es) of Sperry Corp. and president of use of industrial computerl bring-(A recent report of the US Office its Information_ Systems G~oup, ing nowstruggling U.S. mp.nufacof_'.l'ec_hnology ~~t)SSQl~nt_con~ who says he discerns unm1stakturers back into a true leatlership eluded that while the. need for able signs that U.S. manufacturrole as we app..r.QJU:h_thl. e.ntycraft worke_!..._laborers ;m le ng;-far from betng dea
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(' .... ..,.._4rr '":: .. y PORTLANQ1 _q R OREGONIAN O. 290-228 SUN, 397,485 SEP 26 1985 ,;, _______ ....__
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THE FRESNO BEE FRESNO,CA D. 135,832 S. 181,020 OCT 29 1985 .... .. -:1c,: ,'I 9 f ~ ,, u~ ',-,, ,. ,, .:,:, .. :~ .: i ~. ,; ~a,, ~.::. -, ":f. :-;,, :;, J.,. :;/_ {;~: ilm,t/E.f..t.E'S _:::: '.~;-.~-,;~ 1 ...... .,,. '="~_;~:-.;~-~... ~-;~ .-~. i.~-!--.~:-~:i ... ,: -j,;,~~-:-;. ----~~ .:-:~;'" --.-~---i;.'f;r_._);S~~t~ ~t:' ........... ;, :.li~~~~ 7.'"'--~-~-!,. '""'"' w --t:r U-~-----1,s' -t--_s_ __ ;_,:n..,___ :m .. : ... \ _-1 ; .,.!F~~t ___ ;~;-_:;~,::-. -_ .. ---~~1-}~:::'!-;/'::-:~i~----d,, .. --: '.j~1 -~ \ ;\:~;:~:: -.;._ I _-.IOf1:, i1U;IS-p.-, a. ~~e-. --.. : ;,/,;:,.,, ;_ .. ,,.,_ '' ;. ..... ... \,.: '.-.,, .. "' ,: .. .,I'... h. --o );m" '; :'.! e m-;a.,~w:k-.:_e--:.r--ls''t:~~-1 I r?~;:t:;. -\,./-.t'.iJ .;.. rw -' '.:"::LL;, "Y"' f ,-. : ; ;ffl~nxs::~n PQVE;!, :I By Ct:fRISTOP. .. 1:lfCONNELX:.:: ~-=-~i ... t nearl;f half of them ~ad (an\ll'fitlcomes ar,4.$9.~Q?~n~'X:~ntJtpproximate~y $&; ASsOClat~ nptte must be tearde'd 8:' con; ; ~B)ldefinition~'a'll;ofthe'~iJ~)to~e-. h,a~red.,displaced homemak~r proJects servattve. I~ -~ot~ that of:b~r--~, m~eJ_'.i, were ha'vi~g ll'.QY!>!tr~~g~. ~~ed across ~e country, probably ser.r~( have rang~_ '5 ~?-.~~.~on. : factory:jobs. 'Half were -emploied,tbut at' mg least 100.,000 w9J11e!1 a yeJlr It d~fined_ them as women aged 35 to 64 : pay :~Jow t!ie>mijliirifuii.'iwage.~ot:::m:a fu,:idlg (9 --~ppo~ the prQJects has a.I~ "whose main-jol> ~d~anu~ piart~jobw~e~theyw~e4-.il~~. appareni-gro.Wl:-.though barely keeping ly, but who m1lSt now. supPQrt themseJ~ Job," the report -~d. '.' ~-. ; up ~~d.:.: because. !)f .~vorce, separa_tl?n-c'Yidow.::, ;, .. A.1975 study fou1td that.a disproi>brtib~ .. "S~te, .fqJ\d(W:~ the main support of dlsab!lf.~ or prole>~~ ~~~t?Y ate number were "in stichjobs as waitress. d15pl~. h.C?m~niakers progra~ m 19~ 4 -ment of.their spouse, or loss of eligibllU:y hotel maid or nurslng1iomea1t1e. "..' _. .. Thi$:. ~tuattop_. P)ay .. ~~ange with_ the mfor publiq1~fstance.". .---' \ --.-, .. '. > : ... .i _..: <.-.\ crease4fu~d!ni:.::avallable to displaced ~~r:~2,j~ ~::~~~1:t -~ni-:= _,:r~\~~=-~1~'! t;i~~EL~A~~jf :~. Perkins support themselves i&n~ t~elr-: f~ili~.~. time the~pu~tion of allU:S. wom; The temi/"~l~ced homemaker" was satd .the. agency an .. int_~TeJ>Ort .re:-~~-the age :group rose only 10 percent. ~ined in :1.!75 by Tish Summers, an activ-leased bf Sen. On,n G. Hatch, R-Utah.-, 1t sai
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... .. :. TIIE KANSAS CITY STAR KANSAS CITY, MO. D. 233,691 SUN. 397,655 OCT 31 1985 !!!!!!~~ / tNo promotions for Afpm~~w~1kff1!!Rl~!~~ m graduates whose plans dis-projects nationwide. solve when the dream job The singular contributions of doesn't suit their fancy pack their displaced homemakers to society designer briefcases and head for a have made them minuses in the i more amenable career. By the job market They either weren't Office of Techno~ Assess-. trained for a profession or the ~..ot:a. count-which that Con-skills are outdated. They lack ex: gressional research agency calls perience. Work requirements take conservative-2.2 million women second place to child responsibili don't have that flexibility. ty. And many are considered too They carry the formal label of old to hire or train. No matter that displaced homemaker. Nearly that's illegal. It's ordinary. Ask half live below the poverty level. women in their 50s what happens .i'or 45 percent of them, the youngwhen they apply for a position. est child at home is still of school The strings attached to a job age. don't end just with the frustrations 1:he work they intended to make of an annual income. ~e most -~~~''>i:i.J;,.;r.:;(:<, '.= .: a lifelong career was home and likely jobs available to displaced i family, but it didn't work out homemakers pay minimum wage, I Divorce, separation, death and usually with less than a minimum : disability are the main reasons of benefits. Health insurance is a -! they need to find another job to major one often missing. Poor o-~_.-.-1,. ;, support themselves and, often, postponed health care can lead to families. The norm is unemployother family complications. It's a ment, part-time employment or depressing cycle. -I under-employment Their numbers have grown 28 percent in the ) past decade. The only bright spot in the pieture is that federal underwriting for v(Cilional training and placement "'Programs has been preserved. {t has even increased sub stantially since the late Tish Summers prodded government interest in older,women to provide the first $10 million in national support in 1976. Last year, about ;~-~--..

