Citation
Annual Report to the Congress: Fiscal Year 1993

Material Information

Title:
Annual Report to the Congress: Fiscal Year 1993
Series Title:
Annual Report to the Congress
Creator:
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment.
Publisher:
U.S. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
Publication Date:
Language:
English
Physical Description:
59 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.

Subjects

Subjects / Keywords:
United States Congress Office of Technology Assessment -- Periodicals ( LCSH )
Technology assessment -- United States ( LCSH )
Technology assessment -- United States -- Periodicals ( LCSH )
Genre:
federal government publication ( marcgt )

Notes

General Note:
This report includes statements form OTA Chairman, Vice-Chairman, and Director, as well as TAAC Chairman. The report also discusses industry, commerce, and international security division, as well as health, life sciences and the environment division.

Record Information

Source Institution:
University of North Texas
Holding Location:
University of North Texas
Rights Management:
This item is a work of the U.S. federal government and not subject to copyright pursuant to 17 U.S.C. §105.
Classification:
Y 3.T 22/2:1/1993 ( sudocs )

Aggregation Information

IUF:
University of Florida
OTA:
Office of Technology Assessment

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Annual Report to the Congress: Fiscal Year 1993 March 1994

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CONTENT S 1 3 4 5 8 12 15 18 20 22 24 27 29 52 Chairmans statement Vice chairmans statement TAAC chairmans statement Directors statement About OTAs organization and operations Industry, commerce, and international security division Health, life sciences and the environment division OTA forum on technology and governance in the 1990s Work in progress at year-end Technology assessment advisory council OTA staff as of September 1993 OTA awards and fellowship programs Advisors and panel members Office of technology assessment act

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Statement from chairman, Edward M. Kennedy It has been gratifying to witness the growth and development of the Office of Technology Assessment since its establishment in 1972. OTA has built a national reputation for its impartial and authoritative analysis of new developments in technology and related public polic y issues, By analyzing how the latest scientific research can be applied to pressing economic, environmental, and social problems, and then suggesting policy options based on its findings, OTA performs an essential service for Congress and the country. I commend the many men and women who have contributed to OTA'S remarkable success. They include the dedicated researchers who have contributed their expertise to hundreds of reports; the dependable administrative and support staff who have kept OTA operations running smoothly; the program managers and division directors whose foresight has kept OTA on the cutting edge of technology; the knowledgeable and skillful officers who handle OTAs congressional and public relations; the distinguished members of the Technology Assessment Advisory Council, who have provided wise counsel and advice; the Director Roger Herdman and his predecessors, whose gifted and energetic leadership has guided OTA toward the fulfillment of its mission. More than ever, OTAs work is essential to intelligent policy decisions by Congress. The nation is in the midst of extraordinary

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progress in technology. New developments in telecommunications and electronic networks are ushering in an information revolution that will be as significant as the industrial revolution of a century ago. We all know the need for fundamental restructuring in the nations social servicesespecialIy in health care, welfare, education, job training, and crime prevention. We are working to find the best means to convert our industries from the defense orientation of the Cold War years to a civilian economy today. OTA has made essential contributions in all of these areas and many others. It has conducted important studies on electronic delivery of government services, the economic impacts of health reform, and defense conversion, to name just a few of the reports published b y OTA in the past year. Studies such as these are providin g Congress and the American people with indispensable tools for understanding the present and preparing for the future. It is an honor to serve on OTAs board, and I applaud all those who have contributed so much to OTAs well-deserved success. Senator Kennedy

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Statement from vice chairman, Don Sundquist It has been my pleasure to serve as the Vice Chairman of the Technolog y Assessment Board during this Congress, after a number of years on the Board. OTA has made some important transitions in the last year, not the least of which was Jack Gibbons departure after many years as Director of OTA and, of course, Roger Herdmans becoming Director. I feel as though it has been a smooth transition, and we on the Board are looking forward to working with Roger in the future. OTA has continued to give the Congress useful, nonpartisan advice on a wide range of topics: health care reform, environmental issues and the conversion of our economy in a post-Cold War environment. This is a unique institution that provides a lot of valuable analysis for Congress and policy makers generally. I look forward to working with OTA in the second session of this Congress, and in the future. Congressman Sundquist

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Page 4 Statement from TAAC chairman, Neil E. Harl It has been my great pleasure to serve on the Technology Assessment Advisory Council and especially to assume the responsibilities of Chair of the Council in the past year. OTA has remained a strong and important analytical organization. I am confident that OTA will continue to play a vital role in providing high quality information and analysis for the remainder of the decade and into the twentyfirst century. The dramatic political happenings of recent time, the continuing economic and social pressures of the world, and the on-rush of technical and technological developments assure that OTA's unique niche will be an important one to the Congress and to the country generally. The shifting political, economic, legal and technological maelstrom creates an ever-changing relationship between technology and public policy. The dissolution of the former Soviet Union, the revolutions occurring in biology and information technology and the conversion of our domestic economy in a post-Cold War setting into an economy capable of sustained economic growth in an environmentally responsible manner are greatly increasing the need for sound advice on technolog y policy to the Congress. OTA has shown itself to be an objective, dependable source of advice and counsel and, I believe, will continue to be so. I congratulate Roger Herdman on being appointed Director of OTA in the past year. I believe Roger will continue to provide the same valuable leadership that Jack Gibbons demonstrated during his tenure. The Council looks forward to working with Dr. Herdman in the future. Neil E. Had

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Statement from OTA director, Roger C. Herdman Fiscal Year 1 993 was a year of substantial change for OTA. In January 1993, OTAs Director for the last thirteen years was called to become Science Advisor to newly-elected President Clinton and was also appointed Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). During the rest of 1993 a number of additional senior and administrative OTA staff also joined OSTP. Those staff departures along with the retirement of another assistant director resulted in the formation of a new top management team halfway through the fiscal year. The change in management provided for more flexibilit y in responding to the legislative branchs priorities for resource policy was to manage for the best value and to try to achieve expected levels of productivity with a less expensive process, primaril y by reducing management overhead. In doing so a major effort has been made to preserve the working units of the agency, the project teams, and to make changes in organization and personnel through reassignment and attrition not through reductions in force. The response to the requirements of our appropriations has been made in a series of steps. These include reduction of OTAs research divisions from three to tw o with redistribution of the existing nine programs to the two new divisions. Also the support offices management by a separate operations manager has been ended, and these offices are now distributed into the research divisions and the Congressional and Public Affairs office. This management change should improve the coordination of administrative and research functions. Further steps for the future have been the subject of major staff planning efforts and involve coalescing of the nine programs to six in response to continuing financial stringency economies. In doing so OTAs

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We are proud that during the time that all this activity has been going on, OTA was able to maintain the unique OTA process, which has served the agency and the Congress so well over the years, and to continue at traditional levels of productivity in generation of reports and information for congressional committees. The hallmarks of OTAs process remain: working on an agenda that flows from committee priorities and reflects, therefore, by definition important national issues; staff commitment to independent research, analysis and responsibility for the results with only focused reliance on contracting outside of OTA; careful search for and attraction of the best national experts and stakeholders as advisors for each assessment; reliance on advisors and the peer review process to monitor and ensure the qualit y of OTA work; and with the help of our Technology Assessment Board, a staff culture that assigns the highest priority to producing work that is nonpartisan, accurate and complete. OTA spent considerable time preparing documentation and appearing before the Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress to explain and demonstrate how our work for the Congress is accomplished. Although there was some discussion in the Joint Committee directed at a consideration of duplicating some aspects of OTAs Technology Assessment Board for other congressional support agencies, the Committee did not propose any changes for OTA itself. At the same time, however, OTA took steps resultin g from an internal analysis to provide greater standardization and uniform quality of reports. These steps included an agency-wide managing editor to provide continuous quality review and suggestions to proiect teams, a program to make available expert outside consultation on a periodic basis, and a rethinking of how prescriptive or conclusive OTA might or should be in reporting to Congress, among others. With respect to achievin g traditional levels of productivity during the year, OTA released 50 reports, full assessments or background papersessentially the same number as in fiscal year 1992. And early in the fiscal year, in celebration of our 20th anniversary, OTA sponsored a Forum on Technology and Governance in the 1990s. This Forum set the stage for OTAs future and focused sharpl y on five major areas of importance to the Congress and the Nation: international security, the environment, economic competitiveness, health care and education. Major presentations in these areas were made by Robert McNamara, Gro Brundtland, Laura Tyson, Arnold Relman and Derek Bok respectively, and these presentations were published by OTA in a monograph to recognize the event. Our reports for the year covered the usual wide range of subject matter, and included a number which might be singled out as particularly of interest and use to Congress and the Nation. Dismantling the Bomb and Managing the Nuclear Materials capitalized to some extent on work OTA did looking into cleanup of DOE weapons production facilities. This study warned the Congress that a lot of work remained to be done to design and implement a plan to dismantle nuclear weapons and handle the resulting large quantities of radioactive materials and, in particular, to achieve the understanding and support of the public through a thoughtful and open process which involved as well as educated the public. At the same time OTA issued a study reviewing Aging Nuclear Power

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-. Plants which should give the Congress a good sense of what to expect in terms of power plants going offline and some of the particular problems and challenges that lie ahead in managing this very difficult process with which the Nation has had relatively little experience. OTA completed during 1993 a major study on Adult Literacy and New Technologies which raised the salience of this vital issue; OTA emphasized that the problem of illiteracy is of far greater magnitude than most appreciate. OTAs study defined the issue, conservativel y estimated prevalence, and delved into implications for competitiveness and ways in which we might address, through new technologies, among others, the difficult task of remediation, Fiscal year 1993 was the year that health care reform came into its own, and OTA was involved i n a number of studies that would prove helpful to congressional committees in tackling the difficult issues in reform plans, Of particularl y widespread interest was OTAs report, An Inconsistent Picture in which OTA looked at the economic projections made b y a number of analysts and stakeholders for the various major categories of health core reform approaches. The enormous disparities from plan to plan and analysis to analysis in the expenditures, savings, and economic impacts on various sectors of American life proved to be of great interest and generated considerable debate, leading to a request for a follow-on study for delivery in mid-fiscal year 1994. OTA was asked to look at the assumptions that might explain the disparities and the documentation provided by authors of prelections that might allow observers to evaluate the methodology and reliability of those projections, OTA also released Multinationals and the National Interest: Playing by Different Rules in 1993. This report was the first of two analyzing the objectives and policies of multinational corporations and the way they differ from the goals of the countries in which the corporations do business. The first report provided a wealth of descriptive detail and analysis. OTA looked at the treatment of home and foreign multinationals by various major trading partners, Japan, the European Community and the United States primarily, and the way the multinationals behave in various home and foreign environments. The treatment of foreign direct investment, the implications for trade, for technolog y transfer and the like were all described. The second report which will contain options for the Congress will appear in fiscal 1994 and together these reports should improve understanding of international trade and U.S. competitiveness. Many other reports could be highlightedour work on applications of information technologies, our very topical effort (in view of the major bioethical problems surfacing in early 1994) reviewing federal efforts in biomedical ethics, in the implications of global climate change and many, many more. Altogether OTA is proud of the accomplishments and the assistance to Congress achieved during 1993. We see complex issues continuing to come before the Congress and the American peopleissues which will need thoughtful, careful analysis. We look forward to continuing to serve as a shared resource for the Senate and the House, the Majority and the Minority, to help frame issues, to help inform the debate, and to provide useful options for resolution of the issues, Roger C. Herdman

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Page 8 About OTAs organization and operations Created by the Technology Assessment Act of 1972 [86 Stat. 797], OTA is an agency of the legislative branch of the Federal Government (a copy of the Act is found on p. 52). OTAs primary function is to provide congressional committees with studies that identify the positive and negative consequences of policy alternatives affecting the uses of technology. OTA assists Congress by identifying existing or probable impacts of technology; alternative technological methods and management programs for implementing specific actions (estimating and comparing the impacts of alternatives); and areas where additional research or data collection is required to provide support for assessments. OTA presents its completed analyses to the appropriate legislative authorities and, whenever possible, undertakes whatever additional related activities are necessary. The Act provides for a bipartisan Technology Assessment Board, a director, and other employees and consultants necessary for the Office to conduct its work. The congressional board is made up of six Senators, appointed by the President pro tempore of the Senate, and six Representatives, appointed by the Speaker of the House, evenly divided by party. In 1993, Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Massachusetts) and Rep. Don Sundquist (R-Tennessee) served as the Chairman and Vice Chairman, respectively, of the board. The two posts alternate between the Senate and the House with each Congress. The board members from each Chamber select their respective officer. The congressional board sets the policies of the Office and is the sole and exclusive body governing OTA. The board appoints the director, who is OTAs chief executive officer and a nonvoting member of the board. The Act also calls for a Technology Assessment Advisory

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Council composed of 10 public members eminent in scientific and technological fields, the Comptroller General of the United States, and the Director of the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress. The advisory council advises the board and the director on such matters as the balance, comprehensiveness, and quality of OTAs work, and OTAs non-governmental resources. Requests for OTA assessments ma y be initiated by: the chairman of an y standing, special, select or joint committee of Congress, acting alone, at the request of the ranking minorit y member, or at the request of a majority of the committee members; n the OTA board; or l the OTA director, in consultation with the board. The authorization of specific assessment projects and the allocation of funds for their performance are the responsibilities of the OTA board. Toward the end of January 1993, new senior management had begun to be put in place at OTA. By the end of FY 1993, an entirely new top management team was confirmed, consisting of a new director and two new assistant directors. This reorgani zation was initiated with the departure of former director John H. Gibbons to assume the position of President Clintons Science Advisor. The analytical work of the Office is now organized into two divisions, each headed by an assistant director. They encompass assessments grouped in the areas of energy and materials; industry, technology, and employment; international securit y and commerce; science, education, and transportation; telecommunication and computing technologies; biological applications; food and renewable resources; health; and oceans and environment. Administrative offices support the analytical work of the Office. These offices handle budget and finance, contracts, information services, personnel, telecommunications and information systems, building services, and publishing. The Congressional and Public Affairs Office assists in coordinating OTAs work with various committees of the House and Senate, by initiating communications between OTA management and staff, and the Technology Assessment Board and the Technology Assessment Advisory Council. OTA publications are widel y disseminated on Capitol Hill and are publicl y available. The Information Center provides public access to the full collection of OTA publications, including an online index, and the Publications Distribution Office within information Marketing handles public dissemination of OTA publications. (General Information on OTA and availability of OTA publications is listed on the inside back cover.) FY 1993 Activities The prosperit y and security of the Nation depend in no small part on how the U.S. Congress and others anticipate and respond to complex issues involving science and technology. OTA has an unequal led record in providing Congress with facts, figures, and nonpartisan analyses it can rely on in dealing with critical national issues involving science and technology. As we approach the 2 1st century, the United States and the world are undergoing momentous political, economic, socia1, and technological transformations that pose both new problems and new opportunities

