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THE ARMY AND NAVY CHAPLAIN
OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE
CHAPLAINS ASSOCIATION OF THE ARMY AND NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES
1751 N Street, N.W.,
Washington 6, D. C.
CONTENTS
FIRST CHAPLAIN TO RECEIVE NATION'S HIGHEST AWARD! .......................... 1
WITH THE GUNS SILENT, WHAT NOW? ................................................ 2
CHIEF OF CHAPLAINS APPOINTED MAJOR GENERAL ................................. 3
A M ESSAGE TO CHAPLAINS ............... ............................................. 4
FLOATING MEMORIALS ............................................................... 6
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY ........................................... 7
OUR URGENT TASK ............................................................. 8
FORGIVENESS IS A MIGHTY BIG WORD .............................................. 9
U. S. CHAPLAINS REVIVE RELIGION AMONG GERMAN PW's ........................... 10
COLONEL GOODYEAR HONORED ...................................................... 11
THE "PADRE" IS A CHANGED MAN ............... ..................................... 12
THE NEED FOR INDUSTRIAL CHAPLAINS .............................................. 13
ASSOCIATION PRESIDENT VISITS ETO ............. ................................ 14
NEW EXECUTIVE SECRETARY .......... ................... ......................... 15
CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS TO THE CASUALTY LIST ............................. 16
THE NATIONAL CONVENTIONS OF THE CHAPLAINS ASSOCIATION ................ 17
'ROUND THE WORLD THE CHAPLAINS PREACHED THE WORD ........................ 20
EDITORIALS-A COLORED NECKTIE ............... .................................. 22
OUR NEXT CONVENTION .......................................... 22
ORGANIZE DENOMINATIONAL CHAPTERS ............................ 23
RED HERRINGS ................. ............................................. 24
A PLEA FOR MERCHANT MARINE CHAPLAINS ....................................... 24
CHAPLAIN SERVICE OF THE TRAINING ORGANIZATION WAR SHIPPING
ADMINISTRATION .......................................................... 25
I VISIT GENERAL MacARTHUR ......................................................... 26
VETERANS ADMINISTRATION HEADQUARTERS ADDS CHAPLAINS TO SERVICE ........ 28 A VETERAN CHAPLAIN SERVES A VETERANS HOSPITAL ............................... 28
SOLDIERS AND THE POSTWAR WORLD ............... ................................. 29
AMERICAN ARMY CHAPLAINCY ............... ........................................ 32
BOOK REVIEWS ................................................................. 36
THE EASTER-PASSOVER SEASON .............. ......................................... 37
T A T DEPARTMENT ............................................................ 38
TO THE EDITORS ............................................................... 40
VOLUME XVI JANUARY-FEBRUARY, 1946 NUMBER
Published quarterly by the Chaplains Association of the Army and Navy of the United States. Issues are dated January-February, April-A'a July-August and October-November. Publication, Editorial and Executive Offices, 1751 N Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. Entered as Sec Class Matter at Washington, D. C., additional entry at Richmond, Virginia, under the act of March 3, 1879. Mailed to individuals eligible for mi bership in the Chaplains Association under payment of the current membership fee of $2.00 per calendar year. Subscriptions to all others not eligible membership are $2.00 per calendar year. Foreign subscriptions (non-miembers) are $3.00 per calendar year. THE ARMY AND NAVY CHAPLA does not carry paid advertisements.
First Chaplain to Receive Nation's Highest Award!
President Truman presents Medal of Honor to Chaplain Joseph T. O'Callahan
Chaplain Joseph T. O'Callahan, USNR, is the first rockets and other armament. With the ship rocked by chaplain of the armed services of the United States to incessant explosions, with debris and fragments raining receive the Congressional Medal of Honor. THE ARMY down and fires raging in ever-increasing, fury, he minAND NAVY CHAPLAIN is proud to congratulate this istered to the wounded and dying, comforting and en"padre," the first Jesuit priest to enlist in the Naval couraging men of all faiths; he organized and led fireservice, on his magnificent heroism. Like so many of the fighting crews into the blazing inferno on the flight "Men of God," he has shown that religious faith is a deck; he directed the jettisoning of live ammunition and tower of strength in time of need and a "very present help the flooding of the magazine; he manned a hose to cool in trouble." hot, armed bombs rolling dangerously on the listing
The citation reads: deck, continuing his efforts despite searing, suffocating smoke which forced men to fall back gasping and imThe President of the United States takes pleasure in pre- periled others who replaced them. Serving with courage, senting THE MEDAL OF HONOR to. fortitude, and deep spiritual strength, Commander
CO'Callahan, then Lieutenant-Commander, inspired the COMMANDER JOSEPH TIMOTHY O'CALLAHAN, gallant officers and men of the Franklin to fight
CHAPLAIN CORPS, UNITED STATES NAVAL heroically and with profound faith in the face of almost
RESERVE for service as set forth in the certain death and to return their stricken ship to port."
following CITATION Chaplain O'Callahan, former head of the Mathematics
"For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk Department Holy Cross College, Worcester, Massachuof his life above and beyond the call of duty while setts, enlisted in the Navy in August, 1940, and was called serving as Chaplain on board the U.S.S. Franklin when to active duty asa Lieutenant (junior grade) on Novemthat vessel was fiercely attacked by enemy Japanese air- ber 23, of that year. He served first at Naval Air Station, craft during offensive operations near Kobe, Japan, on Pensacola, Florida, and was then assigned to the U.S.S.
March 19, 1945. A valiant and forceful leader, calmly Ranger, first "from-the-keel-up" aircraft carrier, which and braving the perilous barriers of flame and twisted saw service in the African and Normandy campaign.
metal to aid his men and his ship, Commander O'Calla- Assigned thereafter successively to Naval Air Station, han, then Lieutenant-Commander, groped his way Alameda, California, and Naval Air Station, Pearl Harbor, through smoke-filled corridors to the open flight deck he went aboard the Franklin on March 2, 1945, seventeen
and into the midst of violently exploding bombs, shells, days before she was attacked and set afire.
January..-February, 1946 1
With the Guns Silent, What Now?
"With the Guns silent, what now? Will the spiritual
quickening which the nation has experienced ebb and disappear from the American scene along with those
war agencies which have outlived their usefulness?
Let us hope not. The consequences may be dire. As
the columnist Dorothy Thompson says in a recent issue of the LADIES HOME JOURNAL, "The Bible has one recurring refrain from the mouths of its poets and prophets, and records one ever-recurring historical fact: that great civilizations perish when men turn from God and fail to walk in the paths of righteousness, justice and mercy."
from A Radio Script released by THE AMERICAN BIBLE SOCIETY.
2 The Army and Navy Chap
Chief of Chaplains Appointed Major General
A AA
4,,
Chaplain (Colonel) Harry C. Fraser, Technical Information Division, pins the second star on Chaplain (Major General) Luther D. Miller, Chief of Chaplains, while Chaplain (Brigadier General) William D. Cleary, Deputy Chief of Chaplains,
looks on. Ceremony took place in the office of the Chief of Chaplains, Washington, D. C., 21 December 1945.
On December 21st the personnel of the Office of the place in the hearts of all who have served with him and Chief of Chaplains (Army) enjoyed another rare privi- under him because of his great human understanding, lege. They gathered to witnessthe pinning on of Chap- his executive ability, and his deep spiritual conviclain Miller's second star by Chaplain (Brigadier Gen- tion. Teral) William D. Cleary, Deputy Chief of Chaplains, THE ARMY AND NAVY CHAPLAIN takes this and by Chaplain (Colonel) Harry C. Fraser, Officer in opportunity of congratulating Chaplain Miller on this Charge, Technical Information Division. Chaplain Mil- further responsibility that has been placed upon his er has served with distinction in several difficult fields shoulders, and of the honor of being promoted to the at home and abroad and has won for himself a unique grade of Major General.
All clergymen, who at any time have served as chaplains in any branch of the armed forces of the United States are
Eligible for membership in the Chaplains Association, in accord with the provisions of the Association's constitution.
Special emphasis is placed upon that fact now for the reason that some chaplains apparently are of the opinion that
only chaplains on active duty are eligible for membership.
Quite the contrary is the case. Frankly, the Association is and always has been particularly interested in enrolling as
members such chaplains who are not on active duty.
The Chaplains Association of the Army and Navy of the United States provides the one logical and reasonable connection between the chaplain who returns to his civilian career and the military chaplaincy.
Keep alive your pleasant memories of service in the Army or Navy as a chaplain. Meet with fellow chaplains at conventions in the postwar period. Advance the interest of the military chaplaincy. Join now with fellow chaplains in an
Association dedicated to the advancement of the chaplaincy.,
JOIN THE CHAPLAINS ASSOCIATION NO W. KEEP UP YOUR MEMBERSHIP.
:bnuary-February, 1946 3
A Message to Chaplain
GENERAL A. A. VANDERGRIFT
Commandant, United States Marine Corps
General Vandergrift's testimony regarding the contribution rendered by chaplains in the recent war is most significant. He also has some pertinent convictions in regard to universal military training.
This stimulating message was delivered on 23 October 1945 before the Washington Chapter of the Army and Navy Chaplains Association at its regular monthly meeting in the Continental Hotel.
I T is a pleasure indeed to be with you today. Throughout even into'the thick of battle.
the war, I have held the chaplains of the armed forces Men from your ranks marched at their side into
in highest admiration. I am glad to have this opportunity valley of the shadow of death. I frequently noted, in to express that admiration to you, and to speak for th e field, how chaplains-to a man-sought out frontMarine Corps in saying wholeheartedly, "Well done!" action. And I assume that that was because, as one p
I have read of a chaplain's letter home in which he at the time: "That is where the fighting man needs I
wrote: "I am now with the U. S. Marines. They are cer- most-and that's where some of them know him for
mainly all for one and one for all. It is said that they first time."
would follow those whom they respect through hell itself, I do not doubt that many men learned to pray in ba and, that once they invaded that place they would tie a Religion is a flame which tends to burn more brig knot in the very devil's tail." If the writer of that letter, when we are in danger or in need of help. I recall as orany other chaplain ever should request that such a knot about several marines who were caught on an airfield be tied, I can assure you that I should not like to be in the couple of hundred yards from their holes, when Japar devil's shoes. planes came over. As bombs began to fall, they das
The ministrations you have carried to our fighting men to their shelters at top speed. After they had arrived,
have been an epic of spiritual heroism. Never at any time, turned to another and said: "I noticed you were tal
to my knowledge, have our men lacked for religious care while you ran."
and guidance. "Yes," said the other, "I was praying."
You have gone wherever they have gone. To millions "What were you saying in your prayers ?" the
of American boys, you have been "A friend that sticketh marine inquired.
closer than a brother." To which the other replied: "I was saying, 'Lord,
In this war, they turned to you constantly. You were lift 'em up, I'll lay 'em down.'
more than conductors of devotional services. You were And I have also heard of the first sergeant who, in t helpers, advisers, listeners and comforters. You prayed of doubt, prayed: "Lord, use me as thou wilt-if onli
with them, toiled with them, laughed with them. I recall an advisory capacity."
a sign on one chaplain's tent which made it easier for While some men turned to prayer for the first time many a man to talk to him. It read: "See me at your earli- foxhole, I believe the great majority knew the expert est inconvenience." of religion long before joining the service. It has seet
Like the teachers of old, you did not wait for men to to me that your major activity has been to guide and
come to you. You went out to the men. You made any tensify religious devotion, more than to create it. For
sacrifice to carry on the task of bringing God to men- most part, such creation has not been necessary.
and men to God. Your life in the field was rigorous and spark was already there. It was kindled by life in perilous. Once when a chaplain came in weary and dirty democracy of ours, which is essentially religious, becaus from a day in the lines, I remember hearing a young ma- holds out the promise of equality of men before God rine say, with awe in his voice: "That man sure is doing It was natural that these young men should God a lot of good out here." strength in religion. For they were, moving forwi
Samuel Johnson once wrote: "Religion . which is they were doing positive things. And religion is-or
animated only by faith and hope, will glide by degrees out my mind, always should be-positive. The Christian is of the mind, unless it be invigorated and re-impressed by negative-he is active. He knows that if he makes prog external ordinances, by stated calls to worship, and the sal- in the right, he will not go backward doing wrong.
utary influence of example." looks, and moves, ahead. The church has proved itsel
America's young men travelled far from home, but be a very positive institution, for it has survived e they did not go one step away from their churches. Their enemy it ever had.
faith could not, and did not, fade. Stated calls to worship, One of the most moving revelations of this warw and the salutary influence of example, went with them the spiritual courage with which our young manhood 4 The Army and Navy Chapl
every challen ge. This was perhaps the most cruel of all War I has meant the survival of America, and all for times. The instruments of pain and destruction were which it stands. And in this respect, the sacrifices our more violent than man has ever known. Our enemies, people have so grievously borne have not been in vain. when they had the upper hand, were the most ruthless any The question is, whether these tragic sacrifices have country has ever faced in fighting for its survival. Our meant survival for still another war, or this time survival men in battle were faced with the inflexible alternative of for enduring peace. The great test is for the survivors, destroying, or being destroyed by fanatical hordes who and that test is to make the victory not temporary, but had lost all sense of human decency and dignity. permanent. Our task, more than to evaluate the nation's
Against all this, our men remained firm and stout of sacrifice, is to be worthy of it. We can prove ourselves heart. Once the American offensive began, they were in- worthy in only one way-that is, to strive unceasingly to vincible. Not once did they falter. Every objective as- bring about lasting peace on earth. signed to them was taken. Many plans indeed have been advanced for reaching
This record we may attribute, in part, to the fact that that goal. Among them are. those which look to the eventour troops were the best trained and best equipped in the ual goodness of all mankind. Idealistic long-range planworld. But there was a still more decisive element. It was ning of this kind is by no means to be scoffed at. In it, as that our sons fought in defense of homes in which they a matter of fact, must lie the future salvation of mankind. have learned the right way of life. They fought in de- I am in favor of any right thinking which seeks a better fense of a nation where they and their loved ones have world. known personal, civil and religious freedom as few men But, whatever long-range ideas we may favor, the imhave known it in this world's history. They fought for mediate fact stands that we have no final assurance that the brotherhood of mankind against forces committed to the spirit of aggression is forever destroyed. To ignore the enslavement of mankind. And because they fought for that circumstance is to invite a crowning world disaster. those causes, they. knew that God was on their side. As long as a germ of tyranny remains, the mind of
And as these men come home, I believe you will agree man is subject to infection. The germ brings a disease that our people will find most of them possessing a new which can not always be cured with words, or good inwisdom-wisdom forged in fire, and pain, and death, tentions. We discovered that much, to our sorrow, in the There will be an understanding and a tolerance that will years just prior to each of the two great wars. It brings a mean much to the future of this nation. disease which will spread unless it is checked at once, by
For almost four years, men of all faiths lived together, force if necessary, when and where it has its beginning. fought side by side, and died saving each others' lives. Twice in this century we have failed to check the epidemic Jewish chaplains led Protestant boys in prayer; Catholic because we have not had the ready strength to do it. We chaplains conducted Protestant services; Protestant chap- dare never fail again. lains did the same for the others. Each ministered to America must stay strorig, physically as well as spiritall congregations. No faith lost its identity; but faith was ually. Preparedness is my special concern, as a military no barrier to common worship. man. But it will never again be, I hope, the special concern
Persons here at home who deal in bigotry and bias, anti- of only military and naval men. It should be the concern clericalism and intolerance, will receive no help from these of all the people of this country. It must be your concern. men. In fact, I suspect such persons will meet a great deal As Secretary Forrestal has put it, "The outstanding lesof effective opposition from these men. son of the past quarter century is that the means to wage
With Jonah, many in the ranks of our armed forces war must be in the hands of those who hate war. The have exclaimed: United States should remain strong."
"I called unto the Lord out of mine affliction and he In the greatest of all democracies the world has ever answered me:" and they have vowed with the prophet, known, the responsibility belongs with the people. The
SI will sacrifice unto thee with the voice of thanks- Navy and the Army can not have the means of discouraggiving; that which I have vowed I will pay; salvation is of ing aggression simply by wishing for them. Those means, the Lord." first of all, must be desired by the people. Then they must
I earnestly believe that a very large part of them will be agreed upon and provided by the people. If there is keep that vow. I believe we may look with confidence to laxity of purpose or of action, this democracy reverts their return to the wellsprings of religious inspiration for again to the status of an unprepared power, vulnerable to a filling out of their lives in their civilian communities. sudden attack, unready to participate as a member of a
When World War II began, it was popular to say that world team in the stopping of war-starting aggression. the victory in World War I had been meaningless. Our This is by no means to say that we should carry a chip great sacrifices of the first war, it was said, had been in on our shoulder. It is to point out that the United States vain. Actually, that contention was far from true. It must show the world that it will not tolerate the unleashwould have been as fitting to say that the sacrifices of the ing of the disorder and destruction of war on the earth Revolutionary War were made in vain. In one war, again. American freedom was won. In the other, that freedom The oceans are shrinking fast. In the coming age, it was preserved. The treatment accorded a conquered would be folly to depend upon their vastness alone to disEurope in the war just ended is evidence enough of what courage, or delay, a would-be aggressor. Any such agwould have befallen this nation of ours, if Germany had gressor, we now know, could be discouraged--or promptly won the first world war. stopped-only by the presence of strong American defenIn the same way, the decisive military victory of World (Continued on page 36)
January-February, 1946 5
Floating Memorials
By CHAPLAIN CLIFFORD M. DRURY
IGHTY-SIX of the outstanding clergymen and mis- 26. Edwards, Jonathan, Cong., 1703-1758, America's first philoso n f and theologian. sionaries of America's yesterdays have been hon- 27. Eells, Cushing, Cong., 1810-1893, Pioneer Oregon missionary
ored by having liberty ships named after them. Up to founder of Whitman College.
28. Escalante, Silvestre, Cath., 1700-1779, Spanish priest and exp June, 1944, some 2,500 liberty vessels had been built, all of Old Southwest. of which had to be named. The United States Maritime 29. Everett, Edward, Unit., 1794-1865, Statesman, orator, and Govr of Massachusetts.
Commission received many suggestions from interested -30. Foster, Abiel, Cong., 1735-1806, Statesman, judge, and member persons scattered throughout the nation and especially Congress. from several state and local historical societies. In the 31 Gale, George, Pby., 1789-1861, Educator.
32. Gibault, Pierre, Cath., 1737-1804, Pioneer missionary to Illirao final selection of names, men and women of all walks of 33. Gibbons, James, Cath., 1834-1921, Archbishop and Cardinal.
life were remembered by having one of these ships named 4. voucher, John F., Meth., 1845-1922, Founder of Goucfier Col 35. Hale, Edward E., Unit., 1822-1909, Author and humanitarian. after them. 36. Hennepin, Louis, Cath., 1640- ? Belgian missionary and exp These floating memorials bearing honored names out with La Salle.
37. Hibben, John Grier, Pby., 1861-1933, Educator and President of America's history have gone wherever our armed forces Princeton after Wilson. have gone. They have traversed enemy infested waters 38. Hooker, Thomas, Cong., 1586-1647, Puritan leader.
39. Hyde, William DleWitt, Cong., 1858-1917, Educator.
Many have been bombed from the air and torpedoed 40: Jackson, Sheldon, Pby., 1834-1909, Home missionary to Wes from the sea. Some have been sunk. Now that the war is Alaska. Introduced reindeer into Alaska.
over, perhaps the full sto the part these 41. Jordan, Robert, Cong., ? -1679, Member Provincial Council over, perhaps the full story of the part these liberty vessels Acting Chief Justice. have played can be told. 42. Judson, Adoniram, Bapt., 1788-1850, Pioneer missionary to Bu S43. Kelly, Clinton, Meth., 1808-1875, Pioneer missionary to Or Students of American church history will be interested City, Oregon.
in the names of eighty-six religious leaders who were 44. King, Starr, Unit., 1824-1864, Prominent in California politics toCivil War.
deemed worthy of this unique memorial. Many of the 45. Kip, William I., PE, 1811-1893, First PE bishop in California names were chosen by Dr. MiltOn R. Burr of the Library 46. Lamy, Archbishop, Cath., 1814-1888, Frontier missionary and bi of Congress who has a deep interest in the church history 47. Lee, Jason, Meth., 1803-1845, First Protestant missionary t of our country. The list with the denomination affiliation the Rockies.
the dates f bir anddeath if own, and a note about 48. Marquette, Jacques Pere, Cath., 1637-1675, French Jesuit explor the dates of birth and death if known, and a note about 49. Mather, Cotton, Cong., 1662/3-1727/8, Prominent colonial leI each is as follows: .50. McCoy, Isaac, Bapt., 1784-1846, Missionary to Indiana an Indians in Kansas.
1. Abbott, Lyman, Cong., 1835-1922, Editor. -51. Moody, Samuel, Cong., 1676-1747, Obscure author.
2. Asbury, Francis, Meth., 1745-1816, Pioneer Meth. Bishop. 52. Muhlenberg, F.A.C., Luth., 1750-1801, First Speaker of Hous
3. Beecher, Henry Ward, Pby./Cong., 1813-1887, Lecturer, author, Representatives under Washington.
famous preacher. 53. Moody, Dwight L., Cong., 1837-1899, Evangelist.