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i FAIRPLAY INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING WEEKLY L0NDON,ENGLAND WEEKLY /_i. :l,,;;:_,t-;. :;,; ;; ;,.;~;;:;.~::;/i:=iF~~~\~~;;~~-::,?_'~t:' \:-~~:_i-,.;: I OCT 1985 Poltttes 011 cargo &,l.'f1Y As the world's biggest cargo "generator", the United States should not be too surprised if its shipping policies are of consuming interest to a large number of people outside its borders. The US grain harvest, its aid programmes, its energy policies and its steelmaking activities occupy a substantial part of the world's fleet and it is right to stay fully aware of what in Washington is likely to impact upon the employment of US and other flagged \ ',. .. participants numbering shippers, operators, trading firms and government, as part of its continuing work on the development of a US cargo policy. It focused on three topics; the effects of cargo policies now in force, the status of new policies under consideration by the United States and its various trading partners, and the costs and benefits of existing, proposed and alternative policies. The workshop was structured around a series of presentations, followed by general discussion by participants selected on the basis of interest and experience in four topic areas of; current policy initiatives, industry impact on liner cargo policies, bulk cargo policies and alternative approaches to cargo policy. One suspects that there is something in the region of 50 tons of reading matter in the Library of Congress following this meeting but I have just received a useful and concise guide to it all in the shape of an OT A background paper enti tied Alternative Approaches to Cargo Policy, in which the options are briefly analysed, and a number of likely initiatives are suggested. The workshop identified four issue areas that appear to be important not only to the health of the US shipping industry but also to the other national interests involving US participation in world trades. These are: US cargo preference, multilateral cargo sharing, bilateral cargo sharing and national defence needs that affect cargo policies. On the subject of US cargo preference, where there is intense debate about the shipping of agricultural commodities, the OT A has identified three possible initiatives for consideration; further evaluation of cargo preference costs and their allocation, the development of guidelines for cargo preference compliance and reporting and a requirement to evaluate all government suhsidies in order to make them rather bcucr distributed. Bilateral cargo sharing is of course something else and the little book does have a useful section in which the specific country negotiations are summarised. OT A suggests that one approach might be to develop a bilateral strategy for future guidance in responding to other nations' cargo sharing initiatives, another to develop a legislative framework for cargo sharing._ On defence, the OT A notes that while there is liule argument about the need for the US to have adequate shipping for defence purposes, the amount is the subject of some argument. There is much to be learned from this little study. as it seems to be a useful compendium of what Americans arc thinking at a time when long-held policies are up for review. Copies of Alternalive Approaches w CarJ.:o l'olfr.)' arc available from 1he US Govcrnmenl Printing Office (GPO). Superintendent of Documents. Washington DC 20402. Phone (202) 783-3238. The GPO stock number is052-003-01006-2. The price is $2.25. ~-...... ,. Ii 1~n:\) \:Iw.!0fl1r tt:,< I I k~-c:~~~\~"f;'i-<~ i ,'; '.. : ~ !lo ,,

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[Lf.CfUO-HUCLlONlCS INC. t\monl{ women working in the sciences is this employe of Electrc,...,Nucleonics Inc. who is using an electron microscope. lfornen Seen Facing Bias in Science U.S. Report Finds Lower Salaries, S1nallcr Chane~ of Pro1notion -----------------By Jantit ~taihar W
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_:;f., .:.,~ l ,. -~~--\, ,' -~ ..... ;..; ----------------.. \, .. ~ i'.!a. !.: i--------fife. NEW \'0/U{ TIMBS, THURSDAY, DECEMBEU 26, 1985 Panel Reports Sex Disg4rity I WASIIINGTOl'I, Dec. 25 (AP) NOi .,.,11 arc women who am scientists and ,..iginccrs paid less and n.-ceivc fewer ~otions lhan their male coumer.-.rtS. but they are also discouraged ;jum taking such jobs in the first place. Congressional survey says. Sex discrimination and stereotyping 4'1"CCl men into the sciences and ...,.nen into nursing, education and rei.tcir work.'' ii added. "It also has a signifi cant discouraging effoct on female students in the c.'