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Page 10 for the nations lawmakers. U.S. lawmakers seeking to cope with these transformations are likely to find that the guidance OTA can provide is more valuable than ever. During FY 1993, OTA completed 50 reports spanning the full range of science and technology issues facing the Congress. The following are examples of OTA projects that had a significant impact in areas that are of vital interest to the Congress: n Getting the U.S. economy on o sound footing for the years ahead is clearly a high priority of the Congress. One of the challenges will be to find productive civilian uses for the resources that were formerly devoted to the Nations defense. OTAs assessment of U.S. Technology and the Defense Conversion, which includes Defense Conversion; Redirecting R&D, concentrates on new opportunities in this area. Another OTA report, Adult Literacy and New Technologies: Tools for a Lifetime, focuses on how information technologies can help equip U.S. citizens with the skills needed to participate fully in the workplace. Multinationals and the National Interest discusses how to help ensure that multinational corporations such as IBM and AT&T work to support economic growth and high standards of living in the United States. n Health care reform increasingly is coming to dominate the domestic policy agenda, and OTA can help U.S. lawmakers sort out some of the dilemmas that arise in the debate. An Inconsistent Picture: A Compilation of Analyses of Economic Impacts of Competing Approaches to Health Care Reform by Experts and Stakeholders, for example, points to some of the reasons for the wide range of differences in estimated economic impacts of approaches to health care reform. OTAs report Pharmaceutical R&D: Costs, Risks, and Rewards can help inform the development of sound Federal policies related to payment for prescription drugs. Another item high on the domestic policy agenda is reinventing govern merit. At a time when demand is growing and budgets ore tighter, Federal, State and local governments face the challenge of delivering better services faster and at less cost. OTAs report Making Government Work: Electronic Delivery of Federal Services provides Congress with alternative strategies for improving the performance of government by using modern computer and telecommunication technologies. n Dealing with environmental problems will be a continuing challenge for U.S. policymakers for the foreseeable future. Many scientists believe that as a result of C0 2 emissions from cars and other factors, the Earths climate is likely to warm by several degrees during the next few decades. OTA's report Preporing for an Uncertain Climate discusses how U.S. policymakers can begin to plan for the possibility of global worming in the light of considerable uncertainties about when, where, and how much change will occur. Another OTA report, Dismantling the

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n Bomb and Managing the Nuclear Materials present s options for the successful dismantlement and disposition of nuclear weapons materials. This is one of the major environmental and public health challenges the country faces. Energy Efficiency Technologies for Central and Eastern Europe, part of OTAs assessment of Energy and Environmental Technology Transfer to Central and Eastern Europe, notes that transferring technology to improve the efficiency of energy use is one highly costeffective way for the United States to encourage economic reform, democratization, and stability in the former communist countries of the Soviet bloc. Energy is used very wastefully in formerly centrally planned economies, and the waste limits economic development and contributes to local and global environmental degradation. The proliferation of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons of mass destruction especially in unstable regions of the world such as the Middle East, S. Asia, and Koreais likel y to pose a major securit y threat to the United States and other countries for many years to come. OTAs report Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessing the Risks identifies a range of measures from which a coherent nonproliferation treat y might be constructed. OTAs work in FY 1994 will continue to reflect the explicit needs of the committees of jurisdiction. OTA serves as a shared resource for Congress, providing nonpartisan analysis scientific and technological issuesissues intrinsic to all of important policy issuesin a costeffective way.

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Industg, commerce, and international security division The Industry Commerce, and Internationall Security Division cornprise five research Programs: Energy and Materials; Industry, Technology and Employment; International Security and Commerce; Science, Education, and Transportation; and Telecommunication and Computing Technologies, The Energy and Materials Program is responsible for assisting the Congress in understanding the role of technology in developing energy and materials resources and the consequences of these developments for society. The Program helps the Congress progress toward rational resource development such that economic growth is maintained, undesirable side effects are kept to a minimum, and the resource base is sustained for future generations. The Program covers those technologies that concern the extraction, delivery, and the use of energy and materials. The Program also analyzes world energy and materials markets and policies, especially the implications of U.S. imports and exports of energy and materials. The Industry, Technology, and Employment Program examines how technology affects the ability of U.S. industry to contribute to a healthy national economy. This includes consideration of the competitiveness of U.S. industries in international markets; trade and economic development issues; the number and nature of employment opportunities in the U.S. economy; needs for worker education, training and retraining; and ways to ease adjustment in structural economic transitions. The ITE Program is concerned with the role of technology in examining the competitive position of both basic and new industries, with the development and dissemination of precompetitive technologies, and with the quantity, nature, and quality of jobs in the U.S. economy. The International Security and Commerce Program deals with the role of technology in national security, exploration and commercialization of space, and international technology transfer. The Programs work in national security focuses on assessment of the likel y impacts of technological considerations on national security, including international stability, terrorism, diplomacy,

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alliance relations, arms control, deterrence, and defense. Assessment of issues related to the notions defense industrial and technology base is an increasing part of ISCS work. The Programs work on space involves o broad range of issues, such as space transportation, international cooperation and competition in civilian space activities, and other areas in which technological progress, civilian exploration, commercial uses of space, and national security must all be reconciled. The Science, Education, and Transportation Program includes efforts focusing on the Federal governments role in national transportation systems and policy; it includes a variety of efforts related to the Federal Governments role in maintaining the health of the U.S. scientific enterprise, especially allocation and decision methods available to the Congress to support and manage research and development; and, finally, the Program activities include a strong focus on the role of technology in enhancing learning in schools as well as in non-school educational systems. The Telecommunication and Computing Technologies Program is concerned primarily with the changing role of telecommunica tions and computing technologies in the nations industry, com merce, and government. The core responsibilities of the Program require monitoring the research and development of new information technologies and assessing the state-of-the-art in these areas as well as the pace and direction of basic research and development. The Program also studies telecommunications regulation, information policy, and applications of information technology in the public sector. In FY 1993, the Industry, Commerce, and International Security Division published 17 assessment reports and 10 background papers. U.S. Banks and International Telecommunications, October 1992 Requested by: House Committee on Foreign Affalrs Senate Committee on Finance Industrial Energy Efficiency, April 1993 Requested by: Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources House Committee on Energy and Commerce House Committee on Government Operations House Committee on Science, Space and Technology Data Format Standards for Civilian Remote Sensing Satellites, May 1993 Requested by: House Committee on Science, Space and Technology Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation Access to Over-the-Road Buses for Persons with Disabilities, May 1993 Requested by Mandated under Publlc Law 101-336 Advanced Network Technology, June 1993 Requested by: House Committee on Science, Space and Technology Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation The 1992 World Administrative Radio Conference: Technology and Public Implications, June 1993 Requested by: Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation House Committee on Energy and Commerce Defense Conversion: Redirecting R&D, June 1993 Requested by: Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources Senate Committee on Armed Services House Committee on Interior ond Insular Affairs House Committee on Government Operations

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Page 14 Energy Efficiency Technologies for Central and Eastern Europe, July 1993 Requested by: Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works House Committee on Foreign Affairs House Committee on Energy and Commerce Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Who Goes There: Friend or Foe?, July 1993 Requested by: House Committee on Armed Set-vices Adult Literacy and New Technologies: Tools for a Lifetime, July 1993 Requested by: House Committee on Education and Labor Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources Endorsed by: Joint Economic Committee The Future of Remote Sensing for Space: Civilian Satellite Systems and Applications, July 1993 Requested by: House Committee on Science, Space and Technology Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation The Chemical Weapons Convention: Effects on the U.S. Chemical Industry, August 1993 Requested by: Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs Development Assistance, Export Promotion, and Environmental Technology, August 1993 Requested by: House Committee on Foreign Affairs House Committee on Energy and Commerce Senate Committee on Finance Accessibility and Integrity of Networked Information Collections, August 1993 Aging Nuclear Power Plants: Managing Plant Life and Decommissioning, September 1993 Requested by Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs House Committee on Energy and Commerce Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessing the Risks, September 1993 Requested by: Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs Multinationals and the National Interest: Playing by Different Rules, September 1993 Requested by: Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation U.S. Telecommunications Services in European Markets, September 1993 Requested by: House Committee on Foreign Affairs Senate Committee on Finance Pulling Together for Productivity: A Union Management Initiative at U S West, Inc., September 1993 Requested by: Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation Protecting Privacy in Computerized Medical Information, September 1993 Requested by: Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs House Committee on Government Operations Making Government Work: Electronic Delivery of Federal Services, September 1993 Requested by: Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs Contributions of DoE Weapons Labs ond NIST to Semiconductor Technology, September 1993 Requested by: Hon. Ernest F. Hollings Energy Efficiency: Challenges and Opportunities for Electric Utilities, September 1993 Requested by: Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources House Committee on Energy and Commerce House Committee on Science, Space and Technology House Committee on Government Operations Aircraft Evacuation Testing: Research ond Technology Issues, September 1993 Requested by: House Committee on Science, Space and Technology Potential Environmental Impacts of Bioenergy Crop Production, September 1993 Requested by: House Committee on Science, Space and Technolog y House Committee on Energy and Commerce Biopolymers: Making Materials Natures, Way, September 1993 Requested by: Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Information Systems Related to Technolo g y Transfer: A Report on Federal Technology Transfer in the United States, September 1993

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Health, life sciences, and the environment division The Heollh, Life Sciences, and the Environment Division comprises four Programs: the Biological and Behavioral Sciences Program, the Food and Renewable Resources Program, the Health Program, and the Oceans and Environment/ Program. The Biological and Behavioral Sciences Program assesses stateof-the-art technologies arising from progress in a wide range of scientific and technical disciplines. Typical studies explore actual and potential applications of results and techniques from biological and behavioral sciences, usually with an emphasis on ethical, legal, economic, and regulatory issues. Currently, the Programs activities center on (1) biotechnology and applications and implications of human molecular genetics, (2) neurological and behavioral sciences, and (3) Federal regulatory programs that involve use and understanding of biological tests and knowledge. The scope of the Food and Renewable Resources Program includes all agriculture-related technologies used to provide society with food, fiber, and chemicals, and technologies that enhance or Jeopardize the ability to sustain in perpetuity the renewable resource bases that make such production possible. Agriculture itself is defined in the broad sense, including all crop and livestock production and forestry. Attention also is given to the impact that technolog y has had and is likel y to have on how the agricultural system is organized, who controls it, and where it is heading. Further, the Program covers renewable resources that presentl y may not be considered or produced as crops, but that support agricultural production and are fundamental to human needs generally. Relevant interna tional analyses on renewable resources and agricuIture are included in certain Program studies. The Health Programs charter reflected in two primary types of efforts: 1 ) assessments of specific clinical and general health care technologies, and is 2) studies of broader issues of health polic y related to or with implications for technology.

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In addition, it has certain statutory, methodology oversight responsibilities regarding Vietnam veterans health studies, and provides the staff work for the OTA Directors mandated responsibility to select and appoint members of the Prospective Payment Assessment Commission, the Physician Payment Review Commission, and the Advisory Panel on Alzheimers Disease. The Oceans and Environment Program has responsibility for all ocean-related questions, includin g ocean resources and maritime policy, and for large-scale environmental issues, such as climate modification and air, water, and land pollution. As a result of changing congressional interest, the Program has developed capability for analyzing the difficult questions in which the overriding concern lies with the environmental effects of decisions. The work of the Program usually falls under several categories: Federal services related to oceans and the environment, natural resources, pollution control, marine industry, and climate change. In FY 1993, the Health, Life Sciences, and the Environment Division published 10 assessment reports and 13 background papers. Genetic Tests and Health Insurance: Results of a Survey, October 1992 Requested by: House Committee on Science, Space and Technology House Committee on Energy and Commerce Genetic Counseling and Cystic Fibrosis Carrier Screening: Results of a Survey, October 1992 Requested by: House Committee on Science, Space and Technology House Committee on Energy and Commerce Federal and Private Roles in the Development and Revision of Alglucerase Therapy for Gaucher Disease, October 1992 Requested by: House Committee on Energy and Commerce Science and Technology Issues in Coastal Ecotourism, October 1992 Requested by: House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries Coverage of Preventive Services: Provision of Selected Current Health Care Reform Proposals, October 1992 Requested by: Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources Hazards Ahead: Managing Cleanup Worker Health and Safety at the Nuclear Weapons Complex, February 1993 Requested by: Senate Committee on Armed Services Pharmaceutical R&D: Casts, Risks, and Rewards, February 1993 Requested by: House Committee on Energy and Commerce Drug Labeling in Developing Countries, May 1993 Requested by: Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources House Committee on Energy and Commerce An Inconsistent Picture: A Compilation of Analyses of Economic Impacts of Competing Approaches to Health Care Reform by Experts and Stakeholders, June 1993 Requested by: Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources Health Insurance: The Hawaiian Experience, June 1993 Requested by: Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources Compilation of Abbreviations and Terms, September 1993 Water for Walker Lake, September 1993 Requested by: Senator Harry Reid Alternative Coca Reduction Strategies in the Andean Region, September 1993 Requested by: Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources Senate Committee on the Judiciary House Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control Dismantling the Bomb and Managing the Nuclear Materials, September 1993 Requested by: Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs

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Page 17 OTA Assessment: The Department of Veterans Affairs Persian Gulf Veterans Health Registry, September 1993 Requested by: Mandated under Public Law 102-585 The Continuing Challenge of Tuberculosis, September 1993 Requested by. House Committee on Energy and Commerce House Committee on Government Operatlons Harmful Non-Indigenous Species in the United States, September 1993 Requested by: House Committee on Merchant Marine and Flsheries House Committee on Energy and Commerce Endorsed b y Hon. Amo Houghton, TAB member Benefit Design in Health Care Reform: Clinical Preventive Services, September 1993 Requested by: Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources Hip Fracture Outcomes in Feople Age 50 and Over: Mortality, Service Use, Expenditures, and Long-Term Functional Impairment, September 1993 Requested by: Senate Special Committee on Aging Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services Senate Committee on Finance House Committee on Energy and Commerce Biomedical Ethics in U.S. Public Policy, September 1993 Requested by Senate Committee on Appropriations Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources Senate CommIttee on the Judiciary The Biological Components of Substance Abuse and Addiction, September 1993 Requested by: House Committee on Government Operations Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources Benefit Design in Health Care Reform: Patient Cost-Sharing, September 1993 Requested by: Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources Impact of Legal Reforms on Medical Malpractice Costs, September 1993 Requested by House Committee on Ways and Means Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources House Committee on Appropriations,

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Page 18 OTA forum on technology and governance in the 1990s The Forum Proceedings are available from the OTA Publications Distribution Office, Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC 20510-8025, (202) 224-8996. Twenty years ago, Congress created the Office of Technology Assessment to demystify the roles of science and technology in governanceto make specialized information more accessible. For two decades, during which time the influence of technology has grown enormously, OTA has examined key socio-technical issues of our time, providing detailed information to congressional committees and other policy makers. On January 27, 1993, in celebration of OTAs twentieth anniversary, the Technology Assessment Board hosted a oneday Forum on Technology and Governance in the 1990s for members of Congress and key congressional staff. The Forum was designed to address several goals: To raise congressional and public awareness of the most critical issues faced by our nation and the world. To equip policy makers with an improved understanding of how best to deal with these issues. To show how technology is woven into socio-economic, domestic, and international policies, and to demonstrate the need to methods of institutional real ity. adapt our policies, governance, and mechanisms to this Five topics were chosen, selected on the basis of national and/or global urgency, likely continued importance to the legislative agenda, and the centrality of technology in creating or solvin g the problem: international security; sustaining the global environment; U.S. economic competitiveness; health care; and public education. Distinguished speakers were invited to address the topics