4. Bee'cher, Lyman, Pby., 1775-1863, Father of much brains and piety. 54. Nicholas, Wrm. Ford, PE., 1849-1924, Successor to Bishop Ki
5. Bingham, Hiram, Cong., 1831-1908, Hawaiian missionary and lexi- California.
cographer. 55. Nott, Eliphalet, Pby., 1773-1886, Pres. Union College. Invents
6. Blanchet, Francis N., Cath., 1795-1883, Pioneer missionary to the anthracite coal stove.
Pacific Northwest. 56. Occum, Samson, Cong., 1723-1792, Celebrated Indian missionary L-- 7. Brady, Cyrus T., PE., 1861-1920, Author. Army chaplain in Span.- 57. Odin, John Mary, Cath., 1801-1870, First Catholic Bishop of T
Am. War. /Pym -58. Okelly, James J., Cath., 1884-1938, Port Chaplain at San Fra
8. Brady, James L., PE., 1848-1918, Pby. missionary to Alaska. Became 59. Parker, Samuel, Cong., 1779-1866, Associate of Marcus Whitman
Governor. trip to Oregon, 1835.
9. Breck, James L., PE., 1818-1876, Pioneer missionary to the Indians 60. Parker, Theodore, Unit., 1810-1860, Educator, author, lecturer
and to the frontier. 61. Pendleton, Wm. N., PE., 1809-1883, Confederate General, Ar-tn 10. Brewster, William, Cong., 1567-1655, Pilgrim Father. Northern Virginia. 11. Bushnell, Horace, Cong., 1802-1876, Author, theologian, and pulpit 62. Phinney, Frank D., Bapt., 1857-1922, Missionary to Burma. Pr orator. 63. Polk, Leonidas, PE., 1806-1864, Bishop to Louisiana, 1841. Lt.
-'12. Caldwell, James, Pby., 1734-1781, Army chaplain in Rev. War. eral in Confederate Army.
Friend of Washington. 64. Ravalli, Anthony, Cath., 1812-1884; Pioneer Catholic missioar 13, Carroll, John, Cath., 1735-1815, First Cath. bishop in America. the Rocky Mountain area.
Patriot. 65. Rowe, Peter Trimble, PE., 1856-1942, First PE Bishop to Alask 14. Cartwright, Peter, Meth., 1785-1872, Frontier Evangelist. Ran for 66. Seabury, Samuel, PE., 1729-1796, First PE Bishop in United Stat Congress against Lincoln. 67. Seghers, Charles J., Cath., 1839-1886, Archbishop of Alaska. l4 15. Channing, Win. Henry, Unit., 1780-1842, Pioneer in liberal theo- 68. Serra, Junipero, Cath., 1713-1784, Spanish Franciscan founder logical thought. missions in California.
16. Chaplain, Jeremiah, Bapt., 1776-1841, Founder of Colby College. 69. Sunday, Billy, Pby., 1863-1935, Sensational evangelist. '17. Colton, Walter, Cong., 1797-1851, Famous Navy chaplain. First 70. Thomas, Joshua, Meth., 1776-1853, Missionary to Maryland
Prot. minister to live in California. Virginia.
18. Contee, Benjamin, PE., 1755-1815, Member Continental Congress. L71. Van Dyke, Henry, Pby., 1852-1933, Author, educator, minister 19. Cullen, John W., Meth., 1838-1939, Pioneer preacher in Oregon, Netherlands under Wilson. Navy Chaplain.
Idaho, and California. 72. Weed, Edwin G., PE., 1847-1924, Bishop of Florida, pioneer 20. Cushing, Josiah Nelson, Bapt., 1840-1905, Missionary to Burma. sionary. 21. Davenport, John, Cong., 1597-1669, Founder of New Haven. 73. Weems, Mason L., PE., 1759-1825, Pious originator of Waship 22. Desmet, Peter, Cath., 1801-1873, Pioneer Jesuit missionary to Far legends.: West. 74. Wheelock, Eleazar, Cong., 1711-1779, Missionary to Indiana. 23. Duffy, Francis P., Cath., 1871-1932, Army chaplain, Rainbow Di- cator.
vision, 1st World War. 75. Whitefield, George, PE., 1714-1770, Great English evangelist an 24. Durant, Henry, Cong., 1802-1875, One of founders of University of worker of W-esley's.
California. ,, 76. Wilmer, Wm. H., PE., 1782-1827, President of William and t-25. Dwight, Timothy, Cong., 1795-1817, Pres. of Yale. Great theologian. College.
6 e ? p.C (,. .. The Army and Navy Chap
V,.Wise, John, Cong., 1652-1725, Author. Called "First Great American names. About forty per cent come out of the years 1830f
D78 Wise, Isaac M., Jew., 1819-1900, Founder of Reformed Judaism in 1890. Many of these men were prominent in the frontier
America. movement, a n ber being mssonars of the Far West
. Williams, Roger, Bapt., 1604-1684, Founder of Rhode Island. Advo- movement, a number being missionaries
7.It seems evident that th westcathsbe oecn
cate of separation of church and state. tS s d ta t weSt Coast has been More Con80. Witherspoon, John, Pby., 1723-1794, President of Princeton. Only scious of the opportunity to suggest names than many
ministerial signer of Declaration of Independence.
i81. Woodrow, James, Pby.; 1828-1907, Educator, scientist, and uncle of other sections of the country. The Oregon Historical SoWoodrow Wilson. ciety of Portland, Oregon, and the California Historical 82. Woolman, John, Quaker, 1720-1772, Author and abolitionist. Socie of San FCncisc ar i r i
3. Worcester, Samuel A., Cong., 1798-1859, Missionary to the Indians. Society San Francisco are very active. 84. Yates, Wm. Black, Pby., 1792-1855, Missionary. With but few exceptions, all of the men chosen were ~85. Young, Brigham, Mormon, 1801-1877, Mormon dainedze in Dwight 1
Many times marriedMrmn, 801-1877, Mormon colonizer of Utah ordained the denomination indicated. Dwight L. 86. Young, Hall S., Pby., 1847-1929, Founder of first Protestant Church Moody is one exception. A few chosen are men who died in Alaska, 1879. but recently, as John Grier Hibben, the late President of
/< ,, .. ... Princeton University.
The following table shows the classification of the Princeton University.
list by denominational a lass A few liberty ships have been named after women
aoelist by denominational affiliations: . .
o some of whom might be included in the above list beBaptist ............. 6 Mormon ............ I cause of their religious leadership. Included among these
Catholic ............ 15 Lutheran ............ 1 are Narcissa Prentiss Whitman, the wife of Dr. Marcus
Congregational ..... .. 22 Presbyterian- Whitman, who was martyred in 1847 with her husband at Methodist ........... 7 Congregational .... 1 Waiilatpu in Old Oregon, and Mary E. Kiney (1859Presbyterian ......... 13 Quaker ............. 1 1938) for many years active in the Y.W.C.A. in Portland,
Protestant Episcopal . 13 Unitarian ........... 5 Oregon.
Jew ish .. ....... .... 1 It is to be noted that many names were chosen because
Total ............ 86 of their humanitarian, literary, or secular achievements.
The explanatory notes given above do not indicate the About thirty per cent of the names chosen are of men primary reason for the selection of the respective names who belong to the colonial period of our history. The but are given to aid the reader in identifying the indiCongregational Church contributed most of these honored viduals concerned.
Report of the Executive Secretary
During the past year this office has seen two changes. issue of the magazine-but, unless they renew their memxChaplain Alva J. Brasted surrendered the helm to Chap- berships, we cannot carry them further. lain Edmund W. Weber who, with Chaplain Clifford M. Memberships in. Arrears: Drury as Editor of THE ARMY AND NAVY CHAPLAIN, Carried on books Jan. 1, 1945 In arrears carried the load. On October 1st, 1945, the present in- Ar 48 1580 cumbent took over the above office from Chaplain Weber, army 4780 125 who accepted a call from the Veterans Administration to Nvy 7 60 enter the Chaplains Service. Subscriptions 75 6
The following is a summary of the membership and Another fact is of interest and serious importance. subscription rolls of the Association, and a brief financial During 1945 we lost, on the above basis, 1,300 members. statement: We picked up, in new memberships, a round figure of stemenh: 600. We had a net loss of 700 members. This year, we M m bershi : ... .+. .
may face another loss of members.
1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 Total In every way this is a challenge to each one of us. Do Army 1580 2304 848 36 6 6 4780 we want to make something of the Chaplains Association? Navy 125 237 386 7 2 2 760 Then we should continue, right now, to bring it through Subs 6 39 29 1 - 75 this crucial year! Here is a unique opportunity for interComplimentary and exchanges 100 faith fellowship. Here is a religious journal that need take Toa .- second place to none in its field. Here is a challenge to Total. 1711 2580 1264 44 8 8 5715 work together in areas where only the chaplain can work. .Under the Constitution of our Association it is the Here is a field of service that can reach ahead, not only policy to carry an unpaid memberhip for one full into the military and veteran s chaplaincy, but into that p yt ar nupi eb rsifor one fullyear -.. .. ..+
after the payments have become in arrears. To ive full too-long-neglected area of an adequate chaplaincy for ....a r to ts naeomemears e o haeive -l ong-nelece .r o an+ adqut chaplancy fo m enon-paid w followed members of our maritime services, and the totally unexeur to these non-paid members, we have flowed #X nutilCa~an h laiis;
the policy of sending them the first copy of the second plored area of the industrial chaplaincy. The Chaplains _Z .- r,;i '. iop ASSOCiation is in a position to serve and to mold teryear after payments have fallen due. For example: In the Association is in a position to serve and to mold the reArmy column there are 1,580 subscriptions paid for 1944 ligious pattern of tomorrow. Let us keep up our memberwho are not paid for 1945. We have carried these 1,580 ship! HAROLD G. ELSAM, members during the whole of 1945 and will mail them this Executive Secretary. January-February, 1946 7
Our Urgent Task
By CHAPLAIN DAVID JACOBSON, USNR
Understanding. Against the individual's resistance there
Chaplain David Jacobson is a graduate of will undoubtedly be directed heavy and purposeful blows Chaplain David Jacobson is a graduate of to break down his integrity. The individual himself n
the University of Cincinnati, holds his Ph.D. suffer disintegrating doubts of the exalted purposes of t degree from Cambridge University, Eng- war when he finds that with war's end we are not aut land and was ordained by Hebrew Union matically arrived at the millenium but have to face morit College, Cincinnati. He is author of the problems than before. As chaplains, we can describe te book, Social Background of the Old Testa- problem, and if we are not able to promise immediate so ment. Chaplain Jacobson is on leave of ab- lutions, we are prepared to indicate which are the wro sence from Temple Beth-El, San Antonio, solutions, and more-we can heavily underscore religion Texas, and is at present attached to the historic and best answers to these same problems over t District Chaplain's Office, Potomac River centuries-brotherhood, righteousness, faith, personal an
Naval Command. social responsibility.
Our job is made all the harder because those who p
on the uniform were not necessarily clear in their oi
I ING out the old, ring in the new." 1945, the year o minds why we were at war. Revealing studies indicate IL desperate battle, the year of V-E and VJ, is history. this fact. For example, in an article in MENTAL HY Like passengers on a swift train, we are carried by the GIENE, Lieutenant Colonel J. Schreiber, discussing "Psy flow of time past landmarks that quickly become hazy and chological Training and Orientation of Soldiers," point obscure, even hard to recall. out "the astounding revelation that though we were a SYet it is terribly urgent that we Americans remember war, great numbers of the soldiers had no idea why v why we fought, how we sacrificed, and our ultimate goal. were fighting, others had rather distorted ideas as to th Otherwise the high purposes for which our nation has background of the war, while still others quite obviously travailed will be degraded to sorr tragedy. Unless the had been victimized by Axis propaganda long before the moral issues are clear-cut and are made even more ap- were inducted. The jolt came when we realized what an an parent, those who sowed in tears will not reap in joy. noyingly high percentage of the newly inducted soldier
We chaplains have a mission that is prophetic in its in.. would willingly return home within a few days after tensity. The coming year and years involve our incessant their arrival in camp, were such a thing possible! Wo ringing in of both the old and the new, until all those in yet, this same attitude was characteristic of men who We our charge hear and know precisely all about this war. well along in training or who had already comple
It is most alarming, but not altogether unexpected, their basic training! Beyond question, the most outstan that reports are now appearing that many soldiers, sailors, ing and most frequent finding was the complete failure o and civilians are completely oblivious of the issues in- the part of the soldier to personalize the issues of th volved. For example, we learn in news from Germany war, to realize the personal stake that he had in the war,t that some of the occupation forces are beginning to accept experience a social consciousness effective enough the Nazi point of view from the civilians with whom motivate him to act. they are fraternizing. In this country, too, one hears, so "The source of this confused and warped thinking w soon after the war is over, statements of distrust of Ameri- not difficult to find. Most of it sprang from a miserab can purposes and the repetition of fascist catchwords that neglect and failure on the part of parents and teacher make one apprehensive of the days ahead. and other channels of opinion formation to assist t
Chaplains are by no means the only group that must re- young men of our country to understand the true nature spond to the challenge, but chaplains have the responsi- things and the relationship between our country and t bility of leading the way. How can we? By our defined rest of the world. Twenty years of misguided cynics functions of preaching and teaching. In season and out our pessimism and sterile isolationism did not suddenly messages should include expositions of the background of appear with the announcement of Jap bombs on Pe the war; what autocracy means as opposed to liberty; the Harbor. story of American democracy; the importance of under- These are the times that are pregnant with great issue standing between groups such as religious denomina- either good or evil. The Atomic Age has begun, but tions, labor and capital, race and race, nation and nation; can soon end in a swirling billow of pounding smo the unity of mankind; the atomic bomb; the recognition unless we learn to live with each other, helpfully, loyal of propaganda and rumor, and the technique of their de- lovingly, fruitfully. feat by knowing the truth and battling for the truth. As ministers of religion we are dedicated to bring Ours is the ta k of educating for security. No matter light to the dark places. Shall we not then direct t how elaborate the apparatus for insuring peace by inter- brightest beams we have at hand into those corners whi national agreements or internal defense, the ultimate are the least illuminated, so that those who walk in dat bastion is the individual-his faith and his maturity of ness can find the way?
8 The Army and Navy Chapli
Forgiveness Is a Mighty Bg Wrd
By CHAPLAIN JOE R. KENNEDY, USNR
Then in commemoration I recalled the mighty sacrifice
which many, many women and men had made in this war;
A Navy chaplain describes an interesting from death in the deep jungle or in the green waters of
service held in a prison on the occasion of V-J some strange island's surf, or mud, or flak to the readjustDay. The prison is here in the United States and ment that many little boys and girls must make to a life into
the prisoners are our men who are paying the wh
penalty of some infraction of military discipline.ich daddy would nee eturnict
A chaplain, sensitive to his peculiar responsi- I led a short, humble prayer thanking God for vici
bilities, links up the idea of victory with that of and recognizing God's part in it and asking God's conforgiveness. tinued guidance in national and personal reconstruction fin the months that lie ahead. At the prayer's close, these men
chose to sing the National Anthem, and how they did
sing, and what new meaning came into these words for me:
AT 1600 on 13 August, 1945, we heard the first whistle "The rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting. gaveproof cut loose, then others joined in, the low groan of the that our flag was still there," and again their ringing tug boat, the sharp shrill cry of the steam cranes, the low challenge in song, "Then conquer we must, when our cause moai of some great ships at the docks; all were punctuated it is just, and this be our motto, in God is our trust." by automobile toots and the shouts of many people rising to These were prisoners singing, former Navy anid Marine a mighty crescendo as they echoed the news that had just men. They now wore prison-grey garb with a large white come in over the wire, "the War is over." We had waited 'T"P" stamped thereon. These men had made mistakes in alert and tense for this news for many hours There were a time of war, disobeyed military rule and discipline. The few shouts and cries of joy from within the prison which are serving sentences of a year to life. Some have won the were quickly suppressed by the Marine guards. For this right of clemency and mitigation of sentence. They will be is a prison and there could be no demonstration, even released in a short time either for probation in return to though of good intention, for fear that those with other duty or to civilian life with bad conduct" or "dishonorable motives might influence the group to riot. Surely these men discharge." Suddenly, as these men sang, I realized more deserved some service or occasion to give individual ex- than ever the uniform they wore did not determine or mark pression to personal feelings concerning the war's end, for the man, unless he chose to make it so. these prisoners have worn (many by choice of enlistment) a Suddenly the word "forgiveness" as practiced and taught marine or navy uniform and are here because of breaches in by our Lord became a word of mighty dimensions. "Asa military discipline. As a result, a Service was planned man thinketh in his heart so is he." A prison uniform no whereby all who wanted could attend. Something over fifty more labels the real man than a costly Easter bonnet would per cent of the inmates filed quietly into the auditorium, identify the type of woman underneath If the honest desire
I spoke to them of this war's end, of the various ways of confession and restoration was in the heart, a new man men could use for celebration, from riotous indulgence to could be born and a new life be recreated. quiet memorial prayer; of the great quiet that would follow If these men could hear the promise of God, as revealed the celebration; of ships, where gun crews would be quiet in Christ, If my people shall humble themselves, and pray but alert; of factories that would take on a ghostlike, de- and seek my face and turn from their wicked ways: then serted appearance; how the terrifying noises of the mighty will He hear from heaven, and will forgive their sinll and bombers flying overhead would lose their terror in the will heal .." then surely they will find a way of life knowledge that they were not carrying lethal bombs; of which leads to restoration. the nauseating smell of death and the memory of death But a society that will someday receive these men who that w6uld hover over every battlefield. I spoke of the great have served their sentence or perhaps won clemency must job of rebuilding the world which lies ahead for all; of also learn "forgiveness." It is an experience that works two ithe necessity of giving a Christian soul to nations that the ways. "Forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive others." power of people guided by Nazi, fascist or sadist minds The way of retaliation and vengence upon those who have should be turned to the making of brotherhood and the wronged us, either from within our armed forces or from insuring of freedoms which all men deserve; and ihe without, is not the way to a new world. Retaliation and mighty tools of industry, which should be guided by a soul vengeance are mighty monsters which do destroy the one always which felt the needs of the common man. I re- who wields them. minded them that America, in its present sphere of leader- It is a Christian imperative that "forgiveness" must open ship, stands at the apex of the four greatest powers. That the way of and to restoration of condemned and sinful in view of history and present position we could direct the men. He who is not willing to forgive as he stands before tools of industry and nation either for construction or de- earnest repentance must stand condemned before God and Struction, as we willed. man. "Forgiveness is a word of mighty proportions.
January- February, 1946 9
U. S. Chaplains Revie Reliqion
Among German PW's
of worship they almost forgot existed-freedom to wor
Corporal Dolinger pays tribute to the constructive ship God as they saw fit.
work of five American Chaplains who, faced with the "Some men familiar with church ritual and prayer deadening influence of Nazi paganism among their started to hold services in the prisoner camps," Chap&in prisoners of war, met the challenge, and revived the Hale disclosed, "and when they talked to us, they reported Christian faith where the flame had all but died out. an encouraging hunger among the Germans for every
__type of religious activity, whether Protestant, Catholic, o of some other belief."
ASERTA, Italy-For 20 long years the cancer of Na- As might have been expected, Hitler's anti-Semitic prCASERTA, Italy-For 20 long years the cancer of Na-,,gaan porm hdterefc.FwmnofJis
tional Socialism spread throughout Hitler's Germany gram and "pogroms" had their effect. Few men of Jewis
. ~faith were found in the hordes of the Wehrmacht, an< like an insidious growth, and not the least of its poisonous faith were found in the hordes of the Wehrmacht, an by-products was the concept of "Nazi Religion" with full Rabbis were altogether absent. obedience to the will of the Fuehrer chief Testament. As the Germans were sent from their Alpine and North
When the war in Italy ended, Lieutenant Colonel Wal- Italy concentration areas all over the "boot" to help repair
When the war in Italy ended, Lieutenant C~olone Wa wha the. hd.avge,.heChplin.fun.tei."loks
lace M. Hale, Kemp, Texas, head chaplain of the 88th wh at they had ravaged, the Chaplains found their "flocks..
,, .,, covered vast' areas and totaled m ore parishioners that "Blue Devil" Division in the Mediterranean Theater of covered vast areas and totaled more parishioners" th
Operations, set about to bring a "rebirth of religion" in any exploring missionary ever had to handle. Operations, set about to brmng a rebirtht frlgo n Cali ro a hreo ntePs-e the 300,000 German prisoners who had, willngly or Chaplain Pryor had charge of PWs in the Pisa-Leg
und 00er m drshp e h d, i horn-Florence area and his parish at its peak consisted o under duress, worshipped "the god, Hitler." 1 G s which were fashioned 150 Prot
Chaplain Hale, ordained Minister in the Baptist Church 180,000 Germans out of which were fashioned 150 Pr South min 1935, was in a perfect osition to attempt his re- estant ministers and Roman Catholic priests. Chapl pe p i Newman supervised the Modena-Verona area; Fathe vival of Christianity. The 88th Division was designated ~Lang organized the work of 100 chaplains and 7.,00 the command unit for all German Prisoners of War in Lang organized the work of 100 chaplains and 75,000
clerical needs began about Germans at the Ghedi Concentration area near Milan. Italy and ministration of their clerical needs began about July 7. m o With Teutonic thoroughness, the Germans once mor July 7.ebrcdarlioofbohrylvangodwlt
The Chaplain, who was an Associational Missionary in embraced a religion of brotherly love and good will Arkansas and one of the 150 Regular Army Chaplains men. Attendance at Sunday services ran as high as 7 before the war, was assisted in his endeavor by Captain per cent of those able to attend.
, ..... ..... ,4. The greatest response," Chaplain. Hale said, ."cam
Francis J. Pryor III, Episcopal Chaplain from North "The greatest response," Chaplain Hale said, "cam.
from the German Wacs and civilian women, many
Platte, Nebraska; Captain Walter T. Newman, Congre- from the German Wacs and civilian women, many national Minister from Kenmore, New York; Captain whom have since been repatriated or are on their wa gational Minister from Kenmore,Ne YokCati Emil C. Lang, Catholic Priest from New Orleans, Louisi- home. Weekday church programs still attract large num ana, and Captain Oscar H. Reinboth, Lutheran (Missouri bers of now-humble Germans. an an Cainsar H. ei a Lack of qualified churchmen was not the only obstacl Synod) Minister from Seward, Nebraska. ..