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.. KINGSTON. TN ROANE CO.NEWS 3 Tl, A IK. 6,810 Bu{18'L.LE'S IFRoM OTHER EDITORS _,,,,,,-,-Unbiased welcome for MRS The report prepa~~iie Office of Technology Assessment t O'rnioi'! the Department of E!nergy's pro posal for a Monitored Retrievable Storage facility probably is not the definitive studv of this interim waste handling concept, and the report ap pears to stop short of outright en dorsement of the idea. Still, it represents the most unbiased and unemotional MRS state ment made to date, and for this reason. if for no other, is especially significant. The OTA works for Congress. At the request of a member of Congress, it will study an issue and prepare a report on it. Many of the issues studied by OTA involve DOE projects, of course. but the two agencies are independent of each other. OT A concludes that the storage of nuclear waste probably can be ac complished without the MRS, but the addition of the MRS makes the system work a lot better. It points out that a recent German study of a spent fuel disposal system includes a packaging facility located away. from the permanent repository. The MRS which would be an intermediate stage between the nuclear reactors and the permanent repository for spent fuel rods would decrease total exposure to radiation and other types of risk to the public, OTA concludes. This is because it would reduce the number of "cask miles" by consolidating the rods for shipment. Instead of several shipments of rods from individual reactor sites to the permanent repository, the rods would be shipped to a central MRS site Oak Ridge is DOE's preferred location and from there rods from several reactors could be sent to the permanent site in '.>ne shipment. The only disadvantage OTA found in the MRS concept is that it will be difficult to get the proposal through Congress unless strides can be made toward locating the permanent repository. This is the same point made by some MRS opponents and by others who have taken a wait-and-see stance on the proposal, especially U.S. Sen. Albert Gore Jr. Gore says he is concerned that if Congress authorizes the MRS. DOE will drag its feet on siting and construction of the permanent repository. The report by OTA deals with the concept, of course, and does not sug gest that the MRS would have to be built at any of the three sites DOE has identified. two in Oak Ridge, one other near Nashville. On the other hand. it does not sug gest that Oak Ridge would not be an appropriate site. Studies such as this one and those being carried out by local and state groups including the Clinch River MRS Task Force should be impor tant to the public perception of the MRS concept. Unfortunately, many people including many of Tennessee's political leaders and others who hope to become more powerful politically have already taken strong positions against the MRS. The OTA study demonstrates why the better course would be to do as Gore. Sen. James Sasser and Gov. Lamar Alexander have done: Reserve judgment until the studies are complete and the facts are in. Then, if the facts come out against the MRS, let Congress refuse to authorize it. let local and state leaders oppose it. But if the facts fall on the side of having this intermediate stage in the waste handling cycle. local and state officials should welcome having the project built at an Oak Ridge site although not necessarily the site of the cancelled Clinch River Breeder Reactor Project and Congress should authorize construction, along with money to accomplish it. < Reprinted from The Oak Ridger > ---

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ENGINEERING TIMES ALEXANDRIA, VA M. 78,525 OCT 1985 ::z-. -,~-.:..~;;.: ~:.. .. :: '.,.,:~-... ,--'I '-"~ -1-1 / Teen. Transfer to .China Yields Maj~r Benefits, Poses Few Near-Term Risks, OTA Tells Congress The transfer of U.S. energy tech nology to China is -of considerable benefit to both countries, according to a new technical memor:andum from the congressional Qffice Qf TerJ.llology Assessment (OTA). The transfers could pose risks for the U.S. by the end of the century, but at least in the near term, such risks are out weighed by the political and economic benefits of technological cooperation, OTA says. The memorandum presents pre liminary findings-on energy technol ogies from a major study which will examine the long-term commercial, political, and security implications of technology transfer to China. OTA reports that the transfer of nuclear technology has special oppor tunities and risks that Congress must evaluate in reviewing the U.S.-China Nuclear Cooperation Agreement re cently signed by both countries. The U.S. can benefit from significant exports (worth perhaps several billion dollars over the next decade) and the chance to influence China's nuclear policies, including its approach to passing on wea~ns-related technolo gies and materials to third countries. One issue analyzed by OTA is nu clear weapon proliferation. China al ready has nuclear weapons and is un likely to find U.S. reactor technology advantageous in its own nuclear weapons program. However, the reexport of nuclear technolo~ to other countries is of concern in hght of re ports of China's past export behavior. OTA notes evidence that China's recent nuclear export policy appar ently has been in compliance with in ternational nonproliferation norms and China's leaders have explicitly stated that the country will not assist others in developing nuclear weap ons. However, these declarations lack the force and specificity of a written treaty commitment. ,(.,. ..... ... .~ "7: The language of the agreement ap plyini to the safeguardin~ of exports to Chana and the dis~iuon of spent fuel from U.S.-supphed reactors may also be of concern, according to OTA. Even though China is unlikely to em ploy such equipment and materials in its own weapons program, the agree ment is vague on these points and misunderstandings could arise during its implementation. Furthermore, the unusual terms may set a/recedent and other countries coul insist on comparable treatment. Submarines eration dangers if exported without safeguards and is importing from other nuclear suppliers the expertise -that could be useful in improving its nuclea.r submarines; The benefits to the u;s. of non nuclear energy technology transfers include expanded trade opportuni ties, improved U.S.-China relations, and increased energy supplies on the world market, OTA points out.Chi na's modernization is constrained br. energy shortages; imr.orted techno ogy can greatly contribute to China's economic and resource development. Technology transfers, especially in petroleum exploration and produc tion, have already been an important factor in the growing commercial and political relationships between the U.S. and China. Whether access to modern nuclear technology will assist China's nuclear submarine program is another issue assessed by OTA. Specific improve ments deriving from power-reactor technology have not been identified, but exposure to sophisticated nuclear :-t,;,::,~::>:::'. ~:.f:.i:?;~:;.-: :~~?-::.i;;~~1f:~,),~,~-?.:~:o:-,-:-.. industrial practices would likely per mit China to produce submannes that are quieter, more reliabie, and more powerful than its present ones. Under some conditions, these trans;::!1~;k1i1a~~~~in 1:h~~~~~sc;~t~;~." ;~:~fti:?l':!:~(:;::::. : '..: :,::!lij"l.~;:"~,~~-~:.,:i; :,: ;.~~f Congressional rejection of the agreement, however, would have little effect on China's ability to ex port nuclear technology or to use it to upgrade its submarines, according to OTA. China already has the reproc essing and enrichment technology that would create the greatest prolif,. ...