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-.-. outlining the problems, the reasons for their urgency, and alternatives for resolution. The following is the list of papers presented: A New World Order and Its Implications for Arms Reductions Robert S. McNamara Former U.S. Secretary of Defense Former President, The World Bank n .Sustaining the Global Environment Gro Harlem Brundtland Prime Minister of Norway Chair of the World Commission on Environment and Development n Economic Competitiveness in the U.S. Laura DAndrea Tyson, Chair of the Council of Economic Advisors n n Medical Care Reform: Building a Viable System Arnold S. Relman Professor of Medicine and of Social Medicine, Harvard School of Medicine Editor-in-Chief Emeritus New England Journal of Medicine Rethinking Public Education in the U.S. Derek Bok President Emeritus, Harvard University OTA wishes to acknowledge the generous financial support of the Carnegie Corporation of New York and Corning International, without whom the Forum could not have taken place, In addition, OTA thanks the members of the Technology Assessment Board and the Technology Assessment

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Work in progress at year-end More than 41 proejects were in progress during fiscal year 1993. In addition, 14 new studies were u nder ta ken. This section lists the titles of assessments underway or in press, as of September 30, 1993. For a full description of these projects, please refer to the current Assessment Activities, OTA-PC -105. This pamphlet is available fro m OTA by calling the Publications Distribution Office at (202) 2248996 Industry, Commerce, and International Security Division Energy and Materials Program U.S. energy efficiency: past trends and future opportunities Renewable energy technology: research development and commercial prospects Energy and environmental technology transfer to Central and Eastern Europe Industry Technology, and Employment Program n American industry and the environment: implications for trade and U.S. competitiveness n Multinational corporations and U.S. technology base n Commercialization of emerging technologies n Technology, jobs and productivity in the service economy International Security and Commerce Program n Defense modeling and simulation n Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction

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Page 21 n Earth observation systems n Assessing the potential integration of defense and civilian technology and manufacturing Science, Education, and Transpodation Program n Teachers and technology Federal aviation research and technolog y n Vocational education assessment instruments Telecommunication and Computing Technologies Program n Information security and privac y in network environments n Social Security Administrations information technology automation program n Information technology and the health care system l The Electronic enterprise: opportunities for American business and industry Health, Life Sciences, and the Environment Division Biological and Behavioral Sciences Program Research on health risk assessment Technologies for understanding the root causes of substance abuse and addiction OSHAS selection of control technologies and assessments of their impacts and costs The human genome project and patenting human DNA sequences Food and Renewable Resources Program n Agriculture, trade and the environment n Aquiculture: food and renewable resources from U.S. waters l Biological pest control n Science and technology, renewable resources and international development Health Program n Assessing the assumptions behind health reform prejections n Regulator-y and health assessments of dietary supplements Setting the stage for studying Persian Gulf veterans health Monitoring of mandated veteran studies Federal response to AIDS: congressional issues Health professions training: roles of Titles Vll and Vlll Technology, insurance, and the health care system Defensive medicine and the use of medical technology International differences in health technology, services and economics Policy issues in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis Prospects for health technology assessment Appointment of the Prospective Payment Assessment Commission and the Physician Payment Review Commission Oceans and Environment Program Systems at risk from climate change n New approaches to environmental regulation

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Technology assessment advisory council The Technology Assessment Advisory Council (TAAC) was established by OTAs statute, and members are appointed by OTAs Congressional Technology Assessment Board (TAB). The Council advises TAB and the Director on issues and other matters related to science, technology, and technology assessment. Neil E. Harl, Chairman Dr. Harl is the Charles F. Curtiss Distinguished Professor of Economics at Iowa State University, where he has served on the faculty since 1964. James Hunt, Vice Chairman Dr. Hunt is Distinguished Professor, Health Sciences Center, at the University of Tennessee in Memphis. He previously served as Chancellor of the Health Science Center and as the Dean of Medicine for the University. Prior to joining the University, he served as Chairman of the Department of Medicine at the Mayo Clinic. Lewis M. Branscomb Dr. Branscomb is the Albert Pratt Public Service Professor at Harvards John F. Kennedy School of Government. He is a former executive of International Business Machines. Prior to joining IBM, he was the Director of the National Bureau of Standards. Herbert D. (Ted) Dean Mr. Doan is a Partner with Doan Associates. He was Chairman and Founder of Doan Resources Corporation. He served as President of the Dow Chemical Company for nine years. Joshuca Lederberg Dr. Lederberg was President of Rockefeller University, New York. He is the former Chairman of the Department of Genetics at

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Stanford University School of Medicine. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and is a Nobel Laureate in Physiology and Medicine. Max Lennon Dr. Lennon is President of Clemson University. He previously served on the faculties of Ohio State University, (Vice-President for Agricultural Administration and Executive Dean for Agriculture, Home Economics and Natural Resources), University of Missouri, and Texas Tech University. Thomas J. Perkins Mr. Perkins is the General Partner of Kleiner & Perkins in San Francisco. He held a number of positions with Hewlett Packard Company, most recently as Assistant Manager, Corporate Research Laboratories. He also served as Vice President, Marketing with Optics Technology, Inc. and as an Electrical Engineer with Sperry Corporation. Chase N. Peterson Dr. Peterson is President Emeritus of the University of Utah. He practiced medicine at the Salt Lake Clinic and taught at the LDS Hospital and University of Utah Medical School until his appointment as Dean of Admissions and Financial Aids at Harvard College. There he also served as Vice President for Alumni Affairs and Development. Dr. Peterson returned to the University of Utah in 1978 as Vice President for Health Sciences, and has served as University President since 1983. John F. M. Sims Dr. Sims is Vice President for Marketing for Usibelli Coal Mine, Inc. He previously served as Director of the Office of Mineral Development with the Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development. Dr. Sims also taught Geological Engineering at the University of AlaskaFairbanks. Marina v.N. Whitman Dr. Whitman is a Professor at the Institute of Public Policy Studies at the University of Michigan. Previously she sewed as the Vice President and Group Executive for Public Affairs Staff Group at General Motors Corporation. She also served as Vice President and Chief Economist at General Motors. Prior to joining General Motors she taught at the University of Pittsburgh. Statutory Members Charles A. Bowsher Mr. Bowsher is Comptroller General of the United States and Director of the U. S. General Accounting Office. Joseph E. Ross Mr. Ross is Director of the Congressional Research Service, U. S. Library of Congress.

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OTA staff as of September 1993 Office of the Director Roger Herdman, Director Barbara Linkins, Executive Assistant Gilda Squire, Secretary Kerry Kemp, Managing Editor Budget and Finance Jack Boertlein, Budget and Finance Officer Carolyn Datcher, Senior Accounting Technician Frances Hemingway, Senior Finance Analyst Alan King, Accounting Technician Carrie Miller, Accounting Technician Staff travel Panel\work groups Publications Program support Research contracts Rent, communication and equipment Salaries and benefits 0 3,000 6,00 0 9,000 12,000 Personnel Services William Norris, Personnel Director Lola Craw, Payroll/Benefits Officer Laura Ellinger, Administrative Assistant Gail Turner, Personnel Specialist Informatiom Management and Building Services Martha Dexter, Director, Information Management Informafion Marketing Debra Datcher, Information Marketing Officer Theodore Williams, Publications Distribution Technician Building Services Kevin McNair, Building Services Supervisor Markell Robinson, Clerk/Courier Medical Services Janet Hammond, Resident Nurse Congressional and Public Affairs James Jensen, Director Congressional Affairs Jean McDonald, Director, Press Affairs Barbara Ketchum, Administrative Secretary Karen Piccione, Administrative Assistant Eugenia Ufholz, Congressional Affairs Officer Publishing Office Mary Lou Higgs, Manager, Publishing Services Cheryl Davis, Electronic Publishing Specialist Dorinda Edmondson, Senior Electronic Publishing Specialist Denise Felix, Production Editor Susan Hoffmeyer, Graphic Designer William Moore, Production Editor J. Christine Onrubia, Senior Graphic Designer Bonnie Sparks, Electronic Publishing Specialist Service Center Carlton Agee, Service Center Supervisor Michael Brown, Service Center Technician

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Page 25 Industry, Commerce, and International Security Division Peter Blair, Assistant Director Pidge Chapman, Dlvlson Adminlstrator Energy and Materials Program Emilla Govon, Program Manager Tina Al kens, Secretory Samuel Baldwin, Senior Analyst Alan Crane, Senior Associate Joy DunkerIey, Senior Analyst Gregor y Eyring, Senior Analyst David Jensen, Analyst Paul Komor, senior Analyst Karen Larsen, Senior Analyst Linda Long, Admlnlstratve Secretary John Newman, Senior Analyst Steven Plotkln, Senior Associate Robin Roy, Senior Analyst Joanne Seder, Senior Analyst Matthew Weinberg, Analyst Industry Technology and Employment Program Audrey Buyrn, Program Manager John Alic, Senior Associale Rob Atklnson, Senior Analyst Wendell Fletcher, Senior Associate Ken Freeman, Senior Analyst Margaret Hi!ton, Senior Analyst June Gorte, Senior Associate William Keller, Senior Analyst Gretchen Kolsrud, Senior Associate Rodney Sobin, Analyst Louise Staley, Off Ice Adrninlstrator Robert Weissler, Senior Analyst Diane Whlte, Admlnlstratlve Secretary International Security and Commerce Program Alan Shawi, Program Manager Jacqueline Boykin, Off Ice Admlnistrator Mlchael Collaham, Senior Analyst Arthur Charo, Senior Analyst Dean Cheng, Analyst,Congressional Fellow Gerald Epstein, Senior Analyst Anthony Falnberg, Senior Associate Social work, education and sociology Publlc policy, political science, technology and policy Psychology, management sciences, social sciences Physics Ecology, environmental sciences, geology, energy resource rmanagement, geography, earth sciences Engineering Economics and business Law Communlcatlons, journalism and library science Public adrnlnistratlon, government, International affairs, regional plannlng and Industrial relatlons Medicine and public health Biology, physiology, toxicology, zoology and chemistry Thomas Karas, Senior Associate Brian McCue, Senior Analyst Jack Nunn, .Senlor Associate Ivan Oelrlch, Senior Analyst Christopher Waychoff, Senior Analyst Ray Wllllamson, Senior Associate Science, Education, and Transposition Program Nancy Carson, Program Manager Daniel Cohen, Research Analyst Kevin Depart, Senior Analyst Marsha Fenn, Off Ice Admlnlstrator Kathleen Fulton, Senior Analyst Gay Jackson, PC Speclallst Tamara Kowalskl, Secretary Ethan Leonard, Research Analyst Patty Morlson, Analyst Beth Robinson, Senior Analyst Kelley Scott, Analyst Greg Wallace, Research Assistant John Wirt, Senior Analyst Telecommunication and Computing Technologies Program James Curlin, Program Manager Karen Bandy, Senior Analyst Paula Bruening, Analyst Alan Buzacott, Analyst Vary V Coates, Senior Associate Elizabeth Emanuel, Off Ice Admlnlstrator Stephanie Gajar, Analyst Linda Garcia, Senior Associate Emlllo Gonzalez, Analyst Tom Hausken, Analyst Todd Lo Porte, Analyst Sunll Paul, Analyst Joe Raguso, Analyst Karolyn St. Clalr, PC Specialist Michelle Smith, Secretary Joan Winston, Senior Associate Fred Wood, Senior Associate David Wye, Analyst

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conference center Edie Grandstaff, Conference Center Coordinator Sean Copeland, Conference Center Assistant Telecommunications and lnformation Systems Sylvester Boyd, Manager, Telecommunlca tlons and Information Systems Larry Bond, Senior Systems Analyst Mary Beth Breitbach, Systems Support Analyst Brenda Hahn, Systems Support Analyst Philip Jackson, Assistant Manager, Telecommunlcatlons and Information Systems Vincent McCa[l, Systems Technlclan John Warren, Systems Technician Health, Life Sciences, and Environment Division Clyde Behney, Assistant Director Carol Bock, Division Assistant Biological and Behavioral Sciences Program the Michael Gough, Program Manager David Butler, Analyst Gerard Fergerson, Mllbank Fellow Ellen Goode, Research Analyst Laura Lee Hall, Senior Analyst Jacqueline Keller, Reseorch Analyst Jene Lewis, Admlnlstratlve Secretary Ellen McDermott, Research Assistant Robyn Nishlml, Senior Associate Kevin OConnor, Senior Analyst Cecile Parker, Off Ice Admlnlstratar Dalton Paxman, Senior Analyst Linda Rayford, PC Specialist Jennifer Schmidt, Analyst Michael Snyder, Analyst Thomas Vlschi, Congressional Fellow Food and Renewable Resources Program Walter E. Parham, Program Manager Ellzabeth Chornesky, Analyst Patricia Durana, Senior Analyst Nellie Hammond, Administrate Secretary Alison Hess, Senior Associate Vivian Keller, Analyst Nathaniel Lewis, Office Administrator Michael Phillips, Senior Associate Cameron Proffitt, Research Analyst Carolyn Swarm, PC Speclallst Catherine Torres, Research Analyst Robin White, Senior Analyst Phyllis Windle, Senior Associate Health Program Clyde J. Behney, Acting Program Manager Doug Berkson, Research Assistant Dan Carson, PC Specialist Jackie Corrlgan, Senior Analyst Denise Dougherty, Senior Associate Jill Eden, Senior Analyst Neil Eisenberg, Research Assistant Beckie Erickson, Off Ice Administrator Hellen Gelband, Senior Associate Eric Gille, Secretary/Receptionist Michael Gluck, Senior Analyst Dave Grabowski, Research Assistant Maria Hewitt, Senior Analyst David Klingman, Senior Analyst Arna Lane, Research Analyst Mary Laschober, Analyst Justin Latus, Research Analyst Cheryl Liechty, Research Assistant Taml Mark, Senior Analyst Carolyn Martin, Secretary/Word Processor Katie Maslow, Senior Associate Robert McDonough, Senior Analyst Philip Pollshuk, Research Assistant Elaine Power, Senior Analyst Terri Smith, Intern Laura Strlcker Research Assistant Sean Tunis, Senior Analyst Judith Wagner, Senior Associate Leah Wolfe, Analyst Oceans and Environmenthgram Robert Niblock, Program Manager Kathleen Beil, Office Administrator Rosina Bierbaum, Senior Associate Michael Bowes, Senior Analyst Mark Brown, Senior Analyst Paul Carroll, Research Analyst Kathy Cox, Analyst Donna Downing, Senior Analyst Robert Friedman, Senior Associate Betsy Gunn, Congressional Fellow Joan Horn, Senior Analyst Elise Holland, Research Analyst Kim Holmlund, Administrative Secretary Peter Johnson, Senior Associate Lois Joellenbeck, Analyst/Congressional Fellow Sharon Knarvik, Secretary Jan Linsenmeyer Research Analyst Tara OToole, Senior Analyst German Reyes, Analyst Sherry Showell, Analyst William Westermeyer, Senior Analyst Contracts and Procurement Office Karen Cox, Director of Contracts Paul Starr, Contracts and Legal Specialist Greg Joyce, Senior Procurement Specialist Information Center Gail Kouril, Manager, Information Services Tracey Amey, Librarian Nancy Bennett, Intern Debra McCurry, Assistant Manager, Information Services Linda Trout, Librarian Keith West, Information Technician