Under these latter-day crusaders, intensive screening to Chaplain Hale's ambitious renaissance. Religio was started to select men from the prisoner ranks who materials, such as altars, candle holders, testaments were former civilian church leaders or even Army chaplains patens, host boxes, chalices, crucifixes and crosses we "" w almost nonexistent in the Wehrmacht and had to 6i
before 1942 when the position was virtually done away almost nonexistent in the Wehrmacht and had to with by the Nazis. Chaplain Reinboth, who speaks Ger- built or obtained in any way possible. man fluently, spent days interviewing prospective "min- "Churches in neighboring Italian towns (many wer isters," determining their viewpoints and qualifications, destroyed by German artillery fire) have contributed man "Many ministers had been assigned by the Germans to useful articles," Chaplain Hale said, "while kits for Pro the sanitary corps, Panzer divisions and artillery as privates estant chaplains were made in German supply and ca or in the rank in which they had served in the first World pentry shops in the Ghedi camp." War," Chaplain Hale said. "They were screened out and Captain Hale explained that the German army had no assigned to duty in their own calling. One German bothered to furnish its own men with these necessities. minister whom we found serving in an aid station re- "When the Allies drove their wedges into Northe ported that his commanding officer had threatened to have Italy," he said, "they found huge warehouses loaded t him shot if he ever conducted another service." the ceilings with silks, liquors, stolen art collections an Removed from fear of reprisals by Gestapo and SS caches of gold, but it was impossible to find a Germa men, groups of Germans in concentration areas through- Bible or New Testament." out Italy themselves made tentative beginnings of a kind As no funds were available for the project, improvise 10 .The Army and Navy Chapla
tion became the keynote of equipment gathering. Extra chalices were received from the YMCA. German prayer candles were obtained from U. S. Army supply; the books were printed. Altar cloths were obtained. Wine American chaplains "begged and borrowed" wine and for communion was purchased, and rucksacks formerly some took necessary money from their own pockets. used by the soldiers to carry war equipment typified the
Crosses and candlesticks were made in the German great transition by becoming containers for chaplains' supworkshops. Prayer books and hymnals were printed and plies. mimeographed at Pisa enclosures under leadership of one Half of the 300,000 original Germans taken prisoner in of the better German chaplains, and song sheets were Italy have been returned to their fatherland, but they took written by the men in longhand. Large outdoor altars were the road back not as pagan worshippers of blood and built, some of wood, others elaborately fashioned from death and war, but once more as children of the Lord, as stone. Chalices were made of mortar shells. men who had witnessed the modern miracle of religious
"Soon the Vatican was contacted," added Chaplain freedom born anew in prisoner of war camps because of the Hale, "and promptly furnished supplies for Catholic zeal of Chaplain Hale and his assistants. priests, and then the YMCA began to furnish equipment Typical of the new spirit in the German prisoners was for Protestant ministers."
for Protestant ministers." an incident at the stockade high in the Alps near Merano,
Permission was granted to Chaplain Hale and 'several ci y Chaplain Hale. American-appointed chap
officials from MTOUSA Headquarters to go to Switzer- ted by Chaplain Hale. "An American-appointed chapland and arrange for sufficient supplies with the recon- lain posted the traditional Wehrmacht chaplain's sign outstruction department of the World Council of Churches. side his tent," he said. "It read 'Kriegspfarrer,' or 'war With this organization's aid, the hard days in pioneering clergyman. The next morning he found that the word the rebirth of German religion were over. 'war' had been crossed out and in its place was written
After this aid was obtained, patens, host boxes and 'Peace.' "
Colonel Goodyear Honored
C OLONEL AUGUSTUS A. GOODYEAR, Adjutant promoted harmony and unanimity of purpose, he exerGeneral's Department, Executive, Office of the Chief cised his outstanding talents to such a degree as proof Chaplains (Army), was honored by his nation when, moted efficiency in the Office, Chief of Chaplainis and at a ceremony on 12th December, 1945, Chaplain Luther resulted in a distinct meritorious contribution to the war D. Miller presented to him the Legion of Merit. Chaplain effort. George F. Rixey and the Most.Reverend Bishop William
R. Arnold were present, together with the Staff and mem- We members and staff of the Chaplains Association are bers of the office force. honored in that one so closely associated with our office has The following citation was read by our Deputy Chief been recognized so signally by his country. We take this of Chaplains, Chaplain William D. Cleary: opportunity to offer to Colonel Goodyear our hearty congratulations and our sincere thanks for all that he has done
tColoenel AUGUSTUS S. GOODYEAR, 0-165991, toward the promotion of the welfare of the Association
)Adjutant General's Department, Army of the United
States, as Executive Assistant and Executive, Office of the and of the cause of the Chaplaincy in general. Colonel
States, as Executive Assistant and Executive, Office of the Godea. assrvdfo. easo the Edtra.Safo
Chief of Chaplains, from April 1943 to September 1945, Goodyear has served for years on the Editorial Staff of contributed outstandingly to the successful operation of THE ARMY AND NAVY CHe HAPLAIN, anfild of itsh predost of Execussor, that office in its manifold and vital relationships with The Army Chaplain. He has ably filled the post of xecu that office in its manifold and vital rlioprion tive Secretary and Treasurer. His unfailing loyalty and his the military establishment and the public, comprised in close affiliation with the ideals to which all Chaplains are the church groups of the Nation. With a sound back- dedicated, has led many of his closer associates to give him ground of military training and administrative experi- the friendly title, "Chaplain." He has been friend and ence which enabled him to understand and wisely assist adviser to'hundreds of chaplains who have passed through in the administrative problems confronting the Chief of a ie oh f haln a e and a vast Chaplains in an unprecedented situation; with a deep the Office of the Chief. He has lent a kindly ear and a vast Chand sympathetic understanding of human nature, which amount of practical, military advice to all who have come
and sympathetic understand n fh m nnt rw ihP. .h
enabled him to stimulate high morale among those with to him with problems. Because we esteem him so highly we whom he worked; with an extraordinary ability to assist have, ere this, elected him an honorary member of the staff officers to coordinate their expanding and increasing Association and of the Executive Staff. Permit us to transactivities, and with his exceptionally wide and favorable pose the usual mode of address and say, "God bless you!
acquaintance and contacts with the chaplains which Colonel 'Chaplain' Goodyear!"
January-February, 1946 11
The Padre" Is a Changed Man
By CHAPLAIN PAUL C. ALLEN, USNR
After serving as a Navy chaplain at the Mare Island Navy Yard and on the USS Barnstable, Chaplain Allen has returned to civilian life. He is now Secretary of the Baptist Church, North, for the Chicago district. He writes out of personal experience.
W HEN the chaplain left the civilian world, Hitler and fervor the overgrown pathways that once led to satisfying
Mussolini were names to scare children with, and friendships.
Tojo was strutting in the Pacific. Now the European dicta- Then there is this matter of missions. Many of us are tors are gone, and Tojo is knocking on the marble vault of convinced that if little Adolph had been reached with the his ancestors. gospel of good will when as a boy he was kicking his heel
Today the returning chaplain is acutely conscious of against somebody's back fence in Austria, it might have change. So numerous are these in the world to which the made a difference. There was a time when Benito wailed chaplain returns that he is prone to feel that the hymn loudly because he had to go to bed at eight o'clock. In those writer had something when he penned: tender years he might have been reached for God. Twenty
"Change and decay in all around I see; five years ago John R. Mott declared: "We must either send Hope of the hopeless, oh abide with me!" one thousand missionaries to Japan at once, or be prepared
The appearance of the "ruptured duck" in the lapel has someday to send a million soldiers." Well?
become frequent now. There are fewer "greetings from Returning chaplains are convinced as never before tha the President." The lines of marching men are thinning the only hope for the future lies in missions. Atomic powe out. Rationing is disappearing. A dozen doleful ditties is now reality. The hands that seize this great force mus daily blare from the radio advertising the lusciousness of be hands that have first laid hold of God. It will be on little liver pills. And there is the atomic bomb with the world, one brotherhood, or catastrophe! prospect of atomic power for peacetime pursuits. A cata- Few chaplains will return without a new breadth of the logue of the changes evident in the postwar world would ological understanding that will amaze their civilian as consign Sears Roebuck to the minor leagues. sociates. To know is to love, even if it is not to agree
But if the world to which he returns has changed, so has The clergymen who hurried into uniform from sectaril the returning chaplain. It is still true, if trite, that man is a ghettos have reveled in the tolerance that comes so na part of all he meets. Most chaplains have met a lot. urally in the service. Basic personal convictions have no
His friends will discern the little things immediately. changed, but respect for the other man has grown i They will find him fitter physically. His hair may be thin- measurably. He no longer lives on the other side of th ner and his face more serious, but underneath there will tracks. He is an esteemed friend. be a basic sense of humor developed out of sheer necessity It was a shocking experience for many who served with overseas. Chaplains will bring back an intimate knowledge the Fleet to discover how small was the group whici of foreign lands, an utter disgust for Hollywood's portrayal could be depended upon for religious activity. As a Pro of South Sea charm, and the assured conviction that not testant I longed for the support of all men who love even Thomas Cook and Son's line about the lands beyond Christ, and it seldom occurred to me to ask whether th the sea will lure them from American terra firma for a long banner over him was Baptist or Mormon or anything i time to come. between. But it has been even more disconcerting to re
But there are service-born experiences which have struck turn to the States and find that fellowship is extended o deeper, depth-charging his thinking and branding his con- withheld on the basis of minor distinctions in theology. I victions for all time. appears to my brother that I stutter slightly when I sa
For instance, his family. When he left they were a part of "shibboleth," so he places a gap between us. Shades a his life just taken for granted. But from the womb of a des- the chaos primeval! perate loneliness has come a flood of new affection. Many It will not be surprising if the ex-chaplain looks bacd a he-man in the chaplaincy has dreamed.of that evening upon his prejudice-free associations of service days wit when he would wash the dishes and put the children to bed. a bit of wistfulness. They were glorious opportunities fo It will be a long time before they "get on his nerves" as developing the ecumenical spirit. they did in those prewar days. There will be a new warmth The chaplain's attitude toward war has also matured in the kiss that he gives his wife, a new strength in the ties As religious leaders we have always hated it. On a tomb that bind. stone in an old Eastern cemetery the following legen
Watch the returning chaplain grasp at the increased op- was recently uncovered:
portunities for fellowship. Many a "padre" with the Fleet "Here lies the body of John Leonard; or at some isolated island outpost has found few men with In his life he killed 97 Indians;. whom he could let down his hair and talk himself out. He was living in the blessed hope of making it 10 Upon his return from the service he will seek out with (Continued on page 19) 12 The Army and Navy Chaplai
The Need for Industrial Chaplains
By CHAPLAIN FRANCIS B. SAYRE, JR., USNR.
hasten to say, for these men, our present "parish," won't
The following is an extract from a mimeographed be in the services very long. Where will they be? Most letter which Chaplain Sayre sent to some of his of them, I dare say, will be reabsorbed into industry in one brother chaplains, most of whom were Episco- way or another. That s where the bulk of American genpalane ius and creativity and life is to be found. In wartime the palians,
While Chaplain Sayre was thinking especially pulse of the country beat at the front, but in peacetime it
about what his denomination might do in a neg is in the factory and its interlocking business enterprises. eted field, the challenge can properly be presented Just as the church sent its young clergy to the front, should lected field, the challenge can property be presented I
all faiths. not it also minister at the industrial front? What I suggest to all faiths is that many of us, who are now trained as chaplains, ought to follow our men back into industry, instead of removing ourselves from them into a parish (where you
TO begin with I dare say you have been appalled by "never can find enough for men to do!"). The service
the failure of our church and other Protestant de- taught us the technique of mobility and ministry by occunominations in teaching and persuading American youth pational units. Why not apply this same technique to of the truth of Christianity. Among your men in the postwar ministration? Armed Forces, how many have even a faint idea of the It seems to me that just now is the strategic time to meaning of the Christian creeds? What percentage have broach such an idea to you. We're all looking forward any knowledge of the most basic Christian doctrines, such to being returned to civilian life. Before we become irrevas the Incarnation, Redemption, Resurrection or Atone- ocably involved in a parish, I think it worth considering' ment? How many are familiar with the Bible, or even with something along this line: going to, let us say, a shipyard the habit of prayer or public worship? In my experience or an aircraft factory. I can imagine the approach to the of well over three years in the Navy, the number is terrify- owner or manager. It would run something like this: ingly small. Last year, I took a random sample poll of 10% "How is it that there is no chaplain in your plant? The of my ship, the USS San Francisco, which sharply verified men who work here were used to chaplains in the service. my impression of the almost total failure of our churches Their hours are such that many of them don't find it posto pass on the barest bones of our faith to this generation. sible to go to church. Would they not welcome a pastor Without wearying you with the statistics I might sum up who lived and worked with them? A man who would not the results of this poll by saying that although about 90%o overlap your personnel work, but would add another dehad been exposed to some form of organized Christian partment, visiting the sick, talking to the well, advising education, only about 10% of it "took." And where and helping the men in your outfit. Ex-chaplains are knowledge was weak, practice was weaker. Though a boy trained to do precisely this sort of thing. How about a may have a few rather vague and immature ideas of what job?" I am of the opinion that industrialists, who are alhis religion stands for, in the business of practical life these ways shouting about the impracticabilityy" of religion, play but little integral part and that mostly superstitious. would jump at such a proposition. After all, most of them
In short, and it must have been equally obvious to you, are concerned with what they are pleased to call the "welthe Christian religion has not penetrated the brains and fare" of their men, even if only from a profit angle. If lives of the great majority of the cross section of our na- the chaplains were successful, management would be only tion, as you meet it in the Armed Forces. I suppose this too happy to put up enough for a respectable salary. But statement might equally well ha ve been made long before you would ask the owner to pay only half of your salary! the war. But the war made it tragically obvious. No doubt For the other half you'd see the union or employees' you too have seen men desperately yearning to pray in the. organization. That a minister would come to see a union face of danger or death-who didn't know how. Or who at all with such a proposal would knock the average labor at least thought they didn't know how, because neither the leader off his pins to begin with. And then as you talked beliefs nor the habit was there, and they doubted even to the union meeting, speaking of the moral conditions of as they prayed, as a man would mistrust a muscle he had work in that town, of a personnel work that would not never used. To me this has been a fearfully humbling'fact. be a stooge of management but only a representative of
Some of you have written me that you have found in God, and so on, I think a whole new vista might be the new technique of the chaplaincy a new closeness to opened up for these workmen. I do not think they would people and sense of reality that would make it hard for be reluctant to accept you as their "personnel worker" and you to return to an average parish, where, by comparison, pay half your salary. After all, the unions are interested in you dealt with only the periphery of people's lives and education and welfare too. They support extensive prothe life of the community. I feel this too. And this leads grams of this sort (witness the I.L.G.W. Union) and me to propose that many of us ought to continue to be initially you'd be part of that in their eyes. At least they chaplains in peacetime. Not in the Army or Navy, let me would give you a try.
January-February, 1946 13
Association President Visits ET
Here are extracts from letters to the Chief of Chaplains (Army) and the Association, received from Chaplain N. M. Ylvisaker, our President during these war years. Dr. Ylvisaker made a tour of the European Theater of Occupation and brings us some interesting facts.
To THE ASSOCIATION: fusion in orders. But the Assistant Theater Chaplain of
M Y destination was the European Theater to visit the ETO, Chaplain (Colonel) E. R. Carter, who seemed
I'Y the chaplains of our armed forces by invitation of anxious and concerned that this tour of duty for your the Secretary of War, the Bureau of Public Relations of President should reach its intended purpose, was able the War Department, the European command, confirmed to clear, hurriedly, all official channels for the itinerary by unanimous decision of the Chaplains Association and he had proposed and arranged. We were soon on our way by the Chiefs of Chaplains of the Army, the Navy, and on orders which, as we discovered quickly enough to our the Veterans' Administration. I was to remain with these amazement, gave us a rating generally reserved for per chaplains for a time, bring them a greeting from America, sons of far greater importance than could properly be and especially a word from them and from their com- claimed by either Chaplain Buerger, assigned as my manding officers which could be brought back as their guide, or by me. The Chaplains Association stands deeply greeting to America, to the parents of the men and indebted to Chaplain Carter, and to his base and army women whom they represented, and perhaps even more, to supervising chaplains for the unique rating they wer the churches whose pulpits they had vacated to promote a able to obtain for the representative of the Association wartime ministry which should so profoundly affect the through the entire European Theater of Operations. destinies of the entire church. Our eight-day stay in Paris was not altogether wasted
It was, perhaps, a fortunate circumstance which brought There were many preparations to be made, many contacts about an unexpected delay in our travel plans at Santa to establish. Frequent visits to the Headquarters Chap. Maria in the Azores where our plane was grounded with lains' Office gave me an appreciation of the tremendous a group of other transport planes for two days because of responsibilities of this office, where he and his able as reported heavy fog over Paris and other points in Europe. sistants worked so diligently and faithfully for longe A contact with the first representatives of our overseas hours than I could have imagined possible. Chaplains chaplains was made possible. We had a chance to observe kept coming and going, for assignment, reassignment, dethe living and working conditions of two of our chaplains ployment. Others came for advice and encouragement, who are serving so sacrificially in this spot where their with difficulties and problems to be solved. There were men have undergone long periods of isolation and loneli- constant long distance calls to bases and army headness. A Protestant and Catholic chaplain gave themselves quarters now dotting the continent, to ports of embarkato a difficult task of ministering to widely scattered groups tion, to camps, stations and hospitals. There were visitof our forces, necessitating plane hops of 150 miles to ing representatives and clergymen to be received, local reach their scattered congregations. It was with a sense of churchmen to contact. There were local Paris Protestant, appreciation and gratitude that we visited with Chaplain Catholic and Jewish army services to arrange, pulpits to F. C. Stein (Lutheran) and F. X. Coan (Catholic), in- fill with qualified speakers at numberless occasions. Arspected their adequate chapel facilities even in this far- rivming on a Saturday, my own first preaching assignment away spot, and more especially, watched them as they was the general Protestant army service next morning a spent endless hours listening to the personal problems of 0930 hours at the large, beautiful, Gothic, American lonely GI's who had discovered that these chaplains were Cathedral. friends indeed, who not only listened, but who invariably This service was directed by the base chaplain of the seemed to be able to discover adequate solutions to their Seine Section, Chaplain Dubois. The Cathedral was filled most distressing problems. The work being done by men with a congregation including soldiers, WACs, officers like these more than proves the worth -of a missionary even Lieutenant General John Lee, Commanding Officer endeavor, which, because of the global nature of this war of the Services Forces of the ETO was present that Sufhas led to a ministry global in its reach and purpose. It day, as he is each Sunday, and at each day's early Episcopal was not strange that wherever we went with these men, Communion Service. How impressive was the congregawhether in the camp, in the quaint old town of Santa tional singing when all of these hundreds of worshippers Maria, down at the port, or out in the farming community sang hymns of prayer and praise, led by the splendid G Sand the mountain districts where we drove in the chap- choir, and accompanied by the great organ of the Cathe. lain's jeep, there should be a cheery recognition of the dral. Another preaching service at eleven, and a third chaplains' crosses and a "Hi, Chaplain!" from service- service at 2000 hours, closed the first day's activities in men when we passed, or a respectful greeting from the Europe, including, as it did, conferences with chaplains men and women of the countryside. service men and women, many of whom I had met and
We took off in due time and arrived in Paris where our ministered to personally in the States.
stay was a bit longer than anticipated due to a slight con- Invitations came from chaplains and officers to visit 14 The Army and Navy Chaplain
military installations of the Seine Section, the Transporta- sending you herewith the file with tabulations taken by tion Headquarters (Chaplain Alexander of our Association the ranking chaplain in each area visited in cooperation Staff), The Versailles District (Chaplain C. E. Haterius with the guide aide assigned. This will give you a chance to whom I knew from Camp Roberts, Calif.), their offices, check on the attendance records and also possibly give youchapels, commanding officers, all of whom spoke highly up-to-date records on the location of the chaplains inof their chaplains. Invitations came to address smaller volved. groups of men with calls to be made with their chaplains, In addition to the chaplains who were present at nurses, WACs, Red Cross workers and others who had these conferences, I met with quite a large number of inlearned of our arrival through the Stars and Stripes, all dividual chaplains in the various areas and camps visited. helped to make the week a busy and a happy one. Other That was, of course, particularly the case in Paris where invitations to visit local French Protestant Clergy, even I met a sizable number at the Headquarters Office . to a dinner at the home of Bishop Boury of the Lutheran I also met a number of independent chaplains at FrankChurch of France, helped to establish valuable and help- furt, Munich and at Nuremberg where I attended the trials, ful connections and to make our stay here profitable in at Dachau, where I also attended the trials, and at Vienna. the extreme for our continued ministry in years to come. The chaplain at Dachau went with me into the Prison Surely we will have to increasingly cultivate some of these enclosure and concentration camp, and at Nuremberg I international relationships as the common burden of had a conference with Chaplain Gerecke who has been world church and social problems weigh down upon us. assigned by the American Army to minister to the deOur itinerary through the ETO called for stops and fendants at the Nuremberg trial.
chaplains conferences and visits to camps and other in- May I take this occasion to thank you and your associstallations at and in the areas of Le Havre, Brussels, Ant- ates in the Office . for the splendid interest that you werp, Rheims, Paris again, Frankfurt, Wiesbaden, Heidel- have shown in having this trip made possible and for theft berg, Munich, and Austria. Most of it was made by staff really remarkable courtesies that were extended me car. During this tour we covered over a thousand miles. through your influence while en route on this tour of duty.