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.. '' -'"::"" ;;:.... --:,.. : -~ ";-.. -------------~-----.A...._, ___ ._.___ THE NEW YORK TIMES NEW YORK, NY o. 934,530 SUN, 1,553,720 SAT. 731,545 DEC 8 19 85 BU~J?E.l.L.E'S i'" '. :... ,.., .. ,{ "' lje Detect~rLies 60n~ t ... J( Two million Americans each year arereq'liired 1983;,said there was "some evidence" for polygraph' to take lie-detector tests as a condition of employ, validt__ty in criminal investigations,. but little evi-< ;,,..'.\;; ~~.:~? .. t-:t_~_: .. :.~.'. '[ .. _:11r.:..,./_.: ment. At least 50,000 then deni4:i~~-or prom~ denq(of validity in "screening situations, whether. :~ ... ~:.;.:: ti~'even though the results are wu-ble Now ;, : theYlbe pre-employment, pre-clearance, periodic or. ~'-.. ; -.... ..-._.-:_/.:_;_... _~ .. < .: .. --~ ... :, .!.';--:.,~ -.. :.-.'7-" after years of desultory deba~e, Congress appears apeqodic, random or 'dragnet. In fact, the convincedthattbisinjustic::eismtoJerable ,! .. agetjl:y said, error rates in.pre-employment poly-A bill to outlaw use of polygraphs in private emgrapjiscreening could be as high as 50 percent~ ployment:already bas~ approved by the House~pokesmen for some business groups contend ~ucation and,.Labor Committee. It is expected to_,.; that lygraphs are a vital tool to combat employee .' ~app~lofthefull_Housebytheendoftheyear. thef -Which they say raises the cost of consumer Virtually identical legislation_bas been intJ'O(iuced. .. in the Senate by Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts. as mu~ 8!!15 percent. But Senator Hatch bas and Orrin Hatch of'Utah, a bipartisan combination 'pom out tliat even the m?St ~ed 3:Dd reputhat bodes well for passage there. tabl_ ~polygraphers_ ma~e mistakes. Can a nation Organized labor bas complained for years that dedi ted to Justice for ev~ individual companies use lie detectors to ferret out employees toie11te~,OOOsuchmistakesayear, withsucbdras-~-~~!':.1:-:-'.'-. they consider to be troublesome or inclined to join a '' tic Pt?1alties as loss of jobs or ~m~t? union. A more telling criticism, however, has to do 4,lmost half the states prohibit or limit the use with the effectiveness of polygraphs. They do not deof polygraphs in most private employment deci tect lies. Rather, they detect physiological changes sionsfCritics say some companies circumvent state that indicate anxiety. The human operator decides laws .by taking employees across state lines for whether or not the anxiety is evidence of falsehood. testsJ,Congress can end the subterfuge and the in-\ r~i? '.~ ::t:1 Congresssl)fflce of Technolof!Y ~ment lo. ; justice by passing Federal legislation~' -.::-;

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(' r h t' rj; rl r> i" L j' ,. ; i., i' f r L lt i: f. r /: r 'l r !-,.' l .. !, l'.'. ,, ,. ; .. f >I. '1 WASHINGTON, DC STAR AND STRIPES WEKt.Y NOV 28 1Q85 ~ll!@p.EJ.J..es '}t; Ji: ;:'f:?r ~:: :.~ .. ;. :-a f.:'t it\ :;,_-::, ( ,. ~; l ,fl/ .-,\ !:;, n. "ti ',. ,. : !: 1-'l ti ;fl, :-/ .'e'.J ;t~ ,h, () l:,.. :t,. ~':! ~ t. ; I ''1. 't'. ____ _j.i; .. if,., )1.' ~~: '~~~.~ .rt: :..;;. ~;. _) .,!; ~t ~-::-"', :w)',:r_. 1: ['i ... -~' '~il~;B11rs:Polygraphs on Private Sector Workers .. ''' ~~-,7 t.: ~: Oiting_ ~I'! ,:~stimat~ by th_e JJon-_. iionalism, and int,egrity' or the test's ;.src:Jsional,'Office of Technology administr,ator,'I Hatch said in As$essment tfiat more tlian one remarks on the Senate floor. "Even m1Q1Qn polygraph tests are. being proponents of the tests admit there' '.ad~inistered to'. em.ployees iii ,the is a five percent margin for error in prifate sector .~ach year, .and that the analysis 9f test results. The : thifiunreliable ~~s(iesults may cause p,atential for ~uman error 'is high ;WO{ken tO.IJOfairly loose their jobs, and mistakes Can .1,IDjUstly COnde1nq, :, SerlatClr1<;>,rfin.Hatc~ (R-UT) h~s inan~ stigmatize a.person for life, rob : t~~_ 11c.ed ~-e ~islati?n_. l .. o b~~. use. th.em of their liveliho.o. d or bar them ofjruth,v1:nficat1on,dev1ces m the from advancement," prwate sector. 'i .. :.;;. A 1983-report issued by-the Of--~e ~tecti.o~ i_s' by'no_mea1,1s a.'' fice. of 'Techn~logy Asses~lll!!!!Jl' :sewn~. At best Jt IS:a craft and as a (OT A)' found _!hat polygraphs are re~lJlt, t~e\V!llidity. and reHability of no longer being used solely as a ,tool these' testf' often (lepen4 in large in crimin'al investigations. Lie ,41ep~t on >the colllpetency:; profes~ tectors are now' ,being used by ,.. ':' ,_ +~:, .. -,/ ,' ~: ~:; ~; i,; .',),,, :~: '.' ',i. i"'' :r, ':: .. employer$.,, 1o screen potential. employees, to identify, control and deter employee theft or drug use and ,: to recommend promotion. Even under the best of ,ircumsJances, some 50,000 workers may be fired, not becatise of malfeasance but because their ~ployers relied on the result of. in~ '. v;did polygraph tests. : : Although some states have enacted laws, to protectc.w'orkers from PQlygraph abuse, there is no uniformity in the conte'nt of these ~ws .. _For example,,. some, .. bar polygraphs completely,' :while o~hers prohibit employers from re- t, ~ ~,, \i ;. i'.