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OTA awards and fellowship programs The Distinguished Service Award is given to those individuals who have made notable outstanding contributions to OTA and the accomplishment of OTAs mission. Nominations are made by all OTA staff, and employees in all job categories are eligible. A rotating Employee Recognition Committee selects the recipients. The following OTA staff were honored with the Distinguished Service Award for 1993: Pidge Chapman, Division Administrator, Industry, Commerce, and International Securit y Division Mary Lou Higgs, Manager, Publishing Services Vincent McCall, Systems Technician, Telecommunications and Information Systems OTA Reports Recognized as Notable In May 1993, the American Library Associations Government Documents Round Table announced their list of Notable Government Documents for 1992. Of the 20 Federal government documents recognized, four were OTA reports: n n n n After the Cold War: Living with Lower Defense Spending, Industry, Technology and Employment Program, Kitty Gillman, Project Director Biological Rhythms: lmplications for the Worker, Biological and Behavioral Sciences Program, David l.iskowsky, Project Director Testing in American Schools: Asking the Right Questions, Science, Education, and Transportation Program, Michael Feuer, Project Director U.S. Dairy Industry at a Crossroads: Biotechnology and Polic y Choices, Food and Renewable Resources Program, Mike Phillips, Project Director The Government Documents Round Table selects those documents they consider to be the best of the government information sources produced in the previous year. These documents expand

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our knowledge, enhance the quality of life, and/or contribute to an understanding of governmerit. Blue Pencil Awards The National Association of Government Communicators conducts the Blue Pencil Competition as an annual recognition of outstanding government communications projects and producers. Entries are judged on writing, editorial content, layout and design, achievement of purpose and cost effectiveness. This year three OTA reports were recognized in the competition: l Cystic Fibrosis and DNA Tests: Implications of Carrier Screening, Biological and Behavioral Sciences Program, Robyn Nishimi, Project Director, First Place, Books for a Technical Audience Category l Testing in American Schools: Asking the Right Questions, Science, Education, and Transportation Program, Michael Feuer, Project Director, Second Place, Books for General Audience Category n Evaluation of the Oregon Medicaid Proposal, Health Program, Elaine Power, Project Director, Honorable Mention, Books for a Technical Audience Category The Morris K. Udall Fellowship Program The Udall Fellowship Program is awarded to up to six individuals each year for a one-year appointment at OTA. It was established in 1991 b y the Technology Assessment Board in honor of Morris K. Udall, retired congressman from Arizona who served 30 years in the House of Representatives and 18 years on the Technology Assessment Board. Qualified candidates must demonstrate exceptional abilit y in areas needed in OTAs work, such as the physical or biological sciences, engineering, law, economics, environmental and social sciences, and public policy. Candidates must have significant experience in technical fields or management or have completed research at the doctoral level. Fellows, 1992-93 n Lucian Hughes, Industry, Technology and Employment Program n Thomas Vischi, Biological Applications Program Fellows, 1993-94 n Dean Cheng, International Security and Commerce Program n Betsy Gunn, Oceans and Environment Program n Lois Joellenbeck, Oceans and Environment Program Congressional Fellowship in Health Policy The Milbank Memorial Fund and OTA established the Congressional Fellowship in Health Policy in 1992 to be served at OTA beginning in September 1992. The program seeks candidates with substantial training and experience in research and strong interest in health policy. The fellowship provides an opportunity for an individual of proven abilit y and considerable promise to work with OTA researchers to assist Congress in its deliberations of science and technology issues affecting our Nations health policy and to gain a better understanding of the ways in which Congress establishes national Policy related to these issues. The Fund and OTA invited applications from individuals who have demonstrated abilit y in research on issues of health policy. Applicants should have doctorates in the social sciences or related areas or have terminal scientific or professional degrees and considerable training in research using the policy sciences Fellow, 1992-93 n Sean T U nis, HeaIth Program Fellow, 1993-94 n Gerard Fergerson, Biological and Behavioral Sciences Program

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Advisors and panel members* Richard E. $chuler, Chairman Professor School of Civil and Envlronmental Engineering Cornell University Peter Bradford Commissioner New York Public Service Commission Rlchard W. Devane President Framatome USA, Inc. William Dornsife Acting Director Bureau of Radiation Protection Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources S. David Freeman General Manager Sacramento Municipal Utility District Michael W. Golay Professor Department of Nuclear Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Jerome Goldberg President Nuclear Dlvislon Florida Power and Light Compan y Howard Hlller Vice President Salomon Brothers David G. Heel Director Dlvislon of Biometry and Risk Assessment National Institute of Environmental Health Science Leonard Hyman First Vice President Merrill Lynch Capital Markets James Joosten Principal Admlnlstrator OECD/Nuclear Energy Agency George J. Konzek Senior Research Engineer Waste Systems Department Battelle, Pacific Northwest lab Martin J Pasqualetti Professor Department of Geography Arizona State University Robert Pollard Senior Nuclear Safety Engineer Union of Concerned Sclentists Daniel W, Reicher Senior Attorney Natural Resources Defense Council Cas Robinson Director National Association of Regulatory Commissioners John J. Taylor Vice President Nuclear Power Dlvlslon Electric Power Research Institute Affiliations ore at time of appolntment to panel or workshop

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H.B. Tucker Senior Vice President Nuclear Generation Group Duke Power Co, Nat Wood son Vice President and General Manager Westinghouse Electric Corp. ENERGY TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE ADVISORY PANEL Marshall Goldman, Chairman Associate Director RussIan Research Center Wellesley College Margaret Bowman Director Environmental Program for Central & Eastern Europe Environmental Law Institute Robert W, Campbell Professor Department of Economics Indiana Universit y William U. Chandler Director Advanced International Studies Unit Pacific Northwest Laboratory Robert Ebel Senior Associate Energy Security Program Center for Strategic & International Studies Charles K. Ebinger Director, Energy Group and Executive Vice President International Resources Group Richord Jacobs President Newstar, Inc. Richord A. Liroff Director Central & Eastern European Program World Wildlife Fund Simon K. Mencher President Alpha Finance & Management Corp. John f? Minneman Vice President Chase Manhattan Bank, New York Espy P. Price Vice President CIS Department Chevron Overseas Petroleum Inc. Matthew J. Sagers Director Energy Services & Senior Economist PlanEcon, Inc. Raymond J. Sero General Manager International Division Westinghouse Energy Central R a y Snokhaus Senior Vice President Government & Regulatory Affairs Houston Industries, Inc. Robert H. Socolow Director Energy and Environmental Policy Center Princeton University Richard Spears Vice President Spears & Associates RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIAL PROSPECTS ADVISORY PANEL Robert W. Fri, Chairman President Resources for the Future Jim Batchelor Vice President Technical Services SF Services, Inc. Art Brooks President Sun Earth, Inc. Edward J. Carlough General President Sheet Metal Workers International John Corsi Chairman and CEO Solarex J. Michael Davis Consultant David Dawson Forest Polic y Consultant W. Densmore Hunter Department Manager Process R&D Weyerhauser Co, Renz D. Jennings Chairman Arizona Corp. Commission David Kearney President Kearney and Associates John Kennedy Chief EngineerSpace Systems Allied-Signal Aerospace, Air Research Los Angeles Division Alden Meyer Director Climate Change and Energy Program Union of Concerned Scientists Roberta Nichols Manager, Electric Vehicle Strategy and Planning Technical Affairs Ford Motor Co. Mike Nicklas President Innovative Design

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Dale Osborn President US Windpower Inc. Ellzabeth Paine Commlssloner State of Maine Bruce Pasternak Senior Vice President Managing Officer, Energ y Practice Booz, Allen, and Hamilton Mario Richter Vice President Salomon Brothers, Inc. Victor Shaio President New Energy Corporation of Indiana Scott Sklar Executive Director Solar Energy Industries Association Cad Weinberg Manager Research and Development Paclflc Gas & Electrlc Co. Robert H. Williams Senior Research Sclentlst Center for Energy and Environmental Studies Princeton Unlverslty Kurt E. Yeager Senior Vice President Technical Operations Electrlc Power Research institute US. ENERGY EFFICIENCY ADVISORY PANEL James F Gibbons, Chairman Dean School of Engineering Stanford Unlverslty Dale Compton Professor School of Industrial Purdue Universit y Englneerlng Marc Cooper Director of Research Consumers Federation of America Robert deHaan Director of Engineering Amana Refrigeration Company Daniel A. Dreyfus Vice President Strategic Planning & Analysis Gas Research Institute Clark W Gellings Director Customer Systems Division Electrlc Power Research Institute David B. Goldstein Senior Scientist Natural Resources Defense Council Cheryl Harrington Director Regulatory Assistance Project Kenneth Hickman Vice President Applied Systems Division The York International Corporation Edward Mclnerney Chief Engineer GE Appliance Division General Electric Company Alan Miller Professor Center for Global Change University of Maryland-College Park Gary Nakarado Commissioner Public Utility Commission of Colorado John W. Rowe President and Chief Executive Officer New England Electric System Maxine Savitz Director Garrett Ceramic Components All ledSignal Aerospace Sherwood Smith Chairman & President Carollna Power & Light Company Richard Tracey Director of Engineering Services Ryland Homes B.C. Waycaster Vice President & General Manager Hydrocarbons & Energy Department D OW Chemical Irvin White Senior Director Laboratory Energy Program Battelle Paclfic Northwest Labs Mason Wlllrich President Pacific Gas and Electrlc Enterprise James L, Wolf Executive Director The Alliance to Save Energy Eric R. Zausner President Strategic Performance Management WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF BIOENERGY CROP PRODUCTION WORKSHOP ON SOCIAL COSTS OF ENERGY USE Industry, Technology, and Employment Program AMERICAN INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENT ADVISORY PANEL Roland W. Schmitt, Chairman President Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Edgar Berkey President National Environmental Technology Applications Corp.

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Judith Dean T.C. Parsons Associate Professor of Economics Executive Director School of Advanced & International Studies Center for Industrial Services Johns Hopkins University University of TennesseeNashville Robert E. Driscoll Lowrence Ross President Director U S -ASEAN Council for Business and Center for Waste Reduction Technologies Technology, Inc. American Institute of Chemical Engineers Peter Emerson Senior Economist Environmental Defense Fund Harry L. Foster Senior Economist Product Plannlng and Economics Staff General Motors Stewart J. Hudson Leglslatlve Representative International Affairs Department National Wlldllfe Federation Mary Kelly Executive Director Texas Center for Policy Studies Jeffrey Leonard President Global Environment Fund David S, Marsh President Marsh Plating Corp Jessica T. Matthews* Vice President World Resources Institute Martyn Riddle Chief Environmental Unit International Finance Corp. Paul Relis Board Member California Integrated Waste Management Board Maxine Savitz Director Garrett Ceramic Components Allied-Signal Aerospace Samuel A. Schulhof Director Environmental Research Center General Electric Co. James Selover Principal Selover Associates Morgaret Seminario Director Deportment of Occupational Safety and Health AFL-CIO Robert S. McNamara John J. Sheehan Trustee Legislative Director and U S.-Japan Foundation Assistant to the President United Steelworkers of America J.A Meyer Senior Vice President Sally Shelton Chevron Research & Technology Co. Former U.S. Ambassador of Eastern Caribbean Countries MULTINATIONAL FIRMS & THE U.S TECHNOLOGY BASE ADVISORY PANEL Lawrence M. Friedman, Chairman Professor Stanford Law School Jay Chai Chairman and CEO C. Itoh and Compan y Alfred Chandler Professor Harvard Business School Lance Compa Administrative Officer Washington -Baltimore Newspaper Guild Stanley J. Fidleman Senior Vice President Engineering, Safety and Environment Merck R. Scott Fosler President National Academy of Public Administration William Greider National Editor Rolllng Stone Richard W. Heimlich Corporate Vice President International Strategy Motorola, Inc. Robert J. Hermann Vice President Science and Technology United Technology Corp. Jeffrey Leonard President Global Environment Fund Theordore J. Lowi John L, Senior Professor of American Institutions Government Department Cornell University Resigned April 1993

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Page 33 David A. Markle Vice President Advanced Technology Ultratech Stepper Oscar B. Marx, Ill Vice President Automotive Components Group Ford Motor Company William D. Mulholland Bank of Montreal Indra Nooyi Vice President Strategy and Planning Asea Brown & Boveri, Inc. James F RIII Partner Collier, Shannon, RIII and Scott Richard B. Samuels Ford International Professor and Head, Department of Politlcal Science Director of MIT Japan Program Massachusetts Institute of Technology Peter Schavolr IBM Director of Strategy IBM Steven Schlosstein President SBS Associates, Inc Harley Shaiken Professor Department of Communlcations University of CaliforniaSan Diego Raymond Vernon Clarence Dillon Professor of International Affairs Emeritus, John F Kennedy School of Government, Harvard Unlverslty Andrew W. Wyckoff Head of Economic Analysls SectIon Directorate for Science, Technology, and Industry Organlzatlon for Economic Cooperation and Development DEFENSE CONVERSION: REDIRECTING R&D ADVISORY PANEL McGeorge Bundy, Chairman Professor Emeritus of History New York University Michael Borrus Deputy Director Berkeley Roundtable on International Economics University of California Kent H. Bowen Co-Director Leaders for Manufacturing Massachusetts Institute of Technology Charles Bradford Director Occupational Safety & Health and Community Services International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers Robert S. Carlton Vice President Community and Business Services Jackson Community College, Jackson, Ml Philip W. Cheney Vice President of Engineering Raytheon Co Robert S. Cooper President, CEO and Chairman of Board of Directors Atlantic Aerospace Electronics Corp Christopher Demlsch Partner McFadden Brothers Robert C. Dynes Professor Department of Physics Unlverslty of California, San Diego Craig Fields President Chief Technical Officer and Chief Operating Officer Mlcroelectronics & Computer Technology Corp. Arthur Flathers Director of Independent R&D GE Aerospace Douglas Fraser Professor Labor Studies Wayne State University Gregory S. Frisby Chief Executive Officer Frlsby Airborne Hydraulics Donald A. Hicks Professor Political Economy The Bruton Center for Development Studies University of Texas, Dallas Frank J. Lewis Senior Vice President and Special Assistant to Chairman and CEO Harris Corp John P. McTague Vice President for Technical Affairs Ford Motor Co, Ann Markusen Professor Director of the Project on Regional and Industrial Economics Rutgers University Basil Papadales Site Manager W.J. Schafer Associates, Inc. Jack Simon Manager Government R&D Programs General Motors, Washington Office Suzanne Teegarden Executive Director Industrial Services Program State of Massachusetts Charles D, Vollmer Vice President Technology Initiatlves Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Inc