I hope sincerely that this visit will have called attention to
To CHAPLAIN LUTHER D. MILLER: the significance of the work of the Chaplains Association
Thinking that you would like to have a supplementary in supporting the ministry of the Chaplain Corps and will statement giving you the full information as to the chap- help to reveal to many a commanding officer the vital lains who were present at the twelve conferences conducted stake which the churches in America have in establishing through France, Germany, Belgium and Austria, I am the proper morale for the men in the armed services.
New Executive Secretary
CHAPLAIN HAROLD G. ELSAM, the new Execu- When the Southeast Asia Command was organized at
'tive Secretary of the Chaplains Association of the Kandy, Ceylon under the command of Lord MountbatArmy and Navy and Associate Editor of our Service ten, Chaplain Elsam became senior chaplain on his staff. Journal, THE ARMY AND NAVY CHAPLAIN, has His devotion to military life earned him promotions accepted these positions vice Chaplain Edmund W. Weber. through the grade of Captain to Major in these assignThe last meeting of the Executive Staff confirmed his ap- ments. pointment. The association is particularly fortunate in In addition to having spent about half his life in India, securing the services of Chaplain Elsam, especially in our new Executive Secretary and Associate Editor has, seen view of the fact that his experience and inclinations lie in many parts of the world. Since his return from India, he the field of religious journalism and allied interests. served brief periods at the Headquarters XIII Corps
Chaplain Elsam was born in Bina, Central Provinces, as Assistant Corps Chaplain and at the Headquarters India. His parents are The Reverend and Mrs. C. G. Second Army as assistant to the Army' Chaplain. His Elsam, former Disciples of Christ Missionaries in India. major interests have always been in the field of reDuring his high school and junior college years in India, ligion and youth work with strong emphasis on the social he received six years military training in the Indian De- and ethical factors in religious guidance. His articles apfense Force. He is a graduate of Bethany College, Beth- pearing in many religious and other publications vouchany, West Virginia and received his Bachelor of Di- safe a real contribution to the ongoing of our Association vinity Degree from Butler University, Indianapolis, Indi: and of THE ARMY AND NAVY CHAPLAIN. ana. In addition he did graduate work in the University As a pastor our new Executive Secretary served Christian of Chicago. Churches in Illinois and Indiana for about fifteen years.
Coming into the service in early 1942, Chaplain Elsam He was the originator of a radio program called "Reserved initially with the 81st Infantry Division. Because ligion in Democracy" which he broadcast for a year over a of his familiarity with Indian languages and peoples he Chicago station. For several years he served as Secretary, was sent to China-Burma-India early in 1943. For a time of the Pastors Advisory Section of the International Counhe served with the Headquarters, SOS, in that Theater. cil of Religious Education.-W. B. Z. January-February, 1946 15
Additions to List of Army Chaplains Decorated in Corrections and Additions World War II
Distinguished Service Cross
to the C su lty Lst Colgan, Aquinas T., Catholic.
T HE July-August and October-November, 1945, issues Distinguished Service Medal
of THE ARMY AND NAVY CHAPLAIN contained infor- Bennett, Ivan L., Baptist; Rixey, George F., Methodist. mation about Army and Navy chaplain casualties in the Legion of Merit recent war. Subsequent to the last issue, the following cor- Cleary, Win. D., Catholic; Cohee, Ora J., Disciples of Christ rections and additions have been received from the offices Fenton, Bernard J., Catholic; Gearhard, August F., Catholic of the Chief of Chaplains of the Army and of the Navy: Higuchi, Hiro, Congregational; Hunter, Wayne L., Presbyterian Imrie, Matthew H., Episcopal; McGladrey, Marlin W., Method Deaths, Non-Battle: ist; McKnight, Alvie L., Baptist (South); O'Brien, Moran ,
*Bacigalupo, Andrew, 14 August 1945, Germany. Catholic; Rogers, Win. J., Catholic; Rose, Ben L., Presbyterian
Bartley, Edward L., 26 October 1945, New Orleans, Louisiana. Tange, Irving N., Lutheran; Trickett, Albert S., Methodist. SClause, Albert B., 13 October 1945, Topeka, Kansas.
Durham, Lucius M., 20 September 1945, Hawaii. Silver Star
Foley, John E., 12 October 1945, Washington, D. C. Adams, Marvin H., Methodist; Boyle, Edward T., Catholic Action Heide, Herman L., Catholic; Henderson, Benedict A., Catholi Missing In Action: Hochwold, Earle C., Congregational; Leith, Yoder P., Presby
Bradley, Francis E. terian; Miller, Raphel H., Disciples of Christ; Punda, Raymond A
Robinson, Eugene G. Catholic.
*Formerly reported as killed in action. Soldier's Medal
Revised Statistics of Chaplain Casualties Johnson, Raymond A., Evangelical Missionary Covenant.
Army, 7 December 1945 Bronze Star
1. CAsuALTIES Due to the fact that nearly 1,000 Bronze Stars have bee
1. ASALT~sawarded Army Chaplains we are not publishing this list.
a. Killed in action, including 12 lost in sinking of Japa- awarded Army Chaplains we are not publishing this list.
nese prison ships, and 1 killed during bombing in
Germany ..................................76 Additions to List of Navy Chaplains Decorated in
b. Deaths, non-battle, including 3 died in Japanese World War 1i
prison camp .............................. 73
c. Wounded in action, including those not hospitalized 236 Bronze Stars
d. Missing .................... ................ 2 Lt. Donald W. Mayberry, ChC, USNR, Episcopalian, fo
2. RETURNED TO MILITARY CONTROL, from German prison meritorious service in connection with operations against the Japa
camps and from Japanese prison camps .............. 37 nese enemy on Okinawa, during the period from 1 April to 2
June 1945.
Navy, 7 January 1946 Lt. (jg) Earl R. Brewster, ChC, USNR, Methodist, for heroic Achievement while interned at the Prisoner of War Camp, Dava CASUALTIES Penal Colony, Philippine Islands area. a. Killed i'n Action .............................. 12 PnlClnPiipn sad ra
a. Killed in Action ............ .......... 12 Capt. Francis Lee Albert, ChC, USN, Baptist (S), for meritori'
b. Deaths, non-battle .............................. 11 ous service in administering to.the spiritual welfare and morale o
c. Prisoners of Japanese .......................... 5 Naval personnel whose duties were in connection with operation
d. W ounded ................................... 30 against the enemy.
e. Missing in Action .......................... ..1 Comdr. Samuel Beecher Bennett, ChC, USN, Methodist, fo
distinguishing himself by meritorious achievement in connection Statistics of Chaplain Decorations with operations against the enemy on 20 March 1945, while sen Army Navy* ing as chaplain aboard a carrier.
Comdr. Alvo O. Martin, ChC, USNR, Congregationalist, for Congressional Medal of Honor .........- 1 meritorious achievement against the enemy while serving as Di Distinguished Service Cross ............ 18 vision Chaplain during the campaign for Iwo Jima from 8 Janu
Distinguished Service Medal ............ 3 ary 1945 to 16 March 1945 and for the rehabilitation period from
Legion of Merit .................... 66 7 17 March 1945 to 3 September 1945.
Oak Leaf Cluster to Legion of Merit ..... 1 Silver Star .......................... 141 8
Oak Leaf Cluster to Silver Star .......... 9 Our Cover
Navy and Marine Corps Medal ......... 5 Soldier's Medal .......... : ......... 20 Our cover is a view of The Memorial Chapel on Guadal
Bronze Star ......................... 965 20 canal. In our files we have some data: we know that iti
I Oak Leaf Cluster to Bropze Star ........ 87 used by Army and Navy personnel, that it is adjacent to II Oak Leaf Cluster to Bronze Star ...... 2 buildings erected by the 1394th Engineer Construction Air Medal ........................ 7 Company, and that services have been conducted there
Purple Heart ........................ 312 41 Cmpan an ta srviesfhav bn duet i
I Oak Leaf Cluster to Purple Heart...... 25 by Chaplain O. G. Grotesfend (Army). II Oak Leaf Cluster to Purple Heart ...... 3 Can our readers send in any historic data concerning Foreign Decorations .................. 26 this worship center? Who were the Chaplains on du
Individual Letters of Commendation when it was built? Was it constructed by U. S. or native (ribbon) ..................... 16 labor? Who have served troops in this Chapel? Writ
*Data incomplete. The Association if you have any such information.
16 The Army and Navy Chaplai
The National Conventions of the
Chaplains Association
By CHAPLAIN (COLONEL) ALVA J. BRASTED, RETIRED
the policy of calling to his office each year, for counsel and
Instructional purposes, a large number of chaplains. As formr Edtor f ths maa- per the above paragraphs this group :known as ":The
Chaplain Brasted, former Editor of this magazine, appeals for another meeting of the Chap- per te ve paragraphs this group, known as The lains Association of the Army and Navy of the Council of Chaplains, organized the Chaplains AssociaUnited States. Because of war conditions none tion of the'Army of the United States, April 25, 1925. The has been held since 1940. All members of the practice of calling chaplains to the office of the Chief of Association should read this article and be in- Chaplains for the purposes afore-mentioned was continued formed on the past history of such annual meet- for several years. (Chaplain Edmond P. Easterbrook sucings. ceeded Chaplain Axton as Chief of Chaplains April 7, 1928. Retiring for age, he was succeeded by Chaplain
Julian E. Yates, December 23, 1929.) Presumably, this
H AVING been requested to write an article concerning group, meeting in the Chief of Chaplains' Office, held the
the above subject, the writer presents the following conventions of which we have thus far found no record. brief and unembellished outline. The minutes of the Fifth and all the succeeding national A letter, dated Washington, D. C., April 25, 1925, and conventions are on file. The Fifth was held in 1930. Persigned by George M. Diffenderfer, Ch. Res., reads as fol- haps some reader will be able to furnish information relows: garding associational meetings held in '26, '27, '28, and hel '6,.27.'2, nd
1. Pursuant to suggestions in memorandum for mem- '29.
bers of the Council of Chaplains, we, your committee No. The Fifth Annual Convention of the Chaplains Associa5, submit copy of a provisional constitution for the Chap- tion of the Army of the United States was held in Washinglains AssociAtion of the Army of the United States, as ton, D. C., March 25, 1930. Dr. John M. Thomas, Ch. Res., herewith attached. who was then President of Rutgers University and form2. We recommend that the following persons be desig- erly President of Middlebury College, Vermont and of nated as temporary officers and members of the Executive Penn State, was elected President of the Association. The Staff until such time as a regular election can be held for Reverend William Hughes, Ch. Res., was elected Vice such officers: President, Rt. Rev. Charles H. Brent; Vice President; Chaplain Howard E. Snyder, Ch. Res., SecretaryPresident, Rev. Jason Noble Pierce; Secretary-Treasurer, Treasurer. Chaplain Julian E. Yates, USA. The first number of THE ARMY CHAPLAIN, official
EXECUTIVE STAFF: Rabbi Morris S. Lazaron, Chap- organ of the Chaplains Association, was published in July lain William R. Arnold, Rev. Francis P. Duffy, Rev. Scott of 1930. Dr. Harris E. Starr, Ch. Res., distinguished clergyE..Wagner, Rev. Joseph'R. Sizoo. man, author and scholar, was the first Editor and Howard The following letter is dated April 25, 1925, Washing- E. Snyder, Ch. Res., was the first Managing Editor. ton, D. C. and signed by Chaplain Julian E. Yates, Secre- RSLI AOT
. .. ANTI-P"ACIFIST RKESOLUTIONs ADOPTEDo
tary-Treasurer, Chaplains Association: The report of Com- A mittee No. 5 on Chaplains Association was adopted by The Sixth Annual Convention was held in Washington, the Council and the Provisional Constitution as reported D. C., April 14 and 15, 1931. Patrick J. Hurley, Secretary was ratified. of War, and Julian E. Yates, Chief of Chaplains, USA, By majority of those present the enrollment and annual welcomed the members of the Association and guests atmembership fee was temporarily set at $1.00, pursuant to tending. Msgr. William Hughes, Ch. Res., was elected which the following chaplains paid this amount and were President of the Association; Gustav Stearns, Ch. Res., enrolled as members: John Paul Tyler, Res., Joseph R. Vice President and Howard E. Snyder, Ch. Res., SecretarySizoo, Res., Morris S. Lazaron, Res., Scott R. Wagner, Treasurer. The chaplains and guests attending this conRes., Donald H. Gerrish, Res., Ignatius Fealy, Res., Wal- vention were received at the White House. A picture of lace H. Watts, Reg., John M. Thomas, Res., Hugh K. the group was taken with President Hoover in the center. Fulton, Res., John T. Axton, Reg., Milton O. Beebe, Reg., Resolutions were adopted in part and in effect were as folGeorge F. Rixey, Reg., Ernest R. Holz, Res., Hugh A. lows: That we plead with Congress to protect itself and Dalton, Res., Benj. J. Tarskey, Reg., John McCormick, the people from such subversive pacifist literature as has Reg., George M. Diffenderfer, Res., Fraser Metzer, Res., recently gone out from the office of a government official John Hall, Reg., Julian E. Yates, Reg. through the mails under penalty wrappers and at the cost John T. Axto i, appointed as the first Chief of Chaplains of the taxpayers of the Army of the United States July 20, 1920, adopted That we petition Congress to ascertain and make public January-February, 1946 17
the source of funds used for the printing of such literature lains on duty in these camps increased to over 300. Ch as mentioned above, which openly denounces the Army lains never had a greater opportunity for service. T and Navy, the R.O.T.C. and the C.M.T.C. and takes ad- Chaplains Association gladly assumed the added response vantage of Government transportation to foist treasonable bility occasioned by this new field of service. The numb sentiments against the government institutions upon an of Association Chapters increased throughout the counr unsuspecting and loyal people.... George H. Dern, Secretary of War, sent the following That we denounce the activites of committees who pub- message to the Eighth Annual Convention: "No Army ca licly seek the overthrow of our Government and we call succeed, or indeed ever has succeeded, without a strong upon Congress to enact appropriate legislation prohibiting religious foundation and belief; and it is to you that il the use of the mails for their pernicious propaganda and tary leaders must look for the creation and fostering of th suspending the privilege of public assemblage for the ut- spirit. Your duties are manifold. Charged as you are wih terance of treason and sedition, if our present laws are not the spiritual welfare of the command, and the chief a sufficient.... sistants to the commanding officers in maintaining th That we view with great sorrow the defection of many morale of the command, you must not only conduct I of our brethren of the clergy from their inherent loyalty ligious services but you must be ready at all times to assi and patriotism, led away as they have been by pernicious soldiers and their families in the many problems confro propaganda disseminated in some cases by quasi-ecclesi- ing them, which do not fall directly under military contro astical bodies. .. My office appreciates to the fullest extent your duties an The Seventh Annual Convention of the Chaplains As- your contribution to national defense. It is ever ready to a sociation was held in New York City in the spring of 1932 sist you and your worthy undertakings." with approximately sixty chaplains attending. The follow- The Ninth Annual Convention was held in the Cart ing officers were elected: Gustav Stearns, Ch. Res., Presi- Hotel, Cleveland, Ohio, April 11 and 12, 1934. The fo dent; Howard E. Snyder, Ch. Res., Vice President; Donald lowing officers were elected: Arlington McCallum, C H. Gerrish, Ch. Res., Secretary-Treasurer. The convention N.G., President; William P. Schulte, Ch. Res., Vice Pres host was the New York Chapter of the Association. It was dent; Simpson P. Daugherty, Ch. Res., Secretary-Treasure reported in THE ARMY CHAPLAIN that the arrangements Msgr. William Hughes, Ch. Res., Executive Secretary. on this occasion were so excellent as to call forth the ad- Dr. George M. Diffenderfer, Ch. Res., succeeded Dr. miration of all present. Starr as Editor of THE ARMY CHAPLAIN with Ira S. Erns
General Douglas MacArthur, Chief of Staff USA, sent Ch. Res., Managing Editor and Howard E. Snyder, a message to the convention in which he said in part: "The Res., Chief of the Corps Area Editors. Chaplain Alva Army chaplain stands for charity, for fortitude and for Brasted succeeded Chaplain Julian E. Yates as Chiefof righteousness. His unique and necessary functions are re- Chaplains December 23, 1933. flected in the moral courage and moral consciousness that The Tenth Annual Convention was held in the Brow make a military organization honored in peace and in- Hotel, Louisville, Kentucky, April 24 and 25, 1935. IThe vincible in war. I am delighted that the Seventh Annual number of chaplains registered was 132. In addition there Convention of the Chaplains Association gives me the op- were some thirty guests. Chaplain Earl D. Weed was chair portunity to testify publicly to the affection and regard in man of the committee on arrangements. The following of which the whole corps is held by the Army of the United ficers were elected: Chaplain McCallum was re-electd States." President; Ignatius Fealy, Ch. Reg., Ret'd, Vice President
Dr. Harris E. Starr, Ch. Res., continued to serve as Editor Simpson B. Daugherty, Ch. Res., Secretary-Treasurer. Dr of THE ARMY CHAPLAIN and Arlington A. McCallum, Ch. Diffenderfer was succeeded by Howard E. Snyder, Ch. Res, N.G., was appointed Managing Editor. as Editor of THE ARMY CHAPLAIN.
On the invitation of the Third Corps Area Chapter of the The Eleventh Annual Convention was held in the Statle. Chaplains Association, the Eighth Annual Convention was Hotel, St. Louis, Missouri, April 22 and 23, 1936. About held in Baltimore, Maryland, April 19 and 20, 1933. The 170 chaplains and fifty guests were in attendance. Eve following officers were elected: Howard E. Snyder, Ch. Corps Area and nearly every. state of the Union was reprl .Res., President; Donald H. Gerrish, Ch. Res., Vice Presi- sented. More than 250 chaplains and guests attended th dent; Arlington A. McCallum, Ch. N.G., Secretary-Treas- convention banquet. Ch'aplain Walter B. Zimmerman, now urer. Dr. Starr continued to serve as Editor of THE ARMY in the office of The Chief of Chaplains, was chairman O CHAPLAIN with Daniel J. Lynch, Ch. Res., Managing the committee on arrangements. Editor. Chaplain R. Earl Boyd, Ch. Reg., succeeded Chapain CHALINS SR Snyder :as Editor of THE ARMY CHAPLAIN and Chaplai CHAPLAIs SVE N CCC CAMPS Daugherty as Secretary-Treasurer. After having serve
It was in the spring of 1933 that The Civilian Conserva- nearly a year as Editor and Secretary-Treasurer, Chapla tion Corps was organized. In October of that year there Boyd passed to his eternal reward and Chaplain Rolad were more than 250,000 enrollees, for the most part under R. Bach succeeded him as Editor of the Journal and Colo twenty-one years of age. The number in these camps soon nel A. S. Goodyear was appointed Executive Secretary and increased to more than 500,000. In addition to the work of Secretary-Treasurer of the Chaplains Association. supervising the religious work of the Army the office of the The Twelfth Annual Convention was held in the Palme Chief of Chaplains was charged with the supervision of the Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, May 11, 12 and 13, 1937. Cha, religious work of the CCC. The number of reserve chap- lain McCallum was re-elected President. This convention 18 ..The Army and Navy Chaplai.
was attended by two hundred and fifty chaplains and some ming and good will. The country and the world needs the sixty-five guests. All Corps Areas and all but four or five Chaplains Association and its great annual convention. states of the Union were represented. Benjamin Tarskey, This convention is instructional and inspirational. Panels 6th Corps Area Chaplain, and Roland R. Bach, 6th Corps are conducted for different groups and all meet together' Area CCC Chaplain and Editor of THE ARMY CHAPLAIN, to discuss problems that all have in common. Great meswere in charge of the committee on arrangements. sages by great leaders and great teachers are heard. This
The Thirteenth Annual Convention was held in the meeting is a medium for the exchange of ideas. It enables Raleigh Hotel, Washington, D. C., May 17, 18 and 19, hundreds of chaplains to meet and to counsel with the Chief 1938. This was one of the largest and most successful of of Chaplains of the Army, Navy and now The Veterans our conventions. Several nationally known clergymen and Administration. These meetings enable the Chiefs of our high officials of the government were on the program. The Services to get better acquainted with their chaplains; to theme was "Divine Worship in Service." Dr. N. M. better know their minds and the needs of their fields. These Ylvisaker, Ch. Res., was elected President, succeeding conventions may render an important service in promoting Chaplain A. A. McCallum. Chaplain J. E. Yates, former the cause of our national defense and the cause of an abidChief of Chaplains, succeeded Chaplain Roland R. Bach as ing peace. Here a campaign may be launched to promote Editor of THE ARMY CHAPLAIN. Chaplain William R. clean and reverent speech and clean literature and to elimiArnold had succeeded Chaplain Brasted as Chief of Chap- nate the objectionable in the movies. There are many holy lains, December 23, 1937. objectives which the chaplains of all faiths have in common.
The Fourteenth National Convention was held in May, The Chaplains Association, civilian in character, may con1939, in Cincinnati, Ohio Chaplain Ylvisaker was re- tact the Congress in the interest of legislation needed in the elected President. Colonel Goodyear continued to serve as promotion of the chaplains' work. The chaplains in asExecutive Secretary and Secretary-Treasurer. In attendance sembly may express their convictions, appoint their comand interest and accomplishment this convention was out- mittees and thus get results. standing. Chaplain C. A. Stridesberg, Ch. Res., was chair- The conventions that have been held illustrate the value man of the committee on arrangements. Chaplain Ivan and need of these annual gatherings. With the new experiBennett was appointed chairman of a committee on re- ences and our numbers vastly increased, our annual convenvision of the Army and Navy Hymnal. tions of the future should be bigger and better and in every respect more helpful than those of the past. ALL OUT
LAsT CONVENTION HELD IN 1940 FOR THE NEXT ANNUAL CONVENTION!