\' ,f .. .. ',! -~ ,. ~ ... :/4. : ;.~ .. .yi.: '.11,:' !ft" ).:'.;: '\f };:> qtunng employees or prospective applicants to submit to these tests. !n Utah, polygraph operators must be licensed by the state. Under the Hatch proposal, co: sponsored by Senator Edward Ken nedy (D-MA); Federal, stale, and local employees would still be sub ject to polygraph tests, as would those empl0yees or defense con tractors who have access to classified material. "This bill' attempts to strike a legitimate balance between govern mental 11eed and the right of working men and women. _) ... ;:"1' .!? 4c: J; .~t N.: '. ~-

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i I i...i,,,,,,,,, .... ____ 'aiseases' are candidate! I --) .:~ ~-J <>) '-> ,f,.~Q17 transpl~nts Fonsidered I GTON (UPI _:_ SciTherf!i are on/>: fi~efi_\t :.Heredl,ary dls~ases Very rare genetic dlS .. Heart defects afid Down's Syndrome are among the most common eases considered as' i hereditary dlsea,es In Incidence of live births, affecting 1 in 175 and 1 d 'd r. .. i In 800 respectlv~ly. Cleft lip or palate and fetal alcohol syndrome both can I ates ,or gene 1 occur at a rate ot' 1 In 1,000 llve births. therapy. f,1 MOST COMMON HEREDITARY DISEASES ===========;-;; In incidence per ~0,000 live births: therapy i.n the distant futuro:t,' include: -Cystic fibrosis, a usually ,,: tal glan.d~lar, d .. isorder that a .:J fects one in 2,000 Caucasians. 'i. -Diabetes, type 2 (insulin d f pende~t). one. in 130 ip,; Caucasians, ~lth tts prevalencpt uncertain in blacks .. :J -Gau~her's disease, type 1, .J' metabolic disorder that occu in one of every 2,090 U.S. Jew~':} -Prlma,y gout, a dlseas characterized by too much uri .: acid in the blood that occurs (ftj one in every 500 people ln the West. I HEART DERCT -:>~:!'W-I:.': :::"/lPr7\ :c::: .::r::: .: .. f"."::::.:.::::::-:::.::::~:::-:.'?7: :...-:s.:::_(12.7:-::"'..":, .. :.-:Tu.-.----.--: ... .-.::.,~~ 5 7 .0 DOWN'S SYNDROM_ '1+,:,,::,:,:~i;,:,:,:,,;;:,4 2.5 CLEFT LIP OR CLEFJ PALATE '1~;~,~;~~:;:~;,:~~:~:,Ai 10 Y FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME '*'"'''*:,:,:;,:,;;;,:,:,,. 10. CYSTIC FIBROSIS ,;:,,4 5.0 HEMOPHILIA ~4.0 NEUROFIBROMAT ~3.0 DWARFISM ~3.0 -Sickle cell anemia, a disease that produces an abnormal red blood cell. It occurs in one 6f every 500 newborn blacks in the United St_~_tes: ;~ lnloGiophics' -Ta)'.;_,~a~,h~ d1se~$~1 :ajli: ~ew.sAmericaSyndicate,1985 SOURCE:NallonalGenellcFoundatlon enzyme deficiency that results fn1 J mental retardation, paralysi~ In addition, \~ere ar~ oth~r, and early death and which og~ more common diseases in which curs in one of every 3,000 u.s'l.: genetic links Jre believed to Jews~ \: have a major rl1e along with I environmental factors. These include atheroscloerosis (coronary artery disease) and high blood 1 pressure. i i i;f.~!" ... KENOSHA, WI NEWS 0. 30,055 NOV 5 198~ BUR.._f?..Ei.1..'S

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ocr 5 l 985 Contacts free Americans from wearing eyeglasses ~er,~ Improvements in the design and tial portion of the eye and extend manufacture of contact lenses are well under the lid. providing freedom from eyeglasses Some of the drawbacks: They i;;es for more Americans today than tract light, which can slightly fu;iz ever before, ReiUler's Digest re-visual images. :they're also more ports in its current issue. fragile and easily torn. And soft len-Where once the only choice was ses require elaborate cleanings. in hard-plastic lenses, now people can special solutions which can cost a . select from varieties of soft lenses wearer $100 a year or more. ~~~;~}~.iUi:~ltf ~;f,(};r,;'f~JJ:l'~~~:\':f~ which are more comfortable and Gas permeables: These lenses, ~-.. -,.,,+ ,.,_ < :t .. -can be worn for longer periods than usually made of a plastic-silicon conventional contacts some for as blend, are almost as stiff as convenlong as 30 days. There are even new tional hard lenses, and thus give exsoft lenses especially suited for cellent visual acuity. They also people with astigmatism or who allow as much oxygen to reach the need bifocal correction. eye as the best of soft lenses, if not More technological advances are more. in the works that will provide even They are more difficult to adjust greater comfort, convenience and to than soft varieties and can be disvision correction from contact,7 Ii;ilodged from the eye more easily. Aldeed, the congressional Office of though durable, they're not as Technolo ssessment proJeds scratch resistant as hard lenses and ~;J~-.:~~:~.