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CONTRIBUTIONS OF DOE DEFENSE LABS & NIST TO THE SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY WORKSHOP International Security and Commerce Program ASSESSING THE POTENTIAL FOR CLOSER INTEGRATION OF DEFENSE AND CIVILIAN TECHNOLOGY AND MANUFACTURING ADVISORY PANEL Walter La Beige, Chairman Consultant Robert Calaway President Resource Management International, Inc. Gordon Corlew Vice President Engineering and Production AIL Systems, Inc. S.P. Desjardins President Simula Inc. Roger Fountain President and CEO Great Lakes Composites Corp. Jacques S. Gander Senior Vice President The Analytic Sciences Corp. Herbert Glazer Professor of International Business International Business Department Kogod College of Business Administratlon American University Alfred G. Hansen Vice President C130 Programs Lockheed Joel W. Marsh Director Government Acquisition Policy United Technologies Thomas L. McNaugher Senior Fellow The Brookings Institution Christian L. Midgley Dilvision Manager RayChem Corp. F Whitten Peters Partner Williams and Connolly Louis Rosen Partner & National Director of Government Contract Services Ernst & Young Howard Samuel Senior Fellow Council on Competitiveness Robert W. Selden Associate Director Laboratory Development Los Alamo National Laboratory Leonard Sullivan Consultant System Planning Corp. James A. Tegnelia Executive Vice President Sandia National Laboratory Nicholas Tore Ill Torelli Enterprises Harry Train Division Manager Strategic Research and Management Services Division Science Application International Corp. FUTURE OF REMOTE SENSING FROM SPACE ADVISORY PANEL Rodney W. Nichols, Chairman CE O The New York Academy of Sciences James G. Anderson Professor Department of Chemistry Harvard University William Brown President ERIM Corp. Ronald Brunner Professor Department of Political Science University of Colorado Joanne Gabrynowicz Associate Professor Center for Aerospace Sciences University of North Dakota Alexander F.H. Goetz Director Center for Study of Earth from Space University of Colorodo David Goodenough Chief Research Scientist Pacific Forestry Center Forestry Canada Donald Latham Corporate Director Loral Corp. Cecil E. Leith Physicist Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory John H. McElroy Dean of Engineering The University of Texas at Arlington Molly McCauley Fellow Resources for the Future Earl Merritt President Merritt Assoc.

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Alan Miller Professor Center for Global Change University of Maryland-College Park Raymond E. Miller Professor Department of Computer Science University of Maryland Kenneth Pedersen Research Professor of International Affairs School of Foreign Service Georgetown Unlversity David T Sandwell Geological Resources Division Scripps Institute of Oceanography Dorm Walk let President Terra Nova Corp Albert D Wheelon Consultant PROLIFERATION OF WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION ADVISORY PANEL James E. Goodby, Chairman Dlstinguished Service Professor Carnegie-Mellon University James E. Leonard, Chairman 2 Executive Director Washington Council on Non-Proliferation George Anzelon Associate Division Leader Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory WiII D Carpenter Consultant Lewis A Dunn Assistant Vice President and Manager of Negotiations and Planning Division Science Applicatlons International Corp. Randall Forsberg Executive Director Institute for Defense and Disarmament Studies Thomas R. Fox Director Office of National Security Technology Pacific Northwest Laboratories Alan R. Goldhammer Director of Technical Affairs Industrial Biotechnolog y Association John M. Googln Senior Staff Consultant Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. Robert G. Gough Senior Member, Technical Staff Sandia National Laboratories Elisa D. Harris 3 Senior Research Analyst The Brookings Institution Geoffre y Kem p Senior Associate Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Joshua Lederberg 4 Professor The Rockefeller Universit y John W. Lewis Professor Center for International Security and Arms Control Stanford Universit y Lee W. Mercer Corporate Export Manager Digital Equipment Corp. Matthew S. Meselson Professor Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Harvard University Stephen M. Meyer Professor Center for International Studies Massachusetts Institute of Technolog y Gary Milhollin Director Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control Marvin M. Miller Senior Research Scientist Department of Nuclear Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Janne E, NoIon Senior Fellow-in-Foreign Policy The Brookings Instltutton William C. Potter Director Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies Monterey Institute of International Studies Barbara Hatch Rosenberg Professor Division of Natural Sciences SUN Y Lawrence Scheinmon Professor of Government and Associate Director Peace Studies Program Cornell University Leonard S Spector Senior Associate Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Sergio C Trindade President S E 2 T International, Ltd Resigned to become Chief U S Negotiator for Safe and Secure Dismantlement of Nuclear weapons 2 Panel member untiI June 1, 1993; Ponel chair after June 1, 1993 ~ Resigned Jon 29, 1993 to join Notinal Security Council staff Ex-office, Member of Technology Assessment Advisory Council 5 Resigned Aug 13, 1993 to become Counselor for Nonproliferation in the U S Department of Energy

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WORKSHOP ON CIVIL-MILITARY INTEGRATION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS David Haase Executive Central Air Safety Chairman Air Line Pilots Association Richard V. Burkhauser Senior Fellow Gerontolog y Program Syracuse University WORKSHOP ON EOS AND USGCRP Jonathan Howe Attorney Zuckert, Scoutt, & Rasenberger WORKSHOP ON FORMATS, MEDIA AND STANDARDS FOR CIVILIAN REMOTELY SENSED DATA Kenneth M. Campbell Executive Director Ohio Developmental Disabilities Planning Council Noreene Koan Chairperson National Air Safety Committee Association of Flight Attendants WORKSHOP ON FUTURE OF REMOTELY SENSED DATA Joseph M. Dabrowski Vice President for Engineering Transportation Manufacturing Corp. WORKSHOP ON FUTURE OF REMOTE SENSING FROM SPACE WORKSHOP ON REMOTE SENSING DATA: MANAGEMENT/ DISTRIBUTION, AND ANALYSIS Richard Livingston Air Transportation Consultant Joseph S. Dusenbury Commissioner South Carolina Vocational Rehabilitation Department T, Al Ian McArtor President FEDEX Aeronautics Corp. WORKSHOP ON POTENTIAL MILITARY USES OF CIVILIAN SATELLITES WORKSHOP ON SHIPBUILDING Marlene Eide Commissioner Williams County, North Dakota WORKSHOP ON FUTURE TRENDS IN GLOBAL SECURITY Clinton V. Oster, Jr. Professor School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University Lex Frieden Senior Vice President Texas Institute for Rehabilitation and Research Science, Education, and Transportation Program Willard G, Plentl, Jr. Director Division of Aviation for North Carolina FEDERAL AVIATION RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ADVISORY PANEL Najeeb E. Halaby, Chair Chairman Sofair International Frank M. Henry President Frank Martz Coach Co. Robert W. Simpson Director Flight Transportation Lab Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ralf Hotchkiss Director Wheeled Mobility Center San Francisco State University Robert W. Baker Executive Vice President, Operations American Airlines, Inc. Richard Swauger Air Traffic Consultant Patricia F. Wailer Director Transportation Research Institute University of Michigan Fred Kaiser President Kerrville Bus Co., Inc. William F. Ballhaus, Jr, President Martin Marietta Aero & Naval Systems Theodore Knappen Principal Government Affairs Management Associates Robert A. Davis Vice President, Engineering Boeing Commercial Airplane Group INTERCITY BUS ACCESS FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES Charles B. Wheeler, Jr., Chair President Wheeler Medical Laboratories Donald D. Engen President AOPA Air Safety Foundation Jock Michaels Technolog y Access Consultant Robert C. Brown Senior Vice President Lehman Brothers Ronald R. Moore President Burlington Trailways Edmund S. Greenslet President ESG Aviation Services

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Page 37 Michael H Sharff Asslstant Secretary far Public Transportation Massachusetts Executive Off Ice of Transportation and Construct Ion Molly Drake Director Alternate Teacher Preparation Program University of Southern Florida, Tampa Tom Snyder President Tom Snyder Productions Adam Urbanski President Rochester Teachers Association, New York Walter A Spencer Senior Vice President Cole Layer-Trumble Co Lee Ehman Professor of Education Indiana University, Bloomington Valerie J. Wilford Media Specialist Executive Director Illinois Valley Library System Patricia Weaver Assistant Research Scientist University of Kansas Transportation Center Geoffre y Fletcher Associate Commissioner for Technology Applications Texas State Department of Education James A Williams Chairman United Transporation Union Local 1564 Art Wise President National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education Keith Heuttig School Board Member Valle y School District, Hazelton, Indiana Ex-officio members Robert Ashby Deputy Assistant General Counsel Off Ice of The Secretar y U S Department of Transportation Yolanda Jenkins Senior Program Administrator IBM EduQuest Kristina Woolsey Distinguished Scientist Advanced Technolog y Group Apple Computer Stanley Johnson Science Teacher Jefferson Junior High School, Washington, D C Lawrence Roffee Executive Director Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board TECHNOLOGIES FOR LITERACY ADVISORY PANEL Richard Venezky, Chair Unidel Professor of Educational Studies and Professor of Computer and Information Science University of Delaware Leslie Lemon Fifth Grade Teacher West Elementar y School, Moss Point, Mississippi Donald Trilling Director, Off Ice of Transportation Regulatory Affairs Office of the Secretar y U S Department of Transportation Louise McCarran Regulatory Consultant Christine Cope President South Dakota Literacy Council TEACHERS AND TECHNOLOGY ADVISORY PANEL Allen Glenn, Chairperson Dean College of Education University of Washington, Seattle Henry R. Marockie Superintendent of Schools West Virginia State Department of Education Sharon Darling President National Center for Family Literacy, Louisville, KY Argelio B. Perez Associate Superintendent for Educational Services Lansing School District, Michigan Allen DeBevoise President AND Communications, Inc. Milton Chen Director Center for Education and Lifelong Learning KQE D Ronald Gillum Director Adult Extended Learning Services Michigan Department of Education Dwight Prince Principal Robert E Lee Elementary School, Long Beach, California Chris Cross Executive Director Business Roundtable

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Shirley Brice Heath Professor of English, Linguistics, and Anthropolgy Stanford University Richard Varn Senator Iowa State Legislature Bernie Campbell Vice President Information Services Sonoco Products George Walker President Delta Wire Co. Jim Kadamus Assistant Commissioner Higher and Continuing Education New York State Department of Education Carl Cargill Standards Strategist Sun Microsystems, Inc. WORKSHOP ON FEDERAL AVIATION TECHNOLOGY AND U.S. COMPETITIVENESS Rev. William Cunningham Founder and Director Focus HOPE Irwin Kirsch Director Division of Cognitive and Assessment Research Educational Testing Service Telecommunication and Computing Technologies Program Irwin Dorros Vice President Technolog y Bell Communications Research William Kolberg President & CEO National Alliance of Business ELECTRONIC ENTERPRISE: NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR AMERICAN BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY ADVISORY PANEL Daniel Bell, Chairman Scholar-in-Residence American Academy of Arts & Sciences Frank Emspak School for Workers University of Wisconsin R a y Marshall Professor L. B.J. School of Public Affairs University of Texas, Austin Peter Keen Consultant Earline McNary Consultant Sara Kiesler Professor Department of Social and Decision Sciences Carnegie Mellon University Marietta L. Baba Acting Chair Department of Anthropology Wayne State University Job Moraido Social Worker Law Offices of the Public Defender Child Advocacy Division, San Diego, CA James Beatty President National Consulting Systems James L., Koontz Chief Executive Officer Kingsbury Corp. Richard Murnane Professor of Economics Harvard Graduate School of Education Jim Benn Executive Director Federation for Industrial Retention & Renewal Donald Lasher President Information Service Division United States Automobile Association Reg Murphy Executive Vice President National Geographic Societ y Kathleen Bernard Director, External Programs North Carolina Supercomputer Center Scott Loftesness Group Vice President Visa International Dale Rezabek GAIN Coordinator California Community College, Sacramento Willard R. Bishop, Jr. President Willard Bishop Associates Glenn Smith Manager Strategic Technology Planning United Parcel Service Antonia Stone President Playing to Win Fred Block Chairman Department of Sociology University of California Paul Vetter Director Information Services Cone MiIIs Corp.

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Page 39 Mark Weiser Chief Scientist and Manager Computer Science Lab Xerox Polo Alto Research Center John Wohlstetter Director Technology Affairs GTE Corp. John Zysman Co-Director Berkeley Round Table on International Econom y Unversity of California, Berkeley MAKING GOVERNMENT WORK: ELECTRONIC DELIVERY OF FEDERAL SERVICES ADVISORY PANEL Donald A. Marchand, Chairman Dean School of Information Studies Syracuse University Raza A. Babar Director Global Research and Intelligence Detroit Edison Company Thomas B. Beard Chairman Florida Public Service Commission Ying-Chung Annie Chen Director Strategic Analysis Pacific Telesis Group William H Dutton Professor of Communication The Annenberg School of Communication Unversity of Southern California Francis Dummer Fisher Visiting Scholar L.B.J. School of Public Affairs University of Texas Carol Fukunaga Vice Chair NCSL Information Policy Task Force Hawaii House of Representatives Charles H. Geisler formerly Director, Technical Computing Technical Computations Department 3M Company Thomas M. Grundner President National Public Telecomputing Network Glen P Haney Former Director Office of Information Resources Management U.S. Department of Agriculture Alexander H. HiIIs Distinguished Service Professor Carnegie Mellon Unlversity Edwin A. Levine formerly Regional Director Government Affairs EDS Corp. Alvin E. Nashman Former President Systems Group Computer Science Corp Diana Roose Research Director 9 to 5, National Association of Working Women Jorge Reina Schement Associate Professor School of Communication, Information, and Library Studies Rutgers University Alan F Westin Professor of Public Law and Government Department of Political Science Columbia University Joseph Terrence Williams Manager Women, Infants and Children Program Wyoming Department of Public Health US. TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN EUROPEAN MARKETS ADVISORY PANEL John Diebold, Chairman Diebold Institute for Public P O I IC y Studies, Inc James R. Beniger, Professor Annenburg School of Communications University of Southern California Mark L. Bigelow Network Architect Information Services Bechtel Corp. Robert Bruce Partner Debevoise & Plimpton Emilio DeLia Department Director International Communications Services AT& T Steven Flaiser Vice President for Space Systems LORAL Kenneth Gordon Chief Commissioner Massachusetts Department of Public Transportation Bruce Greenwald Professor Department of Economics Columbia University School of Business J Donald Karmizin Vice President Management Information Systems United Airlines Gene Kimmelman Consumer Federation of America Mike Nugent Vice President and Associate General Counsel Citibank, NA