The Fifteenth Annual Convention (or Training Confer- R
ence) was held in New York City May 21, 22 and 23, The "Padre" Is a Changed Man 1940. This convention ratified the proposed revision of the (Continued from page 12) constitution which provides that the title of the organiza- When he fell asleep in the arms of Jesus." tion 'shall be "The Chaplains Association of the Army and Instinctively we know that there is something wrong with Navy of the United States." Chaplain Ylvisaker was re- that epitaph. And instinctively we have always known elected President of the Association and Colonel Goodyear that there was something wrong with war. continued to serve as Secretary-Treasurer. The minutes of But now the roar of many guns has given us a perthis convention were published in the July-August 1940 suasion that goes far beyond instinct. We know war firstnumber of THE ARMY AND NAVY CHAPLAIN. In an hand and we hate it. Now we will give blood, sweat and editorial note Chaplain Yates remarks: "The conference is tears that our children may never know it. And yet we on record as a pronounced success; probably the best we will not sell cheaply what we have won at such a cost. have ever held." Chaplain Brasted succeeded Chaplain There are things worse than war, and they all come with Yates as Editor of THE ARMY AND NAVY CHAPLAIN in defeat before tyrants like those we have just destroyed. September, 1940. Count on the returning chaplains to show a new apDue to the war, no national convention has been held preciation for life itself. A year ago I stood on deck in the since May, 1940. As per the constitution the Executive darkness. The battle was over. Jap suicide planes had hit taff, meeting biannually, has functioned to the extent ships near us. Men had been killed at their stations. Surely authorized in lieu of the annual convention. It is hoped that it was not impertinence to ask God 'why. Why had they another national convention will be held in 1946. been killed and I spared? Not because they were evil and
It is my conviction that the chaplains need these annual I good. I knew better than that. Not because I had prayed conventions. The benefits received are many. These meet- and they had not. Some of them were praying men. For ings promote good fellowshi dg, understanding od will long hours I kept that vigil, searching the universe for an
and the spirit of brotherhood, In these conventions those answer. And none came, nor will one come in this life. of the Protestant and Catholic and Jewish faiths come to I could only reach out into the darkness and say "thank know and understand each other better. This annual con- you." It was gratitude deep and sincere for the return of a mention is unique. No other will compare with it; and it life that had been offered and not accepted. should be remembered that every one who is or has been a Scattered across the world are the white crosses which chaplain in the armed forces is eligible to belong to the we know so well. Beneath them many a woman's heart Chaplains Association. Imagine the far-reaching influence lies buried. Beneath them many a dream has languished.
more than twelve thousand iclergymen, scattered Beneath them is the supreme challenge for every chapthroughout the country, each an ambassador of understand- lain to return to the paths of peace a better man. .anuary- February, 1946 .19
'Round the World the Ch. gains Preached the Word...
Chaplain N. L. Rosenthal conducts Jew-Cetrs-l udtimgsok ish New Year, 5704, services in the Me-Cetrs-lBudtimgsokona morial Chapel at Guadalcanal. Chaplain Ralph W. Blanchard,Meh odist, conducts services for men o ar ~S. Chinese Combat Command Unitsoe where in China.
Easter Services aboard U. S. vessel.Idn Chaplain Thomas A. Corbett, Disciples of tificatieow i haplagnes lae o s
Christ, conducting services on Okinawa. me Editors.
S.Chaplain James Hurley, A.M.E. ChUtm addressing his congregation on Okinaw Navy Chaplain Robert G. Andrus, Presbyterian, conducts Easter morning Protestant services aboard USS Indiana.
Picture of the year is this taken with a camera smuggled into Japanese Military Camp No. 1, Cabantuan, P. I., by Major Paul R. Wing, S. C. Chaplain John baK. Borneman, Presbyterian, is conductaing Christmas service, 1943. Milky conChaplaiyon isugaunkno. n edition of the print is duet thefact that Majorai Pau R.WigSnCoCapainJh Chaplain is unknown. si dition of the print s due to the fact tha
the film was buried in order to conceal it from the Japs.
20 The Army and Navy Chapin uary-Februry, 194621
A Colored Necktie
The Army and Nauy Chaplain I received a colored necktie for Christmas. It is masterpiece of the weaver's art, with thin diagonal lii
The Professional Journal for Chaplains and Religious of blue and maroon crisscrossing over a plaid design < Workers brown and gray. It has eye-appeal. I knotted it on Workers finger and held it off at arm's length to imagine howi EDITOR .............. CHAPLAIN CLIFFORD M. DRURY would look gracing my adam's apple.
ASSOCIATE EDITOR. ..... CHAPLAIN HAROLD G. ELSAM That tie is a symbol of civilian life. (My daught anticipated the coming day.) It is the harbinger of a blue EDITORIAL BOARDM serge single-breasted suit, with just a sprinkling of cok CHAPLAINS WALTER B. ZIMMERMAN, Arlington, Virginia; or perhaps a suit with a "salt and pepper" weave. (
ARLINGTON A. CCALLUM, Washington, D. C. and course there is to be a vest and a gold watch chain wi
ARLINGTON A. McCALLUM, Washington, D. C. and.
a dangling key. I'd like a colored shirt with a handker .WILLIAM T. BRUNDICK, Woodstock, Virginia. chief to match peeking from my upper left pocket. Fo.
socks, I want something with color, but not too loud. 0 yes, the trousers are to have cuffs.
THE ARMY AND NAVY CHAPLAIN is not the of- I know I shall feel self-conscious when I walk out a
ficial mouthpiece of the Chief of Chaplains of the Army the street for the first time wearing this necktie and oth
or of the Navy. The fact that an article appears in its
columns does not indicate the approval of the views ex- articles of civilian apparel. I shall be as self-conscious pressed in it by any group or any individual other than I was when I emerged from Riznik's Uniform Shop
the author. It is our policy to print articles on subjects of
interest to chaplains and religious workers although San Francisco back in December 1941 in a new naval u some or all of the opinions advanced may be at variance form. Then I was alert to answer every salute. I suppo
with those held by the President of the Chplan As I shaplainsll continue to carry my brief case in my left had
sociation, the members of the Executive Staff and the I shall continue to carry my case in my left hand f Editors. years to come, with my right arm ready to returnthf salute of any service person I might happen to meet. will take time to become readjusted to individuality The Chaplains Association of the dress and independence of action.
The Caplainv ss of the And yet in all fairness and frankness I know I shal
Army and Navy of the United States hang up my uniform with a tinge of regret and sadne
1751 N Street, N.W., It was the uniform which identified me with millions Washington 6, D. C. my fellow Americans in the years of crisis. I was proud Washington 6, .C. ear the emblem of the Chaplain Corps. It was heartening EXECUTIVE STAFF to realize that my church looked upon me as one of i4 PRESIDENT representatives in the armed services. CHAPLAIN N. M. YLVISAKER While I expect to maintain my status in the Reserve, trust that never again shall I be called to serve in time VICE-PRESIDENTS war. Undoubtedly there will come times in the fut when I shall open the closet door or look into the trn A Y where these uniforms are kept and find nostalgic me CHAPLAIN D. C. SULLIVAN ......................... I SC ories sweeping through my mind as I see the service ri
CHAPLAIN P. B. FAY ............................. II SC bons, the gold braid, and the chaplain's cross. I am co
CHAPLAIN J. P. TYLER ............................ III SC fident that with the passing of the years I shall treasu
CHAPLAIN R. L. ALEXANDER ..................... .. IV SC the memories of the experiences which have been minem
CHAPLAIN C. A. STRIDSBERG ....................... V SC unheroic and undramatic as they were.
CHAPLAIN A. N. CORPENING .................... VI SC Now the emergency is over. The day is coming wh
CHAPLAIN W. A. MUNDAY. ....................... VII SC I shall take off the black tie and wear this new tie of man
CHAPLAIN J. J. O'BRIEN .......................... VIII SC hues.
CHAPLAIN C. A. CARLSON ........................ NWSC
CHAPLAIN B. A. TINTNER .................. .... At Large Our Next Convention
The convention through which groups and organic NAVY tions function is distinctly American. It is an agency CHAPLAIN E. L. AcKiss................... ... At Large the democratic process. Because the Chaplains Assoc
CHAPLAIN E. P. WUEBBENS............... .... .At Large tion of the Army and Navy is American and democratic
CHAPLAIN R. J. WHITE ....... .................. At Large the annual convention is the representative agency through
which common interests and business are considered. Th MEMBER Executive Staff merely administers the will of the cc COLONEL A. S. GOODYEAR vention.
CHAPLAIN ALVA J. BRASTED, Ret'd During the war years, it has been necessary to suspe all conventions. Our Association has continued all i EXECUTIVE SECRETARY-TREASURER functions under the direction of the Executive' Staff.
CHAPLAIN HAROLD G. ELSAM fact, membership lists have grown from year to year, 0 ... professional journal has kept pace with the increased 22 The Army and Navy Chapi
terest in the chaplaincy and there has been no letdown in angle. "We could get together," he wrote, "for a meeting the efficiency of the operation of the Association. The at the conventions and talk of the days in the service and Executive Staff has met from time to time. All actions share experiences which will be interesting only to ourtaken have been appropriate to interim administration and selves." There is great value in preserving the memories within the pattern of the constitution of the Association. of our associations while in uniform. This is one of the
The war is over! All of us are thankful for victory and primary reasons for the existence of veterans' organizathe return of peace. Now is the time to re-establish our tions. Association on a stable peacetime basis. A second potent reason for banding denominational exConventions may again be held. A convention for our chaplains together is to guarantee greater consideration Association is now necessary under the provisions of our to resolutions and other pronouncements by ecclesiastical constitution. There are many items of administration, bodies on such subjects as pacificism, compulsory military policy and procedures which should be discussed, evalu- training, and kindred subjects which affect,the welfare of ated and determined by the most representative con- both church and state. This. does not imply that all exvention it is possible to assemble. A new Executive Staff chaplains will support all of the recommendations of our must be elected. All in all it is necessary and wise that our top ranking Army and Navy officials. Chaplains are not first peacetime convention lay the groundwork for an ef- at all unanimous in their convictions on such a question as fective, progressive and purposeful association program. compulsory military training. However, the alertness of
Our Association has made an enviable record in the a group of ex-chaplains in the different ecclesiastical past. Its membership has consisted of all components of bodies should prevent hasty and ill-considered pronouncethe Army and Navy. The Regular chaplains of the Army ments on certain great issues which bear upon war and and Navy have always been a minority. The Reserve com- peace. In times past aggressive and well organized miponents have supplied the bulk of the membership. This nority groups within several denominations have pushed has been necessary because of the small number of pro- through, or have tried to do so, resolutions and other professional chaplains. In this very fact, there has been nouncements which could not be harmonized with the strength. Our members have been able to express them- stark realities which faced us as a nation during the recent selve freely, to present their views without the restrictions conflict. which might limit professional chaplains, and to carry Chaplain Mattingly sets forth a third reason for dethe fight for a larger recognition of the chaplaincy both nomination associations of ex-chaplains. He wrote: "Finby the military and civilian groups. No doubt this ag- ally, I think those of us who have served the armed gressive policy for recognition should be maintained and forces during this emergency have gained a perspective of emphasized. Only through a large and representative Christian unity that will be the salvation of the Christian convention can the achievements of the past be main- churches. We have risen above the petty politics that keep tained and the obligations of the future accepted. us apart as Christians."
The time and place of our next convention are still un- There can be no doubt but that the fellowship of chapdecided. To avoid conflicts with other conventions and to lains of all faiths and denominations in the armed services secure an adequate place are not easy tasks. However, a has contributed to the ecumenical movement. This has been committee is canvassing the situation. When time and especially true of Protestant chaplains who have ministered place are announced all chaplains of the Army and Navy, to men without being labelled as belonging to this or that as well as Veterans Administration, should plan to attend. denomination. Many a soldier and sailor has asked of his Chaplains on inactive status, as well as active duty men, chaplain: "Why can't we do it this way back home?" should be present in large numbers. The ministrations of It is suggested that chaplains who are about to be rereligion and moral training to our uniformed forces are leased from active duty and those who have already remore important than ever before. No one knows what the turned to civilian life consider themselves self-appointed future holds in store. Let us convene and plan to meet every committees to sponsor an organization of ex-chaplains at obligation of a bright new future.-W. B. Z. the next meeting of their respective denominational conventions or assemblies which they may attend. It is recomn mended that sufficient organizational machinery be erected Organize Denominational Chapters to insure the continuance of such meetings in the future.
NEW DEVELOPMENT of The Army and Navy A chairman or secretary appointed this year can be reChaplains Association is due to result from the re- sponsible for arrangements for luncheon and the distribucent war. Heretofore meetings of members of The Associ- tion of proper notices for the next subsequent gathering ation have been confined to the annual convention and to of the denominational assembly. Some delegation of reOccasional meetings of local chapters. Hereafter, with sponsibility is necessary to insure efficiency and continuity More than 11,000 ex-chaplains returhed to civilian life, it of the group. will be possible for groups of such men to meet at the These denominational chapters should be supplemental state and national meetings of their respective denomina- to the regularly organized chapters of the Army and tions. Navy Chaplains Association which are found in the Chaplain T. J. Mattingly, Camp Perry, Ohio, advocated larger military centers throughout the country. he organization of a denominational Chaplains associa- Eleven thousand and more ex-chaplains scattered ion in a letter which appeared in the 5 December 1945 through all of the larger denominations of the country issue of The Christian Evangelist. He argued that such should be able to make an impact upon the thought and
organization would have value from "the fellowship life of the churches of our land.
ury-Februa.ry 1946' 23
Red Herrings
B EING human, we all at times have the tendency to reasonable precaution to protect the youth from moral i,
_ rationalize in an endeavor to justify what we have falls and to make this training beneficial in every possib done or wish to do. Often it is easy to become deeply con- way. It may be that the American Legion plan would satis cerned about relatively minor matters, while issues of the basic security need and at the same time permit adjust greater importance are neglected. Red herrings are dragged ments for young men to continue their college or univers across our mental paths and off we go baying in all sin- education. cerity on false trails. It is true that this country will have the largest reserve
A good example of this tendency is found in the recent trained men in its history when demobilization is comple widespread discussion of compulsory military training. However, suppose another war should come in five or Statements of moral conditions affecting Navy and Army years (God forbid!), does any reasonable person beli personnel in Japan and Germany have shocked us all. that this trained reserve would then suffice? In addition Chaplains have been among the most outspoken in con- the heavy attrition which would eliminate millions fr demning any such existing situations. They have insisted, the reserve even in so short a time, there would be au and we stand with them wholeheartedly, that these con- versal demand on the part of the veterans themselves 1 ditions could and should be remedied. younger men to go first.
Some individuals and groups within the United States, The United States has emerged from the recent war as t who are opposed to the proposed plan of compulsory mili- richest, the most powerful, and the most influential nati tary training, have been quick to seize upon these state- in the world. We have been thrust into a position of lead ments to persuade their representatives in Congress to ship from which it is impossible to turn back. We are lvi vote against such a bill. Although fully sympathetic with in a world where we must deal with actual alternate any critics who denounce moral laxity, we maintain that and not with ideal possibilities. Surely the recent war the complete focusing of attention upon the moral prob- taught us that it is dangerous for us to credit other nati lems in military training to the neglect of the larger issue with a morality which is not there. We had to use force of national security is tantamount to drawing a red herring terrible, devastating, brutal force-to win the war. It W across our mental tracks. Those who favor compulsory mili- the lesser of two evils. By the same demanding logic, m tary training are sometimes guilty of similar tactics. They we not have to use, or be able to use, force to keep t stress, as though of primary consideration, the good that peace? will come from physical exercise, the educational gains, or Precautions can and must be taken to reduce to a mi the need for discipline. These benefits, where they exist, are mum the moral hazards in military life, regardless as also incidental to the real subject at issue. whether or not we have compulsory military training
The all-important factor is this: Does the security of our t r nt compulsory military training o country demand a trained reserve which can be made avail- to argue against compulsory military training solely able only through some plan of compulsory military train- primarily because of the moral issues involved is danger ing? If the answer to the question is "Yes," then the steps The whole question as to whether or not this nation is must unquestionably be taken and it becomes the solemn have compulsory military training should be decided on t duty of those responsible for this training to take every basis of our national security.
A Plea for Merchant Marine Chaplains
By CHAPLAIN JOHN R. GLASSEY, USA.
I notice in some of your advertising that your associa- merchant marine service. Surely the Church must not :I tion includes Merchant Marine Chaplains if I have read it in doing whatever is possible to help these men. Tlii aright. I have sailed on a merchant ship transporting troops temptations to debauchery are severe. They need every ai for two and one-half years. During that time I have never that it is possible for our social set-up to provide. heard a merchant seaman mention Chaplain or Church. I do not know how this kind of work could be finance
In these months at sea I have become acquainted with but seamen of other nationalities than our own tell r some three hundred of these men and I think I sense some that much more is done in their homelands. Surely Amr of the great difficulties that stand between them and the ica cannot make a plea to her decent citizenry that its so life of a normal American man. Further it seems to me build up a strong merchant fleet save she also'extend he that a Chaplain who is their Chaplain, to meet incoming self to help these men in every way she can. They a ships, to bid Godspeed to outgoing ships, to act as a sort forced to lead by virtue of their very occupation a of liaison officer between them and their shore-based culiarly non-normal life. They are in especial need countrymen could be of great service to the corps. cordial, friendly, spiritual and moral counsel. I hope y
There seems to be now among our social or economic may find some way of increasing whatever is being do pressures an endeavor to establish a stronger American for them along these lines. 24 The Army and Navy Chap-
Chaplain Seruice of the Training Organization War Shipping Administration
By COMMODORE TELFAIR KNIGHT, USMS
Commodore Knight, the Assistant Deputy Administrator for Training of the War Shipping Administration, has prepared the following article on chaplains in the Merchant Marine. Subsequent to the writing of the article, word was released by the WSA that the Chaplain Service was
discontinued as of 31 December 1945.
AT the outbreak of the war the War Shipping Admin- ficers, and only in rare instances do they serve as morale
istration found that it was dreadfully short of both officers and then it is clearly understood that this is secships and seaman. The shipbuilding program got rapidly ondary to their work as chaplain. The uniform, rank and underway and we all recall the publicity given to the rate of pay are the same as in the U. S. Navy. No chaplaunching of the various types of ship. One, it was re- lains have gone to sea under the Merchant Marine as the ported, was launched ten days after the laying of the small number of men on any particular ship, seldom exkeel ceeding sixty, would not warrant the exclusive services of
The program for the training of men to man the ships a chaplain.
was not so well publicized but had moved along in pace Since most Training Stations are relatively small it has with the building program. Training Stations under the been possible to follow a rather intensive religious program War Shipping Administration were established at At- which has been effective. During the first week or two lantic, Pacific and Gulf Ports. There were Stations to train of indoctrination the chaplains both Protestant and Cathorecruits in seamanship; Officer Candidate Schools to en- lic-either separately or together-have the opportunity able seamen who had had experience at sea to study of addressing all the newly arrived trainees. At this time further and become mates and engineers. There was also a religious census is taken. The census is kept in the chapestablished an elaborate system of cadet training for boys lain's office for their exclusive use. The chaplains find this who were to be the officers in the new Merchant Marine. information a very decided help in their work with the
Shortly after the establishment of the various Training trainees as they are able to obtain a rather good idea of the Units when large numbers of men were gathered at these religious condition of each individual. They are thus Stations the War Shipping Administration became aware enabled in future contact with these men to advise and of the need of chaplains. The Navy which had supplied help them along religious lines. officers for other types of work under the Maritime Serv- Again before the men leave the Station to go to sea ice was unable to supply chaplains, so Bishop O'Hara of there is a routine checkout with the chaplains. The trainee the Military Ordinariate and the General Commission of is free to select the chaplain of his choice and if he desires Protestant Chaplains for the Army and Navy were ap- to see no chaplain at all his wishes are always respected. pealed to and asked if they would supply chaplains for During this final interview the chaplain is able to question the Maritime Service. Chaplains of various denominations the men concerning their religious life, urge them to keep were soon commissioned and assigned to the Training up the practice of their faith and provide them with a Stations. After a few months it became evident that a prayer book, New Testament and religious literature. separate Chaplain Corps was necessary. The Chaplain This individual contact between chaplain and trainee has Corps of the United States Maritime Service was formed been productive of much good, has brought many back in February 1943 and Leo W. Madden was designated as to the practice of their faith and has instilled a respect for Senior Chaplain. In November of 1944 there was a re- religion and a desire for its practice. organization of the Chaplain Service. Leo W. Madden was A very real contribution is the tremendous amount of designated Chief Chaplain of the Training Organiza- good will chaplains have created. The merchant seaman tion to have supervision over chaplains of the Catholic has very little contact with chaplains. It is said that most Faith and Chaplain G. L. Farnham was appointed As- seamen shy from contact with preachers and sky-pilots. sociate Chief Chaplain with supervision over all chaplains It may no longer be true that the seamen consider the of the Training Organization not of the Catholic Faith. presence of a corpse or a preacher aboard ship as a bad Subsequent to this on September 1, 1945 Chaplain Kohn omen but a feeling of uneasiness somehow or other stationed at Sheepshead Bay Training Station was ap- seems to possess the seaman when he is in the presence pointed Senior Jewish Chaplain of the Training Organiza- of a preacher. This can no longer be said of those men tion and given supervision over religious matters pertain- who have gone to sea via the Maritime Service Training Ing to trainees of the Jewish Faith. Stations. They have had contact with a chaplain under
The traditions and the customs of the Chaplain Corps most favorable circumstances and realize that the chaplain of the Navy have been followed to a great degree. Chap- is their friend in need and the harbinger of good rather lains are not required to stand watch, to act as welfare of- than bad fortune.