~t~;:;:,~::;:;,:~~:;,~~~~~~~ { :: '-:;:; ~l:sse~0~!:~h~ :o1min~~f ~~fhod~ th~ ~cmf!:se~~roT'ts i1y vision correc,tion in the not too dis-the best choice for people who have tant future." significant astigmatism. Because an No matter how good the claims astigmatic cornea is more oval than are about a particular variety of in a normal eye, a lens to correct l?:~i:~}.~~?;;~ti~/.'::.;,?i~l~~_s~;f1!-~ ,;;?=t~:~ ~:g~i3tsapp~~~~teit~;!ng w:a~:~~ f~es~~~:t:i~ ~:~:i~ 1r:1~~~ "with their eyes open." Specifically, cise position. Now about a dozen the Digest advises that buyers con-kinds of soft toric, or specially sult an experienced eye care profes-shaped, lerises are on the market. sional who can help select the best Each has a specific design to keep it lenses for them from the many from rotating. types currently on the market: -Bifocal contacts: Hard contact -Conventional hard contacts: Al-lenses with two focal zones have though the most difficult for wear-been around 25 years, but most ers to adjust to, some doctors feel patients have found the thick botthese kinds of lenses offer advan-tom portion uncomfortable. A comtages soft lenses can't match. For mon alternative' today is the instance, they can overcome a mis monovision system. The patient is shapen cornea, and thus provide given one lens for distance and an crystal clear correction. They're other for reading. Within a few also highly resistant to scratches weeks the patient can.)earn to use and are easy to clean and maintain. each eye separately. 1 However, they can only be worn up ',,, to 12 hours a dav. Sofl lenses: Composed of 32 percent to 79 percent water. th~se lenses are ~ery flexible and lie comfortably over the cornea. They're : ):j_:.:,'.iV. ,-,:iii:: .. "" ::~-: -~:~.J;:: aTlhs~ h 1aigrghelys oxygekn pethrmeable. l ., ;'!'--:<'.=;!;> .. <:-: :, ,: ,: e1r tze ma es em very stable, since they overlap a substan-/ I (----_ .. ----->'.

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HOSPITALS CHICAGO, ILL. SEMI-MONTHLY 80,000 OCT 16 1985 C<;?,~t,s of dialysis alternatives compared costs were found to be lower than hemodialysis performed in hospitals. the OT A case study report,. 20 percent to 50 percent of which does not represent a patients placed on CA PD formal assessment. switch treatment modalities Continuous ambulatory peri toneal di.alysis (CAPO) may be an acceptable alternative to hemodialysis for some pa tients, but it -may not be iess expensive, according to the Congressional Office of Technolofil'.. Ass_e~si:n_e~~ (OTA)_ Although survival rates for CAPD and hemodialysis were found to be comparable, treat ment costs have been higher for CAPO than hemodialysis performed in independent facilities, according to a recent OTA study. However, CAPO The study had been re--quested by the U.S. Senate Finance Committee to help determine whether the Health Care Finance Administration's policy of encouraging greater CAPO use was justi fied. Claims that CAPO is less expensive than hemodi alysis or that a patient's quali ty of life is better with either modality arc "unwarranted" by current data, according to Current reimbursement within one year. The OTA rates have created incentivesidentified this as "an impoi:~ for hospital dialysis centers to tant problem" for CAPO that place patients on CAPO or indicates a need for better pa home-based hemodialysis or tient selection criteria. to transfer patients to inde Copies of the study results, pendent facilities, OTA said. called Health Technology In 1983, Medicare reimburse-Case Study 35 (GPO no. 052 mcnt for hospital dialysis cen03-0 I 002-0), are available ters was reduced from an avfrom the U.S. Government l erage of $159 per treatment to Printing Office, Superinten$131 per treatment. dent of Documents, Washing! The study also found that ton, DC 20402. "-"" '"="' ~--,--~--~-::-:-. .. -::~"' ~ __ ,... ~: .. ~;;J :~ <,~:::.~.:-i:~:.,~~~-~~-:=:_"U'll:.::0:-:"7"