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Barbara OConnor Chairperson, Alliance for Public Technology Department of Communications California State University Reynie U. Ortiz Vice President for Public Polic y U.S. West Francis Plude Professor Department of Communications John Carroll University Michael J. Reilly, Sr. Vice President for External Relations Reuters America, Inc. Tony Rutkowski Vice President SPRIN T Marie-Monique Steckel President France Telecom Inc. WORKSHOP ON BUSINESS APPLICATIONS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY WORKSHOP ON THE ELECTRONIC ENTERPRISE: LABOR MANAGEMENT WORKSHOP ON THE ELECTRONIC ENTERPRISE: NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR AMERICAN BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY WORKSHOP ON PRIVACY RIGHTS IN COMPUTERIZED MEDICAL INFORMATION Biological and Behavioral Sciences Program CYSTIC FIBROSIS AND DNA TESTS: IMPLICATIONS OF CARRIER SCREENING ADVISORY PANEL Jessica G. Davis, Chair Co-Director Genetics Department New York Hospital Arthur L. Beaudet Professor Howard Hughes Medical Institute Baylor College of Medicine Debra L. Collins Genetic Counselor University of Kansas Medical Center Beth A. Fine Genetic Counselor/Clinlcal Instructor Section of Reproductive Genetics Northwestern University Medical School Lynn D. Fleisher Attorney Sidley & Austin Clark C. Havighurst William Neal Reynolds Professor of Law School of Law Duke University John Z. Jacoby, Ill Clinical Assistant The Cystic Fibrosis Center St. Vincents Hospital and Medical Center Ang'e Ie Khachadour General Counsel Hastings College of Law Katherine W. Klinger Vice President, Science Integrated Genetics Arthur Lifson Vice President Health Management Services CIGNA Companies Robert F Murray, Jr. Professor Department of Pediatrics and Child Health College of MedicineHoward Universit y Mark Pauly Executive Director Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics Wharton SchoolUniversit y o f Pennsylvania Susan Poling Parent Thomas K. Reed, Jr. Chairman Vivigen, Inc Philip R. Reill y President Shriver Center for Mental Retardation, Inc Joseph D. Schulman Director Genetics & IVF Institute HUMAN GENOME PROJECT AND PATENTING HUMAN DNA SEQUENCES ADVISORY PANEL LeRoy Walters, Chair Director Center for Bioethics Kenned y Institute of Ethics Georgetown University Charles Auffrey Project Director Genethon Evry, France David Botstein Professor and Chairman Department of Genetics Stanford Universit y Medical Center Robert M. CookDeegon Director Division of Blobehavioral Sciences and Mental Disorders Institute of Medicine Rebecca S. Eisenberg Professor of Law Unversity of Michigan Law School James F Haley, Jr. Partner Fish & Neave Marilyn Hartig Director Corporate Development, Pharmaceuticals/Biotech WarnerLambert Co.

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Page 41 Max D. Hensley Vice President for Intellectual Property Gilead Sciences, Inc. Thomas D. Kiley Consultant William A. Linton, Ill President and Chairman Promega Corp. Lita L. Nelsen Director Technolog y Licensing Office Massachusetts Institute of Technology Deborah Nickerson Professor Department of Molecular Biotechnology University of Washington, Seattle David A.A. Owen Director Industrial Collaboration and Licensing Medical Research Council, UK J. David Roessner Professor School of Public Policy Georgia Institute of Technology Joseph Straus Professor Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Patent and Copyright Munich, Germany J. Craig Venter President and Director Institute for Genomic Research Teri S. Willey Associate Director Office of Technology Transfer Purdue Research Foundation Ronald G. Worton Geneticist-in-Chief Department of Genetics Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada OSHAS SELECTlON OF CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES AND ASSESSMENT OF THEIR IMPACTS AND COSTS ADVISORY PANEL John R. Froines, Chair Director Center for Occupational and Environmental Health School of Public Health University of California-Los Angeles Nicholas A. Ashford Professor Center for Technology, Policy and Industrial Development Massachusetts Institute of Technolog y Robert Crandall Senior Fellow Economic Studies Program The Brookings Institution Morton Corn Professor School of Hygiene and Public Health The Johns Hopkins University William T, Dickens Associate Professor Department of Economics University of California, Berkeley James S, Holt Senior Economist and Vice President for Research Employment Policy Foundation William F! Kelly Vice President and General Manager Fibers Division The Carborundum Co, Karl Kronebusch La Follette Institute of Public Affairs University of Wisconsin Lester B. Lave James H. Higgins Professor of Economics Department of Economics Carnegie-Mellon University Thomas McGarity William Stomps Farlsh Professor of Law School of Law University of Texas at Austin John Mendeloff Professor School of Public and International Affairs University of Pittsburgh Stephen M. Rappaport Professor of Occupational Health Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Occupational Safet y an d Health Educational Resource Center University of North Carolina Susan Rose-Ackerman Henry R. Luce Professor of Jurisprudence School of Law Yale University Barbara A. Sllverstein Director of Research Department of Labor and Industries Safety and Health Assessment and Search for Prevent Ion State of Washington James W. Smith Chief Economist (ret.) United Steel Workers of America Margaret M. Seminario Director Department of Occupational Safety and Health American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations RISK ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS ADVISORY PANEL Ronald W. Estabrook, Chair Virginia Lazenby OHera Professor of Biochemistry Department of Biochemistr y Unversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

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Eula Bingham Curtis C. Travis Robbie M. Jackman Vice President & Dean for Graduate Studies Director Assistant Commissioner Institute of Environmental Health Center for Risk Assessment State of Tennessee University of Cincinnati Medical Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Department of Public Health Thomas A. Burke Assistant Professor Department of Health Policy and Management The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health Adam M. Finkel Fellow Center for Risk Management Resources for the Future Joseph H Guth Senior Project Scientist Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. Oliver Hankinson Associate Professor of Pathology Laboratory of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences University of CaliforniaLos Angeles David Lilienfield Senior Epidemiologist The EMMES Corp. Gilbert Omenn Dean School of Public Health and Community Medicine University of Washington, Seattle Cohn N. Park Associate Scientist and Issues Manager Health and Environmental Sciences The Dow Chemical Co. David f? Rail Consultant Joseph V Rodricks Senior Vice President Head, Health Sciences Department ENVIRON International Corp. James D. Wilson Regulatory Issues Director Environmental Safety and Health Staff Monsanto Co. Lauren Zeise Acting Chief and Senior Toxicologist Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental Protection Agency Rae Zimmerman Professor of Planning Robert F Wagner Graduate School of Public Service New York Universit y TECHNOLOGIES FOR UNDERSTANDING THE ROOT CAUSES OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND ADDICTlON ADVISORY PANEL Patricia E, Evans, Chair Director of Research Bayview-Hunters Point Foundation Marilyn Aguirre-Molina Assistant Professor Department of Environmental and Community Medicine Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Jeffrey G. Becker Vice President Office of Alcohol Issues The Beer Institute Lawrence S. Brown Jr. Vice-President Addiction Research and Treatment Corp. Mary Edwards Director Joy of Jesus Camden House Bernard Ellis Consultant Sheppard Kellam Professor and Chairman Department of Mental Hygiene School of Hygiene and Public Health The Johns Hopkins Universit y Herbert Kleber Director, Division on Substance Abuse Department of Psychiatr y College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia Universit y George F. Koob Member Department of Neuropharmacology The Scripps Research Institute Mary Jeanne Kreek Associate Professor Department of Biolog y and Addictive Diseases The Rockefeller Universit y John Lucas President John Lucas Enterprises Spero Man son Professor Department of Psychiatry University Health Science Center Colorado Psychiatric Hospital Roger Meyer Vice President for Medical Affairs and Executive Dean George Washington Universit y Medical School David F. Musto Professor of Psychiatry Child Studies Center Yale University Ruben Ortega Police Chief Salt Lake City, Utah

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Sue Rusche Executive Director National Families In Action Lawrence Wallack Associate Professor School of Public Health Kenneth E Warner Professor and Chair, Department of Public Health Policy and Administration School of Public Health University of Michigan Roger Wilkins Clarence J Robinson Professor of History and American Culture George Mason Unversity WORKSHOP ON THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT, MENTAL ILLNESS AND EMPLOYMENT WORKSHOP ON BIOMEDICAL ETHICS IN U.S. PUBLIC POLICY WORKSHOP ON COMMUNITY-BASED DRUG PREVENTION WORKSHOP ON DRUG AVAILABILITY WORKSHOP ON INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS OF DNA PATENTS WORKSHOP ON FEDERAL SUPPORT OF RISK ASSESSMENT: STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION WORKSHOP ON LEGAL ISSUES IN PATENTING HUMAN DNA WORKSHOP ON ROLE OF RECREATIONAL, CULTURAL, AND OTHER COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES AND SETTlNGS IN PREVENTING DRUG ABUSE AMONG YOUTH WORKSHOP ON UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF GENETIC FACETS IN MENTAL ILLNESS Food and Renewable Resources Program AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND THE ENVIRONMENT ADVISORY PANEL Sandra Batie Professor Deportment of Agricultural Economics Michigan State University William L. Bryant Chairman W.L. Bryant Company Anne Chadwick Special Trade Consultant Department of Food & Agriculture The Chadwick Company John M. Duxbury Director Agricultural Ecosystems Program Cornell University AlIan Robert James Eaglesham Visiting Scientist Cornell University Peter Emerson Senior Economist Environmental Defense Fund Dan Esty Fellow Institute for International Economics David Fredrickson President Minnesota Farmers Union Stephen R. Gliessman Director Department of Agroecology Program University of California, Santa Cruz Ralph W. F Hardy President Boyce Tower Institute Robert Harness Vice President for Regulatory Science Agriculture Group Monsanto Company Robbin Johnson Corporate Vice President Department of Public Affairs Cargill, Inc. Jack Laurie President Michigan Farm Bureau Alexander F McCalla Professor Department of Agricultural Economics University of California, DavIs Stanley Miller Vice President Deportment of International Sales Excel Corp Kitty Reichelderfer Smith Director of Policy Studies Henry A. Wallace Institute Ann Veneman Counsel Patton, Boggs, and Blow Justin R. Ward Senior Resource Specialist Natural Resources Defense Council Cecil A. Watson Farmer Pete Wenstrand Vice President National Corn Growers Association David Wheeler Acting Division Chief Environment, Infrastructure and Agriculture Division The World Bank

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AQUACULTURE: FOOD AND RENEWABLE RESOURCES FROM US. WATERS ADVISORY PANEL Don Abt Marine Biological Laboratory Woodshole Oceanographic Institute Joseph McCraren Executive Director National Aquiculture Association Alfred Crosby Professor Department of American Studies University of Texas Ted McNulty Aquiculture Coordinator Arkansas Development Finance Authorit y Les Ehler Professor Department of Entomology University of CaliforniaDavis Jan Auyong Project Manager Mar Res Associates David Ortman Director Friends of the Earth William Flemer, Ill President Wm. Flemers Sons, inc. Princeton Nurseries John Bardach Senior Marine Advisor Environment and Policy Institute John Pitts Consultant Merry Camhi Ecology/Staff Scientist Scully Science Center Bradley H, Powers Director Aquiculture/Seafood Programs National Association of Aquiculture Coordinators John Grandy Vice President Wildlife & Habitat Protection Humane Society of the U.S. John S. Corbin Manager Aquiculture Development Program Lynn Greenwatt Vice President Department of International Affairs National Wildlife Federation Robert R. Stickney Professor School of Fisheries, University of Washington Mike Freeze Keo Fish Form, Inc. Roberti Kahn Consultant Michael Hastings Executive Director Maine Aquiculture Innovation Center Hugh Warren, Ill Executive Vice President Catfish Farmers of America William B. Kovalak Supervisor Environmental & Regulatory Compliance Detroit Edison Compony Timothy K. Hennessy President Ekk Will Waterlife Resources NON-INDIGENOUS SPECIES ADVISORY PANEL Marion Cox, Chair Managing Director Resource Associates Jack Lattin Curator of the Museum Entomology Museum Oregon State University-Corvallis Bille Hougart Vice President Oceanic Institute J. Baird Callicot Professor Department of Philosophy University of WisconsinStevens Point Robert Hulbrock Aquiculture Coordinator Department of Fish and Game Joseph P McCraren Executive Director National Aquiculture Associatio n Ann Kapuscinski Associate Professor Sea Grant College Program University of Minnesota Faith Campbell Senior Scientist Natural Resources Defense Council Marshall Meyers General Council Pet Industry Joint Advisory Council James Carlton Director Maritime Studies Program Williams CollegeMystic Seaport Robert Morris Resource Manager Western Division Louisiana Pacific Roy Martin Executive Director National Aquiculture Council National Fisheries Institute

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Page 45 Philip Regal Professor Department of Ecology and Behavioral Biology University of Minnesota Rudolph Rosen Director of Wildlife Parks and Wildlife Department State of Texas Don Schmitz Biological Scientist Bureau of Aquatic Plant Management Florida Department of Natural Resources Jerry Scribner Attorney-at-Law Howard M Singletary, Jr Director Plant Industry Division North Carolina Department of Agriculture Clifford W Smith Director, Cooperative Park Stud y Unit Department of National Parks University of Hawaii, Manoa Reggle Wyckoff Consultant WORKSHOP ON AQUACULTURE FUTURES Health Program ASSESSING THE ASSUMPTIONS BEHIND HEALTH REFORM PROJECTIONS ADVISORY PANEL Joseph P Newhouse, Chair Director Division of Health Policy Research and Education Harvard University Stuart H Altman Dean Florence Heller School Brandeis University Harold Cohen President Hal Cohen, Inc. Karen Davis Executive Vice President The Commonwealth Fund Tom J. Elkln Assistant Executive Officer Health Benefit Services CalPERS Deborah A. Freund Director Otis Bowen Research Indiana Unlversity Fernando A. Guerra Director Center San Antonio Metropolitan Health Dtstr-let William Hsiao Professor of Health System Economics Department of Health Policy and Management Harvard School of Public Health Sherrie Kaplan Co-Director Division of Health Services Research The Health Institute, New England Medical Center Lawrence R. Klein Professor of Economics University of Pennsylvania Wood row Myers Vice President far Medical Affairs The Associated Group Jack Rodgers Senior Manager Director of Health Policy Analysis Price Waterhouse Allen J. Sorbo Principal Tillinghast, A Towers Perrin Co. Gail R. Wilensky Senior Fellow Project HOPE Michael C. Wolf son Director General Institutions and Social Statistics Branch Statistics Canada, Ottawa DEFENSIVE MEDICINE AND THE USE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ADVISORY PANEL Randall Bovbjerg, Chair Senior Research Associate The Urban Institute John R, Ball Executive Vice President American College of Physicians James Blumstein Professor of Law Vanderbilt University Law School Troyen Brennan Professor of Law and Public Health Department of Health Policy and Management Harvard School of Public Health Brad Cohn President Physician Insurers Association of America Edward David Chairman Maine Board of Registration in Medicine Richard Frank Professor Health Services Research Development Center Johns Hopkins University Pamela Gilbert Legislative Director and Public Citizen Congress Watch Rodne y Hayward Assistant Professor Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan School of Medicine