'lUrY- February, 1946 25
IVisit General MacArthu
By CHAPLAIN PERCY M. HICKOX
Chaplain Hickox has been Division Chaplain of the 81st Infantry Division since May of 1942, and has gone with them through training and through combat into the occupation of Japan. He is a minister of The Methodist Church. It is of interest to read some of his experiences.
O N the first day of November I took a train from long to the U. S. Army and to be eligible to eat w
. Aomori in Northern Honshu to make a trip of 750 properly assigned on competent orders.
miles to Tokyo to which I had been summoned by a letter As soon as I could clean up I presented myself at from the secretary of General Douglas MacArthur to palatial offices of General MacArthur in the Dai-i meet the Supreme Military Commander in the Pacific. Building. This was at 1330 and the General was The last car on all trains in Japan is generally reserved leaving for lunch, so I was given an appointment at 1 for GI's, so I had the company of other officers and men this same day. This was apparently the close of the af traveling to the south on my trip..We rode in a comfort- noon at his office. While waiting in the reception ro able parlor car, but at meal times it was converted by our just before my hour, a Filipino sergeant asked me to ingenuity and necessity into a dining and kitchen car. the General's Office Guest Book, and promptly on Army C rations and even small gasoline stoves appeared hour a Brigadier General ushered me into the private out of various articles of luggage which crammed the ner office of the Commander in chief. General MacArt racks, and everyone made such contributions to the gen- arose from his desk and greeted me cordially, and eral meal as his pack carried. Each soldier also wore his gether we took comfortable chairs near a window to t belt and canteen and drank his water only from an ap- He had invited me as a former pastor of the Chico proved army source. It seemed odd later in a first-class Falls Methodist Church, for he wanted to inquire aot Tokyo hotel to see the familiar army Lister Bags set up in the old MacArthur homestead in that city, which has s the lobby or on every floor in order to replenish our drink- been dedicated as a memorial. Also, since I had maria ing supply and safeguard our health wherever we go in into the same Chicopee Falls family as that of his mot! this land of occupation. he wanted to make inquiries about members of his fai
At 2200 that night we reached Sendai, and a sleeper in that portion of Massachusetts. He first spoke about was there attached to our train for the night run into happy ending of the war and expressed his thankful Tokyo. We reached the city the first thing in the morn- that his troops did not finally have to assault this Japa ing-a huge and hustling center teeming with life, sub- stronghold. "Yesterday would have been the day, y ways, elevated and surface cars. Nearly all of the auto- know," he said reflectively. Then he lighted his fan mobiles which we see in these Pacific countries belong to corncob pipe which put him in a mellow and reminisce our own or to Japanese government officials. On every mood. He commented on the high achievement of side it was evident that Tokyo had been hard hit by our 81st Division, of which I have been chaplain these incendiary bombs and the city was half in ruins. We passed years, and intrusted me with his personal message to miles of buildings on our way to the center of the city, Division Commander and to our soldiers. Then he ca but as we drew nearer to the buildings it was apparent upon his secretary to bring one of his best known p that many of them were only burned-out shells. In every tographs upon which he wrote both my name and his o section of the city and out through Yokohama are the famous signature. "When you go back to Massachuset signs of terrific beating which this metropolis took. Whole he said, "tell the people of Chicopee Falls that whc city blocks have been reduced to shapeless rubbish. Parked return to the states I am going out of my way to visit in orderly fashion along a curb today I counted the rusted old homestead of which my father had such pleas and burned-out ruins of twelve automobiles apparently memories." He then paid high tribute to his mother an. parked bumper to bumper when- the destruction rained his illustrious father, and as he spoke I saw the light of upon them. The block south of the hotel to which I was votion and loyalty kindle in his dark eyes; and I begai assigned (The Dai-iti) is in utter ruins. In several places understand the sterling personal qualities as well as the thrifty Japs had raked aside the rubbish, and small military genius of the soldier who has led our nation gardens of corn and other vegetables are growing amid glorious victory out here in the Pacific. the rusted ruins. After my visit upon the Commander in chief, I ha
We reported to the G. H. Q. Office and presented our make one more official call, and this was upon ourEi orders and there obtained a "jeep" to take us to another Army Headquarters and upon my immediate super building where the billeting officer assigned us to our the army chaplain there in Yokohama. This is reached quarters. It was noon before we realized that we had not the elevated railway from Tokyo. It was Sunday mor breakfasted, for in Japan one cannot just drop in some- when I made this visit. I had not heard a brother chap where to eat. Food is scarce, and one is thankful to be- preach for a long time, and I was pleased with this 26 The Army and Navy Chap
portunity. We had an excellent worship service for these Japan-in the children who are the same the world over headquarters soldiers who crammed to the galleries the and in these pretty girls who break down all rules of nonemorial Auditorium of the city, and I was proud to have fraternization so readily-lies the hope of the recovery of a part in so inspiring a Christian service in the heart of this heavily stricken nation whose pretty hills and countryold Japan. side we are now "occupying. During my stay in Tokyo I spent one day in the shop- In Hirosaki, which is one of the cities I visit in my travels ping district, for here one can see much of the life of throughout our prefecture, I have found the Japanese these people. The Ginza Street district had recently been pastor of our Methodist Church, which is the largest opened, and throngs of American soldiers and sailors Christian institution in the city. He and I were entertained nixed with the tumult of Japanese men, women and there one day at the home of the Japanese Bishop of the children anxious to make purchases. Most of the large Episcopal Church of that city. I asked this pastor when department stores had no more than two or three floors we first came in September whether his people are bitter partly repaired for business and, where buildings had at our coming. "No," he replied thoughtfully, "only been utterly wiped out, merchants spread their wares on hopeful. Our people have suffered badly during these war tables among the ruins or even on the sidewalks and were years." Already we are planning in the completely bombedready for their customers. Here one found all manner of out city of Aomori to find a shelter where our Methodist household utensils, wooden sandals, silks and many Mission can assemble its returning congregation and souvenirs of all descriptions. The pluck of the Japanese in gather its children for instruction. A member of this sogetting down to business wins one's admiration. There ciety, one of our Japanese interpreters at our local railway were no barber chairs for customers, but hair was being station, has invited us to assist him in putting his work cut. One could pause in his march through the crowds, back on its feet. He wants me to preach to them some place his foot on an improvised stand of scorched bricks Sunday and he will stand by me as interpreter for his and have his shoes shined for the correct amount of Yen people. Already we are looking forward to Christmas and Sen. To try to get through the throngs and make a to make it a memorable season for our soldiers so far from few purchases was like shopping on Main Street, Spring- the homeland. We plan to gather the Christian children field, Massachusetts in Christmas week. Every one here and make provision for our soldiers to give them a party was equally good natured, and the proverbial politeness worthy of this festival period. of the Japanese was not lost in the press and determination Before leaving Tokyo I visited the Imperial Palace of the multitudes. grounds there on Sunday afternoon and walked as far
I must say a word about the social life of this seething toward the palace buildings as our allied soldiers and city. First of all one meets here the allied military and foreigners are permitted to go. There I observed the only naval leaders of the world today as well as hosts of gov- sign of any religious life I could find in this great city eriment officials of many nations. Some six hundred of- apart from our American service chapels. I saw the Japaficers ate their meals at the large dining room of our hotel nese by groups and families proceed beyond us to a wall for which (with our railroad tickets and such) the Japa- at the edge of a moat which separates the sacred grounds nese bear the full expense. One evening a group of Rus- upon which the emperor treads, and bowing very formally sian officers occupied the table at our side, I shared a table offer their adoration to one whose palace was entirely with navy officers and with war correspondents, and at hidden from our view by the magnificent intervening our rear was a group of Australian officers in their side- walls and gardens. As the Japanese approached their brimmed hats. During our visit on Ginza Street I looked place of prayer the men removed their overcoats 'as in on a large dance hall where our soldiers and sailors well as their hats. I was reminded of St. Paul at Athens were being entertained by hundreds of Japanese girls in when he spoke to the people about the unknown god their brilliant kimonas and with their red cheeks and whom they worshipped. As I left this scene and departed their eyes aglow with the social life they were sharing from Tokyo that evening I was happy that I was having with their recent conquerors. I recalled that on the trains the opportunity of preaching Christ in this strange land when we stopped at small towns along the way, the sol- to our soldiers, sailors, and government employees in the diers would open the windows and summon the children chapels which are weekly being opened in all our governto our GI car. Then the soldier would toss out lumps of ment installations. We believe that Christ will soon be sugar, candy and chewing gum with which he was well preached again to these still "hopeful" Japanese people supplied in his army rations. The smiling boys anrd girls and that only under Christian teaching will Japan find stretched out their eager hands and were profuse in their her place again among the peace-loving nations of the gratitude. I cannot but think that in the young people of world.
WE FACE A GRIEVOUS PROBLEM! PERMANENT ADDRESSES.
Too often we lose track of the final and permanent address of our Chaplains who go
into civil life. We want desperately to keep a file of all such Chaplains. Will you help?
Through these coming months, if you hear of an ex-chaplain (how we hate that word, for how can anyone become an "ex-chaplain"?) won't you send in his name and address? Thanks!
anuary-February, 1946 27
Veterans Administration Headquarters
Adds Chaplains to Service
Chaplain (Major) Edmund W. Weber has been appointed by Chaplain (Colonel) Edward A. McDonough comes to th the Veterans Administration to the post of Assistant Di- Veterans Administration Chaplaincy Service with expert* rector of Chaplaincy Service. He served before this time ence fitting him for his work as Chief of Personnel. He was in the Office of the Chief of Chaplains (Army) in the Plans ordained to the Roman Catholic priesthood on May 23, and Training Division and as Associate Editor and Execu- 1924, and has served the parishes of Brighton, Quincy, tive Secretary and Treasurer of the Chaplains Association. Alston, and Everett, Massachusetts, from which parish he Chaplain Weber is an ordained minister of the Lutheran came to active duty in May 1941. Since that date Chaplain Church (Missouri Synod) and has held important positions McDonough has served at Lovell General Hospital, has in directing the excellent service centers of that denomina- traveled with the Army War Show, 1942, and has served tion. He holds his commission in the Officers Reserve Corps 'with the XIll Corps, first as Assistant Corps Chaplain, an, of the United States Army. before the de-activation of the Corps, as Corps Chaplain
A Veteran Chaplain Serves a Veterans Hospital
By CHAPLAIN CECIL H. LANG
A this is a neuropsychiatric hospital and I am in no in wards where patients are not able to attend regular
sense a psychiatrist, I entered upon my duties with worship on Sunday.
some question as to how I might fit in. I determined, how- One 'of the most interesting phases of my ministry n ever, to use in my work such measures of religion, com- proving to be that of contact with the families of patients, mon sense and love for men as I might have and leave the We have had the very heartiest reception on the part of the psychiatric emphasis to the medical personnel. I have thus people of the city of Roanoke and surrounding commum far been deeply gratified with the response of the patient ties. personnel to our program and our approach. The employee personnel, especially the medical officers,
The schedule we have followed thus far runs some- have been most cordial and cooperative. They assure Me thing like this: a daily visit to the admission and emer- that they feel the Chaplain has a definite place in their pre gency wards: until further help arrives, visits to the other gram of treatment. After three months' duty at this inst wards of this 1,600 bed hospital not more than once or tution, I am thoroughly convinced that there is a large field twice a week: Sunday morning services of a worshipful of usefulness for the Chaplaincy Service in the Veterfa and attractive nature: weekday brief devotional services Administration. From a letter dated 3 January1946. 28 The Army and Navy Chaplain
Soldiers and the Postwar World
"By CHAPLAIN LEIGHTON E. HARRELL, U.S.A.
to learn that they are now considered problem children
Chaplain Harrell discusses thistimelyand im- simply because they are returning from the successful
portent subject under five separate headings. prosecution of their tasks. Certain individuals, yes. But
rTh un g s ectonr ied aTe h in, then, certain individuals would have been a problem had
Theacncd in she tion itlpedr Th ex ommun- i ,teunn odes Salrmrie dFr
T concluding sections, titled The Commun- they remained at home. It will be disconcerting, to put it mildly, to returning soldiers, sailors, marines and others
to learn that much attention has been given to them as returning problems which must be solved.
I. BACKGROUND Let us consider the facts in the case. R ECENTLY in one of the prominent pulpits of the Some 10 or 12 million men and women have volunnation a minister, in speaking of the adjustments teered or have been drafted-it makes no difference which necessary after victory, told the congregation that one of -to form an army and navy to protect this country in a i ts adjustments would be to learn to sit in church in a time of emergency. In order to fit them for this specialcongregation made up in a substantial measure of returned ized duty the nation has taken them at the most virile age servicemen who would be "physical wrecks, mental incom- possible. It has given them concentrated training and edupetents, and morally broken down" as a result of the war. cation. It has developed their physical prowess until they
his is admittedly an overstatement on the part of the can stand an almost unlimited amount of strain. It has minister and one which he would not seriously try to de- taught these young men that our nation has an enemy end, but it does serve to high light a matter which is being which must be destroyed. Although in peacetime these given much discussion in the pages of many papers, and young men are taught kindness and love, that they should by many leaders. The question is usually stated-The protect and not hurt, yet in this emergency they are taught problem of the Returning Soldier. It has its variations in to kill, and to kill ruthlessly. In their hands are placed such titles as The Reorienting of the Returning Soldier, instruments of death and they are taught to use them efor, The Readjustment of the Returning Soldier. ficiently. They are taught the stealth and craft of woodsThat there will be readjustments necessary in the trans- men that this wisdom may be used in annihilating the fer from a war to a peacetime economy seems to be self- enemy. Our young men have absorbed this education and evident. That the solution of the problem lies in "re- training. They have learned in a few months that which orienting," "readjusting" or "solving the problem" of normally would take years. They have done it under presthe returning soldier is quite another thing. The purpose sure. They have learned to live out of doors with the sky of this series of articles is to discuss some aspects of the as their canopy, with the ground as their bed, and to live whole problem. without those refinements of life which most of us conThis first article will lay a foundation for the several sider essential. At the end of this training we send them articles which follow, for, a clear and understanding ap- into combat. They have looked down the barrels of enemy proach is necessary to the solution of any problem, and guns not knowing whether they would live to tell about especially to this which has so many ramifications. it or not. They have cringed helplessly in foxholes while
It is easy to generalize. The fallacy of such generaliza- enemy aircraft bombed and strafed them. They have tion is seen when that generalization is applied to an im- looked down their own rifles and seen a distant enemy fall. mediate situation. For instance, if the minister referred They have met the enemy in hand-to-hand conflict-have to above had read the list of the young men and young heard the thud of rifle butt upon his head or withdrawn women who had gone out from that church and then their bayonet, streaming with blood, from his body, someadded that these would return "physical wrecks, mental times using the foot as a lever to be sure it was pulled incompetents and morally broken down" the membership free. They have dropped in beautiful rhythmic patterns of that church, recognizing that such might happen in any from the clouds that they might stalk their prey in silence individual case, would nevertheless have taken immediate that other soldiers might finish the job thus started. They objection to such a sweeping slander of the representa- have been wounded and have lain on beds of pain in dislives of that church in the armed forces. Further, there tant countries without the solace of loved ones. They have could be several returned personnel in each of those cate- seen their comrades blown to bits, and those bits covered gories, but even that would not justify such sweeping with a mound of rocks and marked with rough markings. statements as were made. These things they have done for you and me. They have There is another factor which should be considered as lived more in a few months than most of us do in a lifea background for these discussions. These boys have been time. They have grown old swiftly. Even though their sent out, often without their consent or desire, to perform bodies retain their youthful virility they have grown old a specific military task. To that end they are trained and mentally and spiritually a[ one full sweep. equipped. It would probably be shocking news to them We have sent them to do this job for us, and they have January-February, 1946 29
done it well with all the enthusiasm of American youth. return too late to share in the increased family inco From this many will not return. Some will return invalids In other homes there will have come tragedy. Per for the rest of their life. Some will have mental quirks the parents have died, some member of the family from growing old too quickly. Many of these, perhaps, been killed in action, parents have separated or brother would have had comparable misfortunes in civilian life. and sisters have become delinquents. All of this happen The rest, and it is the vast majority, will return changed not gradually so that he could become accustomed ti only by the pattern we have designed for them. They will but he returns home and the full import of the cha return to learn of peace where they have been taught of hits him all at one time. war. They will return to learn to build where they have For the serviceman who is married he will, in mantiy been taught to destroy. They will return to learn to make stances, find that the wife has become accustomed to P life where they have been taught to kill. They will return for the family without consulting anyone and she w seeking the land which they left behind only to find that resent the interference of the "head of the house" in that land itself is not the same. Therein lies the problem. sphere. Some wives have lost interest in their husba The personnel of the armed forces have traveled one road and have made new attachments which they will not es while civilians have traveled another. When these two give up; same have been unfaithful and will greet the roads meet again both groups must learn to walk together. turned hero with a bald "so what?" Some wives will b But we cannot forget that we sent the soldier to be a their war work and will not want to return to the "plar soldier for us. We placed him on that other road. life of a housewife. Other wives will have become
The real problem is whether those at home will be vorced. Some husbands who have dreamed of their id' worthy of the men who return. The solving of the home istic war marriage will find that the wife to whom he problem will in a large measure solve the whole problem turns does not seem to be the dewey-eyed romantic n arising from the return of the soldier. with whom he had a few days of bliss before going a seas. These will feel that somehow they have been chea
II THE HOME in the whole process. Our service personnel have frequently talked of their Many of the service personnel have spoken bitterly homes and what they mean to them. They are looking for- the strikes at home. When they return and find that tI ward to the time when they will be HOME. Yet we need family has been a part of these strikes it will create a f to face the fact that service personnel will not find the point of bitterness. home which was left behind. Years of war have left their The home has been one of the greatest-if not mark upon the home. greatest-stabilizing influences in the nation. The war
To begin with, even if the home has physically remained destroyed or greatly modified home life. Service person as the serviceman left it there are other changes which can only sense an indefinite change in the tone and ten have taken place. The members of the family have grown of correspondence. He returns and finds the home as older with the attendant change in outlook. Brothers and knew it is not there at all. There is hot only the not sisters who were "kids" have grown up and have their change of time, but the abnormal change of wartime.I own lives. The problems of a wartime economy have left family will think of the eighteen-year-old boy who 1 their mark. New friends have been made, and old friends to go to war and will expect such a person to return. Wh have moved away. The returning serviceman who returns there returns a twenty-one- or twenty-two-year-old to the same physical home will find changes within which who will listen and respond only to military control: will startle him. discipline there will be resentment in the family tow
There are, however, other changes which will startle the returned serviceman.
some even more. There are many families which have To meet the problem of the postwar world is to f migrated to new communities-some of these trailer and also the change in the family life of the nation. There some war industry communities. In many cases the family never be a solution to the problem of the returning serI life has been completely destroyed. The returning service- personnel without a solution of the family problem wi man will find a family which is in itself strange, located the soldier will face and which he himself cannot sol in strange surroundings. The home to which he returns There is no hard and fast solution: If the spirit of does not in any way resemble the home left behind. The home which the soldier or sailor has known has been k service personnel will feel that somehow the thing which throughout the physical and psychical changes there was their El Dorado is nonexistent. hope for a solution. If, however, the family spirit
Families in the so-called "white-collar" class have suf- changed, a family adjustment will have to be made. I fered in their income. Any pay increases have been more neither fair nor just, nor will it be done, if the family s than offset by rising costs of living and in many cases the ply says to the soldier in effect, "Well, here is what standard of living has decreased. have changed into since you went away. Take it and
In the case of other workers there have been pay in- it and fit yourself into the picture." Rather, the farn creases which have raised them to comparative affluence itself needs to examine its own life and the changes wh for the first time in their lives. The serviceman returning have taken place since a member went away. In its coi from the sweat and toil of military or naval life and its spondence it should have prepared the serviceman dangers will feel that he has been cheated for his family whatever changes may have taken place. It must prep lived better than ever before while he was gone. He will itself to make changes-sometimes severe-in its way 30 The Army and Navy Cha p'
life in order to meet the returned serviceman. It must re- a service for a handful of men and many services a day inmember that it is going to have to make adjustments for stead of one or two large ones. The aids to worship are the postwar economy and if it can integrate into itself the largely missing and the message itself must stand on its one who went to war it will be the stronger to meet the own feet. In civilian life it is tacitly understood that if you problems. If, however, it is not willing to meet its own do not meet the need of the listeners this Sunday you will problems and adjust itself it is going to lose forever the have them again next Sunday. But in the field if you do not one whom it loves. Having solved its own problems and meet their need today, you may bury them tomorrow. It reoriented itself to be worthy of the sacrifice, potential or has changed the entire emphasis of the message brought. actual, which has been expected of the soldier, it will be In civilian life there is a church to build and a program ready to help the soldier make his adjustment when he to carry out and funds to raise. In the service the emphasis returns. is not upon building a denomination, though many chap.III THE CHURCH lains hold denomination services in addition to their genChurch leaders are frankly concerned as to the effect of eral services, nor upon an organization, for at best the ~~Service Men s Christian League or Holy.Name Society is at! the war upon the members of the armed forces especially Service Men's Christian League or HolyName Society is a as it relates to the church. This concern has been expressed poor substitute for an organized church, and there is no in the giving of its ministers to be chaplains on the one budget to raise. hand, and a frank criticism of the army and army methods Few ministers have a real volume of personal counselfran crticsm f te amy nd rmymetodsing. Not too many persons come to the pastor for advice.
on the other. Churches have put up service flags and held mg. Not too many persons come to the pastor for advice.