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i t i ---~--~ : ... .. : ;; .. .. ... TRIBUNE SAN DIEGO, CA D. 121,010 NOV 15 1985 USA TODAY WASHINGTON, DC CIRC. 1.33? 97.l NOV 15 1985 llv.tffs,a l /l!4l.!lBJ,G EPA critic~ oppose / ,_ nlishi~g operation Report]eery onw>rst"tJ.S~ d.ump nOf, .. waste site-1 WASHfitGT5N (AP) -The EnviJ Jan ronmental Protection Agency's se-C ean.up p lection of unproven technology to Special~or USArDAY clean up the nation's worst toxic Ji') 1 waste 'dump is a "dangerous preTile SA's wo toxic waste cedent" for the entire "Superfund" dump might never be pollu-po,gratp,.(iritics _s.ay~ -~-, .. --~ ---ptilanon~~~throa =rala.cocl~-.-, .. These criticti'.!Ve attilcking 'the --._ ....... Sional report said Thursday. -~ EPA's decision to spend $8.9 million The report said the Environtrying to flush chemical poisons from mental Protection Agency's the Lipari landfill in Pitman, N.J., $8.9 million._ 15-year cleanup which is listed No. 1 on the agency's plan for Pitman, N.J.'s Upari 850-site roster of dumps targeted for Landlll Is untrtect, would take Superfund action. too long and might not remove, "This is the most polluted, dangerall chemicals dumped there. ous waste site in the nation," said Tile EPA wants to :tlusb the r Sen. Frank Lautenberg, D-N.J. "If we landtl.11 with water for 15 years. can't do the job tere, it won't get : Congres;' Office of Technology done at hundreds_. Of other toxt_' C '_ j' Assessme!!f!trges spending f65 miDioiilor up to seven years to waste sites ... We can't afford to set 1 remove, burn and chemically i .. ~.,; .. ..... a dangerous pi:e_ce,dent. Th~ s_~kes 1 treat pollutants. JaereLarset:yteDe!i,mh;ocr; aants,d Seth11nee_.B.?1lthl Be:aNdleewy :'.'._-.. :1;:j.,';::~-. de:r~ ~!~:U:.:urlan. cc:; i~i:?~:~:;.;; ,.,_ ict~t-'-.{::: "looking over the suggestions''/ and Reps. William Hughes and '1 very care~lly." __ / 1 James Florio, held a news confer-1~i ence yesterday to -denounce the ., flushing operation and release a crit-ical report by the con ional Off-icu..I~l\11..Qlogy Assessment. "EPA has selected an admittedly unproven remedy for this site," said OT A, which used EPA's own documents to question the effectiveness, side effects and eventual cost of the cleanup plan at Lipari. OTA said EP /ii.'s regional office in New York opted to use the flush method even though it concluded that "the actual reduction in contaminants during (the) flushing operation is unknown. EPA acknowledged that because 1 flushing has not been demonstrated under field conditions similar to Lipari's, it is in this case "an unproven technology .... Hence, the reliability of this t~hnology. is questionable." :,: ... -:~ -~:: ..... -

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243 TRENTON, N.J. TIMfS D. 74.000 NOV 15 1985 BURRE.tU"S 1Ee Aflan for. state. landfill. challenged, {.J &P 1 WASHINGTolc ) Members of "THIS IS the most polluted, most cleanup D,\etbod, the EP,\ did not do ffJi:NljY CQ'4E, senior scient~t for Congress and staff scientists yesterday dangerous wqte site in the nation," be enoqab r~cb on the dangers posed the Clean Water A~Uon Project in challenged the method chosen by the said. "We can't affQrd tbis dangerous to the eonununlty from contaminated Washington, said the EPA was'taking' Environmental Protection Agency to precedent. 1be stakes are too high." water that could leach trom the scientific shortcuts by propomng to clean up the New Jersey landfill rated OTA said that in deciding to. fiusb. landfill during flushing. clean a large landfill through a *1,etb by EPA as the nation's worst toxic the landfill with water, EPA's_reglonal The coQgressional scte~tists said the od that bas had onlr laborltQry dump. office in New York concluded that $8.1) mUllon price tag could go blgber testing. "EPA has selected an admittedly "the actual reduction in contaminan~ If tbe flushing operation doea not unproven remedy for this site," the during (the) flushil\g operatiQll is clean the laQdflll or forees the EPA to .. J~is was echoed h)I Dr. Joel Bir congressional Office L~lnWIQID' unknown .... take additional steps to comt,at in -orn of OTA.. who said: -"It ~ee~ ~ment,. a in 'a report releasecl "It is impossible to determine ho~ creased off site poJlution. they have ~~e. a large jume-J'his is by four Nl)W Jersey Democrats clean the groundwater would be a\ a OTA said the only 11ltern1ttive to not usual. ThJS JS not normal-Sens. Bill Bradley and Frank Lautengiven time," the regional office said in flushing apparently considered by tbe IIJ a letter to EPA A4ministri., Lee berg and Reps. William Hughes and its decision. "The groundwater ... Uie EPA was a $290 mWion plan to remove Thomas the four mem~rs of Con-IP',.... Jam~ Florio., l11ndflll wlll probably never mee! all. toxics_ aqit ,contamiated sol} from gress q~oted the ~A as '8Ying tbll Using EPA s own documen~. OTA applicable or relevaQt standards. Lipari and haul them to an approved the known carcinogen "bis''. ts l4+ ,.,. YCW a a ;:a 1 sq questioned the effectiveness, side