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Page 46 Richard Kravitz Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of General Medicine Primary Care Center, Sacramento, CA Enrique Fefer Regional Advisor Essential Drugs Program Pan American Health Organization Albert Wertheimer Professor Philadelphia College of Pharmacy Sidney Wolfe Director Public Citizen Health Research Group George D Malkasian Chairman Department of Obstetrics& Gynecolog y Mayo Clinic Paula Fujiwara Clinical Instructor Department of Internal Medicine Unilersity of CaliforniaSan Francisco INTERNATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN HEALTH TECHNOLOGY SERVICES, AND ECONOMICS ADVISORY PANEL Rosemary Stevens, Chairperson Dean, School of Arts & Sciences University of Pennsylvania Barry Manuel Associate Dean Boston University College of Medicine Harris Gleckman Medical Director MDR TB Team New York City Department of Health J Douglas Peters Attorne y Charfoos and Christensen, Attorneys at Law Keith Johnson Director of Drug Information United States Pharmacopoeia Stuart Altman Dean Florence Heller School Brandeis University Richmond Prescott former Associate Executive Director for the Permanante Medical Group, Inc William S. Merkin Senior Vice President Strategic Policy, Inc. Jan E. Blanpain Professor School of Public Health Leuven University David Sundwall Vice President and Medical Director American Healthcare Systems Institute Mary Ellen Mortensen Assistant Professor-Pharmac y & Toxicolog y Columbus Childrens Hospital Ohio State Unversity, Columbus Laurence R. Tancredi Private Consultant Harry F? Cain II Senior Vice President Federal Employee Program Blue Cross/Blue Shield James S. Todd Executive Vice President Armerican Medical Association Robert Neimeth President Pfizer International, Inc. Tom Chapman President FACHE The Greater Southeast Healthcare System Mark Novitch Executive Vice President Upjohn Pharmaceutical Corp. DRUG LABELING ADVISORY PANEL Bernard Mirkin, Chair Head & Director of Research Childrens Memorial Institute for Education Northwestern University Medical School Louis P. Garrison, Jr, Director of Health Economics Pharmacoeconomics Research Syntex Development Research Johanna E Perlmutter Head Division of Human Sexuality Beth Israel Hospital Stuart Baker Partner Steptoe & Johnston Annetine Gelijns Associate Director Habib Center for Surgical Studies Columbia Universit y Michael Reich Associate Professor Harvard School of Public Health Paul A Belford President Associate Executive Resources Group Regina Rowan Chair, Pharmaceutical Workgroup Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility Medical Mission Sisters William Glaser Professor New School for Social Research Graduate School of Management and Urban Polic y Joseph Cook Director Program for Tropical Disease Research Edna McConnell Clark Foundation

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..- John K. Iglehart Editor Health Affairs Ellen M Immergut Associate Professor Department of Political Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lynn E Jensen Vice President Group on Health Policy and Programs American Medical Association Stanley Jones Consultant Bengt Jonsson Professor Stockholm School of Economics Kenneth Maton Research Professor Duke Center for Demographic Studies Duke University Edward Neuschler Director Policy Development & Research Health Insurance Association of America Jean-Pierre Poullier Director Education, Employment and Social Affairs Off Ice for Economic Cooperation and Development, France Mark Schlesinger Associate Professor Department of Epidemiolog y and Public Health Yale University Medical School Bruce C Vladeck Administrator Health Care Financing Adminilstration HEALTH AND SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS ADVISORY PANEL Richard K. Riegelman, Chair Director Public Health Programs George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Adrianne Bendich Clinical Research Scientist Department of Human Nutrition Research Hoffman La Roche, Inc. Dennis M. Bier Director Childrens Nutritional Research Center Gladys Block Professor School of Public Health University of California, Berkeley Joseph Bresse Vice President Sales and Marketing General Nutrition, Inc J.B. Cordaro President Council for Responsible Nutrition Ann Corken Drug Information Specialist US. Pharmacopela-Drug Information Division Johanna Dwyer Director Frances Stern Nutrition Center New England Medical Center Janet L. Greger Professor Department of Nutritional Sciences University of Wisconsin Madison Ryan Huxtable Professor Department of Pharmacolog y College of Medicine, University of Arizona Loren Israelsen Attorney at Law Bonnie Liebmon Director of Nutrition Center for Science in the Public Interest Rob McCaleb President Herb Research Foundation Donald B McCormick Professor Department of Biochermistry Emory University School of Mediclne Stephen H. McNamara Attorney Hyman, Phelps & McNamara, PC Welter Mertz Director Beltsvllle Human Nutrition Research Center U S Department of Agriculture Joseph E Pizzorno, Jr Founding President Bastyr College Simon Young Professor Department of Psychiatry McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Walter Willett Chairman Department of Nutrition Harvard School of Public Health PHARMACEUTICAL R&D: COSTS, RISKS, AND REWARDS ADVISORY PANEL Frederick M Scherer, Chair Professor of Economics John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard Unlversity Jerome Avorn Director Program for Analysis of Clinical Strategies Harvard Medical School

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Page 48 Martin Neil Baily Professor Department of Economics University of Mar-y land-College Park Nancy L. Buc Partner Weil, Gotshal & Manges William S. Comanor Professor Department of Economics University of California-Santa Barbara Lewis A. Engman Partner Winston & Strawn Thomas Q. Garvey, Ill President Garvey Associates, Inc. Frederic Greenberg Partner EGS Partners Robert B. Helms Resident Scholar American Enterprise Institute Gene Kimmelman Director of Government Affairs AIDS Action Council Jeffrey Levi Consultant Judy C. Lewent Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Merck & Co. Inc. George B. Rathmann Chairman of the Board ICOS Jacob C. Stucki Vice President for Pharmaceutical Research (retired) The Upjohn Compan y Shyam Sunder Professor of Management and Economics Graduate School of Industrial Administration Carnegie-Mellon Universit y W. Leigh Thompson Executive Vice President Eli Lilly & Co, POLICY ISSUES IN THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS ADVISORY PANEL Robert P. Heaney, Chairman John A. Creighton Professor Creighton University Steven R. Cummings Research Director Division of General Internal Medicine University of California, College of Medicine Barbara L. Drinkwater Research Physiologist Department of Medicine Pacific Medical Center Deborah T. Gold Assistant Professor of Medical Sociolog y Center for Study of Aging & Human Development Duke University Medical Center Susan L. Greenspan Associate in Medicine Gerontology Division Beth Israel Hospital Caren Marie Gundberg Assistant Professor Department of Orthopedics Yale Universit y School of Medicine Sylvia Houghland Associate Director Laborator y for Clinical Computing C. Conrad Johnston, Jr. Director Dlvision of Endocrinolog y and Metabolism Indiana University School of Medicine Shiriki K Kumanyika Associate Professor of Nutritional Epidemiology College of Health and Human Development Pennsylvania State University Edward 0. Lanphier, II Executive Vice President Commercial Development Somotix Therapy Corp. Donald R. Lee Vice President Norwich Eaton Pharmaceuticals, Inc Robert Lindsay Chief Internal Medicine Helen Hayes Hospital Betsy Love Program Manager Center for Metabolic Bone Disorders Providence Medical Center Robert Marcus Director Aging Stud y Unit VA Medical Center, Palo Alto Lee Joseph Melton, Ill Head, Section of Epidemiology Department of Health Sciences Research Mayo Clinic Gregory Miller V. P. Nutrition Research/Technical Services National Dairy Council Morris Notelovitz President and Medical Director Womens Medical & Diagnostic Center and Climacteric Clinic, Inc.

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Page 49 William Arno Peck Dean Unversity of Washington School of Medicine Diana Petitti Associate Professor Deportment of Family and Community Medicine University of California, San Francisco Neil M. Resnick Chief, Geriatrics Brigham & Womens Hospital Gideon A. Rodan Executive Director Department of Bane Biology Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Mehrsheed Sinaki Professor, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Mayo Medical School Milton C Weinsteln Henry J. Kaiser Professor Health Policy and Management Harvard School of Public Health PROSPECTS FOR HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT ADVISORY PANEL William Fullerton, Chair Consultant Peter Bouxsein Consultant Robert Brook Deputy Director for Health Services The RAND Corp. Iain Chalmers Director The Cochrane Center NHS R&D Program, United Kingdom Harold Cohen President Harold Cohen, Inc David Eddy Professor of Health Polic y an d Management Duke Universit y Ruth Faden Professor and Director Program in Law, Ethics and Health The School of Hygiene and Public Health Johns Hopkins Universit y Diana Jest Executive Director for Legislative Polic y Blue Cross & Blue Shield Association Robert Keller Orthopedic Surgeon Jonathan Lomas Professor Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatics McMaster University, Ontario Michael McCulley Assistant General Counsel Johnson & Johnson Barbara J. McNeil Professor Department of Radiolog y Harvard Medical School Brigham & Womens Hospital Frederick Mosteller Director Technolog y Assessment Program Howard University, School of Public Health Richard Peto ICRF Reader In Cancer Studies Clinical Trial Service Unit Radcliffe Infirmary, UK John Wennberg Director Center for Evaluative Clinical Sciences TECHNOLOGY INSURANCE AND THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM ADVISORY PANEL James C. Hunt, Chairman Chancellor Unlversity of Tennessee-Memphis Henry Aaron Director Economics Studies Program Brookings Institution Robert Brook Deputy Director for Health Services The RAND Corp. Arthur CapIan Director Center for Biomedical Ethics Universtiy of Minnesota Deborah Chollet Associate Director Center for Risk Management & Insurance Research Georgia State University Olivia Cousins Project Director, Off Ice of Academic Affairs Borough of Manhattan Community College Jane L. Delgado President & CEO National Coalition of Hispanic Health & Human Services Organization Paula K, Diehr Professor, Department of Biostatistics School of Public Health & Community Medicine University of Washington M. Joycelyn Elders Surgeon General Public Health Service U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

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Jack Hadley Co-Director Center for Health Policy Studies Georgetown University Douglas E. Henley Physician William Hobson Executive Director Central Seattle Community Health Centers John Lewin Director of Health State of Hawaii Barbara J. McNeil Professor Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School David Mechanic Rene Dubos Professor of Behavioral Sciences Director, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research Rutgers University Joseph Morris Vice President for Information Delaware Valle y Hospital Council Patricia Nazemetz Director of Benefits Xerox Corp. David G. Pockell Senior Vice President and Regional Manager Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. Kaiser Permanence Carl Scott Senior Vice President Mutual of Omaha Gordon Trapnell President Gordon R. Trapnell Actuaries Cheryl B. Travis Professor Department of Psychology University of Tennessee-Knoxville Special Consultant Stephen H. Long Senior Economist RAND Corp. OTA DEFENSIVE MEDICINE WORKSHOP DEVELOPING INDICATORS OF DEFENSIVE MEDICINE USING HOSPITAL DISCHARGE DATA ABSTRACTS WORKSHOP ON ALTERNATIVE VISIONS FOR USING EFFECTIVENESS, COSTEFFECTIVENESS, AND APPROPRIATENESS INFORMATION TO DESIGN HEALTH BENEFITS: IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE REFORM AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT WORKSHOP ON LINKING MEDICAL EVIDENCE WITH CLINICAL PRACTICE: PROGRESS AND BARRIERS WORKSHOP FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES WORKSHOP ON PERSIAN GULF WAR VETERANS HEALTH WORKSHOP ON POLICY ISSUES IN THE CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSIS Oceans and Environment Program MANAGING NUCLEAR MATERIALS FROM WARHEADS ADVISORY PANEL John E. Till, Chairman President Radiological Assessments Corp. John F. Ahearne Executive Director Sigma Xi The Scientific Research Societ y Charles Barrett Industrial Hygenist Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union Thomas A. Burke Assistant Professor Department of Health Policy and Management The Johns Hopkins Universit y School of Hygiene and Public Health Beverly E. C. Gattis President STAND of Amarillo, Inc Sherri Wasserman Goodman Lawyer Goodwin, Procter & Hoar Kenneth Lichtenstein Physician Division of Infectious Disease Rose Medical Center Robert R. Loux Director Nuclear Waste Project Office State of Nevada Daniel S. Miller First Assistant Attorney General Natural Resources Section Colorado Office of Attorney General John M. Napier Environmental consultant Techniques Robert H. Neill Director Environmental Evaluation Group State of New Mexico Louis Peoples Executive Vice President Madison Gas & Electric Co

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Page 51 Rozanne L. Ridgway President The Atlantic Council of the United States Frank von Hippel Professor Woodrow Wilson School of Public & International Affairs Princeton University James D. Werner Senior Environmental Engineer Natural Resources Defense Council John M. Whitely Professor Social Ecology and Social Sciences University of CaliforniaIrvine SYSTEMS AT RISK FROM CLIMATE CHANGE ADVISORY PANEL Helen M. Ingram, Chairman Director Udall Studies in Public Policy University of Arizona Richard M. Adams Professor of Resource Economics Deportment of Agricultural and Resource Economics Oregon State University Vera Alexander Dean School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences University of Alaska Michael J. Bean Senior Attorney Environmental Defense Fund Margaret Adela Davidson Executive Director South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium J. Clarence Davies Executive Director National Commission on the Environment World Wildlife Fund Boruch Fischhoff Professor Engineering and Public Policy Carnegie Mellon University Michael H. Glantz Program Director Environmental and Societal Impacts Group National Center for Atmospheric Research George Hoberg Assistant Professor Political Science Department University of British Columbia Henry D. Jacoby Professor and Director Joint Program on the Science and Policy Massachusetts Institute of Technology Walter Jarck Corporate Director Forest Resources Georgia Pacific Corp. David N. Kennedy Director Department of Water Resources State of California Jon Kusler Executive Director Association of State Wetlands Managers Doug Maclean Associate Professor Department of Philosophy University of Maryland-Baltimore Jerry Mahlman Director NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab Princeton University Barbara Miller Senior Civil Engineer Tennessee Valley Authority Steve Peck Director Environmental Sciences Department Electric Power Research Institute Herman Shugart W.W. Corcoran Professor of Environmental Sciences Department of Environmental Sciences University of Virginia Clark Hall Phil Sisson Director Commodities and Economic Analysis Division Quaker Oats Corp, Don Wilhite Director International Drought Information Center University of Nebraska Gary Yohe Professor Department of Economics Wesleyan University WORKSHOP ON SYSTEMS AT RISK FROM CLIMATE CHANGE WORKSHOP ON PLUTONIUM STORAGE

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Office of technology assessment act # Public Law 92-484 92d Congress, H.R. 10243 October 13, 1972 An Act To establish an Office of Technology Assessment for the Congress as an aid in the identification and consideration of existing and probable impacts of technological application; to amend the National Science Foundation Act of 1950; and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That this Act may be cited as the Technology Assessment Act of 1972. FINDINGS AND DECLARATION OF PURPOSE SEC, 2. The Congress hereby finds and declares that: (a) As technology continues to change and expand rapidly, its applications are 1. large and growing in scale; and 2. increasingly extensive, pervasive, and critical in their impact, beneficial and adverse, on the natural and social environment. (b) Therefore, it is essential that, to the fullest extent possible, the consequences of technological applications be anticipated, understood, and considered in determination of public policy on existing and emerging national problems. (c) The Congress further finds that: 1. the Federal agencies presentl y responsible directly to the Congress are not designed to provide the legislative branch with adequate and timely information, independently developed, relating to the potential impact of technological applications, and 2. the present mechanisms of the Congress do not and are not designed to provide the legislative branch with such information. (d) Accordingly, it is necessary for the Congress to1. 2. equip itself with new and effective means for securing competent, unbiased information concerning the physical, biological, economic, social, and political effects of such applications; and utilize this information, whenever appropriate, as one factor in the legislative assessment of matters pending before the Congress, particularly in those instances where the Federal Government may be called upon to consider support for, or management or regulation of, technological applications. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT SEC. 3. (a) In accordance with the findings and declaration of purpose in section 2, there is hereby created the Office of Technology Assessment (hereinafter referred to as the Office) which shall be within and responsible to the legislative branch of the Government.