In the armed services personal counseling looms large and
special services for service personnel and at the same time
h l b e t assumes a major place. The chaplain is not a minister set have loudly bewailed the evils" of the service and have apart to be shown only the best side of life, but is a person in a sweeping gesture largely included everyone in uni- who lives with you day after day and knows you as you form in their condemnation. The church has carried in the really are. When he speaks he talks straight from the church press the statistics covering religious activities in shoulder. He has no fear of offending some responsible the army, and at the same time has tried to dissect those person who will create a disturbance if the message steps figures and compare them with some predetermined ideas on his toes. The chaplain deals with the intimate problems of what ought to be going on with the purpose of show- of the men's lives and discusses frankly major issues which ing that after all there was not much religion in the army. find no place in most pulpits of civilian churches. The The church has emphasized a religious experience such as chaplain's life must be his message and those who live Paul had, and has ridiculed the thought of "foxhole" re- with him come to think of him not as an eloquent pulpiteer ligion. The net result is that the church has not largely but as the man who lifted a soldier's pack, who helped faced itself and its responsibility to returning service per- them when in trouble, who landed on the beaches with the sonnel. While it has had its committees on postwar con- first assault wave, who brought courage and cheer in the ditions it has never faced the changed religious conditions dirt and grime and suffering on the battlefield, and who under which the service personnel worship. risked his own life to bring in the wounded and dying. As
Let us examine the record. There may be no funda- a result, over the period of this war, in the aggregate the mental difference i nthe message brought by civilian clergy- entire army attends church service once a month, while the men and chaplains, but their method of operation is so personal contacts made by chaplains run into astronomical vastly different that religiously untrained thousands al- figures. No comparable situation is generally found in ready look upon religion in the army as something vastly civilian life. different from what they had known or heard about at These servicemen come home. They attend a church home. The civilian minister turned chaplain is forced by service and find economic and political discussions in the circumstances to develop a new emphasis and a sense of pulpit, organizations which must be manned, budgets urgency not normally known in civilian pulpits. A study of which must be raised, denominational lines which must these different "techniques" should in some measure point be strengthened and sometimes a young minister who the way toward future action. The comparisons given be- could have been in the service who hid behind the fact low are not meant as a criticism but as a statement of com- that ministers were not drafted and who loftily speaks of parative conditions. staying home to "win the peace." In his mind's eye he reIn the United States only about 55 million out of a members the service in the open field, upon the crowded population of 130 million are connected with any church. shipboard, the lusty singing of men who sang for sheer The other 75 million pass by the church door and seldom joy, and a chaplain whom he knew well enough to trust if ever see a minister. In the army with a chaplain with his life to. He asks himself whether the choir would sing 1,000 or more men-the navy has as far as possible a com- standing in mud and rain as he had done, what the congreparable situation-the vast majority of the men get to gation would do if the minister would start a straight from low the chaplain personally and at one time or another the shoulder talk on sex relationship, if the minister could come under his influence. be trusted to pull his part of the load in a pinch, if the
Many churches place the emphasis upon the preaching church leaders on whom the church depends would have or liturgical services and if the attendance is satisfactory the heart to stand with him in the face of the enemy, and if the chu rch is progressing. There must be the well planned these people know what it means to be face to face with service with all the aids to worship. In the armed services, an enemy when the only thing which sustained yoti was especially in the field where the men are scattered, there is the feeling in your own heart that you loved God.
January-February, 1946 31
American Army Chaplaincy-A Brief Histo
SECTION III
With this issue we bring to a close our history, (Continued from October-November, 1945 issue)
The American Army Chaplaincy. Thanks are due to Prepared in the Office of The Chief of Chaplains, U. S. A
Dr. Donald Thompson for this good work. Dr.
Thompson is in the Research Division of the Office through the usual military channels, of the moral condo
of Chief of Chaplains. This work may be obtained tou e al itry of the m oal o
in pamphlet form from THE ARMY AND NAVY tion and general history of the regiments, hospitals,
CHAPLAIN at the price of 20 cents per copy, six posts to which they may be attached."
copies for $1.00.
DUTIES
Thus to the many other official and unofficial duties
HosPITAL CHAPLAINS chaplains was added that of regimental historian. Cha lain Brown had stated that "a thousand and one matter
The original Government chaplains of Army hospitals which are entirely foreign to the duties of his office, wi
were likewise unofficial. President Lincoln stated that "By be constantly pressed upon the attention of the chaplai mere omission, I presume, Congress has failed to provide and which he will do well to avoid. He is not a commo chaplains for hospitals occupied by volunteers." When carrier, an express-man, a post-boy, a claim-agent, a pa the matter was brought to Lincoln's attention, he pro- master, a commissary, a quartermaster, an undertaker ceeded to write a letter to each of several clergymen offer- banker, a ward-master, a hospital-steward, or a surge ing him the unofficial position of chaplain "at the has- banker, a ward-master, a hospital-steward, or a surgeon1
ing him the unofficial position of chaplain "at the hos- and he must not assume the duties of these several officers
pitals for our sick and wounded soldiers." Each was in- although they will be constantly urged upon him."
formed that "if you will voluntarily enter upon and Seemingly it is always impossible for chaplains perform the appropriate duties of such position, I will escape being burdened with a multitude of secular duti recommend that Congress make compensation therefor at From the time Chaplain Emerson arranged for the fee the same rate that chaplains in the Army are compen- ing of the women and children at the battle of Conco
sated" On M" 20 182 ingres aproe the woe adcidrna tebtteo Cn
sated." On May 20, 1862, Congress approved the Presi- Bridge (in 1775) to the present, new duties have co dent's policy, including provision for "chaplains of hos- stantly been thrust upon the chaplain or assumed by h pitals heretofore appointed by him." The President was As recently as 1924, the chaplains' duties were so varid given authority "to appoint, if he shall deem necessary, that among other tasks it was said that he "fosters guild a chaplain for each permanent hospital." young people's gatherings, dances, plays, pageants, vaud
The appointment of chaplains for permanent hospitals ville, debates, forums, concerts. He organizes sight-seei
was made subject to confirmation by the Senate, by Act of parties, lectures on historical subjects, directs and occ July 17, 1862. By General Order No. 78, issued in 1862, sionally teaches the post school, supervises athletics, ce S assignment of chaplains to specific hospitals was vested in sors the motion pictures ... It was not until a persiste
the Surgeon General, who began to fulfill in some respects effort had been made by the Chief of Chaplains that the duties of a chief of chaplains for hospital chaplains. chaplain was restored to his original function of bei In 1863 an Army Chaplain's Manual; designed as a help chiefly a man of God. That this new policy meets wi to chaplains in the discharge of their various duties, both the approval of religious bodies is shown, for instance, temporal and spiritual was prepared by Chaplain J. Pink- a statement by Dr. David de Sola Pool at the 1942 convey ney Hammond, and was issued with a statement by order tion of the Central Conference of American Rabbis that of the Surgeon General that "it is found to be written in "would like to stress the fact that the Chaplain's work close conformity to such Army regulations and such cus- today essentially and almost entirely a religious work."
toms of the service as relate to the duties and status of Sabbath observance was encouraged by Lincoln's Ge those officers." The last one hundred forty-four pages of eral Order of November 15, 1852, which stated, "T this volume constituted a hymnal and service book. President, Commander-in-Chief of Army and Navy, d sires, and enjoins the orderly observance of the Sabbath b'
RANK OF CHAPLAIN the officers and men in the military and naval service. Th Considerable improvement in the organization of the importance, for man and beast, of the prescribed weel
chaplaincy resulted from an Act approved April 9, 1864. rest, the sacred rights of the Christian soldiers and a de The "rank of chaplain, without command, in the regular regard for the Divine will, demand that Sunday labor and volunteer service of the United States" was recog- the Army and Navy be reduced to the measure of stri nized. Up to that time chaplains had been considered to necessity. The discipline and character of the national have an assimilated rank of captain, and considerable argu- forces should not suffer nor the cause they defend be in ment had resulted from the practice of some chaplains periled by the profanation of the day or the name of I
wearing a captain's uniform and insignia. This Act cen- Most High."
tralized reporting by requiring each chaplain "to make AFTER THE CIVIL WAR
monthly reports to the Adjutant-General of the Army, In the period following the Civil War, public opinl 32 The Army and Navy Chapin
forced the reduction of the Army to a size where it could Navy Chaplains. Out of this arrangement grew the Army do little more than keep the Indians under control. The and Navy Diocese, now the Military Ordinariate, headed caplains were able to care for only a small part of the by Archbishop Francis J. Spellman. The Bishop not only posts. Shortly after the war, the Military Post Library passes on ecclesiastical indorsements, but also visits the Association reported that there were three hundred mili- military units of the Army, wherever located. t'ary stations with only thirty chaplains. Regimental chap- Many Protestant bodies were slow in setting up cornains ceased to exist except for four chaplains of colored mittees on the chaplaincy. This was not surprising in view regiments, appointed directly by the President under the of the small number of chaplains in the Army. At the outprovisions of the Act of July 28, 1866. The duties of these break in Europe of the World War there were but 50 regimental chaplains were to "include the instruction of Protestant and 17 Catholic chaplains. A number of chapthe enlisted men in common English branches of educa- lains were added in 1916 and early 1917 under the Nation." tional Defense Act. On April 6, 1917, there were 74 ReguThe Secretary of War, on December 31, 1877, organized lar Army and 72 National Guard Chaplains. With the a Board on the Establishment of Schools at Military Posts. sudden expansion of the Army, denominational officials The members were the Quartermaster General, the Adju- were loaded down with the burden of recruiting chaplains. tant General, and the Judge Advocate General. This Board A number of Protestant bodies, under the auspices of the designated Chaplain George Gatewood Mullins to be "in Federal Council of Churches (an agency then representing charge of Education in the Army." He submitted a written thirty Protestant bodies) formed an independent interannual report to the Board. denominational Committee on Army and Navy Chaplains Win the spring of 1917. Dr. Charles S. MacFarland repreWAR WITH SPAIN sented that Committee in France in 1918 as its CommisThe Spanish-American War was primarily naval in na- sioner. (The Committee gave way to a more inclusive ture and the best account of a chaplain's experiences was General Commission early in World War II. This Comwritten by Chaplain Harry W. Jones, U.S.N. Most of the mission had, at first, as its secretary Rev. Paul Moody, one chaplains who saw active service with the Army in Cuba of the Senior Chaplains at General Pershing's Headand Puerto Rico were probably post chaplains, but there quarters in France in 1918; he was succeeded by Rev. S. probably were many chaplains in the Volunteer Army. In Arthur Devan, as Director, followed by Bishop Edwin F. the occupation of the Philippines in 1899, Chaplain Wil- Lee. The Chairman of the Commission, Bishop Adna W. liam D. McKinnon of the First Regiment, California In- Leonard, met his death in an airplane crash in Iceland, fantry, performed the duties of Superintendent of Schools together with his military aide, Chaplain Colonel Frank L. of Manila, acting under verbal orders without formal Miller, on May 3, 1943, while making a tour of American orders of appointment. military outposts.)
INDORSING AGENCIES JEWISH CHAPLAINS
The question of ecclesiastical indorsement was again In 1916 during the expedition into Mexico in pursuit of raised during the Spanish War, this time by the Protestant Pancho Villa, the Central Conference of American Rabbis Episcopal Church. At the General Convention of 1898, (the organization of the Reform rabbinate) obtained perthe Bishop of New York presented a memorial from mission from the Secretary of War to arrange services for clergymen and laymen in- reference to approaching the Jewish soldiers on the High Holy Days. Rabbi Isaac LandPresident of the United States with a request that he con- man, secretary of the Conference, made the arrangements sult the chief authorities of that Church before appointing with Major General Frederick Funston. At General Funany Episcopalian priests as chaplains for the Army or ston's request, Rabbi Landman went to Mexico to conduct Navy. The House of Bishops entrusted the matter to three services on Yom Kippur for Jewish soldiers in General of its members, who associated with themselves the rectors Pershing's forces. However, it was not until November of of two Washington parishes and Rear-Admiral Walker. 1917 that a new Act of Congress paved the way for the On March 12, 1899, President McKinley met with this appointment of chaplains specifically for Jews and other delegation and agreed to refer all such applications to the religious minority groups. Bishop of Washington.
Congress provided for ecclesiastical indorsement in the WORLD AR
Acts of March 2, 1899 and February 2, 1901. From this When the United States entered the World War, it was time on, the various religious denominations began to set decided to have chaplaincy recommendations handled by a up agencies for passing on the qualifications of prospective more representative organization, in order that chaplains chaplains. In 1905 Rev. Alexander P. Doyle, C.S.P., was might represent all branches of Judaism and every theoappointed representative of the Catholic Hierarchy in deal- logical seminary. The Jewish Welfare Board was chosen Ing with the Government in chaplaincy matters. He was as the appropriate agency. So well was its work done that succeeded by Rev. Lewis J. O'Hern, who served until the it has retained that function until the present time, in spite opening of the World War, when he became secretary to of the fact that its affiliate, the Synagogue Council of the Bishop Ordinary to the Army and Navy. On Novem- America, has since become the official spokesman of the ber 24, 1917, the Most Reverend Patrick Hayes, then principal congregational and rabbinical associations. Auxiliary Bishop of New York, was appointed by the The Right Reverend Charles Henry Brent, Episcopalian, Pope to be Bishop Ordinary of United States Army and the Missionary Bishop of the Philippine Islands, was January-February, 1946 33
chosen senior chaplain of the American Expeditionary CHAPLAIN SCHOOL Forces General Headquarters by General Pershing. His The problem of training chaplains soon arose. Earl monument in the Bois de Vaux Cemetery, Lausanne, the war, Chaplain Orville J. Nave (Retired), president Switzerland, describes him as "Chief of Chaplains, Ameni- the Religious Welfare League for the Army and Na can Expeditionary Force, 1917-1919," but he apparently issued a Handbook on the Army Chaplaincy, based on never had that title officially. Presiding Bishop Perry said experiences in the Spanish-American War and as a of him, "I suppose that the story of his work at the front chaplain. Official action as to training was begun as may never find its way into publication . but the world result of an order of the Secretary of War, on Februa should know the secret of his power and the influence he 1918, establishing a chaplain candidate school at Fo exerted through those terrific and tremendous years ... Monroe, Virginia. Two months later this was moved First the General Staff, then the Corps of Chaplains, and Camp Taylor, Kentucky, where it remained until the do the whole American Expeditionary Force, as well as a large of the war. During the operation of this school, 1,6 portion of the armies of France and Great Britain, became clergymen were authorized to attend. Of these 1,3 aware of the spirit which was emanating from his work reported, 915 were graduated, commissioned andassie and from his person." It was probably due largely to the to duty, and 123 were appointed in the Officers Rese satisfaction which the country felt with the work of Corps. Thus it appears that 1,038 chaplains or chaplain Bishop Brent that the Office of Chief of Chaplains was candidates were graduated, of whom 123 failed to sI created shortly after the war. active duty because they did not complete the course un Perhaps the greatest factor toward getting the public after the Armistice. A Chaplain School was established to realize that some organization of chaplains was needed by General Pershing at Neuilly-sur-Suize Sopi by General Pershing at Neuilly-sur-Suze, near Chaumo was the failure of chaplains to receive promotion during in July 1918; on October 1, 1918, it was moved to Chatea the first World War. Church people generally came to feel d'aux, Louplande, near Le Mans. There was a faculty that chaplains were not given the same consideration as seven. Approximately 600 chaplains attended this scho other officers of the Army. So great was the effect that at between August 1, 1918 and January 31, 1919. The allsubequnt onresionl harigsreltin tocha between August 1, 1918 and January 31, 1919. The'Wa all subsequent Congressional hearings relating to chap- Department directed the establishment of a permane lains, the proposals for a better status have been backed by school for commissioned chaplains on April 21, 192 representatives of each of the major religious groupings Located at first at Camp Grant, Illinois, it was removed: of the country. .turn to Camp Knox, Kentucky, Fort Wayne, Michign Chaplain Lee J. Levinger has vividly described the in- and Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. After several years of so
the Armistice. Keeping up the morale of the men was a of Chaplain William R. Arnold (who had taught at CarI fultiejoinvewo.hem.yrmosan.outr of Chaplain William R. Arnold (who had taught at C
full-time ob, view of the many rumors and counter Taylor), the school suspended active operations. It w rumors about the time when they would sail for home, and reactivated at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, after th the lack of useful work to keep their minds occupied. entrance of the United States into World War II. Aft The five chaplains who served in the Siberian expedition four sessions at the pt te s ool d arA
. .. four sessions at the post the school was moved to Harva after the war perhaps had problems never before faced by University in August 1942. Two years later it was move ? .. ... University in August 1942. Two years later it was move chaplains. The men under their spiritual care were scat- to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and July 1945 it w tered along the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Two of the to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, and 'in July 1945 it t chaplains had to operate nineteen hundred miles from the transferred to Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. Including th graduated at the end of the 33d Session, August 19. base....
ae . ..more than 8,000 chaplains have been graduated from t1
Throughout the war, the chaplains had the cooperation h ,
: ; ." ISChOOl.
of religious agencies at the front: The Y.M.C.A., the CHIEF OF CHAPLAINS Knights of Columbus, the Salvation Army, and the Jewish The experience of the first World War showed the nee
1 Welfare Board. Valuable as was the work of these agen-..... Welfare Board. Valuable as was the work of these agen- for an organization of the chaplaincy min order to preser cies, most of them came to agree with the official decision standards, deal effectively with accrediting denomination of the Y.M.C.A. at the end of the war, that the work a d : ', ... ," % ; .. a g e n c ie s c o r d in a te re p o r ts a n d p u b lic ity a n d p ro v i properly belonged to the Army and that in any future anin o se eot n systie o se ic for training. To some extent the system of senior cha war it should be carried on by military men. The one big lains, used in the AEF both at General and at Divisio obstacle to the effective work of these agencies was the headquarters, had provided a basis. With the small nu lack of priorities in transportation. To the chaplain, how- ber of chaplains left in the Regular Army, a central co ever, their halls and canteens were often the only place for ordination would do for the time being. Accordingly, th: : ; ._ . ._ ,_:..: .ordination would Od for the time being. _Accordmngly, 6 a makeshift chapel or a chaplain' s office. Many of the 1National D n Ac 1 p f a clergymen and rabbis with these organizations assisted the Defense Act f 1920 provided for a Chief chaplains on occasion in their strictly religious work. Chaplains to serve for four years with the rank, pay an c h ap la in s o n o ccasio n in th eir strictly relig i o u s w o rk ,. : , , . ... .. ..
. allowances of colonel. This rank was raised during Wor Congress increased the authorized number of chaplains .eduigo,
to 194 by Act of May 12, 1917, and on May 5, 1918, al- War II to a temporary rank of brigadier general, and ti lowed one for every 1,200 men. The actual number of grade of major general was authorized in June 1944. i chaplains in the A.E.F. was only half the authorized num duties were to "include investigation into the qualific ber. During the period of actual warfare 2,363 chaplains tions of candidates for appointment as chaplain, and ge were commissioned in the three parts of the Army: The eral co6rdination and supervision of the work of chap Regular Army, National Guard, and National Army. lains." 34 The Army and Navy Chaplc
A special committee of religious leaders was chosen to common to, or representative of, the section of the country ommend a candidate for the first Chief of Chaplains. in which they were located. For example, that erected at haplain (Major) John T. Axton was recommended and the Presidio of San Francisco, California, under the direcppointed in 1920. In April 1928 he was retired from tion of Chaplain George F. Rixey, was Spanish Mission in ive duty because of physical disability. He was suc- design. In World War II simple wooden chapels of unieded by Chaplain Edmund P. Easterbrook, who was fol- form design were adopted, a modified form being apowed by Chaplain Julian E. Yates, and he by Chaplain proved for those in theaters of operation. For small units, va T. Brasted. Chaplain William R. Arnold was ap- and as additional chapels for larger units, combined inted in 1937 and reappointed in 1941. On August 11, theater-chapel and theater-recreation-chapel types were in938, Pope Pius XI designated Chaplain Arnold a Mon- stituted. gnor with the title of "Very Reverend." In 1941 his RANK satus was raised to that of a Domestic Prelate, with the Gradually chaplains came to have a standing in the tile of "Right Reverend." In 1945 Chaplain Luther D. Army similar to and nearly equal to that of the other serviller was appointed Chief of Chaplains with the rank ices. In the Civil War chaplains acquired the rank but not f brigadier general. the pay of captains, later the rank of "chaplain." The title CHAPELS of "post chaplain" first became official in 1867; the dis...., .tinction between post and regimental chaplains was abolWith the organization of the chaplains into what tinction between post and regimental chaplains was abol, .building program began. In t shed by Act of February 2, 1902, which made provision sounted to a corps, a buildmg program began. In the ..., ,, mou to a p ea for various grades of chaplamin up to that of major. This evolution there had been but one permanent chapel, the
Temple or New Building at Newburgh, which was used was later changed so that now (under Act of July 31,
o a. 1935) "chaplains shall be given the rank, pay and allowr many secular as well as religious purposes. In the . ars that followed, it was often difficult for chaplains to ances of the respective grades to and including that of colonell In 1941 and 1944 Congress made provision scure even tents for worship. After the Mexican War, fo General Ekin, Chief Quartermaster for the Department for temporary appointment of chaplains to general officer :nrlEkin, Chief Quartermaster for the Department of ,e
exas, freely furnished tents, but one chaplain was threat- grades. SECOND WORLD WAR eed by his post commander with "charges and trial by . .. rt-martial" fort applying for them. World War II has brought an enormous problem of ..... f a, chaplain procurement. However, for the first time, the In the Civil War, Secretary Cameron was favorable to Apan uree H th e ri the e idea of chapels, but did little about them. In 1861, Ar my was not unprepared in this matter. During the ine ea McClellan sent this message tohim: "Will you terval between the two World Wars, a large corps of GReserve chaplains had been built up. Many of these had lease authorize me to use boards to put up places of ee calai d n bit ny the h s been called to active duty in connection with the work of worship at Camp Denison. Parties furnish nails and . bor." The reply was: The Lord's will be done. Simon the Civilian Conservation Corps and were therefore fa bor.- The reply was: Th' e Lord s will be done. Simon ... .. .. .. .