ef The EPA acknowledged tha~ J>e-dlsposal site. "single most hazardous cbemic4\,l c;o~ fects and eventual cost of the agency's cause flushing bas not been 4ei:non-OTA suggested a third remedy: a taminant" at Lipari. recent decision to spend $8.9 million in strated under field condittone snilar m11lti-faceted approach, including an effort to flush dangerous chemicals to Lipari's, ti is in this c~ 1laJl some toxic rem~val and limited flush"The (EPA) feasibility study qu~: from. the Lipari site in Pitman, a u~proven technology HeQ.ce, the ing, with an. estimated cost of $65 Uons whether b.ls is water trabspor. !f community near Philadelpbja., re~bllity of this ~hnology Is qqes-mlQion. OTA estimated this could be hie and to what extent it 'would lje' Lautenberg said EP A''i Superfund tionable!' completed in five to seven years, removed from the site in the fl~lmig remedy for Lipari has implications for comf_!lred with the 15 years in the process," wrote the lawmak~/ w~o : .. entire c~ntry. OT A SA~D that before selecting f b~_ EPA s plan, ,.,. asked for a m,_eeting wit~ TlJon\Q. ~'..\-,tit:~,,' ,. .t -.,":-, a I .~ ;~]'',,w, !,~ ~-r:;~,\i '1fj,, ~< l .~.iJli)t:J2'

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TV CLIPS DATE TIME STATION LOCATION PROGRAM l.(, WORDS l. l. CLIPS 75 EAST NORTHFIELD ROAD LIVINGSTON NEW JERSEY 07039 (201) 992-6600 (800) 631-1160 November 14, 1985 12:00 Noon-12:30 PM WPVI-TV(ABC) Channel Six Philadelphia Action News Chris Wagner, co-anchor: ACCOUNT NUMBER NlELSEN AUDIENCE 10/6297 Y 303,000 Residents of Pitman, New Jersey, four New Jersey lawmakers and representatives of the federal Office of Technology Assessment are all meeting in Wa3hingtun this afternoon to discuss the cleanup of the Lipari landfill. Now the government wants to clean up that landfill by flushing all soluable toxic waste out of it with water but leaving non-soluable waste intact. That flushing-out process is expected to take fifteen years, and residents complain that they' re afraid the landfill still won't be safe when it's finished. They, with the support of four Garden State senators and congressmen, are asking the federal government today for a faster, more effective and probably more expensive type of cleanup. New Jersey Correspondent Cathy Gandolfo is also attending that meeting. She'll have a full report tonight on Action News. '.',d,o c.i~~is ,II+~ .1..-,1,!,tlll,! ,ri itnv lo11n;1: '"'m 0111 .tfl1hnte VlOEO MONllOFHr,JG S[RVl(lS OF At;.11.-f(JCA. INC tn, ; 1 p1!11od ot i\,w v.,t"'-,.; !11,111 ,1,1 ,'.;H C::,-JI 21] 7)6 20HI ,-.

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VERMI Lll OH, SO PLAIN TALK w. 2,500 DEC 4 1985 .iU{!(t'LL.FS '.' ?~tiJ ,, :, :, : ;,,;J .. "'~, -S~o.a,t:t ,passe~!'.A!>df!or .. ~!J1e~dmep The. t11{ &plate has passed an tributed to the dramatic d ~~-1 amendment authored by Senator in exports the last several years.{. Jim Abdnor that Abdnor hopes -a1 comparison between our, will answer whether declining standards and those of our.inter:. U.S~,f~ exports is partially a national competitors. ,,,, ;,', /. resule of :declining American -the effect any regulated or 1 grain quality:; le~lated improvements in 'qu~i ,. Abdn~r_;;~~~dmentcalls for. tpy_s't8lldardswould hav,onf __ arm_. th l Off. f nces. e .-co9gress1ona ._Jee O H 'd "I-th A thi Technology Assessment to per. e d sai b au ~i::~~ 8 form a study of United States amend i~n: ecause. h~r:;,0~-grain export quality standards cemed d a ourbegram hg d handlin t. stan ar s may followmg t e ..:r,:-;t:~,.,. ~~:)j~.:~.-:-,,,c. ... ;-~: an gram g prac ices. same road travelled by the .:-:: .: "~i~en the huge surplu~e~ of American auto industry, recog. gram m the world today, 1t s a. nizing too late the changing buyers' market. Asuccessful sale preferences and needs. of the ; of grain requires competitive customer." '.;~ qu_ality as well as ,price," Abdnor Abdnor adqed, ''\'.Ve knqw said.-.. w~t t(:, ~ake sure that many ways in which Jarmers the gram bemg shipped from our have been hurt in the intemation ports maintains the same high al markets factors like the value quality as when.it is sold by the of the doll~ trade barriers-arid' farmer." foreign subsidies. I want to as-,' The purpose$ of the OTA sure that farmers are not being, ,.:,,; ;:., .,.~ .... --~~ -: .;, .~.:.::;:;~:-),,~=i.i.:;~.:.-:~-J,:::.-:-~--~: ::,-.,--:.::.:-, study, Abdnor said, include: hurt because of lostsales due tc>''r-,,,., ...... -,-:--4~, -a look at the extent to which the quality of the grain we sell~-owquality standards have con-and export." f ,_;..,,.._ .. i.~' ~:.;~~


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