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Page 53 (b) The Off Ice shell consist of o Technology Assessment Board (hereinafter referred to as the Board) which shall formulate and promulgate the policies of the Off Ice, and o Director who shall carry out such pollicies and administer the operations of the Off Ice. (c) The basic function of the Off Ice shall be to provide early indicotions of the probable beneficial and adverse impacts of the opplicatlons of technolog y and to develop other coordinate Information which may assist the Congress In carrying out such function, the Off Ice shall: 1 identify existing or probable Impacts of technology or technological programs; 2 where possible, ascertain cause and -effect relatilonships; 3 Identify alternative technological methods of Implementing specific programs, 4 Identify alternative programs for achievlng requisite goals; 5. make estimates and comparisons of the Impacts of alternative methods and programs; 6. present findings of completed analyses to the appropriote legislatlve outhorities, 7. Identify areas where additional research or data Collection IS required to provide adequate support for the assessments and estimates described In paragraph (1) through (5) of this subsection; and 8. under-take such additional associated activities os the appropriate authorities specified under subsection (d) may direct (d) Assessment activities undertaken by the Office may be initiated upon the request of 1 the chairman of any standing, special, or select committee of either House of the Congress, or of any joint committee of the Congress, acting for himself or at the request of the ranking minority member or a majority of the committee members; 2. the Board; or 3. the Director, in consultation with the Board (e) Assessments mode b y the Off Ice, includlng information, surveys, studies, reports, and findings related thereto, shall be made available to the initiating committee or other appropriate committees of the Congress. In addition, any such Information, surveys, studies, reports, and findings produced by the Office may be made available to the public except where 1. to do so would violate security statutes; or 2. the Board considers it necessary or advisable to withhold such information in accordance with one or more of the numbered paragraphs in section 552(b) of title 5, United States Code. TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT BOARD SEC. 4. (o) The Board shell consist of thirteen members as follows 1. SIX Members of the Senate, oppointed by the President pro tempore of the Senate, three from the majority party and three from the mlnority party; 2. SIX Members of the House of Representatives appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, three from the majority party and three from the mInority party; and 3. the Director, who shall not be a voting member. (b) Vacancies in the membership of the Board shall not affect the power of the remaining members to execute the functions of the Board and shall be filled in the same manner os in the case of the original appointment (c) (d) The Board shell select a chairman and a vice chairmon from among its members at the beginning of each Congress, The vice chairmon shall act in the place and stead of the chairman in the absence of the chairman The chairmanship and the vice chairman ship shallI alternate between the Senate and the House of Representatives with each Congress, The chairman during each even-numbered Congress shell be selected by the Members of the House of Representatives on the Board from among their number. The vice chairmen during each Congress shall be chosen in the same manner from that House of Congress other than the House of Congress of which the chairman IS a Member. The Board is authorlzed to sit and act at such places and times during the sessions, recesses, and adjourned periods of Congress, and upon a vote of a majority of its members, to require by subpoena or otherwise the attendance of such witnesses and the production of such books, papers, and documents, to administer such oaths and affirmations, to take such testimony, to procure such printing and binding, and to make such expenditures, as it deems advisable, The Board may make such rules respecting its organization and procedures as it deems necessary, except that no recommendation shell be reported from the Board unless a majority of the Board assent. Subpoenas may be issued over the signature of the chairman of the Board or of any voting member designated b y him or by the Board, and may be served by such person or persons as may be designated by such chairman or member The chalrman of the Board or any voting member thereof may administer oaths or affirmations to witnesses,

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DIRECTOR AND DEPUTY DIRECTOR SEC. 5. (a) The Director of the Office of Technology Assessment shall be appointed by the Board and shall serve for a term of six years unless sooner removed by the Board. He shall receive basic pay at the rate provided for level Ill of the Executive Schedule under section 5314 of title 5, United States Code (b) In addition to the powers and duties vested in him b y this Act, the Director shall exercise such powers and duties as may be delegated to him by the Board. (c) The Director may appoint with the approval of the Board, a Deputy Director who shall perform such functions as the Director may prescribe and who shall be Acting Director during the absence or incapacity of the Director or in the event of a vacancy in the office of Director. The Deputy Director shall receive basic pay at the rate provided for level IV of the Executive Schedule under section 5315 of title 5, United States Code, (d) Neither the Director nor the Deputy Director shell engage in any other business, vocation, or employment than that of serving as such Director or Deput y Director, as the case may be; nor shall the Director or Deputy Director, except with the approval of the Board, hold any office in, or act in any capacity for, any organization, agency, or institution with which the Office makes any contract or other arrangement under this Act. AUTHORITY OF THE OFFICE SEC. 6. (a) The Office shall have the authority, within the limits of available appropriations, to do all things necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act, including, but without being Iimited to, the authority to1 2 3 4 5 6 make full use of competent personnel and organizations outside the Office, public or private, and form special ad hoc task forces or make other arrangements when appropriate; enter into contracts or other arrangements as may be necessary for the conduct of the work of the Office with any agency or instrumentality of the United States, with an y State, territory, or possession or any political subdivision thereof, or with any person, firm, association, corporation, or educational institution, with or without reimbursement, without performance or other bonds, and without regard to section 3709 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 5); make advance, progress, and other payments which relate to technology assessment without regard to the provisions of section 3648 of the Revised Statutes (31 U.S.C. 529); accept and utilize the services of voluntary and uncompensated personnel necessary for the conduct of the work of the Office and provide transportation and subsistence as authorized by section 5703 of title 5, United States Code, for persons serving without compensation; acquire by purchase, lease, loan, or gift, and hold and dispose of by sale, lease, or loan, real and personal property of all kinds necessary for or resulting from the exercise of authority granted by this Act; and prescribe such rules and regulations as it deems necessary governing the operation and organization of the Office. (b) Contractors and other parties entering into contracts and other arrangements under this section which involve costs to the Government shall maintain such books and related records as wiII facilitate an effective audit in such detail and in such manner as shall be prescribed b y the Office, and such books and records (and related documents and papers) shall be available to the Off Ice and the Comptroller General of the United States, or any of their dul y authorized representatives, for the purpose of audit and examination. (c) The Office, in carrying out the provisions of this Act, shall not, itself, operate any Iaboratories, pilot plants, or test facilities, (d) The Office is authorized to secure directly from any executive department or agency information, suggestions, estimates, statistics, and technical assistance for the purpose of carrying out its functions under this Act Each such executive department or agenc y shall furnish the Information, suggestions, estimates, statistics, and technical assistance directly to the Office upon its request. (e) On request of the Office, the head of any executive department or agency may detail, with or without reimbursement, any of its personnel to assist the Office in carrying out its functions under this Act. (f) The Director shall, in accordance with such policies as the Board shall prescribe, appoint and fix the compensation of such personnel as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act

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ESTABLISHMENT OF THE TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT ADVISORY COUNCIL SEC 7 (a) The Off Ice shall establish a Technolog y Assessment Advisory Council (hereinafter referred to as the Council) The Council shall be composed of the following twelve members 1 ten members from the public, to be appointed by the Board, who shall be persons eminent in one or more fields of the physical, biological, or social sciences or engineering or experienced in the administration of technological activities, or who may be judged qualified on the basis of contributions made to educational or public activities; 2 the Comptroller General; and 3 the Director of the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress (b) The Council, upon request b y the Board, shall-1 review and make recommendations to the Board on activities undertaken by the Office or on the initiation thereof in accordance with section 3(d); 2 review and make recommendations to the Board on the filndings of any assessrnent made by or for the Off Ice, and 3 undertake such additional related tasks as the Board may direct (c) The Council, by majority vote, shall elect from its members appointed under subsection (a) ( 1 ) of this section a Chairmon and a Vice Chairman, who shall serve for such time and under such conditions as the Council may prescribe In the absence of the Chairrnan, or in the event of his incapacity, the Vice Chairman shall act as Chairman (d) The term of office of each member of the Council appointed under subsection (a)(1) shall be four years except that any such member appointed to fill a vacanc y occurring prior to the expiration of the term for which his predecessor was appointed shall be appointed far the remainder of such term. No person shall be appointed a member of the Council under subsection (a) ( 1 ) more than twice. Terms of the members appointed under subsection (a)( 1 ) shall be staggered so as to establish a rotating membership according to such method as the Board may devise. (e) 1. The members of the Council other than those appointed under subsection (a)( 1 ) shall receive no pay for their services as members of the Council, but shall be allowed necessary travel expenses (or, in the alternative, mileage for use of privately owned vehicles and per diem in lieu of subsistence at not to exceed the rate prescribed in sections 5702 and 5704 of title 5, United States Code), and other necessaryV expenses incurred by them in the performance of duties vested in the Council, without regard to the provisions of subchapter 1 of chapter 57 and section 5731 of title 5, United States Code, and regulations promulgated thereunder. (2) The members of the Council appointed under subsection (a)(l) shall receive compensation for each day engaged in the actual performance of duties vested in the Council at rates of pay not in excess of the daily equivalent of the highest rate of basic pay set forth in the General Schedule of section 5332(a) of title 5, United States Code, and in addition shall be reimbursed far travel, subsistence, and other necessary expenses in the manner provided for other members of the Council under paragraph ( 1 ) of this subsection. UTILIZATION OF THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS SEC. 8. (a) To carry out the objectives of this Act, the Librarian of Congress IS authorized to make available to the Off Ice such services and assistance of the Congressional Research Service as m a y be appropriate and feasible. (b) Such services and assistance made available to the Off Ice shall include, but not be limited to, all of the services and assistance which the Congressional Research Service is otherwise authorized to provide to the Congress. (c) Nothing in this section shall alter or modify any services or responsiblities, other than those performed for the Off Ice, which the Congressional Research Service under law performs for or an behalf of the Congress. The Librarian is, however, authorized to establish within the Cangressional Research Service such additional divisions, groups, or other organizational entities as may be necessary to carry out the purpose of this Act (d) Services and assistance made available to the Office by the Congressional Research Service in accordance with this section may be provided with or without reimbursement from funds of the Off Ice, as agreed upon by the Board and the Librarian of Congress.

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UTILIZATION OF THE GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE SEC, 9. (a) Financial and administrative (b) (c) (d) services (Including those related to budgeting, accounting, financial reporting, personnel, and procurement) and such other services as may be appropriate shall be provided the Office b y the General Accounting Office. Such services and assistance to the Office shall include, but not be limited to, all of the services and assistance which the General Accounting Office is otherwise authorized to provide to the Congress. Nothing in this section shall alter or modif y a n y services or responsibilities, other than those performed for the Office, which the General Accounting Office under law performs for or on behalf of the Congress. Services and assistance made available to the Office b y the General Accounting Off Ice in accordance with this section may be provided with or without reimbursement from funds of the Office, as agreed upon by the Board and the Comptroller General. COORDINATION WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION SEC 10. (a) The Office shall maintain a continuing Iiaison with the National Science Foundation with respect to1. grants and contracts formulated or activated b y the Foundation which are for purposes of technolog y assessment; and 2. the promotion of coordination in areas of technolog y assessment, and the avoidance of unnecessary duplication or overlappin g of research activities in the development of technology assessment techniques and programs. (b) Section 3(b) of the National Science Foundation Act of 1950, as amended (42 U.S.C. 1862(b)), is amended to read as follows: (b) The Foundation is authorized to initiate and support specific scientific activities in connection with matters relating to international cooperation, national security, and the effects of scientific applications upon society by making contracts or other arrangements (including grants, loans, and other forms of assistance) for the conduct of such activities, When initiated or supported pursuant to requests made by any other Federal department or agency, including the Office of Technology Assessment, such activities shall be financed whenever feasible from funds transferred to the Foundation b y the requesting official as provided in section 14(g), and any such activities shall be unclassified and shall be identified by the Foundation as being undertaken at the request of the appropriate official. ANNUAL REPORT SEC, 11, The Office shall submit to the Congress an annual report which shall include, but not be limited to, an evaluation of technology assessment techniques and identification, insofar as m a y be feasible, of technological areas and programs requiring future analysis, Such report shall be submitted not later than March 15 of each year. APPROPRIATIONS SEC. 12. (a) To enable the Office to carry out its powers and duties, there is hereby authorized to be appropriated to the Office, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, not to exceed $5,000,000 in the aggregate for the two fiscal years ending June 30, 1973, and June 30, 1974, and thereafter such sums as may be necessary. (b) Appropriations made pursuant to the authority provided in subsection (a) shall remain available for obligation, for expenditure, or for obligation and expenditure for such period or periods as may be specified in the Act making such appropriations, Approved October 13, 1972. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY HOUSE REPORTS No. 92-469 (Comm. on Science and Astronautics) and No. 92-1436 (Comm. of Conference), SENATE REPOR T No. 92-1123 (Comm. on Rules ond Administration). CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Vol. 118 (1 972): Feb. 8, considered and passed House, Sept. 14, considered and passed Senate, amended. Sept. 22, Senate agreed to conference report. Oct. 4, House agreed to conference report.

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Page 57 Technology Assessment Board of the 103d Congress EDWARD M. KENNEDY, Massachusetts, Chairman DON SUNDQUIST, Tennessee, Vice Chairman SENAT E HOUS E ERNEST F. HOLLINGS, South Carolina GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., California CLAIBORNE PELL, Rhode Island ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah CHARLES E, GRASSLEY, Iowa DAVE DURENBERGER, Minnesota Technology NEIL E. HARL, Chairman JOHN D. DINGELL, Michigan JIM McDERMOTT, Washington AMO HOUGHTON, New Yor k MICHAEL G. OXLEY, Ohio ROGER C, HERDMAN (Nonvoting) Assessment Advisory Council MAX LENNO N Charles F. CurtIss Distinguished Professor Iowa State University Ames, Iowa JAMES C HUNT, Vice Chairman Distinguished Professor, Health Sciences Center University of Tennessee Memphis, Tennessee CHARLES A. BOWSHER Comptroller General of the United States Washington, D.C. LEWIS M BRANSCOMB Director, Science, Technology & Public Polic y Program, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts HERBERT (TED) DOAN President (Ret.), The Dow Chemical Company Midland, Michigan JOSHUA LEDERBERG Professor, Rockefeller University New York, New York President, Clemson University Clemson, South Carolina THOMAS J. PERKINS General Partner Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield, and Byers San Francisco, California CHASE N. PETERSON President Emeritus and Professor University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah JOSEPH E. ROSS Director, Congressional Research The Library of Congress Washington, DC JOHN F.M. SIMS Vice President, Marketing Usibelli Coal Mine, Inc. Fairbanks, Alaska MARINA V N. WHITMAN Professor, Institute of Public Policy University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Service Studies


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