Cameron." ,millar with camp life and the problems of a chaplain in ameron. 2 P .. .
Somrei.. .. .e t the field. Then too, a liaison had been maintained with Some regiments provided their own cha el tents with- ,, .. . ... omexpregm et p ov e t n National Guard chaplains. In spite of all preparations, Ut expense to the Government. Army Regulations, as the facilities of the Office of the Chief of Chaplains and revised June 25, 1863, provided that "Chapel tents, when ofman omt io a ieo ain an purchased ... R, wl td by ,.. of many denominational and interdenominational agencies r~chasedt by Regiments, wil be transported by public rhae by Regiments will be trans t. have been severely taxed in an attempt to secure the right cnveyance in the same manner as tents furnished for the e oen fr te an ap osiions which
us soldiers bythe Government." Congress provided type of men for the thousands of chaplain positions which
'ofsoder b'te Gvenm." Conres prvdd have to be filled. Although fairness is maintained by a 1866 (Section 1231 of Revised Statutes) that "it shall have to be filled.
recently revised quota system, denominational quotas do>' Sthe duty of the post or garrison commander to set apart cmlie e ok of emenot :'; 'P g P complicate the work of procurement.i suitable room or building for school and religious pur- Nple e o nf he i ses." Following the Civil War, there was a chapel build- New problems are constantly arising. One of these is the growth of a semi-autonomous Air Force. This has' g program which included chapels at the Presidio, San the growth of a semi-autonomousAir Force. This has grancisco, at Forts McDow ell, Douglass, and Meade and necessitated the creation, for a time, of an Air Force Liaiathe Army War College. These were followed by Cay son Division in the Office of the Chief of Chaplains, and by later of a Ground Force Liaison Division. The addition of ry 'chapels at Forts Des Moines, Riley, and Leavenworth.laeofaGunFrcLisnDvso.Thadtonf
chapels at FortsDes Moes, Riley, and Leavenworth women to the Army, in the form of the Women's Army In 1925, Chief of Chaplains Axton offered his coopera- Auxiliary Corps (now the Women's Army Corps), ren to any chaplain who planned to erect a chapel. Many sulted in a demand for additional experienced chaplains st chapels were built during the next few years. World for its training centers, and, subsequently, the modification ar II brought for the first time the inclusion of chapels of chaplains' methods to accommodate their ministrations an integral part of a camp building program. The first to an army composed of both men and women. these was erected at Arlington cantonment, the south The chaplaincy today, with its Chief of Chaplains, and st of Fort Myer, Virginia, and its dedication by the its supervising Theater of Operations, Army, Corps, hief of Staff and other high-ranking military officials Service Command, and Division Chaplains, with its unisowed that for the first time the Army officially recog- forms and military grades, with its coordinated plans and "ed the importance of including distinct places of wor- policies, is far different in organization, but not in spirit, hip whe prvdn uresfrtetop poliis isfr different in Organization, but not in spirit, stip when providing quarters for the troops. from that of the time when Congressional Delegate Daniel Post chapels erected in the 1930s had been in the style (Continued on page 39) Snuary-February, 1946 3
c. A' . ,>
oo Fe e this book does present a most vivid summary of the co B0 1 K view s ditions under which chaplains worked, some of the thrill ing experiences which came to them, and something o
RELIGION IN THE POST-WAR WORLD. By Willard the results secured. Due consideration has been given t'
L. Sperry Harvard University Press, 1945, 1 the work of chaplains of all faiths. Mr. Cross is also th
L. Sperry, Harvard University Press, 1945, 115 pp.,auhroMyigtnCnreton
$1.50. author of ly Fighting Congregation.
.i The following six chapter headings give a good idea
This is the second volume of a series by Dean Sperry of the contents of the book: "Chaplains see Pearl Harbo the Harvard University Divinity School on Religion in "Religion behind Jap Barbed Wire," "Into the Battle the Post-War World. The volume contains the following "Beyond the Call," "One God-One World," and "Af five chapters by the authors indicated: "The Precedent of Victory." The volume contains a list of Army chapla the First World War," Paul D. Moody; "Between Two casualties and decorations as of 15 September 1945. A s Wars, Lucien Price; "The Faith and Practice of the Raw tion of the book includes thirty-four pictures of chaplain Recruit, Chaplain J. E. Johnson, USN; "The Ministry of at work, five being of the same chaplain. A good in the Chaplain," Chaplain W. D. Cleary, USA; and "A adds to the reference value of the work. Soldier's Second Thoughts," Elisha Atkins. The chapter by Chaplain Johnson is based on his experience at the f Naval Training Station at Great Lakes and is well worth THE CHURCH AND THE RETURNING SOLDIE in itself the price of the volume. This is a most interesting By Roy A: Burkhart, Harper & Bros., 1945, 204 and helpful book for chaplains. with bibliography and index, $2.00.
This book, one of the first to appear in this field, wa
WHEN JOHNNY COMES MARCHING HOME. By written by a pastor who has had wide experience in wor
Dixon Wecter, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1914, 588 pp., ing with service men and women. Dr. Burkhart is a gre $3.00. believer in a church at work seven days a week wit This book deals with the lot of the home-coming sol- program that meets human needs. He offers many pra dier after the Revolution, the Civil War, and World War tical ideas as to how the church can minister to the return I. The book, with its comprehensive index, is an invalu- ing serviceman. Chaplains returning to a civilian paris able guide to such subjects as veterans' organizations, would do well to read this book first. government treatment of veterans, the soldiers' problems INFORMATION ABOUT THE INDUSTRIAL CHAPLAIN in becoming readjusted to civilian life, and many kindred INFORMATION ABOUT THE INDUSTRIAL CHAPLAIN subjects. It is most interesting to compare what was done All ex-chaplains of the Army or Navy who might b for the returning veteran after the Revolutionary War interested in serving as chaplains in the industrial field and what is being done now. What will the Johnnies of are invited to correspond with Dr. James Myers, I today do when they come marching home? A partial dustrial Secretary of the Federal Council of the Churc answer can be found in this story of the past. of Christ in America, 297 Fourth Ave., New York N. Y. Dr. Myers is the author of a 240-page paper-boui
book issued by the John Day Company entitled: "D
SOLDIERS OF GOD. By Christopher Cross in collabora- You Know Labor?" The volume is available for $1.00
tion with Major General William R. Arnold, former from the Federal Council. Some pertinent pamphlets a Chief, USA Chaplains. E. P. Dutton Co., 1945, 236 pp., also available by the Federal Council bearing on the su $2.75. ject of church and labor as "How Labor and the Churli While not purporting to give a comprehensive history can work together," "The Christian Attitude Toward' of the work of Army chaplains during the recent war, Labor," and "In Business for Service."
A Message to Chaplains Above all, I realize, with you, that physical prepare
(Continued from page 5) ness is not enough; there must be moral preparedness, sive forces in the waters, the air and the key islands of the well. The most hardened professional soldiers of hist ocean lanes. And in saying strong defensive forces, I have, sooner or later, conceded that fact. Napoleon, f mean forces ready to jump to the offensive the moment a all of his vanity, knew the truth. Late in his life, alone hostile attack is begun. exile, he said: "Alexander, Caesar and I have been conThere must be a keeping up with-or rather, a keeping querors, but our conquests have been of short duratio ahead of-the times by our military and naval leadership The teachings of the carpenter of Nazareth will live wh in the swiftly changing doctrines and methods of armed we are forgotten." defense. And to do this, the planners must have the To our men in battle, religious conviction, steeped in ti realistic backing of our people. victories of God's faithful through the ages, was a source
It would be poor wisdom to look upon any single in- of strength and comfort beyond measure. With you, strument, such as atomic energy, as a substitute for all pray-and I believe-that their faith will continue t other sources of strength. Every instrument has its limita- guide them at home. May this nation, with them, do is tions as well as its powers; every weapon conceivably has part in advancing moral force in society, to the end th its counter-weapon; and every invention is likely to be- an unshakable brotherhood of mankind under God may come common property in time. some day be achieved. 36 The Army and Navy Chaplai
The Easter-Passouer Season
aan stands, Passover Seder Services, 1945. Chaplain Joseph H. Lief.V
Easter Sunday at Advanced Base n the Pacific
-Catholic Service-U. S. Marine Corps.
Easter Altar, Protestant, Post Chapel No. 1,
Lowry Field, Colorado, 1944.
Easter Worship Center, 1945, Camp Crowder, Missouri.
Hospital Chapel, Percy Jones General Hospital, Battle Creek, Michigan.
First Passover Services ever held in Kandy, Ceylon, Southeast Asia Command. T/3 (now WOJG) Arthur Moscowitz and Chaplain (Captain) Samuel Horowitz, officiating.
Passover Seder Services somewhere in the Pacific, show ing traditional Seder Dish consisting of the shank-bone (Pascal lamb), the hardboiled egg, horseradish, parsley and the chazereth the traditional matzoth, kiddush cups, the hagaddah and the menorath candlesticks. As the twig is bent. Easter Egg Party, 1945, the hagddah and the menorah candlesticks March Field, Riverside, Cal.
Easter Sunrise Service--Naval Air Technical Training Center, Memphis, Tenn., Officer speaking.
What beautiful ideas have been worked out by our Chaplains all over the world
Borrow these, or dream some of your own decorations to make the Easter-Passover season lovely and impressive.
We would very much like to know who the young man is reaching so solemnly for the Easter egg?
Can the Chaplain responsible for this picture help us out? We'll send Mama and Papa a copy of Easter Altar for Mass, 1944. Charleston Army Air Field, THE ARMY AND NAVY CHAPLAIN. Charleston, S. C.
January-February, 1946 37
i i 5 : ,: A.. V : : .. .. :i; . . .ii
THOUGHTS, CTIVITIES,
TECHN IQUES
A Department of Helpful Suggestions and Materials for Chaplains
Again, for your inspiration and use, we present the America's Need TAT Department. This is your page. Your THOUGHTS, "Regardless of what it may bring you-ridicule, social your ACTIVITIES, your TECHNIQUES are what build ostracism, persecution, or death-build and maintain a: this department. If you wish to pass along ideas or family altar now. You have no right to sleep or eat with quotations from your sermons and bulletins, you may children in your home untaught in the ways of Christ, use this medium through which to spread the light, until you obey the command of God to teach them His Send material to TAT, c/o THE ARMY AND NAVY Word. More than we need food, clothes, money or CHAPLAIN, 1751 N Street, NW, Washington 6, D. C. shelter; more than armament, even more than peace, we need Christian homes.
The heritage of the Past is the Seed that brings forth the James A. Bryant,
harvest of the future. Chaplain (Lt. Col.) USA, p A Contributed by Technical Information Div. Inscription, Archives Building, Office, Chief of Chaplains. Washington, D. C.
Government is a covenant between the dead, the living, The Unity of Faith
and the unborn. (From PRO release, IX Air Force Headquarters) Edmund Burke. As proof that the power to conquer has not always been the power to destroy, Chaplain Floyd S. Smith, Disciple of
Attention is called by Chaplain Kenneth C. MacArthur Christ, Stafford, Kan., has unearthed a Jewish synagogue in to the importance of that final contact with the men the picturesque, medieval town of Bad Neustadt, Germany. before they are discharged. He and his Catholic and Despite the Nazi's effort to deface and strip it, Chaplain Jewish associates at Camp Edwards, Miss., have unique Smith states that he will have it ready for opening within ways of reaching each such dischargee. Chaplain Mac- a few days. Hidden away in an inconspicuous alley but Arthur makes an effective speech to these men. The with all the symbols of the Hebrew faith intact over its senior Catholic Chaplain gives each of his men a card on entrance, the Nazis had used it to store ammunition durwhich is imprinted a challenge to the individual as a ing the war, and had placed a heavy bar across the door, member of the Church. We quote: As a result of the American Chaplain's interest in this
"Remember your Chaplain, pray that his work will al- synagogue, unidentified German civilians began, item by ways meet with God's plan and approval. Keep in conta.c item, tquh in to the Military Government Officers at with him. He will always be glad to hear from you if.. Bad Neudt, the sacred scrolls and other Hebrew relics your joys and your sorrows." which had been secreted away and buried by Jewish inhabitants in the recent years. A Jewish Chaplain, Davi
Lefkowitz, Shreveport, La., found them to be very rare
An excellent idea comes from Chaplain Eric R. Feitz and ancient documents, some of which are not to be who presents a "certificate of award" prepared for signa- found anywhere in the United States. A total of. 17 ture of his Commanding Officer and Adjutant as well as scrolls and over 600 testament books have been recovered the Post Chaplain. This award is given to all who have so far. Although some of them had been cached under aided the religious program of the unit. 'hen coops and barns around the town, the greater majority had been buried in the cellar of the local Catholic Church
Where true faith in God begins, anxiety ends;
Where anxiety begins, faith ends. The Real War Begins With Victory
62nd Infantry Training Regt. Bulletin, (Excerpt from sermon by Chaplain Richard C. Hertz,
Camp Blanding, Fla. Jewish Chaplain, Fort Ord, Calif.)
This day of victory will have lost its meaning if you
From Carole Lonibard's Creed, quoted by Dr. C. F. and I and the whole world don't understand that the ire Wishart, President, Wooster College, Wooster, O. war begins with victory-now, today, tomorrow, t
God never lost a fight. The only time you' re a cinch morrow's tomorrow. We have spent two billions of dollars
to lose is when you won't fight for what you believe in, to develop the atomic bomb. But will we now be willing 138 ..The Army and Navy ChaplIa'
to spend as much for peace as we have spent for war? in God be declared on their coins. Accordingly orders Will we be willing to spend as much to make victory se- were given to prepare a motto to express national cure as we were to secure victory? recognition and trust in God. At first this read, "God, our trust." Later it was changed to "In God we trust."
From The Weekly Bulletin,
Easter Morn* Post Chapel, Fort Myer, Va. 'Twas three days after Calvary,
There broke a dawn so clear,
Upon a world of misery Taken from The 1Wod and the Way, Missouri Baptist
And paralyzing fear, religious journal, are these potent words: The motto or sloWhich dissipated sorrows, gan of a Negro church reads, "WAKE UP, SING UP,
Drove disciples' doubts away PREACH -UP, PRAY UP, STAY UP, PAY UP, but
Giving hope for all tomorrows, NEVER GIVE UP or LET UP, or BACK UP, or SHUT'
It was Resurrection Day! UP until the cause of Christ in this Church and in the world is BUILT UP."
The seal of Rome was, on the tomb,
The guards before the door,
The Christ, conceived in Virgin's womb American Army Chaplaincy
Thought dead forevermore; (Continuel from page 35)
But angels rolled away the stone, Roberdeau wrote to General Washington, "Congress has The Christ stepped forth sublime, this day made a new arrangement of the Chaplains' deAnd or)His face new glory shone,
Illuminating Time. partment. This new and honorable Establishment is designed to suppress the horrid sins of Cursing, swearing Soon the news spread far and wide, and other Vices with which, I am sorry to say, our Army
"He's risen, as He said, Vies with the most abandoned of the English troops; to
The grave clothes have been cast aside, strengthen the Officers hands by public and private exHe is no longer dead!" hortations to obedience of General and Regimental Orders:
Then with new hope and courage bold, to discourage Desertions by recommending the Service: to
They traveled far to tell, encourage Enlistments; to recommend cleanlyness as a
How Christ, of Whom the Prophets told, virtue conducive to health, and to reprehend the neglect
Had conquered death and hell. of it," and when Washington in General Orders wrote "all chaplains are to perform divine service tomorrow and And so, where'er you are, my friend, every succeeding Sunday . where the situation will
Upon this Easter Morn, possibly admit of it. . Every neglect, will be considered
Lift heart-lift voice, it's not the end, not only a breach of orders, but a disregard to decency,
Glad hope anew is born. virtue, and religion."
For though we're passing now through trial,
And evil's insurrection,
The day will dawn when we shall smile, The New Year
A Day of Resurrection! God built and launched this year for you; Written March 17, 1944. Upon the bridge you stand;
*Easter Morn is printed by permission of the author, Chaplain Karl It's your ship, aye, your own ship, B, Justus, USNR, from the booklet entitled: A Poet's Pen in the Pacific. And you are in command.
Its Just what the twelve months' trip will do o " .Rests wholly, solely, friend, on you. God is on Our Coins. Is He in Our Spending Rests wholly, solely, friend, on you.
of Them? For weal or woe this year is yours; In the year 1861 during the dreadful crisis of the War Your ship is on life's sea;
between the States, the Secretary of the Treasury of the Your acts as captain must decide United States wrote a letter to the Director of the Mint at Whichever it shall be; Philadelphia, in which he said: "No nation can be strong So, now, in starting on your trip, except in the strength of God or safe except in His Ask God to help you sail your ship. defence." He recommended that the trust of the people Author Unknown.
GOING BACK TO A CIVILIAN PARISH? Then be sure to retain your membership in the Chaplains Association. REMEMBER-membership in the Association is open to all clergymen who at any time served as chaplains in the armed forces.
-u.ry-Febr.ary, 1946 3
To the Editors
Are We Meeting This Challenge? look forward to working out no doubt at some future
The Chaplain's place in this postwar world is truly date. We certainly will not be able to work those problems momentous. He holds the key for the future welfare of alone. Then, it is up to those of us interested in the affairs many a returned veteran. And we can't afford to throw it of others as we have been over here and in other parts, t away. God willing, I'll do my best to be of help in keeping still be a unified whole. the peace back home. Please accept my renewal for the paper for the re JOSEPH J. VOGEL, mainder of 1945 and 1946. Every good wish. Chaplain, 184th Inf. EMMANUEL R. BRIGGS, Chaplain,
Ordnance Port Bn., APO 437.
A Kick In The Teeth?
Please do not send any more issues of THE ARMY AND It Is A Privilege!
NAVY CHAPLAIN. I am not interested. The paper advocates Itgives me a great deal of pleasure to associate myse policies which I cannot accept on grounds of conscience. with the organization and i wishto encourage it in with the organization and I wish to encourage it mn all EDITORS WITHHOLD NAME OF CHAPLAIN. efforts to advance truth and goodness as exemplified in M the work of the Chaplains.
EDWARD A. SLATTERY,
Are We Inciting To Larceny? Lt. Commander, Ch. C. USNR,
My copy of THE ARMY AND NAVY CHAPLAIN disappeared from my desk the morning it arrived. Could I have another? I had not even glanced at it, so it evi- A Good Sermonette For Chaplains! dently looked very attractive to someone else, as it always I hope you chaplains may have a greater influence ove does to me. Cordial good wishes in your work. the veterans of World War II than we chaplains had WYLIE F. STEEN, over the veterans of World War I.... There are alread Chaplain (Major) USA, signs, it seems to me, that we are even less idealistic aind Darnall General Hospital. consequently less realistic-after this war than we were r__-7 after the first. There is too much of a tendency for us to find our comfort and assurance in the fact that we are This Brother Says It With $$$$. the greatest military power in the world rather than that
I received your recent letter concerning membership in we are in a position to become the greatest moral force the Chaplains Association of the Army and Navy of the and democratic influence in the world. United States. Enclosed you will find a check for $4.00 ROBERT C. LEMON, paying my dues for 1945 and 1946. Chicago, Illinois.
Your magazine has been of much help to Chaplains Chaplain, World War I. all over the world and you are to be commended highly for the work which you are doing.
W. D. CAVINESS, Benefits and Privileges Bring Responsibility! Chaplain USNR. I am sincerely grateful for the privileges and benefits o
- P the Chaplains Association as they have come to i Strength In Unity! throughout my three years of service, most of which has
Strength In Unity been overseas in the tropics.
I am sure that Chaplains will want to be heard when VICTOR C. HAYMAN,
they revert to civilian status, and I want to be one among HQ 501 AAA Gun Bn., the number. There are many things that we shall have to APO 244, San Francisco.
WANTED-BACK FILES OF THE ARMY AND NAVY CHAPLAIN
Several libraries and historical societies have requested back numbers of The Army and
Navy Chaplain. Believing that the availibility of our magazine in such libraries is good for the Association, we have supplied such requests as far as possible. We still need more back numbers. Is there some member of the Association who is willing to donate his file? If so,
please send it to the Editor of this magazine.
40 The Army and Navy Chali
CHAPLAINS! Have We
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Membership in The Chaplains Association If your address has changed, or is about to change,
is open to all clergymen who have, at any please fill out this card and mail it to THE CHAPLAINS' time, served as chaplains in any branch of ASSOCIATION OF THE ARMY AND NAVY oF THE UNITED
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of this work. Former address
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Here we can speak our minds. Here we can
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discuss!
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AMEICAN ARMY
CHAPL AINC Y
A Brief History
Prepared in the Office of the Chief of Chaplains, U. S. Army
Written in boldface across the pages of American history is the record of The Army Chaplaincy.
From small beginnings this group has now grown
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